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Gerard Patrick O’Hara was, and still is, a prominent member of Sinn Fein. He has been arrested by the police on a number of occasions and has issued proceedings relating to his allegations, inter alia, of arbitrary arrest, assault and ill-treatment arising out of six incidents. In proceedings lodged for incidents in 1988 and on 19 March 1993, he received an award of damages (amount unspecified). In or about January 1994 he was awarded damages of 2,500 pounds sterling (GBP) for an incident in Guildhall Square on 16 March 1993 when the judge found that he had been wrongfully arrested by police officers who had purported to arrest Gerard Patrick O’Hara for obstruction in failing to give his name when in fact they were fully aware of his identity. This case concerns his arrest in 1985 in relation to the murder of Mr Kurt Konig.
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"QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Lord Hope of Craighead", "start_offset": 12348}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "insert", "end_offset": 13371, "entity_id": "001-59721_a8_e68", "entity_mention_id": "001-59721_a8_em90", "entity_type": "PERSON", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Lord Steyn", "start_offset": 13361}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "insert", "end_offset": 13851, "entity_id": "001-59721_a8_e69", "entity_mention_id": "001-59721_a8_em91", "entity_type": "MISC", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Hussien v. Chong Fook Kam", "start_offset": 13826}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 13857, "entity_id": "001-59721_a8_e70", "entity_mention_id": "001-59721_a8_em92", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "1970", "start_offset": 13853}]}, "annotator9": null}, "quality_checked": [], "task": "Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Gerard Patrick O\u2019Hara", "meta": {"applicant": "Gerard Patrick O\u2019Hara", "articles": [91, 34, 52, 49, 34, 44, 32, 34, 53, 34, 93], "countries": "GBR", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2001}, "doc_id": "001-59721", "dataset_type": "train", "orig_text": "PROCEDURE\n\nThe case originated in an application (no. 37555/97) against the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland lodged with the European Commission of Human Rights (\u201cthe Commission\u201d) under former Article 25 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (\u201cthe Convention\u201d) by an Irish national, Mr Gerard Patrick O\u2019Hara (\u201cthe applicant\u201d), on 20 May 1997.\n\nThe applicant, who had been granted legal aid, was represented by his counsel. The United Kingdom Government (\u201cthe Government\u201d) were represented by their Agent.\n\nThe applicant alleged principally that he had not been arrested on a reasonable suspicion that he had committed an offence, that he had not been brought promptly before a judge or other judicial officer and that he did not have an enforceable right to compensation in respect of these matters. He relied on Article 5 \u00a7\u00a7 1, 3 and 5 of the Convention.\n\nThe application was transmitted to the Court on 1 November 1998, when Protocol No. 11 to the Convention came into force (Article 5 \u00a7 2 of Protocol No. 11). The application was allocated to the Third Section of the Court (Rule 52 \u00a7 1 of the Rules of Court). Within that Section, the Chamber that would consider the case (Article 27 \u00a7 1 of the Convention) was constituted as provided in Rule 26 \u00a7 1.\n\nBy a decision of 14 March 2000, the Chamber declared the application partly admissible [Note by the Registry. The Court\u2019s decision is obtainable from the Registry].\n\nThe applicant and the Government each filed observations on the merits (Rule 59 \u00a7 1).\n\nA hearing took place in public in the Human Rights Building, Strasbourg, on 12 June 2001 (Rule 59 \u00a7 2). There appeared before the Court: (a) for the Government Mr H. Llewellyn, Foreign and Commonwealth Office, Agent, Mr S. Freeland, Counsel, Mr O. Paulin, Mr S. Braviner, Mrs M. Madden, Advisers; (b) for the applicant Mr B. MacDonald, Counsel, Mr D. Mullan, of the Londonderry Bar, Solicitor. The Court heard addresses by Mr MacDonald and Mr Freeland.\n\nTHE FACTS\n\nI. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE\n\nThe applicant was, and still is, a prominent member of Sinn Fein. He has been arrested by the police on a number of occasions and has issued proceedings relating to his allegations, inter alia, of arbitrary arrest, assault and ill-treatment arising out of six incidents. In proceedings lodged for incidents in 1988 and on 19 March 1993, he received an award of damages (amount unspecified). In or about January 1994 he was awarded damages of 2,500 pounds sterling (GBP) for an incident in Guildhall Square on 16 March 1993 when the judge found that he had been wrongfully arrested by police officers who had purported to arrest the applicant for obstruction in failing to give his name when in fact they were fully aware of his identity. This case concerns his arrest in 1985 in relation to the murder of Mr Kurt Konig.\n\nKurt Konig was a German citizen working for the caterers of canteens in police stations in Londonderry. He was murdered on 21 November 1985. The Provisional IRA claimed responsibility for his death.\n\nThe Government submitted that Special Branch received intelligence that the applicant and three other persons were involved in the murder. The intelligence derived from four informants who had proved reliable in the past and had provided information leading to seizures of explosives or firearms and to prosecutions. None of the informants had a criminal record. The information given by these four informants was consistent, in that all gave the same names as being involved, and independent, in that none was aware of the existence of the others and each gave the information at separate meetings with police officers.\n\nDetective Superintendent R. of the Royal Ulster Constabulary (\u201cthe RUC\u201d) was briefed by Special Branch concerning this intelligence that the applicant was a member of the Provisional IRA and had been implicated in the murder.\n\nDetective Superintendent R. briefed Inspector B. who in turn briefed Detective Constable S.\n\nOn 28 December 1985, at about 6 or 6.15 a.m., Detective Constable S. visited the applicant\u2019s house and conducted a search. At the conclusion of the search, at 8.05 a.m., S. arrested the applicant. He told the applicant that he was arresting him under section 12(1)(b) of the Prevention of Terrorism (Temporary Provisions) Act 1984 (\u201cthe 1984 Act\u201d) which empowered a police constable to arrest, without a warrant, a person whom he had reasonable grounds for suspecting of being concerned in the commission, preparation or instigation of acts of terrorism.\n\nThe applicant was taken to Castlereagh Detention Centre where he was questioned about his possible membership of the IRA, his suspected involvement in Kurt Konig\u2019s murder and also his possible involvement in the murder of two soldiers on 1 April 1982. He was interviewed on thirty-four occasions. He did not respond to any questions. According to the Government, the first interview occurred on 28 December 1985 at 11.50 a.m., at the start of which he was told that the police were enquiring into his involvement with the Provisional IRA and related matters. Police notes provided by the Government record that during the next interview, from 2.05 to 4 p.m., the interrogating officers told the applicant that they were making enquiries in relation to his membership of the IRA and the murder of Kurt Konig.\n\nOn 29 December 1985 the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland extended the applicant\u2019s period of detention beyond the initial 48-hour period, by five days. The applicant was released without charge on 3 January 1986 at 9 p.m., after six days and thirteen hours in custody.\n\nBy a writ issued on 20 August 1986 against the Chief Constable of the RUC, the applicant instituted a civil action for damages before the High Court in Northern Ireland in respect of, inter alia, assault, seizure of documents, false imprisonment and unlawful arrest.\n\nBefore the High Court, the submissions of the applicant\u2019s counsel concentrated, as the trial judge found, on the issues of assault and confiscation of documents. He did however raise the argument, in the context of the lawfulness of the arrest, that Detective Constable S. did not have sufficient grounds for suspicion that the applicant had committed an offence to justify the arrest. The evidence before the court from Detective Constable S. was to the effect that he attended a briefing at 5.30 a.m. on 28 December 1985 in which he was told that he was to carry out a search to find evidence and arrest persons, including the applicant, suspected of involvement in the murder of Kurt Konig. He had been told by his superior officer, Inspector B., at that briefing that the applicant was involved in the murder and stated that these were the reasonable grounds for suspecting the applicant. He did not state that Inspector B. had told him the grounds for his own suspicion, nor was he asked about that matter by counsel for either party. It was common ground that the murder was a terrorist offence. The superior officer was not called as a witness in the proceedings.\n\nOn 14 November 1990 Judge McCollum found that there had been an unlawful taking of the applicant\u2019s notes by a police officer and awarded Mr O\u2019Hara GBP 100 in damages. He rejected the applicant\u2019s claims of assault and ill-treatment, finding that he had not satisfied him on the balance of probabilities that his version of events was right and that of the police officers wrong. As regards the allegations of wrongful arrest, the judge noted: \u201c... while [the applicant\u2019s counsel] submitted that the officer who arrested the [applicant] was required, in order to render the arrest lawful, in addition to holding the suspicion grounding the arrest of the [applicant], [to] have reasonable grounds for that suspicion, based on his own knowledge of facts giving rise to that suspicion. He accepted that both Mr Justice Carswell and the Lord Chief Justice had previously rejected the same submission in similar cases. While he reserved his position on this issue he made no new submissions and produced no new arguments to me which would cause me to depart from the reasoning in their decisions, and in the circumstances I am satisfied in this case on the evidence of Detective Constable [S.] that as a result of the information he had been given he had reasonable grounds for suspecting that the [applicant] had been concerned in the commission, preparation or instigation of acts of terrorism. Cross-examination of the detective constable did not probe the details which had been disclosed to Detective Constable [S.] in the course of the briefing during which he was supplied with this information. I find on the evidence that the detective constable had a suspicion that the [applicant] was involved in the murder of Kurt Konig and that this suspicion was reasonably based on information given to him by a superior officers at the briefing that morning. Either party could have elicited details of the briefing, not as truth of the matters disclosed, but as relevant on the issue of the reasonableness of the suspicion held by the arresting officer. Proof of the lawfulness of the arrest lies on the defendant. I would not wish to lay down the proposition that reasonable suspicion could in all circumstances be based on the opinion of another officer expressed without any supporting allegations of fact. But it does seem to me that a briefing officially given by a superior officer would give reasonable grounds for suspicion of the matters stated therein. The fact that I have such scanty evidence of the matters disclosed to Detective Constable [S.] means that I am only just satisfied of the legality of the arrest, but I am fortified in my view by the lack of detailed challenge in cross-examination as to the nature of the information given to him. The main issue between the parties is as to whether the [applicant] was assaulted and mistreated during the period of his detention ...\u201d\n\nOn 24 October 1990, the applicant gave notice of appeal to the Court of Appeal in Northern Ireland concerning the claim of unlawful arrest and false imprisonment.\n\nOn 6 May 1994 the Court of Appeal dismissed the appeal, upholding the decision of the High Court that reasonable suspicion could be derived from information provided by a superior officer and that the arrest was lawful. \u201cNotwithstanding his concern that more detail of the briefing had not been given, the learned trial judge was able to conclude: \u2018(1) that the arresting officer ... did have a suspicion that the [applicant] was involved in a terrorist murder and it was implicit that that suspicion was genuinely held by him; and (2) that the official briefing which he had attended given by [his superior officer] gave him reasonable grounds for that suspicion.\u2019 These were factual findings and clearly contained in our view all the essential proofs that the respondent was required to adduce to constitute lawful arrest under section 12(1)(b) of the Act. [Applicant\u2019s counsel] submitted that this was not the case. The source of the suspicion and the reasonable grounds for it must be before the court, namely evidence from the briefing officer, Inspector [B.], as to the grounds on which he suspected the [applicant] of being involved in the commission, preparation and instigation of acts of terrorism. It would be unjust, he contended, if section 12 could give Inspector [B.] protection from liability for false imprisonment if the Inspector himself had not reasonable grounds for the suspicion. The first part of this submission flies in the face of the authorities as we have said. The second part, so far as this case is concerned, seems to be hypothetical in that the regularity or the bona fides of the \u2018official briefing\u2019 were not questioned. No factual foundation for such a case was made out ... We consider that the decision of the learned trial judge was correct. The information given at the briefing to the arresting officer was admissible and although, in his words, \u2018scanty\u2019 it was sufficient to constitute the required state of mind of an arresting officer under section 12(1)(b) of the Act.\u201d\n\nAn appeal to the House of Lords against the decision of the Court of Appeal was dismissed on 12 December 1996. In his judgment, with which the other judges agreed, Lord Hope of Craighead held that it was not necessary for an arresting officer to possess all the information which had led to the decision to arrest, but that the arresting officer must have equipped himself with sufficient information so that he had reasonable cause to suspect before exercising the power of arrest. The information acted upon by the arresting officer need not be based on his own observations, as he is entitled to form a suspicion based on what he has been told; his reasonable suspicion may be based on information which has been given to him anonymously, or it may be based on information which turns out later to be wrong. While the evidence about the matters disclosed at the briefing was indeed scanty, he found that the trial judge was entitled to weigh up the evidence in the light of the surrounding circumstances and, having regard to the source of that information, and to draw inferences as to what a reasonable man, in the position of the independent observer, would make of it.\n\nLord Steyn stated, inter alia, concerning the general principles: \u201cCertain general propositions about the powers of constables under a section such as section 12(1) can now be summarised. (1) In order to have a reasonable suspicion the constable need not have evidence amounting to a prima facie case. Ex hypothesis one is considering a preliminary stage of the investigation and information from an informer or a tip-off from a member of the public may be enough: Hussien v. Chong Fook Kam [1970] A.C. 942, 949. (2) Hearsay information may therefore afford a constable reasonable grounds to arrest. Such information may come from other officers ... (3) The information which causes the constable to be suspicious of the individual must be in existence to the knowledge of the police officer at the time he makes the arrest. (4) The executive \u2018discretion\u2019 to arrest or not ... vests in the constable, who is engaged on the decision to arrest or not, and not in his superior officers. Given the independent responsibility and accountability of a constable under a provision such as section 12(1) of the Act of 1984 it seems to follow that the mere fact that an arresting officer has been instructed by a superior officer to effect the arrest is not capable of amounting to reasonable grounds for the necessary suspicion within the meaning of section 12(1). It is accepted, and rightly accepted, that a mere request to arrest without any further information by an equal ranking officer, or a junior officer, is incapable of amounting to reasonable grounds for the necessary suspicion. How can the badge of superior officers and the fact that he gave an order make a difference? ... 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| 1
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Anton Alfons Vaas was born in 1935 and lives in Nettetal. 1. Background to the case
From 1952 until May 1991 Anton Alfons Vaas worked as a lorry driver. On 10 May 1991 he was diagnosed with a back disease (intervertebral disc degeneration) and gave up his profession as a lorry driver. 2.
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null}, "quality_checked": [], "task": "Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Anton Alfons Vaas", "meta": {"applicant": "Anton Alfons Vaas", "articles": [91, 34, 54, 34, 93], "countries": "DEU", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2009}, "doc_id": "001-91897", "dataset_type": "train", "orig_text": "PROCEDURE\n\nThe case originated in an application (no. 20271/05) against the Federal Republic of Germany lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (\u201cthe Convention\u201d) by a German national, Mr Anton Alfons Vaas (\u201cthe applicant\u201d), on 2 June 2005.\n\nThe applicant was represented by Mr R. Battenstein, a lawyer practising in D\u00fcsseldorf. The German Government (\u201cthe Government\u201d) were represented by their Agent, Mrs A. Wittling-Vogel, Ministerialdirigentin, of the Federal Ministry of Justice.\n\nOn 29 January 2008 the Court declared the application partly inadmissible and decided to communicate the complaint concerning the length of the proceedings to the Government. It also decided to rule on the admissibility and merits of the application at the same time (Article 29 \u00a7 3).\n\nTHE FACTS\n\nI. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE\n\nThe applicant was born in 1935 and lives in Nettetal.\n\n1. Background to the case\n\nFrom 1952 until May 1991 the applicant worked as a lorry driver. On 10 May 1991 he was diagnosed with a back disease (intervertebral disc degeneration) and gave up his profession as a lorry driver.\n\n2. Administrative proceedings\n\nOn 11 February 1993 the applicant filed an application with the Vehicle Operators Insurance Association (Berufsgenossenschaft f\u00fcr Fahrzeughaltungen) for a declaration that he was suffering from a work-related back disease, which would have entitled him to special pension benefits.\n\nOn 4 January 1996 the Insurance Association found that the applicant\u2019s illness had not been work-related.\n\nOn 23 January 1996 the applicant lodged an administrative appeal which the Insurance Association, following further internal enquiries, rejected on 4 September 1996.\n\n3. Proceedings before the D\u00fcsseldorf Social Court\n\nOn 2 October 1996 the applicant brought an action before the D\u00fcsseldorf Social Court for an industrial injury pension on the grounds of occupational disease.\n\nOn 15 January 1998 the Social Court set down the case for hearing on 11 February 1998.\n\nOn 11 February 1998 it rejected the applicant\u2019s claim on the grounds that it had not been established that his disease was work-related.\n\nOn 13 March 1998 the judgment was served on the applicant\u2019s counsel.\n\n4. Proceedings before North-Rhine Westphalia Social Court of Appeal\n\nOn 26 March 1998 the applicant lodged an appeal with the North-Rhine-Westphalia Social Court of Appeal without submitting the statement of grounds of appeal. Following two reminders in April and July 1998 the court received the applicant\u2019s statement of grounds of appeal on 10 November 1998.\n\nOn 17 November 1998 the Social Court of Appeal held an oral hearing during which it decided to make further investigations.\n\nBetween 23 November 1998 and 23 March 1999 the Social Court of Appeal consulted the applicant\u2019s disability files which it had received from the D\u00fcsseldorf Pension Office, the report of the defendant\u2019s technical supervisory services and various medical statements and certificates from the applicant\u2019s doctors.\n\nOn 26 March 1999 the Social Court of Appeal commissioned a report by an orthopaedic expert, S., which was submitted on 20 May 1999 and stated that the applicant\u2019s disease had not been caused by his work as a lorry driver.\n\nOn 14 July 1999 the applicant applied under section 109 of the Social Courts Act (see paragraph 44 below) for a fresh medical report by another expert. He also put additional questions to the expert S. which were answered on 23 July 1999.\n\nOn 25 August 1999 the Social Court of Appeal commissioned a report by B.-A., an expert specialised in occupational medicine.\n\nOn 17 September 1999 the Court of Appeal ordered the applicant to pay a further advance to cover the costs of additional examinations which B.-A. considered necessary. On 14 October 1999 the applicant advanced those costs.\n\nOn 15 December 1999 the applicant cancelled his appointment with B.-A. scheduled that day.\n\nOn 22 March 2000 B.-A. submitted a report finding that the applicant\u2019s disease had to be considered as being work-related.\n\nOn 5 July 2000 the Social Court of Appeal invited S. to lodge supplementary observations on the findings of B.-A.\u2019s report, which he did on 2 August 2000.\n\nFollowing the applicant\u2019s request for a supplementary report by\n\nB.-A. in accordance with section 109 of the Social Court Code, the Court of Appeal ordered B.-A. on 13 September 2000 to submit supplementary comments.\n\nBetween 13 November 2000 and 13 February 2001 the court reminded B.-A. three times to give his comments and set him a time\u2011limit of 15 March 2001. On 15 February 2001 B.-A. submitted his comments.\n\nOn 26 April 2001 S. was asked for his observations on B.-A.\u2019s supplementary comments. These he gave on 22 May 2001.\n\nOn 9 July 2001 the Social Court of Appeal set the appeal down for hearing on 18 September 2001. At the hearing the court ordered the taking of further evidence.\n\nOn 8 October 2001 the defendant submitted an expert report prepared by its own technical supervisory service challenging B.-A.\u2019s conclusions.\n\nOn 18 October 2001 the Court of Appeal commissioned the preparation of a further report by a consultant surgeon, B., who submitted his report on 19 November 2001.\n\nOn 22 January 2002 the applicant requested inter alia the preparation of a further expert report under section 109 of the Social Courts Act.\n\nOn 27 February 2002 the Social Court of Appeal commissioned ex officio a medical report by an orthopaedic expert, V.\n\nIn March and April 2002 the Social Court of Appeal reminded V. of its request for a report. In reply, V. informed the court that the applicant had cancelled his appointment for examination scheduled on 26 April 2002 and that it had had to be postponed to 20 June 2002. On 3 September 2002 the Social Court of Appeal received V.\u2019s report dated 12 August 2002.\n\nBetween 27 September 2002 and 20 February 2003 the applicant requested the court seven times to extend the time-limits for the submission of his comments on V.\u2019s expert report.\n\nOn 5 May 2003 the applicant submitted his comments and a private orthopaedic expert\u2019s report on which B. commented on 9 June 2003.\n\nOn 26 August 2003 the applicant informed the court that he intended to commission another private expert report.\n\nOn 22 September 2003 the Social Court of Appeal held an oral hearing at which the applicant\u2019s counsel requested a two-week adjournment to allow him to comment on the future conduct of the proceedings.\n\nOn 27 October 2003 the applicant appointed a new legal representative who asked the court for access to the case files on 2 December 2003.\n\nOn 12 December 2003 the Social Court of Appeal postponed the hearing scheduled for 16 December 2003 because the applicant\u2019s counsel had failed to return the case files.\n\nOn 23 March 2004, after a hearing, the Social Court of Appeal rejected the applicant\u2019s appeal. Considering that the relevant questions had been sufficiently examined by the experts B., S., and V., it did not find it necessary to seek a further expert opinion, as had been requested by the applicant.\n\nOn 12 May 2004 the judgment was served on the applicant\u2019s counsel.\n\n5. Proceedings before the Federal Social Court\n\nOn 8 June 2004 the applicant lodged a request for leave to appeal on points of law with the Federal Social Court which was rejected on 7 September 2004. This decision was served on the applicant\u2019s counsel on 15 September 2004.\n\n6. Proceedings before the Federal Constitutional Court\n\nOn 14 October 2004 the applicant lodged a constitutional complaint. On 19 November 2004 the Federal Constitutional Court (no. 1 BvR 2324/04) refused to admit the applicant\u2019s complaint. This decision was served on the applicant\u2019s counsel on 3 December 2004.\n\n7. Supervisory review proceedings\n\nOn an unspecified date the applicant requested the Insurance Association to revoke its decisions of 4 January 1996 and 4 September 1996 in accordance with section 44 of the Social Code no. X (Sozialgesetzbuch X) (see paragraph 45 below). 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Hroar Anton Hansen lives at Nesoddtangen, Norway. In 1989 Mrs B., who was then Hroar Anton Hansen’s wife, bought a property named Ekheim from him for 6,400,000 Norwegian kroner (NOK), currently corresponding to approximately 760,000 euros (EUR). The couple drew up marital agreements (“ektepakt”) in 1990 and 1995. On 3 November 1995 Mrs B. and Hroar Anton Hansen concluded an agreement stipulating that they each owned 50% of the Ekheim estate, regardless of what was stated or might follow from formal entitlements (hereinafter referred to as the joint ownership agreement). Subsequently, after their divorce, Hroar Anton Hansen lodged an action against Mrs B. with Fredrikstad City Court (tingrett), seeking a ruling to the effect that the marital agreements were invalid and that the joint ownership agreement was valid.
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"related_mentions": null, "span_text": "11 June 2010", "start_offset": 23113}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 23327, "entity_id": "001-146701_a8_e70", "entity_mention_id": "001-146701_a8_em188", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "High Courts", "start_offset": 23316}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 23516, "entity_id": "001-146701_a8_e45", "entity_mention_id": "001-146701_a8_em189", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Supreme Court", "start_offset": 23503}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 23544, "entity_id": "001-146701_a8_e63", "entity_mention_id": "001-146701_a8_em190", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "18 September 2009", "start_offset": 23527}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 23697, "entity_id": "001-146701_a8_e70", "entity_mention_id": "001-146701_a8_em191", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "High Courts", "start_offset": 23686}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 23824, "entity_id": "001-146701_a8_e71", "entity_mention_id": "001-146701_a8_em192", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "10 December 2010", "start_offset": 23808}]}, "annotator9": null}, "quality_checked": [], "task": "Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Hroar Anton Hansen", "meta": {"applicant": "Hroar Anton Hansen", "articles": [91, 34, 54, 34, 44, 32, 34, 52, 49, 34, 93], "countries": "NOR", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2014}, "doc_id": "001-146701", "dataset_type": "train", "orig_text": "PROCEDURE\n\nThe case originated in an application (no. 15319/09) against the Kingdom of Norway lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (\u201cthe Convention\u201d) by a Norwegian national, Mr Hroar Anton Hansen (\u201cthe applicant\u201d), on 19 March 2009.\n\nThe applicant was represented by Mr A.C. Ryssdal, a lawyer practising in Oslo. The Norwegian Government (\u201cthe Government\u201d) were represented by their Agent, Mr M. Emberland, Attorney, Attorney General\u2019s Office (Civil Affairs).\n\nThe applicant complained that the reasons stated by the Borgarting High Court in refusing to admit his appeal had been inadequate and thus entailed breach of Article 6 \u00a7 1 of the Convention.\n\nOn 31 August 2011 the application was communicated to the Government. It was also decided to rule on the admissibility and merits of the application at the same time (Article 29 \u00a7 1).\n\nTHE FACTS\n\nI. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE\n\nThe applicant lives at Nesoddtangen, Norway.\n\nIn 1989 Mrs B., who was then the applicant\u2019s wife, bought a property named Ekheim from him for 6,400,000 Norwegian kroner (NOK), currently corresponding to approximately 760,000 euros (EUR). The couple drew up marital agreements (\u201cektepakt\u201d) in 1990 and 1995.\n\nOn 3 November 1995 Mrs B. and the applicant concluded an agreement stipulating that they each owned 50% of the Ekheim estate, regardless of what was stated or might follow from formal entitlements (hereinafter referred to as the joint ownership agreement).\n\nSubsequently, after their divorce, the applicant lodged an action against Mrs B. with Fredrikstad City Court (tingrett), seeking a ruling to the effect that the marital agreements were invalid and that the joint ownership agreement was valid. By a judgment of 4 April 2001, the City Court found against the applicant and in favour of the respondent, concluding that the marital agreements were valid and that the joint ownership agreement was invalid. The applicant did not appeal against this judgment, which gained legal force.\n\nIn 2005 Mrs B. sold the Ekheim estate to Ekheim Invest AS, a limited liability company, for NOK 15,000,000 (approximately EUR 1,1780,000).\n\nOn 28 June 2007 the applicant instituted civil proceedings before the City Court against Ekheim Invest claiming that he had title to 50% of the Ekheim estate and seeking, firstly, an order that the latter convey 50% of the property to him and, secondly, that he held a pre-emption right with respect to the remaining 50%.\n\nAccording to the summary of the applicant\u2019s submissions made by the City Court in its judgment referred to below, the applicant argued in the main as follows: (a) The question was how to interpret the former spouses\u2019 joint ownership agreement of 3 November 1995. In the case that had previously been decided by the City Court on 4 April 2001, the subject-matter of the dispute had been whether the marital agreements from 1990 and 1995 were valid. The subject-matter in the present case was different. Two spouses having completely separate property had the opportunity to conclude a mutual agreement involving an obligation of performance for each party. According to legal doctrine, such a contract was not dependent on any condition as to form. (b) The contract had been a reality in the present case. Ekheim Invest had purchased the half of the Ekheim estate that had been in Mrs B.\u2019s ownership, not the half owned by the applicant, because Mrs B. had had no right to sell the other half. Consequently, Ekheim Invest ought to transfer by deed of conveyance half of the Ekheim estate back to the applicant. (c) The applicant further submitted that in its 2001 judgment the City Court had not reviewed the validity of the joint ownership agreement. In any event, the legal force of that judgment extended only to the relationship between Mrs B. and the applicant, not between Ekheim Invest and the applicant. The applicant referred to legal doctrine, according to which a judgment as a main rule only had legal force in the relationship between the parties to the proceedings. Moreover, the parties\u2019 arguments ought to be taken as a starting point in the assessment of whether any new factual circumstances had arisen. (d) The applicant\u2019s argument was that in the period since 2001 the estate had increased so greatly in value that the City Court now had to assess the ownership issue independently of the conclusion reached in the 2001 judgment. At that time the mortgages on the property had clearly exceeded its value and it had therefore been unproblematic to hold that, in light of an on-going bankruptcy at the time, the applicant would not have been in a better position in the absence of the marriage settlement agreements. It would be unreasonable if Mrs B. or her successors should be able to profit from the tremendous increase in the property\u2019s value.\n\nBy a judgment of 21 January 2008, the City Court found in favour of the respondent Ekheim Invest, on the ground that the applicant did not have title to the property in question as the respondent company had derived its rights from Mrs B. and the City Court had ruled in her favour in its 2001 judgment. It rejected the applicant\u2019s argument based on legal doctrine that the 2001 judgment only had legal force between the parties by referring to another passage in the legal manual in question from which it appeared that the point only applied to disputes between a private party and public authorities. The action brought by the applicant had no public-law aspects and the City Court did not consider that the legal doctrine referred to had any bearing on the present case.\n\nThe applicant appealed against the City Court\u2019s judgment of 21 January 2008 to the Borgarting High Court (lagmannsrett). He argued in particular that the City Court had confused his pleadings and references to legal doctrine made at the oral hearing and had shortened the overall duration of the hearing from the three days initially scheduled to five hours. One hour into the hearing the City Court had truncated the hearing of the applicant\u2019s witnesses, including the presentation of documentary evidence regarding the disputed agreements. The City Court\u2019s hearing record had also been marred by formal mistakes.\n\nOn 4 April 2008 the High Court warned the applicant that it envisaged refusing admission of his appeal and gave him until 21 April 2008 to comment. After an extension of this time-limit to 5 May 2008 the applicant on the latter date requested that his appeal be admitted for examination or, in the alternative, that the High Court quash the City Court\u2019s judgment and refer the case back to the City Court for fresh examination. On 5 and 11 June 2008 he filed additional submissions.\n\nIn a unanimous decision (beslutning) of 12 June 2008 the High Court concluded that it refused to admit the appeal (\u201cAnken nektes fremmet\u201d), giving the following reasons: \u201cThe High Court finds it clear that the appeal will not succeed, and that its admission should therefore be refused pursuant to Article 29-13(2) of the Code of Civil Procedure.\u201d\n\nThe applicant appealed against the High Court\u2019s decision to the Supreme Court, arguing notably that the refusal of admission of the appeal lacked reasons.\n\nOn 19 September 2008 the Appeals Leave Committee of the Supreme Court (H\u00f8yesteretts ankeutvalg), pointing out that its jurisdiction was confined to reviewing the High Court procedure (Article 29-13 (5) of the Code of Civil Procedure), unanimously found it clear that the appeal would not succeed and therefore rejected the appeal under Article 30-9 (2).\n\nII. RELEVANT DOMESTIC LAW AND PRACTICE AND INTERNATIONAL COMPARATIVE LAW\n\nA. Provisions regarding the filtering of civil appeals to the High Court\n\nThe 2005 Code of Civil Procedure (Tvisteloven) entered into force on 1 January 2008 and replaced the 1915 Code of Civil Procedure (tvistem\u00e5lsloven).\n\nUnder Article 29-12 of the 2005 Code of Civil Procedure, the High Court could at the preparatory stage (a) dismiss (avvise) an appeal on the ground that is suffered from errors that ought to lead to dismissal; (b) discontinue the proceedings in whole or in part on the ground of lack of jurisdiction or that the matter is already res judicata; (c) quash the appealed decision on grounds of errors that ought unconditionally to be given effect.\n\nThe conditions for the High Court granting leave to appeal and for refusing the admission of an appeal (\u201cKrav til samtykke. Nektelse\u201d) were set out in Article 29-13.\n\nUnder paragraph 1 of this provision an appeal against a City Court judgment could not be admitted without the leave to appeal being granted by the High Court if the value of the subject-matter was less than NOK 125,000 (approximately EUR 15,000). The provision, which further set out certain criteria for a grant of leave to appeal, did not come into play in the instant case, where the appeal related to pecuniary interests (approximately EUR 1,780,000) exceeding by far that minimum threshold.\n\nThe ground on which the High Court had refused admission of the appeal in the present case was based on a filtering provision introduced by the 2005 Code concerning civil appeals to the High Court. Paragraph 2 of Article 29-13 read: \u201cThe admission of an appeal against a judgment may be refused if the High Court finds it clear that the appeal will not succeed. A refusal may be limited to certain claims or appeal grounds.\u201d\n\nUnless an appeal had been decided under Articles 29-12 or 29-13, the proceedings were to continue, according to Article 29-14. The preparation of the proceedings was to concentrate on matters that should be reviewed according to the appeal and were disputed.\n\nArticle 19-6 set out the requirements regarding the contents of judgments and decisions of the national courts. Paragraph 4 of this article provided that judgments (dommer) and certain procedural decisions (kjennelser) should include a presentation of the case, a statement of the parties\u2019 arguments and claims and the court\u2019s reasoning. The type of decision (beslutning) at issue in the present case was not mentioned.\n\nB. Preparatory works\n\nFrom the preparatory works to the 2005 Code of Civil Procedure it can be seen that the aim of introducing a merits filtering mechanism before the High Court, in addition to the already existing leave to appeal requirements for disputes concerning pecuniary interests below the minimum level described above, was to promote the interests of procedural economy. The committee submitting draft statutory provisions recognised that there was a need to stop clearly unmeritorious appeals to the High Court in order to avoid additional considerable costs being incurred by the parties and by the judiciary (Rett p\u00e5 sak Lov om tvistel\u00f8sning \u2013 (tvisteloven), Norges Offentlige Utredninger (\u201cNOU\u201d Official Norwegian Report) 2001:32, at pp. 775-779)).\n\nIn supporting the proposal, the Ministry of Justice observed that, whilst the right to appellate review of a decision on the merits was an important safeguard, an unlimited and extensive right in this respect could be counterproductive to the rule of law (Ot.prp. nr. 51 (2004-2005), p. 296).\n\nIt was also noted that the Supreme Court had for decades made use of a similar provision for refusing the admission of appeals under former Article 373 (3) no. 1 of the 1912 Code of Civil Procedure (see NOU 2001:32, p. 779). This was in the context of a leave-to-appeal procedure.\n\nThe substantive effect of a refusal of admission of an appeal was that the judgment appealed against gained legal force; the force of res judicata depended on the judgment, not the refusal of admission of the appeal (NOU 2001:32, p. 401).\n\nThe High Court\u2019s role in appeal proceedings in a civil case was not to examine the case afresh but to review the first-instance court\u2019s decision that formed the subject of the appeal (NOU 2001:32, p. 781). After carrying out an examination of the merits of the case, normally on the basis of the case file as it stood, the High Court could refuse admission of the appeal provided that it found it \u201cclear\u201d that the appeal had no prospects of success. \u201cClear\u201d implied a high degree of certainty that the outcome would remain unaltered after an ordinary appeal hearing (ibid., p. 778). It was not a condition for refusing admission of the appeal that the High Court agreed with the City Court\u2019s reasoning or was of the view that its reasoning would stand after the High Court\u2019s review of the case. It was sufficient that the High Court found it clear that the outcome would be upheld, possibly on a different reasoning than that given by the City Court (Ot.prp. nr. 51 (2004\u20112005), p. 475). It was moreover a condition in Article 29-13 (5) that the three judges taking part in the decision to refuse admission of the appeal unanimously found that the appeal would not succeed (ibid., p. 476).\n\nC. Views of the UN Human Rights Committee of 17 July 2008 regarding Communication No. 1542/2007\n\nA provision corresponding to Article 29-13 (2) of the Code of Civil Procedure may be found in Article 321 (2) of the Code of Criminal Procedure (Straffeprossessloven), according to which the High Court may refuse the admission of an appeal in a criminal case if it finds it clear that the appeal will not succeed.\n\nOn 17 July 2008, the United Nations Human Rights Committee communicated its \u201cViews\u201d on a communication (no. 1542/2007) lodged by Mr Abdel Kereem Hassan Aboushanif under the Protocol to the 1966 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights concerning the lack of reasoning in a decision by a Norwegian High Court refusing the admission of an appeal in criminal proceedings. It stated: \u201cThe Committee recalls its jurisprudence, according to which, while States parties are free to set the modalities of appeal, under article 14, paragraph 5, they are under an obligation to review substantially the conviction and sentence. ... In the present case, the judgment of the [High] Court ... does not provide any substantive reason at all as to why the court determined that it was clear that the appeal would not succeed, which puts into question the existence of a substantial review of the author\u2019s conviction and sentence. The Committee considers that, in the circumstances of the case, the lack of a duly reasoned judgment, even if in brief form, providing a justification for the court\u2019s decision that the appeal would be unsuccessful, impairs the effective exercise of the right to have one\u2019s conviction reviewed as required by article 14, paragraph 5, of the Covenant.\u201d\n\nD. Ensuing developments in the Supreme Court\u2019s case-law as well as legislative change\n\nFollowing the Human Rights Committee\u2019s \u201cViews\u201d in Mr Aboushanif\u2019s case, the Norwegian Supreme Court, sitting in a Grand Chamber of eleven judges, delivered three decisions on 9 December 2008 (Norsk Retstidende \u2013 \u201cRt.\u201d \u2013 2008 at pp. 1764, 1783 and 1786) in criminal proceedings. It concluded that from Article 14 \u00a7 5 of the Covenant it followed that every High Court decision refusing admission of an appeal under Article 321 \u00a7 2 of the Code of Criminal Procedure ought to be reasoned. It further held that this requirement ought to be considered part of Norwegian national law (section 3 of the Norwegian Human Rights Act).\n\nThe Supreme Court emphasised two main considerations for why High Court decisions refusing admission of an appeal ought to contain reasons. Firstly, it stressed that reasons must be provided in order to ensure the efficiency of the High Court\u2019s review. Omitting to provide reasons \u201cimpair[ed] the effective exercise of the right to have one\u2019s conviction reviewed\u201d. The requirement of reasons was a necessary safeguard for ensuring a substantial review. By requiring the court to explain why the appeal would not succeed, one could ensure that the decision was reached on the basis of a thorough and sound assessment.\n\nSecondly, the lack of reasons made it impossible to verify whether there had been a substantial review of the appeal. The Supreme Court held that this was relevant for the appellant \u2013 the reason for the refusal should enable the appellant to verify that the issues raised in the appeal had been properly assessed. In addition, it was relevant for the superior review body, where such existed. Where the law provided that the decision of the appellate instance could be appealed against to a superior body, the decision of the appellate body ought to be reasoned in such a manner as to enable review of the decision.\n\nAs to the extent to which reasoning was required, the Supreme Court observed that as a starting point, the reasoning should include what was needed to show that a substantial review had taken place. Usually, such reasoning could be done summarily, in a brief and succinct form, and be linked to the submissions in the appeal. The reasoning should show that the alleged errors in the first-instance court\u2019s decision had been understood and why the appeal clearly would not succeed. This meant that it would be insufficient, as had been done previously, to state the grounds for appeal and paraphrase the statutory requirement for refusing admission of an appeal. In this connection the reasoning should be formulated with a view to enabling the Supreme Court to review the High Court procedure, including whether a substantial review had been carried out as required by Article 14 (5) of the Covenant. The extent of the reasoning required would vary considerably, depending on the nature of the particular case, ranging from a couple of sentences to more extensive reasoning of a legal or factual character.\n\nOn 18 September 2009, the Supreme Court, sitting in a Grand Chamber formation in civil proceedings (Rt. 2009 p. 1118), by nine votes to two, quashed a High Court decision refusing admission of an appeal on the basis of Article 29-13 (2) of the Code of Civil Procedure. The Supreme Court was divided, with respect to the reasons for quashing the High Court\u2019s decision.\n\nA majority of seven members considered the subject matter in relation to Article 88 of the Constitution, according which the Supreme Court was to adjudicate in final instance and limitations thereon ought to be prescribed by law. The majority observed that this provision left the legislator great latitude in organising the national system of judicial remedies as it deemed appropriate. Whilst a system giving the High Court the final say on questions of law would be at odds with this provision, one that limited the right to appeal against the assessment of evidence would not. However, a filtering system for appeals would not as such be incompatible with Article 88. Nor did it follow that the High Court\u2019s refusal to admit an appeal ought to be reasoned or that the Supreme Court ought to have competence to review the City Court and or the High Court\u2019s application of the law. There were also other mechanisms that could ensure the Supreme Court the necessary control.\n\nThe majority noted that, according to Article 29-13 (5) of the Code, a decision of the High Court to refuse the admission of an appeal could be appealed to the Supreme Court in so far as the High Court procedure was concerned. The Supreme Court\u2019s competence to review the High Court procedure encompassed questions of whether a breach had occurred of expressly stated rules of procedure. The Supreme Court was empowered to fully examine the application of the law and the assessment of the evidence in relation to questions of procedure and, if necessary, determine whether an error of procedure had materialised (see NOU 2001:32 p. 777, Rt. 2008 p. 1317; Rt. 2009 p. 222 and Rt. 2009 p. 411). The Supreme Court could also review whether the High Court procedure, seen as a whole, including its exercise of discretionary powers in this respect, had been justifiable (\u201cforsvarlig\u201d), cf. Article 1-1 (1), setting out the Code\u2019s general purpose to guarantee a fair hearing, and Article 6 \u00a7 1 of the Convention. This also covered whether in the light of the points of law raised in the case was justifiable for the High Court to refuse admission of the appeal (Rt. 2002 p. 1032). The Supreme Court could in addition review whether the state of the evidence before the High Court suggested that the subject matter could be adequately dealt with on the basis of the written case-file in a simplified procedure. The majority further emphasised that, in assessing whether in view of the points of law raised in the case was justifiable for the High Court to refuse admission of the appeal, regard could be had to whether the case raised issues of constitutional law or questions regarding Norway\u2019s international legal obligations or whether the High Court should have admitted the appeal in the interest of legal unity, clarification or development of the law, with a possibility for lodging an ordinary appeal to the Supreme Court. This ought to be sufficient to satisfy Article 88 of the Constitution.\n\nSince the Supreme Court in any event could base its review of the High Court procedure on the same material as had been before the latter, no constitutional obligation to give reasons for a High Court refusal to admit an appeal could be justified by the interests of the Supreme Court procedure.\n\nThe majority\u2019s conclusion relied on systemic considerations and what they considered as clear presumptions on the part of the legislator. Bearing in mind the connection to Article 321 (2) of the Code of Criminal Procedure and the developments that had taken place with regard to the issue of reasoning for refusals of admission of an appeal in criminal cases, it followed that a general requirement for stating reasons also applied to refusals of admission of an appeal under Article 29-13 (2) of the Code of Civil Procedure. The relevant High Court should therefore have given reasons for its impugned decision in that case.\n\nIn the light of the foregoing, the Supreme Court\u2019s majority found it unnecessary to consider the alternative plea that the decision had to be quashed in view of the requirements of Article 6 of the Convention and Article 14 of the Covenant that national decisions be reasoned.\n\nTwo concurring judges emphasised that the procedure for refusing admission of an appeal entitled a full review of the first-instance decision on the merits and that the High Court\u2019s omission to give reasons for its decision to refuse admission of an appeal entailed a violation of Article 6 \u00a7 1 of the Convention. The decision therefore had to be quashed.\n\nTwo dissenting members disagreed with the majority view that the obligation to state reasons for a refusal of admission of an appeal in criminal cases also extended to civil cases. Nor did they find that a requirement to this effect could be deduced from Article 6 \u00a7 1 of the Convention.\n\nAs a result of the above-mentioned developments, there is currently a general obligation for Norwegian high courts to state reasons (see paragraph 35 above) for a decision refusing admission of an appeal under Article 29-13 (2) of the Code of Civil Procedure.\n\nOn 11 June 2010 the Ministry of Justice proposed to Parliament (Prop. 141L (2009-2010)) certain amendments to the Code of Criminal Procedure and the Code of Civil Procedure, including a provision requiring High Courts to state reasons for decisions refusing admission of an appeal. Without stating any view on compliance with Article 6 \u00a7 1 of the Convention, the Ministry pointed out that the Supreme Court ruling of 18 September 2009 reflected applicable law and that the relevant provisions in the respective codes should be amended accordingly and in a similar manner. For High Courts the financial and administrative consequences of the proposed changes should be manageable.\n\nWith effect from 10 December 2010, Article 29-13 (5) was amended to include a requirement that a refusal of admission of an appeal under Article 29-13 (2) had to be reasoned (\u201cbegrunnet\u201d).", "applicant": "Hroar Anton Hansen", "offset": 964, "idx_mapping": [964, 964, 964, 964, 964, 964, 964, 964, 964, 964, 964, 964, 964, 982, 983, 984, 985, 986, 987, 988, 989, 990, 991, 992, 993, 994, 995, 996, 997, 998, 999, 1000, 1001, 1002, 1003, 1004, 1005, 1006, 1007, 1008, 1009, 1010, 1011, 1012, 1013, 1014, 1015, 1016, 1017, 1018, 1019, 1020, 1021, 1022, 1023, 1024, 1025, 1026, 1027, 1028, 1029, 1030, 1031, 1032, 1033, 1034, 1035, 1036, 1037, 1038, 1039, 1040, 1041, 1042, 964, 964, 964, 964, 964, 964, 964, 964, 964, 964, 964, 964, 964, 1061, 1062, 1063, 1064, 1065, 1066, 1067, 1068, 1069, 1070, 1071, 1072, 1073, 1074, 1075, 1076, 1077, 1078, 1079, 1080, 1081, 1082, 1083, 1084, 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The first and second applicants, who are sister and brother, were born in Pakistan in 1985 and 1986 respectively and live in Oslo. A. Factual background to the present application
In 1989 Johangir Abbas Butts arrived in Norway with their mother and were in view of the children’s particular situation granted a residence permit on 28 February 1992 on the ground of strong humanitarian considerations (section 8(2) of the former 1988 Immigration Act, see paragraph 45 below). During the summer of 1992 the mother returned with the children to Pakistan, where the children first lived with their grandparents and then with their father and his wife. There they stayed until the turn of the year 1995‑1996, when the mother resettled in Norway with the children.
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"entity_id": "001-115012_a8_e97", "entity_mention_id": "001-115012_a8_em224", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "29 June 2010", "start_offset": 20467}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 20509, "entity_id": "001-115012_a8_e36", "entity_mention_id": "001-115012_a8_em225", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Immigration Appeals Board", "start_offset": 20484}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 20587, "entity_id": "001-115012_a8_e13", "entity_mention_id": "001-115012_a8_em226", "entity_type": "LOC", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Pakistan", "start_offset": 20579}]}, "annotator9": null}, "quality_checked": [], "task": "Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Johangir Abbas Butt", "meta": {"applicant": "Johangir Abbas Butt", "articles": [91, 34, 56, 34, 44, 32, 34, 52, 49, 34, 93], "countries": "NOR", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2012}, "doc_id": "001-115012", "dataset_type": "train", "orig_text": "PROCEDURE\n\nThe case originated in an application (no. 47017/09) against the Kingdom of Norway lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (\u201cthe Convention\u201d) by two Pakistani nationals, Ms Fozia and Mr Johangir Abbas Butt (\u201cthe applicants\u201d), on 14 August 2009.\n\nThe applicants were represented by Mr A. Humlen, a lawyer practising in Oslo. The Norwegian Government (\u201cthe Government\u201d) were represented by Mr M. Emberland, Attorney at the Office of the Attorney General (Civil Affairs), as their Agent.\n\nThe applicants alleged that their deportation from Norway to Pakistan would entail a violation of their rights under Article 8 of the Convention.\n\nOn 7 June 2010 the application was communicated to the Government. It was also decided to rule on the admissibility and merits of the application at the same time (Article 29 \u00a7 1).\n\nTHE FACTS\n\nI. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE\n\nThe first and second applicants, who are sister and brother, were born in Pakistan in 1985 and 1986 respectively and live in Oslo.\n\nA. Factual background to the present application\n\nIn 1989 the applicants arrived in Norway with their mother and were in view of the children\u2019s particular situation granted a residence permit on 28 February 1992 on the ground of strong humanitarian considerations (section 8(2) of the former 1988 Immigration Act, see paragraph 45 below).\n\nDuring the summer of 1992 the mother returned with the children to Pakistan, where the children first lived with their grandparents and then with their father and his wife. There they stayed until the turn of the year 1995\u20111996, when the mother resettled in Norway with the children. In the meantime, on 2 August 1995 the Directorate of Immigration had granted them a settlement permit, while being ignorant about their stay in Pakistan from 1992.\n\nIn 1996 the applicants\u2019 father applied for family reunification. His application, which was refused, prompted an investigation by the immigration authorities which revealed that for most of the period from 1992 to early 1996 the applicants and their mother had lived in Pakistan. The authorities further observed that the applicants had strong attachment to Pakistan since they had lived and gone to school in that country from 1992 to early 1996 and because their father still lived there. On 23 January 1999 the Directorate of Immigration decided to withdraw the applicants\u2019 and their mothers\u2019 settlement permit, on the ground that the permit had been granted on the basis of false information provided by the mother about her and the children\u2019s residence in Norway. It was also decided to refuse them further residence in Norway.\n\nOn 23 August 1999 the Ministry of Justice upheld the Directorate\u2019s decision. Several successive requests for reconsideration were rejected. In May 2001 the children were apprehended with a view to being deported to Pakistan. However, the police decided not to do so, based on their information that they had no contact with the mother or with the family in Pakistan. The police considered that it would be inappropriate to expel them without their mother who had disappeared around the turn of the year 2000\u20112001. The applicants had no contacts with their mother until she was hospitalised in Norway in 2004. During this period they lived with an uncle and aunt in Oslo.\n\nOn 24 November 2003 the second applicant was convicted for unprovoked aggravated physical assault, having hit another person with his fist causing a fracture to the victim\u2019s nose and a two centimetres scar on his eyelid that had to be stitched. For this and certain other offences (withdrawal of 4,600 Norwegian Krone (NOK) from cash points by using another person\u2019s credit card; driving a stolen moped and the possession of 0.2 gram of hashish) he was sentenced to seventy-five days\u2019 imprisonment.\n\nIn the light of these offences, the Immigration Appeals Board decided on 31 May 2005 to expel him indefinitely, with reference to section 29(1)(c) of the 1988 Immigration Act, as he had been convicted for an offence that was punishable by more than three months\u2019 imprisonment.\n\nIn June 2005 the applicants sought to challenge the validity of the decision of 23 August 1999 and, as regards the second applicant, that of 31 May 2005. By a judgment of 13 October 2005 the Oslo City Court upheld their action.\n\nIn September 2005 the mother was expelled to Pakistan, in compliance with the immigration authorities\u2019 decision (see paragraph 8 above). She died in August 2007.\n\nOn 13 October 2006 the Borgarting High Court found against the applicants. It was observed that when the settlement permit was revoked in 1999, the applicants had in reality resided unlawfully in Norway for three years. At that time they had close relatives in Pakistan, including their father, with whom they had lived for periods a few years before. Nor did the High Court find that the decision of 13 October 2005 regarding the second applicant was disproportionate.\n\nOn 16 January 2007 the Appeals Leave Committee of the Supreme Court refused the applicants leave to appeal.\n\nOn 7 January 2008 the applicants lodged a previous application (no. 565/08) under the Convention, complaining that their deportation to Pakistan would constitute a violation of Articles 3 and 8 of the Convention. They also requested an interim measure to stay their deportation under Rule 39 of the Rules of Court. On 8 January 2008 the request was refused. The applicants did not pursue their application. On 6 February 2008, a Committee of three judges decided to strike it out of the Court\u2019s list of cases (Article 37 \u00a7 1 of the Convention).\n\nB. The proceedings giving rise to the present application\n\n1. The Immigration Appeals Board\u2019s decisions of 31 August 2007\n\nIn the meantime, on 31 August 2007 the Immigration Appeals Board, in two separate decisions, rejected the applicants\u2019 requests for modification of the decision of 23 August 1999 revoking their settlement (and residence) permit and, as regards the second applicant, the Board\u2019s decision of 31 May 2005 to expel him indefinitely from Norway. The Board observed that such modification was not warranted either by strong humanitarian considerations or a strong attachment to Norway (section 8 (2) of the former 1988 Immigration Act).\n\nAs regards the first applicant the Board had regard to the fact that she had not had a residence permit since 23 August 1999 and that any links established after this date ought to carry little weight. Furthermore, all of the first applicant\u2019s closest family lived in Pakistan and her brother, the second applicant, had been ordered to leave Norway indefinitely.\n\nAs regards the second applicant the Board quoted from its decision of 31 May 2005 and maintained its previous view: \u201cAs to the [second applicant\u2019s] attachment to Norway, the Board has attached particular weight to the fact that during the period from 1992 to 1995, when he had a residence permit in Norway, he had essentially lived in Pakistan. By the Ministry of Justice\u2019s decision of 23 August 1999 his settlement permit was finally revoked. He does not have a residence permit and is obliged to leave the country. In practice, links that are established during unlawful residence carry little weight. Reference is also made to the fact that [the second applicant\u2019s] mother and sister do not hold a residence permit and are obliged to leave the country. In addition, the applicant has close family in his home country. He therefore ought to be seen as having relatively strong attachment to his home country. The Board cannot see that the [second applicant\u2019s] current situation has been significantly changed since the situation considered in the decision of 31 May 2005.\u201d\n\nIn respect of both applicants the Board also referred to the reasoning and conclusions in earlier decisions and judgments and emphasised that its conclusions in the present decisions ought to be viewed in the context of those.\n\n2. Judicial appeals against the Board\u2019s decision of 31 August 2007\n\nIn September 2007 the applicants challenged that decision before the courts. In this connection they both requested an interlocutory injunction to stop their deportation. These requests were rejected by the City Court on 5 October 2007 and the High Court on 15 November 2007. (a) The City Court\n\nBy a judgment of 4 February 2008, the Oslo City Court quashed the Immigration Appeals Board\u2019s decision of 31 August 2007, disagreeing with the Board\u2019s assessment that the applicants lacked special attachment to Norway.\n\nThe City Court observed that the applicants, respectively twenty-one and twenty-two years old, had lived in Norway for sixteen and a half years during major parts of their childhood and the entirety of their adolescence. The question was what weight should be attached to their residence in Norway since they had been obliged to leave the country in 1999.\n\nIt had not been possible for the applicants to obtain the necessary travel documents before they reached the age of majority in 2003 and 2004, respectively. In such a situation the unlawful character of their sojourn had to be disregarded. There was little reason to emphasise their mother\u2019s lack of cooperation in leaving the country. Nor could the applicants be said to have escaped implementation of the deportation, either before May 2001 or thereafter, as it had been decided on 3 May 2001 not to implement the deportation. With the exception of May 2001, no active steps had been taken to implement the decision to expel the applicants and no attempts had been made to this effect pending the judicial proceedings, until the autumn of 2007. Therefore, the applicants\u2019 residence in Norway since 1999 ought to carry a not insignificant weight in the assessment of whether they had special attachment to Norway.\n\nThe City Court further observed that in Norway the applicants had close relatives \u2013 uncles and aunts \u2013 and had lived with these since 2001. The applicants had gone to school in Norway, had friends and acquaintances there and were mastering the Norwegian language, both oral and written. Whilst the Immigration Appeals Board had found that the applicants had relatively strong links to Pakistan, the City Court found that these had almost ceased. They had not had contact with their father since 1996 and did not wish to have any contact with him. Their mother had died and it was uncertain whether they had other relatives in the country. They were able to speak Urdu and to understand the language in oral form but could not read or write it.\n\nIn view of the applicants\u2019 longstanding residence in and attachment to Norway and their little or no connection to Pakistan, the City Court considered that they had special ties to Norway. Accordingly, the Immigration Appeals Board\u2019s decisions of 31 August 2007 were to be quashed. In making a new assessment the Board ought to take as a premise that the applicants had strong attachment to Norway and that it was empowered under the Immigration Act to grant them a residence permit. (b) The High Court\n\nThe State appealed to the Borgarting High Court, which overturned the City Court\u2019s ruling by a judgment of 14 November 2008 and upheld the Immigration Appeals Board\u2019s refusal of 31 August 2007 as being lawful.\n\nThe High Court found it clear that the refusal to grant residence permits constituted an interference with the applicants\u2019 rights under paragraph 1 of Article 8 of the Convention. In considering whether the interference was justified under paragraph 2, the central question was whether the measure was \u201cnecessary in a democratic society\u201d. The High Court had regard to the consideration that where family life has been created at a time when the persons involved were aware that the immigration status of one of them was such that the persistence of that family life within the host State would from the outset be precarious the removal of the non-national family member would be incompatible with Article 8 only in exceptional circumstances (Rodrigues da Silva and Hoogkamer v. the Netherlands, no. 50435/99, \u00a7\u00a7 38 and 39, ECHR 2006\u2011I) and Darren Omoregie and Others v. Norway, no. 265/07, \u00a7 57, 31 July 2008).\n\nIn balancing the competing interests the High Court considered it important when the applicants had become aware that their sojourn in Norway was unauthorised. It was clear that at the latest when they had been apprehended in early May 2001 they had understood that they did not possess a residence permit. Their explanation that they had been unaware until then of their residence status was reliable. At that time they had been sixteen and fifteen years, respectively.\n\nThe applicants had further stated that their mother had gone under ground at around the turn of the year 2000-2001, and that she had stayed in hiding until the summer of 2005, without theirs having any contact with her or being aware of her whereabouts. However, in 2003 the police had found her handbag with her passport at her brother\u2019s home. The High Court found it hardly probable that the applicants had no contacts with their mother and had no knowledge of her whereabouts from 2001 until the summer of 2005. The authorities\u2019 omission to implement \u201cthe refusal of residence\u201d (\u201coppholdsnektelsen\u201d) ought to be seen in the light of the fact that the police had been unable to get hold of their mother.\n\nNonetheless, there was reason to assume that during the years after 2001 the police did not in practice expect the applicants to leave the country on their own and that they would not be deported without their mother. In any event, the applicants could reasonably perceive the situation in this manner. Shortly after their arrest in May 2001 the applicants had been released because their mother could not be found and it was deemed unfortunate to deport them without her. It had further been clear that the applicants had not possessed Pakistani passports and that the police had done nothing to arrange for them to obtain such passports. Until passing the age of majority in 2003 and 2004, respectively, the applicants had been dependent on the assistance of the Norwegian authorities to obtain passports.\n\nThe reason why the applicants had not been deported together with their mother when she was expelled on 3 September 2005 was that the main hearing in the applicants\u2019 case had been scheduled for 19 September 2005 and that the immigration authorities had found it correct to give them the opportunity to attend the hearing.\n\nSince the applicants could reasonably perceive the authorities to mean that they were not expected to travel to Pakistan on their own, it was difficult to ascribe any responsibility to the applicants for not having taken any steps to leave the country while the mother had gone into hiding from the police. However, after reaching the age of majority, the applicants\u2019 choice to stay in Norway had been something for which they ought to bear the risk and responsibility.\n\nThere were generally speaking strong immigration policy considerations in favour of identifying children with the conduct of their parents. If it were to be otherwise, there would be a great risk that parents exploited the situation of their children to secure a residence permit for themselves and for the children. However, in the present case there had been no such risk as the applicants had reached the age of majority and their mother was dead.\n\nThe applicants had developed a strong personal and social attachment to Norway. They had received the essential part of their education and upbringing there, they mastered the language to the full and their education had been adapted to the Norwegian job market. The applicants had until 2005 lived with their uncle and aunt (their mother\u2019s brother and sister) with family in Oslo. They were therefore presumed to have close emotional links to this part of the family. This was also where they had their friends and social network. The first applicant had completed high school and education as a lawyer\u2019s secretary and was currently working in a media monitoring bureau. The second applicant had been pursuing high school as a private candidate.\n\nAs regards the applicants\u2019 links to Pakistan, these had since their mother\u2019s death in 2007 first and foremost related to their father. They had not seen him after they had returned to Norway in 1996 at the age of eleven and ten, respectively. An uncle (a brother of their late mother) living in the same area of Lahore as the father had met the applicants when visiting his siblings in Oslo the year before. Moreover, the deceased mother had left a house in a well-off area of Lahore, in the vicinity of where the uncle lived. The father occupied parts of the house and let out the remainder. According to Pakistani inheritance rules, the applicants and the father were entitled to three quarter and one quarter, respectively, of the house. Moreover, the applicants had stated that they were unable to write in Urdu and were speaking a \u201cchildish\u201d Urdu. They both mastered English well, which was an official language in Pakistan. Thus, in the High Court\u2019s view, the applicants still had certain links to their country of origin, though they might encounter social and professional difficulties upon return.\n\nIt also observed that in the experience of the Immigration Appeals Board, it was rare that one was confronted with cases where the duration of the unlawful stay had been nearly as long as in the present case. One could therefore question whether general immigration policy considerations, which normally carried weight in cases of unlawful residence, would be sufficiently weighty to regard the refusal of residence as being \u201cnecessary in a democratic society\u201d.\n\nThe High Court, nonetheless, with doubt, arrived at the conclusion that the refusal of residence had not been unlawful as being contrary to Article 8 of the Convention. It attached decisive weight to the fact that the applicants\u2019 strong attachment to Norway had been established during unlawful residence, that they still had links to their home place in Pakistan and that they as adults had relatively good possibilities for settling in Pakistan. The special circumstances pointed to above regarding the background to the applicants\u2019 continuing residence in Norway for so many years could not be regarded as \u201cexceptional circumstances\u201d in the sense that this criterion had been applied by the European Court in its case-law. No new circumstances had occurred between the two decisions of 31 May 2005 and 31 August 2007 (see paragraphs 11 and 17 above) that could warrant a different conclusion than that reached by the High Court in its judgment of 13 October 2006 (see paragraph 14 above). (c) The Supreme Court\n\nOn 25 February 2009 the Appeals Leave Committee of the Supreme Court refused the applicants leave to appeal finding that such leave was not warranted by the importance of the decision for other cases or by other considerations. (d) Other developments\n\nOn 27 December 2007 an article published by the newspaper Dagbladet, which included an interview with the applicants, stated that they lived at an undisclosed address.\n\nOn 4 January 2008 the police arrested the applicants at an apartment in Y Street, belonging to their maternal uncle and aunt in Oslo. The City Court ordered the applicants\u2019 detention for a period of two weeks. Before the City Court the first applicant said that she had all the time lived at the apartment of her maternal uncle in X Street. She had occasionally gone to the flat in Y Street where her aunt lived in order to fetch things. According to information contained in the City Court\u2019s order of the same date to detain the second applicant for two weeks, he had first cohabited with a girlfriend in a studio outside Oslo from May to October 2006. Before and after, he had lived at his uncle and aunt\u2019s apartment in X Street.\n\nDuring his ensuing detention, the police sought to have him detained on account of a separate matter, namely on suspicion of threats committed against his girlfriend. An indictment was issued on 7 January 2008. The second applicant denied the accusations in the main. The police dropped the charges concerning threats on 23 January 2008. No further information has been submitted in respect of these criminal proceedings.\n\nAccording to the applicants during the summer of 2009 they took refuge in Holmlia Church, Oslo.\n\nOn 29 June 2010 the Immigration Appeals Board decided to stay the implementation of the applicants\u2019 deportation to Pakistan.", "applicant": "Johangir Abbas Butt", "offset": 948, "idx_mapping": [948, 949, 950, 951, 952, 953, 954, 955, 956, 957, 958, 959, 960, 961, 962, 963, 964, 965, 966, 967, 968, 969, 970, 971, 972, 973, 974, 975, 976, 977, 978, 979, 980, 981, 982, 983, 984, 985, 986, 987, 988, 989, 990, 991, 992, 993, 994, 995, 996, 997, 998, 999, 1000, 1001, 1002, 1003, 1004, 1005, 1006, 1007, 1008, 1009, 1010, 1011, 1012, 1013, 1014, 1015, 1016, 1017, 1018, 1019, 1020, 1021, 1022, 1023, 1024, 1025, 1026, 1027, 1028, 1029, 1030, 1031, 1032, 1033, 1034, 1035, 1036, 1037, 1038, 1039, 1040, 1041, 1042, 1043, 1044, 1045, 1046, 1047, 1048, 1049, 1050, 1051, 1052, 1053, 1054, 1055, 1056, 1057, 1058, 1059, 1060, 1061, 1062, 1063, 1064, 1065, 1066, 1067, 1068, 1069, 1070, 1071, 1072, 1073, 1074, 1075, 1076, 1077, 1078, 1079, 1080, 1081, 1082, 1083, 1084, 1085, 1086, 1087, 1088, 1089, 1090, 1091, 1092, 1093, 1094, 1095, 1096, 1097, 1098, 1099, 1100, 1101, 1102, 1103, 1104, 1105, 1106, 1107, 1108, 1109, 1110, 1111, 1112, 1113, 1114, 1115, 1116, 1117, 1118, 1119, 1120, 1121, 1122, 1123, 1124, 1125, 1126, 1127, 1128, 1129, 1130, 1131, 1132, 1133, 1134, 1135, 1136, 948, 948, 948, 948, 948, 948, 948, 948, 948, 948, 948, 948, 948, 1156, 1157, 1158, 1159, 1160, 1161, 1162, 1163, 1164, 1165, 1166, 1167, 1168, 1169, 1170, 1171, 1172, 1173, 1174, 1175, 1176, 1177, 1178, 1179, 1180, 1181, 1182, 1183, 1184, 1185, 1186, 1187, 1188, 1189, 1190, 1191, 1192, 1193, 1194, 1195, 1196, 1197, 1198, 1199, 1200, 1201, 1202, 1203, 1204, 1205, 1206, 1207, 1208, 1209, 1210, 1211, 1212, 1213, 1214, 1215, 1216, 1217, 1218, 1219, 1220, 1221, 1222, 1223, 1224, 1225, 1226, 1227, 1228, 1229, 1230, 1231, 1232, 1233, 1234, 1235, 1236, 1237, 1238, 1239, 1240, 1241, 1242, 1243, 1244, 1245, 1246, 1247, 1248, 1249, 1250, 1251, 1252, 1253, 1254, 1255, 1256, 1257, 1258, 1259, 1260, 1261, 1262, 1263, 1264, 1265, 1266, 1267, 1268, 1269, 1270, 1271, 1272, 1273, 1274, 1275, 1276, 1277, 1278, 1279, 1280, 1281, 1282, 1283, 1284, 1285, 1286, 1287, 1288, 1289, 1290, 1291, 1292, 1293, 1294, 1295, 1296, 1297, 1298, 1299, 1300, 1301, 1302, 1303, 1304, 1305, 1306, 1307, 1308, 1309, 1310, 1311, 1312, 1313, 1314, 1315, 1316, 1317, 1318, 1319, 1320, 1321, 1322, 1323, 1324, 1325, 1326, 1327, 1328, 1329, 1330, 1331, 1332, 1333, 1334, 1335, 1336, 1337, 1338, 1339, 1340, 1341, 1342, 1343, 1344, 1345, 1346, 1347, 1348, 1349, 1350, 1351, 1352, 1353, 1354, 1355, 1356, 1357, 1358, 1359, 1360, 1361, 1362, 1363, 1364, 1365, 1366, 1367, 1368, 1369, 1370, 1371, 1372, 1373, 1374, 1375, 1376, 1377, 1378, 1379, 1380, 1381, 1382, 1383, 1384, 1385, 1386, 1387, 1388, 1389, 1390, 1391, 1392, 1393, 1394, 1395, 1396, 1397, 1398, 1399, 1400, 1401, 1402, 1403, 1404, 1405, 1406, 1407, 1408, 1409, 1410, 1411, 1412, 1413, 1414, 1415, 1416, 1417, 1418, 1419, 1420, 1421, 1422, 1423, 1424, 1425, 1426, 1427, 1428, 1429, 1430, 1431, 1432, 1433, 1434, 1435, 1436, 1437, 1438, 1439, 1440, 1441, 1442, 1443, 1444, 1445, 1446, 1447, 1448, 1449, 1450, 1451, 1452, 1453, 1454, 1455, 1456, 1457, 1458, 1459, 1460, 1461, 1462, 1463, 1464, 1465, 1466, 1467, 1468, 1469, 1470, 1471, 1472, 1473, 1474, 1475, 1476, 1477, 1478, 1479, 1480, 1481, 1482, 1483, 1484, 1485, 1486, 1487, 1488, 1489, 1490, 1491, 1492, 1493, 1494, 1495, 1496, 1497, 1498, 1499, 1500, 1501, 1502, 1503, 1504, 1505, 1506, 1507, 1508, 1509, 1510, 1511, 1512, 1513, 1514, 1515, 1516, 1517, 1518, 1519, 1520, 1521, 1522, 1523, 1524, 1525, 1526, 1527, 1528, 1529, 1530, 1531, 1532, 1533, 1534, 1535, 1536, 1537, 1538, 1539, 1540, 1541, 1542, 1543, 1544, 1545, 1546, 1547, 1548, 1549, 1550, 1551, 1552, 1553, 1554, 1555, 1556, 1557, 1558, 1559, 1560, 1561, 1562, 1563, 1564, 1565, 1566, 1567, 1568, 1569, 1570, 1571, 1572, 1573, 1574, 1575, 1576, 1577, 1578, 1579, 1580, 1581, 1582, 1583, 1584, 1585, 1586, 1587, 1588, 1589, 1590, 1591, 1592, 1593, 1594, 1595, 1596, 1597, 1598, 1599, 1600, 1601, 1602, 1603, 1604, 1605, 1606, 1607, 1608, 1609, 1610, 1611, 1612, 1613, 1614, 1615, 1616, 1617, 1618, 1619, 1620, 1621, 1622, 1623, 1624, 1625, 1626, 1627, 1628, 1629, 1630, 1631, 1632, 1633, 1634, 1635, 1636, 1637, 1638, 1639, 1640, 1641, 1642, 1643, 1644, 1645, 1646, 1647, 1648, 1649, 1650, 1651, 1652, 1653, 1654, 1655, 1656, 1657, 1658, 1659, 1660, 1661, 1662, 1663, 1664, 1665, 1666, 1667, 1668, 1669, 1670, 1671, 1672, 1673, 1674, 1675, 1676, 1677, 1678, 1679, 1680, 1681, 1682, 1683, 1684, 1685, 1686, 1687, 1688, 1689, 1690, 1691, 1692, 1693, 1694, 1695, 1696, 1697, 1698, 1699, 1700, 1701, 1702, 1703, 1704, 1705, 1706], "duplicates": 1}
| 1
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Helmut Kucera was born in 1957 and is presently detained at the Krems Stein prison. On 20 January 1994 the Vienna Public Prosecutor filed a bill of indictment against Helmut Kucera charging him with two counts of rape under aggravated circumstances, i.e. having caused serious injuries. The Public Prosecutor submitted that on 16 June 1993 Helmut Kucera had raped A.H., had beaten and strangled her, had forced her to swallow drugs and had threatened her with death. On 5 September 1993 he had raped E.P., had beaten and strangled her, had forced her to swallow drugs, had burned her skin with cigarettes and had cut her vagina with a knife causing a deep laceration as well as opening the abdominal cavity.
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"DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "18 December 1996", "start_offset": 5200}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 5520, "entity_id": "001-60660_a8_e43", "entity_mention_id": "001-60660_a8_em55", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "18 December 1996", "start_offset": 5504}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 5547, "entity_id": "001-60660_a8_e42", "entity_mention_id": "001-60660_a8_em56", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Vienna Court of Appeal", "start_offset": 5525}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 5787, "entity_id": "001-60660_a8_e30", "entity_mention_id": "001-60660_a8_em57", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Court of Assizes", "start_offset": 5771}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 5808, "entity_id": "001-60660_a8_e13", "entity_mention_id": "001-60660_a8_em58", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Court of Appeal", "start_offset": 5793}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "insert", "end_offset": 6293, "entity_id": "001-60660_a8_e13", "entity_mention_id": "001-60660_a8_em59", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Court of Appeal", "start_offset": 6278}]}, "annotator9": null}, "quality_checked": [], "task": "Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Helmut Kucera", "meta": {"applicant": "Helmut Kucera", "articles": [91, 34, 54, 34, 93], "countries": "AUT", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2002}, "doc_id": "001-60660", "dataset_type": "train", "orig_text": "PROCEDURE\n\nThe case originated in an application (no. 40072/98) against the Republic of Austria lodged with the European Commission of Human Rights (\u201cthe Commission\u201d) under former Article 25 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (\u201cthe Convention\u201d) by an Austrian national, Helmut Kucera (\u201cthe applicant\u201d), on 5 August 1997.\n\nInitially, the applicant was represented by Mr K. Muzik, a lawyer practising in Vienna (Austria). The Austrian Government (\u201cthe Government\u201d) were represented by their Agent, Ambassador H. Winkler, Head of the International Law Department of the Federal Ministry of Foreign Affairs.\n\nThe applicant complains under Article 6 \u00a7 3 (c) of the Convention that he had not been able to attend the oral hearing on his appeal against sentence before the Vienna Court of Appeal.\n\nThe application was transmitted to the Court on 1 November 1998, when Protocol No. 11 to the Convention came into force (Article 5 \u00a7 2 of Protocol No. 11).\n\nThe application was allocated to the Third Section of the Court (Rule 52 \u00a7 1 of the Rules of Court). Within that Section, the Chamber that would consider the case (Article 27 \u00a7 1 of the Convention) was constituted as provided in Rule 26 \u00a7 1 of the Rules of Court.\n\nBy a decision of 20 March 2001 the Court declared the application partly inadmissible.\n\nOn 1 November 2001 the Court changed the composition of its Sections (Rule 25 \u00a7 1). This case was assigned to the newly composed Third Section. Within that Section, the Chamber that would consider the case (Article 27 \u00a7 1 of the Convention) was constituted as provided in Rule 26 \u00a7 1 of the Rules of Court.\n\nBy a decision of 14 March 2002 the Court declared the applicant\u2019s remaining complaint admissible.\n\nNeither the applicant nor the Government filed observations on the merits (Rule 59 \u00a7 1).\n\nTHE FACTS\n\nI. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE\n\nThe applicant was born in 1957 and is presently detained at the Krems Stein prison.\n\nOn 20 January 1994 the Vienna Public Prosecutor filed a bill of indictment against the applicant charging him with two counts of rape under aggravated circumstances, i.e. having caused serious injuries. The Public Prosecutor submitted that on 16 June 1993 the applicant had raped A.H., had beaten and strangled her, had forced her to swallow drugs and had threatened her with death. On 5 September 1993 he had raped E.P., had beaten and strangled her, had forced her to swallow drugs, had burned her skin with cigarettes and had cut her vagina with a knife causing a deep laceration as well as opening the abdominal cavity.\n\nOn 12 April 1994 the Court of Assizes (Geschworenengericht) of the Vienna Regional Court (Landesgericht) convicted the applicant of both offences of aggravated rape and sentenced him to 14 years\u2019 imprisonment. In assessing the penalty, the court considered as mitigating circumstances the applicant\u2019s partial confession regarding the rape of E.P. and, to some extent, that he had acted under the influence of alcohol and drugs. As aggravating circumstances, the court considered the applicant\u2019s criminal record, the fact that he had committed two rapes and the extreme brutality which the applicant had shown when committing the offences.\n\nOn 27 June 1994 the applicant filed a plea of nullity (Nichtigkeitsbeschwerde) and an appeal against sentence (Berufung). In his plea of nullity the applicant complained, inter alia, that the Court of Assizes had failed to hear the requested witnesses from Poland.\n\nOn 18 August 1994 the Supreme Court (Oberster Gerichtshof) confirmed the Court of Assize\u2019s judgment as regards the rape of E.P. and quashed the judgment as regards the other charge of rape and the sentence. It found that there had been sufficient information to identify the witnesses from Poland and that the Court of Assizes should have attempted to take this evidence. It remitted the case to that court.\n\nOn 19 September 1995 the new trial commenced before the Court of Assizes sitting with another jury and on 14 June 1996 the Court of Assizes convicted the applicant of raping A.H. and sentenced him to 14 years\u2019 imprisonment. When fixing the sentence the court considered as mitigating circumstances the applicant\u2019s confession regarding some of the facts concerning the charge of having raped E.P. and, to a certain extent, his intoxication. As aggravating circumstances it considered the applicant\u2019s criminal record, that he had committed two rapes and his extreme brutality when committing the offences.\n\nOn 29 August 1996 the applicant filed a plea of nullity and an appeal against sentence. In his appeal against sentence the applicant submitted that the Court of Assizes had failed to give sufficient weight to the mitigating circumstances, namely his neglected education, his difficult childhood and his intoxication. The applicant did not request to attend the hearings before the Supreme Court or the Vienna Court of Appeal (Oberlandesgericht).\n\nOn 8 October 1996 the Supreme Court, sitting in private, rejected as inadmissible the applicant\u2019s plea of nullity.\n\nOn 4 December 1996 the Vienna Court of Appeal fixed the hearing date for the applicant\u2019s appeal against the sentence for 18 December 1996. The applicant received a notification which stated that he, being detained, could only appear through his counsel and would not be brought to the court as the conditions of Section 296 \u00a7 3 [Section 294 \u00a7 5] of the Code of Criminal Procedure (Strafproze\u00dfordnung) were not fulfilled.\n\nOn 18 December 1996 the Vienna Court of Appeal, after having held a hearing in the absence of the applicant but in the presence of his defence counsel, dismissed the appeal against the sentence. As regards the weighing of mitigating and aggravating circumstances by the Court of Assizes, the Court of Appeal found that the applicant\u2019s partial confession was merely a contribution to the establishment of the truth (Beitrag zur Wahrheitsfindung) and did not qualify as a mitigating circumstance. Further, there were additional aggravating circumstances such as the particular cruelty which the applicant had used when committing the offences, as well as their concurrent nature (Zusammentreffen strafbarer Handlungen). As regards the circumstances invoked by the applicant, the Court of Appeal found that they could not be taken into consideration as mitigating circumstances. A neglected education and difficult childhood could not be considered as the applicant was now an adult and it could not explain his excessive use of brutality. Also no weight could be given to his intoxication because he should have known about the effects of alcohol on his person, and the experts had stated that it had no bearing on him committing the offences. Furthermore, the applicant\u2019s offences were not a consequence of a mental defect but of frustration and increased aggression and he had not shown any consciousness of his guilt. Thus, there was no reason to reduce the sentence.", "applicant": "Helmut Kucera", "offset": 1886, "idx_mapping": [1886, 1886, 1886, 1886, 1886, 1886, 1886, 1886, 1886, 1886, 1886, 1886, 1886, 1899, 1900, 1901, 1902, 1903, 1904, 1905, 1906, 1907, 1908, 1909, 1910, 1911, 1912, 1913, 1914, 1915, 1916, 1917, 1918, 1919, 1920, 1921, 1922, 1923, 1924, 1925, 1926, 1927, 1928, 1929, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1936, 1937, 1938, 1939, 1940, 1941, 1942, 1943, 1944, 1945, 1946, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025, 2026, 2027, 2028, 2029, 2030, 2031, 2032, 2033, 2034, 2035, 2036, 2037, 2038, 2039, 2040, 2041, 2042, 2043, 2044, 2045, 2046, 2047, 2048, 2049, 2050, 2051, 2052, 1886, 1886, 1886, 1886, 1886, 1886, 1886, 1886, 1886, 1886, 1886, 1886, 1886, 2066, 2067, 2068, 2069, 2070, 2071, 2072, 2073, 2074, 2075, 2076, 2077, 2078, 2079, 2080, 2081, 2082, 2083, 2084, 2085, 2086, 2087, 2088, 2089, 2090, 2091, 2092, 2093, 2094, 2095, 2096, 2097, 2098, 2099, 2100, 2101, 2102, 2103, 2104, 2105, 2106, 2107, 2108, 2109, 2110, 2111, 2112, 2113, 2114, 2115, 2116, 2117, 2118, 2119, 2120, 2121, 2122, 2123, 2124, 2125, 2126, 2127, 2128, 2129, 2130, 2131, 2132, 2133, 2134, 2135, 2136, 2137, 2138, 2139, 2140, 2141, 2142, 2143, 2144, 2145, 2146, 2147, 2148, 2149, 2150, 2151, 2152, 2153, 2154, 2155, 2156, 2157, 2158, 2159, 2160, 2161, 2162, 2163, 2164, 2165, 2166, 2167, 2168, 2169, 2170, 2171, 2172, 2173, 2174, 2175, 2176, 2177, 2178, 2179, 2180, 2181, 2182, 2183, 2184, 2185, 2186, 2187, 2188, 2189, 2190, 2191, 2192, 2193, 2194, 2195, 2196, 2197, 2198, 2199, 2200, 2201, 2202, 2203, 2204, 2205, 2206, 2207, 2208, 2209, 2210, 2211, 2212, 2213, 2214, 2215, 2216, 2217, 2218, 2219, 2220, 2221, 2222, 2223, 2224, 2225, 1886, 1886, 1886, 1886, 1886, 1886, 1886, 1886, 1886, 1886, 1886, 1886, 1886, 2239, 2240, 2241, 2242, 2243, 2244, 2245, 2246, 2247, 2248, 2249, 2250, 2251, 2252, 2253, 2254, 2255, 2256, 2257, 2258, 2259, 2260, 2261, 2262, 2263, 2264, 2265, 2266, 2267, 2268, 2269, 2270, 2271, 2272, 2273, 2274, 2275, 2276, 2277, 2278, 2279, 2280, 2281, 2282, 2283, 2284, 2285, 2286, 2287, 2288, 2289, 2290, 2291, 2292, 2293, 2294, 2295, 2296, 2297, 2298, 2299, 2300, 2301, 2302, 2303, 2304, 2305, 2306, 2307, 2308, 2309, 2310, 2311, 2312, 2313, 2314, 2315, 2316, 2317, 2318, 2319, 2320, 2321, 2322, 2323, 2324, 2325, 2326, 2327, 2328, 2329, 2330, 2331, 2332, 2333, 2334, 2335, 2336, 2337, 2338, 2339, 2340, 2341, 2342, 2343, 2344, 2345, 2346, 2347, 2348, 2349, 2350, 2351, 2352, 2353, 2354, 2355, 2356, 2357, 2358, 2359, 2360, 2361, 2362, 2363, 2364, 2365, 2366, 2367, 2368, 2369, 2370, 2371, 2372, 2373, 2374, 2375, 2376, 2377, 2378, 2379, 2380, 2381, 2382, 2383, 2384, 2385, 2386, 2387, 2388, 2389, 2390, 2391, 2392, 2393, 2394, 2395, 2396, 2397, 2398, 2399, 2400, 2401, 2402, 2403, 2404, 2405, 2406, 2407, 2408, 2409, 2410, 2411, 2412, 2413, 2414, 2415, 2416, 2417, 2418, 2419, 2420, 2421, 2422, 2423, 2424, 2425, 2426, 2427, 2428, 2429, 2430, 2431, 2432, 2433, 2434, 2435, 2436, 2437, 2438, 2439, 2440, 2441, 2442, 2443, 2444, 2445, 2446, 2447, 2448, 2449, 2450, 2451, 2452, 2453, 2454, 2455, 2456, 2457, 2458, 2459, 2460, 2461, 2462, 2463, 2464, 2465, 2466, 2467, 2468, 2469, 2470, 2471, 2472, 2473, 2474, 2475, 2476, 2477, 2478, 2479, 2480, 2481, 2482, 2483, 2484, 2485, 2486, 2487, 2488, 2489, 2490, 2491, 2492, 2493, 2494, 2495, 2496, 2497, 2498, 2499, 2500, 2501, 2502, 2503, 2504, 2505, 2506, 2507, 2508, 2509, 2510, 2511, 2512, 2513, 2514, 2515, 2516, 2517, 2518, 2519, 2520, 2521, 2522, 2523, 2524, 2525, 2526, 2527, 2528, 2529, 2530, 2531, 2532, 2533, 2534, 2535, 2536, 2537, 2538, 2539, 2540, 2541, 2542, 2543, 2544, 2545, 2546, 2547, 2548, 2549, 2550, 2551, 2552, 2553, 2554, 2555, 2556, 2557, 2558, 2559, 2560, 2561, 2562, 2563, 2564, 2565, 2566, 2567, 2568, 2569, 2570, 2571, 2572, 2573, 2574, 2575, 2576, 2577, 2578, 2579, 2580, 2581, 2582, 2583, 2584, 2585, 2586, 2587, 2588, 2589, 2590, 2591, 2592], "duplicates": 1}
| 1
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Ludwig Weh, Mr W. Weh, was born in 1952 and lives in Bregenz. On 21 March 1995 the Bregenz District Authority (Bezirkshaupt-mannschaft) served an anonymous order (Anonymverfügung) upon Ludwig Weh in the sum of 800 Austrian schillings (ATS). It stated that on 5 March 1995 the driver of the car, registered in Ludwig Weh's name, had exceeded the city area speed limit of 50 km/h by 21 km/h. Ludwig Weh did not comply with the anonymous order. Consequently, the order became invalid (see paragraph 31, below).
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"entity_mention_id": "001-61701_a8_em45", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Administrative Court", "start_offset": 5120}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 5383, "entity_id": "001-61701_a8_e39", "entity_mention_id": "001-61701_a8_em46", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "University of Texas", "start_offset": 5364}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 5419, "entity_id": "001-61701_a8_e40", "entity_mention_id": "001-61701_a8_em47", "entity_type": "LOC", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Texas", "start_offset": 5414}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 5522, "entity_id": "001-61701_a8_e41", "entity_mention_id": "001-61701_a8_em48", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "3 June 1996", "start_offset": 5511}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "insert", "end_offset": 5610, "entity_id": "001-61701_a8_e42", "entity_mention_id": "001-61701_a8_em49", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Constitutional Court (Verfassungsgerichtshof)", "start_offset": 5565}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 5707, "entity_id": "001-61701_a8_e43", "entity_mention_id": "001-61701_a8_em50", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Independent Administrative Panel", "start_offset": 5675}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 6003, "entity_id": "001-61701_a8_e44", "entity_mention_id": "001-61701_a8_em51", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "26 November 1996", "start_offset": 5987}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 6028, "entity_id": "001-61701_a8_e45", "entity_mention_id": "001-61701_a8_em52", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Constitutional Court", "start_offset": 6008}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 6126, "entity_id": "001-61701_a8_e46", "entity_mention_id": "001-61701_a8_em53", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "27 June 1997", "start_offset": 6114}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "insert", "end_offset": 6176, "entity_id": "001-61701_a8_e47", "entity_mention_id": "001-61701_a8_em54", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Administrative Court (Verwaltungsgerichtshof)", "start_offset": 6131}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "insert", "end_offset": 6368, "entity_id": "001-61701_a8_e48", "entity_mention_id": "001-61701_a8_em55", "entity_type": "QUANTITY", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "ATS 10,000", "start_offset": 6358}]}, "annotator9": null}, "quality_checked": [], "task": "Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Ludwig Weh", "meta": {"applicant": "Ludwig Weh", "articles": [91, 34, 54, 34, 93], "countries": "AUT", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2004}, "doc_id": "001-61701", "dataset_type": "train", "orig_text": "PROCEDURE\n\nThe case originated in an application (no. 38544/97) against the Republic of Austria lodged with the European Commission of Human Rights (\u201cthe Commission\u201d) under former Article 25 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (\u201cthe Convention\u201d) by two Austrian nationals, Mr Ludwig Weh and Mrs Evi Weh (\u201cthe applicants\u201d), on 8 August 1997.\n\nThe applicants were represented by the first applicant, a lawyer practising in Bregenz. The Austrian Government (\u201cthe Government\u201d) were represented by their Agent, Ambassador H. Winkler, Head of the International Law Department at the Federal Ministry of Foreign Affairs.\n\nThe applicants alleged, inter alia, that the first applicant's right to remain silent and not to incriminate himself had been breached in criminal proceedings against him.\n\nThe application was transmitted to the Court on 1 November 1998, when Protocol No. 11 to the Convention came into force (Article 5 \u00a7 2 of Protocol No. 11).\n\nThe application was allocated to the Third Section of the Court (Rule 52 \u00a7 1 of the Rules of Court). Within that Section, the Chamber that would consider the case (Article 27 \u00a7 1 of the Convention) was constituted as provided in Rule 26 \u00a7 1.\n\nOn 30 January 2001 the Court decided to communicate to the respondent Government both applicants' complaint about the lack of a prosecuting authority before the Vorarlberg Independent Administrative Panel and the first applicant's complaint concerning the alleged violation of his right to remain silent and not to incriminate himself and declared the remainder of the application inadmissible. The Government filed observations on the admissibility and merits. On 7 September 2001 the President of the Third Section refused the applicants' request to include their observations in reply of 8 and 9 August and 3 September 2001, filed outside the time-limit, in the case file (Rule 38 \u00a7 1).\n\nOn 1 November 2001 the Court changed the composition of its Sections (Rule 25 \u00a7 1). This case was assigned to the newly composed First Section (Rule 52 \u00a7 1).\n\nBy a decision of 4 July 2002 the Court declared the application partly admissible, namely as regards the first applicant's (hereafter \u201cthe applicant\u201d) complaint that his right to remain silent and not to incriminate himself had been breached in criminal proceedings against him.\n\nThe applicant filed observations on the merits (Rule 59 \u00a7 1).\n\nTHE FACTS\n\nI. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE\n\nThe applicant, Mr W. Weh, was born in 1952 and lives in Bregenz.\n\nOn 21 March 1995 the Bregenz District Authority (Bezirkshaupt-mannschaft) served an anonymous order (Anonymverf\u00fcgung) upon the applicant in the sum of 800 Austrian schillings (ATS). It stated that on 5 March 1995 the driver of the car, registered in the applicant's name, had exceeded the city area speed limit of 50 km/h by 21 km/h.\n\nThe applicant did not comply with the anonymous order. Consequently, the order became invalid (see paragraph 31, below).\n\nSubsequently, the Bregenz District Authority opened criminal proceedings for exceeding the speed limit against unknown offenders and, on 27 April 1995, it ordered the applicant as the registered car owner, under section 103 \u00a7 2 of the Motor Vehicles Act (Kraftfahrgesetz), to disclose who had been driving his car. The applicant answered that \u201cC.K.[first and family name in full]\u201d, living in \u201cUSA/University of Texas\u201d was the person who had used the car.\n\nOn 25 July 1995 the Bregenz District Authority issued a provisional penal order (Strafverf\u00fcgung) in which it sentenced the applicant under sections 103 \u00a7 2 and 134 of the Motor Vehicles Act to pay a fine of ATS 900 (with 54 hours' imprisonment in default). It noted that he had submitted inaccurate information.\n\nThe applicant filed an objection (Einspruch) against this decision. On 22 August 1995 the Bregenz District Authority requested the applicant to submit his defence either in writing or to appear at an oral hearing. The applicant did not react to this request.\n\nOn 18 September 1995 the Bregenz District Authority issued a penal order (Straferkenntnis) confirming its previous decision and sentenced the applicant to a fine of ATS 900 (with 24 hours' imprisonment in default). In addition it ordered him to pay ATS 90 by way of contribution to the costs of the proceedings. The District Authority found that the information supplied by the applicant had been inaccurate.\n\nThe applicant appealed to the Vorarlberg Independent Administrative Panel (Unabh\u00e4ngiger Verwaltungssenat).\n\nOn 15 April 1996 the Vorarlberg Independent Administrative Panel dismissed the applicant's appeal and ordered him to pay ATS 180 by way of contribution to the costs of the appeal proceedings. Prior to giving its decision, the Panel held a hearing in the presence of the applicant who stated that he considered the information submitted by him to be sufficiently accurate.\n\nThe Panel dismissed the applicant's defence, noting that section 103 \u00a7 2 of the Motor Vehicles Act required the registered car owner to disclose the name and address of the driver. Further, it referred to the Administrative Court's case-law according to which not only the failure to give any information at all but also the disclosure of inaccurate information amounted to a failure to comply with section 103 \u00a7 2. Finally, the Panel observed that the University of Texas had 14 different locations in Texas. Therefore the information provided by the first applicant had indeed been inaccurate.\n\nOn 3 June 1996 the applicant lodged a complaint with the Constitutional Court (Verfassungsgerichtshof). He raised various issues regarding the tribunal quality of the Independent Administrative Panel and the fairness of the proceedings. 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Elvis Jakupovic was born in 1979 and lived at the time of the events in Vöcklabruck (Austria). He presently lives in Banova Jaruga (Croatia). In February 1991 Elvis Jakupovic arrived in Austria together with his brother, born in 1985, and joined his mother who had already been living and working there. Subsequently his mother remarried. Elvis Jakupovic's family now consists of his mother, his stepfather, his brother and two half sisters, born in 1993 and 1995.
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"end_offset": 4377, "entity_id": "001-60917_a8_e8", "entity_mention_id": "001-60917_a8_em54", "entity_type": "LOC", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Austria", "start_offset": 4370}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 4552, "entity_id": "001-60917_a8_e44", "entity_mention_id": "001-60917_a8_em55", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "21 June 1996", "start_offset": 4540}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "insert", "end_offset": 4639, "entity_id": "001-60917_a8_e45", "entity_mention_id": "001-60917_a8_em56", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": [], "span_text": "Constitutional Court (Verfassungsgerichtshof)", "start_offset": 4594}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 4695, "entity_id": "001-60917_a8_e46", "entity_mention_id": "001-60917_a8_em57", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "30 September 1996", "start_offset": 4678}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "insert", "end_offset": 4720, "entity_id": "001-60917_a8_e45", "entity_mention_id": "001-60917_a8_em58", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": ["001-60917_a8_em56"], "span_text": "Constitutional Court", "start_offset": 4700}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 4836, "entity_id": "001-60917_a8_e47", "entity_mention_id": "001-60917_a8_em59", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Administrative Court", "start_offset": 4816}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 4882, "entity_id": "001-60917_a8_e48", "entity_mention_id": "001-60917_a8_em60", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "9 December 1996", "start_offset": 4867}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 4951, "entity_id": "001-60917_a8_e47", "entity_mention_id": "001-60917_a8_em61", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Administrative Court", "start_offset": 4931}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 4990, "entity_id": "001-60917_a8_e49", "entity_mention_id": "001-60917_a8_em62", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "19 February 1997", "start_offset": 4974}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 5220, "entity_id": "001-60917_a8_e50", "entity_mention_id": "001-60917_a8_em63", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "4 April 1997", "start_offset": 5208}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 5309, "entity_id": "001-60917_a8_e51", "entity_mention_id": "001-60917_a8_em64", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "9 April 1997", "start_offset": 5297}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "correct", "end_offset": 5338, "entity_id": "001-60917_a8_e52", "entity_mention_id": "001-60917_a8_em65", "entity_type": "LOC", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Sarajewo", "start_offset": 5330}]}, "annotator9": null}, "quality_checked": [], "task": "Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Elvis Jakupovic", "meta": {"applicant": "Elvis Jakupovic", "articles": [91, 34, 56, 34, 44, 32, 34, 52, 49, 34, 93], "countries": "AUT", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2003}, "doc_id": "001-60917", "dataset_type": "train", "orig_text": "PROCEDURE\n\nThe case originated in an application (no. 36757/97) against the Republic of Austria lodged with the European Commission of Human Rights (\u201cthe Commission\u201d) under former Article 25 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (\u201cthe Convention\u201d) by a national of Bosnia-Herzegovina, Elvis Jakupovic (\u201cthe applicant\u201d), on 8 April 1997.\n\nThe applicant was represented by Mr F. Schwarzinger, a lawyer practising in Wels (Austria). The Austrian Government (\u201cthe Government\u201d) were represented by their Agent, Ambassador H. Winkler, Head of the International Law Department of the Federal Ministry of Foreign Affairs.\n\nThe applicant complained under Article 8 of the Convention that a residence prohibition imposed on him by the Austrian authorities violated his right to respect for his private and family life.\n\nThe application was transmitted to the Court on 1 November 1998, when Protocol No. 11 to the Convention came into force (Article 5 \u00a7 2 of Protocol No. 11).\n\nThe application was allocated to the Third Section of the Court (Rule 52 \u00a7 1 of the Rules of Court). Within that Section, the Chamber that would consider the case (Article 27 \u00a7 1 of the Convention) was constituted as provided in Rule 26 \u00a7 1 of the Rules of Court.\n\nBy a decision of 15 November 2001 the Court declared the application partly admissible.\n\nNeither the applicant nor the Government filed observations on the merits (Rule 59 \u00a7 1).The Chamber having decided, after consulting the parties, that no hearing on the merits was required (Rule 59 \u00a7 2 in fine).\n\nTHE FACTS\n\nThe applicant was born in 1979 and lived at the time of the events in V\u00f6cklabruck (Austria). He presently lives in Banova Jaruga (Croatia).\n\nIn February 1991 the applicant arrived in Austria together with his brother, born in 1985, and joined his mother who had already been living and working there. Subsequently his mother remarried. The applicant's family now consists of his mother, his stepfather, his brother and two half sisters, born in 1993 and 1995.\n\nOn 14 January 1994 the Police Authorities filed a criminal complaint against the applicant on suspicion of burglary. On 14 March 1994 the Wels Regional Court (Landesgericht) provisionally discontinued the criminal proceedings and ordered the applicant to compensate the victims for the damage caused. On 11 May 1995 the V\u00f6cklabruck District Administrative Authority issued a prohibition to possess arms (Waffenverbot) under the Weapons Act (Waffengesetz) against the applicant as he had, in April 1995, attacked several persons with an electroshock device. On 31 May 1995 the applicant was remanded in custody on suspicion of having committed some fifty burglaries.\n\nOn 28 August 1995 the Wels Regional Court convicted the applicant of burglary and sentenced him to five months' imprisonment, suspended for a probationary period of three years. On the same day the applicant was released from detention on remand.\n\nOn 28 September 1995 the V\u00f6cklabruck District Administrative Authority (Bezirkshauptmannschaft) issued a ten year residence prohibition against the applicant. Having regard to the above events and in particular the applicant's conviction, it found that his further stay in Austria was contrary to the public interest. These considerations were not outweighed by his family links in Austria. On 16 October 1995 the applicant, assisted by counsel, appealed against this decision. Relying on Article 8 of the Convention he submitted, inter alia, that the District Administrative Authority had failed to take sufficiently into account his private and family situation.\n\nOn 18 December 1995 the applicant was again remanded in custody on suspicion of having committed further burglaries in December 1995. On 26 February 1996 the Wels Regional Court again convicted the applicant of burglary and sentenced him to a further term of imprisonment of ten weeks, suspended for a probationary period of three years. On the same day the applicant was released from detention on remand.\n\nOn 2 May 1996 the Upper Austria Public Security Authority (Sicherheitsdirektion) dismissed the applicant's appeal against the District Administrative Authority's decision of 28 September 1995. As regards the applicant's family situation, the authority noted that the applicant's mother, his brother and two half sisters were living in Austria. However, having regard to the applicant's serious criminal behaviour the issue of a residence prohibition was nevertheless necessary in the public interest.\n\nOn 21 June 1996 the applicant filed a complaint with the Constitutional Court (Verfassungsgerichtshof) against the residence prohibition. On 30 September 1996 the Constitutional Court declined to deal with the matter for lack of prospects of success and remitted the case to the Administrative Court (Verwaltungsgerichtshof).\n\nOn 9 December 1996 the applicant supplemented his complaint to the Administrative Court which dismissed it on 19 February 1997. It found that the authorities had correctly found that the residence prohibition was necessary in the public interest and did not constitute a disproportionate interference with the applicant's family situation.\n\nOn 4 April 1997 the applicant was taken into detention with a view to his expulsion and, on 9 April 1997, he was deported to Sarajewo.", "applicant": "Elvis Jakupovic", "offset": 1585, "idx_mapping": [1585, 1585, 1585, 1585, 1585, 1585, 1585, 1585, 1585, 1585, 1585, 1585, 1585, 1600, 1601, 1602, 1603, 1604, 1605, 1606, 1607, 1608, 1609, 1610, 1611, 1612, 1613, 1614, 1615, 1616, 1617, 1618, 1619, 1620, 1621, 1622, 1623, 1624, 1625, 1626, 1627, 1628, 1629, 1630, 1631, 1632, 1633, 1634, 1635, 1636, 1637, 1638, 1639, 1640, 1641, 1642, 1643, 1644, 1645, 1646, 1647, 1648, 1649, 1650, 1651, 1652, 1653, 1654, 1655, 1656, 1657, 1658, 1659, 1660, 1661, 1662, 1663, 1664, 1665, 1666, 1667, 1668, 1669, 1670, 1671, 1672, 1673, 1674, 1675, 1676, 1677, 1678, 1679, 1680, 1681, 1682, 1683, 1684, 1685, 1686, 1687, 1688, 1689, 1690, 1691, 1692, 1693, 1694, 1695, 1696, 1697, 1698, 1699, 1700, 1701, 1702, 1703, 1704, 1705, 1706, 1707, 1708, 1709, 1710, 1711, 1712, 1713, 1714, 1715, 1716, 1717, 1718, 1719, 1720, 1721, 1722, 1723, 1724, 1725, 1726, 1727, 1728, 1729, 1730, 1731, 1732, 1733, 1734, 1735, 1736, 1737, 1738, 1739, 1740, 1741, 1742, 1743, 1585, 1585, 1585, 1585, 1585, 1585, 1585, 1585, 1585, 1585, 1585, 1585, 1585, 1759, 1760, 1761, 1762, 1763, 1764, 1765, 1766, 1767, 1768, 1769, 1770, 1771, 1772, 1773, 1774, 1775, 1776, 1777, 1778, 1779, 1780, 1781, 1782, 1783, 1784, 1785, 1786, 1787, 1788, 1789, 1790, 1791, 1792, 1793, 1794, 1795, 1796, 1797, 1798, 1799, 1800, 1801, 1802, 1803, 1804, 1805, 1806, 1807, 1808, 1809, 1810, 1811, 1812, 1813, 1814, 1815, 1816, 1817, 1818, 1819, 1820, 1821, 1822, 1823, 1824, 1825, 1826, 1827, 1828, 1829, 1830, 1831, 1832, 1833, 1834, 1835, 1836, 1837, 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842, 1843, 1844, 1845, 1846, 1847, 1848, 1849, 1850, 1851, 1852, 1853, 1854, 1855, 1856, 1857, 1858, 1859, 1860, 1861, 1862, 1863, 1864, 1865, 1866, 1867, 1868, 1869, 1870, 1871, 1872, 1873, 1874, 1875, 1876, 1877, 1878, 1879, 1880, 1881, 1882, 1883, 1884, 1885, 1886, 1887, 1888, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892, 1893, 1894, 1895, 1896, 1897, 1898, 1899, 1900, 1901, 1902, 1903, 1904, 1905, 1906, 1907, 1908, 1909, 1910, 1911, 1912, 1913, 1914, 1915, 1916, 1917, 1918, 1919, 1920, 1921, 1922, 1923, 1585, 1585, 1585, 1585, 1585, 1585, 1585, 1585, 1585, 1585, 1585, 1585, 1585, 1939, 1940, 1941, 1942, 1943, 1944, 1945, 1946, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025, 2026, 2027, 2028, 2029, 2030, 2031, 2032, 2033, 2034, 2035, 2036, 2037, 2038, 2039, 2040, 2041, 2042, 2043, 2044, 2045, 2046, 2047, 2048], "duplicates": 1}
| 1
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Franz Ladner was born in 1964 and lives in Vienna. On 14 February 2001 the Vienna Regional Criminal Court (Landesgericht für Strafsachen) ordered Franz Ladner’s detention on remand on suspicion of having committed homosexual acts with adolescents contrary to Article 209 of the Criminal Code. Franz Ladner was released on 27 February 2001. Also on 14 February 2001 the investigating judge ordered a search of Franz Ladner’s premises, as he was also suspected of owning child pornographic material. A number of video-tapes were seized but the suspicion was not confirmed and the subsequent proceedings were conducted for charges under Article 209 alone.
|
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"entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "21 June 2002", "start_offset": 2484}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 2782, "entity_id": "001-68158_a8_e29", "entity_mention_id": "001-68158_a8_em37", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "14 August 2002", "start_offset": 2768}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 2839, "entity_id": "001-68158_a8_e30", "entity_mention_id": "001-68158_a8_em38", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "4 July 2003", "start_offset": 2828}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 2913, "entity_id": "001-68158_a8_e31", "entity_mention_id": "001-68158_a8_em39", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "3 April 2003", "start_offset": 2901}]}, "annotator9": null}, "quality_checked": [], "task": "Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Franz Ladner", "meta": {"applicant": "Franz Ladner", "articles": [91, 34, 56, 34, 44, 32, 34, 51, 52, 34, 44, 32, 34, 50, 57, 34, 44, 32, 34, 52, 49, 34, 44, 32, 34, 51, 34, 44, 32, 34, 49, 52, 34, 93], "countries": "AUT", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2005}, "doc_id": "001-68158", "dataset_type": "train", "orig_text": "PROCEDURE\n\nThe case originated in an application (no. 18297/03) against the Republic of Austria lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (\u201cthe Convention\u201d) by a Austrian national, Mr Franz Ladner (\u201cthe applicant\u201d), on 3 June 2003.\n\nThe applicant was represented by Mr H. Graupner, a lawyer practising in Vienna. The Austrian Government (\u201cthe Government\u201d) were represented by their Agent, Ambassador H. Winkler, Head of the International Law Department at the Federal Ministry for Foreign Affairs.\n\nOn 22 September 2003 the Court decided to communicate the applicant\u2019s complaint that the maintenance in force of Article 209 of the Criminal Code and his conviction under this provision discriminated him in the enjoyment of his private life to the Government. Under the provisions of Article 29 \u00a7 3 of the Convention, it decided to examine the merits of the application at the same time as its admissibility.\n\nTHE FACTS\n\nI. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE\n\nThe applicant was born in 1964 and lives in Vienna.\n\nOn 14 February 2001 the Vienna Regional Criminal Court (Landesgericht f\u00fcr Strafsachen) ordered the applicant\u2019s detention on remand on suspicion of having committed homosexual acts with adolescents contrary to Article 209 of the Criminal Code. The applicant was released on 27 February 2001.\n\nAlso on 14 February 2001 the investigating judge ordered a search of the applicant\u2019s premises, as he was also suspected of owning child pornographic material. A number of video-tapes were seized but the suspicion was not confirmed and the subsequent proceedings were conducted for charges under Article 209 alone.\n\nOn 24 September 2001 the Regional Court decided to discontinue the proceedings on the condition of payment of a penalty of 20,000 Austrian schillings. The Public Prosecutor\u2019s Office appealed against this decision.\n\nOn 11 December 2001 the Vienna Court of Appeal (Oberlandesgericht) quashed the Regional Court\u2019s decision and referred the case back to it.\n\nOn 15 January 2002 the Regional Court convicted the applicant under Article 209 of the Criminal Code and sentenced him to three months\u2019 imprisonment suspended on probation. It found that, between 1994 and 2001, the applicant had performed homosexual acts with four different adolescents.\n\nOn 3 December 2002 the Vienna Court of Appeal dismissed the applicant\u2019s appeal on points of law. It referred to the Constitutional Court\u2019s judgment of 21 June 2002 which had found that Article 209 of the Criminal Code was unconstitutional. However, the amendment of the law, which had repealed Article 209 did not apply to proceedings, in which the first instance court\u2019s judgment had already been given before its entry into force on 14 August 2002. The decision was served on the applicant on 4 July 2003.\n\nThe applicant\u2019s petition for a pardon was of no avail.\n\nOn 3 April 2003 the Federal Minister of Justice replied to questions put by members of Parliament concerning the granting of a pardon in cases of convictions under Article 209. In these questions the applicant\u2019s case was referred to by the file number and the date of the final decision. The Minister stated, without mentioning the applicant\u2019s name, that he had denied a pardon in this case, as the conduct of the person concerned would also qualify as an offence under the newly introduced Article 207b, as in one case that person had taken advantage of the adolescent\u2019s predicament, i.e. the fact that the latter had, following a conflict with his parents, temporarily lived in that person\u2019s apartment.", "applicant": "Franz Ladner", "offset": 1029, "idx_mapping": [1029, 1029, 1029, 1029, 1029, 1029, 1029, 1029, 1029, 1029, 1029, 1029, 1029, 1041, 1042, 1043, 1044, 1045, 1046, 1047, 1048, 1049, 1050, 1051, 1052, 1053, 1054, 1055, 1056, 1057, 1058, 1059, 1060, 1061, 1062, 1063, 1064, 1065, 1066, 1067, 1068, 1069, 1070, 1071, 1072, 1073, 1074, 1075, 1076, 1077, 1078, 1079, 1080, 1081, 1082, 1083, 1084, 1085, 1086, 1087, 1088, 1089, 1090, 1091, 1092, 1093, 1094, 1095, 1096, 1097, 1098, 1099, 1100, 1101, 1102, 1103, 1104, 1105, 1106, 1107, 1108, 1109, 1110, 1111, 1112, 1113, 1114, 1115, 1116, 1117, 1118, 1119, 1120, 1121, 1122, 1123, 1124, 1125, 1126, 1127, 1128, 1129, 1130, 1131, 1132, 1133, 1134, 1135, 1136, 1137, 1138, 1139, 1140, 1141, 1142, 1143, 1144, 1145, 1146, 1147, 1148, 1149, 1150, 1151, 1152, 1153, 1154, 1155, 1156, 1157, 1158, 1159, 1160, 1161, 1162, 1163, 1164, 1165, 1166, 1167, 1168, 1169, 1170, 1171, 1172, 1173, 1174, 1029, 1029, 1029, 1029, 1029, 1029, 1029, 1029, 1029, 1029, 1029, 1029, 1029, 1187, 1188, 1189, 1190, 1191, 1192, 1193, 1194, 1195, 1196, 1197, 1198, 1199, 1200, 1201, 1202, 1203, 1204, 1205, 1206, 1207, 1208, 1209, 1210, 1211, 1212, 1213, 1214, 1215, 1216, 1217, 1218, 1219, 1220, 1221, 1222, 1223, 1224, 1225, 1226, 1227, 1228, 1229, 1230, 1231, 1232, 1233, 1234, 1235, 1236, 1237, 1238, 1239, 1240, 1241, 1242, 1243, 1244, 1245, 1246, 1247, 1248, 1249, 1250, 1251, 1252, 1253, 1254, 1255, 1256, 1257, 1258, 1259, 1260, 1261, 1262, 1263, 1264, 1265, 1266, 1267, 1268, 1269, 1270, 1271, 1272, 1273, 1274, 1275, 1276, 1277, 1278, 1279, 1280, 1281, 1282, 1283, 1284, 1285, 1286, 1287, 1288, 1289, 1290, 1291, 1292, 1293, 1294, 1295, 1296, 1297, 1298, 1299, 1300, 1301, 1302, 1303, 1304, 1305, 1306, 1307, 1308, 1309, 1310, 1311, 1312, 1313, 1314, 1315, 1316, 1317, 1318, 1319, 1320, 1321, 1029, 1029, 1029, 1029, 1029, 1029, 1029, 1029, 1029, 1029, 1029, 1029, 1029, 1334, 1335, 1336, 1337, 1338, 1339, 1340, 1341, 1342, 1343, 1344, 1345, 1346, 1347, 1348, 1349, 1350, 1351, 1352, 1353, 1354, 1355, 1356, 1357, 1358, 1359, 1360, 1361, 1362, 1363, 1364, 1365, 1366, 1367, 1368, 1369, 1370, 1371, 1372, 1373, 1374, 1375, 1376, 1377, 1378, 1379, 1380, 1381, 1382, 1383, 1384, 1385, 1386, 1387, 1388, 1389, 1390, 1391, 1392, 1393, 1394, 1395, 1396, 1397, 1398, 1399, 1400, 1401, 1402, 1403, 1404, 1405, 1406, 1407, 1408, 1409, 1410, 1411, 1412, 1413, 1414, 1415, 1416, 1417, 1418, 1419, 1420, 1421, 1422, 1423, 1424, 1425, 1426, 1427, 1428, 1429, 1430, 1431, 1432, 1433, 1434, 1435, 1436, 1437, 1029, 1029, 1029, 1029, 1029, 1029, 1029, 1029, 1029, 1029, 1029, 1029, 1029, 1450, 1451, 1452, 1453, 1454, 1455, 1456, 1457, 1458, 1459, 1460, 1461, 1462, 1463, 1464, 1465, 1466, 1467, 1468, 1469, 1470, 1471, 1472, 1473, 1474, 1475, 1476, 1477, 1478, 1479, 1480, 1481, 1482, 1483, 1484, 1485, 1486, 1487, 1488, 1489, 1490, 1491, 1492, 1493, 1494, 1495, 1496, 1497, 1498, 1499, 1500, 1501, 1502, 1503, 1504, 1505, 1506, 1507, 1508, 1509, 1510, 1511, 1512, 1513, 1514, 1515, 1516, 1517, 1518, 1519, 1520, 1521, 1522, 1523, 1524, 1525, 1526, 1527, 1528, 1529, 1530, 1531, 1532, 1533, 1534, 1535, 1536, 1537, 1538, 1539, 1540, 1541, 1542, 1543, 1544, 1545, 1546, 1547, 1548, 1549, 1550, 1551, 1552, 1553, 1554, 1555, 1556, 1557, 1558, 1559, 1560, 1561, 1562, 1563, 1564, 1565, 1566, 1567, 1568, 1569, 1570, 1571, 1572, 1573, 1574, 1575, 1576, 1577, 1578, 1579, 1580, 1581, 1582, 1583, 1584, 1585, 1586, 1587, 1588, 1589, 1590, 1591, 1592, 1593, 1594, 1595, 1596, 1597, 1598, 1599, 1600, 1601, 1602, 1603, 1604, 1605, 1606, 1607, 1608, 1609, 1610, 1611, 1612, 1613, 1614, 1615, 1616, 1617, 1618, 1619, 1620, 1621, 1622, 1623, 1624, 1625, 1626, 1627, 1628, 1629, 1630, 1631, 1632, 1633, 1634, 1635, 1636, 1637, 1638, 1639, 1640, 1641, 1642, 1643, 1644, 1645, 1646, 1647, 1648, 1649, 1650, 1651, 1652, 1653, 1654, 1655, 1656, 1657, 1658, 1659, 1660, 1661, 1662, 1663, 1664, 1665, 1666, 1667, 1668, 1669, 1670, 1671, 1672, 1673, 1674, 1675, 1676, 1677, 1678, 1679, 1680], "duplicates": 1}
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Thomas Wolfmeyer was born in 1968 and lives in Bludenz. In May 2000 the Feldkirch Regional Court (Landesgericht) opened criminal proceedings against Thomas Wolfmeyer on suspicion of having committed homosexual acts with adolescents contrary to Article 209 of the Criminal Code. On 23 November 2000 the Regional Court, after having held a trial, convicted Thomas Wolfmeyer under Article 209 of the Criminal Code and sentenced him to six months' imprisonment suspended on probation. It found that, in 1997, he had performed homosexual acts with two adolescents. Upon Thomas Wolfmeyer's appeal, the Innsbruck Court of Appeal (Oberlandesgericht) requested the Constitutional Court (Verfassungs-gerichtshof) to review the constitutionality of Article 209.
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"span_text": "12 November 2002", "start_offset": 2941}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 2987, "entity_id": "001-69167_a8_e20", "entity_mention_id": "001-69167_a8_em40", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Innsbruck Court of Appeal", "start_offset": 2962}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "insert", "end_offset": 3095, "entity_id": "001-69167_a8_e30", "entity_mention_id": "001-69167_a8_em41", "entity_type": "QUANTITY", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "1,839.38 euros (EUR)", "start_offset": 3075}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 3152, "entity_id": "001-69167_a8_e17", "entity_mention_id": "001-69167_a8_em42", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Regional Court", "start_offset": 3138}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 3304, "entity_id": "001-69167_a8_e21", "entity_mention_id": "001-69167_a8_em43", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Constitutional Court", "start_offset": 3284}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 3664, "entity_id": "001-69167_a8_e21", "entity_mention_id": "001-69167_a8_em44", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Constitutional Court", "start_offset": 3644}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "insert", "end_offset": 3864, "entity_id": "001-69167_a8_e31", "entity_mention_id": "001-69167_a8_em45", "entity_type": "QUANTITY", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "EUR 1,091", "start_offset": 3855}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "insert", "end_offset": 3946, "entity_id": "001-69167_a8_e32", "entity_mention_id": "001-69167_a8_em46", "entity_type": "QUANTITY", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "EUR 748,38", "start_offset": 3936}]}, "annotator9": null}, "quality_checked": [], "task": "Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Thomas Wolfmeyer", "meta": {"applicant": "Thomas Wolfmeyer", "articles": [91, 34, 52, 49, 34, 44, 32, 34, 56, 34, 44, 32, 34, 50, 57, 34, 44, 32, 34, 49, 52, 34, 93], "countries": "AUT", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2005}, "doc_id": "001-69167", "dataset_type": "train", "orig_text": "PROCEDURE\n\nThe case originated in an application (no. 5263/03) against the Republic of Austria lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (\u201cthe Convention\u201d) by an Austrian national, Mr Thomas Wolfmeyer (\u201cthe applicant\u201d), on 30 January 2003.\n\nThe applicant was represented by Mr H. Graupner, a lawyer practising in Vienna. The Austrian Government (\u201cthe Government\u201d) were represented by their Agent, Ambassador H. Winkler, Head of the International Law Department at the Federal Ministry for Foreign Affairs.\n\nOn 22 September 2003 the Court decided to communicate the application to the Government. Under the provisions of Article 29 \u00a7 3 of the Convention, it decided to examine the merits of the application at the same time as its admissibility.\n\nTHE FACTS\n\nI. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE\n\nThe applicant was born in 1968 and lives in Bludenz.\n\nIn May 2000 the Feldkirch Regional Court (Landesgericht) opened criminal proceedings against the applicant on suspicion of having committed homosexual acts with adolescents contrary to Article 209 of the Criminal Code.\n\nOn 23 November 2000 the Regional Court, after having held a trial, convicted the applicant under Article 209 of the Criminal Code and sentenced him to six months' imprisonment suspended on probation. It found that, in 1997, he had performed homosexual acts with two adolescents.\n\nUpon the applicant's appeal, the Innsbruck Court of Appeal (Oberlandesgericht) requested the Constitutional Court (Verfassungs-gerichtshof) to review the constitutionality of Article 209.\n\nOn 29 November 2001 the Constitutional Court dismissed this request (see paragraph 22 below).\n\nOn 20 December 2001 the Innsbruck Court of Appeal filed a new request for review of the constitutionality of Article 209.\n\nOn 21 June 2002 the Constitutional Court gave a judgment holding that Article 209 of the Criminal Code was unconstitutional (see paragraph 23 below).\n\nThe amendment repealing Article 209 entered into force on 14 August 2002. While, according to the transitional provisions, Article 209 remained applicable in all cases in which the judgment at first instance had already been given before the entry into force of the amendment, it could no longer be applied in the applicant's case since it had been the case in point (Anla\u00dffall) before the Constitutional Court.\n\nOn 17 July 2002 the Innsbruck Court of Appeal, noting that the Constitutional Court had repealed Article 209 as unconstitutional, acquitted the applicant. This decision was served on him on 12 August 2002.\n\nOn 20 September 2002 the Feldkirch Regional Court dismissed the applicant's request for reimbursement of his defence costs holding that under Article 393a (3) of the Code of Criminal Procedure (Strafproze\u00dfordnung) no right to compensation existed if the accused was not punishable on grounds which occurred after the indictment was filed.\n\nOn 12 November 2002 the Innsbruck Court of Appeal partly granted the applicant's appeal, awarding him reimbursement of a total amount of 1,839.38 euros (EUR) for costs and expenses. It found that the Regional Court had wrongly applied Article 393a (3) of the Code of Criminal Procedure. The applicant's case had been the case in point before the Constitutional Court leading to the repeal of Article 209 of the Criminal Code. His case had to be treated as if Article 209 had never existed. Consequently, it could not be said that he was acquitted on grounds which occurred after the indictment.\n\nThe court found that the applicant's defence costs including the costs relating to the proceedings before the Constitutional Court, in which the applicant, as an interested party (mitbeteiligte Partei), had made detailed submissions, had been necessarily incurred. However, the law provided that only a maximum amount of EUR 1,091 was to be reimbursed as contribution to the defence costs. 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| 1
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Simeon Szypusz was born in 1985 and is currently detained in HMP Lowdham Grange, Nottingham. On 30 May 2004, at around lunch time, an argument broke out between Simeon Szypusz and D.M. in a residential street. Simeon Szypusz had been trying to park a car he was driving and had collided with a parked car which belonged to D.M. Within about half an hour of the dispute, a third man, D.G., arrived at the scene equipped with a loaded shotgun and shot D.M.
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"quality_checked": [], "task": "Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Simeon Szypusz", "meta": {"applicant": "Simeon Szypusz", "articles": [91, 34, 54, 34, 93], "countries": "GBR", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2010}, "doc_id": "001-100506", "dataset_type": "train", "orig_text": "PROCEDURE\n\nThe case originated in an application (no. 8400/07) against the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (\u201cthe Convention\u201d) by a British national, Mr Simeon Szypusz (\u201cthe applicant\u201d), on 19 February 2007.\n\nThe applicant was represented by Mr R. Kovalevsky Q.C., a barrister practising in London. The United Kingdom Government (\u201cthe Government\u201d) were represented by their Agent, Ms E. Willmott, of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office.\n\nThe applicant, relying on Article 6 \u00a7 1 of the Convention, alleged that he had not had a fair trial as there were insufficient guarantees to exclude legitimate doubt regarding the independence and impartiality of the tribunal which tried him on criminal charges.\n\nOn 26 May 2009 the President of the Chamber decided to give notice of the application to the Government. It was also decided to examine the merits of the application at the same time as its admissibility (Article 29 \u00a7 1).\n\nTHE FACTS\n\nI. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE\n\nThe applicant was born in 1985 and is currently detained in HMP Lowdham Grange, Nottingham.\n\nOn 30 May 2004, at around lunch time, an argument broke out between the applicant and D.M. in a residential street. The applicant had been trying to park a car he was driving and had collided with a parked car which belonged to D.M. Within about half an hour of the dispute, a third man, D.G., arrived at the scene equipped with a loaded shotgun and shot D.M. in the back of the head. D.M. survived but suffered permanent brain damage.\n\nThe Crown case was that D.G. had been summoned to the scene by the applicant and another co-accused, M.H., using a mobile telephone belonging to M.H. The applicant was charged with attempted murder and making threats to kill. The applicant denied the charges, alleging that he had left the scene at an early stage and gone to a neighbouring house. He disputed allegations that he had played any part in summoning D.G.\n\nThe Crown's evidence regarding the alleged phone calls came from a number of sources. They pointed to the fact that the applicant was the party involved in the original dispute and that, according to witnesses, he had made threats of violence and of death. An important part of the Crown case involved video recordings from closed circuit television (CCTV) cameras near the scene. From a combination of video recordings and mobile telephone records for M.H.'s telephone, the Crown contended that the applicant could be seen making certain calls. There was also eye witness evidence of him making at least one of the critical calls. In total, the Crown case was that six relevant calls were made from M.H.'s mobile telephone to D.G. or one of his associates.\n\nThe applicant's case at trial was that he had made no calls on M.H.'s mobile telephone. He accepted that eye witness evidence and CCTV recordings demonstrated that he had used a telephone at certain points. However, he said that he was a drug dealer using his own telephone and that the calls were made for his own criminal purposes and were nothing to do with the summoning of D.G. As regards one part of the CCTV footage, the applicant denied the Crown contention that it showed him making a call at a relevant time.\n\nA compilation of the CCTV footage was shown a number of times during the trial. It was played on specialist digital equipment, which was more sophisticated than an ordinary video recorder, specially installed for the trial. It had a number of facilities, including a better capacity to freeze frames, to step forwards and backwards from frame to frame and to coordinate views of different cameras at any particular moment. The machine was operated by a detective constable, Officer M, who had been specially instructed how to use it. Officer M was a member of the investigating team of police officers which had conducted the inquiry into the applicant's case. He was, formally speaking, a witness in the case in the sense that he had made two single paragraph statements recording taking possession of some of the CCTV tapes and had made an uncontroversial statement relating to the taking of a mouth swab sample for DNA analysis from one of the other accused in the applicant's case. Over the period of the trial, which lasted around a month, he had made his services available not only at the trial itself but also to the Crown and the defendants outside the court.\n\nThere was some early discussion about the possibility that the jury would wish to view the recordings after they retired. Leading counsel for the applicant directed the judge's attention to short notes in Archbold's Criminal Pleading, Evidence and Practice, an authoritative text on Crown Court practice and procedure, on the replaying of various different kinds of recording which may figure in trials. The matter was left that there was no reason why the recordings could not be taken into the jury room and played there by the jury if required.\n\nAt the conclusion of his summing-up, the judge told the jury that should they wish to view the recordings again, they only had to ask. The following dialogue took place: \u201cJudge: 'Ladies and gentlemen, it may be that you will want to see the videos again. Have arrangements been made for the jury to see them in their room?' Counsel for the prosecution: '...It is impossible, as I understand it, in fact, to take this into the jury's room. There are, therefore, either two options: either to watch a VHS video on the normal equipment in their room, or alternatively, there is the higher quality\u2013' Judge: 'The jury must watch what has been shown in court.' Counsel for the prosecution: 'In that case, I am afraid the position must be that as and when the jury require it, they will have to come back and see it in court.' Judge: 'There you are. Any time you want to see the video, you can pass a note ...'\u201d\n\nThe jury subsequently retired. On the second day of their deliberations, they indicated their wish to start reviewing the video evidence in the afternoon. Counsel were advised of the jury's request and the court convened with junior counsel for the applicant among those attending. The following discussion ensued: \u201cCounsel for the prosecution: '... the only issue that arises as a result of the CCTV request is who exactly is present in court when they view the material. It is a matter that we have discussed between counsel, and of course, subject to your Lordship's view, I think the general view is that if they are able to watch it on their own, it would be much more constructive \u2013 if counsel and your Lordship were not present. In other words, if this was an extension of their jury room\u2013' Judge: 'And then we would have \u2013 what \u2013 just the officer working the machine?' Counsel for the prosecution: My Lord, that is the only outstanding issue, and I am afraid I have not had an opportunity to speak to [Officer M] \u2013 who, as your Lordship knows, is the man in charge of the machinery \u2013 as to whether it would be possible for the jury to be shown very briefly how to operate the machinery, or whether that is unrealistic.' Judge: 'I should imagine that it is unrealistic\u2013' Counsel for the prosecution: 'In which case I understand\u2013' Judge: 'I mean, you have to go backwards and forwards, and you have to catch particular frames, and I think you will probably need [Officer M] \u2013' Counsel for the prosecution: 'My Lord, I am inclined to agree, in which case it would be my suggestion, on behalf of the Crown, that he remains, and at their instruction operates the machinery\u2013' Judge: 'And does nothing else but to operate the machinery\u2013' Counsel for the prosecution: 'Indeed \u2013 and, of course, makes no communication to them or to anyone else \u2013' Counsel for M.H.: 'Except where they will want to go backwards or forwards \u2013' Counsel for the prosecution: 'Except, of course, to talk to them about operating the machinery.' Judge: 'Does anyone have any objections to the court being cleared, along with the defendants and the public gallery, and simply leaving [Officer M] there \u2013 and in that case, I do not think I need ask the jury what they want to see.' Counsel for the prosecution: 'My Lord, no.' Judge: 'That is probably much better.' Counsel for the prosecution: 'Indeed. Thank you very much.' Judge: 'Thank you. Does everybody agree?' Counsel for the prosecution: 'My Lord, yes.' Counsel for D.G.: 'My Lord, yes.' Counsel for M.H.: 'My Lord, yes.'\n\nNo assent was recorded from junior counsel for the applicant but no objections were raised to the course of action proposed.\n\nThe judge instructed the jury to return and directed them as follows: \u201cLadies and gentlemen, having discussed this matter with counsel, what we are going to do is this: we are going to leave [Officer M] in this court with you, and he will play any part of the video that you have seen, and he will play it as you think fit. Remember that there is more than one camera that operates \u2013 that sometimes you are viewing camera no. 1, and I think at other times camera no. 2. [Officer M] cannot do anything other than operate the video machine, and there is to be no other communication with him \u2013 or any communication from him \u2013 than simply asking him to play you what you want to see \u2013 and I think it is probably better, because he was in court \u2013 and apart from discussing among yourselves, perhaps, what you want to see, any other discussion is in your jury room ...\u201d\n\nThe jury was left alone in the court room with Officer M at 2.05 p.m. to begin reviewing the video evidence.\n\nAs soon as leading counsel for the applicant, who had been engaged elsewhere during the earlier discussions with counsel regarding the viewing of the video recordings as the applicant's trial had overrun, was informed of the course of action adopted, a request was made to reconvene the court at 3.30 p.m. The judge agreed to reconvene at 4 p.m. as he did not wish to interrupt the jury's viewing of the video evidence. The jury spent almost two hours viewing the video recordings in the presence of Officer M.\n\nWhen the court reconvened, leading counsel for the applicant directed the judge's attention to various authorities, including Archbold's Criminal Pleading, Evidence and Practice, and the following discussion took place: \u201cCounsel for the applicant: 'The court has, for all purposes, during this afternoon, whilst the jury have been reviewing the material, really been an extension of the jury room \u2013' ... Counsel for the applicant: 'And what has happened, in reality, is that an individual \u2013 he happens to be a police officer \u2013 an individual has, in fact, been within that jury room \u2013' Judge: 'There was instructions \u2013' Counsel for the applicant: 'I know that, but the difficulty with that is that the person who would normally be supervising \u201cthe sanctity\u201d, if I can put it that way, of the jury \u2013 because, of course, normally there is no problem; they are in their jury retiring room, and there is no individual who can come near them \u2013' Judge: 'No \u2013' Counsel for the applicant: 'Because the jury bailiff acts in accordance with their oath, as one expects, to prevent that \u2013 by my understanding is that this afternoon there has been no such person present.' Judge: 'But are you saying that if one of the jury bailiffs had been present, that would be all right? That would have caused other problems.' Counsel for the applicant: 'My Lord, I am trying to see a way through it. This is a very unusual circumstance. Judge: 'The unusual circumstance is this ...: we cannot put the equipment in the jury room'. Counsel for the applicant: 'Yes, I understand that'. Judge: 'And that is the first problem ... The second problem is that the jury could not work the equipment.' ... Counsel for the applicant: '...we understand that [Officer M] was able, in fact, to instruct another officer how to use this machine in pretty short order.' Judge: 'Perhaps, but that is how it was presented to me \u2013' ... Counsel for the applicant: 'I am merely looking at the peculiar situation that arises here, and the simple fact of the matter, if we boil it down to first principles, is quite simply this: throughout this afternoon, there has, in fact, been an outsider in the jury retiring room. Your Lordship, of course, has given directions, and so be it. In fact, we cannot inquire \u2013 certainly from the jury \u2013 as to whether that was followed, because we have no right \u2013' Judge: 'No, I agree \u2013' Counsel for the applicant: 'And the problem is this: that those who sit behind the dock are essentially put on trust in relation to the police officer's lack of communication, and as soon as one recognises that, that, essentially, cannot be right, because there is no reason why they should, as it were, feel that they can trust the police officer to that extent ...'\n\nCounsel for the applicant then suggested that the police officer could continue to operate the equipment but that the presence of a jury bailiff in the jury room would ensure that there was no communication between the parties in light of the oath sworn by the jury bailiff to prevent any communication with the jury. The following exchange took place: \u201cCounsel for the applicant: 'If the jury bailiff's oath is that they are to stop any approach by any outsider to the jury, then any communication as to which section of tape the jury wish to see should, in fact, go through that conduit, and that can be in the same room, but the jury bailiff can ensure that there is no communication directly between the parties.' Judge: '... You are suggesting that the police officer could operate the machinery \u2013 that is obviously the most convenient way to do it, even if there could possibly be other ways ... \u2013 but the jury bailiff has to be present?' Counsel for the applicant: 'Yes, because the jury bailiff, consistent with his or her oath, is duty bound to stop all communication, and essentially, that communication can only be complained of if it came from the officer. I am not saying for one instant \u2013 for one instant \u2013 that I have reason to believe that that has happened.' Judge: 'No.' Counsel for the applicant: 'I am merely looking at it from a point of principle ... The system ... has a safeguard within it, and normally that is the jury bailiff, who essentially guards the sanctity of the jury once they have retired.\u201d\n\nThe judge observed that there was a need to protect the privacy of the jury while preserving the integrity of the situation. However, he pointed out that \u201cthe die had been cast\u201d and that: \u201c... either the procedure in the circumstances of this particular case is acceptable, or it is not. I am not sure I would want to change it now. I mean, counsel can consider all of this overnight \u2013\u201d\n\nHe later continued: \u201c... I think I ought to state for the record \u2013 and I will \u2013 precisely what has happened, so that there can be no doubt about it. I will give counsel a chance to consider this matter ... it may be that it is just not sensible to do anything different, and if something has gone wrong, it has gone wrong \u2013 but I will give counsel a chance to consider the matter overnight, and if they want to suggest to me anything \u2013 alternative procedures \u2013 not very different than what we are doing \u2013 but any modified procedures, tomorrow I will listen to them.\u201d\n\nIt was then suggested by counsel for M.H. that either the jury themselves be instructed how to use the equipment or that the video be played in open court in the presence of the judge. The following morning, a solution was agreed which would allow the jury to operate the equipment themselves, with information provided to assist them in locating the part of the recordings that they wished to view. The judge subsequently advised the jury as follows: \u201cWe have reconsidered the procedure for your viewing [the CCTV] footage, and in order to give you complete freedom for discussion amongst yourselves as you view that footage, we propose to give you the opportunity to do so in the absence of any other person. What we propose is this: that you should be shown in a moment or two in open court, with everybody present, how that equipment works, and you will then be left to it, and you will decide exactly who is to operate it, and what you wish to see. Can I remind you that the tape is a composite tape containing footage from three cameras. You will be given a sheet of paper \u2013 this one \u2013 containing an index of counter times, which show where footage from each camera begins, and what each camera is focused on ... If you have any problems in working the equipment, let me know, and I will reconsider the position ...\u201d\n\nThe jury subsequently viewed the video recordings alone for about an hour. They continued their deliberations for the rest of the day and into the following morning.\n\nOn 25 February 2005, the jury found the applicant guilty of attempted murder and making threats to kill. He was sentenced to 25 years in prison for attempted murder and three years, to be served concurrently, for making threats to kill. His co-accused, M.H., was found not guilty.\n\nThe applicant appealed, arguing that the approach taken to the viewing of the video recordings amounted to a fundamental infringement of the integrity of the jury's deliberations.\n\nOn 20 June 2006, the Court of Appeal dismissed the applicant's appeal. The court summarised the matter before it as follows: \u201c[Counsel for the applicant] contends now, as foreshadowed in his submissions to the judge on his return to court, that the course taken amounted, however unwittingly, to a fundamental infringement of the integrity of the jury's deliberations. He takes his stand on the point of principle. He contends that when somebody has retired, in effect, with the jury for a substantial period the conviction is, for that reason alone, unsafe. He adds, of course, that in this particular case it was a policeman who was in that position.\u201d\n\nDiscussing the role of Officer M, the court noted that: \u201cThe officer in question was a serving police officer. He was a member of the investigating team of police officers which had conducted the enquiry into this case. That was a team which had assembled the evidence, taken the statements, and no doubt planned the investigation. He was, formally speaking, a witness in the case, in the sense that he had made two single paragraph statements recording taking possession of some of the close circuit television tapes and he had also made an entirely uncontroversial statement relating to the taking of a mouth swab sample for DNA analysis from one of the other accused ... There was no hint of question about the formal statements that he had made. He had not been called as a witness. His credibility was not in any sense in issue. He was a member of the investigating team, but this was not a case in which there was any challenge to the credibility or propriety of any of the police officers. This was not that kind of a case. There was no challenge whatever to the manner of investigation. The issue at the trial was what the evidence, which the police were accepted properly to have gathered, did or did not prove.\u201d\n\nDuring the proceedings, the Court of Appeal had been invited to receive a witness statement from Officer M which had not been seen by the applicant or his lawyers. However, it concluded on this matter (at paragraph 28) that: \u201c...we do not think that we should be invited to receive partial evidence of what occurred. We are certainly satisfied that no further enquiry, for example of jurors, would in a case of this kind be proper\u201d.\n\nThe court examined the trial transcript and, despite the absence of any recorded assent from the applicant's junior counsel to the jury's viewing of the CCTV footage in the presence of Officer M, stated that it had absolutely no doubt that assent to the presence of Officer M while the jury viewed the CCTV footage was given by all counsel concerned, referring to the various, non-verbal manners of expressing assent in such situations.\n\nThe court agreed that a fair trial required that a jury should not be improperly influenced during its deliberations. The Court observed that this was not a case where any bias, or apparent bias, was in question. The question was whether the conviction was safe, and in particular whether the unusual course taken meant that there was an unacceptable risk that the jury may have come under improper extraneous influence after the close of evidence in the case. The court accepted that this would include an inquiry into whether there was such appearance of that possibility that a fair minded, independent observer would conclude that there was a real danger or a real possibility of the jury's decision being compromised by external influence.\n\nThe court found (at paragraphs 44-45): \u201cIn the modern era our system proceeds upon the basis that jurors can be trusted to heed the very careful injunctions which are given to them throughout the trial process, to try the case upon the evidence heard in court alone and to be scrupulous in not discussing the case with anybody outside their number. Such directions are conventionally given by judges at the outset of the trial. They will have been foreshadowed before that by the instruction given to jurors on attending court. They are always repeated at later stages of the trial and they are invariably endorsed at time of separation, if that necessity arises. Quite apart from that, some jurors need transport for various reasons; sometimes, but not always, of security. Drivers who are not operating under a bailiff's oath, hotel staff where appropriate, and many others have dealings with jurors who are in retirement. Once again, the system proceeds on the basis that the jurors treat their task conscientiously and can be trusted to obey the oath that they have taken and not to allow any possibility of extraneous influence to compromise the integrity of their discussions as a group of 12. The experience of trial judges up and down the country demonstrates that in all but a tiny handful of cases that trust is well placed. Jurors approach what is a difficult and often anxious task with a remarkable sense of duty. Now to accept the risk which thus arises of influence from someone unknown and unconnected with the case is not, of course, the same as positively to permit a 13th person to be present with the jury after it has retired and whilst it is reviewing part of the evidence in the case. If, therefore, there were in this case an unacceptable risk of compromise to the integrity of the jury's discussions, the modern practice as to the separation of juries during retirement would not necessarily save it. What the modern practice does, however, is to demonstrate the recognition of the fact that the safeguard of the integrity of the jury system lies in the respect that jurors have for the serious oath that they have taken, reinforced by the directions and warnings that they are given by trial judges, rather than in requiring formal rules attempting to insulate them from contact with the outside world.\u201d\n\nThe court noted that the approach adopted in the present case occurred with the authority of the judge and with the consent of all parties, although it emphasised that no question arose as to the applicant's right to a fair trial being waived. Such a right could only be waived after a full investigation of the facts, in particular as to whether the applicant was fully apprised of the options available. However, the court considered that the agreement of the judge and counsel to the approach adopted was relevant when assessing whether a fair minded observer would have been of the view that there was, as a result of the decision, an unacceptable risk of the jury's discussions being compromised.\n\nThe court further referred to the \u201ccareful direction\u201d given to the jury that there was to be no communication between them and the officer operating the equipment except for the purposes of finding the correct place on the video. The court noted (at paragraph 50): \u201cHe directed them, as we have recorded, that they were to preserve their own discussions of what they had seen until they were in private. That direction came on top of, we are quite sure, conventional directions to the jury of the kind which we have already mentioned that is to say as to the necessity to try the case on the evidence, and, on many occasions, to be scrupulous to avoid discussing the case with anybody outside their number. For the reasons which we have explained, the modern practice is to trust jurors to obey injunctions of this kind.\u201d\n\nThe court noted that the suggestion mooted before the trial judge of having a jury bailiff present demonstrated that there could be no absolute prohibition on contact with the jury. It further observed that there was no indication that the jury had been in any way inhibited by the presence of the police officer: they spent considerable time viewing the recordings. In any event, they continued to view the recordings alone the following morning and clearly gave further consideration to them.\n\nFinally, the court considered it significant that the jury had convicted the applicant of attempted murder but acquitted of attempted murder his co\u2011accused, M.H., who was also directly affected by the CCTV evidence. The significance was that: \u201c... the jury arrived, after prolonged deliberation, at discriminating verdicts.\u201d\n\nThe court concluded (at paragraph 55): \u201cWe are satisfied that on the facts of this case, whether or not what occurred should have happened \u2013 and we will come to that in a moment \u2013 the hypothetical informed and fair minded observer would be aware of all the factors to which we have called attention and he would, we are satisfied, on the facts of this case not believe that there was a real danger, or a real possibility, that the jury's deliberations had been improperly influenced by an external individual.\u201d\n\nAs to the approach adopted to the viewing of the video evidence as a matter of principle, the court stated (at paragraphs 56-57) that: \u201cWe add this. Although in this case we are satisfied that no harm was done, we firmly suggest that this is a course which is not followed in future with or without the consent of the parties. We are alive to two considerations which troubled those who were concerned in this case and we understand how it came about that they resulted in the judge doing what he did with the consent of all the parties. We do not, however, think that anybody needed to be concerned that a jury would betray its thinking by identifying a piece of recording that it wanted to see again. Jurors commonly ask questions on all manner of topics. Some of them call for the jury to be reminded of a particular area of evidence. We do not believe that anybody who has any experience of jury trials supposes that anything can be read into the questions which a jury asks. Such a question may come from all jurors or from one. It may come because the evidence is regarded by someone as of great importance or it may come because the jury collectively thinks it is irrelevant but wants to be sure. The second concern, however, namely that the jury ought to be able to view real evidence of this kind, and discuss it as it views it, is of much greater significance. The breadth of close circuit television coverage in places public and private is nowadays so extensive that juries are more and more presented with evidence of this kind. They also have recorded evidence very often in cases of recorded surveillance. There are other examples, of course, as well. It seems to us that it should be regarded as the plain duty of any party, Crown or defence, which is proposing to rely on such recorded evidence to ensure that there is provided equipment not only to play the recording in court, but also such as the jury can use in its retiring room during its retirement. They must, we are quite satisfied, as jurors be entitled to review precisely the same material as has been put in evidence in court. The judge in this case, we are satisfied, was absolutely right not to permit them to be given a substitute poorer quality VHS recording. If the necessary equipment can be provided in any particular court by agreement as to compatibility of machinery between parties and the court, then so much the better. The ultimate responsibility, however, for the presentation of evidence lies not with the court, but with the parties seeking to adduce it. It is not desirable that equipment should be provided which can only be used in open court, because although it may turn out to be possible to proceed as was done here on the second day of viewing, that will often not be possible, and in many courts the courtroom will by then be in use in the next trial. If in the last resort it really is the case that the recorded material simply is incapable of being played on any machinery which the jury can take into the retiring room -- and we take leave to doubt that that will ever be so with a little forethought -- then we think that the normal course should be followed and in that exceptional case any replaying for the jury during retirement ought to take place in open court.\u201d\n\nOn 22 August 2008, the applicant was denied leave to appeal to the House of Lords.", "applicant": "Simeon Szypusz", "offset": 1107, "idx_mapping": [1107, 1107, 1107, 1107, 1107, 1107, 1107, 1107, 1107, 1107, 1107, 1107, 1107, 1121, 1122, 1123, 1124, 1125, 1126, 1127, 1128, 1129, 1130, 1131, 1132, 1133, 1134, 1135, 1136, 1137, 1138, 1139, 1140, 1141, 1142, 1143, 1144, 1145, 1146, 1147, 1148, 1149, 1150, 1151, 1152, 1153, 1154, 1155, 1156, 1157, 1158, 1159, 1160, 1161, 1162, 1163, 1164, 1165, 1166, 1167, 1168, 1169, 1170, 1171, 1172, 1173, 1174, 1175, 1176, 1177, 1178, 1179, 1180, 1181, 1182, 1183, 1184, 1185, 1186, 1187, 1188, 1189, 1190, 1191, 1192, 1193, 1194, 1195, 1196, 1197, 1198, 1199, 1200, 1201, 1202, 1203, 1204, 1205, 1206, 1207, 1208, 1209, 1210, 1211, 1212, 1213, 1214, 1215, 1216, 1217, 1218, 1219, 1220, 1221, 1222, 1223, 1224, 1225, 1226, 1227, 1228, 1229, 1230, 1231, 1232, 1233, 1234, 1235, 1236, 1237, 1238, 1239, 1240, 1241, 1242, 1243, 1244, 1245, 1246, 1247, 1248, 1249, 1250, 1251, 1252, 1253, 1254, 1255, 1256, 1257, 1258, 1259, 1260, 1261, 1262, 1263, 1264, 1265, 1266, 1267, 1107, 1107, 1107, 1107, 1107, 1107, 1107, 1107, 1107, 1107, 1107, 1107, 1107, 1282, 1283, 1284, 1285, 1286, 1287, 1288, 1289, 1290, 1291, 1292, 1293, 1294, 1295, 1296, 1297, 1298, 1299, 1300, 1301, 1302, 1303, 1304, 1305, 1306, 1307, 1308, 1309, 1310, 1311, 1312, 1313, 1314, 1315, 1316, 1107, 1107, 1107, 1107, 1107, 1107, 1107, 1107, 1107, 1107, 1107, 1107, 1107, 1331, 1332, 1333, 1334, 1335, 1336, 1337, 1338, 1339, 1340, 1341, 1342, 1343, 1344, 1345, 1346, 1347, 1348, 1349, 1350, 1351, 1352, 1353, 1354, 1355, 1356, 1357, 1358, 1359, 1360, 1361, 1362, 1363, 1364, 1365, 1366, 1367, 1368, 1369, 1370, 1371, 1372, 1373, 1374, 1375, 1376, 1377, 1378, 1379, 1380, 1381, 1382, 1383, 1384, 1385, 1386, 1387, 1388, 1389, 1390, 1391, 1392, 1393, 1394, 1395, 1396, 1397, 1398, 1399, 1400, 1401, 1402, 1403, 1404, 1405, 1406, 1407, 1408, 1409, 1410, 1411, 1412, 1413, 1414, 1415, 1416, 1417, 1418, 1419, 1420, 1421, 1422, 1423, 1424, 1425, 1426, 1427, 1428, 1429, 1430, 1431, 1432, 1433, 1434, 1435, 1436, 1437, 1438, 1439, 1440, 1441, 1442, 1443, 1444, 1445, 1446, 1447, 1448, 1449, 1450, 1451, 1452, 1453, 1454, 1455, 1456, 1457, 1458, 1459, 1460, 1461, 1462, 1463, 1464, 1465, 1466, 1467, 1468, 1469, 1470, 1471, 1472, 1473, 1474, 1475, 1476, 1477, 1478, 1479, 1480, 1481, 1482, 1483, 1484, 1485, 1486, 1487, 1488, 1489, 1490, 1491, 1492, 1493, 1494, 1495, 1496, 1497, 1498, 1499, 1500, 1501, 1502, 1503, 1504, 1505, 1506, 1507, 1508, 1509, 1510, 1511, 1512, 1513, 1514, 1515, 1516, 1517, 1518, 1519, 1520, 1521, 1522, 1523, 1524, 1525, 1526, 1527, 1528, 1529, 1530, 1531, 1532, 1533, 1534, 1535, 1536, 1537, 1538, 1539, 1540, 1541, 1542, 1543, 1544, 1545, 1546, 1547, 1548, 1549, 1550, 1551, 1552, 1553, 1554, 1555, 1556, 1557, 1558, 1559, 1560], "duplicates": 1}
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A. The initial investigation
On 16 February 1998 R.M. reported his ex-wife, A.M, missing. On 24 February 1998 police carried out an initial forensic investigation of an apartment which A.M. and her son had shared with Charles Bernard O’Neills in June 1997, the date she had last been seen. An Interim Missing Persons report was prepared by police and submitted to the Procurator Fiscal on 1 May 1998, with later reports following on 31 August 1998 and 8 September 1998.
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He was represented by McClure Collins Solicitors, a firm of solicitors practising in Glasgow. The second applicant was born in 1976 and is currently detained in HMP Edinburgh in Scotland. He was represented by Fitzpatrick and Co, a firm of solicitors practising in Glasgow. The United Kingdom Government (\u201cthe Government\u201d) were represented by their Agent, Mr P. McKell of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office.\n\nThe applicants\u2019 complaints concerning the length of their criminal proceedings were communicated to the Government on 13 November 2012 and 17 December 2012 respectively.\n\nTHE FACTS\n\nI. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE\n\nA. The initial investigation\n\nOn 16 February 1998 R.M. reported his ex-wife, A.M, missing.\n\nOn 24 February 1998 police carried out an initial forensic investigation of an apartment which A.M. and her son had shared with the applicants in June 1997, the date she had last been seen.\n\nAn Interim Missing Persons report was prepared by police and submitted to the Procurator Fiscal on 1 May 1998, with later reports following on 31 August 1998 and 8 September 1998.\n\nOn 30 June 1998 police obtained a search warrant in respect of the apartment A.M. had shared with the applicants. However, a full forensic examination of the property does not appear to have disclosed any relevant evidence.\n\nOn 18 August 1998 the applicants were sentenced to periods of imprisonment of eight years\u2019 and six years\u2019 respectively following their conviction for various sexual offences. The complainer in relation to some of those offences was A.M.\u2019s son. Following conviction, both applicants were placed on the Sexual Offenders\u2019 Register.\n\nBy September 1998 A.M.\u2019s disappearance was being referred to by the Procurator Fiscal at Kilmarnock as \u201csuspicious\u201d and Crown Counsel described the police inquiry into her disappearance as a \u201cmurder inquiry\u201d. On 14 September 1998 the police sought authorisation for the release of the applicants from HMP Peterhead into their custody so that they could be interviewed with regard to the disappearance and suspected murder of A.M.\n\nOn 17 September 1998, while serving their sentence at HMP Peterhead, the applicants were detained by the police under section 14 of the Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995 and removed to Queen Street Police Office in Aberdeen. On the same day the applicants were interviewed separately by police officers for over five hours. During these interviews they were directly accused of the murder of A.M. Both applicants asked police officers if they were going to be charged with the murder, but received indications to the contrary. Following the interviews, neither applicant was arrested or charged with any offence owing to insufficient evidence. They were therefore returned to prison to continue serving their respective sentences.\n\nBy November 1998 no progress had been made in finding A.M. and the police inquiry was scaled down. A full Missing Person Report was submitted to the National Missing Persons Bureau at New Scotland Yard (London). The case was continued as a live enquiry and periodic reviews were conducted by police.\n\nThe applicants were released from custody on licence on 22 May 2003 and 18 January 2002 respectively. They both travelled to Spain without notification, thereby breaching the terms of their parole licence in contravention of the Sex Offenders Act 1997. The Scottish Executive subsequently revoked their licences.\n\nIn April 2004 the applicants were arrested in Spain in connection with the apparent abduction of a fourteen year old boy. They were returned to the United Kingdom, where they were recalled to prison to serve the unexpired portion of their licence periods.\n\nOn 10 November 2004 both applicants appeared on indictment in respect of offences contrary to the Sex Offenders Act 1997. They pled guilty and on 4 April 2005 they were sentenced to a further three years\u2019 imprisonment, which was reduced on appeal to eighteen months.\n\nB. The charges\n\nBetween 1 and 4 April 2005 a decision was made by the Procurator Fiscal, following consultation with Crown Counsel, to place both applicants on petition in relation to the murder of A.M. The Crown\u2019s position was that A.M. had threatened to report the applicants to the police after discovering that they were sexually abusing her son. The applicants\u2019 had subsequently killed her and disposed of her body.\n\nOn 5 April 2005 the applicants were charged with the murder of A.M. and with concealing and disposing of her body in an attempt to pervert the course of justice. They appeared on petition at Kilmarnock Sheriff Court were they were committed for further examination and remanded in custody.\n\nThe police continued to pursue their investigation and enquiries.\n\nOn 6 June 2005 the Crown Office provisionally fixed a preliminary hearing date for 12 September 2005. That hearing date was set aside as the first applicant lodged a \u201cdevolution minute\u201d (see paragraphs 51-52 below) relating to a potential violation of the reasonable time guarantee contained within Article 6 \u00a7 1 of the Convention. On 14 October 2005 the Sheriff Court held that the devolution minute had been raised prematurely as no indictment had been served. On 7 December 2005 the High Court dismissed the first applicant\u2019s appeal against that decision and refused him leave to appeal to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council.\n\nMeanwhile, a Proof of Life report was produced on 18 November 2005 (supplemented on 5 January 2006), which concluded that A.M. had been dead since approximately June 1997.\n\nIn late 2005 Crown Counsel had concerns regarding the sufficiency of evidence against the second applicant. Although the evidence against the first applicant was stronger, the understanding that the applicants had acted together would have made a trial against the first applicant only very difficult. Therefore, on 19 December 2005 the Crown decided to take \u201cno proceedings meantime\u201d (see paragraph 49 below) with regard to the 2005 petition.\n\nFollowing reviews of the case in February and March 2006, Crown Counsel instructed that no new additional material had come to light which would justify reconsideration of that decision. However, the decision would remain under periodic review.\n\nPursuant to sections 65(1)(a) and (1A) of the Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995, a trial had to take place within twelve months of the accused\u2019s first appearance on petition in respect of the offence, although this period could be extended either within the twelve-month period or retrospectively (see paragraph 48 below). The twelve-month period for bringing proceedings expired on 4 April 2006 and the Lord Advocate did not seek an extension of time. On 26 April 2006 the applicants were informed that there would be \u201cno proceedings meantime\u201d.\n\nBy November 2006 both applicants had served the custodial element of their earlier criminal sentences and were released from prison. They both travelled to live in Spain for a period before returning to the United Kingdom in November 2007.\n\nThe police continued to conduct periodic reviews of the decision to take \u201cno proceedings meantime\u201d in respect of the 2005 petition. Furthermore, Central Scotland Police formed \u201cOperation Aspen\u201d, the objective of which was to look for evidence both of further sexual offending by the applicants, and of their involvement in the disappearance of A.M.\n\nAs a result of Operation Aspen, new evidence came to light concerning the circumstances of A.M.\u2019s disappearance and the applicants\u2019 sexual offending. Consequently, on 9 September 2008 Crown Counsel concluded that there had been a material change in the prospects of securing a conviction against both applicants on the murder charges contained in the earlier 2005 petition.\n\nC. The indictment\n\nOn 10 September 2008 the applicants were served with an indictment which contained the same charges as the 2005 petition. It also contained a number of additional charges relating to various sexual offences.\n\nThe second applicant lodged a devolution minute on 15 September 2008 in which he argued that certain missing evidence would have a prejudicial impact on the fairness of his trial.\n\nThe following day the first applicant lodged a devolution minute, arguing that he could not receive a fair trial within the meaning of Article 6 owing to the significant delay which had occurred in his case.\n\nOn 10 October 2008 a preliminary hearing was held at the High Court in Glasgow where further preliminary notices and devolution minutes were served on behalf of both applicants. The Crown also made an application under section 65(3)(a) of the Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995 for a retrospective extension of the twelve-month time-limit contained within section 65(1) of that Act (see paragraph 48 below).\n\nBetween 4 November 2008 and 20 February 2009 there were a number of preliminary hearings in respect of the Crown\u2019s application for an extension. Following the hearing on 20 February 2009 the application was granted. The High Court found that the Crown had acted properly in investigating and reviewing the evidence between 1997 and 2008; that the expiry of the section 65 time-limit had come about through a positive decision rather than through inadvertence; and that new evidence had since come to light so as to allow the Crown to proceed against both applicants. Although the applicants were granted permission to appeal, their appeal was refused on 5 June 2009.\n\nAt a preliminary hearing on 29 June 2009 the High Court allowed motions by the applicants to separate the murder charges from the sexual offences charges. The first applicant also argued that the murder charge against him should be dismissed for reason of delay. However, the court refused to dismiss the charge, finding, inter alia, that proceedings had begun on 5 April 2005; that the \u201creasonable time\u201d permitted by Article 6 had not been exceeded; that the fairness of the upcoming trial had not been jeopardised; and that there was no other compelling reason why it would be unfair to proceed to trial.\n\nThe first applicant appealed against the decision not to dismiss the charge against him. The Lord Advocate brought a cross-appeal against the decision to separate the charges.\n\nBoth appeals were dismissed on 26 November 2009. In dismissing the first applicant\u2019s appeal, the Appeal Court accepted that the police had interrogated him \u201crobustly\u201d in 1998, but agreed with the High Court that he was not \u201ccharged\u201d until 5 April 2005. The court considered that the Crown had acted without fault since that time, and, in the particular circumstances of the case, it could not be said that the matter would not be determined within a reasonable time.\n\nThe Appeal Court and the Supreme Court refused the first applicant leave to appeal on 26 November 2009 and 22 February 2010 respectively.\n\nFurther preliminary hearings took place between January 2010 and May 2010 in respect of various petitions and minutes lodged by the applicants.\n\nD. The applicants\u2019 trials\n\n1. Sexual offences\n\nThe applicants\u2019 trial for the sexual offences took place between 19 April 2010 and 13 May 2010. On 12 May 2010 the applicants were convicted on numerous counts and sentenced to periods of imprisonment ranging from eight to ten years to run concurrently. Both applicants unsuccessfully sought to appeal against conviction and sentence.\n\n2. Murder\n\nThe murder trial began at the High Court in Glasgow on 17 May 2010 with the Crown leading evidence from over fifty witnesses.\n\nOn 4 June 2010 the second applicant addressed the Court on his devolution minute dated 15 September 2008 (see paragraph 27 above). The High Court dismissed the minute as the arguments advanced by the second applicant related to unreasonable delay and not to missing evidence (which was the argument raised in the original minute). The second applicant did not appeal the decision.\n\nOn 10 June 2010 a jury convicted the applicants of murder and attempting to pervert the course of justice. They were sentenced to life imprisonment for murder, with a tariff of thirty years for the first applicant and twenty-six years for the second applicant. They were also sentenced to concurrent sentences of eight years imprisonment for attempting to pervert the course of justice.\n\nE. The appeal against conviction and sentence\n\nThe applicants appealed against conviction and sentence. The first applicant lodged a Note of Appeal on 2 September 2010, containing numerous grounds and sub-grounds on a wide range of issues regarding all the charges. The sifting judges granted him leave to appeal against his sentence for murder, but not against his conviction. The second applicant lodged a Note of Appeal on 27 August 2010. On 3 February 2011 leave to appeal was refused by the judge at first sift. On 4 July 2011, following the second sift, leave to appeal against conviction was granted though restricted to two grounds relating to alleged errors by the trial judge. The second applicant was also granted leave to appeal against sentence.\n\nThe applicants subsequently applied under section 107(8) of the Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995 (\u201cthe 1995 Act\u201d) for leave to reinstate grounds which the sifting judges had found to be unarguable, including those relating to the length of proceedings.\n\nAn oral hearing took place on 8 November 2011. On 8 February 2012 the Appeal Court granted the first applicant leave to appeal against his conviction on one ground only, which alleged an error by the trial judge. The second applicant was refused leave to appeal on the grounds raised.\n\nThe applicants sought leave to appeal to the Supreme Court against the Appeal Court\u2019s refusal to grant leave to appeal on the additional grounds.\n\nOn 19 April 2012 the Appeal Court granted both applicants leave to appeal on the issue of undue delay. The court also granted the first applicant permission to appeal against his conviction on another ground alleging apparent bias on the part of the trial judge.\n\nA hearing took place on 29 and 30 April 2013 before the Supreme Court, which gave judgment on 13 June 2013. The main issue before the Supreme Court was whether the applicants could be said to have been \u201ccharged\u201d on 17 September 1998 or whether the appropriate \u201cstarting point\u201d for the purposes of Article 6 \u00a7 1 was 5 April 2005. The court assessed the evidence in light of the relevant case-law of the domestic courts and of this Court. In doing so, it distinguished the applicants\u2019 case from that of Ambrose v. Harris [2011] UKSC 43, in which the Supreme Court accepted that an appellant, who was complaining that there had been a breach of his right to legal advice under Article 6 \u00a7 1, had been \u201ccharged\u201d following his caution by police in connection with the alleged offence. The Supreme Court observed that as the \u201cfair trial\u201d guarantee under Article 6 was distinct from the \u201creasonable-time\u201d guarantee it had to be approached separately. Therefore, the fact that the applicants had been subjected to questioning on 17 September 1998 that might have affected their right to a fair trial did not mean that this was the relevant \u201cstarting point\u201d for determining whether proceedings had been conducted within a \u201creasonable time\u201d. The court concluded that the correct \u201cstarting point\u201d in the applicants\u2019 proceedings was 5 April 2005 and the case was remitted to the Appeal Court.\n\nThe Appeal Court dismissed the first applicant\u2019s appeal against conviction and sentence on 27 March 2014, and the second applicant\u2019s appeal on 19 June 2014.", "applicant": "Charles Bernard O\u2019Neill", "offset": 1154, "idx_mapping": [1154, 1155, 1156, 1157, 1158, 1159, 1160, 1161, 1162, 1163, 1164, 1165, 1166, 1167, 1168, 1169, 1170, 1171, 1172, 1173, 1174, 1175, 1176, 1177, 1178, 1179, 1180, 1181, 1182, 1183, 1184, 1185, 1186, 1187, 1188, 1189, 1190, 1191, 1192, 1193, 1194, 1195, 1196, 1197, 1198, 1199, 1200, 1201, 1202, 1203, 1204, 1205, 1206, 1207, 1208, 1209, 1210, 1211, 1212, 1213, 1214, 1215, 1216, 1217, 1218, 1219, 1220, 1221, 1222, 1223, 1224, 1225, 1226, 1227, 1228, 1229, 1230, 1231, 1232, 1233, 1234, 1235, 1236, 1237, 1238, 1239, 1240, 1241, 1242, 1243, 1244, 1245, 1246, 1247, 1248, 1249, 1250, 1251, 1252, 1253, 1254, 1255, 1256, 1257, 1258, 1259, 1260, 1261, 1262, 1263, 1264, 1265, 1266, 1267, 1268, 1269, 1270, 1271, 1272, 1273, 1274, 1275, 1276, 1277, 1278, 1279, 1280, 1281, 1282, 1283, 1284, 1285, 1286, 1287, 1288, 1289, 1290, 1291, 1292, 1293, 1294, 1295, 1296, 1297, 1298, 1299, 1300, 1301, 1302, 1303, 1304, 1305, 1306, 1307, 1308, 1309, 1310, 1311, 1312, 1313, 1314, 1315, 1316, 1317, 1318, 1319, 1320, 1321, 1322, 1323, 1324, 1325, 1326, 1327, 1328, 1329, 1330, 1331, 1332, 1333, 1334, 1335, 1336, 1337, 1338, 1339, 1340, 1341, 1342, 1343, 1344, 1345, 1346, 1347, 1348, 1349, 1350, 1351, 1352, 1353, 1354, 1355, 1356, 1357, 1358, 1359, 1360, 1361, 1362, 1363, 1364, 1365, 1366, 1367, 1368, 1369, 1370, 1371, 1372, 1154, 1154, 1154, 1154, 1154, 1154, 1154, 1154, 1154, 1154, 1154, 1154, 1154, 1396, 1397, 1398, 1399, 1400, 1401, 1402, 1403, 1404, 1405, 1406, 1407, 1408, 1409, 1410, 1411, 1412, 1413, 1414, 1415, 1416, 1417, 1418, 1419, 1420, 1421, 1422, 1423, 1424, 1425, 1426, 1427, 1428, 1429, 1430, 1431, 1432, 1433, 1434, 1435, 1436, 1437, 1438, 1439, 1440, 1441, 1442, 1443, 1444, 1445, 1446, 1447, 1448, 1449, 1450, 1451, 1452, 1453, 1454, 1455, 1456, 1457, 1458, 1459, 1460, 1461, 1462, 1463, 1464, 1465, 1466, 1467, 1468, 1469, 1470, 1471, 1472, 1473, 1474, 1475, 1476, 1477, 1478, 1479, 1480, 1481, 1482, 1483, 1484, 1485, 1486, 1487, 1488, 1489, 1490, 1491, 1492, 1493, 1494, 1495, 1496, 1497, 1498, 1499, 1500, 1501, 1502, 1503, 1504, 1505, 1506, 1507, 1508, 1509, 1510, 1511, 1512, 1513, 1514, 1515, 1516, 1517, 1518, 1519, 1520, 1521, 1522, 1523, 1524, 1525, 1526, 1527, 1528, 1529, 1530, 1531, 1532, 1533, 1534, 1535, 1536, 1537, 1538, 1539, 1540, 1541, 1542, 1543, 1544, 1545, 1546, 1547, 1548, 1549, 1550, 1551, 1552, 1553, 1554, 1555, 1556, 1557, 1558, 1559, 1560, 1561, 1562, 1563, 1564, 1565, 1566, 1567, 1568, 1569, 1570, 1571, 1572, 1573, 1574, 1575, 1576, 1577, 1578, 1579, 1580, 1581, 1582, 1583, 1584, 1585, 1586, 1587, 1588, 1589, 1590, 1591, 1592, 1593, 1594, 1595, 1596, 1597, 1598, 1599, 1600, 1601, 1602, 1603, 1604, 1605, 1606, 1607, 1608, 1609, 1610, 1611, 1612, 1613, 1614, 1615, 1616, 1617, 1618, 1619, 1620, 1621, 1622, 1623], "duplicates": 1}
| 1
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Karl Strobel is a university professor of ancient history and archeology who was appointed at Klagenfurt University in 1998. Under the terms of appointment he was entitled to reimbursement of the removal costs and to a household allowance. In April 2001 the sum of 5,699.21 euros (EUR) was paid to Karl Strobel. On 6 July 2001 Karl Strobel claimed reimbursement of the remaining removal costs in the sum of EUR 4,684.40 and payment of the household allowance in the sum of EUR 5,443.70, plus 4.5% interest since August 1999. The Dean of Klagenfurt University dismissed Karl Strobel’s claim on 16 January 2002.
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"001-92855_a8_em53", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Klagenfurt University", "start_offset": 3674}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 3791, "entity_id": "001-92855_a8_e42", "entity_mention_id": "001-92855_a8_em54", "entity_type": "QUANTITY", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "EUR 4,000", "start_offset": 3782}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "insert", "end_offset": 3855, "entity_id": "001-92855_a8_e44", "entity_mention_id": "001-92855_a8_em55", "entity_type": "QUANTITY", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "EUR 5,699.21", "start_offset": 3843}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "insert", "end_offset": 3883, "entity_id": "001-92855_a8_e45", "entity_mention_id": "001-92855_a8_em56", "entity_type": "QUANTITY", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "EUR 10,000", "start_offset": 3873}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 3898, "entity_id": "001-92855_a8_e46", "entity_mention_id": "001-92855_a8_em57", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "14 days", "start_offset": 3891}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 3934, "entity_id": "001-92855_a8_e4", "entity_mention_id": "001-92855_a8_em58", "entity_type": "PERSON", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": ["001-92855_a8_em4"], "span_text": "Strobel", "start_offset": 3927}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 3957, "entity_id": "001-92855_a8_e4", "entity_mention_id": "001-92855_a8_em59", "entity_type": "PERSON", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Strobel", "start_offset": 3950}]}, "annotator9": null}, "quality_checked": [], "task": "Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Karl Strobel", "meta": {"applicant": "Karl Strobel", "articles": [91, 34, 54, 34, 93], "countries": "AUT", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2009}, "doc_id": "001-92855", "dataset_type": "train", "orig_text": "PROCEDURE\n\nThe case originated in an application (no. 25929/05) against the Republic of Austria lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (\u201cthe Convention\u201d) by a German national, Mr Karl Strobel (\u201cthe applicant\u201d), on 22 June 2005.\n\nThe applicant was represented by Mr F. Zimmermann, a lawyer practising in Klagenfurt. The Austrian Government (\u201cthe Government\u201d) were represented by their Agent, Ambassador F. Trauttmansdorff, Head of the International Law Department at the Federal Ministry for European and International Affairs.\n\nOn 6 November 2007 the President of the First Section decided to give notice of the application to the Government. It was also decided to rule on the admissibility and merits of the application at the same time (Article 29 \u00a7 3).\n\nThe German Government did not make use of their right to intervene (Article 36 \u00a7 1 of the Convention).\n\nTHE FACTS\n\nTHE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE\n\nThe applicant is a university professor of ancient history and archeology who was appointed at Klagenfurt University in 1998. Under the terms of appointment he was entitled to reimbursement of the removal costs and to a household allowance. In April 2001 the sum of 5,699.21 euros (EUR) was paid to the applicant.\n\nOn 6 July 2001 the applicant claimed reimbursement of the remaining removal costs in the sum of EUR 4,684.40 and payment of the household allowance in the sum of EUR 5,443.70, plus 4.5% interest since August 1999.\n\nThe Dean of Klagenfurt University dismissed the applicant\u2019s claim on 16 January 2002.\n\nThe applicant appealed on 29 January 2002 to the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture (\u201cthe Ministry\u201d).\n\nThe Ministry did not decide within the statutory six-month time-limit laid down in section 73 \u00a7 1 of the General Administrative Proceedings Act. In August 2002 the applicant brought court proceedings relating to the claims at issue. A conditional settlement was reached but was revoked by the applicant in January 2003. The applicant\u2019s action was dismissed in February 2003.\n\nMeanwhile, on 18 November 2002, the applicant complained to the Administrative Court under Article 132 of the Federal Constitution about the administration\u2019s failure to determine his claim. On 29 November 2002 the Administrative Court ordered the Ministry of Education to issue a decision within three months.\n\nOn 3 March 2003 the Ministry dismissed the applicant\u2019s appeal.\n\nThe applicant lodged a complaint with the Administrative Court on 16 April 2003. The Ministry filed observations in reply on 24 June 2003.\n\nOn 24 February 2006 the Administrative Court quashed the Ministry\u2019s decision as being unlawful.\n\nBy decision of 25 July 2006 the Ministry referred the case back to the Dean of Klagenfurt University for a new decision. Meanwhile on 8 May 2006 the applicant supplemented his claims, apparently requesting reimbursement of costs incurred for travelling between Klagenfurt and his former place of residence.\n\nOn 16 October 2006 the applicant was summoned to a hearing and two days later the sum of EUR 4,000 was paid to the applicant with a view to reaching a settlement.\n\nThe hearing took place on 20 November 2006. According to the minutes the hearing served the purpose of establishing the plausibility of the applicant\u2019s claims as submitted on 6 July 2001 and supplemented on 8 May 2006 and to determine their amount with the participation of the applicant. It is then noted that, in the light of the explanations given, the costs and interest claimed seemed plausible. At the close of the hearing the parties concluded a friendly settlement with the following terms: \u201c(a) Klagenfurt University thus declares its willingness to transfer, in addition to the payment already made of EUR 4,000 and the regulated transport costs in the amount of EUR 5,699.21, the lump-sum of EUR 10,000 within 14 days to the account of Professor Strobel. (b) Professor Strobel, for his part, withdraws all requests in connection with the proceedings at issue. As a result, the demands and claims asserted in the present proceedings are completely settled and complied with.\u201d", "applicant": "Karl Strobel", "offset": 982, "idx_mapping": [982, 982, 982, 982, 982, 982, 982, 982, 982, 982, 982, 982, 982, 994, 995, 996, 997, 998, 999, 1000, 1001, 1002, 1003, 1004, 1005, 1006, 1007, 1008, 1009, 1010, 1011, 1012, 1013, 1014, 1015, 1016, 1017, 1018, 1019, 1020, 1021, 1022, 1023, 1024, 1025, 1026, 1027, 1028, 1029, 1030, 1031, 1032, 1033, 1034, 1035, 1036, 1037, 1038, 1039, 1040, 1041, 1042, 1043, 1044, 1045, 1046, 1047, 1048, 1049, 1050, 1051, 1052, 1053, 1054, 1055, 1056, 1057, 1058, 1059, 1060, 1061, 1062, 1063, 1064, 1065, 1066, 1067, 1068, 1069, 1070, 1071, 1072, 1073, 1074, 1075, 1076, 1077, 1078, 1079, 1080, 1081, 1082, 1083, 1084, 1085, 1086, 1087, 1088, 1089, 1090, 1091, 1092, 1093, 1094, 1095, 1096, 1097, 1098, 1099, 1100, 1101, 1102, 1103, 1104, 1105, 1106, 1107, 1108, 1109, 1110, 1111, 1112, 1113, 1114, 1115, 1116, 1117, 1118, 1119, 1120, 1121, 1122, 1123, 1124, 1125, 1126, 1127, 1128, 1129, 1130, 1131, 1132, 1133, 1134, 1135, 1136, 1137, 1138, 1139, 1140, 1141, 1142, 1143, 1144, 1145, 1146, 1147, 1148, 1149, 1150, 1151, 1152, 1153, 1154, 1155, 1156, 1157, 1158, 1159, 1160, 1161, 1162, 1163, 1164, 1165, 1166, 1167, 1168, 1169, 1170, 1171, 1172, 1173, 1174, 1175, 1176, 1177, 1178, 1179, 1180, 1181, 1182, 1183, 1184, 1185, 1186, 1187, 1188, 1189, 1190, 1191, 1192, 1193, 1194, 1195, 1196, 1197, 1198, 1199, 1200, 1201, 1202, 1203, 1204, 1205, 1206, 1207, 1208, 1209, 1210, 1211, 1212, 1213, 1214, 1215, 1216, 1217, 1218, 1219, 1220, 1221, 1222, 1223, 1224, 1225, 1226, 1227, 1228, 1229, 1230, 1231, 1232, 1233, 1234, 1235, 1236, 1237, 1238, 1239, 1240, 1241, 1242, 1243, 1244, 1245, 1246, 1247, 1248, 1249, 1250, 1251, 1252, 1253, 1254, 1255, 1256, 1257, 1258, 1259, 1260, 1261, 1262, 1263, 1264, 1265, 1266, 1267, 1268, 1269, 1270, 1271, 1272, 1273, 1274, 1275, 1276, 1277, 1278, 1279, 982, 982, 982, 982, 982, 982, 982, 982, 982, 982, 982, 982, 982, 1292, 1293, 1294, 1295, 1296, 1297, 1298, 1299, 1300, 1301, 1302, 1303, 1304, 1305, 1306, 1307, 1308, 982, 982, 982, 982, 982, 982, 982, 982, 982, 982, 982, 982, 982, 1321, 1322, 1323, 1324, 1325, 1326, 1327, 1328, 1329, 1330, 1331, 1332, 1333, 1334, 1335, 1336, 1337, 1338, 1339, 1340, 1341, 1342, 1343, 1344, 1345, 1346, 1347, 1348, 1349, 1350, 1351, 1352, 1353, 1354, 1355, 1356, 1357, 1358, 1359, 1360, 1361, 1362, 1363, 1364, 1365, 1366, 1367, 1368, 1369, 1370, 1371, 1372, 1373, 1374, 1375, 1376, 1377, 1378, 1379, 1380, 1381, 1382, 1383, 1384, 1385, 1386, 1387, 1388, 1389, 1390, 1391, 1392, 1393, 1394, 1395, 1396, 1397, 1398, 1399, 1400, 1401, 1402, 1403, 1404, 1405, 1406, 1407, 1408, 1409, 1410, 1411, 1412, 1413, 1414, 1415, 1416, 1417, 1418, 1419, 1420, 1421, 1422, 1423, 1424, 1425, 1426, 1427, 1428, 1429, 1430, 1431, 1432, 1433, 1434, 1435, 1436, 1437, 1438, 1439, 1440, 1441, 1442, 1443, 1444, 1445, 1446, 1447, 1448, 1449, 1450, 1451, 1452, 1453, 1454, 1455, 1456, 1457, 1458, 1459, 1460, 1461, 1462, 1463, 1464, 1465, 1466, 1467, 1468, 1469, 1470, 1471, 1472, 1473, 1474, 1475, 1476, 1477, 1478, 1479, 1480, 1481, 1482, 1483, 1484, 1485, 1486, 1487, 1488, 1489, 1490, 1491, 1492, 1493, 1494, 1495, 1496, 1497, 1498, 1499, 1500, 1501, 1502, 1503, 1504, 1505, 1506, 1507, 1508, 1509, 1510, 1511, 1512, 1513, 1514, 1515, 1516, 1517, 1518, 1519, 1520, 1521, 1522, 1523, 1524, 1525, 1526, 1527, 1528, 1529, 1530, 1531, 1532, 1533, 1534, 1535, 1536, 1537, 1538, 1539, 1540, 1541, 1542, 1543, 1544, 1545, 1546, 1547, 1548, 1549, 1550, 982, 982, 982, 982, 982, 982, 982, 982, 982, 982, 982, 982, 982, 1563, 1564, 1565, 1566, 1567, 1568, 1569, 1570, 1571, 1572, 1573, 1574, 1575, 1576, 1577, 1578, 1579, 1580, 1581, 1582, 1583, 1584, 1585, 1586, 1587, 1588, 1589, 1590], "duplicates": 1}
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Günther Paul Litwin was born in 1958 and lives in Fulda. On 23 February 2000 Günther Paul Litwin was arrested on suspicion of having committed robberies. He was detained pending trial. The trial, at which he was represented by counsel, began on 19 October 2000. At the end of the fifth day of the trial, and after evidence had been heard, the court set the next trial hearing for 17 November 2000 at 9 a.m.
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7313}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 7568, "entity_id": "001-107286_a8_e23", "entity_mention_id": "001-107286_a8_em39", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Federal Court of Justice", "start_offset": 7544}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 7985, "entity_id": "001-107286_a8_e32", "entity_mention_id": "001-107286_a8_em40", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "20 November 2003", "start_offset": 7969}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 8018, "entity_id": "001-107286_a8_e33", "entity_mention_id": "001-107286_a8_em41", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Federal Constitutional Court", "start_offset": 7990}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "insert", "end_offset": 8042, "entity_id": "001-107286_a8_e34", "entity_mention_id": "001-107286_a8_em42", "entity_type": "CODE", "identifier_type": "DIRECT", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "no. 2 BvR 1339/01", "start_offset": 8025}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 8271, "entity_id": "001-107286_a8_e35", "entity_mention_id": "001-107286_a8_em43", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "4 December 2003", "start_offset": 8256}]}, "annotator9": null}, "quality_checked": [], "task": "Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: G\u00fcnther Paul Litwin", "meta": {"applicant": "G\u00fcnther Paul Litwin", "articles": [91, 34, 54, 34, 93], "countries": "DEU", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2011}, "doc_id": "001-107286", "dataset_type": "train", "orig_text": "PROCEDURE\n\nThe case originated in an application (no. 29090/06) against the Federal Republic of Germany lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (\u201cthe Convention\u201d) by a stateless person, Mr G\u00fcnther Paul Litwin (\u201cthe applicant\u201d), on 14 May 2004.\n\nThe applicant was represented by Mr T. Schmidt, a lawyer practising in Giessen. The German Government (\u201cthe Government\u201d) were represented by their Agent, Mrs A. Wittling-Vogel, of the Federal Ministry of Justice.\n\nThe applicant alleged, in particular, that he had been denied access to the appeal courts, contrary to Article 6 \u00a7 1 of the Convention.\n\nOn 29 March 2010 the President of the Fifth Section decided to give notice of the application to the Government. It was also decided to rule on the admissibility and merits of the application at the same time (Article 29 \u00a7 1).\n\nTHE FACTS\n\nI. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE\n\nThe applicant was born in 1958 and lives in Fulda.\n\nOn 23 February 2000 the applicant was arrested on suspicion of having committed robberies. He was detained pending trial. The trial, at which he was represented by counsel, began on 19 October 2000. At the end of the fifth day of the trial, and after evidence had been heard, the court set the next trial hearing for 17 November 2000 at 9 a.m. According to the court transcript, the trial only started at 10 a.m. on that date.\n\nOn 17 November 2000 between 9 a.m. and 10 a.m. negotiations took place inside the court building, the content of which are in dispute between the parties.\n\nAccording to the applicant\u2019s submissions, the court, having previously indicated that the potential penalty that the applicant faced could amount to fourteen years\u2019 imprisonment, promised a maximum penalty of nine\u2011and\u2011a\u2011half years\u2019 imprisonment in exchange for the applicant\u2019s waiver of his right to appeal, as well as a waiver of the applicant\u2019s and his wife\u2019s claims over confiscated assets and an agreement that he would not call for further evidence.\n\nAccording to the Government, the public prosecutor did not take part in the agreement reached. The court, following a proposal made by the applicant\u2019s counsel, promised a penalty of less than ten years\u2019 imprisonment in exchange for the applicant\u2019s waiver of claims over confiscated assets.\n\nAccording to the court transcript of the hearing on 17 November 2000, which makes no mention of the agreement, further documents were then read out, the presiding judge gave legal advice as to the qualification of the alleged offences and both the applicant and his wife, who was present in the courtroom, declared that they waived any rights to the assets confiscated by the prosecution service.\n\nAt the end of the hearing, the Fulda Regional Court convicted the applicant of aggravated extortion, aggravated robbery and attempted aggravated robbery (two counts of each offence) and dangerous bodily injury (one count) and sentenced him to nine-and-a-half years\u2019 imprisonment. The court, stating that the applicant had not entered a plea, based its findings on DNA expert evidence pointing to a high probability that the applicant had been the person that had caused marks found at the crime scenes and on further circumstantial evidence derived, in particular, from witness testimony. The court considered the fact that the applicant had eventually waived his right to the confiscated assets and had thus delivered a major proportion of his criminal profits as a mitigating factor.\n\nAfter delivery of the judgment, the court verbally informed the applicant of his right to lodge an appeal on points of law. In the applicant\u2019s presence, counsel for both the defence and the prosecution waived their rights to appeal.\n\nThe applicant subsequently appointed new counsel. On 12 April 2001 the applicant\u2019s new counsel applied for restitution of the status quo ante and lodged an appeal on points of law, arguing that the waiver of the right to appeal had been invalid because it had not complied with the requirements of the Federal Court of Justice\u2019s case-law. As the applicant had not been aware of the invalidity of his waiver, he could not be held responsible for having failed to comply with the statutory time-limit of one week for lodging an appeal on points of law. In a written statement attached to the application, the applicant submitted that his previous counsel had informed him that he would have to expect the imposition of a prison sentence of at least fourteen years if he did not accept the court\u2019s proposal and that he was only informed about the invalidity of the waiver during a first conversation with his new counsel which took place on 10 April 2001.\n\nIn pleadings dated 10 May 2001 counsel specified the grounds of appeal on points of law. He complained that the negotiated agreement had not been recorded in the court transcript, as required by the case-law of the Fourth Chamber of the Federal Court of Justice (see paragraph 19 below). In his view, this constituted a breach of the principle of a public hearing. He also argued that the actual waiver of the right to appeal had been declared before delivery of the judgment \u2013 namely when negotiating the agreement \u2013 and had been invalid for this reason as well.\n\nOn 11 June 2001 the Second Chamber of the Federal Court of Justice (file no. 2 StR 223/01) dismissed the applicant\u2019s request for restitution of the status quo ante and rejected his appeal on points of law as inadmissible. Relying on its own settled case-law, the court observed that a waiver of the right to appeal could not be revoked, rescinded or withdrawn. The Court of Justice did not find it necessary to establish whether the waiver had been part of a negotiated agreement, as this fact did not call into question the validity of the waiver as such. The waiver had to be measured by different standards: notably, whether the accused had retained the freedom to either accept a judgment against him or lodge an appeal had to be verified. This freedom had to be preserved, even if the judgment had been based on an objectionable agreement and the waiver had constituted honouring such an agreement. Notwithstanding any procedural defect in the alleged agreement, the accused may have pursued his interests in an autonomous and appropriate way. The only decisive factor was whether the accused had been unduly influenced when waiving his right to appeal. In the present case, there was no indication that there had been such undue influence. The applicant\u2019s submissions neither disclosed an error or misunderstanding on the applicant\u2019s part, nor any deceit or false information given by the court, nor any impairment of the interests of the defence.\n\nThe court further considered that, as a result of the valid waiver of the right to appeal, the Fulda Regional Court\u2019s judgment had become legally binding on 17 November 2000 and that the appeal on points of law thus had to be rejected as inadmissible. It followed that the applicant could not be granted restitution of the status quo ante. If a person had knowingly waived a right to appeal, he had not been \u201cprevented from observing a time-limit\u201d within the meaning of Article 44 \u00a7 1 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. The decision was served on the applicant\u2019s counsel on 5 July 2001.\n\nOn 3 August 2001 the applicant lodged a constitutional complaint, claiming that he had been unduly influenced when waiving his right to appeal in exchange for a maximum penalty of nine-and-a-half years\u2019 imprisonment. Furthermore, the Federal Court of Justice had failed to consider the fact that his wife, who had not been involved in the trial, had also been asked to waive any rights she had to the confiscated assets. This procedural method had been arbitrary, had not been in accordance with the statutory provisions governing the confiscation of assets in criminal proceedings and had also constituted a violation of the right to an effective remedy. On 20 November 2003 the Federal Constitutional Court (file no. 2 BvR 1339/01), relying on the relevant provisions of its rules of procedure, refused to admit the constitutional complaint for examination without giving further reasons. This decision was served on the applicant\u2019s counsel on 4 December 2003.", "applicant": "G\u00fcnther Paul Litwin", "offset": 946, "idx_mapping": [946, 946, 946, 946, 946, 946, 946, 946, 946, 946, 946, 946, 946, 965, 966, 967, 968, 969, 970, 971, 972, 973, 974, 975, 976, 977, 978, 979, 980, 981, 982, 983, 984, 985, 986, 987, 988, 989, 990, 991, 992, 993, 994, 995, 996, 997, 998, 999, 1000, 1001, 1002, 1003, 1004, 1005, 1006, 1007, 1008, 1009, 1010, 1011, 1012, 1013, 1014, 1015, 1016, 1017, 1018, 1019, 1020, 1021, 1022, 946, 946, 946, 946, 946, 946, 946, 946, 946, 946, 946, 946, 946, 1042, 1043, 1044, 1045, 1046, 1047, 1048, 1049, 1050, 1051, 1052, 1053, 1054, 1055, 1056, 1057, 1058, 1059, 1060, 1061, 1062, 1063, 1064, 1065, 1066, 1067, 1068, 1069, 1070, 1071, 1072, 1073, 1074, 1075, 1076, 1077, 1078, 1079, 1080, 1081, 1082, 1083, 1084, 1085, 1086, 1087, 1088, 1089, 1090, 1091, 1092, 1093, 1094, 1095, 1096, 1097, 1098, 1099, 1100, 1101, 1102, 1103, 1104, 1105, 1106, 1107, 1108, 1109, 1110, 1111, 1112, 1113, 1114, 1115, 1116, 1117, 1118, 1119, 1120, 1121, 1122, 1123, 1124, 1125, 1126, 1127, 1128, 1129, 1130, 1131, 1132, 1133, 1134, 1135, 1136, 1137, 1138, 1139, 1140, 1141, 1142, 1143, 1144, 1145, 1146, 1147, 1148, 1149, 1150, 1151, 1152, 1153, 1154, 1155, 1156, 1157, 1158, 1159, 1160, 1161, 1162, 1163, 1164, 1165, 1166, 1167, 1168, 1169, 1170, 1171, 1172, 1173, 1174, 1175, 1176, 1177, 1178, 1179, 1180, 1181, 1182, 1183, 1184, 1185, 1186, 1187, 1188, 1189, 1190, 1191, 1192, 1193, 1194, 1195, 1196, 1197, 1198, 1199, 1200, 1201, 1202, 1203, 1204, 1205, 1206, 1207, 1208, 1209, 1210, 1211, 1212, 1213, 1214, 1215, 1216, 1217, 1218, 1219, 1220, 1221, 1222, 1223, 1224, 1225, 1226, 1227, 1228, 1229, 1230, 1231, 1232, 1233, 1234, 1235, 1236, 1237, 1238, 1239, 1240, 1241, 1242, 1243, 1244, 1245, 1246, 1247, 1248, 1249, 1250, 1251, 1252, 1253, 1254, 1255, 1256, 1257, 1258, 1259, 1260, 1261, 1262, 1263, 1264, 1265, 1266, 1267, 1268, 1269, 1270, 1271, 1272, 1273, 1274, 1275, 1276, 1277, 1278, 1279, 1280, 1281, 1282, 1283, 1284, 1285, 1286, 1287, 1288, 1289, 1290, 1291, 1292, 1293, 1294, 1295, 1296, 1297, 1298, 1299, 1300, 1301, 1302, 1303, 1304, 1305, 1306, 1307, 1308, 1309, 1310, 1311, 1312, 1313, 1314, 1315, 1316, 1317, 1318, 1319, 1320, 1321, 1322, 1323, 1324, 1325, 1326, 1327, 1328, 1329, 1330, 1331, 1332, 1333, 1334, 1335, 1336, 1337, 1338, 1339, 1340, 1341, 1342, 1343, 1344, 1345, 1346, 1347, 1348, 1349, 1350, 1351], "duplicates": 1}
| 1
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Bengt Hellborg was born in 1940 and lives in Akarp. He is the owner of a property known as “Humanisten 1” located in the city of Lund, in the south of Sweden. On the property there is a one-family house, which was built in 1934. Bengt Hellborg inherited the property from his father, who died in 1991. The area where the property is located was regulated by a city plan (stadsplan) which, in accordance with the provisional regulations under the new Planning and Building Act of 1987 (Plan- och Bygglagen, - hereinafter “the 1987 Act”), became valid as a detailed development plan (detaljplan).
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"NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "District Court", "start_offset": 21814}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 21855, "entity_id": "001-72584_a8_e92", "entity_mention_id": "001-72584_a8_em180", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "4 March 2003", "start_offset": 21843}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 22397, "entity_id": "001-72584_a8_e82", "entity_mention_id": "001-72584_a8_em181", "entity_type": "LOC", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Municipality of Lund", "start_offset": 22377}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 22707, "entity_id": "001-72584_a8_e95", "entity_mention_id": "001-72584_a8_em182", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Supreme Court", "start_offset": 22694}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 22729, "entity_id": "001-72584_a8_e96", "entity_mention_id": "001-72584_a8_em183", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "23 May 2005", "start_offset": 22718}]}, "annotator9": null}, "quality_checked": [], "task": "Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Bengt Hellborg", "meta": {"applicant": "Bengt Hellborg", "articles": [91, 34, 54, 34, 44, 32, 34, 52, 49, 34, 44, 32, 34, 112, 49, 45, 49, 34, 93], "countries": "SWE", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2006}, "doc_id": "001-72584", "dataset_type": "train", "orig_text": "PROCEDURE\n\nThe case originated in an application (no. 47473/99) against the Kingdom of Sweden lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (\u201cthe Convention\u201d) by a Swedish national, Mr Bengt Hellborg (\u201cthe applicant\u201d), on 27 February 1999.\n\nThe applicant was represented by Mr. Bo C. J. S\u00f6derquist, a lawyer practising in Lund. The Swedish Government (\u201cthe Government\u201d) were represented by Mrs I. Kalmerborn, as Agent, of the Ministry for Foreign Affairs.\n\nThe applicant alleged that his right to the peaceful enjoyment of his possessions under Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 had been violated as he was not permitted to build a second house on his property. Under Article 6 \u00a7 1 of the Convention he complained about the length of the related proceedings before the administrative authorities and courts and also about the refusal of the Supreme Administrative Court to hold an oral hearing on one occasion.\n\nThe application was allocated to the Fourth Section of the Court (Rule 52 \u00a7 1 of the Rules of Court). Within that Section, the Chamber that would consider the case (Article 27 \u00a7 1 of the Convention) was constituted as provided in Rule 26 \u00a7 1.\n\nOn 1 November 2004 the Court changed the composition of its Sections (Rule 25 \u00a7 1). This case was assigned to the newly composed Second Section (Rule 52 \u00a7 1).\n\nBy a decision of 30 November 2004, the Court declared the application partly admissible.\n\nThe Chamber having decided, after consulting the parties, that no hearing on the merits was required (Rule 59 \u00a7 3 in fine), the parties replied in writing to each other\u2019s observations.\n\nTHE FACTS\n\nI. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE\n\nThe applicant was born in 1940 and lives in Akarp. He is the owner of a property known as \u201cHumanisten 1\u201d located in the city of Lund, in the south of Sweden. On the property there is a one-family house, which was built in 1934.\n\nThe applicant inherited the property from his father, who died in 1991. The area where the property is located was regulated by a city plan (stadsplan) which, in accordance with the provisional regulations under the new Planning and Building Act of 1987 (Plan- och Bygglagen, - hereinafter \u201cthe 1987 Act\u201d), became valid as a detailed development plan (detaljplan). In order to facilitate the implementation of the detailed development plan, a more specific \u201cproperty plan\u201d (fastighetsplan) was adopted with respect to Humanisten 1.\n\nA. Application for tentative approval of a building permit and then for a building permit\n\nThe applicant\u2019s late father had applied on 13 June 1989 to the Building Committee (byggnadsn\u00e4mnden) of Lund for tentative approval (f\u00f6rhandsbesked) of a plan to divide Humanisten 1 and build a new one-family house. The purpose of such an approval, issued under Chapter 8, section 34 of the 1987 Act, was to give a property owner who was planning a building project for which the grant of a building permit was uncertain the possibility to obtain an advance assessment of whether the planned measures may be permitted at all, thereby avoiding unnecessary project work and costs. In assessing an application for a building permit made within two years after the grant of tentative approval, the Building Committee was bound by the determinations made in that approval. According to the detailed development plan in force, only one main building was allowed on the existing property plot (the applicant\u2019s plot corresponded to his property). The request for tentative approval was motivated by the father\u2019s wish to build a house suited to his age, as he had difficulties in walking up and down the stairs of his current home.\n\nIn February 1990 the Building Committee decided to postpone its reply to the request until a new detailed development plan for the area had acquired legal force, but only until 13 June 1991. Subsequently, on 12 June 1991 the City Building Director (Stadsbyggnadsdirekt\u00f6ren) adopted a new detailed development plan for Humanisten 1 by which a division of the property was prohibited. Accordingly, the Building Committee, on 14 August 1991, informed the applicant that he could not expect to be granted a building permit for a new one-family house and therefore did not give tentative approval for the project.\n\nAs the new owner of the property, the applicant appealed against both decisions to the County Administrative Board (l\u00e4nsstyrelsen, - hereinafter \u201cthe Board\u201d) of the County of Malm\u00f6hus, claiming that the City Building Director had not been competent to adopt a new detailed development plan since the plan was contentious. He claimed that the refusal to grant tentative approval was also based on false assumptions. On 12 March 1992 the Board, which agreed with the applicant, quashed the City Building Director\u2019s decision to adopt the plan and, on 16 March 1992, quashed the Building Committee\u2019s decision and remitted the matter to the Committee for a new examination.\n\nOn 15 April 1992 the Building Committee granted the applicant a tentative approval, referring to his father\u2019s initial application (of June 1989) for a tentative approval of a plan to divide the plot \u2013 Humanisten 1 \u2013 and to build a new one-family house. The decision moreover referred to the County Administrative Board\u2019s decision (of 12 March 1992) to quash the detailed development plan and the earlier refusal of a tentative approval. Without expressing any conditions or reservations, the decision stated that the applicant could expect a building permit for a new one-family house and that this applied provided that an application for a building permit was submitted to the Building Committee within two years from the date of the decision. Finally, it stated that the tentative approval did not imply a right for the applicant to start the construction. The Building Committee referred the matter to the Land Survey (lantm\u00e4teri) of Lund to prepare the question of the division of the plot (tomtdelning).\n\nOn 9 October 1992 the applicant applied for a building permit. After the matter had been considered by the relevant road network and energy authorities, the applicant submitted new plans on 16 November 1992. It appears that those proceedings were at a standstill until January 1997 (see section 4 below).\n\nB. Repeal of the property plan and ensuing proceedings brought by neighbours leading to quashing of the repeal\n\nAt the beginning of March 1993 the Land Survey recommended that the property plan for Humanisten 1 be repealed in order to facilitate a division of the property enabling the applicant to construct a new house on the resulting new plot. The Land Survey observed that the Building Committee had, with binding effect, made the assessment that the addition of a new one-family house would be consistent with the detailed development plan. A new property plan would not be required; repeal of the existing property plan would be sufficient and the division of the property would be consistent with the detailed development plan and be suitable for its purpose. Several of the applicant\u2019s neighbours opposed the measure with reference to the special character of the neighbourhood. On 17 March 1993 the Building Committee followed the Land Survey\u2019s suggestion and repealed the property plan for Humanisten 1.\n\nThe owners of two neighbouring properties appealed against the decision to the Board, claiming that the neighbourhood was worthy of preservation due to its special character and that new buildings would spoil the area. The Board visited the area before deciding on 24 September 1993 to reject the appeal.\n\nThe neighbours appealed to the Government, invoking the same grounds as before the Board. The applicant also submitted his observations. On 14 November 1996 the Government quashed the Board\u2019s decision to repeal the property plan with, inter alia, the following reasoning: \u201cThe Government find that the decision to repeal the property plan for Humanisten 1 ought to be considered in its context, namely to make possible a division of the property with the intention of constructing one more family house. The Government observe that the entire block has long been occupied by buildings in accordance with the city plan and plot divisions. The block has 10 plots, the sizes of which vary between approximately 750 m\u00b2 and 1100 m\u00b2. .... The Government find that the concentration which will be the result if Humanisten 1, today 810 m\u00b2, were to be divided into two properties and a new building were to be constructed, involves a not inconsiderable change to the complainants\u2019 immediate surroundings. Nor can such a change be considered to comply with the shape that the block has been given through the city plan and the plot divisions. .... The Government thus find that the suitability of the intended change of the property and the development conditions within the block ought to be examined through a new detailed development plan for the area in which the size and situation of the buildings can also be regulated to a sufficient extent. In view of this and everything else which has emerged in the case, the Government find that the decision to repeal the property plan should be quashed.\u201d\n\nThe applicant applied to the Supreme Administrative Court (Regeringsr\u00e4tten) for judicial review under the 1988 Act on the Judicial Review of Certain Administrative Decisions (Lagen om r\u00e4ttspr\u00f6vning av vissa f\u00f6rvaltningsbeslut - hereinafter \u201cthe 1988 Act\u201d), submitting that, since the Building Committee\u2019s tentative approval was binding on the examination of an application for a building permit, it effectively precluded an examination on the merits in the present case. Moreover, as the Building Committee had previously considered the suitability of dividing the property when it granted the tentative approval, it was not legally correct of the Government to consider the suitability yet again. The Government\u2019s conclusion that the case should be reviewed through a new detailed development plan therefore lacked a legal basis. The applicant further requested that an oral hearing be held in the case. In a decision of 17 March 1998 the Supreme Administrative Court refused the applicant\u2019s request on the ground that the case could be examined and decided without holding an oral hearing. The applicant was given one month to submit additional written observations.\n\nOn 4 September 1998 the Supreme Administrative Court, unanimously, found that the Government\u2019s decision was not unlawful and confirmed it. The court held: \u201cAccording to section 1 of the [1988 Act] the Supreme Administrative Court must examine if the Government\u2019s decision in the case is contrary to any legal rule in the manner claimed by the applicant or as otherwise clearly appears from the circumstances of the case. .... According to Chapter 1, section 6, of the [1987 Act] land may only be used for development if it is, from a public interest point of view, suitable for its purpose. The conditions on which an examination of suitability should be carried out through the adoption of a detailed development plan - and not solely in a matter concerning a building permit or a tentative approval - are specified in Chapter 5, section 1, paragraph 1, of the [1987 Act]. Thus, according to point 2 of the aforementioned provision, a detailed development plan becomes relevant when a new single building is to be constructed, the use of which will have significant influence on its surroundings. The Government\u2019s assessment that the suitability of the intended change of the property and the development conditions within the block Humanisten ought to be reviewed through a new detailed development plan for the area, is within the scope of jurisdiction of the authorities in planning matters. Hence, the Supreme Administrative Court finds that the decision to quash the lower instances\u2019 decisions regarding the property plan does not conflict with any legal rule in the manner claimed by the applicant. Nor does the examination show that the decision, in any other manner, is contrary to any legal rule. It should therefore be upheld.\u201d\n\nA request by the applicant for re-opening of the case was refused by the Supreme Administrative Court on 10 April 2002.\n\nC. The adoption of a new detailed development plan and related proceedings\n\nIn the meantime, the Building Committee, in June 1995, adopted an amended detailed development plan which effectively prohibited a division of the applicant\u2019s property, and the construction of another building on it. Upon appeal, the Board quashed the decision on the ground that it should have been decided by the Municipal Council (kommunfullm\u00e4ktige) of Lund. After renewed examination by the Municipal Council, it adopted the detailed development plan on 27 February 1997. The applicant appealed against the decision to the Board, which on 18 January 1999 upheld the Council\u2019s decision. It found that the public interest in protecting the cultural heritage of the neighbourhood outweighed the applicant\u2019s private interest. The applicant made a further appeal to the Government, which was rejected on 23 June 2004.\n\nD. Further contestation by neighbours of the tentative approval and rejection of the applicant\u2019s request for a building permit\n\n1. First administrative rejection of the request for a building permit\n\nOn 13 February 1997, after the Office of the Town Architects had given its opinion and the applicant had commented, the Building Committee decided to reject his request of 9 October 1992 for a building permit. On 20 February 1997, the applicant appealed against the above decision to the County Administrative Board. On 10 February 1999, after having granted the applicant several postponements from 15 May 1998 to 25 January 1999, the Board quashed the Committee\u2019s rejection and referred the matter back for a new consideration.\n\n2. Resumption of proceedings concerning tentative approval\n\nOn 23 March 1999 the Office of the Town Architects served the Building Committee\u2019s decision of 15 April 1992 to grant the applicant tentative approval on the applicant\u2019s neighbours, several of whom brought proceedings in April 1999 to have the measure quashed. They claimed that, although they were affected by the decision, the Committee had failed to hear them in the case or inform them about the decision. In a decision of 31 March 2000, the Board first found that the neighbours were entitled to appeal against the tentative approval and was satisfied that they had done so within the required time-limit. Although they ought to have been aware of the tentative approval in connection with the property plan issue, the decision had been formally served or notified to them only in March 1999. The Board quashed the Building Committee\u2019s 15 April 1992 decision on the grounds that the tentative approval was contrary to the existing property plan and detailed development plan and the neighbours should have been given the opportunity to express their views on the matter before it was decided.\n\n3. Judicial appeals against the above decisions\n\nOn 3 March 1999 the Building Committee appealed against the Board\u2019s above-mentioned decision of 10 February 1999 to the County Administrative Court (l\u00e4nsr\u00e4tten) of the County of Sk\u00e5ne. The applicant obtained extensions of time-limits for filing his written submissions in April and May 1999, and in September he asked the court to give priority to the case.\n\nFollowing the Board\u2019s above-mentioned decision of 31 March 2000 on the tentative approval, the applicant appealed against this decision to the County Administrative Court. The latter granted him four extensions between 5 May and 23 August 2000 of the time-limits for specifying his appeal grounds.\n\nThe County Administrative Court examined both of the above appeals concurrently and on 11 October 2000 it delivered two judgments, one on each appeal. In the first judgment the County Administrative Court rejected the applicant\u2019s appeal and upheld the Board\u2019s reasoning. In the second judgment it held that, since it had confirmed the Board\u2019s decision, there no longer existed a tentative approval which was binding on the Building Committee. Consequently, the Committee\u2019s appeal against the Board\u2019s decision of 10 February 1999 should be granted and the matter referred back to the Board for further consideration.\n\nIn November 2000 the applicant appealed against both judgments to the Administrative Court of Appeal (kammarr\u00e4tten) in Gothenburg. In the appeal concerning the tentative approval, the Administrative Court of Appeal granted him seven extensions until 8 May 2001 for the submission of his appeal grounds. As to his appeal concerning the building permit, the applicant was granted two such extensions, also until 8 May 2001. In two separate decisions of 17 December 2001, the Administrative Court of Appeal refused the applicant leave to appeal in each case.\n\nIn February and March 2002 the applicant appealed to the Supreme Administrative Court. The latter granted him numerous extensions until 29 August 2003 of the time-limits for filing written submissions on the appeal concerning the building permit. On 7 January 2004 the Supreme Administrative Court ordered him to complete his submissions. Concurrently with the above, he was also granted a number of extensions for the filing of his appeal submissions, until 17 December 2003 in the case concerning the tentative approval. On that date the Supreme Administrative Court ordered him to complete his observations. In respect of both appeals, reminders were served on him in February and March 2004. On 15 September 2004 the Supreme Administrative Court refused the applicant leave to appeal in both cases.\n\nE. Compensation proceedings brought by the applicant\n\n1. Request for a declaratory judgment establishing liability\n\nIn separate proceedings in 1997, the applicant requested the District Court (tingsr\u00e4tten) of Lund to declare that the Municipality of Lund was liable to pay him compensation for both actual and potential damage caused by the Municipality\u2019s refusal to grant his request for a building permit despite having granted him an unconditional tentative approval which was binding. The Municipality denied responsibility.\n\nBy judgment of 13 October 1998 the District Court declared that the Municipality was liable to compensate the applicant for both actual and potential damage caused by its refusal to grant the applicant a building permit. The Municipality was further liable to pay his legal costs. The District Court took note of the Municipality\u2019s argument that the tentative approval was conditional upon an amendment to the property plan, and that the applicant was aware of the need to modify the property plan and ought to have understood that the positive tentative approval did not mean that he would be able to build without an amendment to the property plan. In the view of the District Court the fact that a claimant was aware that an amendment to the property plan was needed in order to grant a building permit did not dispense the Building Committee from specifically reviewing and justifying its position as to whether the desired measure was authorised by existing plans. What the applicant may have known about existing plans was therefore of no significance in this context. Since the applicable plans did not allow the grant of a building permit and since an amendment to the plan could not be a condition attached to a tentative approval, such approval should not have been granted. Nor was such knowledge significant for the assessment of his application for a building permit, refused on 13 February 1997. On the whole, the refusal was erroneous. The District Court found that the Building Committee had disregarded a clear and unambiguous provision in the 1987 Act, i.e. Chapter 8 section 34, which stated that a tentative approval was binding if an application for a building permit was made within two years from the date on which the tentative approval was granted. Moreover, the District Court found it remarkable that the Building Committee had taken almost four and a half years to reject the request for a building permit since the average time to process such a request was six to eight weeks, according to testimony given by the city architect. Thus, the court considered that the Building Committee\u2019s handling of the case had involved such fault and neglect in its exercise of public authority that the Municipality was liable to pay compensation.\n\nThe Municipality appealed to the Court of Appeal (hovr\u00e4tten) of Sk\u00e5ne and Blekinge, which on 25 October 2000 upheld the lower court\u2019s judgment in full. As no further appeal was lodged, the Court of Appeal\u2019s judgment acquired legal force on 23 November 2000.\n\n2. Request for compensation\n\nIn 2001 the applicant, invoking the above declaratory judgment, instituted civil proceedings against the Municipality requesting compensation in an amount of SEK 3,000,000 for the damage he had suffered due to the refusal to grant him the building permit. He claimed that this damage corresponded to the market value of the part of his property upon which he would have built the house. The Municipality contested the request.\n\nIn a judgment of 4 March 2003, the District Court of Lund noted that the proceedings relating to the building permit were still pending and that it was improbable that he would be granted such a permit. However, even if he were to be granted a permit, the decision would most likely be quashed on appeal. Thus, it rejected the applicant\u2019s claim on the ground that he had not shown that he had suffered any actual damage as a consequence of the Municipality\u2019s fault and neglect. The applicant appealed against the judgment to the Court of Appeal.\n\nBy a judgment of 19 December 2003, the Court of Appeal upheld the District Court\u2019s judgment of 4 March 2003, sharing the latter\u2019s view that the applicant had failed to show that a building permit granted by the Municipality would have stood after the review by higher instances. The Municipality could reasonably argue that the question of damage could not therefore be assessed only on the basis of the fact that the Municipality was formally obliged to grant the applicant a building permit. It found that the applicant had not been able to demonstrate that the consideration of his application for a tentative approval by the Municipality of Lund, while blameworthy, had led to his being denied a definite right to divide and build a new house on his property. Nor had he demonstrated that the Municipality\u2019s handling of his case had caused the damage for which he had claimed compensation.\n\nThe applicant appealed against the judgment to the Supreme Court, which on 23 May 2005 refused the applicant leave to appeal.", "applicant": "Bengt Hellborg", "offset": 1702, "idx_mapping": [1702, 1702, 1702, 1702, 1702, 1702, 1702, 1702, 1702, 1702, 1702, 1702, 1702, 1716, 1717, 1718, 1719, 1720, 1721, 1722, 1723, 1724, 1725, 1726, 1727, 1728, 1729, 1730, 1731, 1732, 1733, 1734, 1735, 1736, 1737, 1738, 1739, 1740, 1741, 1742, 1743, 1744, 1745, 1746, 1747, 1748, 1749, 1750, 1751, 1752, 1753, 1754, 1755, 1756, 1757, 1758, 1759, 1760, 1761, 1762, 1763, 1764, 1765, 1766, 1767, 1768, 1769, 1770, 1771, 1772, 1773, 1774, 1775, 1776, 1777, 1778, 1779, 1780, 1781, 1782, 1783, 1784, 1785, 1786, 1787, 1788, 1789, 1790, 1791, 1792, 1793, 1794, 1795, 1796, 1797, 1798, 1799, 1800, 1801, 1802, 1803, 1804, 1805, 1806, 1807, 1808, 1809, 1810, 1811, 1812, 1813, 1814, 1815, 1816, 1817, 1818, 1819, 1820, 1821, 1822, 1823, 1824, 1825, 1826, 1827, 1828, 1829, 1830, 1831, 1832, 1833, 1834, 1835, 1836, 1837, 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842, 1843, 1844, 1845, 1846, 1847, 1848, 1849, 1850, 1851, 1852, 1853, 1854, 1855, 1856, 1857, 1858, 1859, 1860, 1861, 1862, 1863, 1864, 1865, 1866, 1867, 1868, 1869, 1870, 1871, 1872, 1873, 1874, 1875, 1876, 1877, 1878, 1879, 1880, 1881, 1882, 1883, 1884, 1885, 1886, 1887, 1888, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892, 1893, 1894, 1895, 1896, 1897, 1898, 1899, 1900, 1901, 1902, 1903, 1904, 1905, 1906, 1907, 1908, 1909, 1910, 1911, 1912, 1913, 1914, 1915, 1916, 1917, 1918, 1919, 1920, 1921, 1922, 1923, 1924, 1925, 1926, 1927, 1928, 1929, 1930, 1702, 1702, 1702, 1702, 1702, 1702, 1702, 1702, 1702, 1702, 1702, 1702, 1702, 1945, 1946, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025, 2026, 2027, 2028, 2029, 2030, 2031, 2032, 2033, 2034, 2035, 2036, 2037, 2038, 2039, 2040, 2041, 2042, 2043, 2044, 2045, 2046, 2047, 2048, 2049, 2050, 2051, 2052, 2053, 2054, 2055, 2056, 2057, 2058, 2059, 2060, 2061, 2062, 2063, 2064, 2065, 2066, 2067, 2068, 2069, 2070, 2071, 2072, 2073, 2074, 2075, 2076, 2077, 2078, 2079, 2080, 2081, 2082, 2083, 2084, 2085, 2086, 2087, 2088, 2089, 2090, 2091, 2092, 2093, 2094, 2095, 2096, 2097, 2098, 2099, 2100, 2101, 2102, 2103, 2104, 2105, 2106, 2107, 2108, 2109, 2110, 2111, 2112, 2113, 2114, 2115, 2116, 2117, 2118, 2119, 2120, 2121, 2122, 2123, 2124, 2125, 2126, 2127, 2128, 2129, 2130, 2131, 2132, 2133, 2134, 2135, 2136, 2137, 2138, 2139, 2140, 2141, 2142, 2143, 2144, 2145, 2146, 2147, 2148, 2149, 2150, 2151, 2152, 2153, 2154, 2155, 2156, 2157, 2158, 2159, 2160, 2161, 2162, 2163, 2164, 2165, 2166, 2167, 2168, 2169, 2170, 2171, 2172, 2173, 2174, 2175, 2176, 2177, 2178, 2179, 2180, 2181, 2182, 2183, 2184, 2185, 2186, 2187, 2188, 2189, 2190, 2191, 2192, 2193, 2194, 2195, 2196, 2197, 2198, 2199, 2200, 2201, 2202, 2203, 2204, 2205, 2206, 2207, 2208, 2209, 2210, 2211, 2212, 2213, 2214, 2215, 2216, 2217, 2218, 2219, 2220, 2221, 2222, 2223, 2224, 2225, 2226, 2227, 2228, 2229, 2230, 2231, 2232, 2233, 2234, 2235, 2236, 2237, 2238, 2239, 2240, 2241, 2242, 2243, 2244, 2245, 2246, 2247, 2248, 2249, 2250, 2251, 2252, 2253, 2254, 2255, 2256, 2257, 2258, 2259, 2260, 2261, 2262, 2263, 2264, 2265, 2266, 2267, 2268, 2269, 2270, 2271, 2272, 2273, 2274, 2275, 2276, 2277, 2278, 2279, 2280, 2281, 2282, 2283, 2284, 2285, 2286, 2287, 2288, 2289, 2290, 2291, 2292, 2293, 2294, 2295], "duplicates": 1}
| 1
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Franz Osinger was born in 1937 and lives in Mank/Austria. A., Franz Osinger's brother, died on 1 December 1988. He had been a farmer and the owner of a farm. On 23 December 1998 the competent court was informed about A. 's death and, subsequently, appointed a notary public as court commissioner (Gerichtskommissär).
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"DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "19 March 1999", "start_offset": 6853}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 6885, "entity_id": "001-68605_a8_e35", "entity_mention_id": "001-68605_a8_em88", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Regional Court", "start_offset": 6871}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 6953, "entity_id": "001-68605_a8_e63", "entity_mention_id": "001-68605_a8_em89", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "District Court's", "start_offset": 6937}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 7223, "entity_id": "001-68605_a8_e64", "entity_mention_id": "001-68605_a8_em90", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "10 June 1999", "start_offset": 7211}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 7241, "entity_id": "001-68605_a8_e34", "entity_mention_id": "001-68605_a8_em91", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Supreme Court", "start_offset": 7228}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 7359, "entity_id": "001-68605_a8_e65", "entity_mention_id": "001-68605_a8_em92", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "14 July 1999", "start_offset": 7347}]}, "annotator9": null}, "quality_checked": [], "task": "Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Franz Osinger", "meta": {"applicant": "Franz Osinger", "articles": [91, 34, 54, 34, 44, 32, 34, 52, 49, 34, 93], "countries": "AUT", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2005}, "doc_id": "001-68605", "dataset_type": "train", "orig_text": "PROCEDURE\n\nThe case originated in an application (no. 54645/00) against the Republic of Austria lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (\u201cthe Convention\u201d) by an Austrian national, Franz Osinger (\u201cthe applicant\u201d), on 30 November 1999.\n\nThe applicant was represented by Mr J. Kattner, a lawyer practising in Amstetten. The Austrian Government (\u201cthe Government\u201d) were represented by their Agent, Ambassador H. Winkler, Head of the International Law Department at the Federal Ministry for Foreign Affairs.\n\nThe applicant complained that there was no public hearing in the succession proceedings, in breach of Article 6 \u00a7 1 of the Convention.\n\nThe application was allocated to the Third Section of the Court (Rule 52 \u00a7 1 of the Rules of Court).\n\nOn 1 November 2001 the Court changed the composition of its Sections (Rule 25 \u00a7 1). This case was assigned to the newly composed Third Section (Rule 52 \u00a7 1). Within that Section, the Chamber that would consider the case (Article 27 \u00a7 1 of the Convention) was constituted as provided in Rule 26 \u00a7 1.\n\nBy a decision of 26 June 2003, the Court declared the application partly admissible.\n\nThe applicant and the Government each filed observations on the merits (Rule 59 \u00a7 1). The Chamber having decided, after consulting the parties, that no hearing on the merits was required (Rule 59 \u00a7 3 in fine), the parties replied in writing to each other's observations.\n\nTHE FACTS\n\nI. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE\n\nThe applicant was born in 1937 and lives in Mank/Austria.\n\nA., the applicant's brother, died on 1 December 1988. He had been a farmer and the owner of a farm. On 23 December 1998 the competent court was informed about A.'s death and, subsequently, appointed a notary public as court commissioner (Gerichtskommiss\u00e4r).\n\nOn 22 and 23 February 1989 the applicant and eight other persons entitled to the estate of A. appeared before the notary public in Ybbs and made conditional declarations of acceptance of succession (bedingte Erbserkl\u00e4rung).\n\nOn 23 February, 28 March and in April 1989 three experts submitted opinions on the value of the farm.\n\nOn 28 July 1989 the applicant's sister M. argued that the farm was a hereditary one (Erbhof) within the meaning of the Agricultural Succession Act 1958 (Anerbengesetz) and filed an application to be appointed as its principal heir (Anerbin).\n\nOn 22 September 1989 an expert submitted his opinion and concluded that the farm should not be considered hereditary.\n\nOn 2 October 1989 the applicant requested to be appointed as principal heir.\n\nOn 28 December 1989 the Ybbs District Court (Bezirksgericht) found that the farm did not qualify as a hereditary one because it could not provide a living for five adults as required under the applicable law. Further, it found the declarations of acceptance to be valid and appointed all nine statutory heirs as heirs to A.'s estate (Einantwortungsurkunde) but dismissed the requests by the applicant and M. to be appointed principal heirs. On 9 January 1990 the applicant appealed.\n\nOn 21 February 1990 the St. P\u00f6lten Regional Court (Landesgericht) quashed the District Court's decision and remitted the case to it. It found that the issue whether the farm qualified as hereditary within the meaning of the Agricultural Succession Act 1958 had not been sufficiently determined. The other heirs appealed.\n\nOn 18 October 1990 the Supreme Court dismissed the appeals and upheld the Regional Court's finding.\n\nOn 31 December 1990 the District Court transmitted the file to the public notary for supplementary investigations. On 28 February 1991 an expert submitted an additional opinion.\n\nOn 8 April 1991 the District Court decided to request an additional expert opinion, which it obtained on 12 September 1991.\n\nOn 17 October 1991 the District Court, having heard an agricultural expert, found that the farm qualified as a hereditary one under the Agricultural Succession Act 1958. Five parties appealed.\n\nOn 4 March 1992 the Regional Court dismissed the appeals and, on 27 Mai 1992, the Supreme Court dismissed an appeal on points of law and confirmed that the Agricultural Succession Act 1958 was applicable.\n\nSubsequently the District Court held hearings on 7 September and 9 November 1992. It heard several agricultural experts in order to clarify whether M. or the applicant qualified as principal heir. On 13 January and 11 March 1993 the court obtained further expert opinions.\n\nFrom April to June 1993 forest pest control measures were carried out in the forest belonging to the farm. As the parties of the hereditary proceedings did not reach an agreement, an estate curator (Verlassenschaftskurator) was appointed and the succession proceedings were suspended.\n\nOn 8 September 1993 the District Court dismissed the applicant's request to be appointed as principal heir. It found that he did not qualify as such because he already owned part of another hereditary farm, and appointed M. as principal heir. The applicant appealed and submitted a new private expert opinion.\n\nOn 29 December 1993 the Regional Court allowed his appeal and remitted the case to the District Court. It found that there was not sufficient evidence to conclude that the applicant did not meet the requirements as principal heir.\n\nOn 7 March 1994 the District Court transferred the file to the public notary for supplementary investigations. On 27 April 1994 additional expert opinions were submitted. On 13 May 1994 the applicant commented thereupon.\n\nFrom September to November 1994 new forest pest control measures were carried out in the forest belonging to the farm. Again an estate curator was appointed and the succession proceedings were suspended. On 17 November 1994 the District Court ordered the public notary to submit his final submissions.\n\nOn 2 February 1995 the District Court, having heard additional experts, again dismissed the applicant's request and appointed M. as principal heir. The applicant appealed.\n\nOn 12 July 1995 the Regional Court quashed the decision and remitted the case to the District Court. On 10 August 1995 the file was transmitted to the notary public.\n\nOn 5 February 1996 the District Court held a further hearing. Thereafter, it obtained further expert reports and the applicant commented repeatedly on these reports and repeatedly requested further opinions.\n\nOn 12 August 1997 the applicant submitted a private expert opinion and requested to discuss it at an oral hearing. The court-appointed expert commented on the private expert opinion.\n\nOn 13 July 1998 the court held another hearing in which the applicant asked to hear further experts.\n\nOn 21 October 1998 the District Court dismissed the applicant's request to be appointed as principal heir and appointed M. instead. It refused to hear further experts.\n\nOn 19 March 1999 the Regional Court dismissed the applicant's appeal. It confirmed the District Court's refusal to hear further experts finding that the court-appointed expert had commented in detail on the private expert opinion submitted by the applicant and that the latter could not impugn the plausibility of the opinion of the court-appointed expert.\n\nOn 10 June 1999 the Supreme Court dismissed the applicant's appeal on points of law. This decision was served on the applicant's lawyer on 14 July 1999.", "applicant": "Franz Osinger", "offset": 1521, "idx_mapping": [1521, 1521, 1521, 1521, 1521, 1521, 1521, 1521, 1521, 1521, 1521, 1521, 1521, 1534, 1535, 1536, 1537, 1538, 1539, 1540, 1541, 1542, 1543, 1544, 1545, 1546, 1547, 1548, 1549, 1550, 1551, 1552, 1553, 1554, 1555, 1556, 1557, 1558, 1559, 1560, 1561, 1562, 1563, 1564, 1565, 1566, 1567, 1568, 1569, 1570, 1571, 1572, 1573, 1574, 1575, 1576, 1577, 1578, 1579, 1580, 1581, 1582, 1521, 1521, 1521, 1521, 1521, 1521, 1521, 1521, 1521, 1521, 1521, 1521, 1521, 1596, 1597, 1598, 1599, 1600, 1601, 1602, 1603, 1604, 1605, 1606, 1607, 1608, 1609, 1610, 1611, 1612, 1613, 1614, 1615, 1616, 1617, 1618, 1619, 1620, 1621, 1622, 1623, 1624, 1625, 1626, 1627, 1628, 1629, 1630, 1631, 1632, 1633, 1634, 1635, 1636, 1637, 1638, 1639, 1640, 1641, 1642, 1643, 1644, 1645, 1646, 1647, 1648, 1649, 1650, 1651, 1652, 1653, 1654, 1655, 1656, 1657, 1658, 1659, 1660, 1661, 1662, 1663, 1664, 1665, 1666, 1667, 1668, 1669, 1670, 1671, 1672, 1673, 1674, 1675, 1676, 1677, 1678, 1679, 1680, 1681, 1682, 1683, 1684, 1685, 1686, 1687, 1688, 1689, 1690, 1691, 1692, 1693, 1694, 1695, 1696, 1697, 1698, 1699, 1700, 1701, 1702, 1703, 1704, 1705, 1706, 1707, 1708, 1709, 1710, 1711, 1712, 1713, 1714, 1715, 1716, 1717, 1718, 1719, 1720, 1721, 1722, 1723, 1724, 1725, 1726, 1727, 1728, 1729, 1730, 1731, 1732, 1733, 1734, 1735, 1736, 1737, 1738, 1739, 1740, 1741, 1742, 1743, 1744, 1745, 1746, 1747, 1748, 1749, 1750, 1751, 1752, 1753, 1754, 1755, 1756, 1757, 1758, 1759, 1760, 1761, 1762, 1763, 1764, 1765, 1766, 1767, 1768, 1769, 1770, 1771, 1772, 1773, 1774, 1775, 1776, 1777, 1778, 1779, 1780, 1781, 1782, 1783, 1784, 1785, 1786, 1787, 1788, 1789, 1790, 1791, 1792, 1793, 1794, 1795, 1796, 1797, 1798, 1799, 1800, 1801, 1802, 1803, 1804, 1805, 1806, 1807, 1808, 1809, 1810, 1811, 1812, 1813, 1814, 1815, 1816, 1817, 1818, 1819, 1820, 1821, 1822, 1823, 1824, 1825, 1826, 1827, 1828, 1829, 1830, 1831, 1832, 1833, 1834, 1835, 1836], "duplicates": 1}
| 1
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A. The first applicant
Mr Lustig-Prean (the first applicant) joined the Royal Navy Reserve as a radio operator and in 1982 commenced a career in the Royal Navy. On 27 April 1983 he became a midshipman in the executive branch of the navy. His evaluation of November 1989 noted that he was an officer with “great potential” and the “sort of person that the Royal Navy needs to attract and retain”. His evaluation of December 1993 concluded that Duncan Lustig-Prean “is a balanced, enlightened and knowledgeable man who enjoys my complete trust in all matters.
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"NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 28985, "entity_id": "001-58407_a8_e135", "entity_mention_id": "001-58407_a8_em210", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Industrial Tribunal", "start_offset": 28966}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 29090, "entity_id": "001-58407_a8_e33", "entity_mention_id": "001-58407_a8_em211", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "ECJ", "start_offset": 29087}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 29228, "entity_id": "001-58407_a8_e139", "entity_mention_id": "001-58407_a8_em212", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "27 August 1998", "start_offset": 29214}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 29266, "entity_id": "001-58407_a8_e135", "entity_mention_id": "001-58407_a8_em213", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Industrial Tribunal", "start_offset": 29247}]}, "annotator9": null}, "quality_checked": [], "task": "Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Duncan Lustig-Prean", "meta": {"applicant": "Duncan Lustig-Prean", "articles": [91, 34, 49, 52, 34, 44, 32, 34, 56, 34, 93], "countries": "GBR", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 1999}, "doc_id": "001-58407", "dataset_type": "train", "orig_text": "PROCEDURE\n\nThe case originated in two applications against the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland lodged with the European Commission of Human Rights (\u201cthe Commission\u201d) under former Article 25 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (\u201cthe Convention\u201d). The first applicant, Mr Duncan Lustig-Prean, is a British national born in 1959 and resident in London. He was represented before the Commission and, subsequently, before the Court by Mr S. Grosz, a solicitor practising in London. His application was introduced on 23 April 1996 and was registered on 7 May 1996 under file no. 31417/96. The second applicant, Mr John Beckett, is a British national born in 1970 and resident in Sheffield. He was represented before the Commission and, subsequently, before the Court by Ms H. Larter, a solicitor practising in Sheffield. His application was introduced on 11 July 1996 and was registered on 22 July 1996 under file no. 32377/96.\n\nBoth applicants complained that the investigations into their homosexuality and their discharge from the Royal Navy on the sole ground that they are homosexual constituted violations of Article 8 of the Covention taken alone and in conjunction with Article 14.\n\nOn 20 May 1997 the Commission (Plenary) decided to give notice of the applications to the United Kingdom Government (\u201cthe Government\u201d) and invited them to submit observations on the admissibility and merits of the applications. In addition, the applications were joined to two similar applications (nos. 33985/96 and 33986/96, Smith v. the United Kingdom and Grady v. the United Kingdom). The Government, represented by Mr M. Eaton and, subsequently, by Mr C. Whomersley, both Agents, Foreign and Commonwealth Office, submitted their observations on 17 October 1997, to which the applicants replied on 20 November and 8 December 1997, respectively.\n\nOn 17 January 1998 the Commission decided to adjourn the applications pending the outcome of a reference to the European Court of Justice (\u201cECJ\u201d) pursuant to Article 177 of the Treaty of Rome by the English High Court on the question of the applicability of the Council Directive on the Implementation of the Principle of Equal Treatment for Men and Women as regards Access to Employment, Vocational Training and Promotion and Working Conditions 76/207/EEC (\u201cthe Equal Treatment Directive\u201d) to a difference of treatment based on sexual orientation.\n\nOn 23 January 1998 the Commission granted Mr Beckett legal aid.\n\nOn 13 July 1998 the High Court delivered its judgment withdrawing its reference of the above question given the decision of the ECJ in the case of R. v. Secretary of State for Defence, ex parte Perkins (13 July 1998).\n\nFollowing the entry into force of Protocol No. 11 on 1 November 1998 and in accordance with the provisions of Article 5 \u00a7 2 thereof, the applications fall to be examined by the Court. In accordance with Rule 52 \u00a7 1 of the Rules of Court, the President of the Court, Mr L. Wildhaber, assigned the case to the Third Section. The Chamber constituted within the Section included ex officio Sir Nicolas Bratza, the judge elected in respect of the United Kingdom (Article 27 \u00a7 2 of the Convention and Rule 26 \u00a7 1 (a)), and Mr J.-P. Costa, Acting President of the Section and President of the Chamber (Rules 12 and 26 \u00a7 1 (a)). The other members designated by the latter to complete the Chamber were Mr L. Loucaides, Mr P. K\u016bris, Mr W. Fuhrmann, Mrs H.S. Greve and Mr K. Traja (Rule 26 \u00a7 1 (b)).\n\nOn 23 February 1998 the Chamber declared the applications admissible and, while it retained the joinder of the present applications, it decided to disjoin them from the above-mentioned Smith and Grady cases. It was also decided to hold a hearing on the merits of the case.\n\nOn 4 May 1999 the President of the Chamber decided to grant Mr Lustig-Prean legal aid.\n\nThe hearing in this case and in the case of Smith and Grady v. the United Kingdom took place in public in the Human Rights Building, Strasbourg, on 18 May 1999. There appeared before the Court: (a) for the Government Mr C. Whomersley, Foreign and Commonwealth Office, Agent, Mr J. Eadie, Counsel, Mr J. Betteley, Ms J. Pfieffer, Advisers; (b) for the applicants Mr D. Pannick QC, Mr J. Bowers QC, Counsel, Mr S. Grosz, Ms H. Larter, Solicitors, Mr A. Mason, Adviser. The Court heard addresses by Mr Pannick and Mr Eadie.\n\nAS TO THE FACTS\n\nI. The Circumstances of the case\n\nA. The first applicant\n\nMr Lustig-Prean (the first applicant) joined the Royal Navy Reserve as a radio operator and in 1982 commenced a career in the Royal Navy. On 27 April 1983 he became a midshipman in the executive branch of the navy. His evaluation of November 1989 noted that he was an officer with \u201cgreat potential\u201d and the \u201csort of person that the Royal Navy needs to attract and retain\u201d. His evaluation of December 1993 concluded that the applicant \u201cis a balanced, enlightened and knowledgeable man who enjoys my complete trust in all matters. He is an outstanding prospect for early promotion to commander.\u201d In 1994 the applicant attained the rank of lieutenant-commander.\n\nFor about thirty months prior to June 1994 the applicant had been involved in a steady relationship with a civilian partner. In early June 1994 the applicant was informed that the Royal Navy Special Investigations Branch (\u201cthe service police\u201d) had been given his name anonymously in connection with an allegation of homosexuality and was investigating the matter. The applicant admitted to his commanding officer that he was homosexual.\n\nThe applicant was interviewed on 13 June 1994 by personnel from the service police about his sexual orientation for approximately twenty minutes. At the beginning of the interview, the applicant was cautioned that he did not have to answer questions and that any responses could be used in evidence later. He was also informed that he could obtain legal advice. The applicant confirmed his awareness of those rights and agreed to be interviewed without legal advice. He then confirmed that he was homosexual, acknowledging that he had been a practising homosexual since his teenage years. He was then asked, inter alia, whether he had had homosexual contact with service personnel (at least four questions on this subject), what type of sexual relations he had had with a particular person, when and where this had occurred, about his current relationship and whether his parents knew of his homosexuality. The applicant was asked repeatedly about who had tipped him off that he was the subject of an investigation by the service police and he was told that the question was put because the service police had \u201ca lot of background knowledge about certain things\u201d and there was somebody \u201cproviding information to us\u201d. The applicant indicated that he was anxious to assist the service police to make sure that the issue was kept as \u201cprivate and discreet as possible\u201d. He was then informed that a search was normally completed but the search did not take place since, in anticipation, the applicant had already cleared his cabin of any incriminating evidence.\n\nThe applicant was again interviewed on 14 June 1994 for approximately ten minutes. It was explained to the applicant that the purpose of the interview was to ask him about an allegation, contained in an anonymous letter sent to the applicant\u2019s commanding officer some time previously, that the applicant had had a relationship with a serviceman. The interviewer then explained that he was \u201cattempting to keep the need to visit Newcastle and to investigate this matter to a minimum\u201d, as the applicant wished. The applicant was then asked whether he had had the relationship as alleged in the letter. The anonymous letter was read. The writer claimed that he had recently had a relationship with the applicant, that the writer was HIV-positive and that he believed that the applicant was involved with a member of the armed forces. The applicant\u2019s comments were requested, in particular, as to who would have written the letter. The interviewer also enquired of the applicant \u201cpurely as a matter of interest, although it\u2019s a personal thing\u201d whether the applicant was HIV-positive. In this context, it was indicated a number of times to the applicant that the purpose of the second interview was to avoid further investigations. He was also told that it would \u201ccome back\u201d on the applicant\u2019s interviewer if the latter did not properly follow up on the anonymous letter.\n\nIn a final evaluation dated 14 June 1994 the applicant\u2019s commander noted that the applicant left the ship \u201cwith a well-deserved reputation for outstanding professional ability and admirable personal qualities\u201d. He concluded that the applicant\u2019s \u201cloyal, dependable and always dignified service\u201d would be \u201csorely missed\u201d.\n\nOn 16 December 1994 the Admiralty Board informed the applicant that it had decided to terminate his commission and to discharge him, administratively, from the navy with effect from 17 January 1995. The ground for his discharge was his sexual orientation. The applicant\u2019s commission was removed and most of the bonus which he had received with that promotion was recouped by the naval authorities (\u00a34,875 out of \u00a36,000). His term of service would otherwise have terminated in 2009, with the possibility of renewal.\n\nB. The second applicant\n\nOn 20 February 1989 Mr Beckett (the second applicant) joined the Royal Navy, enlisting for twenty-two years\u2019 service. In 1991 he became a substantive weapons engineering mechanic. The applicant\u2019s report dated 27 November 1992 noted that he displayed potential in a number of areas essential to good leadership, that he had the ability to become an above-average leading hand and that if he applied his new skills wisely he could, with experience, be considered as a potential officer candidate.\n\nIn May 1993 the applicant had been refused time off to deal with a personal matter (he wished to collect his Aids test results) and consequently he spoke with the chaplain, to whom he admitted his sexual orientation. On 10 May 1993 the applicant was asked by his lieutenant-commander to repeat what he had told the chaplain and he again admitted his homosexuality to that officer. He was then called for interview by the service police. He was cautioned in the same terms as the first applicant and told that he would not be questioned on the above admissions prior to a search of his locker. His consent to the search was requested and given. The interview, which had lasted approximately five minutes, was suspended pending the search. During the search, slides (of himself, his partner and some of his service friends) and personal postcards were seized.\n\nThe applicant\u2019s interview with the service police then resumed and lasted approximately one hour. The applicant immediately confirmed his homosexuality, later clarifying that he first had \u201cniggling doubts\u201d about his sexual orientation approximately two and a half years previously. He was then questioned about a previous relationship with a woman; he was asked the woman\u2019s name and where she was from, when he had that relationship, why it ended, whether they had a sexual relationship, whether he enjoyed their relationship and whether \u201cshe was enough for you\u201d. Details were sought as to how and what he did when he realised he was homosexual and, in this respect, he was asked what sort of feelings he had for a man, whether he had been \u201ctouched up\u201d or \u201cabused\u201d as a child and whether he had bought pornographic magazines. The applicant was then questioned about his first and current homosexual relationship which began in December 1992 and, in this regard, he was asked about his first night with his partner, who was \u201cbutch\u201d and who was \u201cbitch\u201d in the relationship and what being \u201cbutch\u201d meant in sexual terms. Detailed questions were put as to how they had sex and whether they used condoms, lubrication and other sex aids, whether they ever had sex in a public place and how they intended to develop the relationship. He was also asked about gay bars he frequented, whether he had ever joined contact magazines, whether his parents knew about his homosexuality and whether he agreed that his secret life could be used as a basis to blackmail him and render him a weak link in the service. The personal slides and postcards which had been taken from his locker were examined and the applicant was questioned in detail about their contents.\n\nThe service police report completed after the applicant\u2019s interview included several internal documents where it was noted that the applicant, in openly declaring his homosexuality and his relationship with a civilian, had effectively disposed \u201cof any immediate potential security concern\u201d. For that reason, it was considered in the report that \u201cno cause was identified for conducting a security interview with Beckett\u201d. That report also accepted that a case for fraudulent entry into the armed forces would be inappropriate given the date when the applicant had discovered his homosexuality. An officer, who advised the Admiralty Board on the applicant\u2019s discharge, noted that the applicant\u2019s reporting officers had commented on his \u201caffability, intelligence, dedication and ambition\u201d and pointed out that, had it not been for the applicant\u2019s homosexuality, \u201chis Royal Navy career would have blossomed\u201d.\n\nPrior to his discharge, the applicant completed his duties and remained in communal sleeping accommodation with no reported difficulties. On 28 July 1993 the applicant\u2019s administrative discharge was approved on the basis of his homosexuality. The applicant then complained about the decision to discharge him to the Admiralty Board and on 6 December 1994 the Admiralty Board dismissed the applicant\u2019s complaint.\n\nC. The applicants\u2019 judicial review proceedings (R. v. Ministry of Defence, ex parte Smith and Others 2 Weeky Law Reports 305)\n\nAlong with Ms Smith and Mr Grady (see paragraph 3 above), the applicants obtained leave to apply for judicial review of the decisions to discharge them from the armed forces. The applicants argued that the policy of the Ministry of Defence against homosexuals in the armed forces was \u201cirrational\u201d, that it was in breach of the Convention and that it was contrary to the Equal Treatment Directive. The Ministry of Defence maintained that the policy was necessary mainly to maintain morale and unit effectiveness, in view of the loco parentis role of the services as regards minor recruits and in light of the requirement of communal living in the armed forces.\n\nOn 7 June 1995 the High Court dismissed the application for judicial review, Lord Justice Simon Brown giving the main judgment of the court. He noted that the cases illustrated the hardships resulting from the absolute policy against homosexuals in the armed forces and that all four of the applicants had exemplary service records, some with reports written in glowing terms. Moreover, he found that in none of the cases before him was it suggested that the applicants\u2019 sexual orientation had in any way affected their ability to carry out their work or had any ill-effect on discipline. There was no reason to doubt that, but for their discharge on the sole ground of sexual orientation, they would have continued to perform their service duties entirely efficiently and with the continued support of their colleagues. All were devastated by their discharge. Simon Brown LJ reviewed the background to the \u201cage old\u201d policy, the relevance of the Parliamentary Select Committee\u2019s report of 1991, the position in other armed forces around the world, the arguments of the Ministry of Defence (noting that the security argument was no longer of substantial concern to the Government) together with the applicants\u2019 arguments against the policy. He considered that the balance of argument clearly lay with the applicants, describing the applicants\u2019 submissions in favour of a conduct-based code as \u201cpowerful\u201d. In his view, the tide of history was against the Ministry of Defence. He further observed that it was improbable, whatever the High Court would say, that the policy could survive for much longer and added, \u201cI doubt whether most of those present in court throughout the proceedings now believe otherwise.\u201d\n\nHowever, having considered arguments as to the test to be applied in the context of these judicial review proceedings, Simon Brown LJ concluded that the conventional Wednesbury principles, adapted to a human rights context, should be applied. Accordingly, where fundamental human rights were being restricted, the Minister of Defence needed to show that there was an important competing interest to justify the restriction. The primary decision was for him and the secondary judgment of the court amounted to asking whether a reasonable Minister, on the material before him, could have reasonably made that primary judgment. He later clarified that it was only if the purported justification \u201coutrageously defies logic or accepted moral standards\u201d that the court could strike down the Minister\u2019s decision. He noted that within the limited scope of that review, the court had to be scrupulous to ensure that no recognised ground of challenge was in truth available to an applicant before rejecting the application. When the most fundamental human rights are threatened, the court would not, for example, be inclined to overlook some minor flaw in the decision-making process, or to adopt a particularly benevolent view of the Minister\u2019s evidence, or to exercise its discretion to withhold relief. However, he emphasised that, even where the most fundamental human rights were being restricted, \u201cthe threshold of unreasonableness is not lowered\u201d. It was clear that the Secretary of State had cited an important competing public interest. But the central question was whether it was reasonable for the Secretary of State to take the view that allowing homosexuals into the forces would imperil that interest. He pointed out that, although he might have considered the Minister wrong, \u201c\u2026[the courts] owe a duty ... to remain within their constitutional bounds and not trespass beyond them. Only if it were plain beyond sensible argument that no conceivable damage could be done to the armed services as a fighting unit would it be appropriate for this Court now to remove the issue entirely from the hands of both the military and of the government. If the Convention \u2026 were part of our law and we were accordingly entitled to ask whether the policy answers a pressing social need and whether the restriction on human rights involved can be shown proportionate to the benefits then clearly the primary judgment \u2026 would be for us and not others: the constitutional balance would shift. But that is not the position. In exercising merely a secondary judgment, this Court is bound to act with some reticence. Our approach must reflect, not overlook, where responsibility ultimately lies for the defence of the realm and recognise too that Parliament is exercising a continuing supervision over this area of prerogative power.\u201d Accordingly, while the Minister\u2019s suggested justification for the ban may have seemed \u201cunconvincing\u201d, the Minister\u2019s stand could not properly be said to be unlawful. It followed that the applications had to be rejected \u201calbeit with hesitation and regret\u201d. A brief analysis of the Convention\u2019s case-law led the judge to comment that he strongly suspected that, as far as the United Kingdom\u2019s obligations were concerned, the days of the policy were numbered.\n\nSimon Brown LJ also found that the Equal Treatment Directive was not applicable to discrimination on grounds of sexual orientation and that the domestic courts could not rule on Convention matters. He also observed that the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, Israel, Germany, France, Norway, Sweden, Austria and the Netherlands permitted homosexuals to serve in their armed forces and that the evidence indicated that the only countries operating a blanket ban were Turkey and Luxembourg (and, possibly, Portugal and Greece).\n\nIn August 1995 a consultation paper was circulated by the Ministry of Defence to \u201cmanagement\u201d levels in the armed forces relating to the Ministry of Defence\u2019s policy against homosexuals in those forces. The covering letter circulating this paper pointed out that the \u201cMinister for the Armed Forces has decided that evidence is to be gathered within the Ministry of Defence in support of the current policy on homosexuality\u201d. It was indicated that the case was likely to progress to the European courts and that the applicants in the judicial review proceedings had argued that the Ministry of Defence\u2019s position was \u201cbereft of factual evidence\u201d but that this was not surprising since evidence was difficult to amass given that homosexuals were not permitted to serve. Since \u201cthis should not be allowed to weaken the arguments for maintaining the policy\u201d, the addressees of the letter were invited to comment on the consultation paper and \u201cto provide any additional evidence in support of the current policy by September 1995\u201d. The consultation paper attached referred, inter alia, to two incidents which were considered damaging to unit cohesion. The first involved a homosexual who had had a relationship with a sergeant\u2019s mess waiter and the other involved an Australian on secondment whose behaviour was described as \u201cso disruptive\u201d that his attachment was terminated.\n\nOn 3 November 1995 the Court of Appeal dismissed the applicants\u2019 appeal. The Master of the Rolls, Sir Thomas Bingham, delivered the main judgment (with which the two other judges of the Court of Appeal agreed).\n\nAs to the court\u2019s approach to the issue of \u201cirrationality\u201d, he considered that the following submission was an accurate distillation of the relevant jurisprudence on the subject: \u201cthe court may not interfere with the exercise of an administrative discretion on substantive grounds save where the court is satisfied that the decision is unreasonable in the sense that it is beyond the range of responses open to a reasonable decision- maker. But in judging whether the decision-maker has exceeded this margin of appreciation the human rights context is important. The more substantial the interference with human rights, the more the court will require by way of justification before it is satisfied that the decision is reasonable in the sense outlined above.\u201d He went on to quote from, inter alia, the judgment of Lord Bridge in R. v. Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex parte Brind [1991] 1 Appeal Cases 696, where it was pointed out that: \u201cthe primary judgment as to whether the particular competing public interest justifies the particular restriction imposed falls to be made by the Secretary of State to whom Parliament has entrusted the discretion. But we are entitled to exercise a secondary judgment by asking whether a reasonable Secretary of State, on the material before him, could reasonably make that primary judgment.\u201d Moreover, he considered that the greater the policy content of the decision and the more remote the subject matter of a decision from ordinary judicial experience, the more hesitant the court had to be in holding a decision to be irrational.\n\nPrior to applying this test of irrationality, the Master of the Rolls noted that the case concerned innate qualities of a very personal kind, that the decisions of which the applicants complained had had a profound effect on their careers and prospects and that the applicants\u2019 rights as human beings were very much in issue. While the domestic court was not the primary decision-maker and while it was not the role of the courts to regulate the conditions of service in the armed forces, \u201cit has the constitutional role and duty of ensuring that the rights of citizens are not abused by the unlawful exercise of executive power. While the court must properly defer to the expertise of responsible decision-makers, it must not shrink from its fundamental duty to \u2018do right to all manner of people\u2019 \u2026\u201d.\n\nHe then reviewed, by reference to the test of irrationality outlined above, the submissions of the parties in favour of and against the policy, commenting that the applicants\u2019 arguments were \u201cof very considerable cogency\u201d which called to be considered in depth with particular reference to past experience in the United Kingdom, to the developing experience of other countries and to the potential effectiveness of a detailed prescriptive code in place of the present blanket ban. However, he concluded that the policy could not be considered \u201cirrational\u201d at the time the applicants were discharged from the armed forces, finding that the threshold of irrationality was \u201ca high one\u201d and that it had not been crossed in this case.\n\nOn the Convention, the Master of the Rolls noted as follows: \u201cIt is, inevitably, common ground that the United Kingdom\u2019s obligation, binding in international law, to respect and ensure compliance with [Article 8 of the Convention] is not one that is enforceable by domestic courts. The relevance of the Convention in the present context is as background to the complaint of irrationality. The fact that a decision-maker failed to take account of Convention obligations when exercising an administrative discretion is not of itself a ground for impugning the exercise of that discretion.\u201d He observed that to dismiss a person from his or her employment on the grounds of a private sexual preference, and to interrogate him or her about private sexual behaviour, would not appear to show respect for that person\u2019s private and family life and that there might be room for argument as to whether the policy answered a \u201cpressing social need\u201d and, in particular, was proportionate to the legitimate aim pursued. However, he held that these were not questions to which answers could be properly or usefully proffered by the Court of Appeal, but rather were questions for the European Court of Human Rights to which court the applicants might have to pursue their claim. He further accepted that the Equal Treatment Directive did not apply to complaints in relation to sexual orientation.\n\nHenry LJ of the Court of Appeal agreed with the judgment of the Master of the Rolls and, in particular, with the latter\u2019s approach to the irrationality test and with his view on the inability of the court to resolve Convention issues. He questioned the utility of a debate as to the likely fate of the \u201clongstanding\u201d policy of the Ministry of Defence before the European Court of Human Rights with which the primary adjudicating role on the Convention lay. The Court of Appeal did not entertain \u201chypothetical questions\u201d. In Henry LJ\u2019s view, the only relevance of the Convention was as \u201cbackground to the complaint of irrationality\u201d, which point had been already made by the Master of the Rolls. It was important to highlight this point since Parliament had not given the domestic courts primary jurisdiction over human rights issues contained in the Convention and because the evidence and submissions before the Court of Appeal related to that court\u2019s secondary jurisdiction and not to its primary jurisdiction.\n\nThorpe LJ of the Court of Appeal agreed with both preceding judgments and, in particular, with the views expressed on the rationality test to be applied and on its application in the particular case. The applicants\u2019 arguments that their rights under Article 8 had been breached were \u201cpersuasive\u201d but the evidence and arguments that would ultimately determine that issue were not before the Court of Appeal. He also found that the applicants\u2019 challenge to the arguments in support of the policy was \u201ccompletely persuasive\u201d and added that what impressed him most in relation to the merits was the complete absence of illustration and substantiation by specific examples, not only in the Secretary of State\u2019s evidence filed in the High Court, but also in the case presented to the Parliamentary Select Committee in 1991. The policy was, in his view, \u201cripe for review and for consideration of its replacement by a strict conduct code\u201d. However, the applicants\u2019 attack on the Secretary of State\u2019s rationality fell \u201ca long way short of success\u201d.\n\nOn 19 March 1996 the Appeals Committee of the House of Lords refused leave to appeal to the House of Lords.\n\nD. The applicants\u2019 Industrial Tribunal proceedings\n\nIn December 1995 Mr Lustig-Prean issued proceedings in the Industrial Tribunal claiming unfair dismissal and sexual discrimination contrary to the Sexual Discrimination Act 1975. Those proceedings were adjourned pending the above-described application for leave to appeal to the House of Lords. Further to the rejection of the application, he requested the withdrawal of his Industrial Tribunal proceedings and those proceedings were dismissed by the Industrial Tribunal on 25 April 1996.\n\nIn December 1997 Mr Beckett also issued proceedings in the Industrial Tribunal claiming sexual discrimination contrary to the 1975 Act. 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| 1
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Anne-Marie Christensen was born in 1944 and lives in Lyngby. During the period from 1988 to 1992 Anne-Marie Christensen received treatment at the Urological Unit of the County Hospital in Glostrup (Amtssygehuset i Glostrup). In May 1992, Anne-Marie Christensen underwent two cystoscopic examinations at the County Hospital in Gentofte (Amtssygehuset i Gentofte). In October 1992 she underwent a diagnostic laparoscopic examination at the County Hospital in Glostrup. 1.
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"quality_checked": [], "task": "Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Anne-Marie Christensen", "meta": {"applicant": "Anne-Marie Christensen", "articles": [91, 34, 54, 34, 44, 32, 34, 49, 51, 34, 93], "countries": "DNK", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2009}, "doc_id": "001-90820", "dataset_type": "train", "orig_text": "PROCEDURE\n\nThe case originated in an application (no. 247/07) against the Kingdom of Denmark lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (\u201cthe Convention\u201d) by a Danish national, Ms Anne-Marie Christensen (\u201cthe applicant\u201d), on 13 December 2006.\n\nThe applicant was represented by Mr Tyge Trier, a lawyer practising in Copenhagen. The Danish Government (\u201cthe Government\u201d) were represented by their Agent, Mrs Nina Holst-Christensen of the Ministry of Justice.\n\nThe applicant complained about the length of civil proceedings and lack of an effective remedy under Articles 6 and 13 of the Convention.\n\nThe applicant and the Government each filed observations on the admissibility and the merits.\n\nTHE FACTS\n\nI. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE\n\nThe applicant was born in 1944 and lives in Lyngby.\n\nDuring the period from 1988 to 1992 the applicant received treatment at the Urological Unit of the County Hospital in Glostrup (Amtssygehuset i Glostrup).\n\nIn May 1992, the applicant underwent two cystoscopic examinations at the County Hospital in Gentofte (Amtssygehuset i Gentofte).\n\nIn October 1992 she underwent a diagnostic laparoscopic examination at the County Hospital in Glostrup.\n\n1. Administrative proceedings\n\nAlleging malpractice on the part of the consultant who performed the cystoscopic examinations, on 30 June 1993 the applicant\u2019s insurance company, acting on her behalf, filed a grievance with the National Patients\u2019 Complaints Board (Sundhedsv\u00e6senets Patientklagen\u00e6vn). The latter found against her by decision of 28 September 1995.\n\nOn 9 September 1997, alleging malpractice on the part of the consultant who performed the diagnostic laparoscopic examination, the applicant requested that the Patient Insurance Association (Patientforsikringen) grant her compensation. The latter refused her request on 28 January 1998 finding that her troubles were caused by the disorder for which she sought treatment, rather than the examination and treatment received in that connection. On appeal, on 20 January 2000 the Patient Injury Appeals Board (Patientskadeanken\u00e6vnet), upheld the Patient Insurance Association\u2019s decision.\n\n2. Proceedings before the courts\n\nOn 29 June 1995, alleging malpractice, the applicant instituted civil proceedings before the High Court of Eastern Denmark (\u00d8stre Landsret - hereafter the High Court) against the medical consultant who performed the two cystoscopic examinations in May 1992.\n\nOn 7 September 1995 the applicant changed the defendant from the medical consultant to Copenhagen County (K\u00f8benhavns Amt), being responsible for the County Hospital in Gentofte. She amended the writ accordingly and requested that Copenhagen County be ordered to acknowledge its liability in damages for the injuries allegedly incurred in connection with the examinations carried out at Gentofte County Hospital.\n\nDuring the proceedings before the High Court, which ended on 13 November 2002, the applicant changed counsel at least five times. Moreover, during the proceedings a significant amount of time was spent on the drafting and discussion of various questions to be submitted to the Medico\u2011Legal Council (Retsl\u00e6ger\u00e5det) for an expert opinion.\n\nFrom September 1995 to March 1996 pleadings were exchanged.\n\nFrom March 1996 to April 1997 the applicant was granted seven extensions of time limit to prepare her questions to the Medico-Legal Council and because she had changed lawyer.\n\nFrom 10 April to 8 August 1997 the questions were discussed and approved by the High Court, and on the latter date they were forwarded to the Medico-Legal Council.\n\nHaving requested and received additional medical material, on 22 December 1997 the Medico-Legal Council issued its opinion.\n\nIn January and February 1998, it was established that one of the expert members of the Medico-Legal Council had to be disqualified due to conflict of interest. The Medico-Legal Council thus had to reconsider the questions. Beforehand, however, the parties wanted to prepare supplementary questions to be annexed. The case was accordingly adjourned five times and, at a hearing on 11 December 1998, the High Court fixed a time limit for 20 January 1999 for the applicant to finish her draft questions and a time limit for 24 February 1999 for the parties to agree on the final version of those questions.\n\nOn 19 March 1999 a hearing was scheduled for 18 June 1999, at which the questions were discussed. At a hearing in September a specific exhibit was procured and at a hearing on 19 November 1999 the draft questions were discussed anew. The proceedings were adjourned until 27 December 1999 pending the final approval of the questions.\n\nOn 24 January 2000 the High Court issued an order on the wording of the questions. The applicant disagreed with the wording and requested leave to appeal against the order. The proceedings were thus adjourned until 5 May 2000, when her request was refused by the Leave to Appeal Board (Procesbevillingsn\u00e6vnet). Beforehand, however, on 16 March 2000 the High Court re-submitted the matter, including the original questions, to the Medico-Legal Council.\n\nThe Medico-Legal Council issued their opinion on 4 August 2000.\n\nIn the meantime, on 4 July 2000 the applicant requested that the Patients\u2019 Injury Appeals Board\u2019s decision of 20 January 2000 be joined to the proceedings pending before the High Court. Her request was granted and the Patients\u2019 Injury Appeals Board submitted its writ of defense on 3 October 2000.\n\nOn 25 October 2000 the proceedings were adjourned for two months because the applicant wanted to change lawyer.\n\nOn 22 December 2000 the applicant\u2019s third lawyer was granted an adjournment of the proceedings.\n\nOn 9 April 2001 the applicant\u2019s fourth lawyer requested that nine further questions be submitted to the Medico-Legal Council. The defendant requested that three further questions be submitted. Although allowing the questions, the High Court fixed a short deadline of 9 May 2001 for the final version of the questions and stated that it expected that thereafter there would be no further referrals to the Medico-Legal Council.\n\nOn 9 May 2001, the applicant requested a further adjournment of the proceedings in order to prepare the supplementary questions. The defendant objected and the High Court decided on the wording of the questions and re\u2011submitted the matter to the Medico\u2011Legal Council on 14 May 2001.\n\nThe Medico-Legal Council issued its opinion on 4 October 2001.\n\nThereafter the applicant was granted approximately one month to consider the further procedure.\n\nOn 12 December 2001, the High Court summoned the parties for a scheduling hearing to take place on 21 December 2001.\n\nAlthough on 20 December 2001 a fifth lawyer informed the High Court that he was now representing the applicant, the scheduling hearing was held as planned, and the trial was scheduled to take place on 9 and 11 September 2002.\n\nThe applicant\u2019s fifth lawyer objected to the scheduling and brought the issue before the Leave to Appeal Board without success.\n\nOn 21 February 2002 the applicant\u2019s fifth lawyer informed the High Court that she was resigning from the case.\n\nOn 20 March 2002, the applicant\u2019s sixth lawyer submitted a pleading to the High Court requesting that further witnesses be heard.\n\nOn 26 March 2002, the High Court convened the parties to a hearing on 3 April 2002. The High Court invited the applicant to appear personally at this hearing, due to the many changes of counsel. On 2 April 2002, however, the applicant\u2019s fifth counsel, who was briefly involved in the proceedings again, requested postponement of the scheduled hearing, which was granted, and instead the hearing took place on 30 April 2002. During this hearing, a deadline of 30 May 2002 was fixed for the applicant\u2019s production of a notice of evidence for the trial.\n\nOn 28 May 2002 the applicant\u2019s sixth counsel submitted a pleading containing a notice of evidence for the trial as well as new exhibits. During the subsequent months the final pleadings were submitted.\n\nOn 9 and 11 November 2002 the trial was held, during which the applicant and six witnesses were heard, and various medical records and statements were submitted.\n\nBy judgment of 13 November 2002 the High Court found against the applicant. She was ordered to pay the opponent parties\u2019 costs amounting to a total of 100,000 Danish kroner (DKK), equal to approximately 13,500 Euros (EUR).\n\nOn 8 January 2003, a new (seventh) lawyer representing the applicant submitted an appeal to the Supreme Court (H\u00f8jesteret).\n\nThe defence writs were received in February 2003.\n\nThereafter the proceedings were adjourned pending yet another (eighth) change of the applicant\u2019s counsel and to submit a reply to the defence writs. The latter was received on 22 April 2003 with a request for further evidence, including a supplementary opinion from the Medico\u2011Legal Council.\n\nFrom May to June 2003 pleadings were exchanged in this respect and on 18 June 2003 the Supreme Court granted the applicant fourteen days to submit her draft supplementary questions to the Medico\u2011Legal Council. On the applicant\u2019s request, the time limit was extended until 1 September 2003. On that day the applicant submitted seventeen draft questions to be submitted to the Medico\u2011Legal Council\n\nBetween September and December 2003 the parties discussed the questions and the applicant was reminded several times to prepare the necessary documentary basis for obtaining an opinion from the Medico\u2011Legal Council.\n\nOn 14 January 2004 the Supreme Court approved nine of the applicant\u2019s seventeen draft questions. The applicant requested an adjournment of the proceedings, inter alia, because she wanted to obtain supplementary evidence before the case was submitted to the Medico\u2011Legal Council. Having heard the parties, the Supreme Court refused her request.\n\nOn 29 April 2004, the applicant forwarded only five of the said questions to the Medico\u2011Legal Council.\n\nOn 25 June 2004 the applicant was granted free legal aid in the Supreme Court proceedings by the Directorate of Civil Law (Civilretsdirektoratet).\n\nOn 8 July 2004 the Medico\u2011Legal Council issued their opinion as to the five forwarded questions.\n\nOn the defendants\u2019 request in July 2004 the Supreme Court summoned the parties for a scheduling hearing on 7 September 2004, to which the applicant objected, notably because four of the nine approved questions, apparently by mistake, had not been received by the Medico\u2011Legal Council and thus had not been replied to. The questions were therefore submitted on 28 July 2004.\n\nThe scheduling hearing on 7 September 2004 was maintained despite the applicant\u2019s objection and the trial was scheduled to take place on 20 June 2005.\n\nOn 6 October 2004 the Medico-Legal Council issued their opinion as to the last four questions. At the relevant time the Medico-Legal Council had answered more than sixty questions.\n\nOn 17 March 2005 the applicant requested a re\u2011scheduling of the trial because a memorandum from a Swedish hospital, which she wanted to use as evidence, would not be available by June 2005. Her request was refused by the Supreme Court on 5 April 2005.\n\nOn 5 June 2005 the applicant submitted a new request for a re\u2011scheduling of the trial, which was refused by the Supreme Court on 9 June 2005.\n\nOn 13 June 2005 the applicant submitted yet another request for a re\u2011scheduling of the trial alleging that evidence had gone missing. Moreover, the following day the applicant\u2019s counsel resigned from the case. Thus, on 15 June 2005 the Supreme Court had to cancel the trial planned for 20 June 2005 and adjourn the case.\n\nOn 11 July 2005 the Supreme Court convened the parties to a hearing on 23 August 2005. In the meantime, on 4 August 2005 the applicant\u2019s ninth counsel stated that he was unable to appear for the hearing. By letter of the same day the Supreme Court maintained the date of the hearing, during which the Supreme Court ordered that the applicant\u2019s requests for evidence should be submitted before 13 September 2005 and that the appeal trial should take place on 6 June 2006.\n\nOn 13 September 2005 the applicant requested renewed interviews of three medical consultants and permission to put newly elaborated questions to the Medico-Legal Council, and to initiate an inquiry into the applicant\u2019s current state of health. Having heard the defendants, who objected, the applicant\u2019s request was refused by the Supreme Court on 26 October 2005.\n\nThe applicant\u2019s renewed request in this respect, of 19 April 2006, was refused by the Supreme Court on 11 May 2006.\n\nThe trial was held as scheduled on 6 June 2006, and by judgment of 15 June 2006 the Supreme Court upheld the High Court\u2019s judgment. Since the applicant had been granted legal aid in the proceedings before the Supreme Court, the Treasury was ordered to pay the opponent parties\u2019 costs, altogether in the amount of DKK 200,000, equal to approximately EUR 26,900. The applicant\u2019s lawyer\u2019s fee was fixed by the Supreme Court at DKK 150,000, equal to approximately EUR 20,300, which was also to be paid by the Treasury in so far as it was not covered by private legal insurance. The same applied to the fee for one of the applicant\u2019s previous lawyers before the Supreme Court, which had been set at DKK 60,000, equal to approximately EUR 8,100.", "applicant": "Anne-Marie Christensen", "offset": 810, "idx_mapping": [810, 810, 810, 810, 810, 810, 810, 810, 810, 810, 810, 810, 810, 832, 833, 834, 835, 836, 837, 838, 839, 840, 841, 842, 843, 844, 845, 846, 847, 848, 849, 850, 851, 852, 853, 854, 855, 856, 857, 858, 859, 860, 861, 862, 863, 864, 865, 866, 867, 868, 869, 870, 871, 872, 873, 874, 875, 876, 877, 878, 879, 880, 881, 882, 883, 884, 885, 886, 887, 888, 889, 890, 891, 892, 893, 894, 895, 896, 897, 898, 899, 900, 901, 902, 903, 904, 905, 906, 810, 810, 810, 810, 810, 810, 810, 810, 810, 810, 810, 810, 810, 929, 930, 931, 932, 933, 934, 935, 936, 937, 938, 939, 940, 941, 942, 943, 944, 945, 946, 947, 948, 949, 950, 951, 952, 953, 954, 955, 956, 957, 958, 959, 960, 961, 962, 963, 964, 965, 966, 967, 968, 969, 970, 971, 972, 973, 974, 975, 976, 977, 978, 979, 980, 981, 982, 983, 984, 985, 986, 987, 988, 989, 990, 991, 992, 993, 994, 995, 996, 997, 998, 999, 1000, 1001, 1002, 1003, 1004, 1005, 1006, 1007, 1008, 1009, 1010, 1011, 1012, 1013, 1014, 1015, 1016, 1017, 1018, 1019, 1020, 1021, 1022, 1023, 1024, 1025, 1026, 1027, 1028, 1029, 1030, 1031, 1032, 1033, 1034, 1035, 1036, 1037, 1038, 1039, 1040, 1041, 1042, 1043, 1044, 1045, 1046, 1047, 810, 810, 810, 810, 810, 810, 810, 810, 810, 810, 810, 810, 810, 1070, 1071, 1072, 1073, 1074, 1075, 1076, 1077, 1078, 1079, 1080, 1081, 1082, 1083, 1084, 1085, 1086, 1087, 1088, 1089, 1090, 1091, 1092, 1093, 1094, 1095, 1096, 1097, 1098, 1099, 1100, 1101, 1102, 1103, 1104, 1105, 1106, 1107, 1108, 1109, 1110, 1111, 1112, 1113, 1114, 1115, 1116, 1117, 1118, 1119, 1120, 1121, 1122, 1123, 1124, 1125, 1126, 1127, 1128, 1129, 1130, 1131, 1132, 1133, 1134, 1135, 1136, 1137, 1138, 1139, 1140, 1141, 1142, 1143, 1144, 1145, 1146, 1147, 1148, 1149, 1150, 1151, 1152, 1153, 1154, 1155, 1156, 1157, 1158, 1159, 1160, 1161, 1162, 1163, 1164, 1165, 1166, 1167, 1168, 1169, 1170, 1171, 1172, 1173, 1174, 1175, 1176, 1177, 1178, 1179, 1180, 1181, 1182, 1183, 1184, 1185, 1186, 1187, 1188, 1189, 1190, 1191, 1192, 1193, 1194, 1195, 1196, 1197, 1198, 1199, 1200, 1201, 1202, 1203, 1204, 1205, 1206, 1207, 1208, 1209, 1210, 1211, 1212, 1213, 1214, 1215, 1216, 1217, 1218, 1219, 1220, 1221, 1222, 1223, 1224, 1225, 1226, 1227, 1228, 1229, 1230, 1231, 1232, 1233, 1234, 1235, 1236, 1237, 1238, 1239, 1240, 1241, 1242, 1243, 1244, 1245, 1246, 1247, 1248, 1249, 1250, 1251, 1252, 1253, 1254, 1255, 1256, 1257, 1258, 1259, 1260, 1261, 1262, 1263, 1264, 1265, 1266, 1267, 1268, 1269, 1270, 1271, 1272, 1273, 1274, 1275, 1276, 1277, 1278], "duplicates": 1}
| 1
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On 8 July 1987 Adolf Holzinger brought proceedings (17 C 1018/87) in the Salzburg District Court (Bezirksgericht) against a former lawyer for the sum of AS 11,294.05. The lawyer opposed the proceedings, and a hearing was held on 25 January 1988. The court decided to adjourn the proceedings until other proceedings (20 SW 2/87) had been determined. The latter ended on 15 March 1988, and on 12 April 1988 Adolf Holzinger requested the continuation of the second proceedings (17 C 1018/87), increasing the amount claimed. On 26 April 1988 Adolf Holzinger filed an extensive request for the taking of evidence and, at the same time, reduced his claim.
|
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"identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Salzburg Regional Court (Landesgericht)", "start_offset": 4500}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 4623, "entity_id": "001-59166_a8_e26", "entity_mention_id": "001-59166_a8_em52", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "District Court", "start_offset": 4609}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 4646, "entity_id": "001-59166_a8_e48", "entity_mention_id": "001-59166_a8_em53", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "20 July 1998", "start_offset": 4634}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "insert", "end_offset": 4706, "entity_id": "001-59166_a8_e49", "entity_mention_id": "001-59166_a8_em54", "entity_type": "QUANTITY", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "AS 15,157.80", "start_offset": 4694}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "insert", "end_offset": 4737, "entity_id": "001-59166_a8_e50", "entity_mention_id": "001-59166_a8_em55", "entity_type": "QUANTITY", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "AS 9,182", "start_offset": 4729}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "insert", "end_offset": 4888, "entity_id": "001-59166_a8_e51", "entity_mention_id": "001-59166_a8_em56", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Salzburg Regional Court", "start_offset": 4865}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 4907, "entity_id": "001-59166_a8_e52", "entity_mention_id": "001-59166_a8_em57", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "20 January 1999", "start_offset": 4892}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 4994, "entity_id": "001-59166_a8_e53", "entity_mention_id": "001-59166_a8_em58", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "4 February 1999", "start_offset": 4979}]}, "annotator9": null}, "quality_checked": [], "task": "Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Adolf Holzinger", "meta": {"applicant": "Adolf Holzinger", "articles": [91, 34, 51, 53, 34, 44, 32, 34, 54, 34, 44, 32, 34, 52, 49, 34, 93], "countries": "AUT", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2001}, "doc_id": "001-59166", "dataset_type": "train", "orig_text": "PROCEDURE\n\nThe case originated in an application (no. 28895/95) against the Republic of Austria lodged with the European Commission of Human Rights (\u201cthe Commission\u201d) under former Article 25 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (\u201cthe Convention\u201d) by an Austrian national, Mr. Adolf Holzinger (\u201cthe applicant\u201d), on 28 June 1995.\n\nThe Austrian Government (\u201cthe Government\u201d) were represented by their Agent, Ambassador H. Winkler, Head of the International Law Department at the Federal Ministry of Foreign Affairs.\n\nThe applicant alleged in particular that civil proceedings instituted by him in 1987 had been unfair and lasted unreasonably long.\n\nOn 27 November 1996 the Commission decided to communicate to the respondent Government the applicant\u2019s complaint about the length of the proceedings and declared the remainder of the application inadmissible.\n\nThe application was transmitted to the Court on 1 November 1998, when Protocol No. 11 to the Convention came into force (Article 5 \u00a7 2 of Protocol No. 11).\n\nThe application was allocated to the Third Section of the Court (Rule 52 \u00a7 1 of the Rules of Court). Within that Section, the Chamber that would consider the case (Article 27 \u00a7 1 of the Convention) was constituted as provided in Rule 26 \u00a7 1 of the Rules of Court.\n\nBy a decision of 12 October 1999 the Chamber declared the remainder of the application admissible.\n\nOn 8 February 2000 the Chamber decided to request the parties to submit further observations, which the Government did on 27 March 2000 and the applicant on 19 May 2000.\n\nAfter having consulted the Agent of the Government and the applicant, the Chamber decided not to hold a hearing.\n\nTHE FACTS\n\nI. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE\n\nOn 8 July 1987 the applicant brought proceedings (17 C 1018/87) in the Salzburg District Court (Bezirksgericht) against a former lawyer for the sum of AS 11,294.05. The lawyer opposed the proceedings, and a hearing was held on 25 January 1988. The court decided to adjourn the proceedings until other proceedings (20 SW 2/87) had been determined. The latter ended on 15 March 1988, and on 12 April 1988 the applicant requested the continuation of the second proceedings (17 C 1018/87), increasing the amount claimed. On 26 April 1988 the applicant filed an extensive request for the taking of evidence and, at the same time, reduced his claim. On 23 June 1988 the District Court invited the defendant to comment on the applicant\u2019s submissions, which he did on 23 November 1988. Meanwhile, on 8 August 1988, the applicant requested the District Court to join the present proceedings with other proceedings (3 Cg 216/88) pending before the same court. On 6 October 1988 the District Court dismissed this request. From November 1988 the applicant was represented by a lawyer but continued to make applications to the court on his own behalf.\n\nOn 1 November 1988 and again on 4 November 1989 the judge dealing with the applicant\u2019s case was replaced.\n\nA second hearing took place on 1 December 1989. The court adjourned the case pending the outcome of further parallel proceedings (3 Cg 216/88) against the same defendant. The final decision in the latter proceedings entered into force on 4 November 1993, and on 15 November 1993 the applicant requested the resumption of the previous proceedings. He also increased the amount claimed.\n\nOn 12 December 1994 a hearing was held in the case. The applicant limited the amount claimed to AS 24,339.80 and submitted further documentation. The court adjourned the hearing for the files in all parallel proceedings to be obtained.\n\nOn 16 January 1995 the defendant died. On 18 April 1995 the case was adjourned (unterbrochen) pursuant to Article 155 of the Code of Civil Procedure (Zivilprozessordnung). On 4 May 1995 the applicant applied for the proceedings to be continued, and on 29 June 1995 the applicant purported to withdraw his action as he (wrongly) thought that it was statute-barred. On 19 March 1997 the applicant applied for the proceedings to be \u201cre-opened\u201d on the ground that his belief that the action was statute-barred derived from misleading information given by the defendant\u2019s insurer. On 11 April 1997 the applicant revoked his withdrawal, and again applied for the proceedings to be continued.\n\nThe Salzburg District Court rejected the applications for continuation, and declined to re-open the proceedings as no final decision had been taken. The applicant appealed.\n\nOn 23 July 1997 the Salzburg Regional Court (Landesgericht) allowed the applicant\u2019s appeal in part, and remitted the case to the District Court which, on 20 July 1998, gave judgment in the applicant\u2019s favour as to AS 15,157.80 and against him as to AS 9,182. The applicant was awarded his costs. The applicant\u2019s appeal against the part of the judgment against him was dismissed by the Salzburg Regional Court on 20 January 1999. The latter judgment was received by the applicant\u2019s representative on 4 February 1999.", "applicant": "Adolf Holzinger", "offset": 1749, "idx_mapping": [1749, 1750, 1751, 1752, 1753, 1754, 1755, 1756, 1757, 1758, 1759, 1760, 1761, 1762, 1763, 1749, 1749, 1749, 1749, 1749, 1749, 1749, 1749, 1749, 1749, 1749, 1749, 1749, 1779, 1780, 1781, 1782, 1783, 1784, 1785, 1786, 1787, 1788, 1789, 1790, 1791, 1792, 1793, 1794, 1795, 1796, 1797, 1798, 1799, 1800, 1801, 1802, 1803, 1804, 1805, 1806, 1807, 1808, 1809, 1810, 1811, 1812, 1813, 1814, 1815, 1816, 1817, 1818, 1819, 1820, 1821, 1822, 1823, 1824, 1825, 1826, 1827, 1828, 1829, 1830, 1831, 1832, 1833, 1834, 1835, 1836, 1837, 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842, 1843, 1844, 1845, 1846, 1847, 1848, 1849, 1850, 1851, 1852, 1853, 1854, 1855, 1856, 1857, 1858, 1859, 1860, 1861, 1862, 1863, 1864, 1865, 1866, 1867, 1868, 1869, 1870, 1871, 1872, 1873, 1874, 1875, 1876, 1877, 1878, 1879, 1880, 1881, 1882, 1883, 1884, 1885, 1886, 1887, 1888, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892, 1893, 1894, 1895, 1896, 1897, 1898, 1899, 1900, 1901, 1902, 1903, 1904, 1905, 1906, 1907, 1908, 1909, 1910, 1911, 1912, 1913, 1914, 1915, 1916, 1917, 1918, 1919, 1920, 1921, 1922, 1923, 1924, 1925, 1926, 1927, 1928, 1929, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1936, 1937, 1938, 1939, 1940, 1941, 1942, 1943, 1944, 1945, 1946, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025, 2026, 2027, 2028, 2029, 2030, 2031, 2032, 2033, 2034, 2035, 2036, 2037, 2038, 2039, 2040, 2041, 2042, 2043, 2044, 2045, 2046, 2047, 2048, 2049, 2050, 2051, 2052, 2053, 2054, 2055, 2056, 2057, 2058, 2059, 2060, 2061, 2062, 2063, 2064, 2065, 2066, 2067, 2068, 2069, 2070, 2071, 2072, 2073, 2074, 2075, 2076, 2077, 2078, 2079, 2080, 2081, 2082, 2083, 2084, 2085, 2086, 2087, 2088, 2089, 2090, 2091, 2092, 2093, 2094, 2095, 2096, 2097, 2098, 2099, 2100, 2101, 2102, 2103, 2104, 2105, 2106, 2107, 2108, 2109, 2110, 2111, 2112, 2113, 2114, 2115, 2116, 2117, 2118, 2119, 2120, 2121, 2122, 2123, 2124, 2125, 2126, 2127, 2128, 2129, 2130, 2131, 2132, 2133, 2134, 2135, 2136, 2137, 2138, 2139, 2140, 2141, 2142, 2143, 2144, 2145, 2146, 2147, 2148, 2149, 2150, 2151, 2152, 2153, 1749, 1749, 1749, 1749, 1749, 1749, 1749, 1749, 1749, 1749, 1749, 1749, 1749, 2169, 2170, 2171, 2172, 2173, 2174, 2175, 2176, 2177, 2178, 2179, 2180, 2181, 2182, 2183, 2184, 2185, 2186, 2187, 2188, 2189, 2190, 2191, 2192, 2193, 2194, 2195, 2196, 2197, 2198, 2199, 2200, 2201, 2202, 2203, 2204, 2205, 2206, 2207, 2208, 2209, 2210, 2211, 2212, 2213, 2214, 2215, 2216, 2217, 2218, 2219, 2220, 2221, 2222, 2223, 2224, 2225, 2226, 2227, 2228, 2229, 2230, 2231, 2232, 2233, 2234, 2235, 2236, 2237, 2238, 2239, 2240, 2241, 2242, 2243, 2244, 2245, 2246, 2247, 2248, 2249, 2250, 2251, 2252, 2253, 2254, 2255, 2256, 2257, 2258, 2259, 2260, 2261, 2262, 2263, 2264, 2265, 2266, 2267, 2268, 2269, 2270, 2271, 2272, 2273, 2274, 2275, 2276, 2277, 2278, 2279, 2280, 2281, 2282, 2283, 2284, 2285, 2286, 1749, 1749, 1749, 1749, 1749, 1749, 1749, 1749, 1749, 1749, 1749, 1749, 1749, 2302, 2303, 2304, 2305, 2306, 2307, 2308, 2309, 2310, 2311, 2312, 2313, 2314, 2315, 2316, 2317, 2318, 2319, 2320, 2321, 2322, 2323, 2324, 2325, 2326, 2327, 2328, 2329, 2330, 2331, 2332, 2333, 2334, 2335, 2336, 2337, 2338, 2339, 2340, 2341, 2342, 2343, 2344, 2345, 2346, 2347, 2348, 2349, 2350, 2351, 2352, 2353, 2354, 2355, 2356, 2357, 2358, 2359, 2360, 2361, 2362, 2363, 2364, 2365, 2366, 2367, 2368, 2369, 2370, 2371, 2372, 2373, 2374, 2375, 2376, 2377, 2378, 2379, 2380, 2381, 2382, 2383, 2384, 2385, 2386, 2387, 2388, 2389, 2390, 2391, 2392, 2393, 2394, 2395, 2396, 2397], "duplicates": 1}
| 1
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On 2 December 1994 Gertrude Beer filed an action with the Vienna Labour and Social Court (Arbeits- und Sozialgericht) against her employer, the General Accident Insurance Company (Allgemeine Unfallversicherungsanstalt). She requested the Court to order her employer to annul her transfer from one department of the hospital where she was working as a nurse to another department. On 15 May 1995 the Social and Labour Court granted Gertrude Beer's action by a judgment in default (Versäumungsurteil) and ordered the defendant to reimburse Gertrude Beer's costs, i.e. 33,658 Austrian Schillings (ATS). On 31 May 1995 the General Accident Insurance Company filed an appeal against the costs order (Kostenrekurs).
|
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"entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "29 October 1999", "start_offset": 1573}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 1774, "entity_id": "001-59204_a8_e16", "entity_mention_id": "001-59204_a8_em16", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "2 December 1994", "start_offset": 1759}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "insert", "end_offset": 1873, "entity_id": "001-59204_a8_e17", "entity_mention_id": "001-59204_a8_em17", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Vienna Labour and Social Court (Arbeits- und Sozialgericht)", "start_offset": 1814}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "insert", "end_offset": 1974, "entity_id": "001-59204_a8_e18", "entity_mention_id": "001-59204_a8_em18", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "General Accident Insurance Company (Allgemeine Unfallversicherungsanstalt)", "start_offset": 1900}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 2151, "entity_id": "001-59204_a8_e19", "entity_mention_id": "001-59204_a8_em19", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "15 May 1995", "start_offset": 2140}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 2179, "entity_id": "001-59204_a8_e20", "entity_mention_id": "001-59204_a8_em20", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Social and Labour Court", "start_offset": 2156}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "insert", "end_offset": 2355, "entity_id": "001-59204_a8_e21", "entity_mention_id": "001-59204_a8_em21", "entity_type": "QUANTITY", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "33,658 Austrian Schillings (ATS)", "start_offset": 2323}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 2372, "entity_id": "001-59204_a8_e22", "entity_mention_id": "001-59204_a8_em22", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "31 May 1995", "start_offset": 2361}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 2685, "entity_id": "001-59204_a8_e23", "entity_mention_id": "001-59204_a8_em23", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "19 July 1995", "start_offset": 2673}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "insert", "end_offset": 2732, "entity_id": "001-59204_a8_e24", "entity_mention_id": "001-59204_a8_em24", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Vienna Court of Appeal (Oberlandesgericht)", "start_offset": 2690}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "insert", "end_offset": 2843, "entity_id": "001-59204_a8_e25", "entity_mention_id": "001-59204_a8_em25", "entity_type": "QUANTITY", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "ATS 14,754", "start_offset": 2833}]}, "annotator9": null}, "quality_checked": [], "task": "Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Gertrude Beer", "meta": {"applicant": "Gertrude Beer", "articles": [91, 34, 54, 34, 44, 32, 34, 52, 49, 34, 93], "countries": "AUT", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2001}, "doc_id": "001-59204", "dataset_type": "train", "orig_text": "PROCEDURE\n\nThe case was referred to the Court by Mrs Gertrude Beer (\u201cthe applicant\u201d), an Austrian national, on 17 June 1999, within the three-month period laid down by former Articles 32 \u00a7 1 and 47 of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. It originated in an application (no. 30428/96) against the Republic of Austria lodged with the European Commission of Human Rights (\u201cthe Commission\u201d) under former Article 25 by the applicant. The Government of Austria are represented by their Agent, Ambassador H. Winkler, Head of the International Law Department at the Federal Ministry of Foreign Affairs.\n\nThe applicant\u2019s request to the Court referred to Article 48 as amended by Protocol No. 9, which Austria had ratified. The object of the application was to obtain a decision as to whether the facts of the case disclosed a breach by the respondent State of its obligations under Article 6 \u00a7 1 of the Convention.\n\nOn 7 July 1999 the Panel of the Grand Chamber decided, pursuant to Article 5 \u00a7 4 of Protocol No. 11 to the Convention and Rules 100 \u00a7 1 and 24 \u00a7 6 of the Rules of Court, that the application would be examined by one of the Sections. It was, thereupon, assigned to the Third Section. Within that Section, the Chamber was constituted in accordance with Rule 26 \u00a7 1 of the Rules of Court.\n\nIn accordance with Rule 59 \u00a7 3 of the Rules of Court, the President of the Chamber invited the parties to submit a memorial on the issues of the case. The applicant submitted such a memorial on 2 September 1999, the Government on 29 October 1999.\n\nAfter consulting the Agent of the Government and the applicant, the Chamber decided not to hold a hearing in the case.\n\nTHE FACTS\n\nI. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE\n\nOn 2 December 1994 the applicant filed an action with the Vienna Labour and Social Court (Arbeits- und Sozialgericht) against her employer, the General Accident Insurance Company (Allgemeine Unfallversicherungsanstalt). She requested the Court to order her employer to annul her transfer from one department of the hospital where she was working as a nurse to another department.\n\nOn 15 May 1995 the Social and Labour Court granted the applicant's action by a judgment in default (Vers\u00e4umungsurteil) and ordered the defendant to reimburse the applicant's costs, i.e. 33,658 Austrian Schillings (ATS).\n\nOn 31 May 1995 the General Accident Insurance Company filed an appeal against the costs order (Kostenrekurs). It submitted that the costs had not been calculated correctly under the Act on Lawyers' Fees (Rechtsanwaltstarifgesetz) and requested their reduction. This appeal was not transmitted to the applicant.\n\nOn 19 July 1995 the Vienna Court of Appeal (Oberlandesgericht), sitting in camera, granted the appeal, recalculated the costs to be reimbursed and reduced them to ATS 14,754.", "applicant": "Gertrude Beer", "offset": 1756, "idx_mapping": [1756, 1757, 1758, 1759, 1760, 1761, 1762, 1763, 1764, 1765, 1766, 1767, 1768, 1769, 1770, 1771, 1772, 1773, 1774, 1756, 1756, 1756, 1756, 1756, 1756, 1756, 1756, 1756, 1756, 1756, 1756, 1756, 1788, 1789, 1790, 1791, 1792, 1793, 1794, 1795, 1796, 1797, 1798, 1799, 1800, 1801, 1802, 1803, 1804, 1805, 1806, 1807, 1808, 1809, 1810, 1811, 1812, 1813, 1814, 1815, 1816, 1817, 1818, 1819, 1820, 1821, 1822, 1823, 1824, 1825, 1826, 1827, 1828, 1829, 1830, 1831, 1832, 1833, 1834, 1835, 1836, 1837, 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842, 1843, 1844, 1845, 1846, 1847, 1848, 1849, 1850, 1851, 1852, 1853, 1854, 1855, 1856, 1857, 1858, 1859, 1860, 1861, 1862, 1863, 1864, 1865, 1866, 1867, 1868, 1869, 1870, 1871, 1872, 1873, 1874, 1875, 1876, 1877, 1878, 1879, 1880, 1881, 1882, 1883, 1884, 1885, 1886, 1887, 1888, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892, 1893, 1894, 1895, 1896, 1897, 1898, 1899, 1900, 1901, 1902, 1903, 1904, 1905, 1906, 1907, 1908, 1909, 1910, 1911, 1912, 1913, 1914, 1915, 1916, 1917, 1918, 1919, 1920, 1921, 1922, 1923, 1924, 1925, 1926, 1927, 1928, 1929, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1936, 1937, 1938, 1939, 1940, 1941, 1942, 1943, 1944, 1945, 1946, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025, 2026, 2027, 2028, 2029, 2030, 2031, 2032, 2033, 2034, 2035, 2036, 2037, 2038, 2039, 2040, 2041, 2042, 2043, 2044, 2045, 2046, 2047, 2048, 2049, 2050, 2051, 2052, 2053, 2054, 2055, 2056, 2057, 2058, 2059, 2060, 2061, 2062, 2063, 2064, 2065, 2066, 2067, 2068, 2069, 2070, 2071, 2072, 2073, 2074, 2075, 2076, 2077, 2078, 2079, 2080, 2081, 2082, 2083, 2084, 2085, 2086, 2087, 2088, 2089, 2090, 2091, 2092, 2093, 2094, 2095, 2096, 2097, 2098, 2099, 2100, 2101, 2102, 2103, 2104, 2105, 2106, 2107, 2108, 2109, 2110, 2111, 2112, 2113, 2114, 2115, 2116, 2117, 2118, 2119, 2120, 2121, 2122, 2123, 2124, 2125, 2126, 2127, 2128, 2129, 2130, 2131, 2132, 2133, 2134, 2135, 2136, 2137, 2138, 2139, 2140, 2141, 2142, 2143, 2144, 2145, 2146, 2147, 2148, 2149, 2150, 2151, 2152, 2153, 2154, 2155, 2156, 2157, 2158, 2159, 2160, 2161, 2162, 2163, 2164, 2165, 2166, 2167, 2168, 2169, 2170, 2171, 2172, 2173, 2174, 2175, 2176, 2177, 2178, 2179, 2180, 2181, 2182, 2183, 2184, 2185, 2186, 1756, 1756, 1756, 1756, 1756, 1756, 1756, 1756, 1756, 1756, 1756, 1756, 1756, 2200, 2201, 2202, 2203, 2204, 2205, 2206, 2207, 2208, 2209, 2210, 2211, 2212, 2213, 2214, 2215, 2216, 2217, 2218, 2219, 2220, 2221, 2222, 2223, 2224, 2225, 2226, 2227, 2228, 2229, 2230, 2231, 2232, 2233, 2234, 2235, 2236, 2237, 2238, 2239, 2240, 2241, 2242, 2243, 2244, 2245, 2246, 2247, 2248, 2249, 2250, 2251, 2252, 2253, 2254, 2255, 2256, 2257, 2258, 2259, 2260, 2261, 2262, 2263, 2264, 2265, 2266, 2267, 2268, 2269, 2270, 2271, 2272, 2273, 2274, 2275, 2276, 2277, 2278, 2279, 2280, 2281, 2282, 2283, 2284, 2285, 2286, 2287, 2288, 2289, 2290, 2291, 2292, 2293, 1756, 1756, 1756, 1756, 1756, 1756, 1756, 1756, 1756, 1756, 1756, 1756, 1756, 2307, 2308, 2309, 2310, 2311, 2312, 2313, 2314, 2315, 2316, 2317, 2318, 2319, 2320, 2321, 2322, 2323, 2324, 2325, 2326, 2327, 2328, 2329, 2330, 2331, 2332, 2333, 2334, 2335, 2336, 2337, 2338, 2339, 2340, 2341, 2342, 2343, 2344, 2345, 2346, 2347, 2348, 2349, 2350, 2351, 2352, 2353, 2354, 2355, 2356, 2357, 2358, 2359, 2360, 2361, 2362, 2363, 2364, 2365, 2366, 2367, 2368, 2369, 2370, 2371, 2372, 2373, 2374, 2375, 2376, 2377, 2378, 2379, 2380, 2381, 2382, 2383, 2384, 2385, 2386, 2387, 2388, 2389, 2390, 2391, 2392, 2393, 2394, 2395, 2396, 2397, 2398, 2399, 2400, 2401, 2402, 2403, 2404, 2405, 2406, 2407, 2408, 2409, 2410, 2411, 2412, 2413, 2414, 2415, 2416, 2417, 2418, 2419, 2420, 2421, 2422, 2423, 2424, 2425, 2426, 2427, 2428, 2429, 2430, 2431, 2432, 2433, 2434, 2435, 2436, 2437, 2438, 2439, 2440, 2441, 2442, 2443, 2444, 2445, 2446, 2447, 2448, 2449, 2450, 2451, 2452, 2453, 2454, 2455, 2456, 2457, 2458, 2459, 2460, 2461, 2462, 2463, 2464], "duplicates": 1}
| 1
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I. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASES
A. Introduction
Since the abolition of the death penalty in England and Wales, the sentence for murder has been a mandatory sentence of life imprisonment. When such a sentence is imposed, it is the current practice, in the majority of cases, for the trial judge to set a minimum term of imprisonment which must be served before the prisoner is eligible for release on licence. Exceptionally, however, “a whole life order” may be imposed by the trial judge instead of a minimum term.
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Creighton", "start_offset": 446}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 492, "entity_id": "001-108610_a8_e10", "entity_mention_id": "001-108610_a8_em10", "entity_type": "LOC", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "London", "start_offset": 486}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 521, "entity_id": "001-108610_a8_e11", "entity_mention_id": "001-108610_a8_em11", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Bhatt Murphy Solicitors", "start_offset": 498}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 550, "entity_id": "001-108610_a8_e12", "entity_mention_id": "001-108610_a8_em12", "entity_type": "PERSON", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Mr P. Weatherby", "start_offset": 535}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 590, "entity_id": "001-108610_a8_e13", "entity_mention_id": "001-108610_a8_em13", "entity_type": "PERSON", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "D. van Zyl Smit", "start_offset": 575}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 639, "entity_id": "001-108610_a8_e14", "entity_mention_id": "001-108610_a8_em14", "entity_type": "PERSON", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": [], "span_text": "Mr Jeremy Neville Bamber", "start_offset": 615}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 653, "entity_id": "001-108610_a8_e6", "entity_mention_id": "001-108610_a8_em15", "entity_type": "DEM", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "British", "start_offset": 646}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 683, "entity_id": "001-108610_a8_e15", "entity_mention_id": "001-108610_a8_em16", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "1961", "start_offset": 679}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 728, "entity_id": "001-108610_a8_e16", "entity_mention_id": "001-108610_a8_em17", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "HMP Full Sutton", "start_offset": 713}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 779, "entity_id": "001-108610_a8_e17", "entity_mention_id": "001-108610_a8_em18", "entity_type": "PERSON", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Mr B. Woods", "start_offset": 768}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 809, "entity_id": "001-108610_a8_e18", "entity_mention_id": "001-108610_a8_em19", "entity_type": "LOC", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Leeds", "start_offset": 804}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 839, "entity_id": "001-108610_a8_e19", "entity_mention_id": "001-108610_a8_em20", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Cousins Tyrer Solicitors", "start_offset": 815}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 869, "entity_id": "001-108610_a8_e20", "entity_mention_id": "001-108610_a8_em21", "entity_type": "PERSON", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Mr R. Horwell QC", "start_offset": 853}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 889, "entity_id": "001-108610_a8_e21", "entity_mention_id": "001-108610_a8_em22", "entity_type": "PERSON", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Mr L. 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"001-108610_a8_em102", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "14 August 2009", "start_offset": 15552}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 15631, "entity_id": "001-108610_a8_e69", "entity_mention_id": "001-108610_a8_em103", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Court of Appeal\u2019s Criminal Appeal Office", "start_offset": 15591}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 15894, "entity_id": "001-108610_a8_e55", "entity_mention_id": "001-108610_a8_em104", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "House of Lords", "start_offset": 15880}]}, "annotator9": null}, "quality_checked": [], "task": "Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Douglas Gary Vinter", "meta": {"applicant": "Douglas Gary Vinter", "articles": [91, 34, 51, 53, 34, 44, 32, 34, 51, 34, 93], "countries": "GBR", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2012}, "doc_id": "001-108610", "dataset_type": "train", "orig_text": "PROCEDURE\n\nThe case originated in three applications (nos. 66069/09 and 130/10 and 3896/10) against the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms.\n\nThe first applicant, Mr Douglas Gary Vinter, is a British national who was born in 1969 and is currently detained at HMP Frankland. He is represented before the Court by Mr S. Creighton, a lawyer practising in London with Bhatt Murphy Solicitors, assisted by Mr P. Weatherby, counsel, and Professor D. van Zyl Smit.\n\nThe second applicant, Mr Jeremy Neville Bamber, is a British national who was born in 1961 and is currently detained at HMP Full Sutton. He is represented before the Court by Mr B. Woods, a lawyer practising in Leeds with Cousins Tyrer Solicitors, assisted by Mr R. Horwell QC and Mr L. Hindmarsh, counsel.\n\nThe third applicant, Mr Peter Howard Moore, is a British national who was born in 1946 and is currently detained at HMP Wakefield. He is represented before the Court by Chivers Solicitors, Bingley, assisted by Mr M. McKone, counsel.\n\nThe United Kingdom Government (\u201cthe Government\u201d) were represented by their Agent, Ms L. Dauban of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office.\n\nThe applicants alleged that the whole life orders which had been imposed on them violated Articles 3, 5 \u00a7 4, 6 and 7 of the Convention.\n\nOn 1 February 2011, the Court decided to give notice of the applications to the Government. It also decided to rule on the admissibility and merits of the applications at the same time (Article 29 \u00a7 1).\n\nTHE FACTS\n\nI. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASES\n\nA. Introduction\n\nSince the abolition of the death penalty in England and Wales, the sentence for murder has been a mandatory sentence of life imprisonment. When such a sentence is imposed, it is the current practice, in the majority of cases, for the trial judge to set a minimum term of imprisonment which must be served before the prisoner is eligible for release on licence. Exceptionally, however, \u201ca whole life order\u201d may be imposed by the trial judge instead of a minimum term. This has the effect that the prisoner cannot be released other than at the discretion of the Secretary of State. (The power of the Secretary of State to release a prisoner is provided for in section 30(1) of the Crime (Sentences) Act 1997.) The Secretary of State will only exercise his discretion on compassionate grounds when the prisoner is terminally ill or seriously incapacitated (see Prison Service Order 4700 set out at paragraph 36 below).\n\nPrior to the entry into force of the 2003 Act, it was the practice for the mandatory life sentence to be passed by the trial judge but for the Secretary of State, after receiving recommendations from the trial judge and the Lord Chief Justice, to decide the minimum term of imprisonment which the prisoner would have to serve before he would be eligible for early release on licence. This was also referred to as the \u201ctariff\u201d part of the sentence and was taken to represent the minimum period which the prisoner was required to serve to satisfy the requirements of retribution and deterrence. It was open to the Secretary of State to impose a whole life tariff on a prisoner. In such a case, it was the practice of the Secretary of State to review a whole life tariff after twenty-five years\u2019 imprisonment to determine whether it was still justified, particularly with reference to cases where the prisoner had made exceptional progress in prison (see Hindley at paragraph 39 below). With the entry into force of the 2003 Act (and, in particular, section 276 and schedule 22 to the Act), all prisoners whose tariffs were set by the Secretary of State have been able to apply to the High Court for review of that tariff. Upon such an application the High Court may set a minimum term of imprisonment or make a whole life order.\n\nThis case concerns three applicants who, having been convicted of murder in separate criminal proceedings in England and Wales, are currently serving mandatory sentences of life imprisonment. All three applicants have been given whole life orders: in the first applicant\u2019s case this order was made by the trial judge under the current practice; in the case of the second and third applicants, who were convicted and sentenced prior to the entry into force of the 2003 Act, the orders were made by the High Court. All three applicants maintain that these whole life orders, as they apply to their cases, are incompatible inter alia with Articles 3 and 5 \u00a7 4 of the Convention. The facts of the applications, as submitted by the parties, may be summarised as follows.\n\nB. Mr Vinter\n\nOn 20 May 1996, the first applicant was sentenced to life imprisonment for the murder of a work colleague, with a minimum term of 10 years. He was released on licence on 4 August 2005.\n\nHe began living with a woman who was to become the victim of his second murder offence. The couple married on 27 June 2006. On 31 December 2006 the first applicant was involved in a fight in a public house and charged with affray (using or threatening unlawful violence). His licence was revoked and he was recalled to prison. In July 2007, having pleaded guilty to the charge of affray, he was sentenced to 6 months\u2019 imprisonment. He was released on licence again in December 2007 and returned to live with his wife and her four children. The couple became estranged and the first applicant left the marital home.\n\nOn 5 February 2008, the first applicant followed his wife to a public house. He had been drinking and had taken cocaine. The couple argued and the wife\u2019s daughter, who was present, telephoned the police to alert them to the dispute. The first applicant ordered his wife to get into a car. When the daughter tried to get into the car to protect her mother, the first applicant forcibly removed her. He then drove off with his wife. When the police telephoned her to ascertain if she was safe, the first applicant forced his wife to tell them that she was fine. The first applicant also telephoned the police to tell them that his wife was safe and well. Some hours later he gave himself up to the police, telling them that he had killed her. A post-mortem examination revealed that the deceased had a broken nose, deep and extensive bruising to her neck (which was consistent with attempted strangulation), and four stab wounds to the chest. Two knives were found at the scene, one of which had a broken blade.\n\nThe first applicant pleaded guilty to murder and instructed his counsel not to make any submissions in mitigation lest it add to the grief of the victim\u2019s family. The trial judge considered that the first applicant fell into that small category of people who should be deprived permanently of their liberty. He passed the mandatory life sentence and made a whole life order.\n\nThe Court of Appeal dismissed his appeal on 25 June 2009. It considered the general principles for determining the minimum term of a mandatory life sentence (as set out in schedule 21 to the 2003 Act: see relevant domestic law and practice below). It found that, given the circumstances of the offence, there was no reason whatever to depart from the normal principle enshrined in schedule 21 to the 2003 Act that, where murder was committed by someone who was already a convicted murderer, a whole life order was appropriate for punishment and deterrence.\n\nC. Mr Bamber\n\nOn 7 August 1985, the second applicant\u2019s parents, his adoptive sister and her two young children were shot and killed. The second applicant was subsequently charged and, on 28 October 1986, convicted of the murders. The prosecution\u2019s case was that the murders were premeditated and planned and had been committed for financial gain. It was also alleged that the second applicant had arranged the crime scene so as to mislead the police by making it appear as if his adoptive sister had killed the family and then herself.\n\nThe trial judge recommended to the Secretary of State that the second applicant serve twenty-five years\u2019 imprisonment \u201cas a minimum\u201d (his underlining). On the trial judge\u2019s letter to the Secretary of State, the Lord Chief Justice added the comment \u201cfor my part I would never release him\u201d. In 1988, the Secretary of State imposed a whole life tariff. The practice at the time was not to inform the prisoner of this decision. By letter dated 15 December 1994, the applicant was informed that the Secretary of State had concluded that the requirements of retribution and deterrence could only be satisfied by the second applicant remaining in prison for the whole of his life.\n\nIn 2008, following the entry into force of section 276 and schedule 22 to the 2003 Act, the second applicant applied to the High Court for review of the whole life tariff. Having regard to schedule 21 to the Act, the High Court concluded that, given the number of murders involved and the presence of premeditation by the second applicant, the offence plainly fell within that category of cases where the appropriate starting point was a whole life order. Having further regard to statements submitted by the victims\u2019 next-of-kin and submissions by the second applicant, including reports as to the behaviour and progress he had made in prison, the High Court found that there was no reason to depart from the views of the Lord Chief Justice and the Secretary of State. It therefore imposed a whole life order.\n\nThe second applicant appealed to the Court of Appeal, which dismissed the appeal on 14 May 2009. The court found that, when the Secretary of State had set a whole life tariff in 1988, he had been provided with two different judicial recommendations: one from the trial judge recommending a minimum term of twenty-five years and one from the Lord Chief Justice recommending that the second applicant should never be released. The Secretary of State had been entitled to choose between those recommendations or to adopt neither of them. The Court of Appeal also found that the whole life order imposed by the High Court was not only correct but, for the purposes of punishment and retribution, fully justified.\n\nRelying on its previous judgment in R v. Bieber (see paragraph 40 below), it found that no issue arose under Article 3 of the Convention as the whole life order was not an irreducible life sentence as that term had been used in Kafkaris v. Cyprus [GC], no. 21906/04, ECHR 2008\u2011... Finally, following its ruling in R v. Pitchfork (see paragraph 41 below) it found that the review procedure created by the 2003 Act was compatible with Article 7 of the Convention as, properly construed, the relevant statutory provisions meant a prisoner could not be disadvantaged by the outcome of the review: the term to be served could be reduced, or maintained, but it could not be increased or extended.\n\nThe second applicant applied to the Court of Appeal to certify that its judgment concerned a point of law of general public importance which ought to be considered by the House of Lords. That application was refused on 23 June 2009.\n\nD. Mr Moore\n\nOn 29 November 1996 the third applicant was convicted after trial in the Crown Court at Chester of four counts of murder. The victims were homosexual men and the applicant, himself a homosexual, was alleged to have committed the murders for his own sexual gratification. Each victim was stabbed many times with a large combat knife which the third applicant had bought for that purpose. The first victim was attacked in his home on 23 September 1995. Soon after, on the weekend of 7 October 1995, the third applicant met his second victim in a bar and arranged to take him home for sex; he instead took him to a forest, stabbed him to death and left the body there. The third victim was stabbed in the caravan where he lived on 30 November 1995. Finally, shortly before Christmas 1995, the third applicant went to a beach which was well-known for homosexual trysts. He met the fourth victim on the beach and stabbed him there.\n\nBlood from the first and third victims was found on the third applicant\u2019s jacket and on the knife. Property from the first, second and fourth victims was found in his possession. He made extensive admissions about all four murders to the police. The police had been unaware of the second victim until the third applicant mentioned him to them. The body was recovered from the forest with his assistance. At trial, the applicant\u2019s defence was that the murders had been committed by someone else, though he admitted to having been present at all the murders save for that of the second victim.\n\nAfter the third applicant was convicted, the trial judge passed the mandatory sentence of life imprisonment and recommended to the Secretary of State for the Home Department that, in his view, the applicant should never be released. Upon review, the Lord Chief Justice reported that he thought the minimum period before eligibility for release should be set at thirty years. On 27 September 2002, the Secretary of State decided to set a whole life tariff.\n\nIn 2008, pursuant to section 276 and schedule 22 to the Criminal Justice Act 2003, the third applicant applied to the High Court for review of the whole life tariff set by the Secretary of State. In its judgment of 12 June 2008 the High Court rejected the third applicant\u2019s submission that it should accept the Lord Chief Justice\u2019s recommendation of a minimum term of thirty years. It found that, while weight should be accorded to that recommendation, the Lord Chief Justice did not have regard to the principles set out in schedule 21 as the High Court was required to do. It also rejected the submission that an issue arose under Article 6 given that a whole life tariff had been set by the Secretary of State. The High Court found that the procedure for applying to the High Court under section 276 and schedule 22 of the Act provided the necessary independent review as to whether a prisoner should be released. The court also found that a whole life order would be compatible with Articles 3 and 5 of the Convention. Having regard to the general principles for determining the minimum term of a mandatory life sentence (as set out in schedule 21 to the Act), no issue of arbitrariness arose and whether such a sentence was disproportionate depended on the facts of each case.\n\nThe High Court found that, since the case involved the murder of two or more persons, sexual or sadistic conduct and a substantial degree of premeditation, under schedule 21 the starting point was a whole life order. There were no mitigating features and even the Lord Chief Justice, in recommending a minimum term of thirty years, had shared the trial judge\u2019s view that it might never be safe to release the third applicant. There were no reasons, therefore, to mitigate the starting point of a whole life order. The High Court added that, even if the starting point were a minimum term of thirty years, the aggravating features of the murders were such as to make a whole life order appropriate.\n\nOn 26 February 2009, the Court of Appeal dismissed the third applicant\u2019s appeal, finding that the High Court was not only entitled, but clearly right, to conclude that a whole life order was appropriate.\n\nIt appears that the third applicant, in order to allow him to appeal to the House of Lords, then applied to the Court of Appeal to certify that its judgment concerned a point of law of general public importance which ought to be considered by the House of Lords. On 14 August 2009, he was informed by the Court of Appeal\u2019s Criminal Appeal Office that, because the Court of Appeal had refused his application for permission to appeal against sentence (as opposed to granting permission to appeal against sentence and then dismissing the appeal), an application to certify a point of law for the House of Lords could not be made.", "applicant": "Douglas Gary Vinter", "offset": 1623, "idx_mapping": [1623, 1624, 1625, 1626, 1627, 1628, 1629, 1630, 1631, 1632, 1633, 1634, 1635, 1636, 1637, 1638, 1639, 1640, 1641, 1642, 1643, 1644, 1645, 1646, 1647, 1648, 1649, 1650, 1651, 1652, 1653, 1654, 1655, 1656, 1657, 1658, 1659, 1660, 1661, 1662, 1663, 1664, 1665, 1666, 1667, 1668, 1669, 1670, 1671, 1672, 1673, 1674, 1675, 1676, 1677, 1678, 1679, 1680, 1681, 1682, 1683, 1684, 1685, 1686, 1687, 1688, 1689, 1690, 1691, 1692, 1693, 1694, 1695, 1696, 1697, 1698, 1699, 1700, 1701, 1702, 1703, 1704, 1705, 1706, 1707, 1708, 1709, 1710, 1711, 1712, 1713, 1714, 1715, 1716, 1717, 1718, 1719, 1720, 1721, 1722, 1723, 1724, 1725, 1726, 1727, 1728, 1729, 1730, 1731, 1732, 1733, 1734, 1735, 1736, 1737, 1738, 1739, 1740, 1741, 1742, 1743, 1744, 1745, 1746, 1747, 1748, 1749, 1750, 1751, 1752, 1753, 1754, 1755, 1756, 1757, 1758, 1759, 1760, 1761, 1762, 1763, 1764, 1765, 1766, 1767, 1768, 1769, 1770, 1771, 1772, 1773, 1774, 1775, 1776, 1777, 1778, 1779, 1780, 1781, 1782, 1783, 1784, 1785, 1786, 1787, 1788, 1789, 1790, 1791, 1792, 1793, 1794, 1795, 1796, 1797, 1798, 1799, 1800, 1801, 1802, 1803, 1804, 1805, 1806, 1807, 1808, 1809, 1810, 1811, 1812, 1813, 1814, 1815, 1816, 1817, 1818, 1819, 1820, 1821, 1822, 1823, 1824, 1825, 1826, 1827, 1828, 1829, 1830, 1831, 1832, 1833, 1834, 1835, 1836, 1837, 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842, 1843, 1844, 1845, 1846, 1847, 1848, 1849, 1850, 1851, 1852, 1853, 1854, 1855, 1856, 1857, 1858, 1859, 1860, 1861, 1862, 1863, 1864, 1865, 1866, 1867, 1868, 1869, 1870, 1871, 1872, 1873, 1874, 1875, 1876, 1877, 1878, 1879, 1880, 1881, 1882, 1883, 1884, 1885, 1886, 1887, 1888, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892, 1893, 1894, 1895, 1896, 1897, 1898, 1899, 1900, 1901, 1902, 1903, 1904, 1905, 1906, 1907, 1908, 1909, 1910, 1911, 1912, 1913, 1914, 1915, 1916, 1917, 1918, 1919, 1920, 1921, 1922, 1923, 1924, 1925, 1926, 1927, 1928, 1929, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1936, 1937, 1938, 1939, 1940, 1941, 1942, 1943, 1944, 1945, 1946, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025, 2026, 2027, 2028, 2029, 2030, 2031, 2032, 2033, 2034, 2035, 2036, 2037, 2038, 2039, 2040, 2041, 2042, 2043, 2044, 2045, 2046, 2047, 2048, 2049, 2050, 2051, 2052, 2053, 2054, 2055, 2056, 2057, 2058, 2059, 2060, 2061, 2062, 2063, 2064, 2065, 2066, 2067, 2068, 2069, 2070, 2071, 2072, 2073, 2074, 2075, 2076, 2077, 2078, 2079, 2080, 2081, 2082, 2083, 2084, 2085, 2086, 2087, 2088, 2089, 2090, 2091, 2092, 2093, 2094, 2095, 2096, 2097, 2098, 2099, 2100, 2101, 2102, 2103, 2104, 2105, 2106, 2107, 2108, 2109, 2110, 2111, 2112, 2113, 2114, 2115, 2116, 2117, 2118, 2119, 2120, 2121, 2122, 2123, 2124, 2125, 2126, 2127, 2128, 2129, 2130, 2131, 2132, 2133, 2134, 2135, 2136, 2137, 2138, 2139, 2140], "duplicates": 1}
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Shayan Baram Saadi, an Iraqi Kurd, was born in 1976 and now lives and works as a doctor in London. A. Shayan Baram Saadi’s temporary admission to the United Kingdom
In December 2000 Shayan Baram Saadi fled the Kurdish Autonomous Region of Iraq when, in the course of his duties as a hospital doctor, he treated and facilitated the escape of three fellow members of the Iraqi Workers’ Communist Party who had been injured in an attack. He arrived at Heathrow Airport on 30 December 2000 and immediately claimed asylum. The immigration officer contacted the Oakington Reception Centre (“Oakington”, see paragraphs 23-25 below) but there was no immediate room there, so Shayan Baram Saadi was granted “temporary admission” (see paragraphs 20-21 below) to stay at a hotel of his choice and return to the airport the following morning.
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"edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 13427, "entity_id": "001-84709_a8_e50", "entity_mention_id": "001-84709_a8_em108", "entity_type": "LOC", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Oakington", "start_offset": 13418}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 13640, "entity_id": "001-84709_a8_e50", "entity_mention_id": "001-84709_a8_em109", "entity_type": "LOC", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Oakington", "start_offset": 13631}]}, "annotator9": null}, "quality_checked": [], "task": "Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Shayan Baram Saadi", "meta": {"applicant": "Shayan Baram Saadi", "articles": [91, 34, 53, 34, 44, 32, 34, 52, 49, 34, 93], "countries": "GBR", "legal_branch": "GRANDCHAMBER", "year": 2008}, "doc_id": "001-84709", "dataset_type": "train", "orig_text": "PROCEDURE\n\nThe case originated in an application (no. 13229/03) against the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (\u201cthe Convention\u201d) by an Iraqi national, Mr Shayan Baram Saadi (\u201cthe applicant\u201d), on 18 April 2003.\n\nThe applicant was represented by Messrs Wilson and Co., solicitors practising in London. The United Kingdom Government (\u201cthe Government\u201d) were represented by their Agent, Mr J. Grainger, Foreign and Commonwealth Office.\n\nThe applicant alleged that he had been detained in breach of Article 5 \u00a7 1 and Article 14 of the Convention, and that he had not been given adequate reasons for the detention, contrary to Article 5 \u00a7 2.\n\nThe application was allocated to the Fourth Section of the Court (Rule 52 \u00a7 1 of the Rules of Court). On 27 September 2005 it was declared admissible by a Chamber of that Section composed of Josep Casadevall, Nicolas Bratza, Matti Pellonp\u00e4\u00e4, Rait Maruste, Kristaq Traja, Ljiljana Mijovi\u0107 and J\u00e1n \u0160ikuta, judges, and Fran\u00e7oise Elens-Passos, Deputy Section Registrar. On 11 July 2006 a Chamber composed of the same judges, together with Lawrence Early, Section Registrar, delivered a judgment in which it held, by four votes to three, that there had been no violation of Article 5 \u00a7 1 and, unanimously, that there had been a violation of Article 5 \u00a7 2. The Chamber further held, unanimously, that it was not necessary to consider Article 14 separately, that the finding of a violation of Article 5 \u00a7 2 was sufficient just satisfaction for non-pecuniary damage, and that the respondent State should pay the applicant 1,500 euros, plus any tax that might be chargeable, for costs and expenses.\n\nOn 11 December 2006, pursuant to a request by the applicant, a panel of the Grand Chamber decided to refer the case to the Grand Chamber in accordance with Article 43 of the Convention.\n\nThe composition of the Grand Chamber was determined according to the provisions of Article 27 \u00a7\u00a7 2 and 3 of the Convention and Rule 24.\n\nThe applicant and the Government each filed their observations on the merits. In addition, third-party comments were received jointly from the AIRE Centre, the European Council on Refugees and Exiles and Liberty, and from the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, which had been given leave by the President to intervene in the written procedure (Article 36 \u00a7 2 of the Convention and Rule 44 \u00a7 2).\n\nA hearing took place in public in the Human Rights Building, Strasbourg, on 16 May 2007 (Rule 59 \u00a7 3). There appeared before the Court: (a) for the Government Mr J. Grainger, Agent, Mr D. Pannick QC, Mr M. Fordham QC, Counsel, Ms N. Samuel, Mr S. Barrett, Advisers. (b) for the applicant Mr R. Scannell, Mr D. Seddon, Counsel, Mr M. Hanley, Ms S. Ghelani, Advisers. The Court heard addresses by Mr Scannell and Mr Pannick, as well as their answers to questions put by Judges Costa and Spielmann.\n\nTHE FACTS\n\nI. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE\n\nThe applicant, an Iraqi Kurd, was born in 1976 and now lives and works as a doctor in London.\n\nA. The applicant\u2019s temporary admission to the United Kingdom\n\nIn December 2000 the applicant fled the Kurdish Autonomous Region of Iraq when, in the course of his duties as a hospital doctor, he treated and facilitated the escape of three fellow members of the Iraqi Workers\u2019 Communist Party who had been injured in an attack. He arrived at Heathrow Airport on 30 December 2000 and immediately claimed asylum.\n\nThe immigration officer contacted the Oakington Reception Centre (\u201cOakington\u201d, see paragraphs 23-25 below) but there was no immediate room there, so the applicant was granted \u201ctemporary admission\u201d (see paragraphs 20-21 below) to stay at a hotel of his choice and return to the airport the following morning. On 31 December 2000 he reported as required and was again granted temporary admission until the following day. When the applicant again reported as required, he was, for the third time, granted temporary admission until 10 a.m. the following day, 2 January 2001.\n\nB. Detention at Oakington and the asylum proceedings\n\nOn this last occasion, when the applicant reported as required, he was detained and transferred to Oakington.\n\nWhen being taken into detention, the applicant was handed a standard form, \u201cReasons for Detention and Bail Rights\u201d, indicating that detention was used only where there was no reasonable alternative, and setting out a list of reasons, such as risk of absconding, with boxes to be ticked by the immigration officer where appropriate. The form did not include an option indicating the possibility of detention for fast-track processing at Oakington.\n\nOn 4 January 2001 the applicant met at Oakington with a lawyer from the Refugee Legal Centre, who contacted the Home Office to enquire why the applicant was being detained and to request his release. On 5 January 2001, when the applicant had been detained for seventy-six hours, the lawyer was informed over the telephone by an immigration officer that the applicant was being detained because he was an Iraqi who fulfilled the Oakington criteria. The lawyer then wrote to the Home Office requesting the applicant\u2019s release on the grounds that it was unlawful. When refused, the applicant applied for judicial review of the decision to detain him, claiming it was contrary to domestic law and Article 5 \u00a7\u00a7 1 and 2 of the Convention.\n\nThe applicant\u2019s asylum claim was initially refused on 8 January. The following day he was released from Oakington and again granted temporary admission pending the determination of his appeal. On 14 January 2003 his appeal was allowed and he was granted asylum.\n\nC. The judicial review proceedings\n\nIn the proceedings for judicial review of the decision to detain the applicant, Collins J on 7 September 2001 (R. (on the application of Saadi and others) v. Secretary of State for the Home Department [2001] EWHC Admin 670) found that the Secretary of State had such a power to detain under the Immigration Act 1971 (see paragraph 19 below). However, relying on the Court\u2019s judgment in Amuur v. France (25 June 1996, \u00a7 43, Reports of Judgments and Decisions 1996-III), and what he considered to be a \u201csensible reading\u201d of Article 5 \u00a7 1 (f), he found that it was not permissible under the Convention to detain, solely for purposes of administrative efficiency, an asylum-seeker who had followed the proper procedures and presented no risk of absconding. Even if the detention did fall within Article 5 \u00a7 1 (f), it was disproportionate to detain asylum-seekers for the purpose of quickly processing their claims, since it had not been demonstrated that stringent conditions of residence, falling short of twenty-four hour detention, might not suffice. He also found (as did the Court of Appeal and House of Lords) that the applicant had not been given adequate reasons for his detention.\n\nOn 19 October 2001 the Court of Appeal unanimously overturned this judgment ([2001] EWCA Civ 1512). Lord Phillips of Worth Matravers, Master of the Rolls, who gave the lead judgment, first considered whether the policy of detaining asylum-seekers for fast-track processing at Oakington was irrational, such as to render it unlawful under domestic law. He observed that over recent years applications for asylum to the United Kingdom and other countries had been escalating. In the United Kingdom the average monthly number of applications from July to September 1999 was nearly 7,000: 60% higher than the previous year. Coping with huge numbers of asylum-seekers posed heavy administrative problems, and it was in the interests of all asylum-seekers to have their status determined as quickly as possible. He continued: \u201cWe share the doubts expressed by Collins J as to whether detention is really necessary to ensure effective and speedy processing of asylum applications. But in expressing these doubts we ... are indulging in assumption and speculation. It is not in doubt that, if asylum applications are to be processed within the space of seven days, the applicants are necessarily going to have to be subjected to severe restraints on their liberty. In one way or another they will be required to be present in a centre at all times when they may be needed for interviews, which it is impossible to schedule to a pre-determined timetable. Would applicants voluntarily submit to such a regime, if not detained? Many no doubt would, but it is impossible to condemn as irrational the policy of subjecting those asylum-seekers whose applications appear susceptible to rapid resolution to a short period of detention designed to ensure that the regime operates without dislocation. This is not a conclusion that we have reached easily. Asylum-seekers are detained at Oakington only if it seems likely that their applications can be resolved within a week. But they must also be persons who are not expected to attempt to abscond or otherwise misbehave. At first blush it seems extreme to detain those who are unlikely to run away simply to make it easier to process their claims. But the statistics that we have set out at the start of our judgment cannot be ignored. As [the Home Office minister] observed in debate in the House of Lords on 2 November 1999, faced with applications for asylum at the rate of nearly 7,000 per month, \u2018no responsible government can simply shrug their shoulders and do nothing\u2019 ... A short period of detention is not an unreasonable price to pay in order to ensure the speedy resolution of the claims of a substantial proportion of this influx. In the circumstances such detention can properly be described as a measure of last resort. ...\u201d The Court of Appeal next considered whether the detention fell within the first limb of Article 5 \u00a7 1 (f), and held that the right to liberty in Article 5 \u00a7 1 (f) was intended to preserve the sovereign power of member States to decide whether to allow aliens to enter their territories on any terms whatsoever and that detention of an alien would be covered by the sub-paragraph unless and until entry was authorised, subject to the proviso, derived from Chahal v. the United Kingdom (15 November 1996, Reports 1996-V) that the asylum or deportation procedure should not be prolonged unreasonably.\n\nOn 31 October 2002 the House of Lords unanimously dismissed the applicant\u2019s appeal ([2002] UKHL 41). Having taken note of evidence that the applications of approximately 13,000 asylum-seekers a year were processed at Oakington, which entailed scheduling up to 150 interviews a day, Lord Slynn of Hadley, with whom the other Law Lords agreed, held as follows: \u201cIn international law the principle has long been established that sovereign States can regulate the entry of aliens into their territory. ... This principle still applies subject to any treaty obligation of a State or rule of the State\u2019s domestic law which may apply to the exercise of that control. The starting point is thus in my view that the United Kingdom has the right to control the entry and continued presence of aliens in its territory. Article 5 (1) (f) seems to be based on that assumption. The question is therefore whether the provisions of para. 1 (f) so control the exercise of that right that detention for the reasons and in the manner provided for in relation to Oakington are in contravention of the Article so as to make the detention unlawful. ... In my view it is clear that detention to achieve a quick process of decision-making for asylum-seekers is not of itself necessarily and in all cases unlawful. What is said, however is that detention to achieve speedy process \u2018for administrative convenience\u2019 is not within para. 1 (f). There must be some other factor which justifies the exercise of the power to detain such as the likelihood of the applicant absconding, committing a crime or acting in ways not conducive to the public good. ... It is ... to be remembered that the power to detain is to \u2018prevent\u2019 unauthorised entry. In my opinion until the State has \u2018authorised\u2019 entry the entry is unauthorised. The State has power to detain without violating Article 5 until the application has been considered and the entry \u2018authorised\u2019. ... There remains the issue whether, even if detention to achieve speedy asylum decision-making does fall within Article 5 (1) (f), \u2018detention was unlawful on grounds of being a disproportionate response to the reasonable requirements of immigration control\u2019. ... The need for highly structured and tightly managed arrangements, which would be disrupted by late[ness] or non-attendance of the applicant for interview, is apparent. On the other side applicants not living at Oakington, but living where they chose, would inevitably suffer considerable inconvenience if they had to be available at short notice and continuously in order to answer questions. ... It is regrettable that anyone should be deprived of his liberty other than pursuant to the order of a court but there are situations where such a course is justified. In a situation like the present with huge numbers and difficult decisions involved, with the risk of long delays to applicants seeking to come, a balancing exercise has to be performed. Getting a speedy decision is in the interests not only of the applicants but of those increasingly in the queue. Accepting as I do that the arrangements made at Oakington provide reasonable conditions, both for individuals and families and that the period taken is not in any sense excessive, I consider that the balance is in favour of recognising that detention under the Oakington procedure is proportionate and reasonable. Far from being arbitrary, it seems to me that the Secretary of State has done all that he could be expected to do to palliate the deprivation of liberty of the many applicants for asylum here.\u201d", "applicant": "Shayan Baram Saadi", "offset": 3037, "idx_mapping": [3037, 3037, 3037, 3037, 3037, 3037, 3037, 3037, 3037, 3037, 3037, 3037, 3037, 3055, 3056, 3057, 3058, 3059, 3060, 3061, 3062, 3063, 3064, 3065, 3066, 3067, 3068, 3069, 3070, 3071, 3072, 3073, 3074, 3075, 3076, 3077, 3078, 3079, 3080, 3081, 3082, 3083, 3084, 3085, 3086, 3087, 3088, 3089, 3090, 3091, 3092, 3093, 3094, 3095, 3096, 3097, 3098, 3099, 3100, 3101, 3102, 3103, 3104, 3105, 3106, 3107, 3108, 3109, 3110, 3111, 3112, 3113, 3114, 3115, 3116, 3117, 3118, 3119, 3120, 3121, 3122, 3123, 3124, 3125, 3126, 3127, 3128, 3129, 3130, 3131, 3132, 3133, 3134, 3135, 3136, 3137, 3138, 3037, 3037, 3037, 3037, 3037, 3037, 3037, 3037, 3037, 3037, 3037, 3037, 3037, 3157, 3158, 3159, 3160, 3161, 3162, 3163, 3164, 3165, 3166, 3167, 3168, 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| 1
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A. The investigation
Between 4 July 1998 and 1 April 1999 a series of robberies and burglaries took place in the Coventry area. As a result of their investigations, the police considered that there were some nine persons involved in the commission of these offences, including Clayton Wood and his three co-defendants. The police had difficulty obtaining evidence against those who they thought were responsible, and therefore decided to seek authority from the Chief Constable for the West Midlands to carry out a covert operation (“Operation Brassica”). The operation was to be carried out by arresting the suspects in groups, on suspicion of having committed different offences, and detaining them together in a police cell which had been specially fitted with covert audio equipment.
|
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"start_offset": 13648}]}, "annotator9": null}, "quality_checked": [], "task": "Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Clayton Wood", "meta": {"applicant": "Clayton Wood", "articles": [91, 34, 52, 49, 34, 44, 32, 34, 49, 51, 34, 44, 32, 34, 56, 34, 93], "countries": "GBR", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2004}, "doc_id": "001-67472", "dataset_type": "train", "orig_text": "PROCEDURE\n\nThe case originated in an application (no. 23414/02) against the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (\u201cthe Convention\u201d) by a United Kingdom national, Mr Clayton Wood (\u201cthe applicant\u201d), on 6 June 2002.\n\nThe United Kingdom Government (\u201cthe Government\u201d) were represented by their Agent, Mr John Grainger of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, London.\n\nThe applicant complains that the covert recording of his conversations by the police infringed Articles 8 and 13 of the Convention.\n\nThe application was allocated to the Fourth Section of the Court (Rule 52 \u00a7 1 of the Rules of Court). Within that Section, the Chamber that would consider the case (Article 27 \u00a7 1 of the Convention) was constituted as provided in Rule 26 \u00a7 1.\n\nOn 20 January 2004, the Court declared the application partly admissible, partly inadmissible.\n\nThe applicant and Government each filed observations on just satisfaction (Rule 59 \u00a7 1). The Chamber decided, after consulting the parties, that no hearing on the merits was required (Rule 59 \u00a7 3 in fine).\n\nTHE FACTS\n\nI. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE\n\nA. The investigation\n\nBetween 4 July 1998 and 1 April 1999 a series of robberies and burglaries took place in the Coventry area. As a result of their investigations, the police considered that there were some nine persons involved in the commission of these offences, including the applicant and his three co-defendants. The police had difficulty obtaining evidence against those who they thought were responsible, and therefore decided to seek authority from the Chief Constable for the West Midlands to carry out a covert operation (\u201cOperation Brassica\u201d). The operation was to be carried out by arresting the suspects in groups, on suspicion of having committed different offences, and detaining them together in a police cell which had been specially fitted with covert audio equipment. It was hoped that the suspects would discuss the reasons for their arrest and that their ensuing conversation would be incriminating. On 17 May 1999 the Chief Constable gave authority for Operation Brassica to take place.\n\nThe applicant and two others were arrested on 20 May 1999. Their conversations whilst in police detention were recorded on 21 and 22 May 1999. Further covert recordings took place on 16 and 17 June 1999. The tapes formed the basis of the prosecution against the applicant.\n\nB. The trial\n\nThe trial judge held a \u201cvoir dire\u201d on the admissibility of the tapes. Counsel for the applicant argued that the methods of obtaining the evidence violated Articles 5, 6 and 8 of the Convention, and that they should therefore be excluded under section 78 or section 76 of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE). The tapes were ruled admissible on 13 March 2000. During the course of his ruling, the trial judge rejected the defendants' argument that the circumstances of obtaining the evidence were oppressive and the tapes should therefore be excluded under section 76 of PACE. In considering section 78 of the Act, the trial judge said: \u201cI find that no mala fides exist in this case and that the Chief Constable acted throughout in good faith. Although I find the decision of the Chief Constable was not in accordance with a strict interpretation of the guidelines [Home Office Guidelines on the Use of Police Surveillance Equipment], it does not mean that his authority to use a bugging device or devices is no longer of importance. Of course it is. It is a very important factor which I have to take into account in deciding to exercise my discretion under section 78 of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act.\u201d\n\nHe went on to consider the points raised under the Convention, saying: \u201cThere is no doubt that when the defendants were arrested the main plan was that the covert operation would be put into effect, and to do this all the defendants involved should be in the cells at the same time. However, the matter has to be taken in stages and then considered jointly. Firstly, did the police have power to arrest and was the arrest lawful? The evidence before me was that the police had information that the accused had committed some or other of the crimes which they were investigating. They not only had the right but the duty, in my judgment, to arrest and investigate the further evidence ... As I have indicated already, the police clearly hoped that the covert bugging operation would bear fruit and if it did not the relevant defendant would have to be released. They were not arresting to create evidence but in the hope that evidence would be forthcoming. The wording of Article 5(1)(c) does not readily read with the English system and was clearly designed for taking an accused before a magistrate for investigation. But it obviously is intended to be adjusted to the specific system of member states. I find that there is no breach of Article 5.\u201d [6G-7D]\n\nOn the question of Article 6, the trial judge said: \u201cIt has to be borne in mind but requires no specific findings from me at this stage.\u201d [7E]\n\nIn considering Article 8, he said: \u201cA man in a police cell is entitled to privacy just as much as a man sitting at his fireside in his own home. In fact it may be argued that his right should be greater. He is after all innocent until proved guilty and he is in a vulnerable situation. Any bugging of his cell to intrude on his private conversation with another person would, prima facie, amount to an invasion of his privacy and as such a breach of Article 8.1. However, it can perhaps be argued that whilst he is in a cell he not only does not have to say anything but if in fact he is free of guilt there is nothing that he can say. If, on the other hand, he is guilty then he does not deserve the same right of privacy as anyone else. The weight of his loss of privacy is another matter which I may take into account. ... the main point which I have to decide is as to whether or not the intrusion to privacy was 'in accordance with the law'. There is no statute which provides for lawful bugging of police cells nor to prohibit such an action. There are however numerous cases where it has been considered and adopted. In fairness, if bugging is done it should not be done haphazardly and certainly does not bestow on police officers unfettered power. It is to this end that, in 1984, the Home Office issued the Guidelines for the Use of Police Surveillance Equipment. As I have already said, these are merely guidelines, they are certainly not statutes. The actions of the police and the decision of the Chief Constable have to be considered together with all the other matters which have to be taken into consideration. On the basis of all those matters, I have to consider in which way I should exercise my discretion under section 78.\u201d [7G-9A]\n\nApplicant's counsel suggested five safeguards that should have been afforded to the accused if the bugging was to be lawful. The trial judge said: \u201cI have considered each one of these matters and have rejected them all. If they were to be required in each case, no covert listening would ever be realistic or possible. As I have indicated already, such evidence can in serious cases such as this be very important and is, in my judgment, not objectionable. [9F] In the exercise of my discretion under section 78, I will allow the tapes to be used in evidence.\u201d\n\nNone of the defendants gave evidence at trial.\n\nThe applicant together with three others was convicted on 20 July 2000 of various robbery and firearms offences. He was sentenced to a total of 8 years' imprisonment.\n\nC. The appeal\n\nThe applicant and his three co-defendants appealed to the Court of Appeal, submitting, inter alia, that the tapes should not have been admitted in evidence.\n\nLord Woolf CJ gave the judgment of the Court of Appeal on 13 February 2002, dismissing the appeal. As regards the admissibility of the tapes in evidence, the Court of Appeal considered the alleged violations of the Convention. It decided that there had been a violation of Article 8 because the surveillance was not conducted according to law. Lord Woolf CJ said: \u201cThis is because of the lack of any legal structure to which the public have access authorising the infringement. If there had been such authorisation there would have been no breach.\u201d [\u00a7 65] He went on to say: \u201cThe non-compliance with Article 8 does not, however, mean that the tape-recordings cannot be relied upon as evidence. ... It is the responsibility of the Government to provide remedies against this violation of Article 8. However, the remedy does not have to be the exclusion of the evidence. The remedy can be the finding, which we have now made, that there has been a breach of Article 8 or it can be an award of compensation. The European Court of Human Rights recognises that to insist on the exclusion of evidence could in itself result in a greater injustice to the public than the infringement of Article 8 creates for the appellants. The infringement is, however, a matter which the trial judge was required to take into account when exercising his discretion under section 78 of PACE.\u201d [\u00a7\u00a7 66-67]\n\nAs regards Article 5 of the Convention, the Court of Appeal rejected the applicant's argument on the basis that the arrests were for a lawful purpose as well as to enable the surveillance to take place, and the appellants were not therefore unlawfully deprived of their liberty. Lord Woolf CJ said: \u201cThe fact that the police were operating in accordance with a strategy designed to obtain additional evidence by covert recording does not turn lawful arrests into unlawful arrests.\u201d [\u00a7 68]\n\nThe argument that the admission of the tapes in evidence prevented the defendants from receiving a fair trial was also rejected. Lord Woolf CJ said: \u201c51. The complaints of the appellants with regard to the decision of the judge are not to the relevance of the contents of the tape. They were clearly highly relevant. Instead it is argued that the way the evidence was obtained was contrary to PACE. The submission is not so much based on a contravention of the language of PACE. The allegation is that the surveillance took place contrary to the spirit of the relevant Codes of Practice ...\n\n... On the evidence there were proper grounds for the arrests and ignoring the fact that the police were working to an overall plan, there was nothing improper about the purpose for which the arrests took place.\n\n.... As already indicated it was not suggested that the Chief Constable gave his authority other than in good faith. In addition whether or not the Guidelines applied to what happened in the police cells, the police considered that they were appropriately applying the Guidelines and entitled to act as they did. ...\n\nHere the trial judge came to the conclusion that the Guidelines had not been complied with ... because of the requirement in the Guidelines for normal methods of investigation to have been tried and failed or be unlikely to succeed if tried ...\n\nIn coming to this conclusion, the trial judge may have been unduly rigorous in his approach because the object of the exercise was not to obtain evidence against one or other of the suspects in relation to a particular offence but to obtain the evidence which would enable the police to bring to justice those who were involved in the conspiracy to carry out numerous robberies in the Coventry area. Viewed in this way, it was Sergeant Fairfield's evidence that 'other policing means had failed.' ... ...\n\nWe are far from satisfied that when the Guidelines were formulated, they were intended to apply to surveillance of the sort that took place here of those in custody in police cells. However, even if the Guidelines were not intended to apply to suspects already in custody, as there was no alternative guidance published, we consider that it was reasonable for the Chief Constable to apply the Guidelines by analogy, unless they conflicted with PACE. ... This was a situation where the police were responding reasonably and proportionately to a very serious threat to the safety of the public and law and order and so were entitled to seek evidence not only of individual wrongdoing but of a conspiracy to commit armed robbery. ...\n\nMore difficult is the issue whether the surveillance in cells is inappropriate treatment of those in police custody who are intended to be protected by the safeguards contained in PACE and the Codes. ... the surveillance is not directly in conflict with any provision of PACE or the Codes ...\n\nWe have no doubt that it is highly desirable that a statutory code should be established for the surveillance of the sort that occurred here ... but our conclusion is that it is not contrary to the spirit of PACE or the Codes for there to be covert taping of what is said in the cells.\u201d\n\nLord Woolf CJ went on to adopt the conclusions reached in other cases that there was no unfairness in admitting such taped evidence where there was no suggestion that the confessions were oppressively obtained or other than wholly reliable. As regarded the complaints under the Convention, he observed: \u201cArticle 6 for the purposes of the present case does not add anything to section 78. If there was no unfairness caused by the tapes being relied upon in evidence then there is no breach of Article 6.\u201d [\u00a7 69]\n\nThe Court of Appeal certified a question for consideration by the House of Lords concerning use of evidence obtained by an arrest for the purpose of eavesdropping on the defendant.\n\nOn 30 May 2002, leave to appeal to the House of Lords was refused.", "applicant": "Clayton Wood", "offset": 1220, "idx_mapping": [1220, 1221, 1222, 1223, 1224, 1225, 1226, 1227, 1228, 1229, 1230, 1231, 1232, 1233, 1234, 1235, 1236, 1237, 1238, 1239, 1240, 1241, 1242, 1243, 1244, 1245, 1246, 1247, 1248, 1249, 1250, 1251, 1252, 1253, 1254, 1255, 1256, 1257, 1258, 1259, 1260, 1261, 1262, 1263, 1264, 1265, 1266, 1267, 1268, 1269, 1270, 1271, 1272, 1273, 1274, 1275, 1276, 1277, 1278, 1279, 1280, 1281, 1282, 1283, 1284, 1285, 1286, 1287, 1288, 1289, 1290, 1291, 1292, 1293, 1294, 1295, 1296, 1297, 1298, 1299, 1300, 1301, 1302, 1303, 1304, 1305, 1306, 1307, 1308, 1309, 1310, 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| 1
|
A. The first applicant (Mr Grayson)
On 23 January 2002 Mark William Grayson and a co-defendant were convicted with intent to supply over 28 kilograms of pure heroin, which was seized by the police at the time of arrest. The heroin was assessed to have a wholesale value in excess of GBP 1.2 million and a street value in excess of GBP 4 million. The following day Mark William Grayson was sentenced to 22 years’ imprisonment. On 1 July 2002, after considering written and oral submissions from Mark William Grayson and the prosecution, the judge made a confiscation order under the Drug Trafficking Act 1994 (“the 1994 Act”: see paragraphs 20-22 below).
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"related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Court of Appeal", "start_offset": 17259}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "insert", "end_offset": 17370, "entity_id": "001-88541_a8_e86", "entity_mention_id": "001-88541_a8_em110", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "House of Lords", "start_offset": 17356}]}, "annotator9": null}, "quality_checked": [], "task": "Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Mark William Grayson", "meta": {"applicant": "Mark William Grayson", "articles": [91, 34, 112, 49, 45, 49, 34, 44, 32, 34, 54, 34, 44, 32, 34, 50, 57, 34, 93], "countries": "GBR", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2008}, "doc_id": "001-88541", "dataset_type": "train", "orig_text": "PROCEDURE\n\nThe case originated in two applications (nos. 19955/05 and 15085/06) against the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (\u201cthe Convention\u201d) by two British nationals, Mark William Grayson and John Barnham, on 20 May 2005 and 10 April 2006 respectively\n\nThe first applicant, who had been granted legal aid, was represented by Mr Q. Whitaker, a lawyer practising in London and the second applicant was represented by Levys Solicitors of Manchester. The United Kingdom Government (\u201cthe Government\u201d) were represented by their Agent, Ms K. McCleery, Foreign and Commonwealth Office.\n\nEach applicant alleged that, in confiscation proceedings following his conviction for drugs offences, the fact that the legal burden of proof was on him to show that he did not have realisable assets equivalent to the benefit figure offended the basic principles of a fair procedure, in breach of Article 6 of the Convention and Article 1 of Protocol No. 1.\n\nEach applicant and the Government filed written observations.\n\nUnder Article 29 \u00a7 3 of the Convention, the Chamber decided to examine the merits of each application at the same time as its admissibility. It also decided to join the applications (Rule 42 \u00a7 1).\n\nTHE FACTS\n\nI. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE\n\nA. The first applicant (Mr Grayson)\n\nOn 23 January 2002 the applicant and a co-defendant were convicted with intent to supply over 28 kilograms of pure heroin, which was seized by the police at the time of arrest. The heroin was assessed to have a wholesale value in excess of GBP 1.2 million and a street value in excess of GBP 4 million. The following day the applicant was sentenced to 22 years\u2019 imprisonment.\n\nOn 1 July 2002, after considering written and oral submissions from the applicant and the prosecution, the judge made a confiscation order under the Drug Trafficking Act 1994 (\u201cthe 1994 Act\u201d: see paragraphs 20-22 below). He held that the applicant had benefited from drug trafficking. In assessing the amount of the benefit the judge took into account, inter alia, the following sums: GBP 18,000 cash found on the applicant at the time of his arrest; GBP 13,000 that the applicant had paid to his brother when a business partnership between them came to an end; GBP 21,000 that he had spent, in cash, on buying two cars; a further GBP 8,000 which he had spent on another two cars; and GBP 620,445 which was the judge\u2019s assessment of the cost to the applicant of purchasing the heroin which had led to the conviction. As regards this last sum, the judge, having heard all the evidence at trial, was satisfied that the applicant had been the principal participant in the offence and must have contributed to a large extent to the purchase of the drugs. However, to be fair to the applicant he took as his share one half of the wholesale value. The judge was further satisfied that so large a consignment would not have represented the applicant\u2019s first venture into drug trafficking and that he had financed the purchase with the proceeds of previous drug dealing. The applicant failed to rebut this assumption. The final item of expenditure taken into account by the judge was GBP 70,000 which an associate of the applicant, who claimed to have an income of approximately GBP 40,000 a year, had paid in respect of the applicant\u2019s legal fees. The judge found that it was the applicant\u2019s money; that it was the proceeds of drug trafficking; and that it demonstrated that the applicant had money elsewhere he was not prepared to reveal.\n\nNext, the judge examined property received by the applicant during the six-year statutory period. The largest element emerged from an analysis of 17 bank accounts which the applicant had held at one time or another. The banking records demonstrated unexplained credits to the applicant\u2019s account in the two trading years ending April 1998 and April 2000 which exceeded the turnover of his business as recorded in the accounts by approximately GBP 153,000. During the intervening year, ending April 1999, the bank statements showed deposits at GBP 83,000 below the business trading turnover. The judge therefore considered whether it was appropriate to take the three years together but decided that this would not be correct. If the applicant had delayed banking some of his 1999 profits until the following year, one would have expected to have seen a pattern of very heavy deposits in the first part of 2000, but this was not the case. He concluded that the applicant had benefited to the amount of GBP 1,230,748.69.\n\nUnder the statutory scheme, once the judge had assessed the amount of benefit which the applicant had received from drug trafficking, the burden passed to the applicant to show on the balance of probabilities that his realisable assets were less than the amount of his benefit (see paragraph 23 below). The police, having investigated the applicant\u2019s background, had found realisable assets of GBP 236,000, including the cash found on the applicant at the time of his arrest, a car and some business stock. The judge observed: \u201cThe fact that the police have traced a certain amount of property is not of itself a reason to find it is the only property available to the [applicant]. Also credibility is a real issue. I have given myself a Lucas direction [that before reliance can be placed on the fact of a person\u2019s lying, it must be shown to be deliberate; it must relate to a material issue; the motive must be a realisation of guilt and a wish to conceal the truth rather than some other reason: R v Lucas [1981] QB 720]. This Defendant is cunning, devious and intelligent. He was increasingly unbelievable and offensive to common sense. Giving evidence he sought to mislead at every turn, wary that the truth would reveal assets he didn\u2019t want to and that he had hidden assets prior to conviction. He has lied persistently and blatantly and his credibility is nil. He has only himself to blame if I do not accept his evidence. I am convinced that he has tried to mislead me. I do not accept that there were no other assets, so I have reached the conclusion that the appropriate order be the wholesale value of the drugs, that being \u00a31,236,748. He has not satisfied me that his assets are less than his benefit ...\u201d He set an additional ten years\u2019 imprisonment to be served by the applicant if he had not paid within twelve months.\n\nThe applicant appealed to the Court of Appeal on the grounds, inter alia, that the trial judge should have adjourned to allow him to submit additional accountancy evidence and that it had been contrary to Article 6 of the Convention for the judge to hold that it was for the applicant to establish, on the balance of probabilities, that his realisable property was less than his benefit. Although he had been represented throughout the trial and confiscation proceedings, he was unrepresented for the appeal and put his arguments before the court in a series of letters written from prison.\n\nOn 18 May 2005 the Court of Appeal dismissed the appeal, although it reduced the default sentence of imprisonment from ten years, the statutory maximum, to eight years. The court held that the additional accountancy evidence which the applicant sought to have admitted did not rebut the prosecution case but in fact, to a large extent, supported it. The Court added that although the accountancy report raised a suggestion of possible double-counting by the prosecution when it came to an analysis of realisable property, that was \u201cirrelevant, since the judge\u2019s order did not depend upon any calculation of realisable property. It depended upon his finding that the applicant had utterly failed to demonstrate that he had not got assets equivalent to his benefit.\u201d The Court of Appeal referred to Phillips v. the United Kingdom, no. 41087/98, ECHR 2001-VII, and observed that: \u201cIn that case the court held that the reverse onus of proof in relation to the statutory assumption at the calculation of the benefit stage is fully Convention compliant. If reverse onus is Convention compliant at the stage at which primary liability is calculated, it is plain that it is equally compliant to require of the defendant evidence to demonstrate that the order for confiscation should be less than the amount of benefit, on the grounds that he does not have enough realisable property to meet it. The level of assets available to a defendant is normally peculiarly a matter within his own knowledge. In those circumstances, this was, we are satisfied, a large confiscation order. It was, however, one which it was plainly proper for the judge to make. The judge followed the scheme of the Act in arriving at his conclusions, and in the context of a man who was caught when engaged in importing heroin which had cost well over \u00a31 million with the prospect of a profit of approximately three times that amount, the conclusion that there were large items of unexplained expenditure and hidden assets is, in the circumstances, hardly surprising.\u201d\n\nB. The second applicant (Mr Barnham)\n\nOn 16 July 2001 the second applicant was convicted of two conspiracy charges involving plans to import large consignments of cannabis into the United Kingdom. Neither importation had been successful and the whereabouts of the drugs were unknown. In the course of the trial the jury heard evidence from an undercover police officer, \u201cMurray\u201d, who, posing as a money launderer, had made contact with the applicant. Murray\u2019s evidence was that the applicant had told him that his organisation was expected to receive payment of GBP 12 million, of which his personal share would be GBP 2 million, which he asked Murray to help him \u201claunder\u201d.\n\nThe applicant was sentenced to eleven years\u2019 imprisonment, the judge describing him as the lead organiser in a sophisticated, established and internationally based drug trafficking business.\n\nThe confiscation proceedings commenced in January 2002, when the first hearing took place to determine the statutory benefit to the applicant from his drug trafficking operations. The applicant was legally represented. He did not give evidence but conceded through his counsel that he had benefited from drug trafficking within the meaning of the 1994 Act. On 8 February 2002, the trial judge ruled that the total benefit to the applicant was GBP 1,525,615. This sum included GBP 27,000 that the applicant had given to Murray to establish his trust; various amounts totalling GBP 59,000 which the applicant had mentioned to Murray during their conversations; a car worth GBP 11,615; GBP 65,000 which the applicant had spent on renovating his house; GBP 23,000 which the applicant had told Murray he had invested in cannabis importation; GBP 500,000 with which the applicant had purchased the consignment of cannabis which formed the basis of the first count of which he had been convicted; GBP 600,000 with which the applicant had purchased another consignment of cannabis which he had mentioned to Murray; a further GBP 240,000 which related to the cost of purchasing yet another consignment of cannabis which the applicant had discussed with Murray. The applicant did not appeal against that ruling.\n\nIn April 2002, the judge resumed the proceedings to assess the applicant\u2019s realisable assets. The applicant and his wife gave evidence, to the effect that their only asset was their house in Spain, which they owned jointly. The applicant claimed to have been entirely unsuccessful in his attempts at drug dealing and to have earned a living by singing in bars. Since his conviction his wife was living with their son in England and supporting herself with a cleaning job. The defence submitted that there was no evidence capable of supporting a finding of assumed \u201chidden\u201d assets and such would lead to a risk of injustice. Of the total benefit figure, it was submitted that 94.4% was expenditure and the remaining 5.6% received had been dissipated over the years of the applicant\u2019s imprisonment in Spain and Portugal and in the United Kingdom. His car, worth GBP 11,615, had also been confiscated by the Portuguese authorities.\n\nOn 12 April 2002, the judge made his ruling. He explained that: \u201cIn reaching my determination I have to apply the scheme laid down by the 1994 Act, subject to ensuring from the evidence before me that in applying any reverse burden of proof there is no ascertained real or serious risk of injustice resulting from this. Essentially I have to weigh whether the evidence relied on by the defendant is both clear and cogent. In my judgment, it is not, because it fails to explain truthfully what the applicant did in relation to his drug trafficking activities.\u201d The judge found that the applicant and his wife had lied about their activities and their sources of income. The applicant had not explained what had happened to the various consignments of cannabis he had had under his control. The judge continued: \u201cIn any event, as I do not find Mr and Mrs Barnham are truthful witnesses on material facts I am unable to accept their evidence that no cash assets exist from Mr Barnham\u2019s substantial international drug trafficking. He has failed to explain truthfully what he did and what he did with what he earned from what he did. That has been his choice and if it leaves as it does, this Court with no clear and cogent evidence to persuade it that the benefit is not fully realisable, the responsibility for that is Mr Barnham\u2019s and Mr Barnham\u2019s alone. It was his choice whether he told the truth in his evidence and no-one else\u2019s. [Counsel for the defence] relies on the lack of assets discovered by the West Yorkshire police ... It is, in my view, not surprising, particularly operating in foreign jurisdictions, that investigators find difficulty in tracing cash assets derived from drug trafficking. It is because of this, indeed, that the scheme of the 1994 Act is what it is. Whilst I accept [defence counsel\u2019s] other submission, that the vast majority of the benefit I assessed, it was on the basis of expenditure on the drugs, that does not explain what happened in the end to those drugs upon which that sum was expended. Unless, which I do not, I was to find that Mr Barnham lived as he did in Spain for all those years, never ever successfully importing cannabis from Morocco to anywhere at all.\u201d He made a confiscation order equal to the amount which he had assessed as the benefit, namely GBP 1,525,615, with five years, three months\u2019 imprisonment if the applicant had not paid within 18 months.\n\nThe applicant appealed against the judge\u2019s ruling regarding his realisable assets, asserting that Article 6 \u00a7 1 of the Convention applied also when the judge came to assess realisable property, and that it required the prosecution at least to make out a prima facie case of realisable assets before the burden of proof shifted to the defendant. It was asserted by the applicant\u2019s counsel that there was a difference between cases where the prosecution had proved benefit at the first stage by evidence and cases where the benefit had been calculated through the use of assumptions. In the second type of case, the assumptions continued to have effect when calculating realisable assets.\n\nIn its judgment of 28 April 2005, the Court of Appeal rejected this argument, holding as follows: \u201cIn our judgment the correct approach for the court to take when dealing with confiscation proceedings at the second stage is the same whether the benefit has been proved by evidence in addition to the statutory assumptions. Once the prosecution has established the benefit there is no requirement on it to provide a prima facie case. At the second stage the burden of proof shifts to a defendant to establish, if he can, his realisable assets to the satisfaction of the court. By the second stage a defendant will know exactly how the court has determined benefit attributable to him and must prove by evidence what his realisable assets are. It is for him to show why the confiscation order should not be \u2018the value of (his) proceeds of drug trafficking\u2019. If he proves that he has no, or appreciably less, realisable assets than the amount of the benefit determined by the court the order will be made in a lesser sum. Provided the judge keeps well in mind the principle that the risk of serious injustice to the defendant must be avoided and does not just pay lip service to that principle the order will be in the amount assessed as either the amount of benefit or such other sum as the defendant shows represents his realisable assets. To hold that the prosecution must, in some way, show a prima facie case that the defendant has hidden assets in our judgment would defeat the object of the legislation. It is designed to enable the court to confiscate a criminal\u2019s ill-gotten gains. The expression \u2018hidden assets\u2019 is indicative of the fact that the prosecution can have no means of knowing how and where a defendant may have dealt with or disposed of the proceeds of his criminal activities.\u201d The Court of Appeal found, however, that the judge had made an error of calculation and reduced the order to GBP 1,460,615.\n\nOn 6 October 2005, the Court of Appeal refused to certify a point of law of general public importance for appeal to the House of Lords concerning Article 6 of the Convention.", "applicant": "Mark William Grayson", "offset": 1384, "idx_mapping": [1384, 1385, 1386, 1387, 1388, 1389, 1390, 1391, 1392, 1393, 1394, 1395, 1396, 1397, 1398, 1399, 1400, 1401, 1402, 1403, 1404, 1405, 1406, 1407, 1408, 1409, 1410, 1411, 1412, 1413, 1414, 1415, 1416, 1417, 1418, 1419, 1420, 1421, 1422, 1423, 1424, 1425, 1426, 1427, 1428, 1429, 1430, 1431, 1432, 1433, 1434, 1435, 1436, 1437, 1438, 1439, 1384, 1384, 1384, 1384, 1384, 1384, 1384, 1384, 1384, 1384, 1384, 1384, 1384, 1460, 1461, 1462, 1463, 1464, 1465, 1466, 1467, 1468, 1469, 1470, 1471, 1472, 1473, 1474, 1475, 1476, 1477, 1478, 1479, 1480, 1481, 1482, 1483, 1484, 1485, 1486, 1487, 1488, 1489, 1490, 1491, 1492, 1493, 1494, 1495, 1496, 1497, 1498, 1499, 1500, 1501, 1502, 1503, 1504, 1505, 1506, 1507, 1508, 1509, 1510, 1511, 1512, 1513, 1514, 1515, 1516, 1517, 1518, 1519, 1520, 1521, 1522, 1523, 1524, 1525, 1526, 1527, 1528, 1529, 1530, 1531, 1532, 1533, 1534, 1535, 1536, 1537, 1538, 1539, 1540, 1541, 1542, 1543, 1544, 1545, 1546, 1547, 1548, 1549, 1550, 1551, 1552, 1553, 1554, 1555, 1556, 1557, 1558, 1559, 1560, 1561, 1562, 1563, 1564, 1565, 1566, 1567, 1568, 1569, 1570, 1571, 1572, 1573, 1574, 1575, 1576, 1577, 1578, 1579, 1580, 1581, 1582, 1583, 1584, 1585, 1586, 1587, 1588, 1589, 1590, 1591, 1592, 1593, 1594, 1595, 1596, 1597, 1598, 1599, 1600, 1601, 1602, 1603, 1604, 1605, 1606, 1607, 1608, 1609, 1610, 1611, 1612, 1613, 1614, 1615, 1616, 1617, 1618, 1619, 1620, 1621, 1622, 1623, 1624, 1625, 1626, 1627, 1628, 1629, 1630, 1631, 1632, 1633, 1634, 1635, 1636, 1637, 1638, 1639, 1640, 1641, 1642, 1643, 1644, 1645, 1646, 1647, 1648, 1649, 1650, 1651, 1652, 1653, 1654, 1655, 1656, 1657, 1658, 1659, 1660, 1661, 1662, 1663, 1664, 1665, 1666, 1667, 1668, 1669, 1670, 1671, 1672, 1673, 1674, 1675, 1676, 1677, 1678, 1679, 1680, 1681, 1682, 1683, 1684, 1685, 1686, 1687, 1688, 1689, 1690, 1691, 1692, 1693, 1694, 1695, 1696, 1697, 1698, 1699, 1700, 1701, 1702, 1703, 1704, 1705, 1706, 1707, 1708, 1709, 1710, 1711, 1712, 1713, 1714, 1715, 1716, 1717, 1718, 1719, 1720, 1721, 1722, 1723, 1724, 1725, 1726, 1727, 1728, 1729, 1730, 1731, 1732, 1733, 1734, 1735, 1736, 1737, 1738, 1739, 1740, 1741, 1742, 1743, 1744, 1745, 1746, 1747, 1748, 1384, 1384, 1384, 1384, 1384, 1384, 1384, 1384, 1384, 1384, 1384, 1384, 1384, 1769, 1770, 1771, 1772, 1773, 1774, 1775, 1776, 1777, 1778, 1779, 1780, 1781, 1782, 1783, 1784, 1785, 1786, 1787, 1788, 1789, 1790, 1791, 1792, 1793, 1794, 1795, 1796, 1797, 1798, 1799, 1800, 1801, 1802, 1803, 1804, 1805, 1806, 1807, 1808, 1809, 1810, 1811, 1812, 1813, 1814, 1815, 1816, 1817, 1818, 1819, 1820, 1821, 1822, 1823, 1824, 1825, 1826, 1827, 1828, 1829, 1830, 1831, 1832, 1833, 1834, 1835, 1836, 1837, 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842, 1843, 1844, 1845, 1846, 1847, 1848, 1849, 1850, 1851, 1852, 1853, 1854, 1855, 1856, 1857, 1858, 1859, 1860, 1861, 1862, 1863, 1864, 1865, 1866, 1867, 1868, 1869, 1870, 1871, 1872, 1873, 1874, 1875, 1876, 1877, 1878, 1384, 1384, 1384, 1384, 1384, 1384, 1384, 1384, 1384, 1384, 1384, 1384, 1384, 1899, 1900, 1901, 1902, 1903, 1904, 1905, 1906, 1907, 1908, 1909, 1910, 1911, 1912, 1913, 1914, 1915, 1916, 1917, 1918, 1919, 1920, 1921, 1922, 1923, 1924, 1925, 1926, 1927, 1928, 1929, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1936, 1937, 1938, 1939, 1940, 1941, 1942, 1943, 1944, 1945, 1946, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025, 2026, 2027, 2028, 2029, 2030, 2031, 2032, 2033, 2034, 2035, 2036, 2037], "duplicates": 1}
| 1
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Detlef Bayer was born in 1949 and lives in Linsengericht. He joined the civil service in 1967 and was appointed a civil servant in 1969. In 1976 Detlef Bayer was appointed a bailiff and civil servant for life. In 1984 he was promoted to chief bailiff. In 1985 a new supervisor (Dienstvorgesetzte) was appointed for him, with whom he had numerous professional disputes.
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"end_offset": 6172, "entity_id": "001-93616_a8_e52", "entity_mention_id": "001-93616_a8_em70", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "5 July 2001", "start_offset": 6161}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 6253, "entity_id": "001-93616_a8_e59", "entity_mention_id": "001-93616_a8_em71", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "7 August 2003", "start_offset": 6240}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 6339, "entity_id": "001-93616_a8_e60", "entity_mention_id": "001-93616_a8_em72", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Federal Constitutional Court", "start_offset": 6311}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 6508, "entity_id": "001-93616_a8_e61", "entity_mention_id": "001-93616_a8_em73", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "10 September 2003", "start_offset": 6491}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 6541, "entity_id": "001-93616_a8_e60", "entity_mention_id": "001-93616_a8_em74", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Federal Constitutional Court", "start_offset": 6513}]}, "annotator9": null}, "quality_checked": [], "task": "Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Detlef Bayer", "meta": {"applicant": "Detlef Bayer", "articles": [91, 34, 54, 34, 93], "countries": "DEU", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2009}, "doc_id": "001-93616", "dataset_type": "train", "orig_text": "PROCEDURE\n\nThe case originated in an application (no. 8453/04) against the Federal Republic of Germany lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (\u201cthe Convention\u201d) by a German national, Mr Detlef Bayer (\u201cthe applicant\u201d), on 1 March 2004.\n\nThe applicant was represented by Mr D. Herrmann, a lawyer practising in Karlsruhe. The German Government (\u201cthe Government\u201d) were represented by their Agent, Mrs A. Wittling-Vogel, Ministerialdirigentin, of the Federal Ministry of Justice.\n\nOn 11 February 2008 the President of the Fifth Section decided to give notice of the application to the Government. It was also decided to rule on the admissibility and merits of the application at the same time (Article 29 \u00a7 3).\n\nTHE FACTS\n\nI. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE\n\nThe applicant was born in 1949 and lives in Linsengericht.\n\nHe joined the civil service in 1967 and was appointed a civil servant in 1969. In 1976 the applicant was appointed a bailiff and civil servant for life. In 1984 he was promoted to chief bailiff.\n\nIn 1985 a new supervisor (Dienstvorgesetzte) was appointed for him, with whom he had numerous professional disputes. The applicant unsuccessfully challenged a great number of his supervisor's instructions in court. Despite this being pointed out to him, he continued to ignore his supervisor's guidance and to act contrary to the latter's instructions.\n\nOn 28 November 1986 preliminary disciplinary investigations were opened against the applicant. On 17 July 1987 a final (preliminary) report was drawn up. On 3 August 1987 the applicant was informed that the preliminary investigations had been closed. However, the preliminary investigations had to be re-started and expanded as numerous further misdemeanours possibly committed by the applicant had been discovered.\n\nOn 9 May 1990 the President of the Frankfurt Court of Appeal opened formal disciplinary investigations against the applicant on suspicion of a large number of misdemeanours committed from 1987 to 1990. The allegations included false recording of enforcement proceedings, imposition of excessive costs and hindering audits of his professional conduct.\n\nOn 3 November 1990 the applicant challenged the President of the Frankfurt Court of Appeal for bias. As no decision was reached, the applicant complained to the Hessen Ministry of Justice, which, on 28 February 1991, informed him that he had no right to lodge complaints of bias in the framework of disciplinary investigations.\n\nIn the meantime, the disciplinary proceedings were stayed on 29 November 1990 in accordance with Article 14 \u00a7 1 of the Hessen Disciplinary Code (see paragraph 30 below) (\u201cthe Code\u201d) with respect to the then ongoing criminal proceedings concerning the same facts. Moreover, the applicant was temporarily removed from office. His basic remuneration remained unaffected.\n\nOn 20 September 1991 the applicant again challenged the President of the Frankfurt Court of Appeal for bias; on 8 October 1991 the latter rejected the challenge as being unfounded, and on 7 November 1991 the Hessen Ministry of Justice, again informed the applicant that he had no right to challenge members of the investigating authority for bias.\n\nOn 12 December 1991 the applicant was acquitted of the criminal charges and the criminal proceedings were thus terminated.\n\nOn 3 May 1995 the disciplinary investigations were resumed.\n\nThe formal disciplinary investigations were closed and a first formal report was drawn up on 20 October 1995. However, as the hearing of further witnesses was necessary, the investigation was continued. According to a note dated 27 September 1996 the delays in the investigation were due to the complexity of the case and to the processing of priority disciplinary matters. On 5 February 1997 the final report was drawn up.\n\nOn 25 August 1997 the President of the Court of Appeal ordered the head of the investigation to compile the charges.\n\nOn 17 October 1997 the prosecutor in charge of the preparation of the charges withdrew due to overwork and illness and had to be replaced by another prosecutor.\n\nOn 27 September 1999 the charges were finalised. They were received by the Disciplinary Chamber of the Frankfurt Administrative Court on 12 January 2000. The applicant was accused of having hindered the audit of his professional conduct on three occasions, having falsified and then charged for disbursements and fees without any legal basis on 541 occasions and having acted against his supervisor's instructions on multiple occasions.\n\nOn 20 March 2000 the applicant requested that the court hear further witnesses.\n\nOn 6 July and 23 November 2000 oral hearings were held. On the latter date the proceedings were stayed and the charges were sent back to the investigating authority to correct errors.\n\nFrom 19 February to 6 March 2001 eight witnesses were reheard by the investigating authority. On 21 March 2001 the applicant was scheduled to be heard but failed to attend.\n\nOn 1 June 2001 the revised charges of 11 May 2001 were submitted to the Administrative Court along with 48 volumes of files.\n\nOn 5 July 2001 the applicant repeated his request of 20 March 2000 as no decision had been taken on his request to hear further witnesses.\n\nOn 30 October 2001 the Frankfurt Administrative Court held an oral hearing and decided to remove the applicant from office in accordance with the provisions of the Hessen Civil Service Act and the Disciplinary Code as he had been found responsible for 519 misdemeanours between 27 November 1987 and 3 November 1990.\n\nOn 11 December 2001 the applicant appealed to the Kassel Administrative Court of Appeal.\n\nOn 1 July 2003 the Kassel Administrative Court of Appeal dismissed the applicant's appeal. It found that Article 6 of the Convention was not applicable to disciplinary proceedings and that, in contrast to criminal proceedings, unreasonable delays could not result in the discontinuation of the proceedings or in the reduction of the penalty. The court further found that there had been no reason to formally decide on the applicant's requests of 20 March 2000 and 5 July 2001 to hear witnesses as the requests were wholly unsubstantiated.\n\nOn 7 August 2003 the applicant lodged a constitutional complaint with the Federal Constitutional Court regarding the length of the proceedings and the interpretation and application of procedural rules and substantial provisions of disciplinary law.\n\nOn 10 September 2003 the Federal Constitutional Court refused to admit the applicant's constitutional complaint without giving reasons.", "applicant": "Detlef Bayer", "offset": 830, "idx_mapping": [830, 830, 830, 830, 830, 830, 830, 830, 830, 830, 830, 830, 830, 842, 843, 844, 845, 846, 847, 848, 849, 850, 851, 852, 853, 854, 855, 856, 857, 858, 859, 860, 861, 862, 863, 864, 865, 866, 867, 868, 869, 870, 871, 872, 873, 874, 875, 876, 877, 878, 879, 880, 881, 882, 883, 884, 885, 886, 887, 888, 889, 890, 891, 892, 893, 894, 895, 896, 897, 898, 899, 900, 901, 902, 903, 904, 905, 906, 907, 908, 909, 910, 911, 912, 913, 914, 915, 916, 917, 918, 919, 920, 921, 922, 923, 924, 925, 926, 927, 928, 929, 930, 931, 932, 933, 934, 935, 936, 937, 938, 939, 940, 941, 942, 943, 944, 945, 946, 947, 948, 949, 950, 951, 952, 953, 954, 955, 956, 957, 958, 959, 960, 961, 962, 963, 964, 965, 966, 967, 968, 969, 970, 971, 972, 973, 974, 830, 830, 830, 830, 830, 830, 830, 830, 830, 830, 830, 830, 830, 987, 988, 989, 990, 991, 992, 993, 994, 995, 996, 997, 998, 999, 1000, 1001, 1002, 1003, 1004, 1005, 1006, 1007, 1008, 1009, 1010, 1011, 1012, 1013, 1014, 1015, 1016, 1017, 1018, 1019, 1020, 1021, 1022, 1023, 1024, 1025, 1026, 1027, 1028, 1029, 1030, 1031, 1032, 1033, 1034, 1035, 1036, 1037, 1038, 1039, 1040, 1041, 1042, 1043, 1044, 1045, 1046, 1047, 1048, 1049, 1050, 1051, 1052, 1053, 1054, 1055, 1056, 1057, 1058, 1059, 1060, 1061, 1062, 1063, 1064, 1065, 1066, 1067, 1068, 1069, 1070, 1071, 1072, 1073, 1074, 1075, 1076, 1077, 1078, 1079, 1080, 1081, 1082, 1083, 1084, 1085, 1086, 1087, 1088, 1089, 1090, 1091, 1092, 1093, 1094, 1095, 1096, 1097, 1098, 1099, 1100, 1101, 1102, 1103, 1104, 1105, 1106, 1107, 1108, 1109, 1110, 1111, 1112, 1113, 1114, 1115, 1116, 1117, 1118, 1119, 1120, 1121, 1122, 1123, 1124, 1125, 1126, 1127, 1128, 1129, 1130, 1131, 1132, 1133, 1134, 1135, 1136, 1137, 1138, 1139, 1140, 1141, 1142, 1143, 1144, 1145, 1146, 1147, 1148, 1149, 1150, 1151, 1152, 1153, 1154, 1155, 1156, 1157, 1158, 1159, 1160, 1161, 1162, 1163, 1164, 1165, 1166, 1167, 1168, 1169, 1170, 1171, 1172, 1173, 1174, 1175, 1176, 1177, 1178, 1179, 1180, 1181, 1182, 1183, 1184, 1185, 1186, 1187, 1188, 1189, 1190, 1191, 1192, 1193, 1194, 1195, 1196, 1197], "duplicates": 1}
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On 8 March 1993 the Public Prosecutor's Office at the Feldkirch Regional Court (Landesgericht) filed an indictment charging Dimiter Pobornikoff with murder. It was alleged that Dimiter Pobornikoff, in December 1991, had killed his wife and had then buried her decapitated corpse in a field where it had been discovered in May 1992. It was further alleged that he had had a mistress, and had run into financial difficulties as he had rented and furnished an apartment for her and had maintained her, whereas his wife, who had opposed a divorce, had owned the spouses' house and a collection of jewellery of considerable value. In these and the trial proceedings Dimiter Pobornikoff was represented by official counsel, Mr. A. On 1 October 1993 the Feldkirch Regional Court, sitting as a Court of Assizes (Geschworenengericht), gave judgment.
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"check", "end_offset": 4585, "entity_id": "001-58825_a8_e33", "entity_mention_id": "001-58825_a8_em35", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "27 January 1994", "start_offset": 4570}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "insert", "end_offset": 5054, "entity_id": "001-58825_a8_e34", "entity_mention_id": "001-58825_a8_em36", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "January 1994", "start_offset": 5042}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 5112, "entity_id": "001-58825_a8_e35", "entity_mention_id": "001-58825_a8_em37", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Vienna Bar Association", "start_offset": 5090}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 5195, "entity_id": "001-58825_a8_e30", "entity_mention_id": "001-58825_a8_em38", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Supreme Court", "start_offset": 5182}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 5233, "entity_id": "001-58825_a8_e36", "entity_mention_id": "001-58825_a8_em39", "entity_type": "PERSON", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Mr K.", "start_offset": 5228}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 5262, "entity_id": "001-58825_a8_e37", "entity_mention_id": "001-58825_a8_em40", "entity_type": "PERSON", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Mr A.", "start_offset": 5257}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 5309, "entity_id": "001-58825_a8_e33", "entity_mention_id": "001-58825_a8_em41", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "27 January 1994", "start_offset": 5294}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 5327, "entity_id": "001-58825_a8_e30", "entity_mention_id": "001-58825_a8_em42", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Supreme Court", "start_offset": 5314}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 5452, "entity_id": "001-58825_a8_e38", "entity_mention_id": "001-58825_a8_em43", "entity_type": "PERSON", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Mr. K.", "start_offset": 5446}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 5931, "entity_id": "001-58825_a8_e30", "entity_mention_id": "001-58825_a8_em44", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Supreme Court", "start_offset": 5918}]}, "annotator9": null}, "quality_checked": [], "task": "Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Dimiter Pobornikoff", "meta": {"applicant": "Dimiter Pobornikoff", "articles": [91, 34, 54, 34, 44, 32, 34, 52, 49, 34, 93], "countries": "AUT", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2000}, "doc_id": "001-58825", "dataset_type": "train", "orig_text": "PROCEDURE\n\nThe case was referred to the Court, in accordance with the provisions applicable prior to the entry into force of Protocol No. 11 to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (\u201cthe Convention\u201d), by the Austrian Government (\u201cthe Government\u201d) on 5 July 1999 (Article 5 \u00a7 4 of Protocol No. 11 and former Articles 47 and 48 of the Convention). It originated in an application (no. 28501/95) against the Republic of Austria lodged with the European Commission of Human Rights (\u201cthe Commission\u201d) under former Article 25 of the Convention by the applicant, a German national, Dimiter Pobornikoff (\u201cthe applicant\u201d), on 21 July 1994. The applicant was represented by Mr H. Baumg\u00e4rtl, a lawyer practising in Munich (Germany). The Government were represented by their Agent, Ambassador H. Winkler, Head of the International Law Department at the Federal Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The Agent of the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany, having been informed by the Registrar of their right to intervene (former Article 48 (b) of the Convention and former Rule 35 \u00a7 3 (b)), indicated that they did not intend to do so.\n\nThe Government\u2019s application referred to former Articles 44 and 48 and to the declaration whereby Austria had recognised the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court (former Article 46). The object of the request was to obtain a decision as to whether the facts of the case disclosed a breach of Article 6 \u00a7\u00a7 1 and 3 (c).\n\nOn 20 September 1999 the Panel of the Grand Chamber decided, pursuant to Article 5 \u00a7 4 of Protocol No. 11 to the Convention and Rules 100 \u00a7 1 and 24 \u00a7 6 of the Rules of Court, that the applications would be examined by one of the Sections. It was, thereupon, assigned to the Third Section. Within that Section, the Chamber was constituted in accordance with Rule 26 \u00a7 1 of the Rules of Court.\n\nIn accordance with Rule 59 \u00a7 3 of the Rules of Court, the President of the Chamber invited the parties to submit a memorial on the issues in the case. The Registrar received the Government\u2019s memorial on 9 December 1999 and the applicant\u2019s memorial on 7 April 2000.\n\nAfter consulting the Agent of the Government and the applicant, the Chamber decided not to hold a hearing in the case.\n\nTHE FACTS\n\nI. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE\n\nOn 8 March 1993 the Public Prosecutor's Office at the Feldkirch Regional Court (Landesgericht) filed an indictment charging the applicant with murder. It was alleged that the applicant, in December 1991, had killed his wife and had then buried her decapitated corpse in a field where it had been discovered in May 1992. It was further alleged that he had had a mistress, and had run into financial difficulties as he had rented and furnished an apartment for her and had maintained her, whereas his wife, who had opposed a divorce, had owned the spouses' house and a collection of jewellery of considerable value. In these and the trial proceedings the applicant was represented by official counsel, Mr. A.\n\nOn 1 October 1993 the Feldkirch Regional Court, sitting as a Court of Assizes (Geschworenengericht), gave judgment. The jury found the applicant guilty of murder. The court, sitting with the jury, sentenced him to life imprisonment. It considered as aggravating circumstances that the applicant had acted for particularly base motives and had acted cruelly. It found that there were no mitigating circumstances.\n\nOn 2 November 1993 the applicant, still represented by Mr. A., filed a plea of nullity (Nichtigkeitsbeschwerde) and an appeal (Berufung). In his plea of nullity he complained about the composition of the court, the court's failure to put alternative questions to the jury and about the lack of reasons for the jury's verdict. He also submitted that there was no factual basis for finding him guilty. In his appeal he complained in particular that the Regional Court's judgment did not give sufficient reasons for the sentence. As to the aggravating circumstances, it was not clear which motives had been established and deemed particularly base. Nor did the judgment mention any facts which would allow the conclusion that he had acted in a cruel manner. As to possible mitigating circumstances, the applicant complained that the Regional Court had failed to take his advanced age and lack of prior convictions into account. The applicant did not request to attend the hearing before the Supreme Court.\n\nOn 21 December 1993 the Supreme Court (Oberster Gerichtshof) fixed the hearing date for the applicant's plea of nullity and his appeal for 27 January 1994. The applicant received a notification, which stated that his counsel would be summoned to the hearing. As to the hearing of the plea of nullity, the notification informed him that he, being detained, could only appear through his counsel. As to the hearing of the appeal, he would not be brought to the court as the conditions of S. 296 \u00a7 3 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (Strafproze\u00dfordung) were not fulfilled. At an unspecified date in the middle of January 1994, the applicant was informed by the Vienna Bar Association that for the purpose of his representation at the hearing before the Supreme Court a new official defence counsel, Mr K., had been appointed as Mr A. would be unable to attend.\n\nOn 27 January 1994 the Supreme Court, after having held a hearing in the absence of the applicant but in the presence of his new official defence counsel, Mr. K., rejected his plea of nullity as well as his appeal. As regards the appeal, the Court found that the applicant had rightly claimed as a mitigating circumstance that he had no prior convictions. Furthermore, cruelty had not been factually established as an aggravating circumstance. However, there was evidential support for the conclusion that the applicant had acted for particularly base motives. Attaching particular weight to this aggravating circumstance, the Supreme Court found that - notwithstanding the aforementioned deficiencies - the sentence of life imprisonment was commensurate with the applicant's guilt.", "applicant": "Dimiter Pobornikoff", "offset": 2306, "idx_mapping": [2306, 2307, 2308, 2309, 2310, 2311, 2312, 2313, 2314, 2315, 2316, 2317, 2318, 2319, 2320, 2321, 2322, 2323, 2324, 2325, 2326, 2327, 2328, 2329, 2330, 2331, 2332, 2333, 2334, 2335, 2336, 2337, 2338, 2339, 2340, 2341, 2342, 2343, 2344, 2345, 2346, 2347, 2348, 2349, 2350, 2351, 2352, 2353, 2354, 2355, 2356, 2357, 2358, 2359, 2360, 2361, 2362, 2363, 2364, 2365, 2366, 2367, 2368, 2369, 2370, 2371, 2372, 2373, 2374, 2375, 2376, 2377, 2378, 2379, 2380, 2381, 2382, 2383, 2384, 2385, 2386, 2387, 2388, 2389, 2390, 2391, 2392, 2393, 2394, 2395, 2396, 2397, 2398, 2399, 2400, 2401, 2402, 2403, 2404, 2405, 2406, 2407, 2408, 2409, 2410, 2411, 2412, 2413, 2414, 2415, 2416, 2417, 2418, 2419, 2420, 2421, 2422, 2423, 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| 1
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Kenneth Donohoe was born in 1978 and has a permanent address in Dublin. A. Background facts
The criminal proceedings against Kenneth Donohoe to which this application relates arose, inter alia, from his association with the following events. On 10 October 2002, an off-duty Garda (police) detective attached to the Special Detective Unit - who lived in a housing estate near Dublin called Corke Abbey - noticed suspicious activity and contacted a local Garda station. From shortly after 11 pm, he watched the movements of three cars (a blue Nissan Almera, a dark Nissan Micra and a yellow Transit van) and he noticed the occupants of the three cars acting in what appeared to be a coordinated manner.
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"PROCEDURE\n\nThe case originated in an application (no. 19165/08) against Ireland lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (\u201cthe Convention\u201d) by an Irish national, Mr Kenneth Donohoe (\u201cthe applicant\u201d), on 8 April 2008.\n\nThe applicant was represented by Ms C. Almond, a lawyer practising in Dublin. The Irish Government (\u201cthe Government\u201d) were represented by their Agent, Mr P. White, of the Department of Foreign Affairs.\n\nThe applicant complained under Article 6 of the Convention that his trial was unfair because of the non-disclosure of the sources of the evidence of a Chief Superintendent without adequate counterbalancing measures.\n\nOn 4 January 2012 the application was communicated to the Government.\n\nWritten submissions were received from the Irish Human Rights Commission, which had been granted leave by the President to intervene as a third party (Article 36 \u00a7 2 of the Convention and Rule 44 \u00a7 2 of the Rules of Court, as in force at the material time).\n\nTHE FACTS\n\nI. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE\n\nThe applicant was born in 1978 and has a permanent address in Dublin.\n\nA. Background facts\n\nThe criminal proceedings against the applicant to which this application relates arose, inter alia, from his association with the following events.\n\nOn 10 October 2002, an off-duty Garda (police) detective attached to the Special Detective Unit - who lived in a housing estate near Dublin called Corke Abbey - noticed suspicious activity and contacted a local Garda station. From shortly after 11 pm, he watched the movements of three cars (a blue Nissan Almera, a dark Nissan Micra and a yellow Transit van) and he noticed the occupants of the three cars acting in what appeared to be a coordinated manner. At one stage, five men got out of the Nissan Micra and three of them got into the back of the yellow Transit van, where there was already a driver and a man in the passenger seat. The other two got back into the Nissan Micra and it was driven off. A taxi arrived and its sole passenger got out and joined the other group. These six men were gathered together at the side of the Transit van. An unmarked Garda vehicle manned by two Garda\u00ed arrived in response to the off-duty detective\u2019s call and approached the van. One of the men walked away from the group while four of them got into the back of the van and one into the driver\u2019s seat.\n\nThe Nissan Almera remained on the estate parked near the Transit van. One Garda spoke to the driver of the Transit van who gave a false name (referred to below as PB). While speaking with him, the Garda\u00ed noted a black balaclava and the handset of a portable radio on the floor of the van. The other Garda opened the back door of the van and saw the other four men, sitting on the floor, as well as a number of items (which the trial court later regarded as \u201c significant pieces of evidence\u201d see \u00a7 11 below): a lump/sledge hammer; two pickaxe handles; a torch; eight plastic bags of cable ties; black balaclavas with single or double openings; two identical navy ties resembling those worn by members of An Garda S\u00edoch\u00e1na; woollen gloves; rolls of masking tape; a sky blue shirt marked \u2018security\u2019; a yellow fluorescent jacket with the word \u201cGARDA\u201d labelled on it; black woollen gloves and plastic industrial gloves; a number of remote controlled radios and election posters in respect of a man named O\u2019Snodaigh. Two of the men in the back of the van were dressed in clothing that gave the appearance of, and made them look like members of An Garda S\u00edoch\u00e1na including, yellow fluorescent jackets on which was printed or marked \u201cGARDA\u201d.\n\nWhen the Nissan Almera was later examined by the police they found it contained false registration plates which corresponded to its tax and insurance discs, these, in fact, being those of an identical car that had previously been stolen; the genuine registration plates for the Nisssan Almera; a \u2018Long Kesh\u2019 baseball cap; a quantity of ties and a plastic bag which contained a stun gun and a canister of CS gas; a blue flashing light and beacon which would give the appearance of belonging to an official police car; and a roll of black binding tape. The owner of the car was later identified as being MB.\n\nThe five men of the original eight who remained in the estate, and who were in the Ford Transit van, were arrested and charged with being members of an illegal organisation. During police investigations, the Nissan Micra car which had left Corke Abbey after dropping off three of the five men who had been in it, was later traced back to a Ms K., the partner of the applicant (see paragraph 22 below). On 24 October 2002 a lawful search of the applicant\u2019s home took place. Papers were found which contained the phone number of the owner of the Nissan Almera (MB) and the phone number of the man in the driver\u2019s seat of the Transit van (PB). The trial court later found established that, at the very least, the applicant was acquainted with one of the men arrested on 10 October 2002 and with the owner of the Nissan Almera car (see paragraph 22 below).\n\nOn 24 October 2002 the applicant was arrested under section 30 of the Offences against the State Act 1939, as amended (\u201cthe 1939 Act\u201d). He was brought to the police station where he was questioned about membership, contrary to section 21 of the 1939 Act, of an unlawful organisation (the Irish Republican Army, \u201cIRA\u201d). The applicant did not make a statement and was released from custody.\n\nOn 30 October 2002 he was arrested on suspicion that, on 10 October 2002, he was a member of the IRA contrary to section 21 of the 1939 Act. He and a co-accused (NB) were interviewed at length by police officers. Numerous questions were put to them concerning the events in Corke Abbey and the evidence gathered by the police. Section 2 of the Offences Against the State (Amendment) Act 1998 (\u201cthe 1998 Act\u201d) was invoked by the interviewing officers and each accused was informed of the consequences of a failure to answer the questions. Neither answered any question. The trial court later noted that the two accused accepted that they had had full access to legal advice and found that each had availed himself of the opportunity to consult a solicitor before and during several police interviews. Those interviews were also recorded on video.\n\nThe applicant was brought before the Special Criminal Court (\u201cSCC\u201d) and charged with membership on 10 October 2002 of an unlawful organisation, the IRA, contrary to section 21 of the 1939 Act.\n\nB. The SCC\n\nIn October 2004 the applicant and NB were tried before the SCC. The trial lasted 8 days. 54 prosecution witnesses were heard. The accused did not give any evidence at trial nor was any other evidence tendered on his behalf.\n\nOn 18 November 2004 the SCC delivered its judgment convicting the applicant and his co-accused. In so doing, it identified four strands of evidence tendered by the prosecution: (i) the sworn testimony of Chief Superintendent PK that it was his belief that, independently of any matter discovered at the time of the Corke Abbey events or any matters following those events, the applicant was a member of the IRA; (ii) evidence that associated each of the accused with the activities at Corke Abbey which the prosecution contended were of a type usually associated with the IRA and which it claimed supported or corroborated PK\u2019s evidence; (iii) evidence that, following a search of their homes, documentation was found which was said to be of a type one might expect to find in the possession of an active member of an organisation like the IRA; and (iv) inferences, it argued, that could properly be drawn, pursuant to statute, arising from the failure of the applicant to answer questions material to the investigation of the offence in question.\n\nThe trial court considered the first strand, which comprised the evidence of a Chief Superintendent who testified that he believed that, on 10 October 2002, the applicant was a member of the IRA. He stated that his belief was based on confidential information available to him, of an oral and written nature, from police and civilian sources. This information was independent of any matters discovered when five persons were arrested for unlawful activity at Corke Abbey and also independent of any matters discovered following those events. When asked to identify his sources, he claimed privilege stating that disclosure would endanger lives and State security.\n\nThe applicant made an application for an inquiry into PK\u2019s sources arguing that his trial would be unfair if he did not know these sources and the evidence against him (Rowe and Davis v. the United Kingdom [GC], no. 28901/95, ECHR 2000-II). The prosecution, which had no access to the confidential source material, opposed the applicant\u2019s request on the basis of the principle of informer privilege. Reviewing this Court\u2019s case-law (inter alia, Edwards and Lewis v. the United Kingdom [GC], nos. 39647/98 and 40461/98, ECHR 2004-X), the SCC found that, while it was unthinkable that information that would threaten lives or State security would be disclosed, the admission of PK\u2019s evidence without any inquiry into its basis would unfairly balance the trial in favour of the prosecution. The accused, it held, was entitled to some enquiry into the basis of PK\u2019s belief in order to reconcile an order for privilege with defence rights. The SCC, therefore, directed the Chief Superintendent to produce all relevant documentation which, he asserted, informed him that the accused were members of the IRA. In compliance with the direction, files relating to both the applicant and his co-accused and covering a lengthy period prior to 10 October 2002 were produced to the trial court, but not disclosed to the prosecution or to the defence. The Court conducted a review of those files considering this to be the most appropriate solution in the interests of justice. Its competence to do so had been considered and confirmed previously by the Supreme Court and, as such, it was authorised by domestic law (DPP v Ward [1999] 1 I.R. 60).\n\nFollowing the review of PK\u2019s files, the SCC was satisfied that PK had \u201cadequate and reliable information\u201d on which he could legitimately form the opinion that each accused was a member of the IRA. It found that there was nothing in the files that would assist the defence in proving the innocence of their clients. Later, in weighing PK\u2019s evidence, the SCC confirmed that it had excluded any information to which it had become privy during its review of the files he had produced to the court. The SCC also noted that the demeanour of PK was such that the court was persuaded that he was an \u201chonest and reliable\u201d witness. He had 25 years\u2019 service as a police officer most of which was devoted to combating subversion and, as the head of the Special Detective Unit (concerned with the State security and monitoring subversive organisations), PK was the person best placed to learn of the activities of the accused. It was difficult to imagine anyone better informed on the subject in the country. The SCC was persuaded beyond any doubt by the belief evidence of PK that the accused were members of the IRA as charged. Moreover, the trial court was satisfied that PK had formed that belief ever before the \u2018Corke Abbey\u2019 events of 10 October 2002 or any matters discovered following the arrest of five persons on that occasion. The SCC totally rejected a suggestion put to the Chief Superintendent PK, in cross-examination that his evidence was a fiction.\n\nHowever, the trial court held that the demands of justice required that it should not convict solely on the basis of PK\u2019s evidence so the SCC went on to examine whether there was evidence which supported and corroborated the belief of PK.\n\nThe second strand of the prosecution case to which the trial court had regard was evidence which, it was satisfied, established that each of the accused was associated with the other and with the activities at Corke Abbey, activities which, according to the prosecution, were of a type associated with the IRA. Police officers gave detailed evidence about the events and the suspicious activities in Corke Abbey on the night of 10 October 2002 and about the items that had been found following a search of the vehicles involved (see paragraphs 7, 8 and 9 above).\n\nPackaging from a Rayovac torch and a receipt dated 10 October 2002 were later found in the Nissan Micra when it was searched. The SCC was satisfied beyond any doubt that this packaging and receipt matched the torch found in the Transit van. It was further satisfied that the dark green Nissan Micra observed by the police at Corke Abbey was the property of Ms K, the partner of the applicant, and that he, the applicant, had had control of the motor vehicle on the evening in question. His partner had testified that she had given the keys of her Nissan Micra to the applicant around 8pm on 10 October 2002; that neither he nor the car was back when she returned home later that night; and that when she awoke the next morning both he and the car were back at the house they shared. The trial court had no doubt that the applicant was either one of the male drivers of the Nissan Micra at Corke Abbey or that he was aware of and acquiesced in the use to which it was being put. It was also satisfied, having heard abundant evidence which included sightings of the applicant and his co-accused together in the middle of the night when the applicant\u2019s home was being searched, that they were \u2018well known\u2019 to each other.\n\nThe SCC considered that the above evidence showed that both accused were aware of, or acquiesced in, unlawful activities in Corke Abbey. However, it was of the view that those activities could equally be ascribed to persons engaged in organised crime as opposed to those engaged in subversive crime.\n\nThe third strand of the prosecution case concerned documentation found upon a search of the applicant\u2019s home on 24 October 2002. On the one hand, there was a piece of paper containing the drawing of a key and a telephone number which the court accepted was that of MB, the owner of the Nissan Almera with the false number plates. They also found a piece of paper with the telephone number of PB whom the Court had no doubt was the person found to be driving the Ford Transit van on the night of the 10 October 2002. During an earlier search of the co-accused\u2019s home, police had found documents which contained notes of the actions and movements of a number of elected politicians from different political parties plus documents recording the names and addresses of persons involved in serious crime and documents noting the names of persons linked to the Irish National Liberation Army (\u201cINLA\u201d), another unlawful organisation (paragraph 39 below). A thumb print on black tape found in the Almera was accepted as being that of the co-accused. The trial court accepted that the documentation established that the applicant was, at the very least, acquainted with the driver of the Transit van (PB) and the owner of the Nissan Almera (MB). However, it was not, of itself, supportive of Chief Superintendent PK\u2019s evidence that the applicant was a member of the IRA.\n\nThe fourth strand of the prosecution case against the applicant and his co-accused was that, in the course of a number of interviews by police officers following their arrest during which the provisions of s.2 of the Offences Against the State (Amendment) Act, 1998 were invoked and explained to them, each man failed to answer a variety of questions which, the court maintained, were very material to the investigation of the offences with which each was charged. It was accepted by the defence that each accused was afforded all the rights and privileges to which they were legally entitled during their detention and, in particular, that each of them had full access to legal advice. The court noted that each availed of the opportunity to consult a solicitor before and in the course of several police interviews. The video-recordings of the interviews were shown to the trial court. It noted that, not only did each remain totally silent during the course of interview, but each appeared to take no ostensible interest whatsoever in what was going on. They sat bolt upright showing remarkable self-control throughout, in that their only movement was an occasional blink of the eyes but they made no effort to engage with the interviewers. It was clear to the court that each was deliberately and offensively ignoring all that was being asked of them. The court was satisfied that not only were the relevant statutory provisions invoked and adequately explained to each accused but each was given an opportunity to protest in the event that he had not understood that explanation, an opportunity which was ignored. Each question material to the charge was met with a stony silence. For example, each accused was asked to affirm or deny that he was a member of the IRA. Each was asked whether he knew the men arrested at Corke Abbey on the night of 10 October 2002, it being clear that each knew one or more of them. Each was asked to explain why they kept the documentation found when their houses were searched and each was asked whether they had any involvement with the aforesaid events. The applicant, in particular, was specifically asked about his use of his partner\u2019s car on the night of 10 October 2002 and to explain how it had been seen at Corke Abbey on that night, it being the evidence of his partner that he had been in possession of the car.\n\nThe trial court had no doubt as to the materiality of a vast number of the questions put to each accused and it was clear that each had made no effort whatsoever to answer them. In those circumstances, the court had \u2018no doubt\u2019 that, as provided for by section 2 of the 1998 Act, it was entitled to and did, in fact, draw the inference from the failure of each accused to answer those questions that each had a guilty conscience insofar as the allegation of membership of an unlawful organisation was concerned. The court was satisfied that their silence amounted to corroboration of the belief evidence given by Chief Superintendent PK. As the court did not doubt the evidence of PK that he believed each was a member of the IRA and as the court was satisfied that the failure of each to answer material questions during police interviews was corroborative of that evidence, it was persuaded beyond all reasonable doubt that each of the accused was guilty of charged.\n\nFor the sake of completeness, the trial court added, that while it had indicated in delivering its judgment that it was not convinced that, standing alone, either the activities at Corke Abbey with which each of the accused was associated or the documentation found upon a search of their homes necessarily indicated activities or membership of an unlawful organisation, it was the opinion of the court that \u201cwhen viewed in conjunction with the belief evidence of Chief Superintendent PK and the fact that each accused failed to answer questions while being interviewed by members of the Garda Siochana, those two pieces of evidence, i.e. the activities which took place at Corke Abbey ... and the documentation which was found on the premises of each accused is supportive to the allegation that each of them is a member of the IRA\u201d.\n\nThe applicant was sentenced to four years\u2019 imprisonment.\n\nC. Appeal to the Court of Criminal Appeal (\u201cCCA\u201d)\n\nThe applicant sought leave to appeal against his conviction to the CCA claiming that the trial court had erred in law. In particular, he objected to any review by the trial judges, as adjudicators of guilt or innocence, of material underlying the belief of Chief Superintendent PK on the grounds that to do so was unlawful and contrary to the case-law of this Court.\n\nOn 28 November 2006 the CCA, having conducted an extensive review of the domestic jurisprudence and the case-law of this Court, gave judgment refusing leave to appeal. It was satisfied that a restriction on the ability to cross-examine the Chief Superintendent, arising from his claim of privilege in respect of the underlying sources of information upon which his belief was based because of a threat to life or to the on-going security of the State, did not ipso facto constitute a breach of Article 38 of the Constitution or of Article 6 of the Convention. The Supreme Court in DPP v. Kelly ([2006] IESC 20) had found this limitation necessary and properly counterbalanced by matters not dissimilar to those arising in the present case. The belief of Chief Superintendent PK was simply admitted as being evidence, no more and no less, and this was already well established in the prior jurisprudence. Such a witness could be cross-examined but he was entitled to claim privilege in respect of underlying facts or sources which led to his belief that disclosure of same could cause a credible threat to life or to state security. By ruling that it would not convict without evidence that supported or corroborated that belief, the trial court had clearly recognised the disadvantage to the defence which flowed from the claim of privilege and it had correctly sought evidence corroborative of PK\u2019s belief. The exercise of the trial court\u2019s discretion to review the files furnished by the Chief Superintendent PK did not infringe the right to a fair trial. It found no evidence that would have assisted the accused and the material examined constituted a good basis for the belief of the Chief Superintendent. The trial court had confirmed that, if it had found otherwise, this would have led to a different outcome.\n\nThe CCA rejected the submission that the SCC, which decided on guilt or innocence, should not have carried out this review having regard to this Court\u2019s case-law. It was not at all clear from the Convention case-law that any of the judgments relied upon by counsel in this case dealt with the issue of a claim to privilege based on a threat to life or to the on-going security of the State. In the applicant\u2019s case, the CCA held that there was no reason to conclude that anything found in the material examined by the trial court was influential on that court in making its judgment, let alone inspiring anything determinative of the guilt of either accused. A statement to the contrary was explicitly made by the trial court and was to be found in the judgment itself. Nor could any of this material, had it been disclosed to the defence, have been considered to be in any way of assistance in establishing the innocence of the accused. A statement that no such exculpatory material existed was also found in the trial court\u2019s judgment.\n\nThe CCA also considered that the events at Corke Abbey and an association with those events, the vehicles and the contents of the vehicles, the materials found during searches as well as the meetings between both accused at the time when the applicant\u2019s house was being searched, were all matters which came within the ambit of the phrase \u2018movements, actions, activities, or associations on the part of an accused person\u2019 found in section 3(1)(b)(i) of the Offences Against the State (Amendment) Act, 1972, as amended (\u201cthe 1972 Act\u201d). The facts upon which the trial court relied were all proven beyond reasonable doubt and, indeed, the trial court had noted that there had been no serious challenge to the prosecution evidence of the facts, connections and associations so found. The trial court was fully entitled to have found that the applicant was associated with the events at Corke Abbey and its conclusion, in the circumstances, was a safe and valid one. Insofar as the appellants had complained about the trial court\u2019s comment on the demeanour of each accused during police interviews, the CCA considered that their objection, against a background of a total failure to answer any question at all, was rather surreal. The evidence established a complete and utter failure to answer any question at all and the trial court made a finding on that failure. That court\u2019s entitlement to draw inferences arose, precisely, from that failure. In the circumstances, the inferences were correctly and validly drawn. The commentary as to demeanour did not alter that in any way nor did it suggest that the right to silence did not apply.\n\nThe CCA confirmed the trial court\u2019s conclusion that, while the association with events at Corke Abbey or the documents found on searches, for example, might not, in isolation, be indicative of membership of an illegal organisation, these matters, accepted as having been proven, when taken together with the inferences validly drawn, were supportive of the opinion of Chief Superintendent PK. When considered with his evidence, all the matters taken together were sufficient to establish beyond reasonable doubt that both appellants were members of the IRA on the date in question. The trial court was entitled to look at the established facts, when taken together, and also when taken in conjunction with the inferences which it had properly drawn to see whether these supported or corroborated the belief evidence of the Chief Superintendent. The trial court\u2019s finding that the foregoing facts and inferences, when taken together with the belief evidence of the Chief Superintendent, established beyond reasonable doubt the charges against the accused was a correct finding and conclusion.\n\nD. Section 29 of the Courts of Justice Act 1924 (\u201cthe 1924 Act\u201d)\n\nThe applicant then brought an application to the CCA under section 29 of the 1924 Act, pursuant to which he requested the court to certify that its previous decision involved a point of law of exceptional public importance and that it was desirable in the public interest that an appeal should be taken to the Supreme Court. The question proposed by the applicant for the Supreme Court\u2019s consideration was whether the receipt and examination of material concerning the applicant to which neither he nor his advisors had access was consistent with the State\u2019s obligation to provide a fair trial pursuant to Article 6 of the Convention and Article 38 of the Constitution. On 26 October 2007 the CCA delivered its (second) judgment and refused the application for a section 29 certificate.\n\nThe CCA reviewed the case law of this Court upon which the applicant had relied. It summarised this Court\u2019s findings in the above-cited case of Rowe and Davis v. the United Kingdom (in which it had found a violation of Article 6) to the effect that: (a) the entitlement to disclosure is not an absolute right and that, in any criminal proceedings, there may be competing interests, such as national security or the need to protect witnesses at risk of reprisal, which must be weighed against the rights of the accused; (b) in cases where evidence is withheld from the defence in the above circumstances it is not the role of this Court to decide whether or not such non-disclosure was strictly necessary. Instead this Court\u2019s role is to ascertain whether the decision-making procedure or process which was applied did comply, as far as possible, with the requirements of adversarial proceedings; (c) in the Rowe cases there was a failure by the prosecution to lay the evidence in question before the trial judge to permit him to rule on the question of disclosure and this deprived the applicant of a fair trial; and (d) the particular facts in that case differentiated it from the case of Edwards v. the United Kingdom (16 December 1992, Series A no. 247 B). Referring to Jasper v. the United Kingdom ([GC], no. 27052/95, 16 February 2000), in which these principles were repeated, the CCA noted that this Court had recognised that the trial judge held a supervisory role in determining the balance between the competing rights of the defence and of public interest immunity. It found that the fact that the need for disclosure was at all times under assessment by the trial judge provided a further important safeguard.\n\nThe CCA concluded that the approach taken by the trial court in the applicant\u2019s case was clearly within the ambit of the case-law of the Strasbourg Court which required that the withholding of any such documentation had to remain at all times in the supervisory control of judges themselves. The CCA rejected the submission that the trial court\u2019s approach involved a review of material which was determinative of guilt. Rather, the judges were considering whether PK\u2019s evidence should be admitted without cross-examination as to its source in circumstances where privilege, based on the safety of the life of others, had been invoked. In weighing up the value of that belief evidence, the trial judges had had no regard at all to the documentary source material. There was no requirement to disclose documents which did not damage the prosecution or assist the defence and it was clear from the SCC\u2019s review that there were no such documents: if the SCC had found documents of assistance to the applicant, its answer would have been different. Moreover, the undisclosed documents were demonstrably not determinative as the applicant had suggested and the trial court had explicitly stated this to be so in its judgment. Finally, the CCA noted that the applicant had not sought to have the appeal court examine or consider the Chief Superintendent\u2019s documentation in order to ascertain whether the trial judges had misdirected themselves in respect of the documents or the material contained therein.", "applicant": "Kenneth Donohoe", "offset": 1089, "idx_mapping": [1089, 1089, 1089, 1089, 1089, 1089, 1089, 1089, 1089, 1089, 1089, 1089, 1089, 1104, 1105, 1106, 1107, 1108, 1109, 1110, 1111, 1112, 1113, 1114, 1115, 1116, 1117, 1118, 1119, 1120, 1121, 1122, 1123, 1124, 1125, 1126, 1127, 1128, 1129, 1130, 1131, 1132, 1133, 1134, 1135, 1136, 1137, 1138, 1139, 1140, 1141, 1142, 1143, 1144, 1145, 1146, 1147, 1148, 1149, 1150, 1151, 1152, 1153, 1154, 1155, 1156, 1157, 1158, 1159, 1160, 1161, 1162, 1163, 1164, 1165, 1166, 1167, 1168, 1169, 1170, 1171, 1172, 1173, 1174, 1175, 1176, 1177, 1178, 1179, 1180, 1181, 1182, 1183, 1184, 1185, 1186, 1187, 1188, 1189, 1190, 1191, 1192, 1193, 1194, 1195, 1196, 1197, 1198, 1199, 1200, 1201, 1202, 1203, 1204, 1205, 1206, 1207, 1208, 1209, 1210, 1211, 1212, 1213, 1214, 1089, 1089, 1089, 1089, 1089, 1089, 1089, 1089, 1089, 1089, 1089, 1089, 1089, 1230, 1231, 1232, 1233, 1234, 1235, 1236, 1237, 1238, 1239, 1240, 1241, 1242, 1243, 1244, 1245, 1246, 1247, 1248, 1249, 1250, 1251, 1252, 1253, 1254, 1255, 1256, 1257, 1258, 1259, 1260, 1261, 1262, 1263, 1264, 1265, 1266, 1267, 1268, 1269, 1270, 1271, 1272, 1273, 1274, 1275, 1276, 1277, 1278, 1279, 1280, 1281, 1282, 1283, 1284, 1285, 1286, 1287, 1288, 1289, 1290, 1291, 1292, 1293, 1294, 1295, 1296, 1297, 1298, 1299, 1300, 1301, 1302, 1303, 1304, 1305, 1306, 1307, 1308, 1309, 1310, 1311, 1312, 1313, 1314, 1315, 1316, 1317, 1318, 1319, 1320, 1321, 1322, 1323, 1324, 1325, 1326, 1327, 1328, 1329, 1330, 1331, 1332, 1333, 1334, 1335, 1336, 1337, 1338, 1339, 1340, 1341, 1342, 1343, 1344, 1345, 1346, 1347, 1348, 1349, 1350, 1351, 1352, 1353, 1354, 1355, 1356, 1357, 1358, 1359, 1360, 1361, 1362, 1363, 1364, 1365, 1366, 1367, 1368, 1369, 1370, 1371, 1372, 1373, 1374, 1375, 1376, 1377, 1378, 1379, 1380, 1381, 1382, 1383, 1384, 1385, 1386, 1387, 1388, 1389, 1390, 1391, 1392, 1393, 1394, 1395, 1396, 1397, 1398, 1399, 1400, 1401, 1402, 1403, 1404, 1405, 1406, 1407, 1408, 1409, 1410, 1411, 1412, 1413, 1414, 1415, 1416, 1417, 1418, 1419, 1420, 1421, 1422, 1423, 1424, 1425, 1426, 1427, 1428, 1429, 1430, 1431, 1432, 1433, 1434, 1435, 1436, 1437, 1438, 1439, 1440, 1441, 1442, 1443, 1444, 1445, 1446, 1447, 1448, 1449, 1450, 1451, 1452, 1453, 1454, 1455, 1456, 1457, 1458, 1459, 1460, 1461, 1462, 1463, 1464, 1465, 1466, 1467, 1468, 1469, 1470, 1471, 1472, 1473, 1474, 1475, 1476, 1477, 1478, 1479, 1480, 1481, 1482, 1483, 1484, 1485, 1486, 1487, 1488, 1489, 1490, 1491, 1492, 1493, 1494, 1495, 1496, 1497, 1498, 1499, 1500, 1501, 1502, 1503, 1504, 1505, 1506, 1507, 1508, 1509, 1510, 1511, 1512, 1513, 1514, 1515, 1516, 1517, 1518, 1519, 1520, 1521, 1522, 1523, 1524, 1525, 1526, 1527, 1528, 1529, 1530, 1531, 1532, 1533, 1534, 1535, 1536, 1537, 1538, 1539, 1540, 1541, 1542, 1543, 1544, 1545, 1546, 1547, 1548, 1549, 1550, 1551, 1552, 1553, 1554, 1555, 1556, 1557, 1558, 1559, 1560, 1561, 1562, 1563, 1564, 1565, 1566, 1567, 1568, 1569, 1570, 1571, 1572, 1573, 1574, 1575, 1576, 1577, 1578, 1579, 1580, 1581, 1582, 1583, 1584, 1585, 1586, 1587, 1588, 1589, 1590, 1591, 1592, 1593, 1594, 1595, 1596, 1597, 1598, 1599, 1600, 1601, 1602, 1603, 1604, 1605, 1606, 1607, 1608, 1609, 1610, 1611, 1612, 1613, 1614, 1615, 1616, 1617, 1618, 1619, 1620, 1621, 1622, 1623, 1624, 1625, 1626, 1627, 1628, 1629, 1630, 1631, 1632, 1633, 1634, 1635, 1636, 1637, 1638, 1639, 1640, 1641, 1642, 1643, 1644, 1645, 1646, 1647, 1648, 1649, 1650, 1651, 1652, 1653, 1654, 1655, 1656, 1657, 1658, 1659, 1660, 1661, 1662, 1663, 1664, 1665, 1666, 1667, 1668, 1669, 1670, 1671, 1672, 1673, 1674, 1675, 1676, 1677, 1678, 1679, 1680, 1681, 1682, 1683, 1684, 1685, 1686, 1687, 1688, 1689, 1690, 1691, 1692, 1693, 1694, 1695, 1696, 1697, 1698, 1699, 1700, 1701, 1702, 1703, 1704, 1705, 1706, 1707, 1708, 1709, 1710, 1711, 1712, 1713, 1714, 1715, 1716, 1717, 1718, 1719, 1720, 1721, 1722, 1723, 1724, 1725, 1726, 1727, 1728, 1729, 1730, 1731, 1732, 1733, 1734, 1735, 1736, 1737, 1738, 1739, 1740, 1741, 1742, 1743, 1744, 1745, 1746, 1747, 1748, 1749, 1750, 1751, 1752, 1753, 1754, 1755, 1756, 1757, 1758, 1759, 1760, 1761, 1762, 1763, 1764, 1765, 1766, 1767, 1768, 1769, 1770, 1771, 1772, 1773, 1774, 1775, 1776, 1777, 1778, 1779, 1780, 1781, 1782, 1783, 1784, 1785, 1786, 1787, 1788, 1789], "duplicates": 1}
| 1
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I. The circumstances of the case
Mr Laskey, Mr Jaggard and Mr Brown, all British citizens, were born in 1943, 1947 and 1935 respectively. Mr Laskey died on 14 May 1996. In 1987, in the course of routine investigations into other matters, the police came into possession of a number of video films which were made during sado-masochistic encounters involving Colin Laskeys and as many as forty-four other homosexual men. As a result Colin Laskeys, with several other men, were charged with a series of offences, including assault and wounding, relating to sado-masochistic activities that had taken place over a ten-year period.
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"span_text": "House of Lords", "start_offset": 14408}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "insert", "end_offset": 14962, "entity_id": "001-58021_a8_e82", "entity_mention_id": "001-58021_a8_em115", "entity_type": "PERSON", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Lord Slynn of Hadley", "start_offset": 14942}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 15637, "entity_id": "001-58021_a8_e44", "entity_mention_id": "001-58021_a8_em116", "entity_type": "PERSON", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Mr Jaggard", "start_offset": 15627}]}, "annotator9": null}, "quality_checked": [], "task": "Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Colin Laskey", "meta": {"applicant": "Colin Laskey", "articles": [91, 34, 56, 34, 93], "countries": "GBR", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 1997}, "doc_id": "001-58021", "dataset_type": "train", "orig_text": "PROCEDURE\n\nThe case was referred to the Court by the European Commission of Human Rights (\u201cthe Commission\u201c) on 11 December 1995, within the three\u2011month period laid down by Article 32 para. 1 and Article 47 of the Convention (art. 32-1, art. 47). It originated in three applications (nos. 21627/93, 21826/93 and 21974/93) against the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland lodged with the Commission under Article 25 (art. 25) on 14 December 1992 by three British nationals, Mr Colin Laskey, Mr Roland Jaggard and Mr Anthony Brown. The Commission\u2019s request referred to Articles 44 and 48 (art. 44, art. 48) and to the declaration whereby the United Kingdom recognised the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court (Article 46) (art. 46). The object of the request was to obtain a decision as to whether the facts of the case disclosed a breach by the respondent State of its obligations under Article 8 of the Convention (art. 8).\n\nIn response to the enquiry made in accordance with Rule 33 para. 3 (d) of Rules of Court A, the late Mr Laskey\u2019s father and the two other applicants stated that they wished to take part in the proceedings and designated the lawyers who would represent them (Rule 30).\n\nThe Chamber to be constituted included ex officio Sir John Freeland, the elected judge of British nationality (Article 43 of the Convention) (art. 43), and Mr R. Bernhardt, the Vice-President of the Court (Rule 21 para. 4 (b)). On 8 February 1996, in the presence of the Registrar, the President of the Court, Mr R. Ryssdal, drew by lot the names of the other seven members, namely Mr L.-E. Pettiti, Mr C. Russo, Mr A. Spielmann, Mr M.A. Lopes Rocha, Mr L. Wildhaber, Mr P. Kuris and Mr E. Levits (Article 43 in fine of the Convention and Rule 21 para. 5) (art. 43).\n\nAs President of the Chamber (Rule 21 para. 6), Mr Bernhardt, acting through the Registrar, consulted the Agent of the United Kingdom Government (\u201cthe Government\u201c), the applicants\u2019 lawyers and the Delegate of the Commission on the organisation of the proceedings (Rules 37 para. 1 and 38). Pursuant to the orders made in consequence, the Registrar received the Government\u2019s and the applicants\u2019 memorials on 2 and 15 July 1996 respectively.\n\nOn 17 July 1996, the President granted leave to Rights International, a New York-based non-governmental human rights organisation, to submit written comments on specified aspects of the case (Rule 37 para. 2). The comments were received on 16 August 1996.\n\nIn accordance with the President\u2019s decision, the hearing took place in public in the Human Rights Building, Strasbourg, on 21 October 1996. The Court had held a preparatory meeting beforehand. There appeared before the Court: (a) for the Government Mr I. Christie, Assistant Legal Adviser, Foreign and Commonwealth Office, Agent, Mr D. Pannick QC, Mr M. Shaw, Counsel, Mr S. Bramley, Ms B. Moxon, Advisers; (b) for the Commission Mr G. Ress, Delegate; (c) for the applicants Lord Lester of Herne Hill QC, Ms A. Worrall QC, Counsel, Mr D. Jonas, Mr A. Hamilton, Mr I. Geffen, Solicitors, Mr J. Wadham, Adviser. The Court heard addresses by Mr Ress, Lord Lester of Herne Hill, Ms Worrall and Mr Pannick.\n\nAS TO THE FACTS\n\nI. The circumstances of the case\n\nMr Laskey, Mr Jaggard and Mr Brown, all British citizens, were born in 1943, 1947 and 1935 respectively. Mr Laskey died on 14 May 1996.\n\nIn 1987, in the course of routine investigations into other matters, the police came into possession of a number of video films which were made during sado-masochistic encounters involving the applicants and as many as forty-four other homosexual men. As a result the applicants, with several other men, were charged with a series of offences, including assault and wounding, relating to sado-masochistic activities that had taken place over a ten-year period. One of the charges involved a defendant who was not yet 21 years old - the age of consent to male homosexual practices at the time. Although the instances of assault were very numerous, the prosecution limited the counts to a small number of exemplary charges. The acts consisted in the main of maltreatment of the genitalia (with, for example, hot wax, sandpaper, fish hooks and needles) and ritualistic beatings either with the assailant\u2019s bare hands or a variety of implements, including stinging nettles, spiked belts and a cat-o\u2019-nine tails. There were instances of branding and infliction of injuries which resulted in the flow of blood and which left scarring. These activities were consensual and were conducted in private for no apparent purpose other than the achievement of sexual gratification. The infliction of pain was subject to certain rules including the provision of a code word to be used by any \u201cvictim\u201c to stop an \u201cassault\u201c, and did not lead to any instances of infection, permanent injury or the need for medical attention.\n\nThe activities took place at a number of locations, including rooms equipped as torture chambers. Video cameras were used to record events and the tapes copied and distributed amongst members of the group. The prosecution was largely based on the contents of those videotapes. There was no suggestion that the tapes had been sold or used other than by members of the group.\n\nThe applicants pleaded guilty to the assault charges after the trial judge ruled that they could not rely on the consent of the \u201cvictims\u201c as an answer to the prosecution case.\n\nOn 19 December 1990, the defendants were convicted and sentenced to terms of imprisonment. On passing sentence, the trial judge commented: \u201c... the unlawful conduct now before the court would be dealt with equally in the prosecution of heterosexuals or bisexuals if carried out by them. The homosexuality of the defendants is only the background against which the case must be viewed.\u201c Mr Laskey was sentenced to imprisonment for four years and six months. This included a sentence of four years\u2019 imprisonment for aiding and abetting keeping a disorderly house (see paragraph 31 below) and a consecutive term of six months\u2019 imprisonment for possession of an indecent photograph of a child. Under section 47 of the Offences against the Person Act 1861 (\u201cthe 1861 Act\u201c - see paragraph 27 below), Mr Laskey also received concurrent sentences of twelve months\u2019 imprisonment in respect of various counts of assault occasioning actual bodily harm and aiding and abetting assault occasioning actual bodily harm.\n\nMr Jaggard was sentenced to imprisonment for three years. He received two years\u2019 imprisonment for aiding and abetting unlawful wounding - contrary to section 20 of the 1861 Act (see paragraph 25 below) -, and a further twelve months\u2019 imprisonment for assault occasioning actual bodily harm, aiding and abetting the same offence, and unlawful wounding.\n\nMr Brown was sentenced to imprisonment for two years and nine months. He received twelve months\u2019 imprisonment for aiding and abetting assault occasioning actual bodily harm, a further nine months\u2019 imprisonment for assault occasioning actual bodily harm, and a further twelve months\u2019 imprisonment for further assaults occasioning actual bodily harm.\n\nThe applicants appealed against conviction and sentence.\n\nOn 19 February 1992, the Court of Appeal, Criminal Division, dismissed the appeals against conviction. Since, however, the court found that the applicants did not appreciate that their actions in inflicting injuries were criminal, reduced sentences were imposed.\n\nMr Laskey\u2019s sentence was thus reduced to eighteen months\u2019 imprisonment as regards the charge of aiding and abetting keeping a disorderly house. This sentence was to run concurrently with another three months\u2019 sentence in respect of the various counts of assault and consecutively with six months\u2019 imprisonment for the possession of an indecent photograph of a child, totalling two years\u2019 imprisonment.\n\nMr Jaggard\u2019s and Mr Brown\u2019s sentences were reduced to six months\u2019 and three months\u2019 imprisonment respectively.\n\nThe applicants appealed to the House of Lords on the following certified point of law of public importance: \u201cWhere A wounds or assaults B occasioning him actual bodily harm in the course of a sado-masochistic encounter, does the prosecution have to prove lack of consent on the part of B before they can establish A\u2019s guilt under section 20 or section 47 of the 1861 Act?\u201c\n\nOn 11 March 1993, the appeal, known as the case of R. v. Brown ([1993] 2 All England Law Reports 75), was dismissed by a majority of the House of Lords, two of the five law lords dissenting.\n\nLord Templeman, in the majority, held after reviewing the case-law that: \u201c... the authorities dealing with the intentional infliction of bodily harm do not establish that consent is a defence to a charge under the Act of 1861. They establish that consent is a defence to the infliction of bodily harm in the course of some lawful activities. The question is whether the defence should be extended to the infliction of bodily harm in the course of sado-masochistic encounters ... Counsel for the appellants argued that consent should provide a defence ... because it was said every person has a right to deal with his own body as he chooses. I do not consider that this slogan provides a sufficient guide to the policy decision which must now be taken. It is an offence for a person to abuse his own body and mind by taking drugs. Although the law is often broken, the criminal law restrains a practice which is regarded as dangerous and injurious to individuals and which if allowed and extended is harmful to society generally. In any event the appellants in this case did not mutilate their own bodies. They inflicted harm on willing victims ... In principle there is a difference between violence which is incidental and violence which is inflicted for the indulgence of cruelty. The violence of sado-masochistic encounters involves the indulgence of cruelty by sadists and the degradation of victims. Such violence is injurious to the participants and unpredictably dangerous. I am not prepared to invent a defence of consent for sado-masochistic encounters which breed and glorify cruelty ... Society is entitled and bound to protect itself against a cult of violence. Pleasure derived from the infliction of pain is an evil thing. Cruelty is uncivilised.\u201c\n\nLord Jauncey of Tullichettle found that: \u201cIn my view the line falls properly to be drawn between assault at common law and the offence of assault occasioning actual bodily harm created by section 47 of the 1861 Act, with the result that consent of the victim is no answer to anyone charged with the latter offence ... unless the circumstances fall within one of the well known exceptions such as organised sporting contests or games, parental chastisement or reasonable surgery ... the infliction of actual or more serious bodily harm is an unlawful activity to which consent is no answer. ... Notwithstanding the views which I have come to, I think it right to say something about the submissions that consent to the activity of the appellants would not be injurious to the public interest. Considerable emphasis was placed by the appellants on the well-ordered and secret manner in which their activities were conducted and upon the fact that these activities had resulted in no injuries which required medical attention. There was, it was said, no question of proselytising by the appellants. This latter submission sits ill with the following passage in the judgment of the Lord Chief Justice: \u2018They [Laskey and Cadman] recruited new participants; they jointly organised proceedings at the house where much of this activity took place; where much of the pain inflicting equipment was stored. Cadman was a voyeur rather than a sado-masochist, but both he and Laskey through their operations at the Horwich premises were responsible in part for the corruption of a youth \u201cK\u201c who is now it seems settled into a normal heterosexual relationship.\u2019 Be that as it may, in considering the public interest it would be wrong to look only at the activities of the appellants alone, there being no suggestion that they and their associates are the only practitioners of homosexual sado-masochism in England and Wales. This House must therefore consider the possibility that these activities are practised by others and by others who are not so controlled or responsible as the appellants are claiming to be. Without going into details of all the rather curious activities in which the appellants engaged it would appear to be good luck rather than good judgment which has prevented serious injury from occurring. Wounds can easily become septic if not properly treated, the free flow of blood from a person who is HIV-positive or who has AIDS can infect another and an inflicter who is carried away by sexual excitement or by drink or drugs could very easily inflict pain and injury beyond the level to which the receiver had consented. Your Lordships have no information as to whether such situations have occurred in relation to other sado\u2011masochistic practitioners. It was no doubt these dangers which caused Lady Mallalieu to restrict her propositions in relation to the public interest to the actual rather than the potential result of the activity. In my view such a restriction is quite unjustified. When considering the public interest potential for harm is just as relevant as actual harm. As Mathew J. said in Coney 8 Queen\u2019s Bench 534, 547: \u2018There is however abundant authority for saying that no consent can render that innocent which is in fact dangerous.\u2019 Furthermore, the possibility of proselytisation and corruption of young men is a real danger even in the case of these appellants and the taking of video recordings of such activities suggests that secrecy may not be as strict as the appellants claimed to your Lordships.\u201c\n\nLord Mustill and Lord Slynn of Hadley dissented. The first considered that the case should not be treated as falling within the criminal law of violence but rather within the criminal law of private sexual relations. He gave weight to the arguments of the appellants concerning Article 8 of the Convention (art. 8), finding that the decisions of the European authorities clearly favoured the right of the appellants to conduct their private life undisturbed by the criminal law. He considered after an examination of the relevant case-law that it was appropriate for the House of Lords to tackle afresh the question whether public interest required penalising the infliction of this degree of harm in private on a consenting recipient, where the purpose was not profit but gratification of sexual desire. He found no convincing argument on grounds of health (alleged risk of infections or spread of AIDS), the alleged risk of the activities getting out of hand or any possible risk of corruption of youth which might require the offences under the 1861 Act to be interpreted as applying to this conduct.\n\nLord Slynn of Hadley found that as the law stood adults were able to consent to acts done in private which did not result in serious bodily harm. He agreed that it was in the end a matter of policy in an area where social and moral factors were extremely important and where attitudes could change. It was however for the legislature to decide whether such conduct should be brought within the criminal law and not for the courts in the interests of \u201cpaternalism\u201c to introduce into existing statutory crimes relating to offences against the person concepts which did not properly fit there.\n\nThe proceedings were given widespread press coverage. 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| 1
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Andreas Jäggi was born in 1939 and lives in Geneva. On 14 July 1939, before Andreas Jäggi’s birth, the State-appointed guardian brought an action against A.H., Andreas Jäggi’s putative biological father, seeking a declaration of paternity and payment of a contribution towards his maintenance. A.H. admitted that he had had sexual relations with Andreas Jäggi’s mother but denied paternity. On 26 July 1939, after Andreas Jäggi’s birth, his mother declared on registering the birth that the father was A.H., with whom she had had sexual relations during the period of conception. On 30 January 1948 the Geneva Court of First Instance dismissed the action for a declaration of paternity.
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"PROCEDURE\n\nThe case originated in an application (no. 58757/00) against the Swiss Confederation lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (\u201cthe Convention\u201d) by a Swiss national, Mr Andreas J\u00e4ggi (\u201cthe applicant\u201d), on 27 June 2000.\n\nThe applicant, who had been granted legal aid, was represented by Mr B. M\u00e9gevand, a lawyer practising in Geneva. The Swiss Government (\u201cthe Government\u201d) were represented by their Agent, Mr P. Boillat, former Deputy Director of the Federal Office of Justice in charge of the Human Rights and Council of Europe Section.\n\nOn 26 October 2004 the President of the Third Section decided to communicate to the Government the complaints concerning the right to respect for private life. Under the provisions of Article 29 \u00a7 3 of the Convention, it was decided to examine the merits of the application at the same time as its admissibility.\n\nTHE FACTS\n\nThe applicant was born in 1939 and lives in Geneva.\n\nOn 14 July 1939, before the applicant\u2019s birth, the State-appointed guardian brought an action against A.H., the applicant\u2019s putative biological father, seeking a declaration of paternity and payment of a contribution towards his maintenance. A.H. admitted that he had had sexual relations with the applicant\u2019s mother but denied paternity.\n\nOn 26 July 1939, after the applicant\u2019s birth, his mother declared on registering the birth that the father was A.H., with whom she had had sexual relations during the period of conception.\n\nOn 30 January 1948 the Geneva Court of First Instance dismissed the action for a declaration of paternity. In the absence of an appeal, the judgment became final.\n\nIn 1958 the applicant, who had been placed with a foster family, met his mother, who informed him that his father was A.H. According to the applicant, he had regular contact with his father and received presents from him and a monthly payment of 10 Swiss francs ((CHF) \u2013 6.40 euros (EUR)) until he reached the age of majority. A.H. and his family denied those allegations. Only A.H.\u2019s legitimate son admitted that he had received a telephone call from the applicant after A.H.\u2019s death.\n\nFurthermore, A.H. always refused to undergo tests to establish his paternity. In 1976, shortly after his death, a blood-type analysis carried out at the applicant\u2019s request did not rule out his being the latter\u2019s father.\n\nIn 1997 the applicant contacted the Geneva University Institute of Forensic Medicine to have a private paternity test carried out, but his request was refused.\n\nOn 3 December 1997 the applicant successfully applied to renew the lease for A.H.\u2019s tomb until 2016 for the sum of CHF 2,600 (EUR 1,657).\n\nOn 6 May 1999 the applicant applied to the Canton of Geneva Court of First Instance for revision of the judgment of 30 January 1948. In the course of the proceedings he also requested a DNA test on the mortal remains of A.H.\n\nOn 25 June 1999 the Court of First Instance refused the request for a DNA test.\n\nOn 2 September 1999 the Canton of Geneva Court of Justice rejected the applicant\u2019s application on the ground that it was impossible to obtain a declaration of paternity without also amending the register of births, deaths and marriages.\n\nThe Court of Justice argued that the applicant was not entitled to such an amendment of the register as a result of the 1976 revision of the Civil Code abolishing the exceptio plurium constupratorum, a defence which the putative biological father could use in a paternity suit. However, in his application to the Court of First Instance the applicant had sought revision of the 1948 judgment, in which the exceptio plurium had been relied on to the benefit of A.H.\n\nThe Court of Justice noted that before 1978 (when the revised Civil Code had come into force), an illegitimate child who was under ten years of age on 1 January 1978 had had the option of converting a maintenance claim into a civil action (paternity suit) where the exceptio plurium had been raised. However, this was no longer permitted under the revised Civil Code.\n\nThe Court of Justice accordingly held that, even supposing that the applicant had been awarded maintenance in 1948, he was no longer entitled to have the register of births, deaths and marriages amended, firstly because the law had changed, and secondly because he had been born more than ten years before the end of the transition period between the old and new laws.\n\nHis request for evidence to be taken by means of a DNA test was therefore refused.\n\nOn 22 December 1999 the Federal Court adopted a judgment, served on 18 May 2000, in which it rejected the applicant\u2019s application on the following grounds: \u201cThe right to know one\u2019s parentage cannot be absolute in scope but must be weighed against the interests relating to protection of the personal freedom of others \u2013 in the instant case, the right of the deceased, deriving from human dignity, to protect his remains from interferences contrary to morality and custom, and the right of the close relatives to respect for the deceased and the inviolability of his corpse. ... The right to know one\u2019s parents is generally linked to the right to be raised by them. The applicant, who is 60 years old, has been able to develop his personality and pursue a large portion of his existence without suffering any medically attested damage to his physical or mental health as a result of his uncertainty as to his parentage, despite the vicissitudes of his childhood and adolescence. On the other hand, while the reasons of family devotion opposing the exhumation of the mortal remains of the late [A.H.] are understandable, the respondents have not advanced any religious or philosophical grounds in support of their position; in particular, they have not argued that they would have renewed the lease on their relative\u2019s tomb had the applicant not done so. However, in weighing up the conflicting interests, the refusal of the application for an expert examination may be upheld since, in the absence of any consequences of a civil-law nature, the applicant has not established that he has suffered sufficiently serious damage to his psychological well-being, as protected by the right to personal freedom, to justify the evidentiary measure requested. The measure appears excessive in view of the principle of proportionality, having regard to the applicant\u2019s particular circumstances, from which it cannot be concluded that his personality or mental stability might be seriously threatened by the uncertainty that may still persist as regards his parentage, in spite of all the information in his possession suggesting that [A.H.] very probably is his father. The Court of Justice was therefore entitled to restrict the applicant\u2019s personal freedom by taking into consideration that of the respondents, in view of the lack of public interest in having this parental tie established and the disproportionate nature of the steps required to establish it.\u201d\n\nLastly, the Federal Court observed that there were no consequences of a civil-law nature that could justify implementing the measure sought.", "applicant": "Andreas J\u00e4ggi", "offset": 951, "idx_mapping": [951, 951, 951, 951, 951, 951, 951, 951, 951, 951, 951, 951, 951, 964, 965, 966, 967, 968, 969, 970, 971, 972, 973, 974, 975, 976, 977, 978, 979, 980, 981, 982, 983, 984, 985, 986, 987, 988, 989, 990, 991, 992, 993, 994, 995, 996, 997, 998, 999, 1000, 1001, 1002, 1003, 1004, 1005, 1006, 1007, 1008, 1009, 1010, 1011, 1012, 1013, 1014, 1015, 1016, 1017, 1018, 1019, 1020, 1021, 1022, 1023, 1024, 1025, 1026, 951, 951, 951, 951, 951, 951, 951, 951, 951, 951, 951, 951, 951, 1040, 1041, 1042, 1043, 1044, 1045, 1046, 1047, 1048, 1049, 1050, 1051, 1052, 1053, 1054, 1055, 1056, 1057, 1058, 1059, 1060, 1061, 1062, 1063, 1064, 1065, 1066, 1067, 1068, 1069, 1070, 1071, 1072, 1073, 1074, 1075, 1076, 1077, 1078, 1079, 1080, 1081, 1082, 1083, 1084, 1085, 1086, 1087, 1088, 1089, 1090, 1091, 1092, 1093, 1094, 1095, 1096, 1097, 1098, 1099, 1100, 1101, 1102, 1103, 1104, 1105, 1106, 1107, 1108, 1109, 1110, 951, 951, 951, 951, 951, 951, 951, 951, 951, 951, 951, 951, 951, 1124, 1125, 1126, 1127, 1128, 1129, 1130, 1131, 1132, 1133, 1134, 1135, 1136, 1137, 1138, 1139, 1140, 1141, 1142, 1143, 1144, 1145, 1146, 1147, 1148, 1149, 1150, 1151, 1152, 1153, 1154, 1155, 1156, 1157, 1158, 1159, 1160, 1161, 1162, 1163, 1164, 1165, 1166, 1167, 1168, 1169, 1170, 1171, 1172, 1173, 1174, 1175, 1176, 1177, 1178, 1179, 1180, 1181, 1182, 1183, 1184, 1185, 1186, 1187, 1188, 1189, 1190, 1191, 1192, 1193, 1194, 1195, 1196, 1197, 1198, 1199, 1200, 1201, 1202, 1203, 1204, 1205, 1206, 1207, 1208, 1209, 1210, 1211, 1212, 1213, 1214, 1215, 1216, 1217, 1218, 1219, 1220, 1221, 1222, 1223, 1224, 1225, 1226, 1227, 1228, 1229, 1230, 1231, 1232, 1233, 1234, 1235, 1236, 1237, 1238, 1239, 1240, 1241, 1242, 1243, 1244, 1245, 1246, 1247, 1248, 1249, 1250, 1251, 1252, 1253, 1254, 1255, 1256, 1257, 1258, 1259, 1260, 1261, 1262, 1263, 1264, 1265, 1266, 1267, 1268, 1269, 1270, 1271, 1272, 1273, 1274, 1275, 1276, 1277, 1278, 1279, 1280, 1281, 1282, 1283, 1284, 1285, 1286, 1287, 1288, 1289, 1290, 1291, 1292, 1293, 1294, 1295, 1296, 951, 951, 951, 951, 951, 951, 951, 951, 951, 951, 951, 951, 951, 1310, 1311, 1312, 1313, 1314, 1315, 1316, 1317, 1318, 1319, 1320, 1321, 1322, 1323, 1324, 1325, 1326, 1327, 1328, 1329, 1330, 1331, 1332, 1333, 1334, 1335, 1336, 1337, 1338, 1339, 1340, 1341, 1342, 1343, 1344, 1345, 1346, 1347, 1348, 1349, 1350, 1351, 1352, 1353, 1354, 1355, 1356, 1357, 1358, 1359, 1360, 1361, 1362, 1363, 1364, 951, 951, 951, 951, 951, 951, 951, 951, 951, 951, 951, 951, 951, 1378, 1379, 1380, 1381, 1382, 1383, 1384, 1385, 1386, 1387, 1388, 1389, 1390, 1391, 1392, 1393, 1394, 1395, 1396, 1397, 1398, 1399, 1400, 1401, 1402, 1403, 1404, 1405, 1406, 1407, 1408, 1409, 1410, 1411, 1412, 1413, 1414, 1415, 1416, 1417, 1418, 1419, 1420, 1421, 1422, 1423, 1424, 1425, 1426, 1427, 1428, 1429, 1430, 1431, 1432, 1433, 1434, 1435, 1436, 1437, 1438, 1439, 1440, 1441, 1442, 1443, 1444, 1445, 1446, 1447, 1448, 1449, 1450, 1451, 1452, 1453, 1454, 1455, 1456, 1457, 1458, 1459, 1460, 1461, 1462, 1463, 1464, 1465, 1466, 1467, 1468, 1469, 1470, 1471, 1472, 1473, 1474, 1475, 1476, 1477, 1478, 1479, 1480, 1481, 1482, 1483, 1484, 1485, 1486, 1487, 1488, 1489, 1490, 1491, 1492, 1493, 1494, 1495, 1496, 1497, 1498, 1499, 1500, 1501, 1502, 1503, 1504, 1505, 1506, 1507, 1508, 1509, 1510, 1511, 1512, 1513, 1514, 1515, 1516, 1517, 1518, 1519, 1520, 1521, 1522, 1523, 1524, 1525, 1526, 1527, 1528, 1529, 1530, 1531, 1532, 1533, 1534, 1535, 1536, 1537, 1538, 1539, 1540, 1541, 1542, 1543, 1544, 1545, 1546, 1547, 1548, 1549, 1550, 1551, 1552, 1553, 1554, 1555, 1556, 1557, 1558, 1559, 1560, 1561, 1562, 1563, 1564, 1565, 1566, 1567, 1568, 1569, 1570, 1571, 1572, 1573, 1574, 1575, 1576, 1577, 1578, 1579, 1580, 1581, 1582, 1583, 1584, 1585, 1586, 1587, 1588, 1589, 1590, 1591, 1592, 1593, 1594, 1595, 1596, 1597, 1598, 1599, 1600, 1601, 1602, 1603, 1604, 1605, 1606, 1607, 1608, 1609, 1610, 1611, 1612, 1613, 1614, 1615, 1616, 1617, 1618, 1619, 1620, 1621, 1622, 1623, 1624, 1625, 1626, 1627, 1628, 1629, 1630, 1631, 1632, 1633, 1634, 1635, 1636], "duplicates": 1}
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Juri Maslov was born in October 1984 and currently lives in Bulgaria. In November 1990, at the age of six, Juri Maslov lawfully entered Austria together with his parents and two siblings. Subsequently, he was legally resident in Austria. His parents, who were lawfully employed, acquired Austrian nationality. Juri Maslov attended school in Austria.
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"QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "22 December 2003", "start_offset": 8888}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 8940, "entity_id": "001-87156_a8_e76", "entity_mention_id": "001-87156_a8_em111", "entity_type": "LOC", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Sofia", "start_offset": 8935}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 9061, "entity_id": "001-87156_a8_e12", "entity_mention_id": "001-87156_a8_em112", "entity_type": "LOC", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Bulgaria", "start_offset": 9053}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 9199, "entity_id": "001-87156_a8_e77", "entity_mention_id": "001-87156_a8_em113", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "3 January 2011", "start_offset": 9185}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 9218, "entity_id": "001-87156_a8_e78", "entity_mention_id": "001-87156_a8_em114", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "ten years", "start_offset": 9209}]}, "annotator9": null}, "quality_checked": [], "task": "Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Juri Maslov", "meta": {"applicant": "Juri Maslov", "articles": [91, 34, 56, 34, 44, 32, 34, 52, 49, 34, 93], "countries": "AUT", "legal_branch": "GRANDCHAMBER", "year": 2008}, "doc_id": "001-87156", "dataset_type": "train", "orig_text": "PROCEDURE\n\nThe case originated in an application (no. 1638/03) against the Republic of Austria lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (\u201cthe Convention\u201d) by a Bulgarian national, Mr Juri Maslov (\u201cthe applicant\u201d), on 20 December 2002.\n\nThe applicant was represented by Mr M. Deuretsbacher, a lawyer practising in Vienna. The Austrian Government (\u201cthe Government\u201d) were represented by their Agent, Ambassador F. Trauttmansdorff, Head of the International Law Department at the Federal Ministry of Foreign Affairs.\n\nUnder Article 8 of the Convention, the applicant alleged, in particular, that the imposition of an exclusion order on him and his expulsion to Bulgaria violated his right to respect for private and family life.\n\nThe application was allocated to the First Section of the Court (Rule 52 \u00a7 1 of the Rules of Court). On 2 June 2005 it was declared partly admissible by a Chamber of that Section, composed of Christos Rozakis, Snejana Botoucharova, Anatoli Kovler, Elisabeth Steiner, Khanlar Hajiyev, Dean Spielmann, Sverre Erik Jebens, judges, and of S\u00f8ren Nielsen, Section Registrar. On 22 March 2007 a Chamber of that Section, composed of Christos Rozakis, Loukis Loucaides, Nina Vaji\u0107, Elisabeth Steiner, Khanlar Hajiyev, Dean Spielmann, Sverre Erik Jebens, judges, and S\u00f8ren Nielsen, Section Registrar, delivered a judgment in which it held, by four votes to three, that there had been a violation of Article 8 of the Convention and that the respondent Government should pay the applicant 5,759.96 euros in respect of costs and expenses.\n\nOn 24 September 2007, pursuant to a request by the respondent Government, the panel of the Grand Chamber decided to refer the case to the Grand Chamber in accordance with Article 43 of the Convention.\n\nThe composition of the Grand Chamber was determined according to the provisions of Article 27 \u00a7\u00a7 2 and 3 of the Convention and Rule 24.\n\nThe applicant and the Government each filed a memorial. The Bulgarian Government did not make use of their right to intervene (Article 36 \u00a7 1 of the Convention).\n\nA hearing took place in public in the Human Rights Building, Strasbourg, on 6 February 2008 (Rule 59 \u00a7 3). There appeared before the Court: (a) for the Government Mr F. Trauttmansdorff, Agent, Ms B. Ohms, Adviser, Mr C. Schmalzl, Adviser; (b) for the applicant Mr M. Deuretsbacher, Counsel. The Court heard addresses by Mr Deuretsbacher and Mr Trauttmansdorff, as well as their answers to questions put by a number of judges.\n\nSubsequently, Andr\u00e1s Saj\u00f3, substitute judge, replaced Riza T\u00fcrmen, who was unable to take part in the further consideration of the case (Rule 24 \u00a7 1).\n\nTHE FACTS\n\nI. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE\n\nThe applicant was born in October 1984 and currently lives in Bulgaria.\n\nIn November 1990, at the age of six, the applicant lawfully entered Austria together with his parents and two siblings. Subsequently, he was legally resident in Austria. His parents, who were lawfully employed, acquired Austrian nationality. The applicant attended school in Austria.\n\nIn late 1998 criminal proceedings were instituted against the applicant. He was suspected of, inter alia, having broken into cars, shops and vending machines; having stolen empties from a stock ground; having forced another boy to steal 1,000 Austrian schillings from the latter\u2019s mother; having pushed, kicked and bruised this boy; and of having used a motor vehicle without the owner\u2019s authorisation.\n\nOn 8 March 1999 the applicant was granted an unlimited settlement permit (Niederlassungsbewilligung).\n\nOn 7 September 1999 the Vienna Juvenile Court (Jugendgerichtshof) convicted the applicant on twenty-two counts of aggravated gang burglary and attempted aggravated gang burglary (gewerbsm\u00e4\u00dfiger Bandendiebstahl), forming a gang (Bandenbildung), extortion (Erpressung), assault (K\u00f6rperverletzung), and unauthorised use of a vehicle (unbefugter Gebrauch eines Fahrzeugs), offences committed between November 1998 and June 1999. He was sentenced to eighteen months\u2019 imprisonment, thirteen of which were suspended on probation. The sentence was accompanied by an order to undergo drug therapy.\n\nOn 11 February 2000 the applicant was arrested and further criminal proceedings were opened against him relating to a series of burglaries committed between June 1999 and January 2000. The applicant and his accomplices were suspected of having broken into shops or restaurants, where they stole cash and goods. On 11 February 2000 the Vienna Juvenile Court remanded him in custody.\n\nOn 25 May 2000 the Vienna Juvenile Court convicted the applicant on eighteen counts of aggravated burglary and attempted aggravated burglary, and sentenced him to fifteen months\u2019 imprisonment. When fixing the sentence the court noted the applicant\u2019s confession as a mitigating circumstance, and the number of offences committed and the rapid relapse into crime after the last conviction as aggravating circumstances. It also observed that the applicant, though still living with his parents, had completely escaped their educational influence, had repeatedly been absent from home and had dropped out of school. It further noted that the applicant had failed to comply with the order to undergo drug therapy. Consequently, the suspension of the prison term imposed by the judgment of 7 September 1999 was revoked. Following the Vienna Juvenile Court\u2019s judgment, the applicant served his prison term.\n\nOn 3 January 2001 the Vienna Federal Police Authority (Bundespolizeidirektion), relying on section 36(1) and 2(1) of the Aliens Act 1997 (Fremdengesetz), imposed a ten-year exclusion order on the applicant. Having regard to the applicant\u2019s convictions, it found that it was contrary to the public interest to allow him to stay in Austria any longer. Considering the applicant\u2019s relapse into crime after his first conviction, the public interest in the prevention of disorder and crime outweighed the applicant\u2019s interest in staying in Austria.\n\nThe applicant, assisted by counsel, appealed. He submitted that the exclusion order violated his rights under Article 8 of the Convention as he was a minor who had come to Austria at the age of six, his entire family lived in Austria and he had no relatives in Bulgaria. He also referred to section 38(1)(4) of the Aliens Act 1997, pursuant to which an exclusion order could not be issued against an alien who had been lawfully residing in Austria from an early age.\n\nBy a decision of 19 July 2001, the Vienna Public Security Authority (Sicherheitsdirektion) dismissed the appeal. It confirmed the Federal Police Authority\u2019s finding.\n\nOn 17 August 2001 the applicant lodged complaints both with the Administrative Court (Verwaltungsgerichtshof) and the Constitutional Court (Verfassungsgerichthof). He stressed that he had come to Austria at the age of six, had attended school in Austria and could not speak Bulgarian. He had no relatives or other social contacts in Bulgaria. He also stressed the fact that he was still a minor.\n\nOn 18 September 2001 the Administrative Court dismissed the complaint and found that the exclusion order was justified under Article 8 \u00a7 2 of the Convention. It observed that the applicant had come to Austria only at the age of six, whereas \u2013 according to its constant case-law \u2013 section 38(1)(4) of the Aliens Act 1997 prohibited an exclusion order only in respect of aliens who had been legally resident from the age of three or younger. Considering the gravity and number of offences committed by the applicant, the fact that the first conviction had rapidly been followed by a second one and the severity of the penalties imposed, it found that the exclusion order did not constitute a disproportionate interference with the applicant\u2019s rights under Article 8, despite his lengthy residence and family ties in Austria.\n\nBy a decision of 19 September 2001, the Constitutional Court suspended the effects of the exclusion order pending its decision.\n\nThe applicant was released from prison on 24 May 2002 not having benefited from early release. According to the information given by counsel at the hearing, the applicant finished school during his prison term and helped in his father\u2019s transport business after his release.\n\nOn 25 November 2002 the Constitutional Court declined to deal with the applicant\u2019s complaint for lack of prospects of success.\n\nIn December 2002 a number of unsuccessful attempts were made to serve an order on the applicant to leave Austria.\n\nOn 18 August 2003 the Vienna Federal Police Authority issued a fresh order requiring the applicant to leave Austria.\n\nOn 14 October 2003 the order was served on the applicant at his parents\u2019 address and subsequently the Vienna Federal Police Authority ordered his detention with a view to his expulsion. He was arrested on 27 November 2003.\n\nOn 22 December 2003 the applicant was deported to Sofia. According to information given by counsel at the hearing, the applicant did not commit any further offences in Bulgaria and has found employment there.\n\nAt the hearing, the Government informed the Court that the exclusion order will expire on 3 January 2011, that is ten years after its issue (see paragraph 17 above).", "applicant": "Juri Maslov", "offset": 2755, "idx_mapping": [2755, 2755, 2755, 2755, 2755, 2755, 2755, 2755, 2755, 2755, 2755, 2755, 2755, 2766, 2767, 2768, 2769, 2770, 2771, 2772, 2773, 2774, 2775, 2776, 2777, 2778, 2779, 2780, 2781, 2782, 2783, 2784, 2785, 2786, 2787, 2788, 2789, 2790, 2791, 2792, 2793, 2794, 2795, 2796, 2797, 2798, 2799, 2800, 2801, 2802, 2803, 2804, 2805, 2806, 2807, 2808, 2809, 2810, 2811, 2812, 2813, 2814, 2815, 2816, 2817, 2818, 2819, 2820, 2821, 2822, 2823, 2824, 2825, 2826, 2827, 2828, 2829, 2830, 2831, 2832, 2833, 2834, 2835, 2836, 2837, 2838, 2839, 2840, 2841, 2842, 2843, 2844, 2845, 2846, 2847, 2848, 2849, 2850, 2851, 2852, 2853, 2854, 2855, 2856, 2857, 2858, 2859, 2860, 2861, 2755, 2755, 2755, 2755, 2755, 2755, 2755, 2755, 2755, 2755, 2755, 2755, 2755, 2873, 2874, 2875, 2876, 2877, 2878, 2879, 2880, 2881, 2882, 2883, 2884, 2885, 2886, 2887, 2888, 2889, 2890, 2891, 2892, 2893, 2894, 2895, 2896, 2897, 2898, 2899, 2900, 2901, 2902, 2903, 2904, 2905, 2906, 2907, 2908, 2909, 2910, 2911, 2912, 2913, 2914, 2915, 2916, 2917, 2918, 2919, 2920, 2921, 2922, 2923, 2924, 2925, 2926, 2927, 2928, 2929, 2930, 2931, 2932, 2933, 2934, 2935, 2936, 2937, 2938, 2939, 2940, 2941, 2942, 2943, 2944, 2945, 2946, 2947, 2948, 2949, 2950, 2951, 2952, 2953, 2954, 2955, 2956, 2957, 2958, 2959, 2960, 2961, 2962, 2963, 2964, 2965, 2966, 2967, 2968, 2969, 2970, 2971, 2972, 2973, 2974, 2975, 2976, 2977, 2978, 2979, 2980, 2981, 2982, 2983, 2984, 2985, 2986, 2987, 2988, 2989, 2990, 2991, 2992, 2993, 2994, 2995, 2996, 2997, 2998, 2999, 3000, 3001, 3002, 3003, 3004, 3005, 3006, 3007, 3008, 3009, 3010, 3011, 3012, 3013, 3014, 3015, 3016, 3017, 3018, 3019, 3020, 3021, 3022, 3023, 3024, 3025, 3026, 3027, 3028, 3029, 3030, 3031, 3032, 3033, 3034, 3035, 3036, 3037, 3038, 3039, 3040, 3041, 3042, 3043, 3044, 3045, 3046, 3047, 3048, 3049, 3050, 3051, 3052, 3053, 3054, 3055, 3056, 3057, 3058, 3059, 3060, 3061, 3062, 3063, 3064, 2755, 2755, 2755, 2755, 2755, 2755, 2755, 2755, 2755, 2755, 2755, 2755, 2755, 3076, 3077, 3078, 3079, 3080, 3081, 3082, 3083, 3084, 3085, 3086, 3087, 3088, 3089, 3090, 3091, 3092, 3093, 3094, 3095, 3096, 3097, 3098, 3099, 3100, 3101, 3102, 3103], "duplicates": 1}
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On 11 February 1980, John Hirst pleaded guilty to manslaughter on the ground of diminished responsibility in respect of the death of his 62‑year-old landlady whom he had battered with an axe. He was sentenced to life imprisonment. The court acted on medical evidence that John Hirst had a gross personality disorder to such a degree that he was amoral. The consultant psychiatrist said in his report at the trial that: “... although [John Hirst’s] instability might get less over the years as he matured, should he be sent to prison, his eventual release should be approached with great caution.”
John Hirst was initially sent to a Category A prison due to concerns about his dangerousness and risk of escape. He was involved in work to address his offending and other problems.
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"001-59607_a8_em61", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "1989", "start_offset": 8919}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "insert", "end_offset": 9053, "entity_id": "001-59607_a8_e46", "entity_mention_id": "001-59607_a8_em62", "entity_type": "PERSON", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Mrs B", "start_offset": 9048}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "insert", "end_offset": 9318, "entity_id": "001-59607_a8_e47", "entity_mention_id": "001-59607_a8_em63", "entity_type": "PERSON", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Dr G", "start_offset": 9314}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 9500, "entity_id": "001-59607_a8_e48", "entity_mention_id": "001-59607_a8_em64", "entity_type": "PERSON", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Mrs B\u2019s", 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"related_mentions": null, "span_text": "31 July 1998", "start_offset": 12038}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 12936, "entity_id": "001-59607_a8_e53", "entity_mention_id": "001-59607_a8_em72", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "July 2000", "start_offset": 12927}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 12957, "entity_id": "001-59607_a8_e54", "entity_mention_id": "001-59607_a8_em73", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "2 February 2000", "start_offset": 12942}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 13033, "entity_id": "001-59607_a8_e22", "entity_mention_id": "001-59607_a8_em74", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "DLP", "start_offset": 13030}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 13060, "entity_id": "001-59607_a8_e55", "entity_mention_id": "001-59607_a8_em75", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "October 1996", "start_offset": 13048}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 13106, "entity_id": "001-59607_a8_e38", "entity_mention_id": "001-59607_a8_em76", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "21 October 1997", "start_offset": 13091}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 13157, "entity_id": "001-59607_a8_e29", "entity_mention_id": "001-59607_a8_em77", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Court of Appeal", "start_offset": 13142}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 13298, "entity_id": "001-59607_a8_e29", "entity_mention_id": "001-59607_a8_em78", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Court of Appeal", "start_offset": 13283}]}, "annotator9": null}, "quality_checked": [], "task": "Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: John Hirst", "meta": {"applicant": "John Hirst", "articles": [91, 34, 52, 49, 34, 44, 32, 34, 53, 34, 93], "countries": "GBR", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2001}, "doc_id": "001-59607", "dataset_type": "train", "orig_text": "PROCEDURE\n\nThe case originated in an application (no. 40787/98) against the United Kingdom lodged with the European Commission of Human Rights (\u201cthe Commission\u201d) under former Article 25 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (\u201cthe Convention\u201d) by a British national, Mr John Hirst (\u201cthe applicant\u201d), on 1 February 1998.\n\nThe applicant, who had been granted legal aid, was represented by Hickman and Rose, solicitors practising in London. The United Kingdom Government (\u201cthe Government\u201d) were represented by their Agent, Mr Huw Llewellyn of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office.\n\nThe applicant alleged that there had been undue delay between the reviews by the Parole Board of his continued detention as a prisoner serving a sentence of discretionary life imprisonment. He invoked Article 5 \u00a7 4 of the Convention.\n\nThe application was transmitted to the Court on 1 November 1998, when Protocol No. 11 to the Convention came into force (Article 5 \u00a7 2 of Protocol No. 11). The application was allocated to the Third Section of the Court (Rule 52 \u00a7 1 of the Rules of Court). Within that Section, the Chamber that would consider the case (Article 27 \u00a7 1 of the Convention) was constituted as provided in Rule 26 \u00a7 1 of the Rules of Court.\n\nBy a decision of 21 March 2000, the Chamber declared the application partly admissible.\n\nNeither party filed observations on the merits (Rule 59 \u00a7 1). The Chamber decided, after consulting the parties, that no hearing on the merits was required (Rule 59 \u00a7 2 in fine).\n\nTHE FACTS\n\nI. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE\n\nOn 11 February 1980, the applicant pleaded guilty to manslaughter on the ground of diminished responsibility in respect of the death of his 62\u2011year-old landlady whom he had battered with an axe. He was sentenced to life imprisonment. The court acted on medical evidence that the applicant had a gross personality disorder to such a degree that he was amoral. The consultant psychiatrist said in his report at the trial that: \u201c... although [the applicant\u2019s] instability might get less over the years as he matured, should he be sent to prison, his eventual release should be approached with great caution.\u201d\n\nThe applicant was initially sent to a Category A prison due to concerns about his dangerousness and risk of escape. He was involved in work to address his offending and other problems. He successfully completed an Anger Management and Skills Courts in the Hull Special Unit in or about 1989 and his conduct was noted as significantly improving from that point. In 1993, he was transferred to a Category B prison.\n\nThe applicant\u2019s tariff period of 15 years expired on 25 June 1994 (this was the minimum period fixed by the Secretary of State concerning the requirements of retribution and deterrence). The Parole Board in that month agreed to the transfer of the applicant from a Category B to Category C prison. The Secretary of State deferred a decision until after the Discretionary Lifer Panel (DLP) of the Parole Board had conducted a hearing on the matter under the new provisions of the Criminal Justice Act 1991 (\u201cthe 1991 Act\u201d).\n\nOn 13 December 1994, after a hearing held pursuant to section 34 of the 1991 Act, the DLP decided it would not be safe to release the applicant but recommended transfer to Category D (open prison), or Category C with a review after 12 months instead of the usual two year period. On 15 March 1995, the Secretary of State decided to transfer the applicant to Category C with a review after 12 months.\n\nIn November 1995, the applicant failed to obtain leave to apply for judicial review of the decision of the DLP and the decision of the Secretary of State. In April 1996, the Court of Appeal refused leave to apply for judicial review.\n\nFollowing a positive drugs test, the applicant agreed to follow and successfully completed in July 1996 a drugs awareness course.\n\nOn 9 October 1996, the applicant\u2019s case came before another DLP. Reports noted that he had made considerable progress over the preceding six years but would need phased re-introduction into society. A psychiatric report dated 24 June 1996 stated that the applicant had much greater control over his behaviour, that personal and maturational developments had taken place and that he was not the same person that he was when he entered prison. It was concluded that the applicant, who had shown a reclusiveness and narrowness of interests, needed however to test and increase his social interaction in order to be able to cope with living outside prison. A psychiatric report issued about the same time stated that the applicant\u2019s personality, described as psychopathic, had shown some capacity for change and that, although he was not considered a serious risk to the public, any release on licence would have to be carefully planned, as problems were likely to arise following a long period of institutionalisation and a lack of family support. The DLP did not recommend release but transfer to a Category D prison. In paragraph 5 of the decision letter the DLP said: \u201cThe panel were satisfied that what was advanced at the hearing as \u2018exceptional circumstances\u2019, namely a good release plan, the fact that [the applicant is] four years beyond tariff, the fact that [the applicant has] completed a pre-release course in Category C, the fact that [the applicant had] previously been recommended for Category D status and the prospect of employment, did not amount to exceptional circumstances and that [the applicant\u2019s] release without progress through open conditions posed an unacceptable risk.\u201d\n\nOn 20 November 1996, the Secretary of State rejected the recommendation of transfer to an open prison, but directed an early review of the applicant\u2019s case, namely after 18 months had expired from 9 October 1996. The Secretary of State was not persuaded that the applicant\u2019s behavioural problems had been satisfactorily addressed while in closed conditions, nor that the benefits of open conditions were sufficiently worthwhile at that stage when balanced against the scale of the outstanding offence, related work needed in the applicant\u2019s case and his potential risk to the public.\n\nThe applicant applied for leave to apply for judicial review of both decisions, alleging inter alia that the DLP had wrongly applied an \u201cexceptional circumstances\u201d test. Leave was refused on 11 April 1997.\n\nOn 21 October 1997, the applicant re-applied for leave for judicial review. Mr Justice Potts refused leave against the DLP\u2019s recommendation. He found that the DLP had correctly applied the statutory test concerning a risk to the public. He granted leave to apply in respect of the decision of the Secretary of State. Mr Justice Potts stated: \u201c... a prisoner who has spent a long period in custody should be tested in open conditions before being released into the community: satisfactory completion of such testing is an indication that a prisoner is able to cope with the stresses of life outside prison and is therefore a cogent factor to take into account against all the other available material in deciding whether or not a prisoner can safely be released. Such an approach is undoubtedly sensible \u2026 I think it is arguable that the Secretary of State\u2019s decision not to recategorise this applicant as a Category D prisoner was irrational and one that no reasonable Home Secretary could reasonably have reached.\u201d\n\nIn the light of this grant of leave, at the end of the hearing, the Secretary of State indicated that he would reconsider his decision of 20 November 1997.\n\nOn 13 March 1998, the Secretary of State informed the applicant that he had reconsidered the case but decided not to change his conclusion that the applicant should not be transferred to open conditions.\n\nOn 15 July 1998, the DLP again considered the applicant\u2019s case. Reports continued to note his progress, including the expression of genuine remorse for his offending. It was considered in a case officer report dated 31 October 1997 that he had taken advantage of treatment programmes and that all offending work had been completed. He had a \u201csettled and fulfilling release plan\u201d which involved him continuing the legal studies that he had commenced in prison and receiving support from a circle of friends that he had built up through contacts outside prison. Conversely, a psychiatric report dated 18 December 1997 considered inter alia that the applicant might benefit from further work on developing methods of dealing with interpersonal difficulties and increasing relationship skills.\n\nBy letter dated 16 July 1998, the DLP declined to recommend release but did recommend transfer to a Category D (open) prison. \u201c3. In reaching the decision that you are not yet suitable for release, the panel took into account the nature of the index offence, your violent disruptive early prison career (while recognising also the absence of any violence since 1989), the fact that you are still seen as having a psychopathic personality \u2026 and the remaining areas of concern identified by [Mrs B, a higher psychologist]\u2026 These areas of concern are egocentricity, a disregard for the points of view of other people and a limited ability to solve interpersonal frustrations and problems. The panel also considered that the sexual ambivalence referred to by [Dr G] merited further investigation, particularly in light of evidence that emerged at the panel hearing that you had been sexually abused in your youth. The panel also accepted [Mrs B\u2019s] evidence that a personality assessment was necessary to identify the manner in which the outstanding offence-related work should be carried out; and that the reasons underlying the index offence still require further investigation. In all these circumstances, the panel considered that you still presented too great a risk to the public to justify your release.\n\nMoreover, you have been in custody for 19 years and although your release plan is being developed, it is not complete. At present you would have no fixed accommodation. Based on these factors and the impression the panel formed of you at the hearing, the panel considered that you would be unable to cope in the community, were you to be released directly or via a pre-release employment scheme.\n\nThe panel did recommend that you be transferred to open conditions. In coming to this conclusion, the panel took into account the length of time you have spent in custody, the opinion of the majority of the report writers and witnesses that the risk you present to the public could be safely managed in open conditions and the fact that the assessment and further work referred to above can be done in open conditions. The panel also took into account that [Mrs B] could not say within what period the assessment could be carried out, and the danger of counter-productive stagnation and frustration on your part should you have to spend a further protracted period in category \u2018C\u2019 conditions.\n\nTo allow time for assessment and the necessary offence-related work and for your gradual reintegration into the community, the panel considered that your next review should begin in 2 years time.\u201d\n\nBy letter dated 7 October 1998, the Secretary of State rejected the DLP\u2019s recommendation. He stated that he accepted the psychologist\u2019s view that further work needed to be done in respect of the applicant\u2019s attitude to his original offence, his egocentricity, his intolerance of others, his inability to deal adequately with problems and his lack of responsibility for his actions. He agreed that a full personality assessment was required of the applicant who was still seen as having a psychopathic personality. The Secretary of State did not agree that these matters could be safely addressed in open prison conditions. He noted that the applicant had failed to attend further courses in anger management, social skills and communications, as arranged after the Secretary of State\u2019s decision of 20 November 1996. He also had regard to an intervening incident which had occurred on 31 July 1998 when the applicant was being escorted to court by a female officer. After she had refused to allow him to smoke in the vehicle, he had slammed the van door against her, causing her to fall and hurt her arm. He had sworn at her, threatening to kill her, adding that he had already killed one woman. The applicant was found guilty under the Prison Rules of assault and using threatening, abusive or insulting words. The Secretary of State considered that this disclosed impulsive violent behaviour towards a woman over a trivial incident, which had clear similarities with his original offence. He remained an unacceptable risk and was advised that until he co-operated with staff in addressing the areas of concern, the Secretary of State saw no justification in allowing him to progress further towards release. It was however agreed that his next review should take place in July 2000.\n\nOn 2 February 2000, the applicant\u2019s renewed application for leave to judicially review the DLP\u2019s decision of October 1996, which had been dormant since 21 October 1997, was listed for hearing before the Court of Appeal. The applicant\u2019s request to amend his grounds of application to add complaints about a lack of independence was refused. 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Oliver Riepan is serving an eighteen-year prison term following his conviction for murder and burglary in 1987. He was first detained at Karlau Prison, from which he escaped in 1991 but was rearrested within a day. In September 1994 he was transferred to Stein Prison and on 8 May 1995 to Garsten Prison, as the prison administration feared that he and a number of other inmates were devising an escape plan. On 8 May 1995, when prison personnel at Garsten carried out the necessary reception formalities, Oliver Riepan refused to cooperate and demanded to be returned to Stein Prison, threatening that otherwise he and other inmates would set fire to Garsten Prison. On the following day, in the course of an interview with a senior prison officer, he again insisted on being returned to Stein Prison and threatened the prison officer that otherwise someone would pay the officer “a private visit”.
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"start_offset": 7982}]}, "annotator9": null}, "quality_checked": [], "task": "Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Oliver Riepan", "meta": {"applicant": "Oliver Riepan", "articles": [91, 34, 54, 34, 44, 32, 34, 52, 49, 34, 93], "countries": "AUT", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2000}, "doc_id": "001-58978", "dataset_type": "train", "orig_text": "PROCEDURE\n\nThe case originated in an application (no. 35115/97) against the Republic of Austria lodged with the European Commission of Human Rights (\u201cthe Commission\u201d) under former Article 25 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (\u201cthe Convention\u201d) by an Austrian national, Mr Oliver Riepan (\u201cthe applicant\u201d), on 23 December 1996.\n\nThe applicant had been granted legal aid. The Austrian Government (\u201cthe Government\u201d) were represented by their Agent, Mr H. Winkler, Head of the International Law Department at the Federal Ministry of Foreign Affairs.\n\nThe applicant alleged that in criminal proceedings against him, relating to charges of threatening behaviour, he did not have a public hearing as the trial was held in the prison where he was detained.\n\nThe application was transmitted to the Court on 1 November 1998, when Protocol No. 11 to the Convention came into force (Article 5 \u00a7 2 of Protocol No. 11).\n\n5. The application was allocated to the Third Section of the Court\n\n(Rule 52 \u00a7 1 of the Rules of Court). Within that Section, the Chamber that would consider the case (Article 27 \u00a7 1 of the Convention) was constituted as provided in Rule 26 \u00a7 1. 6. By a decision of 15 June 2000 the Chamber declared the application partly admissible [Note by the Registry. The Court's decision is obtainable from the Registry.]. 7. The applicant and the Government each filed observations on the merits (Rule 59 \u00a7 1). 8. A hearing took place in public in the Human Rights Building, Strasbourg, on 29 August 2000 (Rule 59 \u00a7 2). There appeared before the Court: (a) for the Government Mr W. Okresek, Head of the Constitutional Law Section at the Federal Chancellery, Agent, Mrs E. Schindler, Federal Ministry of Justice, Adviser; (b) for the applicant Mr H. Blum, of the Linz Bar, Counsel. The Court heard addresses by Mr Blum, Mr Okresek and Mrs Schindler.\n\nTHE FACTS\n\nI. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE\n\nThe applicant is serving an eighteen-year prison term following his conviction for murder and burglary in 1987. He was first detained at Karlau Prison, from which he escaped in 1991 but was rearrested within a day. In September 1994 he was transferred to Stein Prison and on 8 May 1995 to Garsten Prison, as the prison administration feared that he and a number of other inmates were devising an escape plan.\n\nOn 8 May 1995, when prison personnel at Garsten carried out the necessary reception formalities, the applicant refused to cooperate and demanded to be returned to Stein Prison, threatening that otherwise he and other inmates would set fire to Garsten Prison. On the following day, in the course of an interview with a senior prison officer, he again insisted on being returned to Stein Prison and threatened the prison officer that otherwise someone would pay the officer \u201ca private visit\u201d. A few days later he threatened a prison warder saying \u201cthat he should not turn his back on him\u201d. On account of these incidents, criminal proceedings on charges of threatening behaviour (gef\u00e4hrliche Drohung) were instituted against the applicant.\n\nThe Steyr Regional Court (Landesgericht) decided to hold the hearing at Garsten Prison, which is situated about 5 km from Steyr. It set down 29 January 1996 as the date for the trial. The summons indicating the date and place of the hearing was served on the applicant as well as on his official defence counsel a month before the hearing.\n\nAt the material time information about hearings held at the Steyr Regional Court was given as follows. The public prosecutor's office at the Regional Court issued a hearing list (Verhandlungsspiegel) in the middle of each week for the following week, containing, inter alia, the date and place of all hearings in criminal proceedings. This information would also include the number of the court hearing room and would, if appropriate, indicate that the hearing was to be held at the scene of the crime or the name of the prison at which it was to take place. The Government were unable to provide the list for the week of 29 January 1996, as these lists are not kept, but asserted that it would, in accordance with the usual practice, have indicated Garsten Prison as the place of the hearing in the applicant's case. The hearing list was distributed by the public prosecutor's office to the media, namely to the most important national and regional newspapers, as well as to the national broadcasting station. Furthermore, a copy was given to the Regional Court's registry and information desk. Thus, interested persons could obtain information about forthcoming hearings either by calling the court's registry or by presenting themselves at the court's entrance.\n\nOn 29 January 1996 the Steyr Regional Court, sitting with a single judge, held a hearing in the closed area (Gesperre) of Garsten Prison. The hearing room measured about 25 sq. m. It was furnished with a table and seats for the judge, the secretary, the public prosecutor, the applicant and his defence counsel. There is disagreement between the parties as to whether there were further seats available for witnesses and potential spectators.\n\nThe hearing, which according to the minutes was public, was opened at 8.30 a.m. It lasted thirty-five minutes. The applicant, assisted by counsel, pleaded not guilty. The court heard the four prison officers to whom the applicant had allegedly addressed threats as witnesses. Neither the applicant nor his counsel complained about a lack of publicity at that time. Following the hearing, the Regional Court convicted the applicant of threatening behaviour, finding that he had on three occasions threatened prison personnel with arson or assault, and sentenced him to ten months' imprisonment.\n\nThereupon, the applicant filed an appeal on points of law and fact, as well as against sentence (Berufung wegen Nichtigkeit, Schuld und Strafe). He complained, in particular, as a ground of nullity, that the hearing on 29 January 1996 had not been public since it took place in the closed area of Garsten Prison, to which only people with special permits, other than prison personnel, had access. He also claimed that the room in which the hearing was held was too small to accommodate any spectators and alleged that not even the witnesses had been able to stay in the room simultaneously. Moreover, he challenged the Regional Court's assessment of the evidence and its establishment of the facts. Finally, he complained that the sentence was too severe.\n\nOn 5 July 1996 the Linz Court of Appeal (Oberlandesgericht) held a public hearing in the court building in the presence of the applicant and his counsel. The appellate court is about 50 km from Garsten Prison. The hearing lasted three-quarters of an hour. The court heard the applicant as regards the alleged lack of publicity of the hearing on 29 January 1996. It also heard him on the various counts of threatening behaviour, questioning him as regards the statements made by the witnesses at the trial. It did not rehear the witnesses and the defence made no request to this effect.\n\nThe Court of Appeal dismissed the case. As to the complaint that the hearing on 29 January 1996 had not been public, the court noted that, according to information submitted by the Steyr Regional Court, the hearing was public in the sense that any interested person would have been allowed to attend. Had the prison governor been concerned that interested persons should not be granted access to the closed area, he would have been obliged to prohibit the conduct of the trial in that part of the prison. In any case, no such persons wishing to attend the trial had been present at the beginning of the hearing, and the judge had not been informed of any potential spectators.\n\nAs to the applicant's appeal on points of fact, the Court of Appeal stated that it had no doubts regarding the Regional Court's evaluation of the evidence and its establishment of the facts. The appellate court also confirmed the Regional Court's legal view that the applicant had, by threatening prison personnel with arson or assault, committed the offence of threatening behaviour. 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Ilknur Gursoy was born in 1977 and lives in Lustenau. Her father is an Austrian national of Turkish origin. In February 1998 she entered Austria on a temporary visa, valid until 30 June 1998. Following a report by the Dornbirn Aliens Police (Fremdenpolizei), on 28 January 1999 the Dornbirn District Administrative Authority issued a provisional penal order (Strafverfügung) of 1,000 Austrian schillings (ATS) – equal to 73 Euros (EUR) and 24 hours’ imprisonment in default against Ilknur Gursoy for illegal sojourn. Subsequently, on 11 February 1999, she filed an objection (Einspruch) against that decision with the Dornbirn District Administrative Authority.
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"end_offset": 3807, "entity_id": "001-86789_a8_e47", "entity_mention_id": "001-86789_a8_em60", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "19 November 2003", "start_offset": 3791}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 3832, "entity_id": "001-86789_a8_e43", "entity_mention_id": "001-86789_a8_em61", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Administrative Court", "start_offset": 3812}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 4038, "entity_id": "001-86789_a8_e48", "entity_mention_id": "001-86789_a8_em62", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "1 December 2003", "start_offset": 4023}]}, "annotator9": null}, "quality_checked": [], "task": "Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Ilknur Gursoy", "meta": {"applicant": "Ilknur Gursoy", "articles": [91, 34, 54, 34, 93], "countries": "AUT", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2008}, "doc_id": "001-86789", "dataset_type": "train", "orig_text": "PROCEDURE\n\nThe case originated in an application (no. 20597/04) against the Republic of Austria lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (\u201cthe Convention\u201d) by a Turkish national, Ms Ilknur Gursoy (\u201cthe applicant\u201d), on 1 June 2004.\n\nThe applicant was represented by Mr W.L. Weh, a lawyer practising in Bregenz. The Austrian Government (\u201cthe Government\u201d) were represented by their Agent, Ambassador F. Trauttmansdorff, Head of the International Law Department at the Federal Ministry of Foreign Affairs.\n\nOn 5 September 2006 the Court decided to give notice of the application to the Government. Applying Article 29 \u00a7 3 of the Convention, it decided to rule on the admissibility and merits of the application at the same time.\n\nTHE FACTS\n\nTHE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE\n\nThe applicant was born in 1977 and lives in Lustenau. Her father is an Austrian national of Turkish origin. In February 1998 she entered Austria on a temporary visa, valid until 30 June 1998.\n\nFollowing a report by the Dornbirn Aliens Police (Fremdenpolizei), on 28 January 1999 the Dornbirn District Administrative Authority issued a provisional penal order (Strafverf\u00fcgung) of 1,000 Austrian schillings (ATS) \u2013 equal to 73 Euros (EUR) and 24 hours\u2019 imprisonment in default against the applicant for illegal sojourn.\n\nSubsequently, on 11 February 1999, she filed an objection (Einspruch) against that decision with the Dornbirn District Administrative Authority.\n\nOn 22 March 1999 the applicant, upon the District Administrative Authority\u2019s request, filed a statement in which she specified that she had entered Austria with a valid visa on 26 February 1998. As proceedings for a residence permit were underway, she was in her view allowed to stay until the decision had become final. In addition she claimed that, according to certain EC directives and the Constitutional Court\u2019s jurisprudence and in line with the ECJ\u2019s constant case-law, she was legally residing in Austria, since her father had Austrian citizenship.\n\nThe Aliens Police submitted their observations on 16 August 1999, which were served on the applicant\u2019s counsel on 23 August 1999. They stated that neither European Law nor domestic provisions could justify the applicant\u2019s sojourn in Austria, which was in fact in breach of section 31 of the Aliens Act.\n\nOn 21 December 1999 the applicant filed further observations.\n\nOn 1 December 2000 the District Administrative Authority, having regard to the applicant\u2019s objection and the above investigations, maintained its view and imposed a penal order in the amount of ATS 1,000 with 30 hours\u2019 imprisonment in default. It found that although the applicant had entered with a valid visa, it had expired, following which her stay in Austria was in breach of the Aliens Act.\n\nOn 19 December 2000 the applicant filed an appeal with the Independent Administrative Panel (IAP). She alleged, inter alia, that the first-instance decision did not comply with EC law.\n\nHaving held an oral hearing, on 25 June 2001 the IAP , dismissed the applicant\u2019s appeal. It referred to the Aliens Act, which exhaustively stipulated the conditions under which a foreigner\u2019s residence could be deemed to be legal. Upholding the first-instance decision, it concluded that the applicant had disregarded her visa\u2019s validity period, following which her sojourn was unlawful.\n\nSubsequently, on 13 August 2001, the applicant lodged a complaint with the Administrative Court and the Constitutional Court.\n\nOn 10 October 2001 the Constitutional Court declined to deal with the case on account of its lack of prospects of success and transferred it to the Administrative Court.\n\nThe IAP submitted its observations to the Administrative Court on 25 October 2001.\n\nOn 19 November 2003 the Administrative Court, relying on section 33a of the Administrative Court Act (Verwaltungsgerichts-hofgesetz), declined to deal with the applicant\u2019s case, finding that it did not raise important legal issues. On 1 December 2003 that decision was served on the applicant\u2019s counsel.", "applicant": "Ilknur Gursoy", "offset": 844, "idx_mapping": [844, 844, 844, 844, 844, 844, 844, 844, 844, 844, 844, 844, 844, 857, 858, 859, 860, 861, 862, 863, 864, 865, 866, 867, 868, 869, 870, 871, 872, 873, 874, 875, 876, 877, 878, 879, 880, 881, 882, 883, 884, 885, 886, 887, 888, 889, 890, 891, 892, 893, 894, 895, 896, 897, 898, 899, 900, 901, 902, 903, 904, 905, 906, 907, 908, 909, 910, 911, 912, 913, 914, 915, 916, 917, 918, 919, 920, 921, 922, 923, 924, 925, 926, 927, 928, 929, 930, 931, 932, 933, 934, 935, 936, 937, 938, 939, 940, 941, 942, 943, 944, 945, 946, 947, 948, 949, 950, 951, 952, 953, 954, 955, 956, 957, 958, 959, 960, 961, 962, 963, 964, 965, 966, 967, 968, 969, 970, 971, 972, 973, 974, 975, 976, 977, 978, 979, 980, 981, 982, 983, 984, 985, 986, 987, 988, 989, 990, 991, 992, 993, 994, 995, 996, 997, 998, 999, 1000, 1001, 1002, 1003, 1004, 1005, 1006, 1007, 1008, 1009, 1010, 1011, 1012, 1013, 1014, 1015, 1016, 1017, 1018, 1019, 1020, 1021, 1022, 1023, 1024, 1025, 1026, 1027, 1028, 1029, 1030, 1031, 1032, 1033, 1034, 1035, 1036, 1037, 1038, 1039, 1040, 1041, 1042, 1043, 1044, 1045, 1046, 1047, 1048, 1049, 1050, 1051, 1052, 1053, 1054, 1055, 1056, 1057, 1058, 1059, 1060, 1061, 1062, 1063, 1064, 1065, 1066, 1067, 1068, 1069, 1070, 1071, 1072, 1073, 1074, 1075, 1076, 1077, 1078, 1079, 1080, 1081, 1082, 1083, 1084, 1085, 1086, 1087, 1088, 1089, 1090, 1091, 1092, 1093, 1094, 1095, 1096, 1097, 1098, 1099, 1100, 1101, 1102, 1103, 1104, 1105, 1106, 1107, 1108, 1109, 1110, 1111, 1112, 1113, 1114, 1115, 1116, 1117, 1118, 1119, 1120, 1121, 1122, 1123, 1124, 1125, 1126, 1127, 1128, 1129, 1130, 1131, 1132, 1133, 1134, 1135, 1136, 1137, 1138, 1139, 1140, 1141, 1142, 1143, 1144, 1145, 1146, 1147, 1148, 1149, 1150, 1151, 1152, 1153, 1154, 1155, 1156, 1157, 1158, 1159, 1160, 1161, 1162, 1163, 1164, 1165, 1166, 1167, 1168, 1169, 1170, 1171, 1172, 1173, 1174, 1175, 1176, 1177, 1178, 1179, 1180, 1181, 1182, 1183, 1184, 1185, 1186, 1187, 1188, 1189, 1190, 1191, 1192, 1193, 1194, 1195, 1196, 1197, 1198, 1199, 1200, 1201, 1202, 1203, 1204, 1205, 1206, 1207, 1208, 1209, 1210, 1211, 1212, 1213, 1214, 1215, 1216, 1217, 1218, 1219, 1220, 1221, 1222, 1223, 1224, 1225, 1226, 1227, 1228, 1229, 1230, 1231, 1232, 1233, 1234, 1235, 1236, 1237, 1238, 1239, 1240, 1241, 1242, 1243, 1244, 1245, 1246, 1247, 1248, 1249, 1250, 1251, 1252, 1253, 1254, 1255, 1256, 1257, 1258, 1259, 1260, 1261, 1262, 1263, 1264, 1265, 1266, 1267, 1268, 1269, 1270, 1271, 1272, 1273, 1274, 1275, 1276, 1277, 1278, 1279, 1280, 1281, 1282, 1283, 1284, 1285, 1286, 1287, 1288, 1289, 1290, 1291, 1292, 1293, 1294, 1295, 1296, 1297, 1298, 1299, 1300, 1301, 1302, 1303, 1304, 1305, 1306, 1307, 1308, 1309, 1310, 1311, 1312, 1313, 1314, 1315, 1316, 1317, 1318, 1319, 1320, 1321, 1322, 1323, 1324, 1325, 844, 844, 844, 844, 844, 844, 844, 844, 844, 844, 844, 844, 844, 1339, 1340, 1341, 1342, 1343, 1344, 1345, 1346, 1347, 1348, 1349, 1350, 1351, 1352, 1353, 1354, 1355, 1356, 1357, 1358, 1359, 1360, 1361, 1362, 1363, 1364, 1365, 1366, 1367, 1368, 1369, 1370, 1371, 1372, 1373, 1374, 1375, 1376, 1377, 1378, 1379, 1380, 1381, 1382, 1383, 1384, 1385, 1386, 1387, 1388, 1389, 1390, 1391, 1392, 1393, 1394, 1395, 1396, 1397, 1398, 1399, 1400, 1401, 1402, 1403, 1404, 1405, 1406, 1407, 1408, 1409, 1410, 1411, 1412, 1413, 1414, 1415, 1416, 1417, 1418, 1419, 1420, 1421, 1422, 1423, 1424, 1425, 1426, 1427, 1428, 1429, 1430, 1431, 1432, 1433, 1434, 1435, 1436, 1437, 1438, 1439, 1440, 1441, 1442, 1443, 1444, 1445, 1446, 1447, 1448, 1449, 1450, 1451, 1452, 1453, 1454, 1455, 1456, 1457, 1458, 1459, 1460, 1461, 1462, 1463, 1464, 1465, 1466, 1467, 1468, 1469, 1470, 1471, 1472, 1473, 1474, 1475, 1476, 1477, 1478, 1479, 1480, 1481, 1482, 1483, 1484, 1485, 1486, 1487, 1488, 1489, 1490, 1491, 1492, 1493, 1494, 1495, 1496, 1497, 1498, 1499, 1500, 1501, 1502, 1503, 1504], "duplicates": 1}
| 1
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Mr Karlheinz Schmidt, a German national who was born in 1939, lives at Tettnang, in the Land of Baden-Württemberg. On 30 April 1982 the relevant municipal authorities required him to pay a fire service levy (Feuerwehrabgabe) of 75 German marks (DM) for 1982. This decision was based on section 43 of the Land Fire Brigades Act, as amended on 27 November 1978 (Feuerwehrgesetz, see paragraph 14 below -“the 1978 Act“) and on the municipal decree (Satzung) of 5 December 1979; it stated that all male adults residing in Tettnang at the beginning of the budget year (1 January) were liable to pay the contribution in question. Karlheinz Schmidt regarded this decision as contrary, inter alia, to the constitutional principle of equality before the law (Article 3 of the Basic Law - Grundgesetz) and he appealed against it. The administrative authority (Landratsamt) of the district of Lake Constance (Bodenseekreis) rejected this appeal on 20 July.
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Bernhardt", "start_offset": 1325}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 1369, "entity_id": "001-57880_a8_e5", "entity_mention_id": "001-57880_a8_em11", "entity_type": "DEM", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "German", "start_offset": 1363}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 1441, "entity_id": "001-57880_a8_e10", "entity_mention_id": "001-57880_a8_em12", "entity_type": "PERSON", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": [], "span_text": "Mr R. 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De Meyer", "start_offset": 1632}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 1659, "entity_id": "001-57880_a8_e14", "entity_mention_id": "001-57880_a8_em16", "entity_type": "PERSON", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Mrs E. Palm", "start_offset": 1648}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 1678, "entity_id": "001-57880_a8_e15", "entity_mention_id": "001-57880_a8_em17", "entity_type": "PERSON", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Mr J.M. 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"001-57880_a8_e75", "entity_mention_id": "001-57880_a8_em99", "entity_type": "LOC", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Rhineland-Palatinate", "start_offset": 8147}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "insert", "end_offset": 8216, "entity_id": "001-57880_a8_e76", "entity_mention_id": "001-57880_a8_em100", "entity_type": "LOC", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Rhineland- Palatinate", "start_offset": 8195}]}, "annotator9": null}, "quality_checked": [], "task": "Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Karlheinz Schmidt", "meta": {"applicant": "Karlheinz Schmidt", "articles": [91, 34, 112, 49, 45, 49, 34, 44, 32, 34, 52, 34, 44, 32, 34, 49, 52, 34, 44, 32, 34, 52, 49, 34, 93], "countries": "DEU", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 1994}, "doc_id": "001-57880", "dataset_type": "train", "orig_text": "PROCEDURE\n\nThe case was referred to the Court by the European Commission of Human Rights (\u201cthe Commission\u201c) on 7 April 1993, within the three-month period laid down by Article 32 para. 1 and Article 47 (art. 32-1, art. 47) of the Convention. It originated in an application (no. 13580/88) against the Federal Republic of Germany lodged with the Commission under Article 25 (art. 25) by a German national, Mr Karlheinz Schmidt, on 11 August 1987. The Commission\u2019s request referred to Articles 44 and 48 (art. 44, art. 48) and to the declaration whereby Germany recognised the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court (Article 46) (art. 46). The object of the request was to obtain a decision as to whether the facts of the case disclosed a breach by the respondent State of its obligations under Article 14 of the Convention taken together with Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 and Article 4 para. 3 (d) (art. 14+P1-1, art. 14+4-3-d) of the Convention.\n\nIn response to the enquiry made in accordance with Rule 33 para. 3 (d) of the Rules of Court, the applicant stated that he wished to take part in the proceedings and designated the lawyer who would represent him (Rule 30). The President of the Court gave the lawyer in question leave to use the German language (Rule 27 para. 3).\n\nThe Chamber to be constituted included ex officio Mr R. Bernhardt, the elected judge of German nationality (Article 43 of the Convention) (art. 43), and Mr R. Ryssdal, the President of the Court (Rule 21 para. 3 (b)). On 23 April 1993, in the presence of the Registrar, the President drew by lot the names of the other seven members, namely Mr F. Matscher, Mr J. De Meyer, Mrs E. Palm, Mr J.M. Morenilla, Sir John Freeland, Mr G. Mifsud Bonnici and Mr D. Gotchev (Article 43 in fine of the Convention and Rule 21 para. 4) (art. 43). Subsequently, Mr A. Spielmann, substitute judge, replaced Mr De Meyer, who was unable to take part in the further consideration of the case (Rules 22 para. 1 and 24 para. 1).\n\nAs President of the Chamber (Rule 21 para. 5), Mr Ryssdal, acting through the Deputy Registrar, consulted the Agent of the German Government (\u201cthe Government\u201c), the applicant\u2019s lawyer and the Delegate of the Commission on the organisation of the proceedings (Rules 37 para. 1 and 38). Pursuant to the order made in consequence the Registrar received the Government\u2019s memorial on 22 November 1993 and the applicant\u2019s observations on 22 and 26 November 1993. On 23 December the Secretary to the Commission informed the Registrar that the Delegate would submit his observations at the hearing. On 7 February 1994 the Commission produced various documents as requested by the Registrar on the President\u2019s instructions.\n\nIn accordance with the decision of the President, who had also given the Government leave to use the German language (Rule 27 para. 2), the hearing took place in public in the Human Rights Building, Strasbourg, on 22 February 1994. The Court had held a preparatory meeting beforehand. There appeared before the Court:\n\nfor the Government Mr J. Meyer-Ladewig, Ministerialdirigent, Federal Ministry of Justice, Agent, Mr R. V\u00f6gtle, Oberregierungsrat, Ministry of the Interior of the Land of Baden- W\u00fcrttemberg, Mrs V. Jungewelter, judge at the Landgericht, on secondment to the Federal Ministry of Justice, Advisers;\n\nfor the Commission Mr A. Weitzel Delegate;\n\nfor the applicant Mr V. Olbrich, Regierungsrat, Counsel. The Court heard addresses by Mr Meyer-Ladewig, Mr V\u00f6gtle, Mr Weitzel and Mr Olbrich.\n\nAS TO THE FACTS\n\nI. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE\n\nMr Karlheinz Schmidt, a German national who was born in 1939, lives at Tettnang, in the Land of Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg. On 30 April 1982 the relevant municipal authorities required him to pay a fire service levy (Feuerwehrabgabe) of 75 German marks (DM) for 1982. This decision was based on section 43 of the Land Fire Brigades Act, as amended on 27 November 1978 (Feuerwehrgesetz, see paragraph 14 below -\u201cthe 1978 Act\u201c) and on the municipal decree (Satzung) of 5 December 1979; it stated that all male adults residing in Tettnang at the beginning of the budget year (1 January) were liable to pay the contribution in question.\n\nThe applicant regarded this decision as contrary, inter alia, to the constitutional principle of equality before the law (Article 3 of the Basic Law - Grundgesetz) and he appealed against it. The administrative authority (Landratsamt) of the district of Lake Constance (Bodenseekreis) rejected this appeal on 20 July.\n\nOn 16 August 1982 the applicant appealed to the Sigmaringen Administrative Court (Verwaltungsgericht), which dismissed his appeal on 18 August 1983. Referring to the case-law of the Federal Constitutional Court (Bundesverfassungsgericht) and to that of the Administrative Appeals Court (Verwaltungsgerichtshof) of the Land, it ruled that the obligation for men, and not women, to serve in the fire brigade or to make a financial contribution was compatible with the Constitution.\n\nThe Administrative Appeals Court dismissed the appeal which Mr Schmidt had filed against the decision of the Administrative Court; it refused him leave to appeal on points of law. It pointed out that like the Constitutional Court it had always held the legislation requiring only the male residents of a municipality to pay a fire service levy to be consistent with the Constitution. The applicant\u2019s arguments could not persuade it to reconsider its case-law or to refer the question to the Constitutional Court again. There were no new facts to present to the Constitutional Court and there had not been a fundamental change in legal opinion on the subject. The Administrative Appeals Court stated that it endorsed the opinion expressed in the Constitutional Court\u2019s judgment of 5 July 1983 to the effect that, in view of the risks inherent in service in the fire brigade, there remained objective reasons for imposing the obligation on men but not on women.\n\nThe applicant challenged this judgment, which had been delivered on 25 March 1986, in so far as it had refused him leave to appeal on points of law, but the Federal Administrative Court (Bundesverwaltungsgericht) dismissed his appeal on 6 October 1986. In its view, the case raised no issue of principle (grundlegende Bedeutung). On the question whether the imposition of a fire service levy was in breach of the Constitution, it concluded that it was not, in conformity with a judgment of the Constitutional Court of 17 October 1961. It would only be possible to refer the matter once again to the Constitutional Court if there were new facts or a fundamental change in legal opinion. However, the Land Administrative Appeals Court had found no evidence of this.\n\nOn 11 November 1986 Mr Schmidt applied finally to the Federal Constitutional Court, which on 31 January 1987, sitting as a panel of three members, declined to accept the appeal for adjudication, on the ground that it did not have sufficient prospects of success. It noted, inter alia: \u201c... The Federal Constitutional Court has already held, in its judgment of 17 October 1961 ..., concerning the provision which corresponds to the present section 43 para. 2, first sentence, of the Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg Fire Brigades Act, that there had been no violation of the principle of equal treatment. In subsequent decisions delivered ... on 6 December 1978 (1 BvR 722/77), 13 November 1979 (1 BvR 768/79), 5 July 1983 (1 BvR 210/83), 19 November 1985 (1 BvR 609/85) and 11 December 1985 (1 BvR 1277/85), it stated that from the point of view of Article 3 para. 2 of the Basic Law [enshrining the principle of sexual equality] there had still been no general change in legal opinion; the fact that the obligation to serve in the fire brigade was limited to the male residents of a municipality still continued to be objectively justified on account of the risks inherent in service in the fire brigade, even though some fire brigade duties were performed by women and recently fire brigades for female volunteers had even been set up. Nor does the fact that the L\u00e4nder of Lower Saxony (section 14 para. 3 of the Lower Saxony Fire Protection Act) and the Rhineland-Palatinate (section 10 para. 2 of the Rhineland- Palatinate Fire Protection Act) make provision for an obligation to serve in the fire brigades regardless of sex constitute a reason for departing from this case-law. The sole decisive factor is that there remain today objective reasons (Ankn\u00fcpfungspunkte) on the basis of which the legislature is entitled to treat men and women differently in this regard. 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| 1
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Heidemarie Abrahamian is a medical practitioner, employed by a public hospital in Vienna and has also a private surgery. She is a member of the Vienna Medical Association (Ärztekammer), a public law body established under the Medical Practitioner’s Act (Ärztegesetz) with compulsory membership. As a member of that association she is also compulsory affiliated to the pension and invalidity fund (Wohlfahrtsfonds) of that Medical Association under the relevant provisions of the Medical Practitioner’s Act. On 28 April 2000 the Administrative Committee (Verwaltungsausschuss) of the pension and invalidity fund issued an order against Heidemarie Abrahamian for payment of compulsory contributions for 1999. It applied the statutory rate of contribution of 15.8% as fixed in the statutes of the pension and invalidity fund.
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null}, "quality_checked": [], "task": "Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Heidemarie Abrahamian", "meta": {"applicant": "Heidemarie Abrahamian", "articles": [91, 34, 54, 34, 93], "countries": "AUT", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2008}, "doc_id": "001-85831", "dataset_type": "train", "orig_text": "PROCEDURE\n\nThe case originated in an application (no. 35354/04) against the Republic of Austria lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (\u201cthe Convention\u201d) by an Austrian national, Dr. Heidemarie Abrahamian (\u201cthe applicant\u201d), on 20 September 2004.\n\nThe applicant was represented by Mr G. Witt, a lawyer practising in Vienna. The Austrian Government (\u201cthe Government\u201d) were represented by their Agent, Ambassador F. Trauttmansdorff, Head of the International Law Department at the Federal Ministry of Foreign Affairs.\n\nThe applicant alleged, in particular, that the Administrative Court had failed to hold an oral hearing on her complaint to that court.\n\nOn 2 May 2006 the Court decided to give notice of the application to the Government. Under the provisions of Article 29 \u00a7 3 of the Convention, it decided to examine the merits of the application at the same time as its admissibility.\n\nTHE FACTS\n\nTHE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE\n\nThe applicant is a medical practitioner, employed by a public hospital in Vienna and has also a private surgery. She is a member of the Vienna Medical Association (\u00c4rztekammer), a public law body established under the Medical Practitioner\u2019s Act (\u00c4rztegesetz) with compulsory membership. As a member of that association she is also compulsory affiliated to the pension and invalidity fund (Wohlfahrtsfonds) of that Medical Association under the relevant provisions of the Medical Practitioner\u2019s Act.\n\nOn 28 April 2000 the Administrative Committee (Verwaltungsausschuss) of the pension and invalidity fund issued an order against the applicant for payment of compulsory contributions for 1999. It applied the statutory rate of contribution of 15.8% as fixed in the statutes of the pension and invalidity fund.\n\nOn 9 May 2000 the applicant appealed. She submitted that the calculation was incorrect and that the obligation to pay contributions was unconstitutional.\n\nOn 20 July 2000 the Appeal Committee (Beschwerdeausschuss) of the Medical Association dismissed the applicant\u2019s appeal. It stated that the calculation had been correct and that the other issues raised by the applicant were too general or outside the competence of the Appeal Committee.\n\nOn 1 September 2000 the applicant filed a complaint with the Constitutional Court. She complained that the decision was arbitrary and breached her right to peaceful enjoyment of her property. She submitted that Section 112 of the Medical Practitioners Act, which allowed for exemption from the liability to pay contributions to the pension and invalidity fund, did not sufficiently allow for private initiatives in ensuring an adequate pension. Also the provisions of the Medical Practitioners Act which provided for compulsory membership and compulsory affiliation to the pension and invalidity fund were in breach of EU-law and a preliminary ruling on that issue should be obtained by the European Court. On 22 May 2002 she supplemented her complaint.\n\nOn 26 June 2002 the Constitutional Court declined to deal with the applicant\u2019s complaint for lack of prospect of success. It stated that, at the most, questions of ordinary law could arise in the applicant\u2019s case, but no issues of constitutional law or the law of the European Union. Insofar as the applicant had alleged that the ordinary law applied by the administrative authorities was unconstitutional, the Constitutional Court, referring to its case-law, considered this allegation unfounded.\n\nThe applicant filed a request for transfer of the case to the Administrative Court and, on 21 August 2002, the Constitutional Court did so.\n\nOn 8 January 2003 the Administrative Court invited the respondent authority to file observations, which it did on 25 January 2003. On 11 April 2003 the applicant replied.\n\nOn 23 May 2003 the Administrative Court quashed the appeal decision of 20 July 2000 and remitted the case back to the Appeal Committee. It found that on one point, namely as regards deductible expenses, the Appeal Committee\u2019s decision had not been sufficiently reasoned.\n\nOn 15 October 2003 the Appeal Committee decided again, dismissing the appeal.\n\nOn 5 December 2003 the applicant filed a further complaint to the Administrative Court, she also requested that a public hearing be held and that suspensive effect be granted. However, at this stage of the proceedings the applicant failed to reiterate her request for referral to the European Court of Justice.\n\nOn 16 December 2003 the Administrative Court invited the respondent authority to file observations, which it did so on 6 February 2004.\n\nOn 15 March 2004 the applicant submitted further observations. In her further observations she reiterated her request to submit for a preliminary ruling to the European Court the question of the conformity of the compulsory affiliation to the pension and invalidity fund with EU-law.\n\nMeanwhile, on 27 February 2004 the Administrative Court had dismissed the applicant\u2019s complaint without holding a public hearing. It found that the Appeal Committee had correctly calculated the amount of the applicant\u2019s contributions. 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"duplicates": 1}
| 1
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The first applicant is Mr Sladjan Nacic born in 1969, the second applicant is Mrs Jelena Nacic born in 1971, and the third and fourth applicants are their sons, born in 1991 and 1994. They are currently in Sweden. A. Background and proceedings before the national authorities
Sladjan Nacics are of Roma descent and lived in the village of Kosovo Polje. Following the outbreak of war in 1999, the first applicant refused to participate in the fighting and hid from the armed forces.
|
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"identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Trollh\u00e4ttan", "start_offset": 13243}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 13271, "entity_id": "001-110918_a8_e80", "entity_mention_id": "001-110918_a8_em140", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "December 2010", "start_offset": 13258}, {"confidential_status": "HEALTH", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 13587, "entity_id": "001-110918_a8_e44", "entity_mention_id": "001-110918_a8_em141", "entity_type": "DEM", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "depression", "start_offset": 13577}, {"confidential_status": "HEALTH", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 13596, "entity_id": "001-110918_a8_e81", "entity_mention_id": "001-110918_a8_em142", "entity_type": "DEM", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "PTSD", "start_offset": 13592}, {"confidential_status": "HEALTH", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 13893, "entity_id": "001-110918_a8_e44", "entity_mention_id": "001-110918_a8_em143", "entity_type": "DEM", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "depression", "start_offset": 13883}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 13996, "entity_id": "001-110918_a8_e15", "entity_mention_id": "001-110918_a8_em144", "entity_type": "LOC", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Kosovo", "start_offset": 13990}]}, "annotator9": null}, "quality_checked": ["annotator8"], "task": "Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Sladjan Nacic", "meta": {"applicant": "Sladjan Nacic", "articles": [91, 34, 51, 34, 44, 32, 34, 56, 34, 93], "countries": "SWE", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2012}, "doc_id": "001-110918", "dataset_type": "train", "orig_text": "PROCEDURE\n\nThe case originated in an application (no. 16567/10) against the Kingdom of Sweden lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (\u201cthe Convention\u201d) by Mr Sladjan Nacic and Mrs Jelena Nacic, a married couple, and their sons Alexander and Milan, Sladjan Nacic and (\u201cthe applicants\u201d), on 18 March 2010.\n\nThe applicants were represented by Mr S. de Geer, a lawyer practising in Stockholm. The Swedish Government (\u201cthe Government\u201d) were represented by their Agent, Ms C. Hellner, of the Ministry for Foreign Affairs.\n\nThe applicants complained that deportation of the first, second and fourth applicants to Kosovo or Serbia would be in violation of Articles 3 and 8 of the Convention.\n\nOn 26 March 2010 the President of the Third Section decided to apply Rule 39 of the Rules of Court, indicating to the Government that it was desirable in the interests of the parties and the proper conduct of the proceedings not to deport the first, second and fourth applicants until further notice.\n\nOn 14 October 2010 the application was communicated to the Government. It was also decided to rule on the admissibility and merits of the application at the same time (Article 29 \u00a7 1).\n\nOn 1 February 2011 the Court changed the composition of its Sections (Rule 25 \u00a7 1 of the rules of Court) and the above application was assigned to the newly composed Fifth Section.\n\nTHE FACTS\n\nI. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE\n\nThe first applicant is Mr Sladjan Nacic born in 1969, the second applicant is Mrs Jelena Nacic born in 1971, and the third and fourth applicants are their sons, born in 1991 and 1994. They are currently in Sweden.\n\nA. Background and proceedings before the national authorities\n\nThe applicants are of Roma descent and lived in the village of Kosovo Polje. Following the outbreak of war in 1999, the first applicant refused to participate in the fighting and hid from the armed forces. Due to this, the other applicants were subjected to threats and beatings by Serbian military. Finally, they were driven out of their home by Albanian militia. They fled by train to Suvi Do, another village in Kosovo. On their way, they lost a bag containing their passports and identification papers. They hid at a friend\u2019s home, where they remained completely isolated from the world until they travelled to Sweden in 2006. They had felt harassed in Kosovo because of their being Roma, but they had not been subjected to any persecution, allegedly due to their isolation. They applied for asylum and permanent residence permits on arrival.\n\nOn 13 March 2008 the Migration Board (Migrationsverket) rejected their applications. First, the Board found that the applicants had not proved their identity. By submitting an UNMIK certificate on their residency in Kosovo Polje, they had made it plausible that they were from Kosovo or Serbia. However, the Board found that neither the general situation in Kosovo nor that in Serbia was such that it in itself constituted grounds for granting asylum. Also, the Board found that the applicants were not to be considered as refugees or as in need of any other specific protection. In regard to the applicants\u2019 Roma ethnicity, the Board noted that the first applicant\u2019s mother was Serb, that none of the family members spoke Romani or had any contact with other Roma. In Kosovo, they had lived in Serb areas and had only socialised with Serbs. In the Board\u2019s view, it was difficult to conclude in these circumstances that the applicants would be seen as Roma upon return. Noting, furthermore, that they had not been subjected to any persecution because of their ethnicity previously, the Board concluded that they had failed to show that there was such a risk upon return.\n\nThe Board went on to assess whether the applicants\u2019 personal situation could constitute a ground for granting residence permits. The first, second and third applicants submitted that they suffered from medical problems.\n\nThe first applicant claimed that he was hypertonic. The Board found that this was a common medical condition and that he would not be subject to any medical risk if he were to return to Kosovo or Serbia.\n\nThe second applicant claimed that she suffered from psychological problems and submitted a certificate issued by a nurse on 24 January 2008 and extracts from her medical records covering the period from 12 April to 17 December 2007. The Board found that the certificate had not been issued in accordance with Swedish regulations and did not contain any prognosis. Therefore, it was not able to assess fully the gravity of her condition or what type of care she needed. Nevertheless, it found that her condition was not life-threatening and thus could not constitute a ground for granting a residence permit.\n\nThe third applicant claimed that he also suffered from psychological problems and submitted a medical certificate issued by a senior physician on 25 January 2008. The Board found that the medical certificate did not contain any diagnosis and that it therefore could not assess whether or not the applicant could receive appropriate medical care in Kosovo or Serbia. The Board noted that treatment for depression was offered both in Kosovo and Serbia. It further noted that the applicant\u2019s health had not improved after he had received treatment in Sweden and that his condition would probably only improve if he were in a more secure and stable environment.\n\nThe applicants appealed to the Migration Court (Migrationsdomstolen) in Malm\u00f6 where they held to their earlier submissions and added the following. The whole family moved to a children\u2019s home in July 2008, when the authorities decided that the parents did not have the ability to take care of their children under the existing circumstances. The applicants also submitted several medical certificates regarding the first, second and third applicants. According to the certificates regarding the first and second applicants, there was a risk that they might commit suicide if they were to be expelled from Sweden. Regarding the second applicant, it was stated that she had earlier attempted suicide and that she showed clear signs of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).\n\nAccording to the certificate regarding the third applicant, issued on 27 September 2008 by Ann-Marie Nyberg, specialist in youth psychiatry, he was in a very bad state on arrival in Sweden. He was depressed and could hardly interact with other persons. During the spring of 2007, he was in contact with the Children and Youth Psychiatric Care Unit (Barn- och ungdomspsykiatrin) in Lindesberg, which found that he suffered from depression. His condition improved when he started school and began to play football and also had a contact person assigned. However, after the Migration Board\u2019s decision in March 2008, his depression became worse again. He isolated himself at home and became apathetic. In June 2008, he attempted suicide by overdose of anti-depressants. He was committed to hospital, but discharged after one day. When the family arrived at the children\u2019s home in July 2008, he was in very poor condition, refused to eat solid food and stayed in bed most of the time. There would be a serious risk of another suicide attempt if he were to be expelled from Sweden.\n\nOn 1 December 2008 the Migration Court rejected the appeal, upholding the Board\u2019s reasoning and conclusion, adding the following. The third applicant would soon be 18 years old. Although he suffered from severe depressive devitalisation, it could not be assumed that his psychosocial development would be damaged if he were to be expelled from Sweden. Also, psychiatric care was available in both Kosovo and Serbia, at least for those who could pay. Therefore, neither the third applicant\u2019s health nor his personal situation were enough to justify granting him a residence permit. This reasoning also applied to the other applicants, who were all in better health. Two of the lay judges delivered a dissenting opinion finding that the third applicant\u2019s health constituted a sufficient reason to grant him a residence permit. Applying the principle of respect for family life, they also found that the rest of the family should be granted a right to stay.\n\nThe applicants proceeded to the Migration Court of Appeal (Migrations\u00f6verdomstolen) and submitted that they had been subjected to persecution in Kosovo due to their ethnicity and that this had caused their health problems. Their possibilities to receive proper care if sent back were limited, especially regarding the third applicant. Also, they would not have access to the health care system due to their ethnicity. Their health had deteriorated, as allegedly shown by several medical certificates submitted.\n\nOn 23 November 2009 the Migration Court of Appeal delivered its judgment. Regarding the third applicant, the court found that the medical certificates showed that he suffered from severe mental illness, that he was unlikely to get better in the foreseeable future and that the necessary treatment presupposed that he was in a safe, secure and stable environment. Furthermore, it found that health care was available in both Kosovo and Serbia, but that the applicant\u2019s health issues had arisen due to events taking place there. Considering all this, the court quashed the lower court\u2019s judgment and granted him a permanent residence permit. Regarding the other applicants, it upheld the lower court\u2019s reasoning and decision.\n\nTwo dissenting opinions were attached to the appellate court\u2019s judgment. In the first, one of the judges held that the third applicant had recently turned 18 years old, that he therefore should be regarded as an adult and that his circumstances should be assessed separately from the other applicants. Taking this into account, and also the fact that proper health care would be available to him in Kosovo or Serbia, the judge found that he had no right to remain in Sweden. He should therefore be expelled together with the other applicants.\n\nIn the second dissenting opinion, another judge held that the medical certificates clearly showed that the first, second and third applicants in particular suffered from severe mental illness. The documents available also showed that the condition for the third applicant\u2019s well-being was a safe, secure and stable environment. Although he had turned 18, the family\u2019s situation had to be taken as a whole. Therefore, all of the applicants should be granted permanent residence permits.\n\nOn 5 February 2010 the applicants lodged a new request for residence permits on the basis that there were impediments to the enforcement of their deportation order. They submitted new medical certificates and argued that their conditions had worsened. On 24 February 2010 the Migration Board rejected the request as it found that the applicants had invoked no new circumstances of importance and that there were no impediments to the enforcement of the first, second and fourth applicants\u2019 deportation order. Moreover, as the third applicant had reached the age of majority, they could no longer be granted residence permits on account of family ties to him.\n\nB. Events during the proceedings before the Court\n\nOn 18 March 2010 the applicants requested the Court to indicate to the Swedish Government under Rule 39 of the Rules of Court a suspension of the first, second and fourth applicants\u2019 deportation to Kosovo or Serbia.\n\nOn 23 March 2010, the applicants submitted new medical certificates concerning the first, the second and the third applicants. The certificates were issued jointly by Ann-Marie Nyberg, specialist in youth psychiatry, Anna-Karin Klenell-Hjerm, psychologist and psychotherapist, and Teija Jyrinki K\u00e4rkk\u00e4inen, trained social worker and psychotherapist and were dated December 2009. The medical certificate regarding the first applicant stated that he suffered from grave depression, insomnia and eating disorders. He had suicidal tendencies, but had not made any suicide attempts out of concern for his children. The diagnosis was grave depression and complex PTSD. According to the medical certificate regarding the second applicant, her condition was serious and possibly fatal and she would not be able to cope with a separation from her son. The prognosis was that all treatment presupposed a safe, secure and stable environment. She was diagnosed with grave depression, depressive devitalisation and complex PTSD. The medical certificate regarding the third applicant stated that he was in need of professional therapy to be able to deal with his traumatic experiences. It was not possible for him to cope without the support of his family. If his parents and his brother were to be returned to Kosovo or Serbia, there was a grave risk that his depression would become worse and that his rehabilitation would be compromised. He was diagnosed with grave depression, depressive devitalisation and complex PTSD.\n\nOn 16 June 2011, the applicants submitted new medical certificates issued by Ann-Marie Nyberg and dated June 2011. According to these, the first applicant had been feeling slightly better since the family had moved from the children\u2019s home to an apartment in Trollh\u00e4ttan in December 2010. However, he still suffered from feelings of futility and despair. The second applicant had been feeling better since the Court\u2019s decision not to deport them until further notice. However, she had recently been feeling worse again due to her fear of a possible deportation. She still suffered from severe depression and PTSD and was worried about the third applicant\u2019s health. The third applicant had gradually been feeling better since he had been granted a residence permit. However, his positive development had been halted by the threat of disruption of the family and he showed clear signs of falling into depression again. The fourth applicant had, due to his young age, been spared the traumatic experiences in Kosovo. 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| 1
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1. The alleged offence
At the time of the introduction of the application, Eric Jasper was serving a prison sentence. The background to his conviction is as follows. On 30 June 1993 approximately three tonnes of cannabis resin was imported into the United Kingdom concealed in a consignment of frozen meat on a lorry travelling from Zeebrugge to Dover. There had been two previous importations of meat from the same consignor in May and early June 1993, both of which had been collected by a firm of hauliers called Davidsons.
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It originated in an application (27052/95) against the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (\u201cthe Government\u201d) lodged with the Commission under former Article 25 of the Convention by Mr Eric Jasper, a British national, on 26 September 1994. The applicant is represented by Ms Mary Cunneen of Liberty. The Government of the United Kingdom are represented by their Agent, Mr Martin Eaton, Deputy Legal Adviser at the Foreign and Commonwealth Office. The Commission's request referred to former Articles 44 and 48 and to the declaration whereby the United Kingdom recognised the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court (former Article 46). The object of the request was to obtain a decision as to whether the facts of the case disclosed a breach by the respondent State of its obligations under Article 6 of the Convention.\n\nIn accordance with Article 5 \u00a7 4 of Protocol No. 11 to the Convention and Rules 100 \u00a7 1 and 24 \u00a7 6 of the Rules of Court, a panel of the Grand Chamber of the Court decided on 31 March 1991 that the case should be examined by the Grand Chamber. On 1 April 1999 Mr L. Wildhaber, the President of the Court, acting under Rule 24 \u00a7\u00a7 3-5 determined the composition of the Grand Chamber to include, ex officio, himself, and Mrs E. Palm, the Vice-President of the Court. The other members appointed to complete the Grand Chamber were Mr L. Ferrari Bravo, Mr L. Caflisch, Mr J.-P. Costa, Mr W. Fuhrmann, Mr K. Jungwiert, Mr M. Fischbach, Mr B. Zupan\u010di\u010d, Mrs N. Vaji\u0107, Mr J. Hedigan, Mrs W. Thomassen, Mrs M. Tsatsa-Nikolovska, Mr T. Pan\u0163\u00eeru, Mr E. Levits and Mr K. Traja (Rule 24 \u00a7 3 and Rule 100 \u00a7 4). Sir Nicolas Bratza, the judge elected in respect of the United Kingdom and who should have participated pursuant to Article 27 \u00a7 2 of the Convention, could not take part in the consideration of the case since he had participated in the proceedings before the Commission (Rule 28 \u00a7 3). The Government appointed Sir John Laws to sit as an ad hoc judge (Article 27 \u00a7 2 of the Convention and Rule 29 \u00a7 1).\n\nIn accordance with the President's decision, a hearing of the case, jointly with application nos. 28901/95, Rowe and Davis v. the United Kingdom, and 29777/96, Fitt v. the United Kingdom, took place in public in the Human Rights Building, Strasbourg, on 20 October 1999. There appeared before the Court: (a) for the Government Mr M. Eaton, Foreign and Commonwealth Office, Agent, Mr R. Cranston, Solicitor General, Mr J. Eadie, Barrister-at-law Counsel, Mr R. Heaton, Home Office, Ms G. Harrison, Home Office Mr C. Burke, Customs and Excise Ms F. Russell, Crown Prosecution Service Mr A. Chapman, Law Officer's Department, Advisers; (b) for the applicant Mr B. Emmerson, Barrister-at-law, Counsel, Ms M. Cunneen, Liberty, Ms P. Kaufman, Barrister-at-law, Mr S. Young, Barrister-at-law, Mr A. Master, Solicitor, Advisers. The Court heard addresses by Mr Cranston and Mr Emmerson and also their replies to questions put by several of its members.\n\nAS TO THE FACTS\n\nI. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE\n\n1. The alleged offence\n\nAt the time of the introduction of the application, the applicant was serving a prison sentence. The background to his conviction is as follows. On 30 June 1993 approximately three tonnes of cannabis resin was imported into the United Kingdom concealed in a consignment of frozen meat on a lorry travelling from Zeebrugge to Dover. There had been two previous importations of meat from the same consignor in May and early June 1993, both of which had been collected by a firm of hauliers called Davidsons. On this occasion, the meat was delivered to West Kent Cold Storage at Dunton Green, near Sevenoaks in Kent.\n\nOn 1 July 1993 Customs and Excise officers were keeping the applicant under observation. At approximately 6 a.m. he was followed from his home in Walthamstow, East London, to a lorry park at Beckton, where he collected an articulated lorry and refrigerated trailor which he had bought the previous month. He drove the lorry to West Kent Cold Storage, where he loaded the consignment of meat onto the lorry, and then drove on to a lock-up garage in Leytonstone, East London. He backed the trailor into the garage and drove away in his car. He made two brief visits to the garage during the morning, and then returned at approximately 1 p.m.\n\nThe applicant remained inside the garage for about five hours and was arrested just before 6 p.m. as he was leaving. The garage was searched. Six of the ten pallets of meat were still on the lorry in a frozen state, although the refrigerator motor was not operative. Four of the pallets, containing a large quantity of cannabis resin, had been opened and left to defrost in the unrefrigerated garage. The applicant told Customs officers that he worked as a haulage contractor and had not known that the meat contained cannabis.\n\nIn addition, Customs officers found that the applicant's daughter had rented a safety deposit box on 19 March 1993, of which the applicant, using the name of \u201cEric Siggins\u201d was an authorised signatory. Following the applicant's arrest on 5 August the box was searched and found to contain GBP 24,100 in cash and two passports bearing the applicant's photograph, the first in his true name and the second in the name of Eric Siggins. Also found in the box were two documents dated 30 June, the date of the applicant's arrest.\n\nThe applicant was charged with an offence of being knowingly concerned in the fraudulent evasion of the prohibition on the importation of cannabis, and remanded for trial in the Southwark Crown Court.\n\n2. The disclosure procedure at first instance\n\nOn 14 January 1994, shortly before the commencement of the trial, the prosecution made an ex parte application to the trial judge to withhold material in its possession on the grounds of public interest immunity. The defence were notified that an application was to be made, but were not informed of the category of material which the prosecution sought to withhold. They were given the opportunity to outline the defence case to the trial judge, namely that the applicant had collected the consignment of meat pursuant to instructions received by telephone the previous night, and had not been aware that the meat contained cannabis, and to request the judge to order disclosure of any evidence relating to these alleged facts. The trial judge examined the material in question and ruled that it should not be disclosed. The defence were not informed of the reasons for the judge's decision.\n\nOn 18 January 1994 the defence served the following written request on the prosecution: \u201c9. The Crown are formally asked to indicate (a) in general whether there is unused material in connection with this case, apart from the subject-matter of the ex parte application to the Court on Friday 14 January 1994 ... which has not been disclosed and (b) in particular: (i) whether any listening device or telephone intercept was used, and whether there exists any resulting recording, note, memorandum, or other record; (ii) whether there exists any note, memorandum or other record of any interview with, or statement by any witness or potential witness in this case that has not already been disclosed; (iii) whether there exists any evidence ... of any observations on the lorry ... or on the premises of West Kent Cold Storage, and if not, whether any such observations were in fact carried out; (iv) whether there were any other observations carried out in connection with this enquiry that have not been disclosed; (v) whether any enquiries were made to trace the vehicles and/or drivers used for the first two Davidson and Sons collections from West Kent Cold Store, and if so, with what result; (vi) whether HM Customs and Excise acted in this enquiry on any 'information received' and if so, whether there exists any log, memorandum, or other record of any such information.\u201d\n\nProsecution counsel provided the answer to questions 9(iii) and (vi), informing the defence that there had been no such observations and no \u201cinformation received\u201d from an informant, but declined to answer the remainder of the questions. The defence therefore applied to the trial judge for an order that the prosecution should provide the information requested. The application was heard on 24 January 1994, when prosecution counsel submitted: \u201cI have refused and still refuse to answer the questions set out in ... paragraph 9 because I contend that I am not required to reveal to any person whether there has been any interception of communications under the [Interception of Communications] Act [see paragraphs 31-34 below]. If I answer the question at 9(a) or 9(b), I shall be answering that question which I am not required to answer. ... I am confident I have done what is required of me in respect of it. ... I take the view that were there to be any matter falling under the Interception of Communications Act it should not be the subject of any ex parte application ... .\u201d\n\nThat position was upheld by the trial judge who, in his ruling of 24 January 1994, stated inter alia: \u201cI cannot invite [prosecution counsel] ... to go behind the stand that he is taking, at this stage, where he takes the view that even an ex parte application is unnecessary, which is the way he looks at it. ... I think we have taken the matter as far as we can in that particular aspect. One is bound, because I have no power [to order] otherwise, to accept the situation as the prosecutor tells it to be.\u201d\n\n3. The trial\n\nThe applicant did not give evidence at his trial. The defence case was that he had no knowledge of the cannabis hidden in the consignment and was acting as an innocent haulier of the goods. He was attempting to establish a haulage business (\u201cEjay Couriers\u201d) and had bought vehicles and hired the lock-up garage for that purpose. It was submitted on his behalf that in collecting the meat he had been acting pursuant to instructions from another firm of hauliers, as was shown by a note, found in the applicant's possession at the time of his arrest, on Ejay Couriers headed paper of a telephone call made by Davidsons (see paragraph 1 above) at 7.30 p.m. on 30 June 1993.\n\nOn 31 January 1994 the applicant was convicted of the offence charged and on 21 March 1994 he was sentenced to ten years' imprisonment.\n\n4. The appeal\n\nThe applicant appealed to the Court of Appeal, on the following grounds: \u201cIt was clear that not all unused material had been disclosed. ... In open court it was stated on behalf of the defendant that the unused material was of potential importance to his defence that he had no knowledge that drugs were to be or were concealed in the load he carried, and that he had received his instructions for the collection by telephone, in the course of his business as a haulier, very shortly before 1 July 1993. ... Any information therefore that might have led to his being able to confirm either the source or content of those instructions, as well as to trace those who had involved him in a smuggling enterprise was of obvious importance. The Crown had declined to answer the question whether any potentially relevant material, apart from the subject-matter of the ex parte application, had not been disclosed, on the grounds that to do so would reveal whether or not there had been a telephone intercept. It was plain from the course of the argument that the ex parte application had not dealt with any telephone intercept, since the Crown argued that this was the province solely of the prosecutor, and not that of the judge, a proposition based on R. v. Preston [see paragraph 34 below]. In these circumstances the defence were entitled to know at least the category of material with which that application did not deal. ... Furthermore, the Crown should have been called upon to justify, ex parte if necessary, the stance taken in relation to the other unused material. ... Since there must have been a reason for watching the defendant, which was explained neither by the evidence adduced, nor by that served but excluded by agreement, and since it was said that there was no informant involved in the case, there is a strong likelihood that disclosable information, bearing directly upon the defendant's case, was in the possession of the prosecution.\u201d\n\nOn 13 February 1995, prior to the hearing of the appeal, defence counsel applied to the Court of Appeal for an order that the defence should be given a transcript of the ex parte hearing of 14 January 1994, to enable them to argue the non-disclosure as a ground of appeal. Defence counsel outlined the applicant's case, namely that the instructions for the collection of the load had been received by telephone very shortly before 1 July 1993, and submitted that any information that might be in the Crown's possession and which could, directly or indirectly, support the defence case, should have been disclosed.\n\nThe Court of Appeal, which had before it the transcript of the ex parte hearing of 14 January 1994 and the material which had been its subject-matter, declined to order the disclosure of either to the defence on the following grounds: \u201cThe application is made, correctly, on the ground that if the matters which emerged during the ex parte hearing are relevant, or likely to have been relevant, to the defence of Mr Jasper, he should be permitted to have sight of the ruling and the transcript of the proceedings which took place on that occasion. We have read the record and it seems ... that the learned judge ... knew precisely the scope of the application and listened with the greatest possible care to the matters which were placed before him. He tested those matters, and he came to the conclusion that the ruling which he made was appropriate in all the circumstances. It is abundantly clear from the transcript that he throughout was very careful to ensure and to explore whether the material was relevant, or likely to be relevant to the defence which had been indicated to him. In these circumstances, it is impossible for this court to say that the learned judge erred in principle in adopting the course that he did, or that the prosecution erred in principle and we see no ground to set aside the order that the learned judge made on that occasion.\u201d\n\nOn 28 March 1995 the Court of Appeal dismissed the applicant's appeal. The first ground of appeal, namely the non-disclosure of relevant evidence, was rejected in the following terms: \u201cThe first [ground of appeal] ... related to matters to which the label 'unused material' is commonly given in these courts. It concerned the natural and proper desire of those instructed on behalf of the appellant to make sure, in so far as they could, that no documents or leads of any other sort existed which the Crown ought, as a matter of duty, to disclose to the defence if there was a real or a possible or more than a fanciful chance that disclosure of those documents or those leads might assist the defence. ... There is no suggestion, nor any ground for a suggestion, that the Crown were in any way in dereliction of their duty of good faith in making disclosure of anything that ought properly to be disclosed.\u201d The court continued: \u201cThis was a case of enormous strength so far as the prosecution were concerned. The appellant had been caught red handed with a huge amount of cannabis resin. He was exercising a proprietorial form of control over the packages. He was unloading them and opening them up. By opening them he was allowing what were ostensibly their sole contents to defreeze, with a risk (to put it no higher) of their becoming valueless. He was not the consignee of the meat. [He] neither called nor gave evidence. That, of course, was his right, as the jury were ... directed, but it had the result that the jury were without any explanation whatsoever as to what, on his case, he was about. It is difficult, if not impossible, to see what other inference than that he was indeed guilty of the offence charged any reasonable jury could have reached. 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| 1
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Heinz Luksch was an accountant by profession. He retired in 1998. On 2 April 1986 the Chamber of Accountants instituted disciplinary proceedings against Heinz Luksch. Subsequently, the proceedings were adjourned having regard to criminal proceedings pending against Heinz Luksch. On 14 April 1986 Heinz Luksch was convicted of aggravated fraud by the Vienna Regional Criminal Court (Landesgericht für Strafsachen), which conviction was confirmed by the Supreme Court (Oberster Gerichtshof) on 3 October 1988.
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"related_mentions": null, "span_text": "19 October 1992", "start_offset": 2423}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 2490, "entity_id": "001-59984_a8_e27", "entity_mention_id": "001-59984_a8_em30", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "7 May 1993", "start_offset": 2480}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 2508, "entity_id": "001-59984_a8_e28", "entity_mention_id": "001-59984_a8_em31", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Appeals Board", "start_offset": 2495}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 2582, "entity_id": "001-59984_a8_e25", "entity_mention_id": "001-59984_a8_em32", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "one year", "start_offset": 2574}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", 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{"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "insert", "end_offset": 2964, "entity_id": "001-59984_a8_e36", "entity_mention_id": "001-59984_a8_em43", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "17 May 1995", "start_offset": 2953}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 2989, "entity_id": "001-59984_a8_e32", "entity_mention_id": "001-59984_a8_em44", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Administrative Court", "start_offset": 2969}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 3062, "entity_id": "001-59984_a8_e37", "entity_mention_id": "001-59984_a8_em45", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "28 February 1997", "start_offset": 3046}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 3131, "entity_id": "001-59984_a8_e38", "entity_mention_id": "001-59984_a8_em46", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "22 March 1997", "start_offset": 3118}]}, "annotator9": null}, "quality_checked": [], "task": "Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Heinz Luksch", "meta": {"applicant": "Heinz Luksch", "articles": [91, 34, 54, 34, 44, 32, 34, 52, 49, 34, 93], "countries": "AUT", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2001}, "doc_id": "001-59984", "dataset_type": "train", "orig_text": "PROCEDURE\n\nThe case originated in an application (no. 37075/97) against the Republic of Austria lodged with the European Commission of Human Rights (\u201cthe Commission\u201d) under former Article 25 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (\u201cthe Convention\u201d) by an Austrian national, Mr Heinz Luksch (\u201cthe applicant\u201d), on 28 May 1997.\n\nThe applicant was represented before the Court by Mrs S. Schubert, a lawyer practising in Vienna. The Austrian Government (\u201cthe Government\u201d) were represented by their Agent, Ambassador H. Winkler, Head of the International Law Department at the Federal Ministry of Foreign Affairs.\n\nThe applicant alleged in particular, that disciplinary proceedings against him lasted unreasonably long.\n\nThe application was transmitted to the Court on 1 November 1998, when Protocol No. 11 to the Convention came into force (Article 5 \u00a7 2 of Protocol No. 11).\n\nThe application was allocated to the Third Section of the Court (Rule 52 \u00a7 1 of the Rules of Court). Within that Section, the Chamber that would consider the case (Article 27 \u00a7 1 of the Convention) was constituted as provided in Rule 26 \u00a7 1 of the Rules of Court.\n\nBy a decision of 21 November 2000 the Court declared the application partly admissible.\n\nAs of 1 November 2001 the application was allocated to the First Section of the Court. Within that Section, the Chamber that would consider the case was constituted as provided in Rule 26 \u00a7 1 of the Rules of Court.\n\nTHE FACTS\n\nThe applicant was an accountant by profession. He retired in 1998. On 2 April 1986 the Chamber of Accountants instituted disciplinary proceedings against the applicant. Subsequently, the proceedings were adjourned having regard to criminal proceedings pending against the applicant.\n\nOn 14 April 1986 the applicant was convicted of aggravated fraud by the Vienna Regional Criminal Court (Landesgericht f\u00fcr Strafsachen), which conviction was confirmed by the Supreme Court (Oberster Gerichtshof) on 3 October 1988. By the end of 1990 the file relating to the criminal proceedings reached the Disciplinary Court and on 8 November 1991 the hearing date was set down for 8 May 1992.\n\nOn 8 May 1992 the Disciplinary Court of the Chamber of Accountants, having regard to the applicant\u2019s conviction, found that he had infringed the profession\u2019s reputation and ordered the suspension of the applicant\u2019s right to practise for one year.\n\nOn 19 October 1992 the applicant appealed this decision. On 7 May 1993 the Appeals Board dismissed the appeal stating that the suspension should last for one year. This decision was served on 30 January 1995.\n\nOn 15 March 1995 the Constitutional Court (Verfassungsgerichtshof) refused to deal with the applicant\u2019s complaint and transferred the case to the Administrative Court (Verwaltungsgerichtshof).\n\nOn 30 March 1995 the Chamber of Accountants declared the suspension to be effective from 31 January 1995 to 30 January 1996.\n\nOn 17 May 1995 the Administrative Court granted the applicant\u2019s complaint suspensive effect. On 28 February 1997 it dismissed the complaint. The decision was served on 22 March 1997.", "applicant": "Heinz Luksch", "offset": 1492, "idx_mapping": [1492, 1492, 1492, 1492, 1492, 1492, 1492, 1492, 1492, 1492, 1492, 1492, 1492, 1504, 1505, 1506, 1507, 1508, 1509, 1510, 1511, 1512, 1513, 1514, 1515, 1516, 1517, 1518, 1519, 1520, 1521, 1522, 1523, 1524, 1525, 1526, 1527, 1528, 1529, 1530, 1531, 1532, 1533, 1534, 1535, 1536, 1537, 1538, 1539, 1540, 1541, 1542, 1543, 1544, 1545, 1546, 1547, 1548, 1549, 1550, 1551, 1552, 1553, 1554, 1555, 1556, 1557, 1558, 1559, 1560, 1561, 1562, 1563, 1564, 1565, 1566, 1567, 1568, 1569, 1570, 1571, 1572, 1573, 1574, 1575, 1576, 1577, 1578, 1579, 1580, 1581, 1582, 1583, 1584, 1585, 1586, 1587, 1588, 1589, 1590, 1591, 1592, 1593, 1594, 1595, 1596, 1597, 1598, 1599, 1600, 1601, 1602, 1603, 1604, 1605, 1606, 1607, 1608, 1609, 1610, 1611, 1612, 1613, 1614, 1615, 1616, 1617, 1618, 1619, 1620, 1621, 1622, 1623, 1624, 1625, 1626, 1627, 1628, 1629, 1630, 1631, 1632, 1633, 1634, 1635, 1636, 1637, 1638, 1639, 1640, 1641, 1642, 1643, 1644, 1492, 1492, 1492, 1492, 1492, 1492, 1492, 1492, 1492, 1492, 1492, 1492, 1492, 1657, 1658, 1659, 1660, 1661, 1662, 1663, 1664, 1665, 1666, 1667, 1668, 1669, 1670, 1671, 1672, 1673, 1674, 1675, 1676, 1677, 1678, 1679, 1680, 1681, 1682, 1683, 1684, 1685, 1686, 1687, 1688, 1689, 1690, 1691, 1692, 1693, 1694, 1695, 1696, 1697, 1698, 1699, 1700, 1701, 1702, 1703, 1704, 1705, 1706, 1707, 1708, 1709, 1710, 1711, 1712, 1713, 1714, 1715, 1716, 1717, 1718, 1719, 1720, 1721, 1722, 1723, 1724, 1725, 1726, 1727, 1728, 1729, 1730, 1731, 1732, 1733, 1734, 1735, 1736, 1737, 1738, 1739, 1740, 1741, 1742, 1743, 1744, 1745, 1746, 1747, 1748, 1749, 1750, 1751, 1752, 1753, 1754, 1755, 1756, 1757, 1492, 1492, 1492, 1492, 1492, 1492, 1492, 1492, 1492, 1492, 1492, 1492, 1492, 1770, 1771, 1772, 1773, 1774, 1775, 1776, 1777, 1778, 1779, 1780, 1781, 1782, 1783, 1784, 1785, 1786, 1787, 1788, 1492, 1492, 1492, 1492, 1492, 1492, 1492, 1492, 1492, 1492, 1492, 1492, 1492, 1801, 1802, 1803, 1804, 1805, 1806, 1807, 1808, 1809, 1810, 1811, 1812, 1813, 1814, 1815, 1816, 1817, 1818, 1819, 1820, 1821, 1822, 1823, 1824, 1825, 1826, 1827, 1828, 1829, 1830, 1831, 1832, 1833, 1834, 1835, 1836, 1837, 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842, 1843, 1844, 1845, 1846, 1847, 1848, 1849, 1850, 1851, 1852, 1853, 1854, 1855, 1856, 1857, 1858, 1859, 1860, 1861, 1862, 1863, 1864, 1865, 1866, 1867, 1868, 1869, 1870, 1871, 1872, 1873, 1874, 1875, 1876, 1877, 1878, 1879, 1880, 1881, 1882, 1883, 1884, 1885, 1886, 1887, 1888, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892, 1893, 1894, 1895, 1896, 1897, 1898, 1899, 1900, 1901, 1902, 1903, 1904, 1905, 1906, 1907, 1908, 1909, 1910, 1911, 1912, 1913, 1914, 1915, 1916, 1917, 1918, 1919, 1920, 1921, 1922, 1923, 1924, 1925, 1926, 1927, 1928, 1929, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1936, 1937, 1938, 1939, 1940, 1941, 1942, 1943, 1944, 1945, 1946, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999], "duplicates": 1}
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Alois Hofbauer was born in 1935 and lives in Gföhl. On 1 May 1994 Alois Hofbauer requested the mayor of Gföhl to issue a demolition order for his neighbour's wicker fence. He submitted, in particular, that the fence had not been constructed in accordance with the provisions of the Building Act relating to fire-protection measures. Further, the fence hindered him in the exercise of his right to carry out maintenance works on a wooden fence he had erected on his own land. As the mayor had not taken a decision within the statutory time-limit, Alois Hofbauer lodged a request for transfer of jurisdiction with the Gföhl municipal council on 28 August 2001.
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Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Alois Hofbauer", "meta": {"applicant": "Alois Hofbauer", "articles": [91, 34, 54, 34, 93], "countries": "AUT", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2007}, "doc_id": "001-80529", "dataset_type": "train", "orig_text": "PROCEDURE\n\nThe case originated in an application (no. 7401/04) against the Republic of Austria lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (\u201cthe Convention\u201d) by Mr Alois Hofbauer (\u201cthe applicant\u201d) on 19 February 2004.\n\nThe applicant was represented by Mr H. Malek, a lawyer practising in Krems (Austria). The Austrian Government (\u201cthe Government\u201d) were represented by their Agent, Ambassador Mr F. Trauttmansdorff, Head of the International Law Department at the Federal Ministry of Foreign Affairs.\n\nThe applicant alleged, in particular, that the Administrative Court had failed to hold an oral hearing and had thus breached Article 6.\n\nOn 24 November 2005 the Court decided to communicate the application to the Government. Under the provisions of Article 29 \u00a7 3 of the Convention, it decided to examine the merits of the application at the same time as its admissibility.\n\nTHE FACTS\n\nI. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE\n\nThe applicant was born in 1935 and lives in Gf\u00f6hl.\n\nOn 1 May 1994 the applicant requested the mayor of Gf\u00f6hl to issue a demolition order for his neighbour's wicker fence. He submitted, in particular, that the fence had not been constructed in accordance with the provisions of the Building Act relating to fire-protection measures. Further, the fence hindered him in the exercise of his right to carry out maintenance works on a wooden fence he had erected on his own land.\n\nAs the mayor had not taken a decision within the statutory time-limit, the applicant lodged a request for transfer of jurisdiction with the Gf\u00f6hl municipal council on 28 August 2001. On 6 September 2001 the applicant repeated his request of 1 May 2004 for the removal of the neighbour's fence.\n\nThe mayor notified the applicant on 27 September 2001 that, according to his neighbours' statements, the applicant would be allowed to enter their property provided that they were given eight days' notice. The issuing of an administrative decision (Bescheid) would therefore be superfluous. The applicant filed a further request on 30 September 2001, insisting on a decision by the mayor.\n\nBy notification of 4 October 2001 the mayor informed the applicant that, according to his neighbours, the fence had already been removed. He asked the applicant if he still wanted the municipal council to decide on his request for transfer of jurisdiction.\n\nOn 7 October 2001 the applicant wrote to the municipal council saying that he was still waiting for a decision. On 18 October 2001 the Gf\u00f6hl municipal council, informed the applicant that it did not find it necessary to take a formal decision on the case, as the fence had been removed.\n\nOn 5 November 2001 the applicant lodged an appeal (Vorstellung) with the Lower Austria Regional Government stating that even though the fence itself had been removed, there were still five iron fence posts standing along the common border.\n\nOn 3 May 2002 the Lower Austria Regional Government rejected the appeal, finding that the letter of 18 October 2001 could not be regarded as a formal decision (Bescheid), which is why an appeal was not admissible. An appeal lay only against formal decisions.\n\nThe applicant then lodged an application with the Administrative Court on 23 May 2002 against the administration's failure to decide (S\u00e4umnisbeschwerde).\n\nOn 3 June 2002 the Administrative Court ordered the municipal council to issue a decision within three months. On the municipal council's request, the Administrative Court extended the time-limit to 15 November 2002.\n\nBy decision of 9 October 2002 the municipal council dismissed the applicant's request, holding that the fence had already been removed in October 2001.\n\nOn 21 October 2002 the applicant lodged an appeal (Vorstellung) with the Lower Austria Regional Government claiming that as there were still five posts standing on the neighbours' premises the fence had not been entirely removed.\n\nConfirming the municipal council's decision, the Lower Austria Regional Government dismissed the applicant's appeal on 23 March 2003. It stated that the fence had been removed and that the wooden fence standing on his own premises was an even greater fire risk than the five iron posts at issue.\n\nOn 11 April 2003 the applicant lodged a complaint with the Administrative Court. He also requested a public hearing before that court.\n\nOn 24 April 2003 the Administrative Court ordered the applicant to supplement his complaint, which he did on 14 May 2003. The Lower Austria Regional Government submitted their comments on the applicant's complaint on 21 July 2003.\n\nOn 18 November 2003 the Administrative Court dismissed the applicant's complaint as being unfounded. It found that the posts did not constitute a risk endangering the applicant's property and therefore no removal could be requested. Furthermore, the Administrative Court dismissed the applicant's request for an oral hearing, relying on Section 39(2)(6) of the Administrative Court Act, which allows it to forego a hearing if it is not likely to contribute to the clarification of the case. 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| 1
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Karl Öllinger was born in 1951 and lives in Vienna. On 30 October 1998 Karl Öllinger, who is a member of parliament for the Green Party, notified the Salzburg Federal Police Authority (Bundespolizeidirektion) under section 2 of the Assembly Act (Versammlungsgesetz) that on All Saints’ Day, 1 November 1998, from 9 a.m. until 1 p.m., he would be holding a meeting at the Salzburg municipal cemetery in front of the war memorial. He noted that the meeting would coincide with the gathering of Comradeship IV (Kameradschaft IV), which he considered to be unlawful. The purpose of the meeting was to be to commemorate the Salzburg Jews killed by the SS during the Second World War. Karl Öllinger expected about six participants, who would carry commemorative messages in their hands and attached to their clothes.
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"001-76098_a8_em53", "entity_type": "PERSON", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "F.E.", "start_offset": 4545}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 4653, "entity_id": "001-76098_a8_e30", "entity_mention_id": "001-76098_a8_em54", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Comradeship IV", "start_offset": 4639}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 4783, "entity_id": "001-76098_a8_e30", "entity_mention_id": "001-76098_a8_em55", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Comradeship IV", "start_offset": 4769}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 4828, "entity_id": "001-76098_a8_e35", "entity_mention_id": "001-76098_a8_em56", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "13 December 2000", "start_offset": 4812}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "insert", "end_offset": 4878, "entity_id": "001-76098_a8_e36", "entity_mention_id": "001-76098_a8_em57", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Constitutional Court (Verfassungsgerichtshof)", "start_offset": 4833}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 5068, "entity_id": "001-76098_a8_e37", "entity_mention_id": "001-76098_a8_em58", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Constitutional Court", "start_offset": 5048}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 5420, "entity_id": "001-76098_a8_e30", "entity_mention_id": "001-76098_a8_em59", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Comradeship IV", "start_offset": 5406}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 5832, "entity_id": "001-76098_a8_e30", "entity_mention_id": "001-76098_a8_em60", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Comradeship IV", "start_offset": 5818}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 6240, "entity_id": "001-76098_a8_e37", "entity_mention_id": "001-76098_a8_em61", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Constitutional Court", "start_offset": 6220}, {"confidential_status": "BELIEF", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 6333, "entity_id": "001-76098_a8_e18", "entity_mention_id": "001-76098_a8_em62", "entity_type": "DEM", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "All Saints\u2019 Day", "start_offset": 6318}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 7021, "entity_id": "001-76098_a8_e38", "entity_mention_id": "001-76098_a8_em63", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "5 February 2001", "start_offset": 7006}]}, "annotator9": null}, "quality_checked": [], "task": "Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Karl \u00d6llinger", "meta": {"applicant": "Karl \u00d6llinger", "articles": [91, 34, 49, 49, 34, 93], "countries": "AUT", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2006}, "doc_id": "001-76098", "dataset_type": "train", "orig_text": "PROCEDURE\n\nThe case originated in an application (no. 76900/01) against the Republic of Austria lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (\u201cthe Convention\u201d) by an Austrian national, Mr Karl \u00d6llinger (\u201cthe applicant\u201d), on 31 July 2001.\n\nThe applicant was represented by Mr M. Hager, a lawyer practising in Linz. The Austrian Government (\u201cthe Government\u201d) were represented by their Agent, Mr F. Trauttmansdorff, Head of the International Law Department at the Federal Ministry of Foreign Affairs.\n\nThe applicant alleged, in particular, a violation of his right to freedom of assembly.\n\nThe application was allocated to the First Section of the Court (Rule 52 \u00a7 1 of the Rules of Court). Within that Section, the Chamber that would consider the case (Article 27 \u00a7 1 of the Convention) was constituted as provided in Rule 26 \u00a7 1.\n\nBy a decision of 24 March 2005, the Court declared the application admissible.\n\nThe parties did not submit further observations on the merits (Rule 59 \u00a7 1).\n\nTHE FACTS\n\nI. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE\n\nThe applicant was born in 1951 and lives in Vienna.\n\nOn 30 October 1998 the applicant, who is a member of parliament for the Green Party, notified the Salzburg Federal Police Authority (Bundespolizeidirektion) under section 2 of the Assembly Act (Versammlungsgesetz) that on All Saints\u2019 Day, 1 November 1998, from 9 a.m. until 1 p.m., he would be holding a meeting at the Salzburg municipal cemetery in front of the war memorial. He noted that the meeting would coincide with the gathering of Comradeship IV (Kameradschaft IV), which he considered to be unlawful.\n\nThe purpose of the meeting was to be to commemorate the Salzburg Jews killed by the SS during the Second World War. The applicant expected about six participants, who would carry commemorative messages in their hands and attached to their clothes. The applicant stated that no other means of expression (such as chanting or banners) which might offend piety or undermine public order would be used.\n\nOn 31 October 1998 the Salzburg Federal Police Authority, relying on section 6 of the Assembly Act and on Article 11 of the Convention, prohibited the meeting on the ground that it would endanger public order and security.\n\nThe authority noted that F.E., also a member of parliament for the Green Party, had informed the Salzburg Federal Police Authority of the allegedly illegal assembly of Comradeship IV in memory of the SS soldiers killed in the Second World War which was to be held at the same time and place, but had refused to give an undertaking that the proposed meeting in memory of the murdered Salzburg Jews would not disrupt that gathering.\n\nThe Salzburg Federal Police Authority noted that Comradeship IV was a registered association. Like a number of other organisations, it traditionally held a commemoration ceremony at the Salzburg municipal cemetery on All Saints\u2019 Day. Such commemorations qualified as popular ceremonies within the meaning of section 5 of the Assembly Act and thus did not require authorisation. The disruption of this and other commemoration ceremonies was likely to offend the religious feelings of members of the public visiting the cemetery and would indisputably be regarded as disrespectful towards the dead soldiers of both world wars and thus as an unbearable provocation. Accordingly, there was a risk of protests by visitors to the cemetery which could degenerate into open conflict between them and those participating in the assembly.\n\nThe Salzburg Federal Police Authority ordered that any remedies used against its decision should not have suspensive effect. Accordingly, the demonstration could not take place.\n\nOn 17 August 1999 the Salzburg Public Security Authority (Sicherheitsdirektion) dismissed an appeal by the applicant.\n\nIt noted that Comradeship IV was a registered association whose members were mainly former members of the SS. For more than forty years they had commemorated SS soldiers killed in the Second World War by gathering on All Saints\u2019 Day and laying a wreath in front of the war memorial at the Salzburg municipal cemetery. In the past few years, a number of organisations had organised protest campaigns with the aim of disrupting the Comradeship IV commemoration ceremony. These protests had led to vehement discussions with members of Comradeship IV and other visitors to the cemetery and had required intervention by the police.\n\nThe Public Security Authority, referring to the submissions of F.E., found that the assembly planned by the applicant was also aimed at a confrontation with Comradeship IV and concluded that its prohibition was necessary for the maintenance of public order and for the protection of the Comradeship IV commemoration ceremony.\n\nOn 13 December 2000 the Constitutional Court (Verfassungsgerichtshof) dismissed a complaint by the applicant alleging violations of his rights to freedom of assembly, freedom of expression, freedom of religion and non-discrimination.\n\nThe Constitutional Court observed that the authorities deciding on the prohibition of an assembly had to weigh the applicant\u2019s interest in holding the meeting against the public interests enumerated in Article 11 \u00a7 2 of the Convention. It went on to say that the prohibition of the proposed meeting would not be justified if its sole purpose were to protect the Comradeship IV commemoration ceremony and expressed doubts as to the authorities\u2019 assessment that the latter meeting was a popular ceremony within the meaning of section 5 of the Assembly Act and therefore did not require authorisation. Nevertheless, the prohibition of the meeting proposed by the applicant was justified for other reasons.\n\nThe authorities had also had regard to the fact that the gathering of Comradeship IV had in previous years been the target of activities aimed at disrupting it which had caused considerable nuisance to other visitors of the cemetery and had each time required police intervention. The authorities had therefore correctly assumed that the prohibition of the assembly planned by the applicant was necessary to protect the general public against potential disturbances.\n\nThe Constitutional Court added further considerations in support of that conclusion. It observed that All Saints\u2019 Day was an important religious holiday on which the population traditionally visited cemeteries in order to commemorate the dead. As a religious tradition, the commemoration of the dead was protected by Article 9 of the Convention, which contained a positive obligation for the State to protect persons manifesting their religion against deliberate disturbance by others. Thus, the prohibition of the assembly in issue was necessary under Article 11 \u00a7 2 of the Convention for the protection of the rights and freedoms of others. It followed that it did not violate any other Convention right relied on by the applicant.\n\nThat decision was served on the applicant\u2019s counsel on 5 February 2001.", "applicant": "Karl \u00d6llinger", "offset": 1105, "idx_mapping": [1105, 1105, 1105, 1105, 1105, 1105, 1105, 1105, 1105, 1105, 1105, 1105, 1105, 1118, 1119, 1120, 1121, 1122, 1123, 1124, 1125, 1126, 1127, 1128, 1129, 1130, 1131, 1132, 1133, 1134, 1135, 1136, 1137, 1138, 1139, 1140, 1141, 1142, 1143, 1144, 1145, 1146, 1147, 1148, 1149, 1150, 1151, 1152, 1153, 1154, 1155, 1156, 1157, 1158, 1159, 1160, 1161, 1162, 1163, 1164, 1165, 1166, 1167, 1168, 1169, 1170, 1171, 1172, 1173, 1174, 1175, 1105, 1105, 1105, 1105, 1105, 1105, 1105, 1105, 1105, 1105, 1105, 1105, 1105, 1189, 1190, 1191, 1192, 1193, 1194, 1195, 1196, 1197, 1198, 1199, 1200, 1201, 1202, 1203, 1204, 1205, 1206, 1207, 1208, 1209, 1210, 1211, 1212, 1213, 1214, 1215, 1216, 1217, 1218, 1219, 1220, 1221, 1222, 1223, 1224, 1225, 1226, 1227, 1228, 1229, 1230, 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I. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASES
A. Mr Al-Khawaja
Imad Al-Khawaja was born in 1956 and lives in Brighton. While working as a consultant physician in the field of rehabilitative medicine, Imad Al-Khawaja was charged on two counts of indecent assault on two female patients while they were allegedly under hypnosis. One of the complainants, S.T., committed suicide (taken to be unrelated to the assault) before the trial but, several months after the alleged assault, had made a statement to the police. On 22 March 2004, a preliminary hearing was held to determine whether S.T.
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"001-90781_a8_em100", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "24 January 2006", "start_offset": 14983}]}, "annotator9": null}, "quality_checked": [], "task": "Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Imad Al-Khawaja", "meta": {"applicant": "Imad Al-Khawaja", "articles": [91, 34, 54, 34, 93], "countries": "GBR", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2009}, "doc_id": "001-90781", "dataset_type": "train", "orig_text": "PROCEDURE\n\nThe cases originated in two application (nos. 26766/05 and 2228/06) against the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (\u201cthe Convention\u201d) by a British national, Mr Imad Al-Khawaja (\u201cthe first applicant\u201d), on 18 July 2005 and by an Iranian national, Mr Ali Tahery (\u201cthe second applicant\u201d), on 23 May 2006.\n\nThe first applicant was represented by Mr A. Burcombe, a lawyer practising in London with Wells Burcombe LLP Solicitors, assisted by Mr J. Bennathan Q.C., counsel. The second applicant was represented by Mr M. Fisher, a lawyer practising in London with Peter Kandler and Co. Solicitors, assisted by Ms R. Trowler, counsel. The United Kingdom Government (\u201cthe Government\u201d) were represented by their Agent, Mr J. Grainger of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office.\n\nThe first applicant alleged that his trial for indecent assault had been unfair because one of the two women who made complaints against him died before the trial and her statement to the police was read to the jury. The second applicant alleged that his trial for wounding with intent to do grievous bodily harm had been unfair because the statement of one witness who feared attending trial was read to the jury.\n\nOn 5 September 2006 the President of the Chamber within the Section to which the cases had been allocated decided to give notice of each application to the Government. It was also decided to examine the merits of each application at the same time as its admissibility (Article 29 \u00a7 3).\n\nThe applicants and the Government each filed written observations (Rule 59 \u00a7 1).\n\nA hearing in both cases took place in public in the Human Rights Building, Strasbourg, on 8 January 2008 (Rule 59 \u00a7 3). There appeared before the Court: (a) for the Government Mr J. Grainger, Agent, Mr D. Perry QC, Counsel, Ms L. Clapinska, Mr S. Jones, Mr M. Lindley, Ms A. Sharif, Advisers; (b) for the applicant Mr J. Bennathan QC, Counsel for Mr Al-Khawaja, Ms R. Trowler, Counsel for Mr Tahery. The Court heard addresses by Mr Bennathan and Mr Perry and their answers to a question put by Judge Bratza.\n\nTHE FACTS\n\nI. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASES\n\nA. Mr Al-Khawaja\n\nThe applicant was born in 1956 and lives in Brighton.\n\nWhile working as a consultant physician in the field of rehabilitative medicine, the applicant was charged on two counts of indecent assault on two female patients while they were allegedly under hypnosis. One of the complainants, S.T., committed suicide (taken to be unrelated to the assault) before the trial but, several months after the alleged assault, had made a statement to the police.\n\nOn 22 March 2004, a preliminary hearing was held to determine whether S.T.'s statement should be read to the jury. The judge stated that the contents of the statement were crucial to the prosecution on count one as there was no other direct evidence of what took place; \u201cputting it bluntly, no statement, no count one.\u201d The defence accepted that if the statement was read to the jury at trial they would be in a position to rebut it through the cross-examination of other witnesses and expose inconsistencies in their evidence. The judge considered that this represented a route by which S.T.'s statement and/or her credibility could be challenged; however, he went on to underline the importance of the need for the trial judge to give directions to the jury as to the status of the evidence. The judge allowed the evidence to be admitted at trial.\n\nThe jury heard evidence from a number of different witnesses and the defence were given the opportunity to cross-examine other witnesses who had produced similar fact evidence, including the second complainant who had produced supportive evidence. In his summing up, the trial judge directed the members of the jury, on two separate occasions, as to how they should regard the read statement of the deceased complainant. The judge stated in his summing up: \u201cIt is very important that you [the jury] bear in mind when considering her [S.T.'s] evidence that you have not seen her give evidence; you have not heard her give evidence; and you have not heard her evidence cross-examined [by applicant's counsel], who would undoubtedly have had a number of questions to put to her.\u201d\n\nThe judge later stated: \u201c...bear in mind...that this evidence was read to you. The allegation is completely denied...you must take that into account when considering her evidence.\u201d On three occasions the jury asked for clarification of points raised in the read statement of S.T.\n\nThe applicant was convicted by a unanimous verdict on both counts of indecent assault. He was sentenced to a 15 month custodial sentence on the first count and a 12 month custodial sentence on the second count, to run consecutively.\n\nThe applicant appealed against his conviction to the Court of Appeal. The appeal centred on the pre-trial ruling to admit S.T.'s statement as evidence. It was also submitted that, in his summing up, the trial judge did not give adequate directions to the jury as to the consequential disadvantage of this evidence to the applicant.\n\nOn 6 September 2005 the appeal was dismissed. The Court of Appeal concluded on 3 November 2005 that the applicant's right to a fair trial had not been infringed. With regard to the admission in evidence of the statement of the deceased complainant, the court held that it was not necessarily incompatible with Article 6 \u00a7\u00a7 1 and 3 (d). Relying on Doorson v. the Netherlands, judgment of 26 March 1996, Reports of Judgments and Decisions 1996\u2011II p 66, the court held that admissibility of evidence is primarily a matter of domestic law. It then found: \u201cWhere a witness who is the sole witness of a crime has made a statement to be used in its prosecution and has since died, there may be a strong public interest in the admission of the statement in evidence so that the prosecution may proceed. That was the case here. That public interest must not be allowed to override the requirement that the defendant have a fair trial. Like the court in Sellick [see relevant domestic law below] we do not consider that the case law of the European Court of Human Rights requires the conclusion that in such circumstances the trial will be unfair. The provision in Article 6(3)(d) that a person charged shall be able to [have] the witnesses against him examined is one specific aspect of a fair trial: but if the opportunity is not provided, the question is 'whether the proceedings as a whole, including the way the evidence was taken, were fair' \u2013 Doorson, paragraph 19. This was not a case where the witness had absented himself, whether through fear or otherwise, or had required anonymity, or had exercised a right to keep silent. The reason was death, which has a finality which brings in considerations of its own, as has been indicated at the start of this paragraph.\u201d\n\nThe court also considered that the applicant had been able to attack the accuracy of the deceased complainant's statement by exploring the inconsistencies between it and the evidence given by witnesses and experts. Turning to the issue of the trial judge's summing up, the court stated: \u201cWe consider that it would have been better if the judge had stated explicitly that the appellant was potentially disadvantaged by the absence of [S.T.] and that in consequence of the inability to cross-examine her and of the jury to see her, her evidence should carry less weight with them. Nonetheless, in the circumstances of this case it must have been wholly clear to the jury from the directions the judge did give, that this was the purpose of his remarks. We therefore consider that the jury were given an adequate direction as to the consequences of [S.T.'s] statement being in evidence in her absence, and that this is not a factor which might make the appellant's trial unfair and in breach of Article 6. We should also say that overall the evidence against the appellant was very strong. We were wholly unpersuaded that the verdicts were unsafe.\u201d\n\nThe Court of Appeal refused leave to appeal to the House of Lords but certified that a point of law of general public importance was involved in the decision.\n\nOn 30 November 2005 the applicant petitioned the House of Lords on the point of law certified by the Court of Appeal. On 7 February 2005 the House of Lords refused the petition.\n\nB. Mr Tahery\n\nThe applicant was born in 1975. On 19 May 2004 he was involved in a fight with S. during which it is alleged that the applicant stabbed S. three times in the back. The applicant was charged with wounding with intent and also with attempting to pervert the course of justice by telling the police that he had seen two black men stab S. When witnesses were questioned at the scene, no-one claimed to have seen the applicant stab S. Two days later, however, one of the witnesses, T., made a statement to police that he had seen the applicant stab S. In S.'s statement to the police, it is clear that he did not see who stabbed him. Both S. and T. were members of the Iranian community in London.\n\nOn 25 April 2005 the applicant's trial began at Blackfriars Crown Court. On 26 April (the second day of trial) the prosecution made an application for leave to read T.'s statement pursuant to section 116(2) (e) and (4) of the Criminal Justice Act 2003 (the \u201cCJA 2003\u201d). The prosecution argued under the CJA 2003 that T. was too fearful to attend trial before the jury and that he should qualify for special measures. The trial judge heard evidence from a police officer conducting the case who testified that the Iranian community was close-knit and that T.'s fear was genuine. The trial judge also heard evidence from T. himself who gave evidence to the judge from behind a screen. In ruling that leave should be given for the statement to be read to the jury, the trial judge stated: \u201cI am satisfied in those circumstances upon the criminal standard of proof that this witness is genuinely in fear; and I base that not only on his oral testimony, but also upon my opportunity while he was in the witness box to observe him. I therefore have to look, having looked at the contents of the statement, to any risk its admission or exclusion will result in unfairness to any party to the proceedings. I am satisfied that there would be an unfairness caused by its exclusion; but I am equally satisfied that no unfairness would be caused by its admission. And in doing so, I have taken into account the words of the statute [Section 116 (2)(e) of the Criminal Justice Act 2003, see relevant domestic law below]; in particular how difficult it will be to challenge the statement if the relevant person does not give oral evidence. Challenge of a statement does not always come from cross-examination. Challenge of a statement can be caused by evidence given in rebuttal; by either the defendant, if he chooses to do so, or by any other bystander \u2013 and we know that there were some \u2013 who were on the street at that time. Consequently I am satisfied that the defendant's evidence, if he chooses to give it, would be sufficient to rebut and to challenge the evidence that is contained in that statement. I have further considered other relevant factors, and I have also offered to the witness whilst he was in the witness box behind screens the possibility of him giving evidence with the same special measures in place. He told me his position would not change; that he could not give evidence before a jury, and the reason that he could not was because he was in fear. Having taken all those matters into account in those circumstances, I am satisfied that this is the type of case which Parliament envisaged might require a statement to be read.\u201d\n\nT.'s witness statement was then read to the jury in his absence. The applicant also gave evidence. The judge, in his summing up, warned the jury about the danger of relying on the evidence of T. He stated: \u201cThat evidence, as you know, was read to you under the provisions that allow a witness who is frightened, it is not a question of nerves it is a question of fright, fear, for his statement to be read to you but you must be careful as to how you treat it. It is right, as has been pointed out by the defence, that they were deprived of an opportunity to test that evidence under cross-examination. It is right also that you did not have the advantage of seeing the witness and his demeanour in Court...You must ask yourselves 'can we rely upon this statement? Is it a statement which we find convincing?' It is only if you are satisfied so that you are sure that what is in the statement has accurately depicted what happened that night and what the witness saw, that you could rely upon it. That goes for any witness. It is only if you find that the evidence is compelling and satisfies you so that you are sure that you act upon it. So you must always ask yourselves 'is the statement he made reliable?' You must bear in mind also, importantly, that it is agreed and acknowledged that it is not the defendant who is responsible for putting the witness in fear.\u201d On 29 April 2005, the applicant was convicted by a majority verdict, principally of wounding with intent to cause grievous bodily harm, and later sentenced to nine years' imprisonment to be served concurrently with a term of fifteen months' imprisonment for doing an act intended to pervert the course of justice.\n\nThe applicant's appeal was referred directly before the full Court of Appeal. The applicant argued that the inability to cross-examine T. infringed his right to a fair trial. The appeal judges were satisfied that if they were to refuse leave, under the CJA 2003, to have T.'s statement read at trial there would be unfairness to the prosecution and that, were they to grant it, there would be no unfairness to the applicant. The Court of Appeal acknowledged, however, that the Crown accepted that T.'s statement was \u201cboth important and probative of a major issue in the case...and had it not been admitted the prospect of a conviction would have receded and that of an acquittal advanced.\u201d The court upheld the reasoning at first instance, stating that there was available not only cross-examination of other prosecution witnesses but also evidence from the applicant himself and the potential for evidence from other bystanders in order to prevent unfairness. It was also stated that the trial judge had explicitly warned the jury in detail as to how they should treat this evidence and properly directed them as to how they should consider it in reaching their verdict. Although the applicant maintained that even a proper direction by the judge could not cure the unfairness, the Court of Appeal held that the jury was informed of all matters necessary to its decision-making process. The applicant's sentence was reduced to seven years' imprisonment. 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Gertraud Mitzinger was born in 1940 in Troschenreuth, in the former German Democratic Republic (GDR), and lives in Bayreuth. A. Background to the case
Gertraud Mitzinger is the natural and only daughter of Mr A.W., who recognised paternity in 1951. She lived in the territory of the former GDR until 1984, while her father lived in the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), having married. The father and the daughter corresponded regularly during that period.
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"001-170836_a8_e42", "entity_mention_id": "001-170836_a8_em53", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "17 July 2009", "start_offset": 5208}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 5306, "entity_id": "001-170836_a8_e35", "entity_mention_id": "001-170836_a8_em54", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Federal Constitutional Court", "start_offset": 5278}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 5674, "entity_id": "001-170836_a8_e38", "entity_mention_id": "001-170836_a8_em55", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Munich Court of Appeal", "start_offset": 5652}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 6169, "entity_id": "001-170836_a8_e43", "entity_mention_id": "001-170836_a8_em56", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "8 December 2009", "start_offset": 6154}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 6202, "entity_id": "001-170836_a8_e35", "entity_mention_id": "001-170836_a8_em57", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Federal Constitutional Court", "start_offset": 6174}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 6456, "entity_id": "001-170836_a8_e38", "entity_mention_id": "001-170836_a8_em58", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Munich Court of Appeal", "start_offset": 6434}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 6684, "entity_id": "001-170836_a8_e35", "entity_mention_id": "001-170836_a8_em59", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Federal Constitutional Court", "start_offset": 6656}]}, "annotator9": null}, "quality_checked": [], "task": "Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Gertraud Mitzinger", "meta": {"applicant": "Gertraud Mitzinger", "articles": [91, 34, 49, 52, 34, 44, 32, 34, 56, 34, 93], "countries": "DEU", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2017}, "doc_id": "001-170836", "dataset_type": "train", "orig_text": "PROCEDURE\n\nThe case originated in an application (no. 29762/10) against the Federal Republic of Germany lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (\u201cthe Convention\u201d) by a German national, Ms Gertraud Mitzinger (\u201cthe applicant\u201d), on 20 May 2010.\n\nThe applicant was represented by Ms C. Erk, a lawyer practising in Bayreuth. The German Government (\u201cthe Government\u201d) were represented by one of their Agents, Ms K. Behr, of the Federal Ministry of Justice and Consumer Protection.\n\nRelying on Article 14 of the Convention taken in conjunction with Article 8, the applicant, who was born outside marriage, alleged that she had suffered discrimination on the grounds of her birth by the application of the relevant provisions of domestic inheritance law by the national courts.\n\nOn 26 May 2015 the complaint concerning alleged discrimination was communicated to the Government and the remainder of the application was declared inadmissible pursuant to Rule 54 \u00a7 3 of the Rules of Court.\n\nTHE FACTS\n\nI. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE\n\nThe applicant was born in 1940 in Troschenreuth, in the former German Democratic Republic (GDR), and lives in Bayreuth.\n\nA. Background to the case\n\nThe applicant is the natural and only daughter of Mr A.W., who recognised paternity in 1951. She lived in the territory of the former GDR until 1984, while her father lived in the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), having married. The father and the daughter corresponded regularly during that period. Between 1954 and 1959, the applicant also visited her father and his wife once a year. After the applicant obtained an exit permit in 1984 for herself, her husband and her younger daughter, she left the GDR and moved to Bavaria. Thereafter the applicant visited her father on a regular basis until 2007. He died on 4 January 2009.\n\nB. Proceedings in the domestic courts\n\nOn 14 January 2009 the applicant applied to the Memmingen District Court for the right to administer her father\u2019s estate, asserting the incapacity of her father\u2019s wife to protect the applicant\u2019s inheritance due to a grave illness, and notified the District Court of her inheritance claims. Furthermore, she asked to receive copies of all documents relating to the estate. She asserted that between 2002 and 2007 she had regularly visited her father at his retirement home and had talked to him on the telephone. Subsequently, her own health had prevented her from visiting. Telephone calls had been impossible because her father\u2019s health had meant he had no longer been able to use a telephone. The retirement home had been in possession of her address and telephone number, and had phoned her on several occasions.\n\nIn a decision of 28 January 2009 the Memmingen District Court dismissed the applicant\u2019s application, as there were no indications that the applicant\u2019s father\u2019s wife could not protect the inheritance. In addition, being born before 1 July 1949 and thus not being a statutory heir, she had no right to receive copies of documents about the estate.\n\nOn 6 February 2009 the applicant appealed to the Memmingen Regional Court, arguing in particular that she needed the power to administer the estate because her father\u2019s wife suffered from dementia and that she was a statutory heir because she was her father\u2019s natural daughter.\n\nIn a decision of 23 February 2009 the Memmingen Regional Court upheld the District Court\u2019s decision refusing to give her the power to administer her father\u2019s estate, holding that the applicant was not a statutory heir and thus had no right to apply. The Regional Court referred to the first sentence of section 12(10)(2) of the Children Born outside Marriage (Legal Status) Act of 19 August 1969 (see paragraph 15 below) and to a decision of the Federal Constitutional Court of 8 December 1976, in which the provision had been found to be in conformity with the Basic Law (see paragraph 16 below).\n\nOn 8 March 2009 the applicant appealed to the Munich Court of Appeal, arguing that the application of the first sentence of section 12(10)(2) of the Children Born outside Marriage (Legal Status) Act would discriminate against her and breach her inheritance rights and was therefore not in conformity with the Basic Law. The applicant pointed out that in her case there was no need to protect the legitimate expectations of the deceased or other heirs as she was her father\u2019s only daughter and her father had been separated from his wife for more than ten years when he had died. Furthermore, cultural and social changes within society had to be considered when interpreting the Basic Law.\n\nIn a decision of 14 May 2009 the Munich Court of Appeal dismissed the applicant\u2019s appeal on the grounds that it was bound by the decisions of the Federal Constitutional Court in which the first sentence of section 12(10)(2) of the Children Born outside Marriage (Legal Status) Act had been found to be in conformity with the Basic Law. In the Court of Appeal\u2019s view, the provision did not contravene the Basic Law, despite German reunification, as the Federal Constitutional Court had held in a decision of 20 November 2003 (file no. 1 BvR 2257/03).\n\nOn 17 July 2009 the applicant lodged a constitutional complaint with the Federal Constitutional Court, claiming discrimination as a result of the application of the aforementioned provision. According to her there were no apparent reasons why children born outside marriage should be treated differently from those born within marriage. That was particularly true in her case because she was her father\u2019s only child. The applicant argued that the Munich Court of Appeal, when considering an appeal, had to respect Article 6 \u00a7 5 of the Basic Law, which provided that children born outside marriage must be provided by legislation with the same opportunities for physical and mental development and for their position in society as those enjoyed by children born within marriage. That provision prohibited a generalised application of the first sentence of section 12(10)(2) of the Children Born outside Marriage (Legal Status) Act.\n\nIn a decision of 8 December 2009 the Federal Constitutional Court declined to consider the complaint, which it considered inadmissible for lack of sufficient substantiation (no. 1 BvR 2021/09). It observed, in particular, that the applicant had failed sufficiently to address the arguments of the Munich Court of Appeal\u2019s decision. As the applicant doubted the validity of the first sentence of section 12(10)(2) of the Children Born outside Marriage (Legal Status) Act, which had previously been declared valid by the Federal Constitutional Court, she had been obliged to give further reasons, which she had failed to do.", "applicant": "Gertraud Mitzinger", "offset": 1101, "idx_mapping": [1101, 1101, 1101, 1101, 1101, 1101, 1101, 1101, 1101, 1101, 1101, 1101, 1101, 1119, 1120, 1121, 1122, 1123, 1124, 1125, 1126, 1127, 1128, 1129, 1130, 1131, 1132, 1133, 1134, 1135, 1136, 1137, 1138, 1139, 1140, 1141, 1142, 1143, 1144, 1145, 1146, 1147, 1148, 1149, 1150, 1151, 1152, 1153, 1154, 1155, 1156, 1157, 1158, 1159, 1160, 1161, 1162, 1163, 1164, 1165, 1166, 1167, 1168, 1169, 1170, 1171, 1172, 1173, 1174, 1175, 1176, 1177, 1178, 1179, 1180, 1181, 1182, 1183, 1184, 1185, 1186, 1187, 1188, 1189, 1190, 1191, 1192, 1193, 1194, 1195, 1196, 1197, 1198, 1199, 1200, 1201, 1202, 1203, 1204, 1205, 1206, 1207, 1208, 1209, 1210, 1211, 1212, 1213, 1214, 1215, 1216, 1217, 1218, 1219, 1220, 1221, 1222, 1223, 1224, 1225, 1226, 1227, 1228, 1229, 1230, 1231, 1232, 1233, 1234, 1235, 1236, 1237, 1238, 1239, 1240, 1241, 1242, 1243, 1244, 1245, 1246, 1247, 1248, 1249, 1250, 1251, 1252, 1101, 1101, 1101, 1101, 1101, 1101, 1101, 1101, 1101, 1101, 1101, 1101, 1101, 1271, 1272, 1273, 1274, 1275, 1276, 1277, 1278, 1279, 1280, 1281, 1282, 1283, 1284, 1285, 1286, 1287, 1288, 1289, 1290, 1291, 1292, 1293, 1294, 1295, 1296, 1297, 1298, 1299, 1300, 1301, 1302, 1303, 1304, 1305, 1306, 1307, 1308, 1309, 1310, 1311, 1312, 1313, 1314, 1315, 1316, 1317, 1318, 1319, 1320, 1321, 1322, 1323, 1324, 1325, 1326, 1327, 1328, 1329, 1330, 1331, 1332, 1333, 1334, 1335, 1336, 1337, 1338, 1339, 1340, 1341, 1342, 1343, 1344, 1345, 1346, 1347, 1348, 1349, 1350, 1351, 1352, 1353, 1354, 1355, 1356, 1357, 1358, 1359, 1360, 1361, 1362, 1363, 1364, 1365, 1366, 1367, 1368, 1369, 1370, 1371, 1372, 1373, 1374, 1375, 1376, 1377, 1378, 1379, 1380, 1381, 1382, 1383, 1384, 1385, 1386, 1387, 1388, 1389, 1390, 1391, 1392, 1393, 1394, 1395, 1396, 1397, 1398, 1399, 1400, 1401, 1402, 1403, 1404, 1405, 1406, 1407, 1408, 1409, 1410, 1411, 1412, 1413, 1414, 1415, 1416, 1417, 1418, 1419, 1420, 1421, 1422, 1423, 1424, 1425, 1426, 1427, 1428, 1429, 1430, 1431, 1432, 1433, 1434, 1435, 1436, 1437, 1438, 1439, 1440, 1441, 1442, 1443, 1444, 1445, 1446, 1447, 1448, 1449, 1450, 1451, 1452, 1453, 1454, 1455, 1456, 1457, 1458, 1459, 1460, 1461, 1462, 1463, 1464, 1465, 1466, 1467, 1468, 1469, 1470, 1471, 1472, 1473, 1474, 1475, 1476, 1477, 1478, 1479, 1480, 1481, 1482, 1483, 1484, 1485, 1486, 1487, 1488, 1489, 1490, 1491, 1492, 1493, 1494, 1495, 1496, 1497, 1498, 1499, 1500, 1501, 1502, 1503, 1504, 1505, 1506, 1507, 1508, 1509, 1510, 1511, 1512, 1513, 1514, 1515, 1516, 1517, 1518, 1519, 1520, 1521, 1522, 1523, 1524, 1525, 1526, 1527, 1528, 1529, 1530, 1531, 1532, 1533, 1534, 1535, 1536, 1537, 1538, 1539, 1540, 1541, 1542, 1543, 1544, 1545, 1546, 1547, 1548, 1549, 1550, 1551, 1552, 1553, 1554, 1555, 1556, 1557, 1558], "duplicates": 1}
| 1
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The facts of the case, in particular concerning what happened when Pearse Jordan was shot on 25 November 1992, are in dispute between the parties. A. Events relating to the death of Pearse Jordan
On 25 November 1992, Hugh Jordan’s son, Pearse Jordan, aged 22, was shot and killed in Belfast by an officer of the Royal Ulster Constabulary (the RUC), later identified as Sergeant A. The official statement issued by the RUC to the media indicated that an RUC unit had pursued a car on the Falls Road and brought it to a halt. On stopping the car, the officers had fired several shots at the driver, fatally wounding him a short distance from where his car had been abandoned.
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Winters", "start_offset": 434}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 464, "entity_id": "001-59450_a8_e8", "entity_mention_id": "001-59450_a8_em8", "entity_type": "PERSON", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": [], "span_text": "Mr S. Treacy", "start_offset": 452}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 495, "entity_id": "001-59450_a8_e9", "entity_mention_id": "001-59450_a8_em9", "entity_type": "LOC", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Belfast", "start_offset": 488}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 526, "entity_id": "001-59450_a8_e10", "entity_mention_id": "001-59450_a8_em10", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "United Kingdom Government", "start_offset": 501}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 595, "entity_id": "001-59450_a8_e11", "entity_mention_id": "001-59450_a8_em11", "entity_type": "PERSON", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Mr C. 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"001-59450_a8_em256", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "8 October 1999", "start_offset": 24755}]}, "annotator9": null}, "quality_checked": [], "task": "Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Hugh Jordan", "meta": {"applicant": "Hugh Jordan", "articles": [91, 34, 51, 53, 34, 44, 32, 34, 50, 34, 44, 32, 34, 54, 34, 44, 32, 34, 49, 51, 34, 44, 32, 34, 52, 49, 34, 44, 32, 34, 49, 52, 34, 44, 32, 34, 51, 54, 34, 93], "countries": "GBR", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2001}, "doc_id": "001-59450", "dataset_type": "train", "orig_text": "PROCEDURE\n\nThe case originated in an application (no. 24746/94) against the United Kingdom lodged with the European Commission of Human Rights (\u201cthe Commission\u201d) under former Article 25 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (\u201cthe Convention\u201d) by an Irish and British national, Mr Hugh Jordan (\u201cthe applicant\u201d), on 13 May 1994.\n\nThe applicant, who had been granted legal aid, was represented by Mr K. Winters and Mr S. Treacy, lawyers practising in Belfast. The United Kingdom Government (\u201cthe Government\u201d) were represented by their Agent, Mr C. Whomersley of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office.\n\nThe applicant alleged that his son Pearse Jordan had been unjustifiably shot and killed by a police officer and that there had been no effective investigation into, or redress for, his death. He invoked Articles 2, 6, 13 and 14 of the Convention.\n\nThe application was transmitted to the Court on 1 November 1998, when Protocol No. 11 to the Convention came into force (Article 5 \u00a7 2 of Protocol No. 11).\n\nThe application was allocated to the Third Section of the Court (Rule 52 \u00a7 1 of the Rules of Court). Within that Section, the Chamber that would consider the case (Article 27 \u00a7 1 of the Convention) was constituted as provided in Rule 26 \u00a7 1 of the Rules of Court.\n\nHaving consulted the parties, the President of the Chamber decided that in the interests of the proper administration of justice, the proceedings in the present case should be conducted simultaneously with those in the cases of McKerr v. the United Kingdom, no. 28883/95, Kelly and Others v. the United Kingdom, no. 30054/96 and Shanaghan v. the United Kingdom, no. 37715/97 (see judgments of the same date).\n\nThird-party comments were received from the Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission on 23 March 2000, which had been given leave by the President to intervene in the written procedure (Article 36 \u00a7 2 of the Convention and Rule 61 \u00a7 3).\n\nA hearing took place in public in the Human Rights Building on 4 April 2000. There appeared before the Court: (a) for the Government Mr C. Whomersley, Agent, Mr R. Weatherup, QC, Mr P. Sales, Mr J. Eadie, Mr N. Lavender, Counsel, Mr O. Paulin, Ms S. Mcclelland, Ms K. Pearson, Mr D. Mcilroy, Ms S. Broderick, Ms L. Mcalpine, Ms J. Donnelly, Mr T. Taylor, Advisers; (b) for the applicant Mr S. Treacy, QC, Ms K. Quinliven, Counsel, Ms P. Coyle, Solicitor. The Court heard addresses by Mr Weatherup and Mr Treacy.\n\nBy a decision of 4 April 2000, the Chamber declared the application admissible.\n\nThe applicant and the Government each filed observations on the merits (Rule 59 \u00a7 1).\n\nTHE FACTS\n\nI. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE\n\nThe facts of the case, in particular concerning what happened when Pearse Jordan was shot on 25 November 1992, are in dispute between the parties.\n\nA. Events relating to the death of Pearse Jordan\n\nOn 25 November 1992, the applicant\u2019s son, Pearse Jordan, aged 22, was shot and killed in Belfast by an officer of the Royal Ulster Constabulary (the RUC), later identified as Sergeant A.\n\nThe official statement issued by the RUC to the media indicated that an RUC unit had pursued a car on the Falls Road and brought it to a halt. On stopping the car, the officers had fired several shots at the driver, fatally wounding him a short distance from where his car had been abandoned. No guns, ammunition, explosives, masks or gloves had been found in the car and the driver, Pearse Jordan, had been unarmed.\n\nThe post mortem report found two entry wounds in Pearse Jordan\u2019s back and one in the back of the left arm, and noted a bruise on the face and shin. It concluded that he had been struck by three bullets which had come from behind and to the left. There was nothing to indicate the range.\n\nThe shooting was witnessed by four civilians, who on 26 November 1992 made statements to the Committee for the Administration of Justice (CAJ), an independent non-governmental human rights organisation based in Belfast. The four witnesses gave the following account of the shooting, which is not accepted by the Government.\n\nThe four civilians were walking together along the Falls Road and passed Andersontown RUC station at 5 p.m. approximately. They noticed two unmarked police cars parked with their headlights dimmed, each containing three RUC officers: one car was red and the second dark blue/green. As they proceeded along the road, they heard a crash behind them and turned to see on the opposite side of the road the red police car pulling alongside a car (Pearse Jordan\u2019s) and ramming it up onto the footpath. The red police car came to a halt in front of the car while the dark blue/green police car pulled up behind hitting it in the rear. The four civilians stopped and had an unobstructed view across the road. Pearse Jordan emerged from the immobilised car, and appeared shaken. He staggered across the road towards the four men followed by four police officers. As Pearse Jordan reached the white line in the centre of the road, an officer about 12 feet away fired a number of shots. The civilians heard no warning shout or challenge given by any of the officers and saw nothing in Pearse Jordan\u2019s hands or anything threatening in his actions. Some of the shots struck Pearse Jordan. He staggered a little further then turned to face the police who, when they caught up with him, verbally abused him and pushed his face into the ground where he was kicked and searched. The police carried out a search of the car. The four witnesses followed the ambulance which took Pearse Jordan to hospital where they stated that they were subjected to hostile and threatening remarks by members of the security forces.\n\nAccording to the applicant, prior to the release of the official RUC statement (see paragraph 13 above), there were a number of unofficial reports widely circulated in the media to the effect that gloves, masks, guns and bombs had been found in the car, and one report to the effect that Pearse Jordan was a former Republican prisoner who had been charged in 1991 with possession of explosives. This information was not correct. Pearse Jordan did however receive an IRA funeral and, in the Republican News, he was described as a Volunteer of the Belfast Brigade of the IRA and it was said that he had died on active service.\n\nAn official RUC statement stated that a deputy superintendent of the RUC from outside Belfast would investigate the shooting. In a later statement, it was announced that the Independent Commission for Police Complaints (the ICPC) would supervise the RUC investigation.\n\nOn 26 November 1992, at 10.55 p.m., a detective chief inspector of the RUC criminal investigation department interviewed Sergeant A, in the presence of his solicitor and a representative of the ICPC. Sergeant A, member of an HMSU unit, stated as follows. He had been at a briefing at 11 a.m. the day before concerning reports of a planned distribution of kit and munitions, including weapons, explosives and mortars, by the Provisional IRA in West Belfast. A surveillance operation was to be mounted and he was in charge of the teams on the ground which were going to intervene if possible to intercept the munitions. He was carrying a Smith and Wesson 59 pistol and a MP5 Heckler and Koch. At about 3.20-3.30 p.m., following reports of a car acting suspiciously at White Rock leisure centre, he and his teams left Woodbourne police station to wait at Andersontown police station. They heard reports there of a build up of activity at the back of two houses in Arizona street, which were under surveillance. The red car from the leisure centre arrived in Arizona street. Sergeant A thought that this was possibly the re-supply of terrorist equipment taking place. He was told by radio to gather his people together \u2013 car crews with call signs 8, 9, 3 and 12. When the red Orion left Arizona street, he and his crews left the police station but were called back almost immediately to allow the red Orion to make its run. A red Cavalier left Arizona street and they were told to allow that to run. News arrived that the red Orion had come back to Arizona street. Sergeant A was told on the radio that the next time the red Orion came out they were to intercept it. He split his crews in two, his own team (call signs 8 and 12) to approach from the city side and the crews with call signs 3 and 9 to approach from the country side. When the red Orion came past the two police cars, Sergeant A saw that there was one driver. They pulled out behind it. His driver flashed his lights at it. They switched on their police klaxon but had no blue flashing light on the car and none of them were wearing their police caps. Sergeant A\u2019s car drew level with the Orion and he signalled for it to pull over. The Orion slowed falling behind and then shot past on the passenger side, accelerating down the Falls Road in the direction of the city. Sergeant A told his driver to pursue him and force him off the road. The car possibly reached the speed of 60, maybe 70 miles per hour at the fastest. They were in a built up area, in traffic so it was difficult to judge. Their klaxon was going throughout. They drew parallel with the red Orion and nudged it once. The impact was hard enough to force the Orion partly up on the pavement and stop it. Sergeant A\u2019s own car stopped partly on the pavement in front of the Orion. The lock of his door had broken on the impact. He burst out of the door onto the pavement moving towards the Orion. He saw the driver running across the road from left to right at an angle away from him. He was looking over his right shoulder in Sergeant A\u2019s direction as he ran. Sergeant A said that he called out \u201cPolice. Halt.\u201d or \u201cHalt. Police.\u201d The driver of the Orion turned around towards him. He could not see the man\u2019s hands which were below his waist. His vision was either obscured by the roof of the police car in front of him or the arrival of the other black car (crew 12) on the scene. As he could not see the man\u2019s hands, he thought that his own life or the life of his own driver might be at risk. He feared the man was armed as he had spun round so quickly. He fired a short burst from his MP5 at the trunk of the man. When he made the split second decision to fire, the man was facing him but he could not say whether he had turned or moved in some other way. He was aware of other police officers shouting. He ran towards the driver who ran towards the footpath on the far side of the road. Constable F was shouting at him to get down on his knees. The driver fell flat, toppling over. It was realised at that stage that he was seriously injured. Sergeant A quickly searched the car, while other security force personnel administered first aid to the driver. Either base, or he himself, suggested that the police officers move to Arizona street. The military took over the first aid. He had directed most of the police officers to leave the scene as soon as they had arrived, including crew 12 in their car. He did not know that car 12 had come into contact with the Orion or the deceased. He arrived back at the station at about 5.30 to 6.00 p.m. There was a 20-30 minute debriefing in which he participated. He also discussed the matter casually with the others who were there. He was instructed to hand in his weapon at about that time.\n\nOn 30 March 1993, a detective inspector carried out a second interview of Sergeant A, in the presence of his solicitor. Further questions were put about his position and actions at the time of the shooting. He recalled that he had had a clear view of the deceased from the waist up. When the deceased turned to face him, he did not make any movements towards him. His arms remained down though. When asked to explain precisely why he had considered that his life was in danger, given that he could not confirm that the deceased was armed, Sergeant A replied that it had been a prolonged operation lasting several hours involving serious terrorist activity. The red Orion had reacted in a very aggressive manner in driving at excessive speed on a busy road. When the Orion was stopped, the driver ran away and when he was ordered to stop, he turned towards the Sergeant in what the Sergeant interpreted as an aggressive manner. His arms were down and his hands out of sight. In that short space of time, he formed the opinion that the deceased was a threat to his life. The man\u2019s actions had not been of someone about to surrender. He was certain that there were no viable alternatives to discharging his own weapon.\n\nForensic examinations of the cars involved in the incident were carried out. Interviews were conducted with the other police officers and army personnel involved in the incident. According to the statements of police officers D, E and F in the car call sign 12, they had been pursuing the red Orion car close behind the red police Sierra in which Sergeant A was driving. When the Orion stopped, their car pulled up behind. As they were stopping, the driver was running from the car and either he ran into them or their car struck him, clipping him on the right thigh. The driver span round towards call sign 8. At that point, there was a short burst of gunfire. Their car had also at some point made contact with the red Orion in the rear. Only officer D heard shouting coming from the call sign 8 direction before the shooting. Shortly after moving their car to facilitate the flow of traffic, they had been directed to Arizona street. In his statement of 6 December 1992, Sergeant H, from the car call sign 11, stated that on arrival at the scene he had instructed car 12 to be moved to facilitate the movement of a bus which had stopped very close to the injured man. He was not aware that car 12 might have struck the red Orion car or the deceased. The car was only moved back slightly and he was not involved in directing its complete removal from the scene. Inspector M gave a statement on 7 December 1992 that, on being satisfied that the injured man was receiving first aid and that the red Orion had been secured, he gave directions for all the HMSU police teams to go to Arizona street for searches. Some sort of device has been located there.\n\nDuring the investigation, appeals were made by the police in newspapers and broadcast media for potential eyewitnesses to come forward. A number of civilians made statements to the police and subsequently gave evidence at the inquest. In May 1993, the RUC concluded its inquiry. Its report on the investigation was submitted to the Director of Public Prosecutions (the DPP) on 25 May 1993.\n\nOn 3 June 1993, the ICPC wrote to the applicant\u2019s family expressing the view that the RUC report of 25 May 1993 concerning the criminal investigation into the shooting was satisfactory. On 15 June 1993, the RUC wrote to the applicant advising him that the papers had been sent to the DPP. The applicant and his family were not however provided with any indication as to the nature of the RUC\u2019s findings.\n\nOn 16 November 1993, the DPP\u2019s department issued to the Chief Constable of the RUC a direction of \u201cno prosecution\u201d in respect of the fatal shooting of Pearse Jordan. It had been concluded that the evidence was insufficient to warrant the prosecution of any person.\n\nOn 22 November 1993, having considered a submission by the CAJ, the DPP notified the CAJ that the direction of \u201cno prosecution\u201d should stand.\n\nOn 11 February 1994, the RUC Complaints and Discipline Department wrote to the applicant to inform him that the report on the shooting had been sent to the ICPC.\n\nOn 31 August 1994, the ICPC wrote to the applicant to inform him that after careful scrutiny of all the details it was of the opinion that the evidence was insufficient to warrant the preferment of disciplinary charges against the police officers concerned.\n\nB. The inquest\n\nOn 29 November 1993, the RUC notified the Coroner that the DPP had directed \u201cno prosecution\u201d. Following that decision, the Coroner decided to hold an inquest.\n\nOn 4 November 1994, the Coroner received the case papers from the RUC.\n\nOn or about 13 November 1994, the Coroner wrote to interested parties informing them that the inquest would begin on 4 January 1995.\n\nPrior to the commencement of the inquest, the Secretary of State for Defence issued a certificate in which he identified information whose disclosure at the inquest he believed would be contrary to the public interest on grounds of national security, and made an application that the identities of certain military witnesses be withheld and that they should give their evidence from behind a screen.\n\nOn 20 December 1994, the Coroner held a preliminary hearing at which he decided to: (a) protect certain categories of information from disclosure on the grounds of national security; (b) protect the identity of three military witnesses, Soldiers V, W and X by withholding their names and screening them from all except the Coroner, the jury and the legal representatives of the interested parties; and (c) protect the identity of certain RUC officers, including Sergeant A (the officer who fired the shots which killed Pearse Jordan) by withholding their names.\n\nOn 2 January 1995, the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland issued a certificate in which he identified information whose disclosure at the inquest he believed would be contrary to the public interest as compromising the integrity of RUC intelligence operations.\n\nOn 4 January 1995, the Coroner\u2019s inquest commenced. The applicant and his family were represented by a solicitor and counsel. The RUC were represented. The Coroner sat for three and a half days, hearing evidence from 19 witnesses, including the applicant, 8 civilians, Soldiers V, W and X, 7 police officers and a pathologist. These witnesses were subject to cross-examination. Sergeant A had informed the Coroner that he would not appear.\n\nOn or about 8 January 1995, the CAJ provided the Coroner with a statement which they had received from another civilian witness, a driver of a black taxi who had been at the scene.\n\nOn 10 January 1995, the Coroner rejected the request by the applicant\u2019s counsel to withdraw the protection of the identities of the RUC witnesses.\n\nThe proceedings were adjourned on 16 January 1995, at the request of Pearse Jordan\u2019s family, to enable the DPP, in the light of new evidence from the taxi driver, to reconsider the decision whether or not to bring a prosecution. The Coroner wrote to the DPP informing him that new evidence had come to light which should be considered.\n\nOn 10 February 1995, the DPP decided that the evidence remained insufficient to warrant the prosecution of any person in relation to Pearse Jordan\u2019s death. He requested that any further evidence adduced at the inquest relevant to his functions be reported to him.\n\nOn 14 February 1995, the applicant\u2019s legal representatives were informed by the DPP that his decision not to bring a prosecution still stood.\n\nOn 10 March 1995, the applicant\u2019s legal representatives made an application for the Coroner to discharge himself from the Inquest on the grounds that he was not conducting the inquest fairly. The Coroner refused the application.\n\nOn 11 April 1995, the Coroner wrote to the interested parties informing them that the inquest would resume on 12 June 1995.\n\nOn 26 May 1995, the applicant\u2019s legal representatives commenced judicial review proceedings seeking declarations that certain rulings given by the Coroner in the course of the inquest were wrong in law. Leave was granted on 2 June 1995. The applicant sought orders of certiorari to quash inter alia (a) the Coroner\u2019s refusal to give the next of kin access to the statements of the witnesses before they gave evidence at the inquest and (b) the decision of the Coroner to grant anonymity to RUC witnesses. Legal aid was granted to the applicant for this purpose. The Coroner adjourned the inquest pending these proceedings.\n\nLeave was granted to bring judicial review proceedings against the Coroner on 2 June 1995.\n\nThe judicial review application was heard on 9 and 10 November 1995. By judgment of 11 December 1995, Lord Justice Carswell refused the applicant\u2019s claims. In doing so he had regard to the inquisitorial nature of inquest proceedings. He referred to the remarks of Griffiths J in Ex parte Peach: \u201cA coroner\u2019s inquest is an inquisitorial procedure with a very limited objective indeed. The objective is set out in rule 26 of the Coroners Rules 1953. It is limited to ascertaining the following matters: who the deceased was; how, when and where the deceased came by his death. There is a further specific limitation provided by the Coroners (Amendment) Rules 1977. These provide by rule 7 that no verdict shall be framed in such a way as to appear to determine any question of criminal liability on the part of a named person or of civil liability. It is quite true that the coroner may allow interested parties to examine a witness called by the coroner. But that must be for the purpose of assisting in establishing the matters which the inquest is directed to determine. It is not intended by rule 16 to widen the coroner\u2019s inquest into adversarial fields of conflict.\u201d\n\nLord Justice Carswell also referred to the statutory background governing the procedure at inquest: Section 31(1) of the Coroners Act (Northern Ireland) 1959 providing that the jury shall give their verdict in the form prescribed by rules, \u201csetting forth, so far as such particulars have been proved to them, who the deceased person was and how, when and where he came to his death.\u201d and Rule 16 of the Coroners (Practice and Procedure) Rules 1963 providing: \u201cneither the coroner nor the jury shall express any opinion on questions of criminal or civil liability ...\u201d\n\nOn 8 January 1996, the applicant appealed against the decision of Lord Justice Carswell. The appeal was dismissed by the Court of Appeal of Northern Ireland on 28 June 1996. The applicant\u2019s application for leave to appeal to the House of Lords was refused on 4 October 1996. The House of Lords also refused leave on 20 March 1997.\n\nThe inquest was due to recommence on 1 December 1997. However, it was adjourned on 19 November 1997 by the Coroner, after consultation with the parties, pending the outcome of a judicial review application in the High Court concerning the availability of legal aid for legal representation for the family of the deceased at inquests.\n\nOn 16 March 1999, final judgment was given in the case of Sharon Lavery v. the Secretary of State and the Legal Aid Department, in which a challenge concerning the unavailability of legal aid for inquests was dismissed.\n\nOn 1 July 1999, the Coroner informed the interested parties that he intended to resume the inquest on 1 November 1999.\n\nOn 13 October 1999, the Coroner adjourned the inquest pending the applicant\u2019s application for the disclosure of documents by the Chief Constable of the RUC in the wake of the Home Office Circular issued on 28 April 1999 on deaths in police custody which recommended, inter alia, that material supplied by the police to the Coroner should be made available to the families of deceased persons (see paragraphs 73 and 74 below).\n\nOn 2 February 2000, the applicant was informed that the Chief Constable would provide copies of the statements of the witnesses who were to appear at the inquest and copies of any statements which the Coroner proposed to read out.\n\nOn 3 March 2000, the applicant was granted leave to bring judicial review proceedings against the Chief Constable, challenging his decision not to provide further documents to the applicant.\n\nWhen the inquest resumed, the Coroner proposed to call, in addition to the witnesses who gave evidence in January 1995, 12 police officers and Soldier Y involved in the anti-terrorist operation in which Pearse Jordan died, forensic experts and three police officers involved in the RUC investigation into the shooting.\n\nOn a date unspecified between 4 April and 2 October 2000, the applicant was provided with the witness statements of persons whom the Coroner has decided should be called to give evidence at the inquest.\n\nC. Concerning the civil proceedings\n\nThe applicant was granted legal aid to pursue a civil action for compensation in the High Court. On 7 December 1992, the applicant instituted civil proceedings, alleging death by wrongful act.\n\nOn 5 October 1995, the applicant served a statement of claim in the civil proceedings. On 24 October 1995 the Ministry of Defence served their defence, together with a request for further and better particulars of the statement of claim. The applicant did not reply to this request until a date unspecified subsequent to 27 August 1998.\n\nOn 8 October 1999, the Crown Solicitor wrote to the applicant seeking consent to a remittal of the civil action to trial.\n\nThe applicant stated that the case is currently at the discovery stage but that this cannot be concluded until the inquest is terminated.", "applicant": "Hugh Jordan", "offset": 2681, "idx_mapping": [2681, 2682, 2683, 2684, 2685, 2686, 2687, 2688, 2689, 2690, 2691, 2692, 2693, 2694, 2695, 2696, 2697, 2698, 2699, 2700, 2701, 2702, 2703, 2704, 2705, 2706, 2707, 2708, 2709, 2710, 2711, 2712, 2713, 2714, 2715, 2716, 2717, 2718, 2719, 2720, 2721, 2722, 2723, 2724, 2725, 2726, 2727, 2728, 2729, 2730, 2731, 2732, 2733, 2734, 2735, 2736, 2737, 2738, 2739, 2740, 2741, 2742, 2743, 2744, 2745, 2746, 2747, 2748, 2749, 2750, 2751, 2752, 2753, 2754, 2755, 2756, 2757, 2758, 2759, 2760, 2761, 2762, 2763, 2764, 2765, 2766, 2767, 2768, 2769, 2770, 2771, 2772, 2773, 2774, 2775, 2776, 2777, 2778, 2779, 2780, 2781, 2782, 2783, 2784, 2785, 2786, 2787, 2788, 2789, 2790, 2791, 2792, 2793, 2794, 2795, 2796, 2797, 2798, 2799, 2800, 2801, 2802, 2803, 2804, 2805, 2806, 2807, 2808, 2809, 2810, 2811, 2812, 2813, 2814, 2815, 2816, 2817, 2818, 2819, 2820, 2821, 2822, 2823, 2824, 2825, 2826, 2827, 2828, 2829, 2830, 2831, 2832, 2833, 2834, 2835, 2836, 2837, 2838, 2839, 2840, 2841, 2842, 2843, 2844, 2845, 2846, 2847, 2848, 2849, 2850, 2851, 2852, 2853, 2854, 2855, 2856, 2857, 2858, 2859, 2860, 2861, 2862, 2863, 2864, 2865, 2866, 2867, 2868, 2869, 2870, 2871, 2872, 2873, 2874, 2875, 2876, 2877, 2878, 2879, 2880, 2881, 2882, 2883, 2884, 2885, 2886, 2887, 2888, 2889, 2890, 2891, 2892, 2893, 2894, 2895, 2896, 2897, 2898, 2681, 2681, 2681, 2681, 2681, 2681, 2681, 2681, 2681, 2681, 2681, 2681, 2681, 2910, 2911, 2912, 2913, 2914, 2915, 2916, 2917, 2918, 2919, 2920, 2921, 2922, 2923, 2924, 2925, 2926, 2927, 2928, 2929, 2930, 2931, 2932, 2933, 2934, 2935, 2936, 2937, 2938, 2939, 2940, 2941, 2942, 2943, 2944, 2945, 2946, 2947, 2948, 2949, 2950, 2951, 2952, 2953, 2954, 2955, 2956, 2957, 2958, 2959, 2960, 2961, 2962, 2963, 2964, 2965, 2966, 2967, 2968, 2969, 2970, 2971, 2972, 2973, 2974, 2975, 2976, 2977, 2978, 2979, 2980, 2981, 2982, 2983, 2984, 2985, 2986, 2987, 2988, 2989, 2990, 2991, 2992, 2993, 2994, 2995, 2996, 2997, 2998, 2999, 3000, 3001, 3002, 3003, 3004, 3005, 3006, 3007, 3008, 3009, 3010, 3011, 3012, 3013, 3014, 3015, 3016, 3017, 3018, 3019, 3020, 3021, 3022, 3023, 3024, 3025, 3026, 3027, 3028, 3029, 3030, 3031, 3032, 3033, 3034, 3035, 3036, 3037, 3038, 3039, 3040, 3041, 3042, 3043, 3044, 3045, 3046, 3047, 3048, 3049, 3050, 3051, 3052, 3053, 3054, 3055, 3056, 3057, 3058, 3059, 3060, 3061, 3062, 3063, 3064, 3065, 3066, 3067, 3068, 3069, 3070, 3071, 3072, 3073, 3074, 3075, 3076, 3077, 3078, 3079, 3080, 3081, 3082, 3083, 3084, 3085, 3086, 3087, 3088, 3089, 3090, 3091, 3092, 3093, 3094, 3095, 3096, 3097, 3098, 3099, 3100, 3101, 3102, 3103, 3104, 3105, 3106, 3107, 3108, 3109, 3110, 3111, 3112, 3113, 3114, 3115, 3116, 3117, 3118, 3119, 3120, 3121, 3122, 3123, 3124, 3125, 3126, 3127, 3128, 3129, 3130, 3131, 3132, 3133, 3134, 3135, 3136, 3137, 3138, 3139, 3140, 3141, 3142, 3143, 3144, 3145, 3146, 3147, 3148, 3149, 3150, 3151, 3152, 3153, 3154, 3155, 3156, 3157, 3158, 3159, 3160, 3161, 3162, 3163, 3164, 3165, 3166, 3167, 3168, 3169, 3170, 3171, 3172, 3173, 3174, 3175, 3176, 3177, 3178, 3179, 3180, 3181, 3182, 3183, 3184, 3185, 3186, 3187, 3188, 3189, 3190, 3191, 3192, 3193, 3194, 3195, 3196, 3197, 3198, 3199, 3200, 3201, 3202, 3203, 3204, 3205, 3206, 3207, 3208, 3209, 3210, 3211, 3212, 3213, 3214, 3215, 3216, 3217, 3218, 3219, 3220, 3221, 3222, 3223, 3224, 3225, 3226, 3227, 3228, 3229, 3230, 3231, 3232, 3233, 3234, 3235, 3236, 3237, 3238, 3239, 3240, 3241, 3242, 3243, 3244, 3245, 3246, 3247, 3248, 3249, 3250, 3251, 3252, 3253, 3254, 3255, 3256, 3257, 3258, 3259, 3260, 3261, 3262, 3263, 3264, 3265, 3266, 3267, 3268, 3269, 3270, 3271, 3272, 3273, 3274, 3275, 3276, 3277, 3278, 3279, 3280, 3281, 3282, 3283, 3284, 3285, 3286, 3287, 3288, 3289, 3290, 3291, 3292, 3293, 3294, 3295, 3296, 3297, 3298, 3299, 3300, 3301, 3302, 3303, 3304, 3305, 3306, 3307, 3308, 3309, 3310, 3311, 3312, 3313, 3314, 3315, 3316, 3317, 3318, 3319, 3320, 3321, 3322, 3323, 3324, 3325, 3326, 3327, 3328, 3329, 3330, 3331, 3332, 3333, 3334, 3335, 3336, 3337, 3338, 3339, 3340, 3341, 3342, 3343, 3344, 3345, 3346, 3347, 3348, 3349, 3350, 3351, 3352, 3353, 3354], "duplicates": 1}
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Dietrich Rösslhuber is a certified accountant and tax consultant, residing in Salzburg. On 29 June 1989 the Salzburg Regional Court (Landesgericht) started preliminary investigations against Dietrich Rösslhuber and thirty-four other suspects on suspicion of large-scale fraud and breach of trust in the context of investments in a real estate fund. They were suspected of having sold so called “partial house ownership certificates” to several thousand investors with the assurance that their value was secured by real property, but in fact they had sold the real property in 1986 and misappropriated the proceeds of the sale. On 31 January 1990 the Review Chamber (Ratskammer) of the Salzburg Regional Court dismissed Dietrich Rösslhuber’s appeal against the opening of preliminary proceedings. On 14 March 1990 the Linz Court of Appeal (Oberlandesgericht) rejected Dietrich Rösslhuber’s further appeal.
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"related_mentions": null, "span_text": "16 November 2000", "start_offset": 6671}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 6736, "entity_id": "001-59053_a8_e22", "entity_mention_id": "001-59053_a8_em58", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Salzburg Regional Court", "start_offset": 6713}]}, "annotator9": null}, "quality_checked": [], "task": "Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Dietrich R\u00f6sslhuber", "meta": {"applicant": "Dietrich R\u00f6sslhuber", "articles": [91, 34, 54, 34, 44, 32, 34, 52, 49, 34, 93], "countries": "AUT", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2000}, "doc_id": "001-59053", "dataset_type": "train", "orig_text": "PROCEDURE\n\nThe case originated in an application (no. 32869/96) against the Republic of Austria lodged with the European Commission of Human Rights (\u201cthe Commission\u201d) under former Article 25 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (\u201cthe Convention\u201d) by an Austrian national, Mr Dietrich R\u00f6sslhuber (\u201cthe applicant\u201d), on 10 May 1996.\n\nThe applicant was represented by Mr H. Asenbauer, a lawyer practising in Vienna (Austria). The Austrian Government (\u201cthe Government\u201d) were represented by their Agent, Ambassador H. Winkler, Head of the International Law Department at the Federal Ministry of Foreign Affairs.\n\nThe applicant alleged that the criminal proceedings against him lasted unreasonably long.\n\nThe application was transmitted to the Court on 1 November 1998, when Protocol No. 11 to the Convention came into force (Article 5 \u00a7 2 of Protocol No. 11).\n\nThe application was allocated to the Third Section of the Court (Rule 52 \u00a7 1 of the Rules of Court). Within that Section, the Chamber that would consider the case (Article 27 \u00a7 1 of the Convention) was constituted as provided in Rule 26 \u00a7 1 of the Rules of Court.\n\nBy a decision of 12 October 1999 the Chamber declared the application admissible and requested the parties to submit further observations.\n\nThereupon the applicant and the Government each filed observations on the merits (Rule 59 \u00a7 1).\n\nTHE FACTS\n\nI. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE\n\nThe applicant is a certified accountant and tax consultant, residing in Salzburg.\n\nOn 29 June 1989 the Salzburg Regional Court (Landesgericht) started preliminary investigations against the applicant and thirty-four other suspects on suspicion of large-scale fraud and breach of trust in the context of investments in a real estate fund. They were suspected of having sold so called \u201cpartial house ownership certificates\u201d to several thousand investors with the assurance that their value was secured by real property, but in fact they had sold the real property in 1986 and misappropriated the proceeds of the sale.\n\nOn 31 January 1990 the Review Chamber (Ratskammer) of the Salzburg Regional Court dismissed the applicant\u2019s appeal against the opening of preliminary proceedings. On 14 March 1990 the Linz Court of Appeal (Oberlandesgericht) rejected the applicant\u2019s further appeal.\n\nAs of the beginning of 1990 the investigating judge was relieved of all other business and two junior judges completing their training period (Richteramtsanw\u00e4rter) were assigned to assist him. In May 1990 one of them took over as the new investigating judge.\n\nDuring the preliminary investigations, which concerned a network of more than 300 firms, about 1,800 bank accounts were examined and about 8,000 volumes of documents were seized and studied. A special computer programme was designed in order to cope with the large volume of data. Most of the time was consumed by the preparation of an expert opinion, whereby the team of accounting experts first had to clear the balance sheets of the companies, most of which were intertwined. A change in the team of experts became necessary in 1990 due to the potential bias of some of its members. According to the applicant, the team was restructured again in 1993. In April 1995 the experts delivered their opinion.\n\nOn 4 August 1995 the Salzburg Public Prosecutor\u2019s Office (Staatsanwaltschaft) preferred the indictment (Anklageschrift) of 441 pages against the applicant and eight of his co-accused. On 7 November 1995 the Linz Court of Appeal dismissed the applicant\u2019s objection to the indictment. At that time the file comprised 166 volumes with about 83,000 pages.\n\nBoth professional judges who were to deal with the case were relieved from all other business as of December 1995. In preparation for the trial, the court room at the Salzburg Regional Court was adapted with the installation of computer desks, in order to give the judges, the prosecution and the defence access to the data-base.\n\nOn 30 July 1996 the applicant filed a motion challenging the accounting experts for bias. This motion was dismissed on 26 August 1996. His further request to postpone the beginning of the trial was dismissed on 12 September 1996.\n\nOn 16 September 1996 the trial started before the Salzburg Regional Court sitting with two professional and two lay judges. A motion brought by the applicant and his co-accused challenging the two professional judges for bias was dismissed, as was their further motion challenging the experts for bias. The applicant challenged single members of the expert team on three further occasions, namely on 11 December 1996, 13 January 1997 and 3 May 1999. Further motions challenging the two professional judges for bias were brought by his co-accused.\n\nThe hearings lasted 186 days, at a rhythm of two or three days per week. 46 days were dedicated to hearing the accounting experts. According to the applicant, he put questions to the experts on twenty occasions, sometimes only a few and sometimes many. According to the Government, the applicant made excessive use of his right to question the experts, submitting ever changing calculations which necessitated time-consuming replies by the experts. According to the applicant, he only made one request for the taking of evidence, while the Government state that he made seven such requests. According to both parties, a large number of witnesses were heard. On 19 January 1998 a hearing had to be held in a hospital in Vienna due to the applicant\u2019s illness.\n\nOn 14 June 1999 the Salzburg Regional Court gave its judgment orally. It convicted the applicant of breach of trust and sentenced him to six years\u2019 imprisonment. The applicant announced that he would file a plea of nullity and an appeal (Nichtigkeitsbeschwerde und Berufung).\n\nOn 16 June 2000 the written version of the judgment, comprising about 1,100 pages, was served on the applicant.\n\nMeanwhile, on 16 March 2000, the Constitutional Court (Verfassungsgerichtshof) had, upon a motion filed by two of the applicant\u2019s co-accused, given a judgment to the effect that the four-weeks time-limit provided for in the Code of Criminal Procedure for lodging a plea of nullity and an appeal which - though being sufficient in the vast majority of cases - could not be extended in cases of an extraordinary scope such as the present, was contrary to Article 6 \u00a7 3 (b) of the European Convention on Human Rights. This time-limit was, therefore, not to be applied in the present case.\n\nOn 14 July 2000 the applicant lodged an appeal. 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| 1
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A. Anthony M. Tyrer’s punishment
Mr. Anthony M. Tyrer, a citizen of the United Kingdom born on 21 September 1956, is resident in Castletown, Isle of Man. On 7 March 1972, being then aged 15 and of previous good character, he pleaded guilty before the local juvenile court to unlawful assault occasioning actual bodily harm to a senior pupil at his school. The assault, committed by Anthony M. Tyrer in company with three other boys, was apparently motivated by the fact that the victim had reported the boys for taking beer into the school, as a result of which they had been caned. Anthony M. Tyrer was sentenced on the same day to three strokes of the birch in accordance with the relevant legislation (see paragraph 11 below).
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"check", "end_offset": 15549, "entity_id": "001-57587_a8_e3", "entity_mention_id": "001-57587_a8_em166", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "21 September 1972", "start_offset": 15532}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 15560, "entity_id": "001-57587_a8_e53", "entity_mention_id": "001-57587_a8_em167", "entity_type": "PERSON", "identifier_type": "DIRECT", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Mr. Tyrer", "start_offset": 15551}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 16334, "entity_id": "001-57587_a8_e117", "entity_mention_id": "001-57587_a8_em168", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "19 July 1974", "start_offset": 16322}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 16951, "entity_id": "001-57587_a8_e118", "entity_mention_id": "001-57587_a8_em169", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "January 1976", "start_offset": 16939}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 17060, "entity_id": "001-57587_a8_e119", "entity_mention_id": "001-57587_a8_em170", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "9 March 1976", "start_offset": 17048}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 17380, "entity_id": "001-57587_a8_e120", "entity_mention_id": "001-57587_a8_em171", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "14 December 1976", "start_offset": 17364}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 17886, "entity_id": "001-57587_a8_e8", "entity_mention_id": "001-57587_a8_em172", "entity_type": "LOC", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Isle of Man", "start_offset": 17875}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 17909, "entity_id": "001-57587_a8_e4", "entity_mention_id": "001-57587_a8_em173", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "United Kingdom", "start_offset": 17895}]}, "annotator9": null}, "quality_checked": [], "task": "Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Anthony M. Tyrer", "meta": {"applicant": "Anthony M. Tyrer", "articles": [91, 34, 53, 54, 34, 44, 32, 34, 51, 34, 44, 32, 34, 52, 49, 34, 44, 32, 34, 49, 52, 34, 93], "countries": "GBR", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 1978}, "doc_id": "001-57587", "dataset_type": "train", "orig_text": "PROCEDURE\n\nThe Tyrer case was referred to the Court by the European Commission of Human Rights (hereinafter referred to as \u201cthe Commission\u201c). The case originated in an application against the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland lodged with the Commission on 21 September 1972 under Article 25 (art. 25) of the Convention by a United Kingdom citizen, Mr. Anthony M. Tyrer.\n\nThe Commission\u2019s request, to which was attached the report provided for under Article 31 (art. 31) of the Convention, was lodged with the registry of the Court on 11 March 1977, within the period of three months laid down by Articles 32 para. 1 and 47 (art. 32-1, art. 47). The request referred to:\n\nArticles 44 and 48 (art. 44, art. 48);\n\nthe declaration of 12 September 1967 made by the United Kingdom recognising, in respect of certain territories (including the Isle of Man) for whose international relations it was responsible, the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court (Article 46) (art. 46);\n\nthe subsequent renewals of that declaration and particularly the renewal dated 21 April 1972 which was in force at the time the application was lodged with the Commission. The purpose of the Commission\u2019s request is to obtain a decision from the Court as to whether or not the facts of the case disclose a breach by the respondent State of its obligations under Article 3 (art. 3) of the Convention.\n\nThe Chamber of seven judges to be constituted included, as ex officio members, Sir Gerald Fitzmaurice, the elected judge of British nationality (Article 43 of the Convention) (art. 43), and Mr. G. Balladore Pallieri, the President of the Court (Rule 21 para. 3 (b) of the Rules of Court). On 23 March 1977, the President of the Court drew by lot, in the presence of the Deputy Registrar, the names of the five other members, namely Mr. J. Cremona, Mrs. H. Pedersen, Mr. Th\u00f3r Vilhj\u00e1lmsson, Mr. P.-H. Teitgen and Mr. F. Matscher (Article 43 in fine of the Convention and Rule 21 para. 4) (art. 43). Mr. Balladore Pallieri assumed the office of President of the Chamber (Rule 21 para. 5).\n\nThe President of the Chamber ascertained, through the Registrar, the views of the Agent of the Government of the United Kingdom (hereinafter called \u201cthe Government\u201c) and the delegates of the Commission regarding the procedure to be followed; having regard to their concurring statements, the President decided by an Order of 28 June 1977 that it was not necessary at that stage for memorials to be filed. He also instructed the Registrar to invite the Commission to produce certain documents and these were received at the registry on 7 July.\n\nAfter consulting, through the Registrar, the Agent of the Government and the delegates of the Commission, the President decided by an Order of 1 August 1977 that the oral hearings should open on 17 January 1978.\n\nBy letter of 1 December 1977, the Agent of the Government transmitted a request by the Government of the Isle of Man that the Chamber should carry out an investigation on the spot in the Island pursuant to Rule 38 para. 2 of the Rules of Court. The purpose of the visit as envisaged by the Government of the Isle of Man was that the Court should \u201cbecome acquainted at first hand with local circumstances and requirements in the Isle of Man, having regard to Article 63 para. 3 (art. 63-3) of the Convention, by meeting ... leading members of the Manx community\u201c. At a meeting held in private in Strasbourg on 13 December 1977, the Chamber resolved to defer its decision on this request until after the oral hearings.\n\nThe oral hearings were held in public at the Human Rights Building, Strasbourg, on 17 January 1978. There appeared before the Court:\n\nfor the Government: Mr. D.H. ANDERSON, Legal Counsellor, Foreign and Commonwealth Office, Agent, Mr. L.J. BLOM-COOPER, Q.C., Mr. J.W. CORRIN, Attorney-General, Isle of Man, Mr. A. COLLINS, Barrister-at-Law, Counsel, Mrs. S.A. EVANS, Legal Advisers\u2019 Branch, Home Office, Mr. J.W.C. HAINES, Treasury Solicitor\u2019s Department, Advisers;\n\nfor the Commission: Mr. L. KELLBERG, Principal Delegate, Mr. K. MANGAN, Delegate. The Court heard Mr. Kellberg for the Commission and Mr. Blom-Cooper and Mr. Corrin for the Government; Mr. Corrin addressed the Court on the relevant circumstances pertaining in the Isle of Man. At the hearing, the Government produced certain documents to the Court and the Attorney-General for the Isle of Man renewed the request that an investigation on the spot be carried out in accordance with Rule 38 para. 2.\n\nDuring its deliberations from 17 to 19 January 1978, the Chamber decided that the very fully information which had been supplied to the Court concerning this case rendered it unnecessary to carry out the investigation requested. The President informed the Agent of the Government of this decision on 19 January.\n\nAS TO THE FACTS\n\nA. The applicant\u2019s punishment\n\nMr. Anthony M. Tyrer, a citizen of the United Kingdom born on 21 September 1956, is resident in Castletown, Isle of Man. On 7 March 1972, being then aged 15 and of previous good character, he pleaded guilty before the local juvenile court to unlawful assault occasioning actual bodily harm to a senior pupil at his school. The assault, committed by the applicant in company with three other boys, was apparently motivated by the fact that the victim had reported the boys for taking beer into the school, as a result of which they had been caned. The applicant was sentenced on the same day to three strokes of the birch in accordance with the relevant legislation (see paragraph 11 below). He appealed against sentence to the Staff of Government Division of the High Court of Justice of the Isle of Man. The appeal was heard and dismissed on the afternoon of 28 April 1972; the court considered that an unprovoked assault occasioning actual bodily harm was always very serious and that there were no reasons for interfering with the sentence. The court had ordered the applicant to be medically examined in the morning of the same day and had before it a doctor\u2019s report that the applicant was fit to receive the punishment.\n\nAfter waiting in a police station for a considerable time for a doctor to arrive, Mr. Tyrer was birched late in the afternoon of the same day. His father and a doctor were present. The applicant was made to take down his trousers and underpants and bend over a table; he was held by two policemen whilst a third administered the punishment, pieces of the birch breaking at the first stroke. The applicant\u2019s father lost his self-control and after the third stroke \u201cwent for\u201c one of the policemen and had to be restrained. The birching raised, but did not cut, the applicant\u2019s skin and he was sore for about a week and a half afterwards.\n\nThe applicant was sentenced pursuant to section 56 (1) of the Petty Sessions and Summary Jurisdiction Act 1927 (as amended by section 8 of the Summary Jurisdiction Act 1960) whereby: \u201cAny person who shall - (a) unlawfully assault or beat any other person; (b) make use of provoking language or behaviour tending to a breach of the peace, shall be liable on summary conviction to a fine not exceeding thirty pounds or to be imprisoned for a term not exceeding six months and, in addition to, or instead of, either such punishment, if the offender is a male child or male young person, to be whipped.\u201c The expressions \u201cchild\u201c and \u201cyoung person\u201c mean, respectively, an individual of or over the age 10 and under 14 and an individual of or over the age of 14 and under 17.\n\nExecution of the sentence was governed by the following provisions: (a) Section 10 of the Summary Jurisdiction Act 1960 \u201c(a) the instrument used shall, in the case of a child, be a cane, and in any other case shall be a birch rod; (b) the court in its sentence shall specify the number of strokes to be inflicted, being in the case of a child not more than six strokes, and in the case of any other person not more than twelve strokes; (c) the whipping shall be inflicted privately as soon as practicable after sentence and in any event shall not take place after the expiration of six months from the passing of the sentence; (d) the whipping shall be inflicted by a constable in the presence of an inspector or other officer of police of higher rank than a constable, and, in the case of a child or young person, also in the presence if he desires to be present, of the parent or guardian of the child or young person.\u201c (b) Directive of the Lieutenant-Governor, dated 30 May 1960 \u201cl. The instruments to be used shall be: - (i) in the case of a male child who is under the age of 14 years, a light cane not exceeding four feet in length and not exceeding half an inch in diameter, and (ii) in the case of a male person who is of the age of 14 years but is under the age of 21 years a birch rod of the following dimensions: Weight not exceeding 9 ounces Length from end of handle to tip of spray 40 inches Length of handle 15 inches Circumference of spray at centre 6 inches Circumference of handle at top of binding 3 1/2 inches Circumference of handle 6 inches from end 3 1/4 inches\n\nIn all cases where a Court is empowered to impose a sentence of whipping a medical report as to whether the offender is fit to receive the punishment will be made available to the Magistrates before they consider sentence. Arrangements for this report will be made by the Clerk of the Court.\n\nThe whipping shall be inflicted on the posterior over the child\u2019s ordinary cloth trousers.\n\nA medical practitioner shall be present during a birching and may at his discretion order the stopping of the punishment at any time. Where a birching has been stopped on medical grounds a report of the facts shall be forwarded immediately to His Excellency.\u201c With reference to paragraph 3 of the Directive, the Court was advised at the hearing on 17 January 1978 that, in the light of the Commission\u2019s report, an amendment had recently been made by the Isle of Man Government whereby the punishment is to be administered over ordinary cloth trousers in all cases irrespective of the offender\u2019s age.\n\nB. General background\n\nThe Isle of Man is not a part of the United Kingdom but a dependency of the Crown with its own government, legislature and courts and its own administrative, fiscal and legal systems. The Crown is ultimately responsible for the good government of the Island and acts in this respect through the Privy Council on the recommendation of Ministers of the United Kingdom Government in their capacity as Privy Counsellors. In that capacity, the Home Secretary is charged with prime responsibility for Isle of Man affairs. Prior to October 1950, the United Kingdom Government regarded international treaties applicable to the United Kingdom as extending, in the absence of contrary provision, to the Isle of Man. Thereafter, they no longer so regarded such treaties unless there were an express inclusion and they treated the Island as a territory for whose international relations they were responsible. In fact, by letter dated 23 October 1953 addressed to the Secretary-General of the Council of Europe, the Government of the United Kingdom declared, in accordance with Article 63 (art. 63) of the Convention, that the Convention should extend to a number of such territories, including the Isle of Man. The Island\u2019s parliament, the Court of Tynwald, is one of the oldest in Europe. It consists of a Lieutenant-Governor appointed by and representing the Crown, an Upper House (the Legislative Council) and a Lower House (the House of Keys). Tynwald legislates in domestic matters, the laws it adopts requiring ratification by the Queen in Council; the Home Secretary is responsible for advising the Privy Council whether or not to recommend that the Royal Assent be given. In strict law, the United Kingdom Parliament has full power to pass laws applicable to the Isle of Man but, by constitutional convention, does not in the ordinary course legislate on the Island\u2019s domestic affairs, such as penal policy, without its consent. This convention would be followed unless it were overridden by some other consideration, an example of which would be an international treaty obligation.\n\nJudicial corporal punishment of adults and juveniles was abolished in England, Wales and Scotland in 1948 and in Northern Ireland in 1968. That abolition followed upon the recommendations of the Departmental Committee on Corporal Punishment (known as the Cadogan Committee) which issued its report in 1938. The standing Advisory Council on the Treatment of Offenders, in its report of 1960 (known as the Barry report), endorsed the findings of the Cadogan Committee and concluded that corporal punishment should not be reintroduced as a judicial penalty in respect of any categories of offencers or of offenders.\n\nThe punishment remained in existence in the Isle of Man. When Tynwald examined the question in 1963 and 1965, it decided to retain judicial corporal punishment, which was considered a deterrent to hooligans visiting the Island as tourists and, more generally, a means of preserving law and order. In May 1977, by thirty-one votes for and only one against, Tynwald passed a resolution, inter alia, \u201cthat the retention of the use of judicial corporal punishment for crimes of violence to the person is a desirable safeguard in the control of law and order in this Island and Tynwald hereby re-affirms its policy to retain the use of judicial corporal punishment for violent crimes to the person committed by males under the age of 21\u201c. At the hearing on 17 January 1978, the Attorney-General for the Isle of Man informed the Court that recently a privately organised petition in favour of the retention of judicial corporal punishment had obtained 31,000 signatures from amongst the approximate total of 45,000 persons entitled to vote on the Island.\n\nWhile under various provisions judicial corporal punishment could be imposed on males for a number of offences, since 1969 its application has apparently been restricted in practice to offences of violence. During his address to the Court, the Attorney-General for the Isle of Man indicated that the Manx legislature would shortly be considering the Criminal Law Bill 1978 which contained a proposal to limit the use of judicial corporal punishment to young males for certain specified offences only, on the whole the more serious offences of violence. The offence with which the applicant was charged had been omitted from the specified list of offences.\n\nThe name and address of a juvenile sentenced in the Isle of Man, whether to corporal punishment or otherwise, are not published.\n\nAccording to figures cited before the Court by the Attorney- General for the Isle of Man, judicial corporal punishment was inflicted in 2 cases in 1966, in 4 cases in 1967, in 1 case in 1968, in 7 cases in 1969, in 3 cases in 1970, in 0 cases in 1971, in 4 cases in 1972, in 0 cases in 1973, in 2 cases in 1974, in 1 case in 1975, in 1 case in 1976 and in 0 cases in 1977. The average number of crimes of violence to the person per annum was: between 1966 and 1968 - 35; between 1969 and 1971 - 52; between 1972 and 1974 - 59; and between 1975 and 1977 - 56. In 1975 there were 65 crimes of violence to the person, in 1976 58 and in 1977 approximately 46. In the three years 1975 to 1977, only one young male was convicted of a crime of violence. At the 1976 census, the Island\u2019s population stood at 60,496. PROCEEDINGS BEFORE THE COMMISSION\n\nIn his application, lodged with the Commission on 21 September 1972, Mr. Tyrer complained, in particular, that:\n\nhis judicial corporal punishment constituted a breach of Article 3 (art. 3) of the Convention;\n\nsuch punishment was destructive of family well-being and therefore contrary to Article 8 (art. 8) of the Convention;\n\nno remedies existed to rectify the violation, which was inconsistent with Article 13 (art. 13) of the Convention;\n\nthe punishment was discriminatory within the meaning of Article 14 (art. 14) of the Convention in that it was primarily pronounced on persons from financially and socially deprived homes;\n\nthe violation of Article 3 (art. 3) also constituted a violation of Article 1 (art. 1) of the Convention. The applicant also claimed damages as well as repeal of the legislation concerned.\n\nIn its decision of 19 July 1974, the Commission, having considered ex officio that the facts of the case raised issues of discrimination on grounds of sex and/or age contrary to Article 14 of the Convention, taken together with Article 3 (art. 14+3):\n\ndecided not to proceed further with an examination of the original complaint under Article 14 (art. 14) which the applicant had subsequently withdrawn;\n\ndeclared admissible and retained those parts of the application which raised issues under Article 3 (art. 3), either alone or in conjunction with Article 14 (art. 14+3);\n\ndeclared inadmissible the remainder of the application.\n\nIn January 1976, the Commission was notified that the applicant wished to withdraw his application. However, on 9 March 1976, the Commission decided that it could not accede to this request \u201csince the case raised questions of a general character affecting the observance of the Convention which necessitated a further examination of the issues involved\u201c. The applicant took no further part in the proceedings.\n\nIn its report of 14 December 1976, the Commission expressed the opinion:\n\nby fourteen votes to one, that the judicial corporal punishment inflicted on the applicant was degrading and was in breach of Article 3 (art. 3) of the Convention;\n\nthat it was not necessary, in view of the preceding conclusion, to pursue an examination of the issue under Article 14 (art. 14) of the Convention;\n\nas regards Article 63 para. 3 (art. 63-3) of the Convention, that there were not any significant social or cultural differences between the Isle of Man and the United Kingdom which could be relevant to the application of Article 3 (art. 3) in the present case. The report contains one separate opinion.", "applicant": "Anthony M. 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| 1
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A. Background facts
David Adetoro was born in 1972 and is currently detained in HMP Whitemoor, Cambridgeshire. Between June 1995 and March 1997 eight robberies and six aborted robberies took place in the Manchester area. The robbers targeted security vehicles carrying cash; banks; one post office; and one supermarket. More than once, firearms were discharged.
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"identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "20 July 2005", "start_offset": 10837}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 10887, "entity_id": "001-98385_a8_e28", "entity_mention_id": "001-98385_a8_em44", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": [], "span_text": "Criminal Cases Review Commission", "start_offset": 10855}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "correct", "end_offset": 10894, "entity_id": "001-98385_a8_e28", "entity_mention_id": "001-98385_a8_em45", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": ["001-98385_a8_em44"], "span_text": "CCRC", "start_offset": 10890}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 11418, "entity_id": "001-98385_a8_e28", "entity_mention_id": "001-98385_a8_em46", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "CCRC", "start_offset": 11414}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 11467, "entity_id": "001-98385_a8_e37", "entity_mention_id": "001-98385_a8_em47", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "9 July 1998", "start_offset": 11456}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 15375, "entity_id": "001-98385_a8_e38", "entity_mention_id": "001-98385_a8_em48", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "7 June 2006", "start_offset": 15364}]}, "annotator9": null}, "quality_checked": [], "task": "Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: David Adetoro", "meta": {"applicant": "David Adetoro", "articles": [91, 34, 54, 34, 93], "countries": "GBR", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2010}, "doc_id": "001-98385", "dataset_type": "train", "orig_text": "PROCEDURE\n\nThe case originated in an application (no. 46834/06) against the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (\u201cthe Convention\u201d) by a British national, Mr David Adetoro (\u201cthe applicant\u201d), on 30 October 2006.\n\nThe applicant was represented by Stephensons Solicitors, a firm of solicitors practising in Wigan. The United Kingdom Government (\u201cthe Government\u201d) were represented by their Agent, Ms J. Gladstone, of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office.\n\nThe applicant alleged that he did not have a fair trial as a result of the trial judge's misdirection to the jury on the drawing of adverse inferences as regards his refusal to answer questions during police interviews.\n\nOn 25 May 2009 the Acting President of the Fourth Section decided to give notice of the application to the Government. It was also decided to examine the merits of the application at the same time as its admissibility (Article 29 \u00a7 3).\n\nTHE FACTS\n\nI. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE\n\nA. Background facts\n\nThe applicant was born in 1972 and is currently detained in HMP Whitemoor, Cambridgeshire.\n\nBetween June 1995 and March 1997 eight robberies and six aborted robberies took place in the Manchester area. The robbers targeted security vehicles carrying cash; banks; one post office; and one supermarket. More than once, firearms were discharged. Police officers chasing the robbers were fired upon and on one occasion a lorry driver who used his vehicle to ram the robbers' getaway car was shot and seriously injured.\n\nThe prosecution case was that the applicant joined the conspiracy in around April 1996 after his release from prison, after four of the robberies had been committed. The evidence against the applicant was almost entirely circumstantial and the case relied heavily on evidence from a police surveillance exercise carried out over a period of about one year. The prosecution argued that the applicant's recorded movements were consistent with his playing an active part in the conspiracy.\n\nThe applicant was arrested on 21 March 1997. He denied any involvement in the conspiracy to rob and was interviewed under caution in March and June 1997. The terms of the caution were that he did not have to say anything but that it might harm his defence if he did not mention when questioned something on which he later sought to rely in court. During the interviews, he was asked to give an explanation for his movements as recorded by the police in their surveillance exercise, his association with a variety of individuals and his whereabouts at the time of the robberies. On each occasion, he replied \u201cno comment\u201d.\n\nB. Domestic proceedings\n\nThe applicant subsequently pleaded not guilty to conspiracy to rob and other offences arising out of the conspiracy.\n\n1. Proceedings before the Crown Court\n\nAt trial before the Crown Court, the applicant gave evidence in his own defence. His case was that he was not involved in the conspiracy. He claimed that he was not even aware of the robbery conspiracy or his associates' involvement. However, he admitted being involved in the buying and selling of stolen cars and argued that the police observations showed his involvement in that business, rather than in any conspiracy to rob.\n\nThe applicant also provided answers to all the questions which he had declined to answer during the police interviews in March and June 1997. In particular, he accounted for his association with various individuals, provided explanations for why he had moved certain vehicles on certain dates, gave detailed accounts of his movements on relevant dates, provided reasons why he was observed wearing gloves on specific occasions and gave explanations for conversations recorded by covert surveillance.\n\nThe applicant was asked why he had not provided these explanations at the time of the police interviews. He responded that he had not wanted to incriminate people in relation to the stolen vehicles.\n\nIn his summing up to the jury, the judge directed them as to the burden of proof and the standard of proof in the case: \u201c...The burden [of proof] lies upon the prosecution throughout the case, to prove their case against the defendant. The defendant does not have to prove anything at all, there is no burden upon him to prove anything. ... The next matter of law, is the standard of proof, this is a very simple concept, the standard is, that you must be sure. You must not convict this man unless you are sure he is guilty and nothing less than being sure will do.\u201d\n\nHe subsequently gave them the following direction regarding lies: \u201cAnother matter of law, ... which I should mention, concerns the telling of lies or being untruthful. You may come to the conclusion that this defendant has told you a lie or a number of lies; I'm not suggesting that he has or he hasn't, it is simply a matter that you may wish to consider. Because, I have to tell you as a matter of law, that the fact that a defendant tells a lie, is not of itself, evidence of guilt. A defendant may lie for many reasons. He may lie because he doesn't want to disclose something or out of confusion, panic or something of that sort. If you think that the defendant has lied in evidence, but you think that there is or might be some innocent explanation for any lie, then ignore it, take no notice of it at all. If, on the other hand, you were to find that the defendant did lie and you are sure that he didn't lie for any innocent reason, then any such lie can be evidence going to support the prosecution's case.\u201d\n\nThe judge went on to deal with the questioning of the applicant by the police. In this regard, he noted: \u201c... there [were] some six hours \u2013 if I've added it up correctly \u2013 of interviews between the police and the defendant, from the day of his arrest in March through to June of last year and at each of those various interviews, he was cautioned. The words of the caution being, that he was told that he did not have to say anything, but that it may harm his defence if he didn't mention when questioned, something which he may later rely on in court. He was told that anything which he might say may be given in evidence.\u201d\n\nThe judge noted that the applicant had not answered questions put to him during the police interviews, replying \u201cno comment\u201d to each of the questions posed. He reminded the jury that the applicant did not suggest that he was advised by his lawyer not to comment but said that he had not answered questions because he did not want to incriminate people in relation to stolen vehicles. The judge also reminded the jury of some of the specific questions asked of the applicant during the police interviews and of the subsequent answers relied upon by the applicant during his evidence at trial and added: \u201c[The applicant] knew, as he accepted when he gave evidence before you, that he had been arrested for armed robbery. He admits that he failed to mention any of the facts to which I have just referred, when he was interviewed and he says his reason for that, was that although well knowing that others had been arrested for the much more serious offence of armed robbery, as he had been, he didn't want to incriminate them in the stealing of cars.\u201d\n\nThe judge concluded with the following direction: \u201cYou must decide, whether in the circumstances, these facts to which I have referred, were facts which the defendant could reasonably have been expected to have mentioned in the light of that caution, which was repeatedly given to him, over that period from March to June. If you find that he could reasonably be expected to have mentioned those facts, then the law is, that you may draw such inferences as appear proper, from his failures to mention such matters when interviewed. I reminded you of the period of the interviews. Failures to mention such matters cannot on their own prove guilt, but you may hold such failures against the defendant when deciding whether he is guilty, that is to say, you may take them into account as some additional support for the prosecution's case. You are not bound to do so, it's a matter entirely for you to decide whether it is fair to do so.\u201d\n\nOn 18 June 1998 the jury found the applicant guilty of the offences charged. He was sentenced to 26 years' imprisonment. The Criminal Cases Review Commission (see paragraph 21 below) summarised the comments of the trial judge on sentencing as follows: \u201c111. In sentencing Mr Adetoro, the judge noted that he had six previous convictions dating from 1998, including a conviction for conspiracy to rob ...The trial judge described him as a dangerous, cunning and intelligent man and he was satisfied that after he had joined the conspiracy, he had played a commanding role ...\n\nMr Adetoro did not take part in the first four robberies because he was in prison in respect of a previous matter connected with armed robbery. He was released in September and by October was associating with his co-accused ... Thereafter he joined the conspiracy. Once he had joined the tactics and execution of the various robberies increased in gravity. The judge noted that he was satisfied that Mr Adetoro was involved in the sixth robbery and ignored his assertion that he was with Mr Shearer and Mr Stephenson at the material time. He was a 'rather clever and determined liar' and his alibi 'fell apart'. The judge was not prepared to place reliance on anything he said and made no finding in respect of Mr Shearer and Mr Stephenson's presence or absence in the circumstances of the sixth robbery.\u201d\n\n2. First appeal to the Court of Appeal\n\nThe applicant appealed to the Court of Appeal arguing, inter alia, that the summing up contained a Lucas direction (a direction to the jury in relation to lies \u2013 see paragraph 33 below) where it was wholly inappropriate; and that the trial judge had not given any direction to the jury regarding the drawing of adverse inferences from the applicant's silence during the police interviews in circumstances where such a direction was appropriate.\n\nOn 21 June 1999, the Court of Appeal handed down its judgment. It agreed that there had been no need for a Lucas direction. However, it considered that the fact that one was given did not prejudice the applicant's defence or the safety of his conviction. Regarding the adverse inferences direction, the court concluded, having regard to the transcript of the trial judge's summing up, that the judge had given such a direction to the jury. It considered the applicant's case in the round and noted that the evidence against the applicant was overwhelming. The applicant's appeal against conviction was dismissed. However, his sentence was reduced to 22 years' imprisonment.\n\n3. Second appeal to the Court of Appeal\n\nOn 20 July 2005, the Criminal Cases Review Commission (\u201cCCRC\u201d) referred the applicant's conviction to the Court of Appeal on the basis of the trial judge's direction to the jury in relation to the applicant's silence at the police interviews. The main ground of appeal was that the direction on adverse inferences was defective in that the jury were not directed that an adverse inference could only be drawn where it was satisfied that the real reason for the applicant's silence was that he had no answer to the questions asked, or no answer that would hold up to scrutiny. The CCRC report noted that legal advice dated 9 July 1998 on the merits of an appeal made reference to the omission in the jury direction but that this issue was not pursued beyond the initial advice and was not incorporated into the applicant's grounds of appeal at that time. The Court of Appeal subsequently observed that this ground: \u201cwas not one of the ten grounds of appeal advanced by experienced counsel who appeared for the appellant at trial.\u201d\n\nOn the morning of the appeal hearing, counsel for the prosecution informed counsel for the applicant that he considered there to be no justification for opposing the appeal and that the only issue would be whether or not there ought to be a retrial.\n\nThe Court of Appeal disagreed and found that, despite the misdirection by the trial judge, the conviction was safe. It distinguished between cases where an accused exercised his right to silence pursuant to legal advice or because he was tired or ill and those where, as in the present case, the reason for not answering questions was linked to the accused's defence itself. It found that the jury had rejected the applicant's defence and, in doing so, must also have rejected the applicant's explanation of why he failed to answer questions in the police interview, noting: \u201cHere the appellant's explanation was inextricably linked to his defence which was: 'I was involved with the others in buying and selling stolen cars, but not in armed robbery'. In saying that he did not answer questions because he did not wish to implicate others in this business, the appellant was necessarily advancing his own defence. The jury rejected this defence and it seems to us that in doing so they must also have rejected the appellant's explanation for his failure to mention facts at interview.\u201d\n\nThe court also noted that the judge had given the jury an unnecessary Lucas direction which, in the event, provided assistance to the jury in how to approach the question of adverse inferences which could be drawn from the applicant's failure to provide an explanation of his conduct during the police interviews. It concluded that: \u201cThe direction the judge gave could only have related to lies told by the appellant in court. The jury were told that if they thought there was an innocent explanation for any such lie told by the appellant they should not hold it against him. So, as the jury must have concluded that the appellant's explanation for his silence ('I wanted to protect others') was a lie, following the judge's direction they would have had to consider whether there was an innocent explanation for it before they could have used it as supportive of the Crown's case. If therefore they did use his lying explanation against him, the jury must have concluded that the lie was not innocent \u2013 in other words the reason he was lying about why he had not answered the questions was because he had no answer to them or none which would withstand scrutiny. ... So on analysis if the jury in this case did draw adverse inferences against the appellant from his silence at interview, they could only have done so by following the same thought processes as they would have had to follow if the proper section 34 direction had been given. This is therefore not a case in which one cannot say what the jury would have done if such a direction had been given. Put shortly, if they did draw adverse inferences against the appellant following the directions which they were given, they could only have done so if they considered that the reason for his silence was that he had no or no sustainable answer to the questions he was asked.\u201d\n\nThe court referred to the earlier judgment of the Court of Appeal, which found the evidence against the applicant to be overwhelming, and concluded: \u201cThis was not therefore a case in which one could say that the correct direction would have tipped the balance\u201d.\n\nThe applicant's appeal against conviction was dismissed on 7 June 2006.", "applicant": "David Adetoro", "offset": 1087, "idx_mapping": [1087, 1088, 1089, 1090, 1091, 1092, 1093, 1094, 1095, 1096, 1097, 1098, 1099, 1100, 1101, 1102, 1103, 1104, 1105, 1106, 1107, 1087, 1087, 1087, 1087, 1087, 1087, 1087, 1087, 1087, 1087, 1087, 1087, 1087, 1121, 1122, 1123, 1124, 1125, 1126, 1127, 1128, 1129, 1130, 1131, 1132, 1133, 1134, 1135, 1136, 1137, 1138, 1139, 1140, 1141, 1142, 1143, 1144, 1145, 1146, 1147, 1148, 1149, 1150, 1151, 1152, 1153, 1154, 1155, 1156, 1157, 1158, 1159, 1160, 1161, 1162, 1163, 1164, 1165, 1166, 1167, 1168, 1169, 1170, 1171, 1172, 1173, 1174, 1175, 1176, 1177, 1178, 1179, 1180, 1181, 1182, 1183, 1184, 1185, 1186, 1187, 1188, 1189, 1190, 1191, 1192, 1193, 1194, 1195, 1196, 1197, 1198, 1199, 1200, 1201, 1202, 1203, 1204, 1205, 1206, 1207, 1208, 1209, 1210, 1211, 1212, 1213, 1214, 1215, 1216, 1217, 1218, 1219, 1220, 1221, 1222, 1223, 1224, 1225, 1226, 1227, 1228, 1229, 1230, 1231, 1232, 1233, 1234, 1235, 1236, 1237, 1238, 1239, 1240, 1241, 1242, 1243, 1244, 1245, 1246, 1247, 1248, 1249, 1250, 1251, 1252, 1253, 1254, 1255, 1256, 1257, 1258, 1259, 1260, 1261, 1262, 1263, 1264, 1265, 1266, 1267, 1268, 1269, 1270, 1271, 1272, 1273, 1274, 1275, 1276, 1277, 1278, 1279, 1280, 1281, 1282, 1283, 1284, 1285, 1286, 1287, 1288, 1289, 1290, 1291, 1292, 1293, 1294, 1295, 1296, 1297, 1298, 1299, 1300, 1301, 1302, 1303, 1304, 1305, 1306, 1307, 1308, 1309, 1310, 1311, 1312, 1313, 1314, 1315, 1316, 1317, 1318, 1319, 1320, 1321, 1322, 1323, 1324, 1325, 1326, 1327, 1328, 1329, 1330, 1331, 1332, 1333, 1334, 1335, 1336, 1337, 1338, 1339, 1340, 1341, 1342, 1343, 1344, 1345, 1346, 1347, 1348, 1349, 1350, 1351, 1352, 1353, 1354, 1355, 1356, 1357, 1358, 1359, 1360, 1361, 1362, 1363, 1364, 1365, 1366, 1367, 1368, 1369, 1370, 1371, 1372, 1373, 1374, 1375, 1376, 1377, 1378, 1379, 1380, 1381, 1382, 1383, 1384, 1385, 1386, 1387, 1388, 1389, 1390, 1391, 1392, 1393, 1394, 1395, 1396, 1397, 1398, 1399, 1400, 1401, 1402, 1403, 1404, 1405, 1406, 1407, 1408, 1409, 1410, 1411, 1412, 1413, 1414, 1415, 1416, 1417, 1418, 1419, 1420, 1421, 1422, 1423, 1424, 1425, 1426, 1427, 1428, 1429, 1430, 1431, 1432, 1433, 1434, 1435, 1436, 1437, 1438, 1439, 1440, 1441, 1442, 1443, 1444, 1445, 1446, 1447, 1448], "duplicates": 1}
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Gerhard Lang was born in 1969 and lives in Altmünster. Upon his baptism on 30 July 1983 Gerhard Lang became a member of the recognised religious community of the Jehovah’s Witnesses in Austria, within which he assumed the function of a preacher (Prediger) and, since 6 November 1997, an elder (Ältester) in the Jehovah’s Witnesses’ community in Gmunden. This function includes providing pastoral care to the community, leading church services and preaching. In September 2000 the Upper Austrian Military Authority (Militärkommando) ordered Gerhard Lang to undergo examinations as to his ability to perform military service. Gerhard Lang appealed against the order, claiming that he should be dispensed from military service since he performed a function within the Jehovah’s Witnesses which was equivalent to that of members of a recognised religious society who were exempt from military service under section 24(3) of the Military Service Act (Wehrgesetz).
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"001-91786_a8_em26", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "14 December 2000", "start_offset": 2442}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "insert", "end_offset": 2531, "entity_id": "001-91786_a8_e25", "entity_mention_id": "001-91786_a8_em27", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Federal Minister for Defence (Bundesminister f\u00fcr Landesverteidigung)", "start_offset": 2463}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 2711, "entity_id": "001-91786_a8_e26", "entity_mention_id": "001-91786_a8_em28", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "25 January 2001", "start_offset": 2696}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "insert", "end_offset": 2800, "entity_id": "001-91786_a8_e27", "entity_mention_id": "001-91786_a8_em29", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Constitutional Court (Verfassungsgerichtshof)", "start_offset": 2755}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 2938, "entity_id": "001-91786_a8_e28", "entity_mention_id": "001-91786_a8_em30", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "25 September 2001", "start_offset": 2921}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "insert", "end_offset": 2963, "entity_id": "001-91786_a8_e29", "entity_mention_id": "001-91786_a8_em31", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Constitutional Court", "start_offset": 2943}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 3410, "entity_id": "001-91786_a8_e30", "entity_mention_id": "001-91786_a8_em32", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "23 May 2003", "start_offset": 3399}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "insert", "end_offset": 3460, "entity_id": "001-91786_a8_e31", "entity_mention_id": "001-91786_a8_em33", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Administrative Court (Verwaltungsgerichtshof)", "start_offset": 3415}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 3770, "entity_id": "001-91786_a8_e32", "entity_mention_id": "001-91786_a8_em34", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "4 July 2003", "start_offset": 3759}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 3790, "entity_id": "001-91786_a8_e5", "entity_mention_id": "001-91786_a8_em35", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "26 August 2003", "start_offset": 3776}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 3843, "entity_id": "001-91786_a8_e33", "entity_mention_id": "001-91786_a8_em36", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Federal Ministry for Defence", "start_offset": 3815}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "insert", "end_offset": 3902, "entity_id": "001-91786_a8_e34", "entity_mention_id": "001-91786_a8_em37", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "European Court of Human Rights", "start_offset": 3872}]}, "annotator9": null}, "quality_checked": [], "task": "Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Gerhard Lang", "meta": {"applicant": "Gerhard Lang", "articles": [91, 34, 49, 52, 34, 44, 32, 34, 57, 34, 93], "countries": "AUT", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2009}, "doc_id": "001-91786", "dataset_type": "train", "orig_text": "PROCEDURE\n\nThe case originated in an application (no. 28648/03) against the Republic of Austria lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (\u201cthe Convention\u201d) by an Austrian national, Mr Gerhard Lang (\u201cthe applicant\u201d), on 26 August 2003.\n\nThe applicant was represented by Mr R. Kohlhofer, a lawyer practising in Vienna. The Austrian Government (\u201cthe Government\u201d) were represented by their Agent, Mr F. Trauttmansdorff, Head of the International Law Department at the Federal Ministry for European and International Affairs.\n\nThe applicant alleged that he had been discriminated against in the exercise of his rights under Articles 4 and 9 of the Convention on the ground of his religion as he was liable for military or alternative civilian service whereas members of recognised religious societies holding religious functions comparable to his functions were exempted.\n\nOn 17 November 2005 the President of the First Section decided to give notice of the application to the Government. It was also decided to examine the merits of the application at the same time as its admissibility (Article 29 \u00a7 3).\n\nTHE FACTS\n\nI. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE\n\nThe applicant was born in 1969 and lives in Altm\u00fcnster.\n\nUpon his baptism on 30 July 1983 the applicant became a member of the recognised religious community of the Jehovah\u2019s Witnesses in Austria, within which he assumed the function of a preacher (Prediger) and, since 6 November 1997, an elder (\u00c4ltester) in the Jehovah\u2019s Witnesses\u2019 community in Gmunden. This function includes providing pastoral care to the community, leading church services and preaching.\n\nIn September 2000 the Upper Austrian Military Authority (Milit\u00e4rkommando) ordered the applicant to undergo examinations as to his ability to perform military service. The applicant appealed against the order, claiming that he should be dispensed from military service since he performed a function within the Jehovah\u2019s Witnesses which was equivalent to that of members of a recognised religious society who were exempt from military service under section 24(3) of the Military Service Act (Wehrgesetz). To restrict such a privilege to members of recognised religious societies was not objectively justified and was therefore in breach of the Federal Constitution.\n\nOn 9 October 2000 the Upper Austria Military Authority dismissed the applicant\u2019s appeal. On 14 December 2000 the Federal Minister for Defence (Bundesminister f\u00fcr Landesverteidigung) confirmed that decision. Both authorities refused the applicant\u2019s appeals on the ground that he did not belong to a recognised religious society.\n\nSubsequently, on 25 January 2001, the applicant lodged a complaint with the Constitutional Court (Verfassungsgerichtshof), requesting it to repeal the wording \u201crecognised religious societies\u201d in section 24(3) of the Military Service Act.\n\nOn 25 September 2001 the Constitutional Court refused to deal with the applicant\u2019s complaint for lack of prospects of success. It found that the applicant\u2019s obligations under the Military Service Act did not interfere with the internal rules and practices of the religious community at issue. It furthermore referred to earlier decisions dealing with the legal status of religious communities and their difference from recognised religious societies under the Recognition Act.\n\nOn 23 May 2003 the Administrative Court (Verwaltungsgerichtshof) dismissed the applicant\u2019s complaint. It found that exemption from the obligation to perform military service merely applied to members of recognised religious societies and could not be extended to members of registered religious communities. This decision was served on the applicant\u2019s counsel on 4 July 2003.\n\nOn 26 August 2003 the applicant asked the Federal Ministry for Defence to take no action until the European Court of Human Rights had decided on his application. 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| 1
|
Between 1984 and 1992 Max Myer Kingsley was the sole managing director of London Clubs Limited (“LCL”), a company which owned and controlled six of the twenty casinos licensed to operate in London. LCL was a subsidiary company of London Clubs International PLC (“LCI”) of which Max Myer Kingsley was also managing director. Both companies will hereafter be collectively referred to as London Clubs. In June 1991 a raid took place at the various premises of LCL. The raid was carried out by the police in the presence of officials of the Gaming Board for Great Britain (“the Gaming Board”), a statutory body which regulates and monitors the gaming industry.
|
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Valner", "start_offset": 774}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 817, "entity_id": "001-60487_a8_e7", "entity_mention_id": "001-60487_a8_em7", "entity_type": "LOC", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "London", "start_offset": 811}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 848, "entity_id": "001-60487_a8_e8", "entity_mention_id": "001-60487_a8_em8", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "United Kingdom Government", "start_offset": 823}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 917, "entity_id": "001-60487_a8_e9", "entity_mention_id": "001-60487_a8_em9", "entity_type": "PERSON", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Mr C. 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"end_offset": 21610, "entity_id": "001-60487_a8_e60", "entity_mention_id": "001-60487_a8_em156", "entity_type": "PERSON", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Mr Justice Jowitt", "start_offset": 21593}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 21800, "entity_id": "001-60487_a8_e76", "entity_mention_id": "001-60487_a8_em157", "entity_type": "PERSON", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Mr Kingsley", "start_offset": 21789}]}, "annotator9": null}, "quality_checked": [], "task": "Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Max Myer Kingsley", "meta": {"applicant": "Max Myer Kingsley", "articles": [91, 34, 54, 34, 44, 32, 34, 52, 49, 34, 93], "countries": "GBR", "legal_branch": "GRANDCHAMBER", "year": 2002}, "doc_id": "001-60487", "dataset_type": "train", "orig_text": "PROCEDURE\n\nThe case originated in an application (no. 35605/97) against the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland lodged with the European Commission of Human Rights (\u201cthe Commission\u201d) under former Article 25 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (\u201cthe Convention\u201d) by a United Kingdom national, Mr Max Myer Kingsley (\u201cthe applicant\u201d), on 23 December 1996.\n\nThe applicant alleged that he had been deprived of a hearing before an independent and impartial tribunal, in breach of Article 6 \u00a7 1 of the Convention.\n\nThe application was transmitted to the Court on 1 November 1998, when Protocol No. 11 to the Convention came into force (Article 5 \u00a7 2 of Protocol No. 11).\n\nThe applicant was represented before the Court by Mr N. Valner, a lawyer practising in London. The United Kingdom Government (\u201cthe Government\u201d) were represented by their Agent, Mr C. Whomersley, of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, London.\n\nThe application was allocated to the Third Section of the Court (Rule 52 \u00a7 1 of the Rules of Court). On 14 September 1999 it was declared admissible by a Chamber of that Section (\u201cthe Chamber\u201d), composed of the following judges: Mr J.-P. Costa, President, Mr L. Loucaides, Mr P. K\u016bris, Mrs F. Tulkens, Mr K. Jungwiert, Sir Nicolas Bratza, Mrs H.S. Greve and also of Mrs S. Doll\u00e9, Section Registrar.\n\nOn 7 November 2000 the Chamber delivered its judgment in which it held, unanimously, that there had been a violation of Article 6 \u00a7 1 of the Convention [Note by the Registry. The judgment is available from the Registry]. The Chamber decided, by six votes to one, that the finding of a violation constituted sufficient just satisfaction for the non-pecuniary damage sustained by the applicant and, apart from a unanimous award of 13,500 pounds sterling in respect of Strasbourg legal costs and expenses, it dismissed the remainder of the applicant's claims for just satisfaction. Mr Loucaides's partly dissenting opinion was annexed to the judgment.\n\nOn 14 December 2000 the applicant requested, in accordance with Article 43 of the Convention and Rule 73, that the case be referred to the Grand Chamber. A panel of the Grand Chamber accepted his request on 17 January 2001.\n\nThe composition of the Grand Chamber was determined according to the provisions of Article 27 \u00a7\u00a7 2 and 3 of the Convention and Rule 24.\n\nThe applicant and the Government each filed written observations concerning the issues under Article 41 of the Convention (see paragraph 33 below). In addition, third-party comments were received from Liberty, a non-governmental organisation based in London (Article 36 \u00a7 2 of the Convention and Rule 61 \u00a7 3).\n\nA hearing took place in public in the Human Rights Building, Strasbourg, on 7 November 2001 (Rule 59 \u00a7 2). There appeared before the Court: (a) for the Government Mr C. Whomersley, Foreign and Commonwealth Office, Agent, Lord Goldsmith QC, Attorney-General, Mr P. Sales, Mr M. Shaw, Counsel, Mr J. Robinson, Mr L. Herberg, Mr C. Harper, Advisers; (b) for the applicant Mr C. Greenwood QC, Counsel, Ms J. Stratford, Ms S. Playle, Advisers. The Court heard addresses by Lord Goldsmith and Mr Greenwood, and also their replies to questions from its individual members.\n\nTHE FACTS\n\nI. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE\n\nBetween 1984 and 1992 the applicant was the sole managing director of London Clubs Limited (\u201cLCL\u201d), a company which owned and controlled six of the twenty casinos licensed to operate in London. LCL was a subsidiary company of London Clubs International PLC (\u201cLCI\u201d) of which the applicant was also managing director. Both companies will hereafter be collectively referred to as London Clubs.\n\nIn June 1991 a raid took place at the various premises of LCL. The raid was carried out by the police in the presence of officials of the Gaming Board for Great Britain (\u201cthe Gaming Board\u201d), a statutory body which regulates and monitors the gaming industry. A large quantity of documents was seized. In March 1992 the Gaming Board lodged objections with the clerk to the Licensing Magistrates with regard to LCL's annual application for renewal of the licences it held in respect of each of its casinos. The Gaming Board also made cancellation applications in respect of the existing licences held by LCL. A meeting was held between the Gaming Board and the non-executive directors of LCL and their legal advisers on 26 March 1992. As a result of that meeting, the applicant and the other executive directors (with the exception of the finance director) resigned with effect from 30 April 1992, on the understanding that such resignation was involuntary and constituted dismissal by London Clubs. Subsequently an agreement was reached between the Gaming Board and London Clubs, whereby LCL would apply for new licences for the casinos via reconstituted operating companies, to which applications the Gaming Board would not object. If the applications were successful and new licences were granted by the Licensing Magistrates, LCL would undertake to surrender its existing licences, thereby avoiding the necessity for the applications for cancellation or renewal to be heard. The Gaming Board issued LCL with certificates of consent, which LCL was statutorily obliged to obtain from the Gaming Board as a prerequisite to making an application to the Licensing Magistrates for new licences. Objections to the issuing of new licences were made by a rival casino owner. However, these objections were rejected and new licences were granted in October 1992, after a three day hearing before the Licensing Magistrates. The Gaming Board was represented at the hearing and expressed to the Licensing Magistrates its support for the application of LCL, explaining the grounds on which the Gaming Board itself had granted LCL certificates of consent in the following terms: \u201cIn determining that it should issue certificates of consent the Board took into consideration, amongst other relevant factors, the degree to which LCI had addressed the Board's grave concerns at the matters of complaint referred to above, and in particular had in mind the following: Those executive directors of LCI and of [LCL] who in the Board's view carried the principal responsibility for the matters of complaint ... [the applicant was named along with nine others] have left the company and relinquished their management shares. ... The Board and Police viewed the matters raised in their cancellation applications extremely seriously. However they are satisfied that the practices that were unacceptable have now been eradicated and that those individuals responsible for encouraging or tolerating them have been removed.\u201d\n\nIn November 1992 the Chairman of the Gaming Board, Lady Littler, addressed the British Casino Association at its annual luncheon. Her speech referred to London Clubs and commented: \u201cWe [the Gaming Board] satisfied ourselves that the practices we and the Police had regarded as unacceptable had ceased, that persons regarded by the Board and Police as not fit and proper had been removed ...\u201d\n\nAs a result of this speech, the applicant's legal advisers entered into correspondence with the Gaming Board's solicitors, on the basis that the speech was defamatory. The Gaming Board alleged that the \u201cpersons\u201d referred to were minority shareholders and no reference to the applicant was intended. The applicant did not accept this explanation, but did not institute defamation proceedings.\n\nBy a letter of 22 December 1992, the applicant's legal advisers received written notice that the Gaming Board was considering whether the applicant was a fit and proper person to hold the Board's certificate of approval, as required by section 19 of the Gaming Act 1968 (\u201cthe 1968 Act\u201d) in order to hold a management position in the gaming industry. By a letter dated 23 April 1993, the Gaming Board informed the applicant formally that it was \u201cminded to revoke\u201d the applicant's section 19 certificates and that the applicant would be given the opportunity to state his case against revocation either in writing or orally at an interview before the Gaming Board (\u201ca section 19 hearing\u201d). The letter detailed the matters which the Gaming Board wished to discuss with the applicant and also referred to the particulars of the Gaming Board's complaints in the application for cancellation of LCL's licences (the hearing of which had, in fact, never taken place). In these complaints, numbered B1 to B9, it was claimed, inter alia, that there had been breaches of section 16 of the 1968 Act, in that cheques had been accepted without any expectation that they would be met promptly (B1); that the applicant had been involved in granting cheque-cashing facilities to members without proper investigation of their creditworthiness (B2); that cheques had been accepted which exceeded the authors' cheque-cashing facility (B3); that third-party cheques had been accepted in a way which would permit circumvention of the 1984 Guidelines of the British Casino Association (B4); that Japanese players had been assisted in breaching Japanese exchange-control regulations (B5); that gifts or hospitality had been made to substantial players in breach of further 1984 guidelines (B7); and that the method for computing the \u201ccash drop\u201d in casinos produced inaccuracies, and was open to abuse (B9). Examples were given.\n\nThe applicant's legal advisers objected to the Gaming Board presiding the section 19 hearing, suggesting that an independent tribunal be set up as an alternative. The applicant's principal objection was based on the fact that the Gaming Board had already publicly expressed the view (at the hearing before the Licensing Magistrates) that the applicant was not a fit and proper person to remain an executive director of London Clubs. As such, the applicant contended, the Gaming Board could not be considered an impartial tribunal appropriate to consider the issue of whether the applicant's section 19 certificates should be revoked.\n\nThe Gaming Board rejected the request for an independent tribunal and the section 19 hearing opened on 11 April 1994 before a panel of three, all members of the Gaming Board (\u201cthe Panel\u201d). The hearing was conducted in private and lasted for seven and a half days. The applicant was represented by senior counsel. The Gaming Board's solicitors, a senior Gaming Board official and a representative of the Gaming Board's accountants also attended the hearing. By a letter dated 28 May 1994, the applicant was informed that the Gaming Board did not consider the applicant to be a fit and proper person to continue to hold the Board's certificates of approval and that, accordingly, the Board would revoke his section 19 certificates within twenty-one days of receipt of the letter. This letter detailed the matters which had been of concern to the Gaming Board and the complaints that it deemed established against the applicant.\n\nThe effect of the revocation of the section 19 certificates was that the applicant was unable to obtain employment in any sector of the gaming industry in the United Kingdom or in any jurisdiction which had a relationship with the United Kingdom gaming authorities.\n\nBy an application dated 23 August 1994, the applicant sought leave to apply for judicial review of the decision of the Gaming Board to revoke his section 19 certificates. The decision was challenged on the grounds that the Panel was biased, or had the appearance of bias, and that its findings were vitiated by errors of law and were irrational.\n\nIn the course of the judicial review proceedings, a document entitled \u201cConfidential Annex to Minutes of the 281st Board Meeting of the Gaming Board for Great Britain\u201d, dated 21 January 1993, was produced, attached to an affidavit sworn by the Chairman of the Gaming Board. This document recorded that the Gaming Board had decided at its meeting on 21 January 1993 that it had \u201csufficient evidence before it to conclude that [the applicant] ... was not a fit and proper person to be a director of a casino company\u201d.\n\nAll the members of the Panel before which the section 19 hearing took place had been present at the Board meeting and were parties to this decision, which had been taken prior to the hearing itself.\n\nThe application for judicial review was dismissed on 11 January 1996 by Mr Justice Jowitt after a hearing lasting over sixteen days. He delivered three separate judgments in respect of the applicant's appeal. The first judgment dealt with the scope of the phrase \u201ca fit and proper person\u201d in Schedule 5 of the 1968 Act. The second judgment considered the applicant's claim that he had a \u201clegitimate expectation\u201d that the Gaming Board would be precluded from taking account of any breaches of its guidelines unless the breaches were unlawful. The third judgment, which dealt with \u201cWednesbury\u201d challenges and allegations of bias, ran to 165 pages. Mr Justice Jowitt stated that the scope of the judicial review was such that he was not concerned to review findings of fact, as for an appeal, but rather to assess whether the findings of the Panel disclosed illegality, irrationality (\u201cWednesbury unreasonableness\u201d) or procedural impropriety.\n\nOn pages 28 to 93 of the third judgment, Mr Justice Jowitt dealt with the applicant's \u201cWednesbury\u201d challenges to the findings in respect of the various complaints made of him.\n\nBy way of example, it was accepted that cheques drawn by one player, a Mr S., on a Spanish and a Swiss bank were not cleared within twenty-one days after payment into a British bank, as would be the normal course of events. Rather, the average time for clearance was 179 days. The Board found that this practice breached section 16 of the 1968 Act, which prohibits credit betting save when a cheque is exchanged for tokens. The applicant alleged that the cheques he accepted were not shams, as none of the Spanish cheques was ever dishonoured. The judge found that the Board's conclusion \u2013 that what took place amounted to an agreement between Mr S. and LCL, such that section 16 was breached \u2013 was a conclusion it was entitled to reach.\n\nFifty-seven pages of the third judgment were devoted to the issue of bias. Mr Justice Jowitt described the test of bias under English law in the following terms (pp. 93-96 of the judgment): \u201c[Counsel for the applicant] submits that the decision to revoke the applicant's section 19 certificates of approval should be quashed because the Panel was biased. The grounds on which leave to move for judicial review were granted asserted firstly that the Board could not and did not approach its decision with objectivity and impartiality. Secondly, it was asserted that whether or not there was actual bias the applicant reasonably believed there was and that the Board should have had regard to the appearance of bias which had been created by its actions ... There was no disagreement between the parties as to the approach the court should adopt when bias is alleged. It is a two-stage test. The applicant has first to show from the evidence that there is an appearance of bias (R. v. Inner West London Coroner, ex parte Dallaglio [1994] 4 All England Law Reports 139). [Counsel for the Gaming Board] properly and realistically accepts that in the light of the available evidence the applicant has surmounted this hurdle. Having done so, he has to go on to show that on a proper examination by the court of the evidence before it there is demonstrated a real danger of injustice having occurred as a result of bias ... [The analysis in that case of] the decision of the House of Lords in R. v. Gough [1993] Appeal Cases 646 ... illuminates my task in relation to this second stage. '(1) Any court seised of a challenge on the ground of apparent bias must ascertain the relevant circumstances and consider all the evidence for itself so as to reach its own conclusion on the facts. ... (3) In reaching its conclusion the court \u201cpersonifies the reasonable man\u201d. (4) The question on which the court must reach its own factual conclusion is this: is there a real danger of injustice having occurred as a result of bias? By \u201creal\u201d is meant not without substance. A real danger clearly involves more than a minimal risk, less than a probability. One could, I think, as well speak of a real risk or a real possibility. (5) Injustice will have occurred as a result of bias if \u201cthe decision-maker unfairly regarded with disfavour the case of a party to the issue under consideration by him\u201d. I take \u201cunfairly regarded with disfavour\u201d to mean \u201cwas pre-disposed or prejudiced against one party's case for reasons unconnected with the merits of the issue\u201d. (6) A decision-maker may have unfairly regarded with disfavour one party's case either consciously or unconsciously. Where, as here, the applicants expressly disavow any suggestion of actual bias, it seems to me that the court must necessarily be asking itself whether there is a real danger that the decision-maker was unconsciously biased. (7) ... the court is [not] concerned strictly with the appearance of bias but rather with establishing the possibility that there was actual although unconscious bias. ... (9) It is not necessary for the applicant to demonstrate a real possibility that the ... decision would have been different but for the bias; what must be established is the real danger of bias having affected the decision in the sense of having caused the decision-maker, albeit unconsciously, to weigh the competing contentions, and so decide the merits, unfairly.' \u201d\n\nMr Justice Jowitt then applied the test of bias which he had set out to the facts of the case, and concluded that, on the evidence before him, he could not say that the applicant had established that there was a real danger of injustice having occurred as a result of bias. He concluded that there was no unconscious bias on the part of any of the Panel members.\n\nMr Justice Jowitt stated further that if, contrary to his finding, there was unconscious bias on the part of the Panel, the \u201cdoctrine of necessity\u201d fell to be considered. He said: \u201cWhen a body is charged by statute with the power or duty, which cannot be delegated, to make a decision in circumstances in which a question of bias arises because: (i) in pursuance of that statutory power or duty an initial view has been formed upon a matter affecting the interests of someone in respect of whom the body in the exercise of its statutory power or duty has thereafter to make a decision, or final decision, after receiving and considering representations which he is entitled to make or (ii) in the exercise of a statutory power or duty to make a decision a conflict arises between the interests of another or others which have to be taken into account and the body's own interests: the decision will not be liable to be impugned on account of bias provided that: (i) if only some of those charged with the power or duty to decide are potentially affected by bias such of them as can lawfully withdraw from the decision-making do so, and (ii) those of the decision-makers who are potentially affected by bias but cannot lawfully withdraw use their best endeavours to avoid the effect of bias and, consistently with the purpose for which its decision has to be made, the body takes what reasonable steps are open to it to minimise the risk of bias affecting them ...\u201d Mr Justice Jowitt indicated that if, contrary to his finding, there was unconscious bias on the part of the Panel, the doctrine of necessity would apply, and the decision of the Panel would stand. Counsel for the applicant submitted before Mr Justice Jowitt that the Board had failed to take the reasonable step of appointing an independent body to hear evidence and report to the Panel. Mr Justice Jowitt rejected the submission, on the grounds that no useful reference could have been made to an independent tribunal which did not involve an impermissible delegation.\n\nIn respect of all other allegations brought by the applicant, Mr Justice Jowitt concluded that the applicant had failed to establish that the Panel's decision was irrational or unreasonable or to make out any sufficient ground for judicial review. Mr Justice Jowitt noted that, by trying to frame his allegations in terms of \u201cWednesbury unreasonableness\u201d, the applicant was in fact making an impermissible attempt to re-argue the case as though on appeal in order to have the factual merits of the case re-examined.\n\nThe Court of Appeal, after an oral hearing on 4 July 1996, refused an application for leave to appeal from Mr Justice Jowitt's decision. Lord Justice Morritt (with whom Lord Justice Hobhouse agreed) held, on the \u201cdoctrine of necessity,\u201d as follows: \u201cI am prepared to assume in favour of [the applicant] that he would have an arguable case sufficient to justify leave to appeal, that there was a real risk that the decision of the tribunal had been actuated by bias even though they were not in fact biased against him. That would leave the question of how the doctrine of necessity would be applied to the facts of the case. [Counsel for the applicant] did not seek to suggest that the propositions of law which [Mr Justice Jowitt] enunciated, and which I have quoted, were not accurately formulated by him, but he sought to challenge the final conclusion, to which I have just referred, that there could have been [no] useful reference to an independent tribunal which did not involve an impermissible delegation. The question of bias, therefore, depends on the very limited point of whether it is arguable that [Mr Justice Jowitt] was wrong in that respect. I am bound to say that, on that limited point, I think he was manifestly right. The decision for the Board was, at the end of the day, whether or not Mr Kingsley was a fit and proper person. That could not be delegated to an independent panel and if they were actuated by bias, apparent or real, then the decision would still have to be made by them. Therefore, on the doctrine of necessity, which is accepted, there could have been no meaningful independent panel and the decision would stand because the decision has to be made by the Board and could not be delegated to the independent tribunal. 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Arnold Fragner lives in Engelhartstetten. Arnold Fragner is a practitioner of general medicine. He has an individual contract with the Lower Austrian Health Insurance Board (Niederösterreichische Gebietskrankenkasse). One part of the contract between Arnold Fragner and the Lower Austrian Health Insurance Board is the Remuneration Regulation (Honorarordnung) which states that certain types of examinations will only be reimbursed if they are performed by a specialist doctor. In 1995 Arnold Fragner treated two patients carrying out minor chirurgical interventions.
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"001-100487_a8_em55", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "27 September 2005", "start_offset": 5262}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 5304, "entity_id": "001-100487_a8_e32", "entity_mention_id": "001-100487_a8_em56", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Constitutional Court", "start_offset": 5284}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 5449, "entity_id": "001-100487_a8_e12", "entity_mention_id": "001-100487_a8_em57", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Regional Appeals Commission", "start_offset": 5422}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 5668, "entity_id": "001-100487_a8_e43", "entity_mention_id": "001-100487_a8_em58", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "29 November 2005", "start_offset": 5652}]}, "annotator9": null}, "quality_checked": [], "task": "Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Arnold Fragner", "meta": {"applicant": "Arnold Fragner", "articles": [91, 34, 54, 34, 93], "countries": "AUT", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2010}, "doc_id": "001-100487", "dataset_type": "train", "orig_text": "PROCEDURE\n\nThe case originated in an application (no. 18283/06) against the Republic of Austria lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (\u201cthe Convention\u201d) by an Austrian national, Mr Arnold Fragner (\u201cthe applicant\u201d), on 4 May 2006.\n\nThe applicant was represented by Mr M. Lechner, a lawyer practising in Lochau. The Austrian Government (\u201cthe Government\u201d) were represented by their Agent, Ambassador H. Tichy, Head of the International Law Department at the Federal Ministry for European and International Affairs.\n\nThe applicant alleged that the proceedings concerning his doctor's fees had not been dealt with within a reasonable time and that the Regional Appeals Commission which dealt with his case had not been impartial or independent.\n\nOn 19 June 2008 the President of the First Section decided to give notice of the application to the Government. It was also decided to examine the merits of the application at the same time as its admissibility (Article 29 \u00a7 1).\n\nTHE FACTS\n\nI. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE\n\nThe applicant lives in Engelhartstetten.\n\nThe applicant is a practitioner of general medicine. He has an individual contract with the Lower Austrian Health Insurance Board (Nieder\u00f6sterreichische Gebietskrankenkasse).\n\nOne part of the contract between the applicant and the Lower Austrian Health Insurance Board is the Remuneration Regulation (Honorarordnung) which states that certain types of examinations will only be reimbursed if they are performed by a specialist doctor.\n\nIn 1995 the applicant treated two patients carrying out minor chirurgical interventions. He claimed payment for these treatments from the Lower Austrian Health Insurance Board, submitting that the chirurgical interventions had been so urgent that he could not obtain the necessary visa from a chief physician (Chefarztgenehmigung). Moreover, the restriction excluding general practitioners from administering certain types of therapy (Fachgruppenbeschr\u00e4nkung) was arbitrary and against honest practices (gute Sitten).\n\nThe Lower Austrian Health Insurance Board refused to pay the fees claimed as the applicant is not a specialist doctor but a general practitioner.\n\nThereupon, on 2 May 1996, the applicant claimed fees in the amount of 1,770 Austrian Schillings (ATS), approximately 128.63 euros (EUR), before the Joint Arbitration Committee (Parit\u00e4tische Schiedskommission).\n\nOn 4 September 1996 the Joint Arbitration Committee held a hearing but, because of a tie vote, it could not take a binding decision.\n\nTherefore the applicant filed an application for the transfer of jurisdiction (Devolutionsantrag) to the Regional Appeals Commission (Landesberufungskommission) on 23 September 1996.\n\nOn 11 December 1996 the Regional Appeals Commission dismissed the applicant's claim as it found that the applicant had failed to obtain the necessary visa from a chief physician.\n\nOn 9 May 1997 the applicant filed a complaint with Constitutional Court (Verfassungsgerichtshof) and on 13 October 1999 that court quashed the Regional Appeals Commission's decision. The Constitutional Court found that the alleged unlawfulness of the restriction excluding general practitioners from administering certain types of therapy was a preliminary question which the Appeals Commission had failed to address.\n\nOn 3 May 2000 the applicant filed a request for proceedings to be resumed and, on 8 November 2000, the Appeals Commission held an oral hearing in which it decided to appoint an expert for examining the question of urgency of the chirurgical interventions forming the basis of the dispute.\n\nSince the expert did not deliver the report, the applicant, on 15 January 2001, urged the Appeals Commission to continue its examination.\n\nAfter the expert finally delivered the report a further hearing in camera was scheduled for 15 May 2002.\n\nAt the hearing the applicant's lawyer argued that the applicant was professionally competent to do the interventions at issue and that to give such treatment was his basic contractual obligation. Any conflicting restriction was therefore unlawful.\n\nSubsequently the Appeals Commission scheduled a further hearing, this time in public, for 26 November 2003 as in the meantime the Constitutional Court, on 25 November 2002, had found that Article 6 of the Convention required the Appeals Commissions to hold their hearing in public.\n\nThus, on 26 November 2003 a public hearing before the Appeals Commission took place in which the taking of evidence was repeated and the applicant's lawyer argued as in the previous hearing.\n\nOn 10 December 2004 the Appeals Commission dismissed the applicant's claim. It was not persuaded that there had actually been a situation of emergency allowing the applicant not to obtain the necessary visa from a chief physician beforehand. It also held that the restriction excluding general practitioners from administering certain types of therapy was lawful. This decision was served on the applicant's lawyer on 3 June 2005.\n\nOn 3 June 2005 the applicant complained to the Constitutional Court, alleging a breach of the principle of equal treatment, and partiality and lack of independence of the Regional Appeals Commission.\n\nOn 27 September 2005 the Constitutional Court found no violation of the right to a fair trial and upheld the contested decision. It held that the assessors of the Regional Appeals Commission were independent in exercising their function and no circumstances giving rise to doubts about their impartiality and independence had arisen in the present case. This decision was served on counsel on 29 November 2005.", "applicant": "Arnold Fragner", "offset": 1095, "idx_mapping": [1095, 1095, 1095, 1095, 1095, 1095, 1095, 1095, 1095, 1095, 1095, 1095, 1095, 1109, 1110, 1111, 1112, 1113, 1114, 1115, 1116, 1117, 1118, 1119, 1120, 1121, 1122, 1123, 1124, 1125, 1126, 1127, 1128, 1129, 1130, 1131, 1132, 1133, 1134, 1135, 1136, 1095, 1095, 1095, 1095, 1095, 1095, 1095, 1095, 1095, 1095, 1095, 1095, 1095, 1151, 1152, 1153, 1154, 1155, 1156, 1157, 1158, 1159, 1160, 1161, 1162, 1163, 1164, 1165, 1166, 1167, 1168, 1169, 1170, 1171, 1172, 1173, 1174, 1175, 1176, 1177, 1178, 1179, 1180, 1181, 1182, 1183, 1184, 1185, 1186, 1187, 1188, 1189, 1190, 1191, 1192, 1193, 1194, 1195, 1196, 1197, 1198, 1199, 1200, 1201, 1202, 1203, 1204, 1205, 1206, 1207, 1208, 1209, 1210, 1211, 1212, 1213, 1214, 1215, 1216, 1217, 1218, 1219, 1220, 1221, 1222, 1223, 1224, 1225, 1226, 1227, 1228, 1229, 1230, 1231, 1232, 1233, 1234, 1235, 1236, 1237, 1238, 1239, 1240, 1241, 1242, 1243, 1244, 1245, 1246, 1247, 1248, 1249, 1250, 1251, 1252, 1253, 1254, 1255, 1256, 1257, 1258, 1259, 1260, 1261, 1262, 1263, 1264, 1265, 1266, 1267, 1268, 1269, 1270, 1271, 1272, 1273, 1274, 1275, 1276, 1277, 1278, 1279, 1280, 1281, 1282, 1283, 1284, 1285, 1286, 1287, 1288, 1289, 1290, 1291, 1292, 1293, 1294, 1295, 1296, 1297, 1298, 1299, 1300, 1301, 1302, 1303, 1304, 1305, 1306, 1307, 1308, 1309, 1310, 1311, 1312, 1313, 1314, 1315, 1316, 1317, 1318, 1319, 1320, 1321, 1322, 1323, 1324, 1325, 1326, 1327, 1328, 1329, 1330, 1331, 1332, 1333, 1334, 1335, 1336, 1337, 1338, 1339, 1340, 1341, 1342, 1343, 1344, 1345, 1095, 1095, 1095, 1095, 1095, 1095, 1095, 1095, 1095, 1095, 1095, 1095, 1095, 1360, 1361, 1362, 1363, 1364, 1365, 1366, 1367, 1368, 1369, 1370, 1371, 1372, 1373, 1374, 1375, 1376, 1377, 1378, 1379, 1380, 1381, 1382, 1383, 1384, 1385, 1386, 1387, 1388, 1389, 1390, 1391, 1392, 1393, 1394, 1395, 1396, 1397, 1398, 1399, 1400, 1401, 1402, 1403, 1404, 1405, 1406, 1407, 1408, 1409, 1410, 1411, 1412, 1413, 1414, 1415, 1416, 1417, 1418, 1419, 1420, 1421, 1422, 1423, 1424, 1425, 1426, 1427, 1428, 1429, 1430, 1431, 1432, 1433, 1434, 1435, 1436, 1437, 1438, 1439, 1440, 1441, 1442, 1443, 1444, 1445, 1446, 1447, 1448, 1449, 1450, 1451, 1452, 1453, 1454, 1455, 1456, 1457, 1458, 1459, 1460, 1461, 1462, 1463, 1464, 1465, 1466, 1467, 1468, 1469, 1470, 1471, 1472, 1473, 1474, 1475, 1476, 1477, 1478, 1479, 1480, 1481, 1482, 1483, 1484, 1485, 1486, 1487, 1488, 1489, 1490, 1491, 1492, 1493, 1494, 1495, 1496, 1497, 1498, 1499, 1500, 1501, 1502, 1503, 1504, 1505, 1506, 1507, 1508, 1509, 1510, 1511, 1512, 1513, 1514, 1515, 1516, 1517, 1518, 1519, 1520, 1521, 1522, 1523, 1524, 1525, 1526, 1527, 1528, 1529, 1530, 1531, 1532, 1533, 1534, 1535, 1536, 1537, 1538, 1539, 1540, 1541, 1542, 1543, 1544, 1545, 1546, 1547, 1548, 1549, 1550, 1551, 1552, 1553, 1554, 1555, 1556, 1557, 1558, 1559, 1560, 1561, 1562, 1563, 1564, 1565, 1566, 1567, 1568, 1569, 1570, 1571, 1572, 1573, 1574, 1575, 1576, 1577, 1578, 1579, 1580, 1095, 1095, 1095, 1095, 1095, 1095, 1095, 1095, 1095, 1095, 1095, 1095, 1095, 1595, 1596, 1597, 1598, 1599, 1600, 1601, 1602, 1603, 1604, 1605, 1606, 1607, 1608, 1609, 1610, 1611, 1612, 1613, 1614, 1615, 1616, 1617, 1618, 1619, 1620, 1621, 1622, 1623, 1624, 1625, 1626, 1627, 1628, 1629, 1630, 1631, 1632, 1633, 1634, 1635, 1636, 1637, 1638, 1639, 1640, 1641, 1642, 1643, 1644, 1645, 1646, 1647, 1648, 1649, 1650, 1651, 1652, 1653, 1654, 1655, 1656, 1657, 1658, 1659, 1660, 1661], "duplicates": 1}
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Sandro Nervas were employed as waiters at the material time. When Sandro Nervas received a tip in cash directly from a customer, the money was placed in a box called a “tronc” and distributed proportionately among the waiters at the end of the week by the “tronc master”. Initially, tips left by customers which were paid to the restaurant by way of an addition to a sum paid by cheque or credit card were dealt with by removing from the cash register a sum equivalent to the tip paid by cheque or credit card and placing it in the tronc, out of which it would be distributed at the end of the week in the same way as cash tips. In 1979, following an inspection from the tax authorities, Sandro Nervas’ employer was required to treat tips left by cheque or credit card within the “Pay-As-You-Earn” (“PAYE”) system. Under the PAYE system an employer had to ensure that employees’ income tax and national insurance contributions were deducted from the sums paid, and that employers’ national insurance contributions were paid on those sums.
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"year": 2002}, "doc_id": "001-60645", "dataset_type": "train", "orig_text": "PROCEDURE\n\nThe case originated in an application (no. 42295/98) against the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland lodged with the European Commission of Human Rights (\u201cthe Commission\u201d) under former Article 25 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (\u201cthe Convention\u201d) by Mr Sandro Nerva, an Italian national, and three Spanish nationals, Mr Jos\u00e9 Pulleiro, Mr Julio Rodriguez and Mr Jos\u00e9 Gigirey-Cabo (\u201cthe applicants\u201d), on 18 August 1997. The first two applicants are currently living in London, England. The fourth applicant lives in Spain. The third applicant is since deceased. His application is being pursued in his name by his brother, Mr Jos\u00e9 Antonio Rodriguez Montega, who lives in Spain.\n\nThe applicants, who had been granted legal aid, were represented before the Court by Ms C. Scrivens, a lawyer employed with the Central London Law Centre. The United Kingdom Government (\u201cthe Government\u201d) were represented by their Agent, Ms J. Foakes, of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office.\n\nThe applicants alleged, in particular, that their rights under Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 and under Article 14 of the Convention taken in conjunction with Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 had been breached given that the domestic courts of the respondent State had ruled that money which was left to them as tips by customers passed to their employer to be used as it wished and, in their case, to discharge the employer\u2019s statutory obligation to pay them a basic minimum wage.\n\nThe application was transmitted to the Court on 1 November 1998, when Protocol No. 11 to the Convention came into force (Article 5 \u00a7 2 of Protocol No. 11).\n\nThe application was originally allocated to the Third Section of the Court (Rule 52 \u00a7 1 of the Rules of Court), which declared it admissible on 11 September 2001.\n\nOn 1 November 2001 the Court changed the composition of its Sections (Rule 25 \u00a7 1). The application was allocated to the Second Section of the Court. Within that Section, the Chamber that would consider the case (Article 27 \u00a7 1 of the Convention) was constituted as provided in Rule 26 \u00a7 1.\n\nThe Government, but not the applicants, filed observations on the merits (Rule 59 \u00a7 1). The Chamber decided, after consulting the parties, that no hearing on the merits was required (Rule 59 \u00a7 2 in fine).\n\nTHE FACTS\n\nI. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE\n\nThe applicants were employed as waiters at the material time. When the applicants received a tip in cash directly from a customer, the money was placed in a box called a \u201ctronc\u201d and distributed proportionately among the waiters at the end of the week by the \u201ctronc master\u201d.\n\nInitially, tips left by customers which were paid to the restaurant by way of an addition to a sum paid by cheque or credit card were dealt with by removing from the cash register a sum equivalent to the tip paid by cheque or credit card and placing it in the tronc, out of which it would be distributed at the end of the week in the same way as cash tips.\n\nIn 1979, following an inspection from the tax authorities, the applicants\u2019 employer was required to treat tips left by cheque or credit card within the \u201cPay-As-You-Earn\u201d (\u201cPAYE\u201d) system. Under the PAYE system an employer had to ensure that employees\u2019 income tax and national insurance contributions were deducted from the sums paid, and that employers\u2019 national insurance contributions were paid on those sums. In the applicants\u2019 view, the tax authorities in 1979 were simply insisting that as cheque and credit card tips passed through the hands of the employer the latter was responsible for distribution and should be responsible for ensuring that tax and national insurance were properly deducted through PAYE.\n\nRather than distributing cash sums equivalent to those left by customers on cheque and credit card vouchers, the applicants\u2019 employer included \u201cadditional pay\u201d in their weekly pay slip. It would appear that the method of distribution was the same as the method hitherto applied to tronc money.\n\nAlthough initially opposed, this new system was eventually agreed to by the staff. The first applicant was already a staff member at the time of the introduction of the system. The remaining applicants agreed to the system when they took up employment. The applicants submitted that the staff agreement to the new system was not intended to alter the fact that the gratuities were to be paid in full to employees.\n\nThe cheque and credit card gratuities were the subject of deductions by the employer in respect of tax and national insurance contributions. The employer bore the charges of the credit card companies, varying at the time from 3% to 5% on the amount of the gratuities. When a credit card voucher was improperly completed and rejected by a credit card company, the employer wrote off the amount and, it would appear, did not seek to recover any sums distributed to waiters in respect of any gratuity included on the voucher; it does not appear either that the employer sought to recover from the waiters any sums which it did not receive as a result of dishonoured cheques. The applicants highlighted their view that this was not a new practice, but that it applied before 1979.\n\nAt the relevant time there was a legal requirement that various categories of workers, including waiting staff like the applicants, be paid a minimum sum as remuneration. This requirement was embodied first in the Wages Councils Act 1979 and then, as from 1 January 1987, in the Wages Act 1986.\n\nThe applicants sued their employer for breach of contract and challenged the employer\u2019s right to count the tips included in cheque or credit card payments as part of their statutory minimum remuneration. The applicants\u2019 claim covered the six-year period prior to 6 March 1989 and therefore straddled both of the above-mentioned Acts. In the Government\u2019s view, the issue between the parties was whether the \u201cadditional pay\u201d constituted money paid to them by their employer. If the applicants\u2019 claim was upheld, the consequence would have been that their employer had been paying them remuneration less that the statutory minimum over a period of years, in breach of contract, entitling them to substantial damages. The applicants maintained that the dispute centred on whether the \u201cadditional pay\u201d constituted money paid to the applicants by their employer or, they emphasised, by their employer in respect of time worked.\n\nOn 25 May 1994 a High Court judge, Mr Justice Mance, held on a preliminary point that tips included in cheque and credit card transactions did count against the minimum remuneration requirement. Mr Justice Mance rejected the applicants\u2019 submission that the tips paid in this manner were held in trust for them by the employer. In his judgment, the employer obtained the legal title to a tip paid by credit card or cheque, with the result that it became the employer\u2019s property.\n\nThe applicants appealed to the Court of Appeal. By the time of the hearing before the Court of Appeal, the applicants had accepted that property in the cheque and credit card tips passed to their employer and no longer relied on the argument that they were to be considered beneficiaries of money held on trust for them by the employer.\n\nIn its judgment of 15 May 1996, the Court of Appeal dismissed the applicants\u2019 appeal.\n\nLord Justice Staughton observed that it was not disputed that the relevant legislation (the Wages Councils Act 1979 and the Wages Act 1986) embodied the rule that what was paid by the employer and not by any other person counted as remuneration for the purpose of that legislation. For that reason, tips paid in cash to waiters or to the tronc did not count as remuneration. However, he considered that the same reasoning could not apply to tips which were built into payments made by cheque or credit card to their employer since the amounts became the latter\u2019s property. The employer thereafter paid an equivalent amount to the applicants. In his view, tips paid in this manner should count against the minimum remuneration requirement. Lord Justice Staughton rejected the attempts of the applicants\u2019 counsel to interpret the applicable legislation differently. He further rejected counsel\u2019s argument that the applicants had a right to the cheque and credit card tips as money had and received for their use. In Lord Justice Staughton\u2019s opinion, it was decisive that the employer was paying the tips with its own money even if they had been paid by the customers to the employer in the belief that the latter would pass the tips on to the waiters and on the understanding that it would do so.\n\nAs to the issue of the customers\u2019 intention when adding the tip to the cheque or credit card payment, Lord Justice Staughton considered: \u201cThis is relevant ... in deciding whether the money became the property of the employers or the waiters. But it is clear and (in this court) uncontroverted in this case that it became the property of the employers. Beyond that, as it seems to me, the intention of the customers has no part to play. ... \u201d\n\nMr Justice Douglas Brown concurred. As to the applicants\u2019 reliance on customer intention, Mr Justice Douglas Brown stated that the intention of the different customers could only be the subject of speculation.\n\nLord Justice Aldous dissented. As to tips paid by cheque or credit card, Lord Justice Aldous accepted that the amount was paid to the employer and therefore it could not be said that the tip so paid never became the employer\u2019s property. However, in his opinion the intention of the customer was the same when paying a tip by credit card or cheque as when paying by cash and, in either case, the customer had no intention of giving anything to the employer. Lord Justice Aldous stated: \u201cIt was paid to the employer by the customer as a gratuity with the intention that it should be passed to the staff in the same way as cash payments would be and was accepted upon that basis as was apparent from the way that it was operated. The money added to the slip was taken out of the till and added to the tronc. That being so, I do not believe that tips paid by way of cheque or credit card should be considered \u2018remuneration\u2019 when cash tips would not be.\u201d\n\nLord Justice Aldous further observed that there was no difference in principle between tips paid in cash and tips paid by cheque or credit card. In his opinion, the only difference was that in the latter cases the employer acted as agent for the customer and, when doing so, had to carry out its duties under the relevant tax legislation to ensure that tax was levied on the tips. However, the fact that tax on cheque and credit card tips was deducted under the PAYE system, instead of being paid by the waiters, did not affect the relationship between the customer and the employee and the intention of the customer that his tip would find its way into the hands of the employee rather than enriching the employer\u2019s bank account.\n\nOn 14 June 1996 the applicants applied for leave to appeal to the House of Lords. On 28 October 1996 the applicants were informed that the Appeal Committee had provisionally decided that leave to appeal should be given and that the applicants\u2019 employer was invited to submit objections to the applicants\u2019 petition before 11 November 1996. On 4 February 1997 the Appeal Committee referred the matter for an oral hearing before three Law Lords.\n\nOn 20 February 1997 the hearing was held. The applicants\u2019 counsel was given the opportunity to speak to the petition for leave and to address the employer\u2019s written objections. The hearing lasted five minutes. 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| 1
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Thomas Costers are gypsies by birth. As children, Thomas Costers lived and travelled with their respective families in and around the area known as the Borough of Maidstone in Kent. From 1987, the Borough was a designated area pursuant to section 12 of the Caravan Sites Act 1968 (see paragraphs 43-48 below). In 1982, Thomas Costers married. When the second applicant became pregnant, Thomas Costers decided to search for a permanent site on which to site their caravan.
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"001-59156", "dataset_type": "train", "orig_text": "PROCEDURE\n\nThe case was referred to the Court, in accordance with the provisions applicable prior to the entry into force of Protocol No. 11 to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (\u201cthe Convention\u201d),0 by the European Commission of Human Rights (\u201cthe Commission\u201d) on 30 October 1999 and by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (\u201cthe Government\u201d), on 10 December 1999 (Article 5 \u00a7 4 of Protocol No. 11 and former Articles 47 and 48 of the Convention).\n\nThe case originated in an application (no. 24876/94) against the United Kingdom lodged with the Commission under former Article 25 of the Convention by two British nationals, Mr Thomas Coster and Mrs Jessica Coster (\u201cthe first applicant\u201d and \u201cthe second applicant\u201d respectively), on 19 May 1994.\n\nThe applicants alleged that planning and enforcement measures taken against them in respect of their occupation of their land in their caravans violated their right to respect for home, family life and private life contrary to Article 8 of the Convention. They complained that these measures also disclosed an interference with the peaceful enjoyment of their possessions contrary to Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 to the Convention and deprived their children of education contrary to Article 2 of Protocol No. 1. They further complained that they were subject to discrimination as gypsies contrary to Article 14 of the Convention.\n\nThe Commission declared the application admissible on 4 March 1998. In its report of 25 October 1999 (former Article 31 of the Convention), it expressed the opinion that there had been no violation of Article 8 of the Convention (18 votes to 8), that there had been no violation of Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 (19 votes to 7), that there had been no violation of Article 2 of Protocol No. 1 (21 votes to 5) and that there had been no violation of Article 14 of the Convention (18 votes to 8).0\n\nBefore the Court, the applicants, who had been granted legal aid, were represented by Peter Kingshill and Co., solicitors practising in London. The United Kingdom Government were represented by their Agent, Mr Llewellyn of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office.\n\nOn 4 February 2000, the panel of the Grand Chamber determined that the case should be decided by the Grand Chamber (Rule 100 \u00a7 1 of the Rules of Court). The composition of the Grand Chamber was determined according to the provisions of Article 27 \u00a7\u00a7 2 and 3 of the Convention and Rule 24 of the Rules of Court. Sir Nicolas Bratza, the judge elected in respect of the United Kingdom, who had taken part in the Commission\u2019s examination of the case, withdrew from sitting in the Grand Chamber (Rule 28). The Government accordingly appointed Lord Justice Schiemann to sit as an ad hoc judge in his place (Article 27 \u00a7 2 of the Convention and Rule 29 \u00a7 1).\n\nThe applicants and the Government each filed a memorial. Third-party comments were also received from European Roma Rights Centre, which had been given leave by the President to intervene in the written procedure (Article 36 \u00a7 2 of the Convention and Rule 61 \u00a7 3).\n\nA hearing took place in public in the Human Rights Building, Strasbourg, on 24 May 2000 (Rule 59 \u00a7 2). There appeared before the Court: (a) for the respondent Government Mr H. Llewellyn, Agent, Mr D. Pannick Q.C., Mr D. Elvin Q.C., Mr M. Shaw, Counsel, Mr D. Russell, Mr S. Marshall-Camm, Advisers; (b) for the applicant Mr R. Drabble Q.C., Mr M. Willers, Counsel, Mr P. Kingshill, Solicitor, Mrs J. Kingshill, Adviser. The Court heard addresses by Mr Drabble and Mr Pannick.\n\nOn 29 November 2000, Mr Makarczyk, who was unable to take part in further consideration of the case, was replaced by Mr Bonello (Rules 24 \u00a7 5 (b) and 28).\n\nTHE FACTS\n\nI. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE\n\nThe applicants are gypsies by birth. As children, the applicants lived and travelled with their respective families in and around the area known as the Borough of Maidstone in Kent. From 1987, the Borough was a designated area pursuant to section 12 of the Caravan Sites Act 1968 (see paragraphs 43-48 below).\n\nIn 1982, the applicants married. When the second applicant became pregnant, the applicants decided to search for a permanent site on which to site their caravan. There remained few stopping places upon which they could lawfully park their caravan whilst travelling in the area and they faced the threat of continual eviction. The applicants wished for their children to be brought up in a stable environment which would facilitate the continuity of their education. The applicants now have four children, Jody born in 1983, Tommy in 1984, Jessica in 1991 and Joshua in 1993.\n\nThe applicants stated that they were refused a place on any local authorised site. They camped outside one official site for 5-6 weeks hoping to be offered a plot. No place was offered and court proceedings were brought against them by the Borough to secure their eviction from the land. The Government stated that the Borough has no knowledge or record of any request by the applicants for a pitch in 1982.\n\nWith the imminent birth of their first child, the applicants moved into the caravan occupied by the first applicant\u2019s mother on a permitted gypsy site and sold their own caravan. The caravan was however small and conditions became intolerable. Having nowhere else to go, the applicants in or about 1983 reluctantly applied for permanent accommodation and accepted the offer of a council flat. They commenced a tenancy in a fourth floor flat on 16 January 1984. Though they were moved to a first floor flat after 10 months, they found the flats totally unsuitable and alien to their traditional gypsy lifestyle. On 18 April 1986, they requested a transfer to a house on the grounds of the second applicant\u2019s health but were informed that there was a waiting list and that a move would be conditional on payment of outstanding rent. The applicants disputed that they owed any rent and suggested that the Borough has mistaken them for the tenants of a different flat, there being some confusion as to the addresses involved. In late 1987, the applicants requested a site on an official caravan site or more suitable accommodation but were told this was not possible. The Government stated that they did not wish to be placed on the waiting list.\n\nIn 1988, the applicants purchased land known as Summerfields in Headcorn, Kent and moved onto it, living in a caravan.\n\nOn 11 July 1988, the second applicant made a retrospective planning application for permission to station a caravan on their site. Permission was refused by the Borough on 13 October 1988.\n\nOn 23 September 1988, an enforcement notice was issued requiring discontinuance of the unauthorised use.\n\nIn July 1989, the applicants were convicted for failure to comply with the enforcement notice.\n\nOn 27 September 1989, a public enquiry was held by way of appeal against the refusal of planning permission. The appeal was dismissed. The Inspector accepted that the applicants were gypsies for whom conventional residence in permanent accommodation would lead to illness and problems of adjustment. They had therefore not lost their status as gypsies as a result of their residence in a flat. He found however that the development on a site, well outside built-up areas, was clearly visible and would constitute a significant intrusion into the attractive rural surroundings and seriously harm the character and appearance of the countryside contrary to the aims of the local development plans. The proximity of another established gypsy site a short distance along the same road was a further consideration for rejecting the application, since there would be a cumulative effect. Though there were hedges and trees providing partial screening, these would have less effect in the winter and the site was still a significant intrusion in the landscape. While he expressed his concern for the serious consequences of a refusal for the applicants and their two children, since they had nowhere to live for the foreseeable future apart perhaps from unauthorised camping sites, he concluded: \u201cIt is all a matter of weighing opposing considerations, and although both national and local policies envisage circumstances where the special needs of gypsies can outweigh the general objective of protecting the countryside, my view is that, because of such factors as the quality of this countryside, they do not prevail here.\u201d\n\nThe applicants made a further application for planning permission which was refused on 11 December 1989, seeking inter alia to argue that they had resited the caravan and provided more screening to minimise any visual impact on the landscape and that their site was less harmful than the two poorly screened sites nearby which were authorised by the Borough.\n\nA public enquiry was held before a Planning Inspector on 26 March 1991. The Inspector refused their appeal on 24 April 1991 and the applicants were penalised in costs on the basis that it was identical to the previous application. The Inspector did not find the granting of permission for caravans for two gypsy families some 300-400 metres away along the same road could be regarded as a material difference. \u201cOn the contrary, in my opinion three gypsy caravan sites within some 600 m of the length of Lenham Road would amount to an overconcentration of caravan sites in these rural surroundings.\u201d The Inspector went on: \u201c14. As to \u2026 alleged intentional homelessness, Counsel for the [Borough], on instructions, assured the inquiry that the [applicants\u2019] family would be offered short-term housing. This is the position the family have faced for a long time. [The applicants] conceded that the only action taken since the 1989 decision by or on behalf of the family to find another site or accommodation, was a telephone call \u2026 to the [Borough] in mid-December 1989. \u2026\n\nI have given sympathetic consideration to all of [the applicants] case. I accept that the family have a pressing local need for a caravan site. The provision of private sites should be encouraged. Kent County Council support the provision of private sites. So does Government policy. There should be a flexible attitude to such planning applications. As was said in a Parliamentary answer in 1987, well-run gypsy sites, once established, seldom give cause for serious complaints. \u2018Designated\u2019 authorities like Maidstone may still need to make extra provision in their area if the demand for gypsy accommodation increases. There are still gypsy families parked on unauthorised sites in the Maidstone area, including [the applicants]\u2026 No new gypsy sites have been opened in Maidstone since 1967.\n\nIn spite of [the applicants] planting and intended further planting, however, I find as a fact that the mobile home would remain intrusively visible from Lenham Road and Baker lane. The only way in which it could be made virtually invisible, \u2026, would be to provide physical screening which would in itself be an intrusive feature in the countryside. From the point of view of passers-by, the visual impact of the mobile home is made especially serious because of this being a corner site, with two long road frontages through which the site can be seen by the public. Having regard to the quality of the rural landscape, I consider that this development seriously damages the appearance and character of the surroundings. As this land is between the two authorised sites, this development results in an incipient loose ribbon of suburban-type development strung out along Lenham Road. This conflicts with generally well-respected policies aimed at protecting the landscape and at limiting residential development mainly to towns and villages.\n\nWhilst the position towards the eastern corner is an improvement on the previous siting in the northern corner, the mobile home still causes demonstrable harm to countryside interests of acknowledged importance. There is nowhere within the site at which a mobile home or caravan could be positioned without causing equally serious harm.\n\nI have taken into account the extent to which this site could satisfy the site-selection criteria\u2026 Rather than introducing minimum conflict with planning policies, this development is in serious conflict with the Structure Plan policies \u2026 aimed as protecting the character of the open countryside from development not demonstrated to be necessary for agriculture etc. There is also serious conflict with Policy C15 of the draft Local Plan, aimed at ensuring that permitted gypsy sites should not be intrusive features in the countryside.\u201d\n\nOn 12 September 1990, the applicants were convicted for breach of enforcement notices and ordered to pay GBP 275 each as a fine and contribute GBP 25 to the Borough\u2019s costs.\n\nIn February 1990, the Government stated that the applicants made enquiries from the Borough about rehousing but no formal application was made until 21 May 1990. On 23 July 1990, the applicants were formally informed by the Borough that they were considered as intentionally homeless since they had terminated their council tenancy to move onto land not permitted for residential use contrary to the advice of the Housing and Planning Departments.\n\nIn 1991, the applicants enquired about alternative accommodation on a private site but were informed that they were excluded due to the size of their family.\n\nOn 6 March 1992, the applicants stated that they were told that there was a waiting list for places on official sites but that since they were intentionally homeless they could not put their names on it for 2 years. According to the Government, in March 1992, the applicants applied to the Borough for housing on the grounds of homelessness and that contrary to the policy of refusing registration within two years after a finding of intentional homelessness the Borough agreed to re-register them as homeless on condition that they paid their arrears of rent for the council tenancy. The applicants did not pay the arrears.\n\nThe records of the Borough noted that, at a meeting on 26 June 1992, its officials repeated offers of temporary accommodation to give the applicants time to find permanent accommodation. The applicants were recorded as stating that they would not accept a place on an official site and that they would only accept temporary accommodation in their own caravan, which the Borough could not provide. The applicants state that they have no recollection of making the former statement.\n\nA third prosecution resulted in conviction and sentence was deferred to enable the applicants to move. On 24 July 1992, a fine of GBP 350 was imposed on each applicant.\n\nThe Borough took the decision to seek an injunction in the High Court restraining the applicants from stationing their caravan on their land and gave notice to the applicants. On 16 October 1992, the applicants left their land and travelled to Whitstable, Kent close to where some of the second applicant\u2019s family had stationed their caravans. On the site there was no sanitation or electricity and there was an infestation of rats. The applicants contacted the Borough\u2019s housing officer in the hope that he could offer more suitable alternative accommodation but he could not. He suggested that they apply for Housing Association accommodation which they did but were told that nothing would be available for six months. The applicants heard nothing after that. The Government stated that the applicants\u2019 names were placed on the waiting list at the end of 1992 but they removed their names from that list in January 1993. The applicants disputed that they removed their names.\n\nOn 17 December 1992, the applicants returned to their land, where the children could resume their education at their previous school.\n\nThe Borough commenced its proceedings for an injunction by summons dated 22 December 1993.\n\nOn 24 February 1994, the second applicant was convicted and fined for a continued breach of the enforcement notices.\n\nThe applicants applied for judicial review to quash the injunction proceedings on the basis that the decision to pursue the injunction against them was unreasonable. Leave was refused by the High Court. On 6 May 1994, the Court of Appeal dismissed the applicants\u2019 appeal.\n\nIn May 1994 the applicants applied to the Borough for accommodation and were again offered temporary accommodation. The applicants stated that this was unsuitable bed and breakfast accommodation which would have entailed separating the first applicant from the rest of the family. The applicants were informed, the Government stated, of vacant plots on council and private gypsy sites in the county. The applicants recalled that these vacancies related to areas outside the Borough. One site which they visited at Aylesford was infested with rats and a dangerous place for children.\n\nOn 19 February 1996, the applicants received notice that the Borough had decided to withdraw the injunction proceedings commenced in 1993 and to enter their land and enforce the enforcement notice using its powers under section 178 of the Town and Country Planning Act 1990. The applicants lodged an application for judicial review of that decision. On or about 30 October 1996 the applicants withdrew their application on the basis that they would be given 6 weeks to vacate their land.\n\nThe applicants stated that they looked for an alternative private or official site on which to station their caravan but no such site could be found. In February 1997, the applicants sold their land. They also sold their caravan at a substantial undervalue. They went to live temporarily in the caravan occupied by the second applicant\u2019s brother, which involved a family of six sharing with a family of five. This became intolerable. The applicants stated that they were faced with the choice of returning to the road, with the risk of further criminal sanctions or abandoning their traditional way of life by accepting the provision of conventional Council accommodation. On 14 May 1997, the applicants reluctantly decided to take the latter course, moving into conventional housing in the form of rented accommodation supplied by the Council at No. 18 Chancery Road, Marden, Kent. As a result, their two younger children had to change schools. The two older children gave up school and began working. While the move disrupted the children\u2019s education, it did not appear to have affected their health. The applicants suffered headaches, anxiety, claustrophobia and depression requiring them to seek medical treatment. They were both prescribed medication which did not however resolve their physical sense of confinement. The applicants bought a touring caravan, which they stationed on the land of the second applicant\u2019s brother. They took every opportunity they could to travel in the traditional style during school holidays, attending traditional gypsy fairs to continue horse trading activities and for the first applicant to find work landscaping and tree-felling. They have bought another plot of land in Yalding, Kent, with the intention of resuming their traditional life and intend to apply for planning permission.\n\nThe Department of the Environment statistics for gypsy caravan sites for January 1998 indicated that in the Maidstone area there were two local authority sites comprising 34 pitches. In addition, there were 96 caravans on authorised private sites and eight caravans on unauthorised sites, two of which were tolerated by the local authority. The July 1999 gypsy count showed that the number of unauthorised encampments had remained at eight, while the number of public authorised sites had decreased from 34 to 32 and the number of authorised private sites had decreased from 96 to 89. 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Matthias Stefan Koppi was born in 1982 and lives in Rankweil. Matthias Stefan Koppi is a member of the “Bund Evangelikaler Gemeinden in Österreich”, which became a registered religious community (eingetragene Bekenntnisgemeinschaft) under the Registered Religious Communities Act 1998 (Bundesgesetz über die Rechtspersönlichkeit von religiösen Bekenntnisgemeinschaften) on 11 July 1998. From 2000 to 2001 Matthias Stefan Koppi attended the one-year course of the St Chrischona theological seminary (Bibelschule) in Switzerland. Since then he has been giving religious instruction to the youth and has been working as a municipal preacher (Prediger). On 27 September 2000 Matthias Stefan Koppi filed a request with the Federal Minister for Internal Affairs (Bundesminister für Inneres) for recognition as a conscientious objector (Zivildiensterklärung).
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"entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Administrative Court", "start_offset": 3695}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 3762, "entity_id": "001-96205_a8_e34", "entity_mention_id": "001-96205_a8_em40", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "18 February 2003", "start_offset": 3746}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 3821, "entity_id": "001-96205_a8_e35", "entity_mention_id": "001-96205_a8_em41", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "18 March 2003", "start_offset": 3808}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 3846, "entity_id": "001-96205_a8_e33", "entity_mention_id": "001-96205_a8_em42", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Administrative Court", "start_offset": 3826}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 3909, "entity_id": "001-96205_a8_e30", "entity_mention_id": "001-96205_a8_em43", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "11 November 1998", "start_offset": 3893}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 3937, "entity_id": "001-96205_a8_e29", "entity_mention_id": "001-96205_a8_em44", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Constitutional Court", "start_offset": 3917}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 4031, "entity_id": "001-96205_a8_e36", "entity_mention_id": "001-96205_a8_em45", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "9 April 2003", "start_offset": 4019}]}, "annotator9": null}, "quality_checked": [], "task": "Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Matthias Stefan Koppi", "meta": {"applicant": "Matthias Stefan Koppi", "articles": [91, 34, 57, 34, 44, 32, 34, 49, 52, 34, 93], "countries": "AUT", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2009}, "doc_id": "001-96205", "dataset_type": "train", "orig_text": "PROCEDURE\n\nThe case originated in an application (no. 33001/03) against the Republic of Austria lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (\u201cthe Convention\u201d) by an Austrian national, Mr Matthias Stefan Koppi (\u201cthe applicant\u201d), on 29 September 2003.\n\nThe applicant was represented by Mr R. Kohlhofer., a lawyer practising in Vienna. The Austrian Government (\u201cthe Government\u201d) were represented by their Agent, Mr F. Trauttmansdorff, Head of the International Law Department at the Federal Ministry for European and International Affairs.\n\nThe applicant alleged that he had been discriminated against in the exercise of his rights under Articles 4 and 9 of the Convention on account of his religion as he was liable for military or alternative civilian service, whereas members of recognised religious societies holding religious functions comparable to his own were exempted.\n\nBy a decision of 5 January 2006 the Court declared the application partly admissible.\n\nThe applicant and the Government each filed observations on the merits (Rule 59 \u00a7 1).\n\nTHE FACTS\n\nI. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE\n\nThe applicant was born in 1982 and lives in Rankweil.\n\nThe applicant is a member of the \u201cBund Evangelikaler Gemeinden in \u00d6sterreich\u201d, which became a registered religious community (eingetragene Bekenntnisgemeinschaft) under the Registered Religious Communities Act 1998 (Bundesgesetz \u00fcber die Rechtspers\u00f6nlichkeit von religi\u00f6sen Bekenntnisgemeinschaften) on 11 July 1998.\n\nFrom 2000 to 2001 the applicant attended the one-year course of the St Chrischona theological seminary (Bibelschule) in Switzerland. Since then he has been giving religious instruction to the youth and has been working as a municipal preacher (Prediger).\n\nOn 27 September 2000 the applicant filed a request with the Federal Minister for Internal Affairs (Bundesminister f\u00fcr Inneres) for recognition as a conscientious objector (Zivildiensterkl\u00e4rung).\n\nOn 16 November 2000 the Minister for Internal Affairs recognised the applicant as a conscientious objector. Accordingly, he was exempted from the duty to perform military service but liable to perform civilian service (Zivildienst).\n\nOn 20 December 2000 the applicant requested the Minister of Internal Affairs to apply section 13a \u00a7 1 of the Civilian Service Act in conformity with the Constitution and to exempt him from the obligation to perform civilian service. He submitted that this provision exempted members of recognised religious societies who performed specific services relating to worship or religious instruction from the obligation to perform civilian service, whereas he, as a student of the theological seminary St. Chrischona, had a comparable clerical position within a registered religious community, namely the \u201cBund Evangelikaler Gemeinden in \u00d6sterreich\u201d. Consequently, he should be also exempted from civilian service.\n\nOn 18 January 2002 the Minister of Internal Affairs dismissed the applicant's request. The decision referred to the findings of the Constitutional Court (Verfassungsgerichtshof) in a decision of 11 November 1998, in which it had held that exemption from the obligation to perform civilian service under section 13a of the Civilian Service Act merely applied to members of recognised religious societies and could not be extended to members of registered religious communities.\n\nOn 13 March 2002 the applicant filed a complaint with the Constitutional Court.\n\nOn 7 October 2002 the Constitutional Court declined to deal with the complaint for lack of prospects of success.\n\nOn the applicant's request the Constitutional Court transmitted his complaint to the Administrative Court (Verwaltungsgerichtshof).\n\nOn 18 February 2003 the applicant supplemented his complaint. On 18 March 2003 the Administrative Court, referring to the above-mentioned decision of 11 November 1998 by the Constitutional Court, dismissed the complaint. 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| 1
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A. Background to the case
Rahima Musaevna Abduvalieva was born in 1957 and lives in Frankfurt. The facts of the case, as submitted by the parties, may be summarised as follows. Rahima Musaevna Abduvalieva is the mother of a child born on 23 January 1996. In 2004, after having obtained an expert opinion, a court transferred custody to her and at the same time determined the father's access rights.
|
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Tegebauer", "start_offset": 366}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 426, "entity_id": "001-95855_a8_e3", "entity_mention_id": "001-95855_a8_em7", "entity_type": "DEM", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "German", "start_offset": 420}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 511, "entity_id": "001-95855_a8_e7", "entity_mention_id": "001-95855_a8_em8", "entity_type": "PERSON", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Mrs A. 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5198}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 5270, "entity_id": "001-95855_a8_e63", "entity_mention_id": "001-95855_a8_em76", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "20 May 2009", "start_offset": 5259}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 5304, "entity_id": "001-95855_a8_e17", "entity_mention_id": "001-95855_a8_em77", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Frankfurt/Main District Court", "start_offset": 5275}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 5439, "entity_id": "001-95855_a8_e64", "entity_mention_id": "001-95855_a8_em78", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "19 November 2007", "start_offset": 5423}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 5615, "entity_id": "001-95855_a8_e65", "entity_mention_id": "001-95855_a8_em79", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "18 June 2009", "start_offset": 5603}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 5686, "entity_id": "001-95855_a8_e45", "entity_mention_id": "001-95855_a8_em80", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Frankfurt/Main Court of Appeal", "start_offset": 5656}]}, "annotator9": null}, "quality_checked": [], "task": "Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Rahima Musaevna Abduvalieva", "meta": {"applicant": "Rahima Musaevna Abduvalieva", "articles": [91, 34, 54, 34, 93], "countries": "DEU", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2009}, "doc_id": "001-95855", "dataset_type": "train", "orig_text": "PROCEDURE\n\nThe case originated in an application (no. 54215/08) against the Federal Republic of Germany lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (\u201cthe Convention\u201d) by a German national, Ms Rahima Musaevna Abduvalieva (\u201cthe applicant\u201d), on 6 November 2008.\n\nThe applicant was represented by Mr I.-J. Tegebauer, a lawyer practising in Trier. The German Government (\u201cthe Government\u201d) were represented by their Agent, Mrs A. Wittling-Vogel, Ministerialdirigentin, of the Federal Ministry of Justice.\n\nOn 16 February 2009 the President of the Fifth Section decided to give notice of the application to the Government. It was also decided to give priority to the application and to rule on the admissibility and merits of the application at the same time (Article 29 \u00a7 3).\n\nTHE FACTS\n\nA. Background to the case\n\nThe applicant was born in 1957 and lives in Frankfurt.\n\nThe facts of the case, as submitted by the parties, may be summarised as follows.\n\nThe applicant is the mother of a child born on 23 January 1996. In 2004, after having obtained an expert opinion, a court transferred custody to her and at the same time determined the father's access rights.\n\nOn 17 August 2007, following a three-week stay with her father, the child refused to go back to her mother, and, on account of this, was taken into care.\n\nB. Proceedings before the Frankfurt/Main District Court\n\nOn 20 August 2007 the applicant requested the court to return the child to her custody.\n\nOn 21 August 2007 the Frankfurt/Main District Court (the \u201cDistrict Court\u201d), by means of an interlocutory decision, made at the request of the Frankfurt/Main Youth Office, transferred the right to determine the child's residence and other essential aspects of custody to the Frankfurt/Main Youth Office.\n\nIn a letter of 24 August 2007 the applicant requested the District Court to quash this decision. The court then set the parties a time-limit of four weeks to submit further submissions.\n\nOn 11 September 2007 the District Court formally appointed a guardian ad litem (Verfahrenspfleger) for the child. On 20 September 2007 the Youth Office submitted a report. On 27 September 2007 the District Court heard the child.\n\nOn 26 October 2007, on account of the competent judge being ill, the District Court cancelled the hearing scheduled for 30 November 2007.\n\nOn 1 January 2008 the case was assigned to another judge. On 5 February 2008 that judge scheduled the hearing for 18 March 2008.\n\nOn 11 February 2008 the applicant's newly-appointed lawyer requested access to the files. This was refused on the ground that he had not yet submitted a power of attorney. By letters dated 12 and 15 February 2008 the new lawyer requested that the hearing be scheduled for another day.\n\nOn 20 February 2008 the new lawyer submitted a power of attorney (possibly for the second time). On 27 February 2008 the District Court refused to reschedule the hearing, inter alia, on the ground that the applicant still appeared to be represented by her former lawyer, who had not yet informed the court that his mandate had been terminated.\n\nOn 3 March 2008 the applicant's new lawyer provided the District Court with satisfactory proof of the termination of the previous lawyer's mandate and again requested access to the files. This request was granted on 4 March 2008.\n\nOn 7 March 2008 the applicant challenged the judge on the ground of bias. On 13 March 2008 the hearing was cancelled. The applicant's lawyer was not informed about it. On 17 March 2008 the judge ruled against the allegation of bias.\n\nOn 20 March 2008 the applicant also challenged the appointment of the child's guardian ad litem. On 14 April 2008 the District Court transmitted the files to the Frankfurt/Main Court of Appeal. On 17 April 2008 that court rejected her appeal.\n\nOn 25 April 2008 and again on 26 June 2008 the District Court also rejected the applicant's motion for bias. The latter decision was served upon the applicant on 18 July 2008. On 30 July 2008 the Frankfurt/Main Court of Appeal quashed the decision and found that the judge was biased as she had known that the applicant would not be represented at the scheduled hearing and, moreover, as she had not informed the applicant's lawyer that she had cancelled the hearing.\n\nIn letters of 15 and 29 August 2008 the applicant requested the District Court to schedule a hearing.\n\nOn 1 September 2008 the case was assigned to another judge. On 9 September 2008 that judge informed the applicant that she intended to appoint an expert.\n\nBy a letter dated 11 September 2008, the applicant lodged a constitutional complaint on the basis of the District Court's inactivity. On 16 October 2008, without giving further reasons, the Federal Constitutional Court refused to admit this complaint.\n\nOn 27 October 2008 the District Court decided that an expert opinion should be obtained on a number of questions and an expert was subsequently appointed. On 13 December 2008, on the court's request, the expert informed the District Court that he would submit a report by 1 March 2009. On 24 February 2009 the expert submitted his report.\n\nAt a hearing on 15 April 2009 the court heard the parties and the child.\n\nOn 20 May 2009 the Frankfurt/Main District Court rejected the applicant's claim. 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| 1
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Alfred Almesberger was born in 1956 and lives in Pischelsdorf. He is the manager of a transport company. On 1 April 1999 the Melk District Administrative Authority (Bezirkshauptmannschaft – DAA) charged Alfred Almesberger with failing to carry a fire extinguisher while transporting dangerous goods. Alfred Almesberger did not react. On 2 June 1999 the DAA issued a penal order (Straferkenntnis).
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"entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "IAP", "start_offset": 4558}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "insert", "end_offset": 4598, "entity_id": "001-96181_a8_e39", "entity_mention_id": "001-96181_a8_em57", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Melk DAA", "start_offset": 4590}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 4693, "entity_id": "001-96181_a8_e41", "entity_mention_id": "001-96181_a8_em58", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "14 November 2006", "start_offset": 4677}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 4741, "entity_id": "001-96181_a8_e39", "entity_mention_id": "001-96181_a8_em59", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Melk DAA", "start_offset": 4733}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 4818, "entity_id": "001-96181_a8_e42", "entity_mention_id": "001-96181_a8_em60", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "24 November 2006", "start_offset": 4802}]}, "annotator9": null}, "quality_checked": [], "task": "Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Alfred Almesberger", "meta": {"applicant": "Alfred Almesberger", "articles": [91, 34, 54, 34, 93], "countries": "AUT", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2009}, "doc_id": "001-96181", "dataset_type": "train", "orig_text": "PROCEDURE\n\nThe case originated in an application (no. 13471/06) against the Republic of Austria lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (\u201cthe Convention\u201d) by an Austrian national, Mr Alfred Almesberger (\u201cthe applicant\u201d), on 24 March 2006.\n\nThe applicant was represented by Mr J. Postlmayr, a lawyer practising in Mattighofen. The Austrian Government (\u201cthe Government\u201d) were represented by their Agent, Ambassador F. Trauttmansdorff, Head of the International Law Department at the Federal Ministry for Foreign Affairs.\n\nOn 13 June 2008 the President of the First Section decided to give notice of the application to the Government. It was also decided to rule on the admissibility and merits of the application at the same time (Article 29 \u00a7 3).\n\nTHE FACTS\n\nTHE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE\n\nThe applicant was born in 1956 and lives in Pischelsdorf. He is the manager of a transport company.\n\nOn 1 April 1999 the Melk District Administrative Authority (Bezirkshauptmannschaft \u2013 DAA) charged the applicant with failing to carry a fire extinguisher while transporting dangerous goods. The applicant did not react.\n\nOn 2 June 1999 the DAA issued a penal order (Straferkenntnis). It found the applicant (as responsible person for the Almesberger Transport Company) guilty (i) of failing to carry, as the owner of the truck (Zulassungsbesitzer), a fire extinguisher and (ii) of failing to carry, as the responsible transporter (Bef\u00f6rdererer) a fire extinguisher and the necessary documents, contrary to the relevant provisions of the Dangerous Goods Transportation Act (Gefahrgutbef\u00f6rderungsgesetz). It sentenced the applicant to a fine of 12,100 Austrian schillings (ATS), approximately 880 euros (EUR).\n\nThe applicant appealed on 28 June 1999 against the penal order to the Lower Austria Independent Administrative Panel (Unabh\u00e4ngiger Verwaltungssenat \u2013 IAP). He maintained that the DAA had not raised the charge against him in time and that the criminal proceedings had therefore become time-barred, that his conviction of the offences under point (i) and (ii) of the penal order infringed the principle of ne bis in idem and that the fine imposed on him was excessive.\n\nAt the request of the applicant a hearing scheduled before the IAP on 7 September 2000 was adjourned. On 14 September 2000 the IAP held a hearing in the absence of the applicant.\n\nIn a decision of 18 September 2000 the IAP dismissed the applicant's appeal. It found, inter alia, that in his capacity as the managing director of a private limited company the applicant had failed to ensure that the fire extinguisher in the inspected heavy goods vehicle had been regularly checked.\n\nOn 10 October 2000 the applicant lodged a complaint with the Constitutional Court. He submitted that the proceedings before the IAP had been unfair, that his conviction under point (i) and (ii) of the penal order of 2 June 1999 infringed the ne bis in idem principle and that the sanctions provided for in the Dangerous Goods Transportation Act were excessively high and thus unconstitutional.\n\nThe DAA commented on the applicant's complaint to the Constitutional Court on 1 December 2000.\n\nOn 9 February 2001 the comments of the Constitutional Department of the Federal Chancellery were transmitted to the applicant.\n\nMeanwhile proceedings concerning a review of the constitutionality of certain provisions of the Dangerous Goods Transportation Act had been instituted by the Constitutional Court, following requests by several IAPs in the course of administrative criminal proceedings pending before them.\n\nOn 27 September 2002 the Constitutional Court gave its ruling following its review of the Dangerous Goods Transportation Act. It rejected a request to strike down provisions concerning the minimum fine that had to be imposed in the event of conviction after finding that they complied with the Austrian Federal Constitution.\n\nSubsequently, on 9 October 2002, the Constitutional Court declined to deal with the applicant's constitutional complaint as it had no prospects of success. It remitted the case to the Administrative Court at his request.\n\nThe applicant amended his complaint to the Administrative Court on 28 February 2003. On 27 May 2003 the IAP submitted observations in reply.\n\nOn 18 October 2005 the Administrative Court quashed the decision of the IAP on the grounds that the Melk DAA had had no jurisdiction over the case.\n\nOn 10 November 2005, in accordance with the finding of the Administrative Court, the IAP quashed the decision of the Melk DAA but did not formally discontinue the administrative criminal proceedings.\n\nOn 14 November 2006 the applicant filed a request with the Melk DAA for the proceedings to be discontinued, following which, on 24 November 2006, the proceedings were discontinued.", "applicant": "Alfred Almesberger", "offset": 866, "idx_mapping": [866, 866, 866, 866, 866, 866, 866, 866, 866, 866, 866, 866, 866, 884, 885, 886, 887, 888, 889, 890, 891, 892, 893, 894, 895, 896, 897, 898, 899, 900, 901, 902, 903, 904, 905, 906, 907, 908, 909, 910, 911, 912, 913, 914, 915, 916, 917, 918, 919, 920, 921, 922, 923, 924, 925, 926, 927, 928, 929, 930, 931, 932, 933, 934, 935, 936, 937, 938, 939, 940, 941, 942, 943, 944, 945, 946, 947, 948, 949, 950, 951, 952, 953, 954, 955, 956, 957, 958, 959, 960, 961, 962, 963, 964, 965, 966, 967, 968, 969, 970, 971, 972, 973, 974, 975, 976, 977, 978, 979, 980, 981, 982, 983, 984, 985, 986, 987, 988, 989, 990, 991, 992, 993, 994, 995, 996, 997, 998, 999, 1000, 1001, 1002, 1003, 1004, 1005, 1006, 1007, 1008, 1009, 1010, 1011, 1012, 1013, 1014, 1015, 1016, 1017, 1018, 1019, 1020, 1021, 1022, 1023, 1024, 1025, 1026, 1027, 1028, 1029, 1030, 1031, 1032, 1033, 1034, 1035, 1036, 1037, 1038, 1039, 1040, 1041, 1042, 1043, 1044, 1045, 1046, 1047, 1048, 1049, 1050, 1051, 1052, 1053, 1054, 1055, 1056, 1057, 1058, 1059, 1060, 1061, 1062, 1063, 1064, 1065, 1066, 1067, 1068, 866, 866, 866, 866, 866, 866, 866, 866, 866, 866, 866, 866, 866, 1087, 1088, 1089, 1090, 1091, 1092, 1093, 1094, 1095, 1096, 1097, 1098, 1099, 1100, 1101, 1102, 1103, 1104, 1105, 1106, 1107, 1108, 1109, 1110, 1111, 1112, 1113, 1114, 1115, 1116, 1117, 1118, 1119, 1120, 1121, 1122, 1123, 1124, 1125, 1126, 1127, 1128, 1129, 1130, 1131, 1132, 1133, 1134, 1135, 1136, 1137, 1138, 1139, 1140, 1141, 1142, 1143, 1144, 1145, 1146, 1147, 1148, 1149, 1150, 1151, 1152, 1153, 1154, 1155, 1156, 1157, 1158, 1159, 1160, 1161, 1162, 1163, 1164, 1165, 866, 866, 866, 866, 866, 866, 866, 866, 866, 866, 866, 866, 866, 1184, 1185, 1186, 1187, 1188, 1189, 1190, 1191, 1192, 1193, 1194, 1195, 1196, 1197, 1198, 1199, 1200, 1201, 1202, 1203, 1204, 1205, 1206, 1207, 1208, 1209, 1210, 1211, 1212, 1213, 1214, 1215, 1216, 1217, 1218, 1219, 1220, 1221, 1222, 1223, 1224, 1225, 1226, 1227, 1228, 1229, 1230, 1231, 1232, 1233, 1234, 1235, 1236, 1237, 1238, 1239, 1240, 1241, 1242, 1243, 1244, 1245, 1246, 1247, 1248, 1249, 1250, 1251, 1252, 1253, 1254, 1255, 1256, 1257, 1258, 1259, 1260, 1261], "duplicates": 1}
| 1
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A. The prosecution case against William Condrons
Both applicants are admitted heroin addicts. Prior to their being convicted and sentenced for drug offences they lived at 51 Cubitt House, a large block of council flats in South London. Adjacent to their flat, at no. 50, lived a Mr James Curtis.
|
{"annotations": {"annotator1": null, "annotator10": null, "annotator11": null, "annotator12": null, "annotator2": null, "annotator3": null, "annotator4": null, "annotator5": null, "annotator6": null, "annotator7": null, "annotator8": {"entity_mentions": [{"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 62, "entity_id": "001-58798_a8_e1", "entity_mention_id": "001-58798_a8_em1", "entity_type": "CODE", "identifier_type": "DIRECT", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "35718/97", "start_offset": 54}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "insert", "end_offset": 128, "entity_id": "001-58798_a8_e2", "entity_mention_id": "001-58798_a8_em2", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland", "start_offset": 76}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 332, "entity_id": "001-58798_a8_e3", "entity_mention_id": "001-58798_a8_em3", "entity_type": "DEM", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Irish", "start_offset": 327}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 360, "entity_id": "001-58798_a8_e4", "entity_mention_id": "001-58798_a8_em4", "entity_type": "PERSON", "identifier_type": "DIRECT", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Mr William Condron", "start_offset": 342}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 375, "entity_id": "001-58798_a8_e5", "entity_mention_id": "001-58798_a8_em5", "entity_type": "DEM", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "British", "start_offset": 368}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 402, "entity_id": "001-58798_a8_e6", "entity_mention_id": "001-58798_a8_em6", "entity_type": "PERSON", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Mrs Karen Condron", "start_offset": 385}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 442, "entity_id": "001-58798_a8_e7", "entity_mention_id": "001-58798_a8_em7", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "13 November 1996", "start_offset": 426}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 492, "entity_id": "001-58798_a8_e8", "entity_mention_id": "001-58798_a8_em8", "entity_type": "PERSON", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Mr J. Wadham", "start_offset": 480}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 523, "entity_id": "001-58798_a8_e9", "entity_mention_id": "001-58798_a8_em9", "entity_type": "LOC", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "London", "start_offset": 517}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "insert", "end_offset": 561, "entity_id": "001-58798_a8_e10", "entity_mention_id": "001-58798_a8_em10", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "United Kingdom", "start_offset": 547}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 630, "entity_id": "001-58798_a8_e11", "entity_mention_id": "001-58798_a8_em11", "entity_type": "PERSON", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Mr C. Whomersley", "start_offset": 614}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 670, "entity_id": "001-58798_a8_e12", "entity_mention_id": "001-58798_a8_em12", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Foreign and Commonwealth Office", "start_offset": 639}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 678, "entity_id": "001-58798_a8_e9", "entity_mention_id": "001-58798_a8_em13", "entity_type": "LOC", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "London", "start_offset": 672}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 1184, "entity_id": "001-58798_a8_e13", "entity_mention_id": "001-58798_a8_em14", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "7 September 1999", "start_offset": 1168}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "correct", "end_offset": 1394, "entity_id": "001-58798_a8_e14", "entity_mention_id": "001-58798_a8_em15", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Human Rights Building, Strasbourg", "start_offset": 1361}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 1414, "entity_id": "001-58798_a8_e15", "entity_mention_id": "001-58798_a8_em16", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "25 January 2000", "start_offset": 1399}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 1502, "entity_id": "001-58798_a8_e11", "entity_mention_id": "001-58798_a8_em17", "entity_type": "PERSON", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Mr C. Whomersley", "start_offset": 1486}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 1535, "entity_id": "001-58798_a8_e12", "entity_mention_id": "001-58798_a8_em18", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Foreign and Commonwealth Office", "start_offset": 1504}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 1560, "entity_id": "001-58798_a8_e16", "entity_mention_id": "001-58798_a8_em19", "entity_type": "PERSON", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": [], "span_text": "Mr D. Pannick QC", "start_offset": 1544}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 1572, "entity_id": "001-58798_a8_e17", "entity_mention_id": "001-58798_a8_em20", "entity_type": "PERSON", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Mr M. Shaw", "start_offset": 1562}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 1599, "entity_id": "001-58798_a8_e18", "entity_mention_id": "001-58798_a8_em21", "entity_type": "PERSON", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Ms S. Chakrabati", "start_offset": 1583}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 1612, "entity_id": "001-58798_a8_e19", "entity_mention_id": "001-58798_a8_em22", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Home Office", "start_offset": 1601}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 1628, "entity_id": "001-58798_a8_e20", "entity_mention_id": "001-58798_a8_em23", "entity_type": "PERSON", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Mr I. 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Wadham, a lawyer practising in London. The Government of the United Kingdom (\u201cthe Government\u201d) were represented by their Agent, Mr C. Whomersley, of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, London.\n\nThe applicants alleged that they were denied a fair hearing on account of the fact that the trial judge left the jury with the option of drawing an adverse inference from their silence during police interview.\n\nThe application was transmitted to the Court on 1 November 1998, when Protocol No. 11 to the Convention came into force (Article 5 \u00a7 2 of Protocol No. 11).\n\nThe application was allocated to the Third Section of the Court (Rule 52 \u00a7 1 of the Rules of Court).\n\nBy a decision of 7 September 1999 the Chamber declared the application admissible.\n\nThe applicants and the Government each filed observations on the merits (Rule 59 \u00a7 1).\n\nA hearing took place in public in the Human Rights Building, Strasbourg, on 25 January 2000 (Rule 59 \u00a7 2). There appeared before the Court: (a) for the Government Mr C. Whomersley, Foreign and Commonwealth Office, Agent, Mr D. Pannick QC, Mr M. Shaw, Counsel, Ms S. Chakrabati, Home Office, Mr I. Chisholm, Home Office, Advisers; (b) for the applicants Mr B. Emmerson, Mr A. Jennings, Ms P. Kaufman, Counsel, Ms M. Cunneen, Solicitor. The Court heard addresses by Mr Emmerson and Mr Pannick.\n\nTHE FACTS\n\nI. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE\n\nA. The prosecution case against the applicants\n\nBoth applicants are admitted heroin addicts. Prior to their being convicted and sentenced for drug offences they lived at 51 Cubitt House, a large block of council flats in South London. Adjacent to their flat, at no. 50, lived a Mr James Curtis. Mr Curtis was also charged with the same offences as the applicants, namely being concerned with the supply of heroin and possession of heroin with intent to supply, but was acquitted.\n\nThe prosecution case was that the applicants would prepare wraps (individual sachets) of heroin for sale and pass them to Mr Curtis when he knocked on the back window of their flat whenever he had a purchaser. The prosecution alleged that wraps would be handed from the balcony at flat 51 to someone leaning out of the back window of flat 50. Mr Curtis would then sell the wraps to visitors to his flat.\n\nThe applicants and Mr Curtis were observed from 24 to 28 April 1995 by police and recorded on video from 25 April 1995 onwards. The applicants were seen to pass various items to Mr Curtis including a plastic bottle for smoking crack cocaine and silver foil for smoking heroin. The prosecution stated that on 26 April 1995 a man was seen at the back window of flat 50 handing an object which looked like a cigarette packet to the second applicant who was on her balcony. She went into her flat, then re-emerged and returned the packet to the man.\n\nThe applicants were arrested at 12.45 p.m. on 28 April 1995. In the flat were found sixteen wraps of heroin weighing between 0.07 and 0.09 g and a further quantity of heroin weighing 1.19 g. The prosecution also alleged that a polythene sheet in the flat had been used to make wraps.\n\nB. The police interview\n\nAt 10.40 a.m. on 29 April 1995 the applicants' solicitor, Mr Delbourgo, noted that the first applicant, who seemed to be in the early stages of withdrawal, was unfit to be interviewed. However, after a 10- to 15-minute examination, the Force Medical Examiner, Dr Youlten, stated that the applicant was fit for interview. The doctor's report notes that the first applicant was an opiates addict with symptoms and signs of withdrawal but that he was thinking clearly and able to answer questions. The second applicant was also seen to have withdrawal symptoms but again was stated by the Force Medical Examiner to be thinking clearly and able to answer questions.\n\nThe transcript of the interviews with the first applicant reveals that Mr Delbourgo was concerned that his clients were unfit to be interviewed and in some distress. In particular, he had found it difficult to get the second applicant to concentrate on what he was saying to her.\n\nThe applicants were interviewed separately in the presence of their solicitor. Both applicants were told by the police: \u201cYou do not have to say anything but it may harm your defence if you do not mention when questioned something which you later rely on in court. Anything you say may be given in evidence.\u201d\n\nThe applicants stated that they understood the warning. They were advised by the police that if during the interview they felt unwell they should say so and the interview would be stopped. At no stage during interview did either of the applicants request this, even though at one point the first applicant's solicitor specifically suggested that this might happen. However, the first applicant expressly stated that he did not want the interview to stop.\n\nThe applicants were asked to explain their actions in apparently passing to, and being passed items from, flat 50. Both simply responded to these questions with the words \u201cno comment\u201d.\n\nC. The defence case for the applicants\n\nFrom 16 October to 2 November 1995 the applicants were tried before a jury at Kingston Crown Court. Both applicants were legally aided and represented by counsel. In a pre-trial hearing counsel for the applicants argued that the interviews should not be put before the jury as they had been carried out whilst the applicants were suffering from drug withdrawal symptoms. Their solicitor, Mr Delbourgo, testified that he had been of the firm view that neither should embark upon what might prove to be a very lengthy interview given their condition. However, the judge noted that the doctor had considered them fit to be interviewed, that they were thinking clearly and able to answer questions, and that both applicants had stated in response to direct questions that they understood the charges against them and the possible repercussions of failing to answer questions. He therefore considered that Mr Delbourgo had been wrong in his analysis that the applicants had been unfit to be questioned and allowed their interviews to stand as evidence. The judge further observed that the interviews had been short and were not conducted in an oppressive manner. He noted that in any event the application to exclude the evidence was premature since the defendants had not given evidence, so that it was not clear what facts were going to be relied on in their defence which might reasonably have been expected to have been mentioned. Moreover, it was a matter for the jury, properly directed, to determine the issues.\n\nBoth applicants gave evidence at the trial and said that the heroin found in the flat had been for their own personal use and had been purchased in bulk by the first applicant the evening before their arrest. They stated that the polythene sheet had been planted there by the police after they had been brought to the police station. When asked about the incident recorded on 26 April 1995 in which the second applicant was seen receiving and then returning a packet to the occupant of flat 50, the applicants gave explanations which they had not mentioned to the police in their interviews. The first applicant stated that no drugs had ever passed between the flats and that the packet contained either cigarettes or money; whilst the second applicant stated that it was simply an exchange of a packet of cigarettes. Other items had been passed this way since it was easier than having to go along the walkway of the front of each flat.\n\nThe applicants' co-accused, Mr Curtis, testified at the trial that the applicants had never given him heroin. He confirmed the applicants' account of their friendship with him and his frequent borrowing, with communication being by the balcony. When he was arrested he was told that he would not get bail which made him angry and \u201cbloody-minded\u201d so he decided not to help the police by answering their questions.\n\nWhen asked why they had made no comment to police questions during interview, both applicants stated that their solicitor's advice that they were not in a condition to do so, given their withdrawal from heroin, had been conclusive.\n\nD. The trial judge's direction to the jury\n\nIn his summing-up the judge made reference to the jury's ability to draw inferences from the applicants' silence: \u201cI turn to a new topic in our law ... It is the law that these defendants did not mention certain facts when questioned about them in interview by the police. In the past that would not have been evidence that could in any way be held against them but now it is possible that it can be though it is for you to judge whether in fact you do hold it against them. [The first applicant] has relied in evidence on an explanation as to the passing of that cigarette packet, which is the subject of count 1. ... Firstly, it could have been cigarettes or it could have been money. He also said in evidence to you, 'There were no drugs ever passed through our hands to Curtis'. He admits that he did not mention that when questioned under caution before being charged ... I turn now to [the second applicant] because she has relied in her own evidence on the fact that she had asked for cigarettes and was passed a packet, took a couple, and handed the packet back. She admits that she did not mention that when she was questioned under caution before being charged. ... Also in [the second applicant's] interview she was asked about another matter, and I deal with this because in her evidence she relied on the fact that on 26 April at 11.30 a.m., a little before the incident with the cigarette packet, she handed Curtis some 'sticky chewing gum' ... so the chewing gum is again not mentioned. ... She also in the course of her evidence relies on her telling you that there were only innocent, neighbourly exchanges of commonplace items from her balcony and she admits that she never mentioned those matters to the police ... The prosecution case, members of the jury, is that (and it is for you to judge whether this assists you in your judgment to reach a verdict) in the circumstances when each of these defendants were questioned on these topics, he or she could reasonably be expected to have mentioned what they said in court. The defendants explained that their 'no comment' answers, speaking generally because of course they put it in more detail, the [applicants] said they were suffering from withdrawal symptoms and relied on Mr Delbourgo, their solicitor's advice that he could see they were suffering from withdrawal symptoms and should not answer questions because in his judgment of their appearance they were unfit for interview despite the known and expressed view of the FME, which means Force Medical Examiner and is in fact a doctor, who comes along to police stations to deal with problems of this sort ... The law is ... that you may draw such inferences as appear proper from a defendant's failure to mention the points I have referred to in their respective interviews. In each case it is relevant only to the case against the defendant concerned. You do not have to hold it against him or her. It is for you to decide whether it is proper to do so. Failure to mention the points in interview cannot on its own prove guilt but depending on the circumstances you may hold it against him or her when deciding whether he or she is guilty. You should decide whether in the circumstances which existed at the time of the interview the matters were ones which the defendant concerned could reasonably be expected then to mention. Members of the jury that is all I have to say at this stage about the law.\u201d\n\nE. The applicants' conviction and appeal\n\nThe applicants were each convicted by a majority of nine to one of being concerned in supplying heroin and possessing heroin with intent to supply. The first applicant was sentenced to a total of four years' imprisonment. The second applicant was sentenced to a total of three years' imprisonment. James Curtis, the co-accused, was acquitted on both charges.\n\nThe applicants appealed to the Court of Appeal on two primary grounds: the inclusion of the police interviews and the contents of the judge's direction.\n\nThe applicants' counsel contended before the Court of Appeal that the trial judge should have excluded the \u201cno comment\u201d interviews as they were a direct result of following their solicitor's honest advice. The Court of Appeal pointed to problems with that argument in situations where solicitors advised their clients tactically or dishonestly to refuse to answer questions; the key question was the subjective reason why the applicants had not answered the questions. The Court of Appeal went on to find that the judge, as the fact-finding tribunal in the voir dire (submissions on a point of law in the absence of the jury), had been correct in his decision to include the notes of interviews in evidence.\n\nThe Court of Appeal rejected the submission that the trial judge had been wrong to allow the jury to draw adverse inferences from the applicants' failure to answer questions at the interview. Lord Justice Stuart-Smith stated on this point: \u201c... both [applicants] knew that the Force Medical Examiner certified that they were fit to be interviewed and therefore that medical opinion differed from that of their solicitor. Both were clearly advised by their solicitor that if they failed to mention material facts at the proposed interview, they could be criticised if the matter came to trial. That advice was understood; he also made it plain that this was entirely their choice. At the beginning of the interview both were given the caution in its current form. ... Both indicated that they understood that caution. Both were told that if they felt unwell during the interview, they could let the interviewer know and it could be stopped. In these circumstances the fact-finding tribunal might well consider that if the [applicants] had an innocent explanation of the incriminating evidence about which they were specifically questioned, they would have mentioned it.\u201d\n\nThe Court of Appeal then considered the applicants' criticism of the trial judge's summing-up in so far as he omitted to remind the jury that \u201cthey could only draw an adverse inference if, in spite of any evidence relied upon to explain the failure to mention the relevant matters (or indeed in the absence of such evidence) they conclude[d] that such failure [could] only sensibly be attributed to the fact that the appellants must have fabricated the evidence subsequently\u201d. The Court of Appeal, with reference to the dicta of Lord Taylor CJ in R. v. Cowan ([1996] Queen's Bench Reports 373) (see paragraph 33 below) considered that it would have been desirable if the trial judge had directed the jury along the following lines: \u201cIf despite any evidence relied upon to explain his silence or in the absence of any such evidence, the jury conclude the silence can only sensibly be attributed to the defendant's having no answer or none that would stand up to cross-examination, they may draw an adverse inference.\u201d\n\nHowever, the Court of Appeal did not find that this lacuna in the summing-up meant that the convictions were unsafe, having regard to the weight of the other evidence. Lord Justice Stuart-Smith explained in this connection: \u201cWe have already referred to the substantial, almost overwhelming evidence of drug supply from what was found in the [applicants'] house. Although there were no scales, all of the other paraphernalia of supply was present. All but one of the jury must have rejected the [applicants'] explanation of the police observations, much of which was recorded on video, the presence of the matching wraps in Curtis' flat and the elaborate security arrangements at the applicants' own flat. The acquittal of Curtis shows that the jury regarded the evidence of the interviews as insignificant. Curtis also failed to answer questions in interview.\u201d\n\nThe Court of Appeal dismissed the applicants' appeal in its judgment delivered on 17 October 1996.", "applicant": "William Condron", "offset": 1861, "idx_mapping": [1861, 1862, 1863, 1864, 1865, 1866, 1867, 1868, 1869, 1870, 1871, 1872, 1873, 1874, 1875, 1876, 1877, 1878, 1879, 1880, 1881, 1882, 1883, 1884, 1885, 1886, 1887, 1888, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892, 1861, 1861, 1861, 1861, 1861, 1861, 1861, 1861, 1861, 1861, 1861, 1861, 1861, 1908, 1909, 1910, 1911, 1912, 1913, 1914, 1915, 1916, 1917, 1918, 1919, 1920, 1921, 1922, 1923, 1924, 1925, 1926, 1927, 1928, 1929, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1936, 1937, 1938, 1939, 1940, 1941, 1942, 1943, 1944, 1945, 1946, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025, 2026, 2027, 2028, 2029, 2030, 2031, 2032, 2033, 2034, 2035, 2036, 2037, 2038, 2039, 2040, 2041, 2042, 2043, 2044, 2045, 2046, 2047, 2048, 2049, 2050, 2051, 2052, 2053, 2054, 2055, 2056, 2057, 2058, 2059, 2060, 2061, 2062, 2063, 2064, 2065, 2066, 2067, 2068, 2069, 2070, 2071, 2072, 2073, 2074, 2075, 2076, 2077, 2078, 2079, 2080, 2081, 2082, 2083, 2084, 2085, 2086, 2087, 2088, 2089, 2090, 2091, 2092, 2093, 2094, 2095, 2096, 2097, 2098, 2099, 2100, 2101, 2102, 2103, 2104, 2105, 2106, 2107, 2108, 2109, 2110, 2111, 2112, 2113, 2114, 2115, 2116, 2117, 2118, 2119, 2120, 2121, 2122, 2123, 2124, 2125, 2126, 2127, 2128, 2129, 2130, 2131, 2132, 2133, 2134, 2135, 2136, 2137, 2138, 2139, 2140, 2141, 2142, 2143, 2144, 2145, 2146, 2147, 2148, 2149, 2150, 2151, 2152, 2153, 2154, 2155, 2156], "duplicates": 1}
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Snjezana Vostic was born in 1966 and lives in Austria. On 10 April 1996 Snjezana Vostic was arrested and on 12 April the Wels Regional Court (Landesgericht) remanded her in custody on suspicion of murder. Her repeated requests for release remained unsuccessful. On 13 December 1996 the Wels Regional Court, sitting as an assize court, composed of three professional judges and an eight member jury, acquitted Snjezana Vostic. The jury answered the main question as to murder with six votes “no” and two votes “yes”.
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Schwab, a lawyer practising in Wels. The Austrian Government (\u201cthe Government\u201d) were represented by their Agent, Ambassador H. Winkler, Head of the International Law Department at the Federal Ministry of Foreign Affairs.\n\nThe applicant alleged that the court decisions in compensation proceedings for detention on remand violated the presumption of innocence.\n\nThe application was transmitted to the Court on 1 November 1998, when Protocol No. 11 to the Convention came into force (Article 5 \u00a7 2 of Protocol No. 11).\n\nThe application was allocated to the Third Section of the Court (Rule 52 \u00a7 1 of the Rules of Court). Within that Section, the Chamber that would consider the case (Article 27 \u00a7 1 of the Convention) was constituted as provided in Rule 26 \u00a7 1.\n\nBy a decision of 19 June 2001 the Court declared the application admissible.\n\nOn 1 November 2001 the Court changed the composition of its Sections (Rule 25 \u00a7 1). This case was assigned to the newly composed First Section.\n\nThe applicant and the Government each filed observations on the merits (Rule 59 \u00a7 1).\n\nTHE FACTS\n\nI. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE\n\nThe applicant was born in 1966 and lives in Austria.\n\nOn 10 April 1996 the applicant was arrested and on 12 April the Wels Regional Court (Landesgericht) remanded her in custody on suspicion of murder. Her repeated requests for release remained unsuccessful.\n\nOn 13 December 1996 the Wels Regional Court, sitting as an assize court, composed of three professional judges and an eight member jury, acquitted the applicant. The jury answered the main question as to murder with six votes \u201cno\u201d and two votes \u201cyes\u201d. In the record of its deliberations, the jury gave the following reasons for its decision: \u201cThe evidence produced at the trial is not sufficient to convict the accused. As the incriminating witnesses were partially not credible \u2013 acquittal in dubio\u201d. Upon the pronouncement of the acquittal, the applicant was released.\n\nImmediately after the pronouncement of the acquittal, at the same hearing, the applicant requested compensation for her detention on remand. The Wels Regional Court, with the same composition as above, dismissed the applicant\u2019s claim. It found that, apart from the fact that the jury\u2019s verdict had not been unanimous, the suspicion against the applicant had not been dispelled. Thus the requirements of section 2 (1)(b) of the Compensation (Criminal Proceedings) Act 1969 (Strafrechtliches Entsch\u00e4digungsgesetz 1969 \u2013 \u201cthe 1969 Act\u201d) were not met. In particular, the statement of the applicant\u2019s parents that she had spent the night of the murder at their home was not credible. In addition, she had owned a weapon which could have been the one used for the murder and her defence that she had no contact with the victim shortly before the commission of the crime had been disproved by the statements of a number of witnesses. The decision was served on the applicant after her acquittal had become final on 17 December 1996.\n\nThe applicant lodged an appeal with the Linz Court of Appeal (Oberlandesgericht). She argued that section 2 (1)(b) of the 1969 Act was incompatible with Article 6 \u00a7 2 of the Convention. Furthermore, the main suspicion against her had been dispelled during the trial.\n\nOn 20 June 1997 the Linz Court of Appeal dismissed the applicant\u2019s appeal. Referring to the case of Sekanina v. Austria (judgment of 25 August 1993, Series A no. 266-A), it considered that only a decision which, following the accused\u2019s acquittal, expressed the view that he or she was guilty could violate the presumption of innocence, whereas the Regional Court had only found that there was a remaining suspicion against the applicant. Further, referring to the Constitutional Court\u2019s (Verfassungsgerichtshof) judgment of 29 September 1994, it found that section 2 (1)(b) of the 1969 Act was not in itself incompatible with Article 6 \u00a7 2 of the Convention. The Court of Appeal continued as follows: \u201cNor does the principle of the presumption of innocence prevent the prosecuting authorities from suspecting someone of having committed an offence. By section 2(1)(b) of the [1969 Act], refusal of a claim [for compensation] (on the ground that suspicion has not been dispelled) depends not on proven guilt but on the possibility that the person concerned may have committed the offence and therefore on a (persisting) suspicion... In the instant case it was precisely such a suspicion concerning Snjezana Vostic that had not been wholly dispelled, particularly in view of the fact that it was still possible that Snjezana Vostic\u2019s gun had been the murder weapon; furthermore, inconsistencies remain unresolved. The trial court thus rightly held that the testimony given by the parents of the appellant, whose alibi related to the night of 31 March to 1 April 1996, was not credible; and Snjezana Vostic\u2019s own testimony to the effect that she had last seen Sejdo Nadarevic in mid-February 1996 was in the end disproved by the witnesses who gave evidence at the trial.\u201d", "applicant": "Snjezana Vostic", "offset": 1526, "idx_mapping": [1526, 1526, 1526, 1526, 1526, 1526, 1526, 1526, 1526, 1526, 1526, 1526, 1526, 1541, 1542, 1543, 1544, 1545, 1546, 1547, 1548, 1549, 1550, 1551, 1552, 1553, 1554, 1555, 1556, 1557, 1558, 1559, 1560, 1561, 1562, 1563, 1564, 1565, 1566, 1567, 1568, 1569, 1570, 1571, 1572, 1573, 1574, 1575, 1576, 1577, 1578, 1579, 1580, 1581, 1582, 1583, 1584, 1585, 1586, 1587, 1588, 1589, 1590, 1591, 1592, 1593, 1594, 1595, 1596, 1597, 1526, 1526, 1526, 1526, 1526, 1526, 1526, 1526, 1526, 1526, 1526, 1526, 1526, 1613, 1614, 1615, 1616, 1617, 1618, 1619, 1620, 1621, 1622, 1623, 1624, 1625, 1626, 1627, 1628, 1629, 1630, 1631, 1632, 1633, 1634, 1635, 1636, 1637, 1638, 1639, 1640, 1641, 1642, 1643, 1644, 1645, 1646, 1647, 1648, 1649, 1650, 1651, 1652, 1653, 1654, 1655, 1656, 1657, 1658, 1659, 1660, 1661, 1662, 1663, 1664, 1665, 1666, 1667, 1668, 1669, 1670, 1671, 1672, 1673, 1674, 1675, 1676, 1677, 1678, 1679, 1680, 1681, 1682, 1683, 1684, 1685, 1686, 1687, 1688, 1689, 1690, 1691, 1692, 1693, 1694, 1695, 1696, 1697, 1698, 1699, 1700, 1701, 1702, 1703, 1704, 1705, 1706, 1707, 1708, 1709, 1710, 1711, 1712, 1713, 1714, 1715, 1716, 1717, 1718, 1719, 1720, 1721, 1722, 1723, 1724, 1725, 1726, 1727, 1728, 1729, 1730, 1731, 1732, 1733, 1734, 1735, 1736, 1737, 1738, 1739, 1740, 1741, 1742, 1743, 1744, 1745, 1746, 1747, 1748, 1749, 1750, 1751, 1752, 1753, 1754, 1755, 1756, 1757, 1758, 1759, 1760, 1761, 1762, 1763, 1764, 1765, 1766, 1767, 1768, 1769, 1770, 1771, 1772, 1773, 1774, 1775, 1776, 1777, 1778, 1779, 1780, 1781, 1782, 1783, 1784, 1785, 1786, 1787, 1788, 1789, 1790, 1791, 1792, 1793, 1794, 1795, 1796, 1797, 1798, 1799, 1800, 1801, 1802, 1803, 1804, 1805, 1806, 1807, 1808, 1809, 1810, 1811, 1812, 1813, 1814, 1815, 1816, 1817, 1818, 1819, 1820, 1821, 1822, 1823, 1824, 1825, 1826, 1827, 1828, 1829, 1830, 1831, 1832, 1833, 1834, 1835, 1836, 1837, 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842, 1843, 1844, 1845, 1846, 1847, 1848, 1849, 1850, 1851, 1852, 1853, 1854, 1855, 1856, 1857, 1858, 1859, 1860, 1861, 1862, 1863, 1864, 1865, 1866, 1867, 1868, 1869, 1870, 1871, 1872, 1873, 1874, 1875, 1876, 1877, 1878, 1879, 1880, 1881, 1882, 1883, 1884, 1885, 1886, 1887, 1888, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892, 1893, 1894, 1895, 1896, 1897, 1898, 1899, 1900, 1901, 1902, 1903, 1904, 1905, 1906, 1907, 1908, 1909, 1910, 1911, 1912, 1913, 1914, 1915, 1916, 1917, 1918, 1919, 1920, 1921, 1922, 1923, 1924, 1925, 1926, 1927, 1928, 1929, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1934, 1526, 1526, 1526, 1526, 1526, 1526, 1526, 1526, 1526, 1526, 1526, 1526, 1526, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025, 2026, 2027, 2028, 2029, 2030, 2031, 2032, 2033, 2034, 2035, 2036, 2037, 2038, 2039, 2040], "duplicates": 1}
| 1
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Alexander Findlay, Alexander Findlay, is a British citizen who was born in 1961 in Kilmarnock, Scotland, and now lives in Windsor, England. In 1980 he joined the British army and became a member of the Scots Guards. His service was due to terminate in October or November 1992 when he would have received a resettlement grant and, at the age of sixty, an army pension. In 1982 Mr Findlay took part in the Falklands campaign. During the battle of Mount Tumbledown he witnessed the death and mutilation of several of his friends and was himself injured in the wrist by a mortar-shell blast.
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It originated in an application (no. 22107/93) against the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland lodged with the Commission under Article 25 (art. 25) by Mr Alexander Findlay, a British citizen, on 28 May 1993. The Commission\u2019s request referred to Articles 44 and 48 (art. 44, art. 48) and to the declaration whereby the United Kingdom recognised the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court (Article 46) (art. 46). The object of the request was to obtain a decision as to whether the facts of the case disclosed a breach by the respondent State of its obligations under Article 6 para. 1 of the Convention (art. 6-1).\n\nIn response to the enquiry made in accordance with Rule 33 para. 3 (d) of Rules of Court A, the applicant stated that he wished to take part in the proceedings and designated the lawyer who would represent him (Rule 30).\n\nThe Chamber to be constituted included ex officio Sir John Freeland, the elected judge of British nationality (Article 43 of the Convention) (art. 43), and Mr R. Ryssdal, the President of the Court (Rule 21 para. 4 (b)). On 8 February 1996, in the presence of the Registrar, the President drew by lot the names of the other seven members, namely Mr J. De Meyer, Mrs E. Palm, Mr A.N. Loizou, Mr J.M. Morenilla, Mr D.Gotchev, Mr P. Jambrek and Mr K. Jungwiert (Article 43 in fine of the Convention and Rule 21 para. 5) (art. 43).\n\nAs President of the Chamber (Rule 21 para. 6), Mr Ryssdal, acting through the Registrar, consulted the Agent of the United Kingdom Government (\u201cthe Government\u201c), the applicant\u2019s lawyer and the Delegate of the Commission on the organisation of the proceedings (Rules 37 para. 1 and 38). Pursuant to the order made in consequence, the Registrar received the applicant\u2019s memorial on 28 June 1996 and the Government\u2019s memorial on 4 July 1996. On 29 August 1996 the President decided to admit to the Court file an additional memorial submitted by the applicant which had been received by the Registrar on 7 August 1996 (Rule 37 para. 1).\n\nIn accordance with the President\u2019s decision, the hearing took place in public in the Human Rights Building, Strasbourg, on 25 September 1996. The Court had held a preparatory meeting beforehand. There appeared before the Court: (a) for the Government Ms S. Dickson, Foreign and Commonwealth Office, Agent, Mr P. Havers QC, Mr J. Eadie, Barrister-at-Law, Counsel, Mr G. Rogers, Ministry of Defence, Ms J. Murnane, Ministry of Defence, Mr D. Woodhead, Ministry of Defence, Advisers; (b) for the Commission Mr N. Bratza, Delegate, (c) for the applicant Mr J. Mackenzie, Solicitor, Counsel, Mr G. Blades, Solicitor, Mr D. Sullivan, Solicitor, Advisers. The Court heard addresses by Mr Bratza, Mr Mackenzie and Mr Havers.\n\nAS TO THE FACTS\n\nI. Circumstances of the case\n\nThe applicant, Alexander Findlay, is a British citizen who was born in 1961 in Kilmarnock, Scotland, and now lives in Windsor, England.\n\nIn 1980 he joined the British army and became a member of the Scots Guards. His service was due to terminate in October or November 1992 when he would have received a resettlement grant and, at the age of sixty, an army pension.\n\nIn 1982 Mr Findlay took part in the Falklands campaign. During the battle of Mount Tumbledown he witnessed the death and mutilation of several of his friends and was himself injured in the wrist by a mortar-shell blast. According to the medical evidence prepared for his court martial (see paragraphs 11-13 below), as a result of these experiences he suffered from post-traumatic stress disorder (\u201cPTSD\u201c), which manifested itself by flashbacks, nightmares, feelings of anxiety, insomnia and outbursts of anger. This disorder was not diagnosed until after the events of 29 July 1990 (see paragraph 10 below).\n\nIn 1987 he sustained an injury during training for service in Northern Ireland when a rope which he was climbing broke and he fell to the ground, severely damaging his back. This injury was extremely painful and affected his ability to perform his duties, which, again according to the medical evidence, led him to suffer from feelings of stress, guilt and depression.\n\nIn 1990 the applicant, who had become a lance-sergeant, was sent with his regiment to Northern Ireland. On 29 July 1990, after a heavy drinking session, he held members of his own unit at pistol point and threatened to kill himself and some of his colleagues. He fired two shots, which were not aimed at anyone and hit a television set, and subsequently surrendered the pistol. He was then arrested.\n\n1. The medical evidence\n\nOn 31 July 1990 an ex-naval psychiatrist, Dr McKinnon, examined Mr Findlay and found that he was responsible for his actions at the time of the incident. However, a combination of stresses (including his back injury and posting to Northern Ireland) together with his heavy drinking on the day, had led to an \u201calmost inevitable\u201c event. Dr McKinnon recommended \u201cawarding the minimum appropriate punishment\u201c. Following this report, the decision was taken to charge Mr Findlay with a number of offences arising out of the incident on 29 July (see paragraph 14 below).\n\nIn order to establish that he was fit to stand trial, at the request of the army he was examined on two occasions by Dr Blunden, a civilian consultant psychiatrist who had been employed by the Ministry of Defence since 1980. In her report of January 1991, Dr Blunden confirmed that Mr Findlay was fit to plead and knew what he was doing at the time of the incident. However, his chronic back problem (which caused him to be frustrated and depressed at not being fit for duty in his Northern Ireland posting) together with \u201chis previous combat stresses and a very high level of alcohol ... combined to produce this dangerous behaviour\u201c. In her second report, of March 1991, she explained that the applicant had reacted to the stress caused by his back problems in the way he did on 29 July 1990 because of his experiences in the Falklands war. Whilst she did not clearly state that he suffered from PTSD, she confirmed that similar patterns of behaviour frequently occurred at a late stage in those who experienced this disorder. She confirmed that the consumption of alcohol on the relevant day was a result of his condition and not a cause of it.\n\nMr Findlay was also examined by Dr Reid, at the request of his (Mr Findlay\u2019s) solicitor. Dr Reid diagnosed him as suffering from PTSD as a result of his service in the Falklands.\n\n2. The composition of the court martial\n\nThe position of \u201cconvening officer\u201c (see paragraphs 36-41 below) for the applicant\u2019s court martial was assumed by the General Officer Commanding London District, Major General Corbett. He remanded Mr Findlay for trial on eight charges arising out of the incident of 29 July 1990 and decided that he should be tried by general court martial.\n\nBy an order dated 31 October 1991, the convening officer convened the general court martial and appointed the military personnel who were to act as prosecuting officer, assistant prosecuting officer and assistant defending officer (to represent Mr Findlay in addition to his solicitor) and the members of the court martial (see paragraph 37 below).\n\nThe court martial consisted of a president and four other members: (1) the president, Colonel Godbold, was a member of London District staff (under the command of the convening officer: see paragraph 14 above). He was appointed by name by the latter and was not a permanent president; (2) Lieutenant-Colonel Swallow was a permanent president of courts martial, sitting in the capacity of an ordinary member. He had his office in the London District Headquarters. He was appointed by name by the convening officer; (3) Captain Tubbs was from the Coldstream Guards, a unit stationed in London District. His reporting chain was to his officer commanding, his commanding officer and the Brigade Commander, after which his report could, in exceptional circumstances, go to the convening officer; he was a member of a footguard unit and the convening officer, as General Officer Commanding, was responsible for all footguard units. He was appointed to the court martial by his commanding officer; (4) Major Bolitho was from the Grenadier Guards, also a footguard unit stationed in London District. The convening officer was his second superior reporting officer. He was appointed to the court martial by his commanding officer; (5) Captain O\u2019Connor was from the Postal and Courier Department, Royal Engineers (Women\u2019s Royal Army Corps), which is under the direct command of the Ministry of Defence and is administered by the London District. She was appointed by her commanding officer. In summary, all of the members of the court martial were subordinate in rank to the convening officer and served in units stationed within London District. None of them had legal training.\n\nThe assistant prosecuting and defending officers were both officers from the Second Scots Guards stationed in the London District and had the same reporting chain as Captain Tubbs (see paragraph 16 (3) above).\n\nThe judge advocate for the general court martial was appointed by the Judge Advocate General (see paragraphs 42-45 below). He was a barrister and assistant judge advocate with the Judge Advocate General\u2019s Office.\n\n3. The court martial hearing\n\nOn 11 November 1991, Mr Findlay appeared before the general court martial, at Regent\u2019s Park Barracks in London. He was represented by a solicitor. He pleaded guilty to three charges of common assault (a civilian offence), two charges of conduct to the prejudice of good order and military discipline (a military offence) and two charges of threatening to kill (a civilian offence).\n\nOn 2 November 1991, his solicitor had made a written request to the prosecuting authorities to ensure the appearance of Dr Blunden at the court martial and on 5 November 1991 the prosecuting officer had issued a witness summons requiring her attendance. However, the defence was informed on the morning of the hearing that Dr Blunden would not be attending. Mr Findlay claims that her absence persuaded him to plead guilty to the above charges. However, his solicitor did not request an adjournment or object to the hearing proceeding.\n\nThe defence put before the court martial the medical reports referred to above (paragraphs 11-13) and called Dr Reid to give evidence. The latter confirmed his view that the applicant suffered from PTSD, that this had been the principal cause of his behaviour, that he had not been responsible for his actions and that he was in need of counselling. During cross\u2011examination, Dr Reid stated that this was the first time he had dealt with battle-related PTSD. The prosecution did not call any medical evidence in rebuttal or adopt any of the evidence prepared by the army-instructed psychiatrists, Drs McKinnon and Blunden (see paragraphs 11-13 above).\n\nIn the course of his speech in mitigation, Mr Findlay\u2019s solicitor urged the court martial that, in view of the fact that his client had been suffering from PTSD at the time of the incident and was extremely unlikely to reoffend, he should be allowed to complete the few remaining months of his service and leave the army with his pension intact and a minimal endorsement on his record.\n\nHaving heard the evidence and speeches, the court martial retired to consider their decision on sentence, accompanied by the judge advocate. On their return they sentenced the applicant to two years\u2019 imprisonment, reduction to the rank of guardsman and dismissal from the army (which caused him to suffer a reduction in his pension entitlement). No reasons were given for the sentence (see paragraph 46 below).\n\n4. The confirmation of sentence and review process\n\nUnder the Army Act 1955, the decision of the court martial had no effect until it was confirmed by the \u201cconfirming officer\u201c (see paragraph 48 below). In Mr Findlay\u2019s case, as was usual practice, the confirming officer was the same person as the convening officer. Mr Findlay petitioned him for a reduction in sentence. Having received advice from the Judge Advocate General\u2019s Office, the confirming officer informed the applicant on 16 December 1991 that the sentence had been upheld.\n\nThe applicant, who had been under close arrest since the morning before the court martial hearing, was removed on 18 November 1991 to a military prison and thereafter to a civilian prison on 21 December 1991.\n\nHe appealed by way of petition to the first of the \u201creviewing authorities\u201c (see paragraph 49 below), the Deputy Director General of Personal Services, as delegate of the Army Board, a non-legally qualified officer who obtained advice from the Judge Advocate General\u2019s Office. By a letter dated 22 January 1992, Mr Findlay was informed that this petition had been rejected.\n\nHe then petitioned the second of the reviewing authorities, a member of the Defence Council who also was not legally qualified and who also received advice from the Judge Advocate General\u2019s Office. This petition was rejected on 10 March 1992.\n\nThe advice given by the Judge Advocate General\u2019s Office at each of these three stages of review was not disclosed to the applicant, nor was he given reasons for the decisions confirming his sentence and rejecting his petitions.\n\nOn 10 March 1992, the applicant applied to the Divisional Court for leave to challenge by judicial review the validity of the findings of the court martial. He claimed that the sentence imposed was excessive, the proceedings were contrary to the rules of natural justice and that the judge advocate had been hostile to him on two occasions during the hearing. On 14 December 1992 the Divisional Court refused leave on the basis that the court martial had been conducted fully in accordance with the Army Act 1955 and there was no evidence of improper conduct or hostility on the part of the judge advocate (R. v. General Court Martial (Regent\u2019s Park Barracks), ex parte Alexander Findlay, CO/1092/92, unreported).\n\n5. Civil proceedings\n\nMr Findlay commenced a civil claim in negligence against the military authorities, claiming damages in respect of his back injury and PTSD. In a report dated 16 January 1994 prepared for these purposes, Dr Blunden confirmed her previous opinion (see paragraph 12 above) and clearly diagnosed PTSD.\n\nIn March 1994 the civil action was settled by the Secretary of State for Defence, who paid the applicant \u00a3100,000 and legal costs, without any admission of liability. 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Klaus Breiler was born in 1939 and lives in Berlin. He studied educational science and aircraft engineering and piloting in the former German Democratic Republic (GDR). From 1969 until 1990 he worked for the GDR airline Interflug. On 4 December 2000 he applied for the transfer of alleged future pension rights under one of the additional pension schemes for certain professions or groups (Zusatzversorgungssysteme). On 20 February 2002 Klaus Breiler's request was dismissed.
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2904, "entity_id": "001-100393_a8_e35", "entity_mention_id": "001-100393_a8_em43", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "20 December 2006", "start_offset": 2888}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 2926, "entity_id": "001-100393_a8_e36", "entity_mention_id": "001-100393_a8_em44", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "16 February 2007", "start_offset": 2910}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 2953, "entity_id": "001-100393_a8_e28", "entity_mention_id": "001-100393_a8_em45", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Social Court of Appeal", "start_offset": 2931}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 3058, "entity_id": "001-100393_a8_e37", "entity_mention_id": "001-100393_a8_em46", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "15 March 2007", "start_offset": 3045}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 3290, "entity_id": "001-100393_a8_e38", "entity_mention_id": "001-100393_a8_em47", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "15 June 2007", "start_offset": 3278}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 3310, "entity_id": "001-100393_a8_e39", "entity_mention_id": "001-100393_a8_em48", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "22 January 2008", "start_offset": 3295}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 3335, "entity_id": "001-100393_a8_e26", "entity_mention_id": "001-100393_a8_em49", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Federal Social Court", "start_offset": 3315}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 3454, "entity_id": "001-100393_a8_e40", "entity_mention_id": "001-100393_a8_em50", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "1 February 2008", "start_offset": 3439}]}, "annotator9": null}, "quality_checked": [], "task": "Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Klaus Breiler", "meta": {"applicant": "Klaus Breiler", "articles": [91, 34, 54, 34, 93], "countries": "DEU", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2010}, "doc_id": "001-100393", "dataset_type": "train", "orig_text": "PROCEDURE\n\nThe case originated in an application (no. 16386/07) against the Federal Republic of Germany lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (\u201cthe Convention\u201d) by a German national, Mr Klaus Breiler (\u201cthe applicant\u201d), on 16 April 2007.\n\nThe applicant was represented by Mr K.H. Christoph, a lawyer practising in Berlin. The German Government (\u201cthe Government\u201d) were represented by their Agent, Mrs A. Wittling-Vogel, Ministerialdirigentin, Federal Ministry of Justice.\n\nOn 1 September 2009 the President of the Fifth Section decided to communicate the complaint concerning the length of the proceedings to the Government. It was also decided to rule on the admissibility and merits of the application at the same time (Article 29 \u00a7 3). The Chamber decided, pursuant to Rule 54 \u00a7 3, that no hearing was required.\n\nTHE FACTS\n\nI. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE\n\nThe applicant was born in 1939 and lives in Berlin. He studied educational science and aircraft engineering and piloting in the former German Democratic Republic (GDR). From 1969 until 1990 he worked for the GDR airline Interflug.\n\nOn 4 December 2000 he applied for the transfer of alleged future pension rights under one of the additional pension schemes for certain professions or groups (Zusatzversorgungssysteme). On 20 February 2002 the applicant's request was dismissed. His subsequent administrative appeal, submitted on 13 March 2002, was rejected on 26 July 2002.\n\nOn 30 August 2002 he brought an action in the Social Court, which, following a hearing on 20 January 2003, dismissed the action, finding that the applicant did not qualify for any of the additional pension schemes. The judgment was served on the applicant on 20 February 2003. On 18 March 2003 he appealed the judgment.\n\nOn 18 June 2003 the Federal Social Court rendered a decision concerning a similar subject-matter, which was consistent with the Social Court's decision in the instant case. On 28 August 2003 the Social Court of Appeal advised the parties of the Federal Social Court's decision and classified the case as ready for decision.\n\nDuring the course of the appeal proceedings the applicant's representative declared that he was seeking fundamental clarification of the subject-matter before the Federal Constitutional Court. The Social Court of Appeal therefore awaited a decision of that court.\n\nOn 24 April 2006 the judge rapporteur enquired whether the appeal was to continue after the Federal Constitutional Court on 1 March 2006 (file no. 1 BvR 320/06) had declined to admit for examination a constitutional complaint in a similar case.\n\nOn 8 May 2006 the applicant's representative announced that he would submit further observations until 30 June 2006. After a reminder of the Social Court of Appeal on 15 August 2006 these observations were submitted on 20 December 2006.\n\nOn 16 February 2007 the Social Court of Appeal dismissed the applicant's appeal and refused to grant leave to appeal on points of law. On 15 March 2007 the judgment was served on the applicant's representative.\n\nWithin the statutory time limit the applicant's representative objected to the refusal to grant leave to appeal on points of law and reasoned the objection on 15 June 2007. On 22 January 2008 the Federal Social Court dismissed the objection as inadmissible. This decision was served on the applicant's representative on 1 February 2008.", "applicant": "Klaus Breiler", "offset": 938, "idx_mapping": [938, 938, 938, 938, 938, 938, 938, 938, 938, 938, 938, 938, 938, 951, 952, 953, 954, 955, 956, 957, 958, 959, 960, 961, 962, 963, 964, 965, 966, 967, 968, 969, 970, 971, 972, 973, 974, 975, 976, 977, 978, 979, 980, 981, 982, 983, 984, 985, 986, 987, 988, 989, 990, 991, 992, 993, 994, 995, 996, 997, 998, 999, 1000, 1001, 1002, 1003, 1004, 1005, 1006, 1007, 1008, 1009, 1010, 1011, 1012, 1013, 1014, 1015, 1016, 1017, 1018, 1019, 1020, 1021, 1022, 1023, 1024, 1025, 1026, 1027, 1028, 1029, 1030, 1031, 1032, 1033, 1034, 1035, 1036, 1037, 1038, 1039, 1040, 1041, 1042, 1043, 1044, 1045, 1046, 1047, 1048, 1049, 1050, 1051, 1052, 1053, 1054, 1055, 1056, 1057, 1058, 1059, 1060, 1061, 1062, 1063, 1064, 1065, 1066, 1067, 1068, 1069, 1070, 1071, 1072, 1073, 1074, 1075, 1076, 1077, 1078, 1079, 1080, 1081, 1082, 1083, 1084, 1085, 1086, 1087, 1088, 1089, 1090, 1091, 1092, 1093, 1094, 1095, 1096, 1097, 1098, 1099, 1100, 1101, 1102, 1103, 1104, 1105, 1106, 1107, 1108, 1109, 1110, 1111, 1112, 1113, 1114, 1115, 1116, 1117, 1118, 1119, 1120, 1121, 1122, 1123, 1124, 1125, 1126, 1127, 1128, 1129, 1130, 1131, 1132, 1133, 1134, 1135, 1136, 1137, 1138, 1139, 1140, 1141, 1142, 1143, 1144, 1145, 1146, 1147, 1148, 1149, 1150, 1151, 1152, 1153, 1154, 1155, 1156, 1157, 1158, 1159, 1160, 1161, 1162, 1163, 1164, 1165, 1166, 1167, 1168, 1169, 1170, 1171, 1172, 1173, 1174, 1175, 1176, 1177, 1178, 1179, 1180, 1181, 1182, 1183, 1184, 1185, 1186, 1187, 1188, 1189, 1190, 1191, 1192, 1193, 1194, 1195, 1196, 1197, 1198, 1199, 1200, 1201, 1202, 1203, 1204, 1205, 1206, 1207, 1208, 1209, 1210, 1211, 1212, 1213, 1214, 1215, 1216, 1217, 1218, 1219, 1220, 1221, 1222, 1223, 1224, 1225, 1226, 1227, 1228, 1229, 1230, 1231, 1232, 1233, 1234, 1235, 1236, 1237, 1238, 1239, 1240, 1241, 1242, 1243, 1244, 1245, 1246, 1247, 1248, 1249, 1250, 1251, 1252, 1253, 1254, 1255, 1256, 1257, 1258, 1259, 1260, 1261, 1262, 1263, 1264, 1265, 1266, 1267, 1268, 1269, 1270, 1271, 1272, 1273, 1274, 1275, 1276, 1277, 1278, 1279, 1280, 1281, 1282, 1283, 1284, 1285, 1286, 1287, 1288, 1289, 1290, 1291, 1292, 1293, 1294, 1295, 1296, 1297, 1298, 1299, 1300, 1301, 1302, 1303, 1304, 1305, 1306, 1307, 1308, 1309, 1310, 1311, 1312, 1313, 1314, 1315, 1316, 1317, 1318, 1319, 1320, 1321, 1322, 1323, 1324, 1325, 1326, 1327, 1328, 1329, 1330, 1331, 1332, 1333, 1334, 1335, 1336, 1337, 1338, 1339, 1340, 1341, 1342, 1343, 1344, 1345, 1346, 1347, 1348, 1349, 1350, 1351, 1352, 1353, 1354, 1355, 1356, 1357, 1358, 1359, 1360, 1361, 1362, 1363, 1364, 1365, 1366, 1367, 1368, 1369, 1370, 1371, 1372, 1373, 1374, 938, 938, 938, 938, 938, 938, 938, 938, 938, 938, 938, 938, 938, 1388, 1389, 1390, 1391, 1392, 1393, 1394, 1395, 1396, 1397, 1398, 1399, 1400, 1401, 1402, 1403, 1404, 1405, 1406, 1407, 1408, 1409, 1410, 1411, 1412], "duplicates": 1}
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Thomas R. Sylvester was born in 1953 and lives in Cincinnati, Ohio. In April 1994 Thomas R. Sylvester married an Austrian citizen. The marriage was concluded in the United States of America and the couple set up their common residence in Michigan. On 11 September 1994, their daughter was born. On 31 October 1995, after his wife had left the United States with their daughter without obtaining Thomas R. Sylvester’s consent and had set up her residence in Austria, he brought a petition for divorce in the Oakland Circuit Court (Michigan).
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Austria judgment", "start_offset": 5591}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 5641, "entity_id": "001-68160_a8_e46", "entity_mention_id": "001-68160_a8_em69", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "21 September 1993", "start_offset": 5624}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 5688, "entity_id": "001-68160_a8_e37", "entity_mention_id": "001-68160_a8_em70", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Constitutional Court", "start_offset": 5668}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 5725, "entity_id": "001-68160_a8_e47", "entity_mention_id": "001-68160_a8_em71", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Administrative Court\u2019s", "start_offset": 5703}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 6012, "entity_id": "001-68160_a8_e32", "entity_mention_id": "001-68160_a8_em72", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Administrative Court", "start_offset": 5992}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 6154, "entity_id": "001-68160_a8_e48", "entity_mention_id": "001-68160_a8_em73", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "5 October 2001", "start_offset": 6140}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 6211, "entity_id": "001-68160_a8_e32", "entity_mention_id": "001-68160_a8_em74", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Administrative Court", "start_offset": 6191}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 6308, "entity_id": "001-68160_a8_e49", "entity_mention_id": "001-68160_a8_em75", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "29 October 2001", "start_offset": 6293}]}, "annotator9": null}, "quality_checked": [], "task": "Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Thomas R. Sylvester", "meta": {"applicant": "Thomas R. Sylvester", "articles": [91, 34, 54, 34, 44, 32, 34, 52, 49, 34, 93], "countries": "AUT", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2005}, "doc_id": "001-68160", "dataset_type": "train", "orig_text": "PROCEDURE\n\nThe case originated in an application (no. 54640/00) against the Republic of Austria lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (\u201cthe Convention\u201d) by a national of the United States of America, Mr Thomas R. Sylvester (\u201cthe applicant\u201d), on 23 August 1999.\n\nThe Austrian Government (\u201cthe Government\u201d) were represented by their Agent, Ambassador H. Winkler, Head of the International Law Department at the Federal Ministry for Foreign Affairs.\n\nThe applicant complained about the length of proceedings relating to his request to have a divorce decree and custody decision issued by a United States court recognised in Austria.\n\nThe application was allocated to the First Section of the Court (Rule 52 \u00a7 1 of the Rules of Court). Within that Section, the Chamber that would consider the case (Article 27 \u00a7 1 of the Convention) was constituted as provided in Rule 26 \u00a7 1.\n\nBy a decision of 9 October 2003 the Court declared the application admissible.\n\nOn 1 November 2004 the Court changed the composition of its Sections (Rule 25 \u00a7 1). This case was assigned to the newly composed First Section (Rule 52 \u00a7 1).\n\nTHE FACTS\n\nThe applicant was born in 1953 and lives in Cincinnati, Ohio.\n\nIn April 1994 the applicant married an Austrian citizen. The marriage was concluded in the United States of America and the couple set up their common residence in Michigan. On 11 September 1994, their daughter was born.\n\nOn 31 October 1995, after his wife had left the United States with their daughter without obtaining the applicant\u2019s consent and had set up her residence in Austria, he brought a petition for divorce in the Oakland Circuit Court (Michigan). He also introduced court proceedings in Austria requesting the return of his daughter under the 1980 Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of Child Abduction.\n\nOn 2 November 1995 the applicant\u2019s wife brought a petition for divorce in the Graz District Civil Court.\n\nOn 16 April 1996 the Oakland Circuit Court confirmed a default decree of divorce issued in January 1996, noting that Mrs Sylvester had failed to comply with the requirements for setting aside the default. Further, it awarded the applicant sole custody over the couple\u2019s daughter and ordered that she should reside with him in case of her return.\n\nOn 5 June 1996 the applicant filed a request for recognition of the divorce decree with the Austrian Federal Ministry of Justice.\n\nOn 26 September 1996 the Federal Ministry of Justice refused to grant this request. Referring to Section 24 \u00a7 1 of the Fourth Implementing Regulation to the Marriage Act (4. Durchf\u00fchrungsverordnung zum Ehegesetz), it considered that a recognition of the divorce decree would be contrary to Austrian ordre public as the applicant\u2019s wife, being the defendant in the proceedings before the Oakland Circuit Court, had not been heard as she was considered to be in default, despite the fact that the applicant\u2019s petition for divorce had not been duly served on her.\n\nThereupon, on 15 November 1996 the applicant filed a complaint with the Administrative Court. The latter instituted preliminary proceedings on 25 November 1996.\n\nOn 9 January 1997 the Administrative Court received the observations of the Federal Ministry of Justice and, on 20 January 1997, it received the observations of Mrs Sylvester as a third party.\n\nOn 18 December 1998 the Administrative Court referred the case to the Constitutional Court requesting it to review the constitutionality of Section 24 \u00a7 1 of the Fourth Implementing Regulation to the Marriage Act.\n\nIt argued that Article 6 of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms which has constitutional rank in Austrian law, applied to the proceedings concerning the recognition of foreign divorce decrees as their outcome had a direct effect on the civil law relationship of the persons concerned. However, it was incompatible with that Article that the Federal Ministry of Justice, an administrative authority, decided upon the request for recognition. The subsequent control by the Administrative Court was not sufficient where the subject matter, such as family law relations, fell within the very core of the notion of \u201ccivil rights\u201d.\n\nThe Constitutional Court received the Administrative Court\u2019s request on 19 February 1999. The Administrative Court submitted three further requests raising the same issue, which were received by the Constitutional Court on 13 July, 21 October and 12 November 1999, respectively. The proceedings in these cases were joined to proceedings in the applicant\u2019s case.\n\nOn 4 February 2000 the Administrative Court supplemented its request in the applicant\u2019s case.\n\nOn 28 February 2001 it supplemented its requests in the three other cases.\n\nOn 16 June 2001 the Constitutional Court gave its judgment, finding that Section 24 \u00a7 1 of the Fourth Implementing Regulation to the Marriage Act was in conformity with the constitution.\n\nThe Constitutional Court noted firstly that the proceedings at issue were concerned with the questions whether recognition was compatible with Austrian ordre public. Thus, the recognition of foreign divorce decrees was closely linked to the question whether they could be enforced in Austria. Referring to a number of decisions, in which the European Commission of Human Rights had found that Article 6 did not apply to enforcement proceedings, the Constitutional Court expressed doubts as to the applicability of Article 6.\n\nEven assuming that Article 6 applied, referring to the Court\u2019s Zumtobel v. Austria judgment (of 21 September 1993, Series A no. 268-A), the Constitutional Court held that the Administrative Court\u2019s scope of review was sufficient, since proceedings concerning the recognition of foreign divorce decrees involved mainly questions of law. Where an assessment of facts was required, as for instance where the question arose whether an action had been duly served, the Administrative Court was empowered to review whether the administrative authority\u2019s assessment was correctly based on the contents of the file.\n\nOn 5 October 2001 having resumed its proceedings, the Administrative Court dismissed the applicant\u2019s complaint. The decision was served on the applicant on 29 October 2001.", "applicant": "Thomas R. Sylvester", "offset": 1203, "idx_mapping": [1203, 1203, 1203, 1203, 1203, 1203, 1203, 1203, 1203, 1203, 1203, 1203, 1203, 1222, 1223, 1224, 1225, 1226, 1227, 1228, 1229, 1230, 1231, 1232, 1233, 1234, 1235, 1236, 1237, 1238, 1239, 1240, 1241, 1242, 1243, 1244, 1245, 1246, 1247, 1248, 1249, 1250, 1251, 1252, 1253, 1254, 1255, 1256, 1257, 1258, 1259, 1260, 1261, 1262, 1263, 1264, 1265, 1266, 1267, 1268, 1269, 1270, 1271, 1272, 1273, 1274, 1275, 1276, 1277, 1278, 1279, 1280, 1281, 1282, 1283, 1284, 1203, 1203, 1203, 1203, 1203, 1203, 1203, 1203, 1203, 1203, 1203, 1203, 1203, 1304, 1305, 1306, 1307, 1308, 1309, 1310, 1311, 1312, 1313, 1314, 1315, 1316, 1317, 1318, 1319, 1320, 1321, 1322, 1323, 1324, 1325, 1326, 1327, 1328, 1329, 1330, 1331, 1332, 1333, 1334, 1335, 1336, 1337, 1338, 1339, 1340, 1341, 1342, 1343, 1344, 1345, 1346, 1347, 1348, 1349, 1350, 1351, 1352, 1353, 1354, 1355, 1356, 1357, 1358, 1359, 1360, 1361, 1362, 1363, 1364, 1365, 1366, 1367, 1368, 1369, 1370, 1371, 1372, 1373, 1374, 1375, 1376, 1377, 1378, 1379, 1380, 1381, 1382, 1383, 1384, 1385, 1386, 1387, 1388, 1389, 1390, 1391, 1392, 1393, 1394, 1395, 1396, 1397, 1398, 1399, 1400, 1401, 1402, 1403, 1404, 1405, 1406, 1407, 1408, 1409, 1410, 1411, 1412, 1413, 1414, 1415, 1416, 1417, 1418, 1419, 1420, 1421, 1422, 1423, 1424, 1425, 1426, 1427, 1428, 1429, 1430, 1431, 1432, 1433, 1434, 1435, 1436, 1437, 1438, 1439, 1440, 1441, 1442, 1443, 1444, 1445, 1446, 1447, 1448, 1449, 1450, 1451, 1452, 1453, 1454, 1455, 1456, 1457, 1458, 1459, 1460, 1461, 1462, 1463, 1464, 1465, 1466, 1467, 1468, 1469, 1470, 1471, 1472, 1473, 1474, 1475, 1476, 1477, 1478, 1479, 1480, 1481, 1482, 1483, 1484, 1485, 1486, 1487, 1488, 1489, 1490, 1491, 1492, 1493, 1494, 1495, 1496, 1497, 1498, 1499, 1500, 1501, 1502, 1503, 1504, 1505, 1506, 1507, 1508, 1509, 1510, 1511, 1512, 1513, 1514, 1515, 1516, 1517, 1518, 1519, 1520, 1521, 1522, 1523, 1524, 1525, 1526, 1527, 1528, 1529, 1530, 1531, 1532, 1533, 1534, 1535, 1536, 1537, 1538, 1539, 1540, 1541, 1542, 1543, 1544, 1545, 1546, 1547, 1548, 1549, 1550, 1551, 1552, 1553, 1554, 1555, 1556, 1557, 1558, 1559, 1560, 1561, 1562, 1563, 1564, 1565, 1566, 1567, 1568, 1569, 1570, 1571, 1572, 1573, 1574, 1575, 1576, 1577, 1578, 1579, 1580, 1581, 1582, 1583, 1584, 1585, 1586, 1587, 1588, 1589, 1590, 1591, 1592, 1593, 1594, 1595, 1596, 1597, 1203, 1203, 1203, 1203, 1203, 1203, 1203, 1203, 1203, 1203, 1203, 1203, 1203, 1617, 1618, 1619, 1620, 1621, 1622, 1623, 1624, 1625, 1626, 1627, 1628, 1629, 1630, 1631, 1632, 1633, 1634, 1635, 1636, 1637, 1638, 1639, 1640, 1641, 1642, 1643, 1644, 1645, 1646, 1647, 1648, 1649, 1650, 1651, 1652, 1653, 1654, 1655, 1656, 1657, 1658, 1659, 1660, 1661, 1662, 1663, 1664, 1665, 1666, 1667, 1668, 1669, 1670, 1671, 1672, 1673, 1674, 1675, 1676, 1677, 1678, 1679, 1680, 1681, 1682, 1683, 1684, 1685, 1686, 1687, 1688, 1689, 1690, 1691, 1692, 1693, 1694, 1695, 1696, 1697, 1698, 1699, 1700, 1701, 1702, 1703, 1704, 1705, 1706, 1707, 1708, 1709, 1710, 1711, 1712, 1713, 1714, 1715, 1716, 1717, 1718, 1719, 1720, 1721, 1722, 1723, 1724, 1725, 1726, 1727, 1728, 1729, 1730, 1731, 1732, 1733, 1734, 1735, 1736, 1737, 1738, 1739, 1740, 1741, 1742], "duplicates": 1}
| 1
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Lars Lillo-Stenbergs were born in 1962 and 1964 respectively. They live in Oslo. The first applicant is a musician and the second applicant is an actress. They are both known to the public in Norway. On 20 August 2005, Lars Lillo-Stenbergs married in a private ceremony which took place outdoors on an islet in the municipality of Tjøme in the Oslo fjord, approximately 100 km south of the capital.
|
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"dataset_type": "train", "orig_text": "PROCEDURE\n\nThe case originated in an application (no. 13258/09) against the Kingdom of Norway lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (\u201cthe Convention\u201d) by two Norwegian nationals, Mr Lars Lillo-Stenberg and Mrs Andrine S\u00e6ther (\u201cthe applicants\u201d), on 5 March 2009.\n\nThe applicants were represented by Mr Harald Stabell, a lawyer practising in Oslo. The Norwegian Government (\u201cthe Government\u201d) were represented by their Agent, Mrs Fanny Platou Amble, attorney at the Attorney General\u2019s Office (Civil Affairs).\n\nThe applicants alleged that their right under Article 8 of the Convention to respect for private life had been breached by a Supreme Court judgment of 2 September 2008.\n\nOn 26 May 2010 the application was communicated to the Government, but it was decided to await the outcome of Von Hannover v. Germany (no. 2) [GC], nos. 40660/08 and 60641/08, ECHR 2012 and Axel Springer AG v. Germany [GC], no. 39954/08, 7 February 2012.\n\nTHE FACTS\n\nI. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE\n\nThe applicants were born in 1962 and 1964 respectively. They live in Oslo. The first applicant is a musician and the second applicant is an actress. They are both known to the public in Norway.\n\nOn 20 August 2005, the applicants married in a private ceremony which took place outdoors on an islet in the municipality of Tj\u00f8me in the Oslo fjord, approximately 100 km south of the capital.\n\nSubsequently, the weekly magazine Se og H\u00f8r, hereafter \u201cthe magazine\u201d, published a two-page article about the wedding, accompanied by six photographs. One photograph showed the bride, her father and her bridesmaids arriving at the islet in a small rowing boat; another showed the bride being brought to the groom by her father on the islet, surrounded by people; and yet another photograph showed the bride and the groom returning to the mainland on foot by crossing the lake on stepping stones. In the last photograph, the bride was barefoot with her wedding dress raised above her knees to avoid getting the dress wet. There was also a photograph of a couple and their baby who were wedding guests. Finally, there were two old photographs: one of the applicants framed in a heart and one of the second applicant and the applicants\u2019 young son attending a musical festival one month earlier.\n\nThe article described the ceremony, the applicants and some of the guests. It stated, inter alia, that the ceremony was touching; that several guests could not hold back their tears when the bride arrived at the islet and a male voice choir starting singing the song \u201cTo live is to love\u201d; and that a party took place after the ceremony in the garden of a named guest house. It also stated that the applicants\u2019 manager had informed the magazine that the applicants did not wish to comment on their wedding.\n\nThe applicants brought compensation proceedings against the magazine before Oslo District Court (Oslo tingrett) and invoked, among other things, the right to respect for private life under section 390 of the Penal Code and Article 8 of the Convention. It was not in dispute that the magazine was not invited to the wedding and that the photographs were taken without the applicants\u2019 knowledge approximately 250 meters from the islet.\n\nBy judgment of 22 November 2006 the Oslo District Court found for the applicants and ordered the magazine to pay them each 50,000 Norwegian kroner (NOK). In addition, the editor responsible was ordered to pay each applicant NOK 15,000 and the journalist and the photographer were ordered to pay each applicant NOK 5,000.\n\nThe magazine appealed to the Borgarting High Court (lagmannsrett), which by judgment of 13 February 2008 upheld the judgment.\n\nThe magazine appealed to the Supreme Court (H\u00f8yesterett), which by judgment of 2 September 2008 found against the applicants, by three votes to two.\n\nMr Justice U. gave the following reasons, which in the main were endorsed by the two other members of the majority: \u201cI have concluded that the appeal should be allowed. (34) In recent years the Supreme Court has considered legal questions relating to violation of privacy in the judgments Rt-2007-687 (Big Brother) and Rt-2008-489 (Plata). My argument is based mainly on these judgments. As follows from the judgments, section 3-6 of the Damages Act concerning redress for violation of privacy must be read in conjunction with section 390 of the Penal Code. The provision in section 3-6 refers, at any rate primarily, to violation of section 390. In my view, there is no need to consider whether, as contended by [the applicants], there may be cases that are covered in principle by Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights but not by \u201cprivacy\u201c under section 390 of the Penal Code. Nor will I examine whether this is a discussion of terminology or of facts. (35) I have already described the content of the article. There is no doubt that the case concerns information \u2012 which I am using as a general term to refer to both text and pictures \u2012 that taken as a whole is relevant to the issue of privacy. There is no reason for me to evaluate individual elements on the basis of whether or not they impinge on the concept of privacy. The article as a whole contains information about the couple and their child in addition to information about the wedding. The relationships within the family and between the family and their friends are clearly of a personal nature. (36) Thus the question under consideration is whether a violation of privacy took place, cf. section 390 of the Penal Code. There would have been no question of violation of privacy if consent to publication had been obtained, cf. paragraph 62 of the judgment in the Big Brother case. In this case it has been clearly established that the couple had not been informed beforehand that there were plans to publicise the wedding, nor were they asked for their consent. However, the journalist, Mr S, contacted [the first applicant\u2019s] manager on Monday, immediately before the article went to press. The manager said that the couple did not wish to comment on the wedding. A little later the same day Se og H\u00f8r was contacted and informed that the couple did not consent to publication, but the reply was that the magazine was already in the press. It has thus been clearly established that the article was published without the couple\u2019s consent. I would add that I see nothing in the article indicating that the couple had given the magazine permission to report on the wedding in return for payment. On the contrary, the article stated at the end that the two celebrities did not wish to comment. (37) The next question is whether the article was unlawful. This question must be decided on the basis of an overall evaluation of the article, cf. paragraph 64 of the Big Brother judgment with further references. In my assessment of legality I also refer to the Big Brother judgment, citing, as was done in the Plata judgment, paragraphs 57 and 58: \u2018... When the penal provision applies to violation of privacy, this necessarily implies that the issue that arises is that of legality. This again implies that the publication must be assessed as a whole, in the actual context and situation, where protection of privacy must be weighed against freedom of expression, cf. Bratholm og Matningsdal, Part Three, 1998, page 222, of the Penal Code and comments, and further references. ... The European Convention on Human Rights is incorporated into internal Norwegian law in the Human Rights Act. Both Article 8 relating to respect for private and family life and Article 10 relating to the right to freedom of expression are central to the present case. The principles that must be weighed in this case are similar to those that must be weighed under section 3-6, first paragraph, of the Damages Act and section 390 of the Penal Code, and in the present situation these provisions should be interpreted in such a way that their content is in compliance with Articles 8 and 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights.\u2019 (38) Reference is also made in paragraph 72 of the Big Brother judgment to the summing up by the European Court of Human Rights in the von Hannover judgment: \u2018... The conclusion must naturally be read in conjunction with the rest of the judgment. The issue throughout is the balancing of the right to privacy against the principle of freedom of expression. The central issue with respect to protection of privacy is therefore whether the published article contributes to a debate of public interest. In other words, the particular importance of protection under Article 10 of the Human Rights Convention lies in the relevance of the information in question to public debate. With respect to publication of details referring exclusively to an individual\u2019s private life, and particularly to the private relationship between two persons who do not occupy positions in politics or in society, this is clearly outside the area that the provisions relating to freedom of expression are intended to regulate.\u2019 (39) Both [applicants] are well-known figures, but neither of them has had a prominent role either in the public administration or in any other public body. Thus the provisions of Article 10 have no particular weight with respect to the magazine article in question, which clearly has a purely entertainment value. In the assessment of legality, protection under Article 8 of the Human Rights Convention is the most relevant principle to be weighed. (40) I will now examine the circumstances in the present case in relation to the issue of legality. As mentioned above, an overall assessment of the magazine article shows that it concerns the subjects\u2019 private life, and the question is whether in spite of this there are grounds for saying that it does not constitute a violation of privacy. A wedding is a very personal act. At the same time it also has a public side. A wedding is a public affirmation that two persons intend to live together, and has legal consequences in many different sectors of society. Thus information about a wedding does not in itself involve a violation of privacy if it is given in a neutral form and based on a reliable source, cf. paragraph 80 of the Big Brother judgment. (41) The judgment of the Court of Human Rights in the case of von Hannover and the subsequent judgment of the Supreme Court in the Big Brother case have premises that seem to go far in support of protection against the use of pictures and texts concerning an individual\u2019s private life. It is therefore necessary to examine the facts on which the judgments were based. Paragraph 49 of the von Hannover case concerns a series of photographs of the aggrieved party. In its evaluation of the application of the law in the case at hand, the court stated in paragraphs 68 and 69: \u2018... The Court finds another point to be of importance: even though, strictly speaking, the present application concerns only the publication of the photos and articles by various German magazines, the context in which these photos were taken \u2012 without the applicant\u2019s knowledge or consent and the harassment endured by many public figures in their daily lives cannot be fully disregarded (see paragraph 59 above). In the present case this point is illustrated in particularly striking fashion by the photos taken of the applicant at the Monte Carlo Beach Club tripping over an obstacle and falling down ... It appears that these photos were taken secretly at a distance of several hundred metres, probably from a neighbouring house, whereas journalists\u2019 and photographers\u2019 access to the club was strictly regulated ... ... The Court reiterates the fundamental importance of protecting private life from the point of view of the development of every human being\u2019s personality. That protection \u2012 as stated above \u2012 extends beyond the private family circle and also includes a social dimension. The Court considers that anyone, even if they are known to the general public, must be able to enjoy a \u201clegitimate expectation\u201d of protection of and respect for their private life ...\u2019 (42) Paragraph 59 states: \u2018Furthermore, photos appearing in the tabloid press are often taken in a climate of continual harassment which induces in the person concerned a very strong sense of intrusion into their private life or even of persecution.\u2019 (43) Thus the way in which the photos were published and the constant photographing \u2012 often by photographers who followed her around \u2012 constituted harassment of the aggrieved party and also an invasion of privacy. The situation was similar to some extent in the Big Brother case. Se og H\u00f8r ran several articles featuring photos taken from different sources together with speculation and gossip. The magazine also described the relationship between the parties during their life together, which was an invasion of their private life as a couple. (44) The right to protection of privacy is no weaker for well-known cultural personalities than it is for others, despite the fact that their photos are published in magazines and newspapers and on the internet in connection with their professional lives. It could be said that in the case of such individuals it is even more important to ensure that their private lives and personal relationships are protected. (45) A wedding is a very significant personal experience for the bridal couple, an experience that includes their families, friends and other persons close to them. The wedding ceremony and celebrations are therefore clearly part of private and family life and thus in principle should be protected. However, in my opinion this consideration is only one aspect of the case. (46) As mentioned above, a neutral description of two individuals\u2019 wedding is not unlawful. (47) Neither the text nor the photos in the disputed magazine article contain anything unfavourable to the couple. The article contains no criticism, nor is there anything in the content that could weaken their reputations. (48) Furthermore, although the couple\u2019s relationships with close friends are part of their private life, I cannot see that in this context the naming of a few of the participants constitutes a violation. Nor is it particularly unusual to write that the ceremony was \u201cmoving, and several of the guests couldn\u2019t hold back their tears when a men\u2019s choir sang ...\u201d. (49) The article contains no photos of the actual wedding ceremony. It is therefore not possible for me to have any views on whether such photos, including close-ups, would have to be regarded in a different light from those featured in the article. Photos in such a situation would clearly have more personal significance than photos showing the bridal couple arriving at or leaving the place where the marriage took place. (50) I shall now examine more closely the way the wedding was conducted. The bride arrived at the islet in a rowing boat, with six bridesmaids on board. There she was greeted by her future husband and by a men\u2019s choir singing a hymn. After the ceremony the bride and groom had to step from rock to rock in order to reach the shore, which the bride accomplished in bare feet. As pointed out in paragraph 50 of the von Hannover judgment, the concept of private life is comprehensive, and includes \u2018a zone of interaction of a person with others, even in a public context, which may fall within the scope of \u2018private life\u2019. However, a certain amount of weight must be given to the fact that the wedding was organised in a very unusual way, and took place in an area that is accessible to the public under the Outdoor Recreation Act and that is easily visible. As already mentioned, the photos do not show the most personal part of the wedding, the actual marriage ceremony. (51) As mentioned above, the photos were taken of a wedding in a place accessible to the public. It can be assumed that even in August there are large numbers of people on Tj\u00f8me, which is one of the most popular locations for holiday cottages and recreation in Norway. Furthermore, many of the arrangements were such as to attract attention from third parties, for example the arrival of the bride in an open boat and the presence of a men\u2019s choir singing a hymn on the islet. The arrangements were also spectacular in themselves. In spite of the fact that all individuals, including celebrities, are entitled to protection against being photographed even in public places, I consider that this must be taken into account in the assessment of legality. (52) The photos were taken from a headland about 200-250 metres from the islet where the ceremony was being held, and a 300- to 400-millimetre zoom lens was used. For the bridal couple, however, the situation would not have been any better if the photography had taken place somewhere closer, or from a place where the photographer and journalist could have been seen by the wedding party. This could have disturbed the whole wedding. Nor was the photographing in the nature of a breach of confidence, as it would have been if for example any of the participants had published personal photos taken during or in connection with the wedding. The situation would also have been different if the photos had been taken of events taking place in a closed area where the subjects had reason to believe that they were unobserved, cf. paragraph 68, second sub-paragraph, of the von Hannover judgment. (53) The article contained a photo of [the second applicant] together with the couple\u2019s under-age child. During the proceedings the focus has been on the photos related to the wedding, and it has not been contended that the use of the photo of the under-age child puts the case in a different light. The photo had previously been published in Aftenposten, and it has not been contended that consent was lacking on that occasion. For these reasons I shall not examine the particular questions raised by the use of a photo of an under-age child without the necessary consent of the parents. (54) Thus it must be concluded that the article did not involve unlawful violation of privacy. (55) [The applicants] have contended as an alternative that the photos were used in a way that conflicts with the provisions of section 45c of the Copyright Act relating to the right to control the use of one\u2019s image. In my view these provisions should also be read with the reservation that there could be a conflict of principles and in conjunction with Articles 8 and 10 of the Human Rights Convention. The conclusion would then be the same as that of my principal assessment. (56) The Court therefore allows the appeal. However, the case raises difficult and uncertain legal questions, clarification of which is in the public interest, cf. section 20-2, third paragraph, a, of the Code of Civil Procedure. No award of costs should therefore be made.\u201d\n\nMr Justice T. gave the following reasons which in the main were endorsed by the other member of the minority: \u201c(58) I am substantially in agreement with the first-voting judge\u2019s general interpretation of section 3-6 of the Damages Act and section 390 of the Penal Code. However, when weighing the right to privacy against the principle of freedom of expression in this specific case, I have arrived at a different conclusion, since I consider that in the present case the appellants have violated the right to privacy under section 390 of the Penal Code. (59) I will first examine whether the subject of the article in Se og H\u00f8r can be considered to be \u2018a personal matter\u2019 in the meaning of section 390. (60) I agree with the first-voting judge that information that a marriage has been contracted between two named individuals can be published without being in conflict with the provisions of section 390 of the Penal Code. However, this is not the issue in the present case. The article in Se og H\u00f8r also describes in words and pictures details of the arrangements in connection with the wedding ceremony. (61) Weddings have always been a subject of general interest in the sense that those close to the bridal couple consider them important and wish to participate. It is also usual for the couple to wish to share the event with others. For these reasons there should in principle be no reason why the press should not report a wedding ceremony that takes place in full public view, and where no special arrangements have been made to indicate that the ceremony is private. (62) However, today it is not unusual for the couple to wish to share their wedding and its arrangements only with those closest to them, and often to give the event a personal touch. They are entitled to protect themselves from publicity in such cases as well, and this includes withholding permission for the press to publish the event. In my view the desire to hold a private wedding should be respected in the sense that the wedding ceremony should be regarded as a personal matter within the meaning of section 390. (63) A private wedding ceremony may take different forms. For example, a wedding held in a private home provides a clear signal to third parties that the marriage is a personal matter that may not be reported in the form published by Se og H\u00f8r without the bridal couple\u2019s prior consent. (64) In my view all the relevant circumstances indicate that in the present case the wedding was a private event. The wedding party was held at a hotel on Tj\u00f8me, which in this context is clearly a private area. The islet where the events reported by Se og H\u00f8r, and the marriage itself, took place is a relatively short walk away and directly linked with the hotel\u2019s property. In my opinion the fact that there is a general right of public access to the islet under the Outdoor Recreation Act does not prevent this part of the wedding from also being of a clearly private nature. It follows from the von Hannover judgment that protection of privacy also applies to places to which the public has access. Furthermore, consent to the use of the islet had been obtained from the landowner. Thus the arrangement as a whole indicated that the couple wished to restrict the wedding to themselves and their guests. From this perspective the event must be considered to be a personal matter within the meaning of section 390. (65) For these reasons I consider that Se og H\u00f8r published in words and pictures a number of details relating to a personal matter. Firstly, the magazine published details of the arrangements for the ceremony, which have been described more fully by the first-voting judge. I regard these as the personal touch that the bridal couple had wished to give their wedding and that in my view underlines the private nature of the wedding. Secondly, the article included a description of the guests and the couple\u2019s families, together with the names of well-known figures. In this connection the names of guests with children were also given, and pictures were shown of the children and their parents. (66) Like the first-voting judge, I consider that it has been clearly demonstrated that the opposite parties\u2019 consent had not been obtained. (67) The next question is whether the publication is legal and justified despite the fact that the subject of the article is a personal matter. It follows from paragraph 72 of Rt-2007-687 that the main question to be weighed is whether \u2018the article contributes to a debate of public interest. In other words, the particular importance of the principle of protection under Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights lies in the sphere of public debate\u2019. I agree with the first-voting judge that this wording cannot be interpreted in such a way that it does not rule out that the publication of personal matters is justified in cases where it does not contribute to public debate. However, when matters of a personal nature such as those in question here are published, they must have at least a minimum of public interest if the invasion of privacy is to be considered legitimate. In the present case the publication was a celebrity article written for the sole purpose of entertainment. Although the desire to entertain is in itself legitimate, its nature does not justify overriding the affected parties\u2019 desire to protect their privacy. In this connection I place special emphasis on the fact that getting married is a very significant occasion in a person\u2019s life, and that therefore the activities celebrating it \u2012 the marriage ceremony and the wedding party \u2012 will for most people be one of the most important events of their lives, and will often be associated with strong emotions. (68) The fact that the opposite parties are well-known cultural figures in Norway has no bearing on the assessment. Well-known persons also have the right to respect for personal matters of the kind we are dealing with here. I find support for this view both in Rt-2007-687, cf. paragraph 74, and in the von Hannover judgment ..., cf. paragraph 67. (69) Although this has not influenced my view of the case, I would also like to comment on Se og H\u00f8r\u2019s use of a zoom lens. The zoom lens enabled the journalist and the photographer to take close-up pictures of the bridal couple and their guests that make it look as if they were actually at the event themselves, when in fact they were hidden from those who were being observed. It seems likely that the reason for using this technique was that the journalist and photographer were aware that the bridal couple would have reacted to their presence on the islet and this might have resulted in the marriage ceremony being moved inside the hotel. Using a zoom lens because of the personal and private nature of the event resembles the use of a hidden camera, which is a factor that also weighs against the appellants. (70) For these reasons I am of the opinion that the article in Se og H\u00f8r cannot be justified on the basis of an assessment of legality, and that the opposite parties are entitled to redress for pain and suffering from the appellants. With regard to the amount of redress, the opposite parties have demanded that the amount decided by the Court of Appeal should be maintained. I have no objections to the amounts decided on. Since I know that I am in the minority, I will not formulate a final conclusion.\u201d", "applicant": "Lars Lillo-Stenberg", "offset": 1057, "idx_mapping": [1057, 1057, 1057, 1057, 1057, 1057, 1057, 1057, 1057, 1057, 1057, 1057, 1057, 1076, 1077, 1078, 1079, 1080, 1081, 1082, 1083, 1084, 1085, 1086, 1087, 1088, 1089, 1090, 1091, 1092, 1093, 1094, 1095, 1096, 1097, 1098, 1099, 1100, 1101, 1102, 1103, 1104, 1105, 1106, 1107, 1108, 1109, 1110, 1111, 1112, 1113, 1114, 1115, 1116, 1117, 1118, 1119, 1120, 1121, 1122, 1123, 1124, 1125, 1126, 1127, 1128, 1129, 1130, 1131, 1132, 1133, 1134, 1135, 1136, 1137, 1138, 1139, 1140, 1141, 1142, 1143, 1144, 1145, 1146, 1147, 1148, 1149, 1150, 1151, 1152, 1153, 1154, 1155, 1156, 1157, 1158, 1159, 1160, 1161, 1162, 1163, 1164, 1165, 1166, 1167, 1168, 1169, 1170, 1171, 1172, 1173, 1174, 1175, 1176, 1177, 1178, 1179, 1180, 1181, 1182, 1183, 1184, 1185, 1186, 1187, 1188, 1189, 1190, 1191, 1192, 1193, 1194, 1195, 1196, 1197, 1198, 1199, 1200, 1201, 1202, 1203, 1204, 1205, 1206, 1207, 1208, 1209, 1210, 1211, 1212, 1213, 1214, 1215, 1216, 1217, 1218, 1219, 1220, 1221, 1222, 1223, 1224, 1225, 1226, 1227, 1228, 1229, 1230, 1231, 1232, 1233, 1234, 1235, 1236, 1237, 1238, 1239, 1240, 1241, 1242, 1243, 1244, 1245, 1246, 1247, 1248, 1249, 1250, 1251, 1252, 1253, 1254, 1255, 1256, 1257, 1258, 1259, 1260, 1261, 1262, 1263, 1264, 1265, 1266, 1267, 1268, 1269, 1270, 1271, 1272, 1273, 1274, 1275, 1057, 1057, 1057, 1057, 1057, 1057, 1057, 1057, 1057, 1057, 1057, 1057, 1057, 1295, 1296, 1297, 1298, 1299, 1300, 1301, 1302, 1303, 1304, 1305, 1306, 1307, 1308, 1309, 1310, 1311, 1312, 1313, 1314, 1315, 1316, 1317, 1318, 1319, 1320, 1321, 1322, 1323, 1324, 1325, 1326, 1327, 1328, 1329, 1330, 1331, 1332, 1333, 1334, 1335, 1336, 1337, 1338, 1339, 1340, 1341, 1342, 1343, 1344, 1345, 1346, 1347, 1348, 1349, 1350, 1351, 1352, 1353, 1354, 1355, 1356, 1357, 1358, 1359, 1360, 1361, 1362, 1363, 1364, 1365, 1366, 1367, 1368, 1369, 1370, 1371, 1372, 1373, 1374, 1375, 1376, 1377, 1378, 1379, 1380, 1381, 1382, 1383, 1384, 1385, 1386, 1387, 1388, 1389, 1390, 1391, 1392, 1393, 1394, 1395, 1396, 1397, 1398, 1399, 1400, 1401, 1402, 1403, 1404, 1405, 1406, 1407, 1408, 1409, 1410, 1411, 1412, 1413, 1414, 1415, 1416, 1417, 1418, 1419, 1420, 1421, 1422, 1423, 1424, 1425, 1426, 1427, 1428, 1429, 1430, 1431, 1432, 1433, 1434, 1435, 1436, 1437, 1438, 1439, 1440, 1441, 1442, 1443, 1444, 1445, 1446, 1447, 1448, 1449, 1450, 1451, 1452, 1453, 1454], "duplicates": 1}
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James Valentin was born in 1944 and lives in Copenhagen. He was a partner in a commercial partnership, a banking and stockbroking firm called Vekselerfirmaet Hugo Petersen I/S (hereafter “the Partnership”). In addition to James Valentin, the Partnership had five other partners: VL, FVM, CHN, and two private limited companies, namely Hugo Petersen Børsmæglerselskab A/S and Kejpe A/S. Subsequently, in legal proceedings it was established that a further partner, CEN, had not formally resigned from the Partnership and therefore was also to be considered a partner. On 29 March 1988, due to financial difficulties, proceedings were initiated before the Bankruptcy Court (Skifteretten under Sø- og Handelsretten) concerning the Partnership and the partners for suspension of payments.
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originated in an application (no. 26461/06) against the Kingdom of Denmark lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (\u201cthe Convention\u201d) by a Danish national, Mr James Valentin (\u201cthe applicant\u201d), on 15 June 2006.\n\nThe applicant was represented by Mr Anders \u00d8rgaard, an Associate Professor Ph.D. at the University of Aarhus. The Danish Government (\u201cthe Government\u201d) were represented by their Agent, Mrs Nina Holst-Christensen.\n\nThe applicant alleged, in particular, that the bankruptcy proceedings against him were not terminated within a reasonable time.\n\nBy a decision of 22 January 2008, the Court declared the application partly admissible.\n\nThe applicant and the Government each filed further written observations (Rule 59 \u00a7 1).\n\nTHE FACTS\n\nI. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE\n\nThe applicant was born in 1944 and lives in Copenhagen.\n\nHe was a partner in a commercial partnership, a banking and stockbroking firm called Vekselerfirmaet Hugo Petersen I/S (hereafter \u201cthe Partnership\u201d). In addition to the applicant, the Partnership had five other partners: VL, FVM, CHN, and two private limited companies, namely Hugo Petersen B\u00f8rsm\u00e6glerselskab A/S and Kejpe A/S. Subsequently, in legal proceedings it was established that a further partner, CEN, had not formally resigned from the Partnership and therefore was also to be considered a partner.\n\nOn 29 March 1988, due to financial difficulties, proceedings were initiated before the Bankruptcy Court (Skifteretten under S\u00f8- og Handelsretten) concerning the Partnership and the partners for suspension of payments.\n\nOn 29 August 1988, the Bankruptcy Court decided to discontinue the suspension of payments. At the same time, having heard two bankruptcy petitions against the applicant, who did not object to the claim that the bankruptcy conditions had been met, the Bankruptcy Court commenced bankruptcy proceedings against his estate. A trustee in bankruptcy was appointed to sort out the estate and to settle the accounts and the applicant was divested of the right to administer or to deal with his assets.\n\nThe Bankruptcy Court formally commenced the examination of claims on 17 November 1988, but found that it was appropriate to wait until the claims against the Partnership had been lodged and examined.\n\nOn 8 December 1988, bankruptcy proceedings commenced against the Partnership and by the end of 1988 bankruptcy notices regarding all the co\u2011partners had been issued as well. The Partnership\u2019s assets, including the individual partners\u2019 assets, were estimated at about 8 million Danish kroner (DKK), while its liabilities were estimated at DKK 15 million. The Partnership estate was closed on 5 December 1995 with distribution of dividends.\n\nIn the meantime, as regards the applicant\u2019s bankruptcy estate, in the period between 1988 and 1990 various court sessions were held with a view to determining the applicant\u2019s assets and considering creditor claims.\n\nIn the beginning of 1991 a new trustee was appointed. Court hearings were held in April and December 1991.\n\nMoreover, the trustee held several meetings with the applicant and the partners in 1991 and 1992.\n\nDuring 1993 and 1994 it appears that no court hearings as such were held. Nevertheless the Bankruptcy Court and the trustee regularly examined claims in this period.\n\nIn a report of 9 February 1995, the trustee stated, inter alia, that the applicant\u2019s estate could not be dealt with until the closure of the Partnership estate.\n\nCourt sessions were held on 6 November, 6 and 21 December 1995, 14 February and 17 April 1996. On the latter date, the Bankruptcy Court adjourned the proceedings pending the preparation of accounts.\n\nIn a report of 5 November 1996, the trustee stated that full coverage for the Partnership creditors was expected in connection with the closing of the partners\u2019 estates. He was therefore endeavouring to obtain a compulsory composition so that the bankruptcy proceedings could be finalised pursuant to section 144 of the Bankruptcy Act. The accounts of the applicant\u2019s bankruptcy estate could not be prepared, however, until formal accounts were available in the estates of the co-partners Hugo Petersen\u2019s B\u00f8rsm\u00e6glerselskab A/S, CHN and FVM. At the relevant time, those accounts were being prepared, but could not be completed until, inter alia, the outcome of proceedings initiated by the Ministry of Taxation against Hugo Petersen\u2019s B\u00f8rsm\u00e6glerselskab A/S in bankruptcy was known. The latter proceedings were finalised in 1999.\n\nOn 4 April 1997, the trustee informed the Bankruptcy Court that the draft accounts and report had been prepared and sent to the applicant for his comments. On 29 August 1997 the trustee reminded the applicant that his comments were awaited.\n\nOn 2 September 1997, a hearing was held at the Bankruptcy Court during which a representative for the applicant stated that before the accounts could be approved, the applicant needed to examine certain matters in detail. Accordingly, the Bankruptcy Court decided to postpone the approval of the accounts. Moreover, it appointed a lawyer as counsel for the applicant to help him with the matters raised.\n\nIn a letter of 22 September 1997 to the creditors, the trustee stated that the approval could not be given pending the review of various matters by the applicant\u2019s counsel and clarification of the applicant\u2019s tax affairs.\n\nBy 1997 the bankruptcy proceedings against the other partners of the Partnership were terminated.\n\nOn 6 February 1998 having received several reminders, the applicant\u2019s counsel replied as to the matters that needed to be examined and he recommended that resources be applied to seek a settlement with both the creditors of the bankruptcy estate and the tax authorities.\n\nBy letter of 4 March 1998, the trustee requested that the Bankruptcy Court schedule another meeting of creditors to close the estate. He referred to the fact that no objections had been filed against the accounts and that the applicant\u2019s dispute with the tax authorities did not affect the assets available for distribution.\n\nOn 26 March 1998, the Bankruptcy Court declared that the estate would be closed.\n\nAt a hearing on 5 May 1998, the Bankruptcy Court approved the accounts of the applicant\u2019s bankruptcy estate. Thereafter, the proceedings were adjourned pending the preparation of draft distribution accounts to be presented at a meeting of creditors on 14 July 1998. On that day, due to lack of agreement between the trustee and the Bankruptcy Court, the proceedings were adjourned. Another hearing was held on 22 July 1998.\n\nIn accordance with the draft distribution accounts, preferential claims would be fully covered. Moreover, an amount of approximately DKK 5.4 million remained for distribution to so-called section 98 claims (section 98 of the Bankruptcy Act, which included deferred claims for interest).\n\nOn 25 August 1998, a distribution on account was made in respect of the ordinary claims. During the period between November 1998 and October 1999 an amount of DKK 750,000 was made available to the applicant.\n\nBefore the final deadline for notifying claims in the estate, which the Bankruptcy Court fixed at 1 October 1998, thirty-two Partnership creditors lodged claims for interest in the estate. The applicant\u2019s counsel negotiated with the creditors with a view to reaching a settlement on the claims for interest, but in vain.\n\nThus, on 30 August and 5 October 1999 hearings were held at the Bankruptcy Court. On the latter date the deferred claims for interest were examined. The creditors, who appeared before the court, objected to the trustee\u2019s recommendation concerning the calculation of the claims for interest, and the parties therefore concluded a litigation agreement on the filing of a pleading to the Bankruptcy Court by 6 December 1999 at the latest.\n\nIn addition, the applicant objected to the trustee\u2019s recommendation concerning certain claims. He and the trustee therefore concluded a litigation agreement to select one or more suitable lead cases.\n\nThe examination of the other claims, which were not objected to by the creditors, but contested by the applicant, was adjourned pending the outcome of the lead cases. Eight creditors then issued a writ against the bankruptcy estate, and the applicant intervened as a third party.\n\nOn 2 May 2001, the Bankruptcy Court passed judgment in the eight lead cases, and at a meeting of creditors on 22 May 2001 the creditors declared that they did not wish to appeal against the judgments unless the applicant did so. The applicant subsequently appealed against the judgments to the High Court of Eastern Denmark (\u00d8stre Landsret), hereafter the High Court.\n\nOn 26 June 2001, the Bankruptcy Court invited the applicant and the creditors to consider whether the estate could be closed under section 144 of the Bankruptcy Act by setting aside funds to cover the contested claims pursuant to section 149. According to the former provision, the estate could be finalised and the surplus assets handed over to the debtor if the creditors had obtained full payment. The latter provision, however, provided for the possibility of finalising the estate even though there were disputed claims, if an amount equal to those claims had been set aside. At the relevant time it was not legally possible to combine section 144 and section 149, unless the parties agreed to do so.\n\nOn 20 November 2001, at a hearing at the Bankruptcy Court, the trustee recommended that final distribution accounts be prepared in respect of the deferred claims comprised by section 98 of the Bankruptcy Act, which were not the subject of the pending appeal proceedings. In respect of the disputed claims, the distribution could be postponed until after the closing of the estate, as provided for by section 149 of the Bankruptcy Act. The Bankruptcy Court approved this recommendation and scheduled a meeting of creditors.\n\nAt the scheduled meeting of creditors, which took place on 29 January 2002, the applicant objected to the Bankruptcy Court closing the estate. In support thereof he argued that \u201cthe length of the proceedings had been unreasonable [anyway] and that therefore the closing of the estate ought to await [also] the outcome of the appeal proceedings before the High Court\u201d. Despite the applicant\u2019s objection, the Bankruptcy Court decided to approve the accounts and to make contributions in respect of the claims, which were not the subject of the pending appeal proceedings. It was also decided to make an amount of DKK 100,000 available to the applicant pursuant to section 106 of the Bankruptcy Act, then applicable. Finally, the estate was finalised by setting aside the remaining funds to cover the disputed claims.\n\nThe applicant appealed against the finalisation of the estate in accordance with section 149 to the High Court, which found against him on 22 March 2002. It appears that the applicant failed to request leave to appeal against this decision to the Supreme Court (H\u00f8jesteret).\n\nOn 24 January 2003, in the appeal proceedings concerning the disputed deferred claims for interest, the High Court passed judgment against the applicant.\n\nOn 27 March 2003 the Bankruptcy Court held a meeting of creditors to produce additional distribution accounts concerning the disputed deferred claims for interest. However, since the applicant had requested that the Appeals Permission Board (Procesbevillingsn\u00e6vnet) grant him leave to appeal to the Supreme Court, the Bankruptcy Court adjourned the proceedings.\n\nOn 14 October 2003, the Appeals Permission Board informed the parties that the applicant would be granted leave to appeal against the judgment to the Supreme Court.\n\nOn 19 September 2005, the Supreme Court passed judgment finding against the applicant.\n\nOn 20 December 2005, concluding that all creditors had been satisfied, the Bankruptcy Court closed the estate and approved the handing over of the remaining assets of the estate, minus the costs of administration of the estate, to the applicant pursuant to section 144 of the Bankruptcy Court.\n\nBefore the Court the applicant submitted that on numerous occasions, in vain, he had requested that the bankruptcy proceedings be expedited. This was disputed by the Government.\n\nBy letter of 12 October 2006 the Ministry of Justice (Justitsministeriet) invited the applicant to raise his complaints about the length of the bankruptcy proceedings before the court, where the case was pending.", "applicant": "James Valentin", "offset": 873, "idx_mapping": [873, 873, 873, 873, 873, 873, 873, 873, 873, 873, 873, 873, 873, 887, 888, 889, 890, 891, 892, 893, 894, 895, 896, 897, 898, 899, 900, 901, 902, 903, 904, 905, 906, 907, 908, 909, 910, 911, 912, 913, 914, 915, 916, 917, 918, 919, 920, 921, 922, 923, 924, 925, 926, 927, 928, 929, 930, 931, 932, 933, 934, 935, 936, 937, 938, 939, 940, 941, 942, 943, 944, 945, 946, 947, 948, 949, 950, 951, 952, 953, 954, 955, 956, 957, 958, 959, 960, 961, 962, 963, 964, 965, 966, 967, 968, 969, 970, 971, 972, 973, 974, 975, 976, 977, 978, 979, 980, 981, 982, 983, 984, 985, 986, 987, 988, 989, 990, 991, 992, 993, 994, 995, 996, 997, 998, 999, 1000, 1001, 1002, 1003, 1004, 1005, 1006, 1007, 1008, 1009, 1010, 1011, 1012, 1013, 1014, 1015, 1016, 1017, 1018, 1019, 1020, 1021, 1022, 1023, 1024, 1025, 1026, 1027, 1028, 1029, 1030, 1031, 1032, 1033, 1034, 1035, 1036, 1037, 1038, 1039, 1040, 1041, 1042, 1043, 1044, 1045, 1046, 1047, 1048, 1049, 1050, 1051, 1052, 1053, 1054, 1055, 1056, 1057, 1058, 1059, 1060, 1061, 1062, 1063, 1064, 1065, 1066, 1067, 1068, 1069, 1070, 1071, 1072, 1073, 1074, 1075, 1076, 1077, 1078, 1079, 1080, 1081, 1082, 1083, 1084, 1085, 1086, 1087, 1088, 1089, 1090, 1091, 1092, 1093, 1094, 873, 873, 873, 873, 873, 873, 873, 873, 873, 873, 873, 873, 873, 1109, 1110, 1111, 1112, 1113, 1114, 1115, 1116, 1117, 1118, 1119, 1120, 1121, 1122, 1123, 1124, 1125, 1126, 1127, 1128, 1129, 1130, 1131, 1132, 1133, 1134, 1135, 1136, 1137, 1138, 1139, 1140, 1141, 1142, 1143, 1144, 1145, 1146, 1147, 1148, 1149, 1150, 1151, 1152, 1153, 1154, 1155, 1156, 1157, 1158, 1159, 1160, 1161, 1162, 1163, 1164, 1165, 1166, 1167, 1168, 1169, 1170, 1171, 1172, 1173, 1174, 1175, 1176, 1177, 1178, 1179, 1180, 1181, 1182, 1183, 1184, 1185, 1186, 1187, 1188, 1189, 1190, 1191, 1192, 1193, 1194, 1195, 1196, 1197, 1198, 1199, 1200, 1201, 1202, 1203, 1204, 1205, 1206, 1207, 1208, 1209, 1210, 1211, 1212, 1213, 1214, 1215, 1216, 1217, 1218, 1219, 1220, 1221, 1222, 1223, 1224, 1225, 1226, 1227, 1228, 1229, 1230, 1231, 1232, 1233, 1234, 1235, 1236, 1237, 1238, 1239, 1240, 1241, 1242, 1243, 1244, 1245, 1246, 1247, 1248, 1249, 1250, 1251, 1252, 1253, 1254, 1255, 1256, 1257, 1258, 1259, 1260, 1261, 1262, 1263, 1264, 1265, 1266, 1267, 1268, 1269, 1270, 1271, 1272, 1273, 1274, 1275, 1276, 1277, 1278, 1279, 1280, 1281, 1282, 1283, 1284, 1285, 1286, 1287, 1288, 1289, 1290, 1291, 1292, 1293, 1294, 1295, 1296, 1297, 1298, 1299, 1300, 1301, 1302, 1303, 1304, 1305, 1306, 1307, 1308, 1309, 1310, 1311, 1312, 1313, 1314, 1315, 1316, 1317, 1318, 1319, 1320, 1321, 1322, 1323, 1324, 1325, 1326, 1327, 1328, 1329, 1330, 1331, 1332, 1333, 1334, 1335, 1336, 1337, 1338, 1339, 1340, 1341, 1342, 1343, 1344, 1345, 1346, 1347, 1348, 1349, 1350, 1351, 1352, 1353, 1354, 1355, 1356, 1357, 1358, 1359, 1360, 1361, 1362, 1363, 1364, 1365, 1366, 1367, 1368, 1369, 1370, 1371, 1372, 1373, 1374, 1375, 1376, 1377, 1378, 1379, 1380, 1381, 1382, 1383, 1384, 1385, 1386, 1387, 1388, 1389, 1390, 1391, 1392, 1393, 1394, 1395, 1396, 1397, 1398, 1399, 1400, 1401, 1402, 1403, 1404, 1405, 1406, 1407, 1408, 1409, 1410, 1411, 1412, 1413, 1414, 1415, 1416, 1417, 1418, 1419, 1420, 1421, 1422, 1423, 1424, 1425, 1426, 1427, 1428, 1429, 1430, 1431, 1432, 1433, 1434, 1435, 1436, 1437, 1438, 1439, 1440, 1441, 1442, 1443, 1444, 1445, 1446, 1447, 1448, 1449, 1450, 1451, 1452, 1453, 1454, 1455, 1456, 1457, 1458, 1459, 1460, 1461, 1462, 1463, 1464, 1465, 1466, 1467, 1468, 1469, 1470, 1471, 1472, 1473, 1474, 1475, 1476, 1477, 1478, 1479, 1480, 1481, 1482, 1483, 1484, 1485, 1486, 1487, 1488, 1489, 1490, 1491, 1492, 1493, 1494, 1495, 1496, 1497, 1498, 1499, 1500, 1501, 1502, 1503, 1504, 1505, 1506, 1507, 1508, 1509, 1510, 1511, 1512, 1513, 1514, 1515, 1516, 1517, 1518, 1519, 1520, 1521, 1522, 1523, 1524, 1525, 1526, 1527, 1528, 1529, 1530, 1531, 1532, 1533, 1534, 1535, 1536, 1537, 1538, 1539, 1540, 1541, 1542, 1543, 1544, 1545, 1546, 1547, 1548, 1549, 1550, 1551, 1552, 1553, 1554, 1555, 1556, 1557, 1558, 1559, 1560, 1561, 1562, 1563, 1564, 1565, 1566, 1567, 1568, 1569, 1570, 1571, 1572, 1573, 1574, 1575, 1576, 1577, 1578, 1579, 1580, 1581, 1582, 1583, 1584, 1585, 1586, 1587, 1588, 1589, 1590, 1591, 1592, 1593, 1594, 1595, 1596, 1597, 1598, 1599, 1600, 1601, 1602, 1603, 1604, 1605, 1606, 1607, 1608, 1609, 1610, 1611, 1612, 1613, 1614, 1615, 1616, 1617, 1618, 1619, 1620, 1621, 1622, 1623, 1624, 1625, 1626, 1627, 1628, 1629, 1630, 1631, 1632, 1633, 1634, 1635, 1636, 1637, 1638, 1639, 1640, 1641, 1642, 1643, 1644, 1645, 1646, 1647, 1648, 1649, 1650, 1651, 1652, 1653, 1654, 1655, 1656], "duplicates": 1}
| 1
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Ilyas Yildiz was born in 1963 and lives in Anzing. A. Background to the case
On 8 August 1994 Ilyas Yildiz had an accident at work – a cut of about one centimetre to his right wrist. The same day he was treated by the company doctor, Dr B. On 10 August 1994 his general practitioner transferred him to hospital.
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"identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "29 June 2004", "start_offset": 6934}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 6975, "entity_id": "001-94875_a8_e74", "entity_mention_id": "001-94875_a8_em91", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Federal Court of Justice", "start_offset": 6951}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 7027, "entity_id": "001-94875_a8_e79", "entity_mention_id": "001-94875_a8_em92", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "2 August 2004", "start_offset": 7014}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 7096, "entity_id": "001-94875_a8_e80", "entity_mention_id": "001-94875_a8_em93", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "7 December 2005", "start_offset": 7081}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 7129, "entity_id": "001-94875_a8_e75", "entity_mention_id": "001-94875_a8_em94", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Federal Constitutional Court", "start_offset": 7101}]}, "annotator9": null}, "quality_checked": [], "task": "Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Ilyas Yildiz", "meta": {"applicant": "Ilyas Yildiz", "articles": [91, 34, 54, 34, 93], "countries": "DEU", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2009}, "doc_id": "001-94875", "dataset_type": "train", "orig_text": "PROCEDURE\n\nThe case originated in an application (no. 23279/06) against the Federal Republic of Germany lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (\u201cthe Convention\u201d) by a German national, Mr Ilyas Yildiz (\u201cthe applicant\u201d), on 6 June 2006.\n\nThe applicant was represented by Mr E. Eyl, a lawyer practising in Strasbourg. The German Government (\u201cthe Government\u201d) were represented by their Agent, Mrs A. Wittling-Vogel, Ministerialdirigentin, of the Federal Ministry of Justice.\n\nOn 30 April 2008 the President of the Fifth Section decided to give notice of the application to the Government. It was also decided to rule on the admissibility and merits of the application at the same time (Article 29 \u00a7 3).\n\nTHE FACTS\n\nThe applicant was born in 1963 and lives in Anzing.\n\nA. Background to the case\n\nOn 8 August 1994 the applicant had an accident at work \u2013 a cut of about one centimetre to his right wrist. The same day he was treated by the company doctor, Dr B. On 10 August 1994 his general practitioner transferred him to hospital. That day and again on 24 August 1994 he was examined by a Dr M. On his second examination Dr M. diagnosed that the applicant was unable to flex his thumb. On 5 September 1994, following a further examination, he had surgery on a muscle, the flexor pollicis longus.\n\nB. Proceedings before the Munich Regional Court\n\nOn 28 January 1997 the applicant instituted proceedings in the Munich Regional Court against Dr B. and Dr M., seeking an award of compensation for pecuniary and non-pecuniary damage in the amount of 60,000 euros (EUR). He argued that if the defendants had treated him properly, the operation would have been avoided, which in turn would have avoided severe pain and further problems, including reactive depression.\n\nIn February 1997 the court scheduled a hearing for 21 April 1997. Submissions by the parties followed and in April the case was transferred to a single judge.\n\nOn 12 May 1997, following the hearing, the Munich Regional Court decided to hear the applicant's general practitioner and scheduled a new hearing for 28 July 1997. On account of the absence of the first defendant's legal counsel, it later postponed it to 24 November 1997. It refused a subsequent request for a further postponement.\n\nOn 18 August 1997 the applicant's legal counsel ceased taking instructions from the applicant. On 24 October 1997 his new lawyer addressed the court.\n\nIn November 1997 the parties agreed on written submissions.\n\nIn February 1998 the applicant's second lawyer also ceased taking instructions from the applicant; subsequently, a new lawyer was appointed and requested access to the files.\n\nOn 26 March 1998 the applicant requested the court to await the outcome of the social court proceedings, which were also pending, and returned the files.\n\nOn 13 April 1999 the applicant's third lawyer also ceased taking instructions but was subsequently reappointed in May.\n\nOn 15 April 1999, upon the request of one of the defendants to continue the proceedings, the court scheduled a hearing for 10 May 1999. At the hearing the parties agreed that the files of the social court proceedings should be consulted. Between June and September 1999, having been granted access to those files, the parties submitted further observations.\n\nIn October 1999 the applicant asked for an expert to be commissioned. In November 1999 he submitted documents which had until then been missing.\n\nIn February and April 2000 he requested the court to continue with the proceedings. On 5 April 2000 he was informed that the judge had fallen ill.\n\nOn 23 June 2000 the Munich Regional Court decided to obtain an expert opinion. On 22 August 2000 the expert submitted his report.\n\nThe court then set the parties a time-limit for their observations of 18 September 2000.\n\nOn 5 October 2000 the court decided to obtain a supplementary report. On 31 October 2000, after payment of an advance, it transferred the files to the expert. In January 2001 it asked the expert when he would be submitting his report.\n\nOn 20 February 2001 the applicant did not attend the examination arranged with the expert. On 16 May 2001 the expert examined the applicant.\n\nOn 31 May 2001 the court set the expert a time-limit of four weeks for the submission of his report. On 27 June 2001 it set him another deadline of two weeks. On 3 July 2001 the expert submitted the supplementary report. The parties' submissions followed.\n\nOn 28 August 2001 the court scheduled the hearing for 29 October 2001 and also summoned the expert. It later had to be postponed to 13 November 2001 on account of the absence of one of the legal counsel.\n\nOn 27 December 2001, following the hearing, the Munich Regional Court rejected the applicant's claim. Relying on the expert opinion obtained and a statement from the applicant's general practitioner, it found that the muscle had not been cut and that no liability on the part of the doctors could be established.\n\nC. Proceedings before the Munich Court of Appeal\n\nOn 11 February 2002 the applicant appealed. In April 2002, following an extension of the time-limit, he submitted the grounds of his appeal.\n\nOn 18 April 2002 the Munich Court of Appeal scheduled the hearing for 16 May 2002. A subsequent request by the applicant for a postponement was rejected.\n\nAt the hearing the Munich Court of Appeal heard the doctor who had operated on the applicant.\n\nThe parties' submissions followed. In July 2002 the applicant requested a further expert opinion regarding a number of questions.\n\nThe court then scheduled a hearing for 17 October 2002 and decided to obtain an additional statement from the expert appointed at first instance, which was submitted on 22 August 2002.\n\nOn 18 September 2002 the applicant challenged the expert on grounds of bias. On 2 October 2002 the Munich Court of Appeal rejected this challenge.\n\nSubsequently, it commissioned another expert. The parties did not object when the expert announced that he would not submit his report before the following summer.\n\nIn May 2003 the applicant transferred further documents. On 16 June 2003 the expert examined the applicant.\n\nOn 1 August 2003 the expert submitted his report. The court then scheduled the hearing for 13 November 2003. The applicant again requested the court to obtain another expert opinion.\n\nOn 27 November 2003, following the hearing, the Munich Court of Appeal dismissed the applicant's appeal and refused leave to appeal on points of law. Relying on the experts' statements, it found that no liability of the defendants could be established.\n\nD. Proceedings before the Federal Court of Justice and the Federal Constitutional Court\n\nOn 29 December 2003 the applicant appealed against the refusal of leave to appeal. On 30 April 2004, following two requests for an extension of the time-limit set, he lodged the grounds of his appeal.\n\nOn 29 June 2004 the Federal Court of Justice dismissed the applicant's appeal.\n\nOn 2 August 2004 the applicant lodged a constitutional complaint.\n\nOn 7 December 2005 the Federal Constitutional Court refused to accept his constitutional complaint for examination.", "applicant": "Ilyas Yildiz", "offset": 789, "idx_mapping": [789, 789, 789, 789, 789, 789, 789, 789, 789, 789, 789, 789, 789, 801, 802, 803, 804, 805, 806, 807, 808, 809, 810, 811, 812, 813, 814, 815, 816, 817, 818, 819, 820, 821, 822, 823, 824, 825, 826, 827, 828, 829, 830, 831, 832, 833, 834, 835, 836, 837, 838, 839, 840, 841, 842, 843, 844, 845, 846, 847, 848, 849, 850, 851, 852, 853, 854, 855, 856, 857, 858, 859, 860, 861, 862, 863, 864, 865, 866, 867, 868, 869, 870, 871, 872, 873, 874, 875, 876, 877, 878, 879, 880, 881, 882, 883, 789, 789, 789, 789, 789, 789, 789, 789, 789, 789, 789, 789, 789, 896, 897, 898, 899, 900, 901, 902, 903, 904, 905, 906, 907, 908, 909, 910, 911, 912, 913, 914, 915, 916, 917, 918, 919, 920, 921, 922, 923, 924, 925, 926, 927, 928, 929, 930, 931, 932, 933, 934, 935, 936, 937, 938, 939, 940, 941, 942, 943, 944, 945, 946, 947, 948, 949, 950, 951, 952, 953, 954, 955, 956, 957, 958, 959, 960, 961, 962, 963, 964, 965, 966, 967, 968, 969, 970, 971, 972, 973, 974, 975, 976, 977, 978, 979, 980, 981, 982, 983, 984, 985, 986, 987, 988, 989, 990, 991, 992, 993, 994, 995, 996, 997, 998, 999, 1000, 1001, 1002, 1003, 1004, 1005, 1006, 1007, 1008, 1009, 1010, 1011, 1012, 1013, 1014, 1015, 1016, 1017, 1018, 1019, 1020, 1021, 1022, 1023, 1024, 1025, 1026, 1027, 1028, 1029, 1030, 1031, 1032, 1033, 1034, 1035, 1036, 1037, 1038, 1039, 1040, 1041, 1042, 1043, 1044, 1045, 1046, 1047, 1048, 1049, 1050, 1051, 1052, 1053, 1054, 1055, 1056, 1057, 1058, 1059, 1060, 1061, 1062, 1063, 1064, 1065, 1066, 1067, 1068, 1069, 1070, 1071, 1072, 1073, 1074, 1075, 1076, 1077, 1078, 1079, 1080, 1081, 1082, 1083, 1084, 1085, 1086, 1087, 1088, 1089, 1090, 1091, 1092, 1093, 1094, 1095, 1096, 1097, 1098, 1099, 1100], "duplicates": 1}
| 1
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A. Allegations of torture and proceedings brought by Mr Jones
On 15 March 2001, while he was living and working in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Mr Jones was slightly injured when a bomb exploded outside a bookshop in Riyadh. He alleges that the following day he was taken from hospital by agents of Saudi Arabia and unlawfully detained for sixty-seven days. During that time he was tortured by a Lieutenant Colonel Abdul Aziz. In particular, he alleges he was beaten with a cane on his palms, feet, arms and legs; slapped and punched in the face; suspended for prolonged periods by his arms; shackled at his ankles; subjected to sleep deprivation; and given mind-altering drugs.
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"001-140005_a8_e82", "entity_mention_id": "001-140005_a8_em182", "entity_type": "PERSON", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Lord Hoffmann", "start_offset": 25375}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 26706, "entity_id": "001-140005_a8_e82", "entity_mention_id": "001-140005_a8_em183", "entity_type": "PERSON", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Lord Hoffmann", "start_offset": 26693}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 26731, "entity_id": "001-140005_a8_e50", "entity_mention_id": "001-140005_a8_em184", "entity_type": "PERSON", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Lord Justice Mance", "start_offset": 26713}]}, "annotator9": null}, "quality_checked": [], "task": "Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Ronald Grant Jones", "meta": {"applicant": "Ronald Grant Jones", "articles": [91, 34, 54, 34, 93], "countries": "GBR", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2014}, "doc_id": "001-140005", "dataset_type": "train", "orig_text": "PROCEDURE\n\nThe case originated in two applications (nos. 34356/06 and 40528/06) against the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (\u201cthe Convention\u201d). In the first, the applicant is Mr Ronald Grant Jones, a British national who was born in 1953. His application was lodged on 26 July 2006. In the second, the applicants are Mr Alexander Hutton Johnston Mitchell, Mr William James Sampson and Mr Leslie Walker. They are also British nationals who were born in 1955, 1959 and 1946 respectively. Mr Sampson also has Canadian nationality. Their application was lodged on 22 September 2006.\n\nMr Jones was represented by Mr G. Cukier, a lawyer practising in London with Kingsley Napley LLP. Mr Mitchell, Mr Sampson and Mr Walker, who had been granted legal aid, were represented by Ms T. Allen, a lawyer practising in London with Bindmans LLP. The United Kingdom Government (\u201cthe Government\u201d) were represented by their Agent, Mr J. Grainger, Foreign and Commonwealth Office.\n\nThe applicants alleged, in particular, that the grant of immunity in civil proceedings to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in the case of Mr Jones and to the individual defendants in both cases amounted to a disproportionate interference with their right of access to a court under Article 6 of the Convention.\n\nOn 15 September 2009 the applications were communicated to the Government. It was also decided to rule on the admissibility and merits of the applications at the same time (Article 29 \u00a7 1).\n\nThe Redress Trust (REDRESS), Amnesty International, the International Centre for the Legal Protection of Human Rights (Interights) and JUSTICE (\u201cthe third-party interveners\u201d) were given leave by the President of the Chamber to intervene in the written procedure (Article 36 \u00a7 2 of the Convention and Rule 44 \u00a7 2). They submitted joint written comments.\n\nThe applicants requested an oral hearing but on 29 November 2011 the Chamber decided not to hold a hearing in the case.\n\nTHE FACTS\n\nI. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE\n\nA. Allegations of torture and proceedings brought by Mr Jones\n\nOn 15 March 2001, while he was living and working in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Mr Jones was slightly injured when a bomb exploded outside a bookshop in Riyadh. He alleges that the following day he was taken from hospital by agents of Saudi Arabia and unlawfully detained for sixty-seven days. During that time he was tortured by a Lieutenant Colonel Abdul Aziz. In particular, he alleges he was beaten with a cane on his palms, feet, arms and legs; slapped and punched in the face; suspended for prolonged periods by his arms; shackled at his ankles; subjected to sleep deprivation; and given mind-altering drugs.\n\nMr Jones returned to the United Kingdom where a medical examination found he had injuries consistent with his account and where he was diagnosed with severe post-traumatic stress disorder.\n\nOn 27 May 2002 Mr Jones commenced proceedings in the High Court against \u201cthe Ministry of Interior the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia\u201d and Lieutenant Colonel Abdul Aziz, claiming damages, inter alia, for torture. In the particulars of claim he referred to Lieutenant Colonel Abdul Aziz as a servant or agent of Saudi Arabia. Service was effected on Saudi Arabia via its then solicitors, but the solicitors made it clear that they had no authority to accept service of the claim on Lieutenant Colonel Abdul Aziz.\n\nOn 12 February 2003 Saudi Arabia applied to have the claim struck out on the grounds that it, and its servants and agents, were entitled to immunity and that the English courts had no jurisdiction. Mr Jones applied for permission to serve the claim on Lieutenant Colonel Abdul Aziz by an alternative method. In his judgment of 30 July 2003, a Master of the High Court held that Saudi Arabia was entitled to immunity under section 1(1) of the State Immunity Act 1978 (see paragraph 39 below). He also held that Lieutenant Colonel Abdul Aziz was similarly entitled to immunity under that Act and refused permission to allow service by an alternative method. Mr Jones appealed to the Court of Appeal.\n\nB. Allegations of torture and proceedings brought by Mr Mitchell, Mr Sampson and Mr Walker\n\nMr Mitchell and Mr Sampson were arrested in Riyadh in December 2000; Mr Walker was arrested there in February 2001. All three applicants alleged that, while in custody, they were subjected to sustained and systematic torture, including beatings about the feet, arms, legs and head, and sleep deprivation. Mr Sampson alleged he was anally raped. The applicants were released and returned to the United Kingdom on 8 August 2003. Each obtained medical reports which concluded that their injuries were consistent with their accounts.\n\nThe applicants decided to commence proceedings in the High Court against the four individuals they considered to be responsible: two policemen, the deputy governor of the prison where they were held, and the Minister of the Interior who was alleged to have sanctioned the torture. They therefore applied for permission to serve their claim on the four individuals out of the jurisdiction. On 18 February 2004 this was refused by the same Master who had heard Mr Jones\u2019s claim, on the basis of his previous ruling in respect of Mr Jones. However, the Master acknowledged that he had enjoyed the benefit of fuller argument than on the applications relating to Mr Jones\u2019s claim, and said: \u201c[H]ad the matter come before me as a free-standing application, without my having decided the Jones case ..., I might have been tempted to give permission to serve out of the jurisdiction on the basis that it seems to me that, having heard the arguments, that there is a case to be answered by these defendants as to whether there is jurisdiction in these courts over them.\u201d\n\nThe applicants appealed to the Court of Appeal with the leave of the Master.\n\nC. The Court of Appeal judgment\n\nThe two cases were joined and on 28 October 2004 the Court of Appeal published its judgment. It unanimously dismissed Mr Jones\u2019s appeal from the decision of the Master to refuse permission to serve Saudi Arabia outside the jurisdiction. However, it allowed the appeals in respect of the refusal of permission in each case to serve the individual defendants.\n\nAs regards the immunity of Saudi Arabia, Lord Justice Mance, with whom Lord Phillips and Lord Justice Neuberger agreed, refused to depart from this Court\u2019s ruling in Al\u2011Adsani v. the United Kingdom [GC], no. 35763/97, ECHR 2001\u2011XI. He further found that Article 14 \u00a7 1 of the United Nations Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (\u201cthe Convention against Torture\u201d \u2013 see paragraph 63 below), which obliges a Contracting State to ensure that a victim of an act of torture obtains redress, could not be interpreted as imposing an obligation on a State to provide redress for acts of torture when those acts were committed by another State in that other State.\n\nIn respect of the immunity of the individual defendants, Mance LJ considered the case-law of the domestic courts and courts of other jurisdictions, which recognised State immunity ratione materiae in respect of acts of agents of the State. However, he noted that none of these cases was concerned with conduct which was to be regarded as outside the scope of any proper exercise of sovereign authority or with international crime, let alone with systematic torture. He did not accept that the definition of torture in Article 1 of the Convention against Torture as an act \u201cby or at the instigation of or with the consent or acquiescence of a public official or other person acting in an official capacity\u201d (see paragraph 59 below) was fatal to the applicants\u2019 claims: \u201c71. ... It seems doubtful that the phrase \u2018acting in an official capacity\u2019 qualifies the reference to \u2018a public official\u2019. The types of purpose for which any pain or suffering must be inflicted ... would appear to represent a sufficient limitation in the case of a public official. Be that as it may, the requirement that the pain or suffering be inflicted by a public official does no more in my view than identify the author and the public context in which the author must be acting. It does not lend to the acts of torture themselves any official or governmental character or nature, or mean that it can in any way be regarded as an official function to inflict, or that an official can be regarded as representing the state in inflicting, such pain or suffering. Still less does it suggest that the official inflicting such pain or suffering can be afforded the cloak of state immunity ... The whole tenor of the Torture Convention is to underline the individual responsibility of state officials for acts of torture ...\u201d\n\nMance LJ did not consider it significant that Lieutenant Colonel Abdul Aziz had been described in Mr Jones\u2019s claim as the \u201cservant or agent\u201d of Saudi Arabia. Nor did he accept that general differences between criminal and civil law justified a distinction in the application of immunity in the two contexts. He noted that the House of Lords in Pinochet (No. 3) (see paragraphs 44-56 below) had considered that there would be no immunity from criminal prosecution in respect of an individual officer who had committed torture abroad in an official context. It was not easy to see why civil proceedings against an alleged torturer could be said to involve a greater interference in the internal affairs of a foreign State than criminal proceedings against the same person. It was also incongruous that if an alleged torturer was within the jurisdiction of the forum State, he would be prosecuted pursuant to Article 5 \u00a7 2 of the Convention against Torture (see paragraph 62 below) and no immunity could be claimed, but the victim of the alleged torture would be unable to pursue any civil claim. Furthermore, there was no basis for assuming that, in civil proceedings, a State could be made liable to indemnify or otherwise support one of its officials proved to have committed systematic torture.\n\nMance LJ considered that whether any claim in the English courts against individuals could proceed was better determined not by reference to immunity, but by reference to whether it was appropriate for the English courts to exercise jurisdiction. A number of factors were relevant to the assessment of this question, including the sensitivity of the issues involved and the general power of the English courts to decline jurisdiction on the ground that England was an inappropriate forum for the litigation.\n\nIn considering the impact of Article 6, Mance LJ found important distinctions between a State\u2019s claim to immunity ratione personae, in issue in Al\u2011Adsani (cited above), and a State\u2019s claim to immunity ratione materiae in respect of its officials, in issue in the present cases. Firstly, he considered it impossible to identify any settled international principle affording the State the right to claim immunity in respect of claims directed against an official, rather than against the State, its Head of State or diplomats. He was of the view that the legislation and case-law of the United States of America (see paragraphs 112-25 below) militated strongly against any such settled principle and supported a contrary view. In so far as counsel for the Government purported to refer to evidence of settled practice, Mance LJ noted that the case-law to which he had referred related either to the immunity of the State itself or to the immunity of individual officials for alleged misconduct that bore no relationship in nature or gravity to the international crime of systematic torture. He considered the dicta in the separate opinion of Judges Higgins, Kooijmans and Buergenthal to the judgment of the International Court of Justice in the \u201cArrest Warrant\u201d case (see paragraphs 84-85 below) to provide further confirmation that there was no settled international practice in this area.\n\nMance LJ explained that where, under Article 14 of the Convention against Torture, a State had created a domestic remedy for torture in the State where that torture was committed, other national courts could be expected to refuse to exercise jurisdiction. However, where there was no adequate remedy in the State where the systematic torture occurred, it might be regarded as disproportionate to maintain a blanket refusal of recourse to the civil courts of another jurisdiction. He acknowledged that the courts of one State were not to adjudicate lightly upon the internal affairs of another State, but considered that there were many circumstances, particularly in the context of human rights, where national courts did have to consider and form a view on the position in, or conduct of, foreign States.\n\nMance LJ concluded that giving blanket effect to a foreign State\u2019s claim to State immunity ratione materiae in respect of a State official alleged to have committed acts of systematic torture could deprive the right of access to a court under Article 6 of real meaning in a case where the victim of torture had no prospect of recourse in the State whose officials had committed the torture. He therefore allowed the applicants\u2019 appeals in respect of the individual defendants and remitted them for further argument, concluding: \u201c96. ... [I]t seems to me that any absolute view of immunity must at the very least yield in the face of assertions of systematic torture to a more nuanced or proportionate approach. As it is, having regard to the [European Convention on Human Rights], it is sufficient to decide this appeal that, whether issues of state immunity are or are not treated as theoretically separate from issues of jurisdiction in English law, the permissibility, appropriateness and proportionality of exercising jurisdiction ought to be determined at one and the same time. Such a conclusion reflects the importance attaching in today\u2019s world and in current international thinking and jurisprudence to the recognition and effective enforcement of individual human rights. It fits harmoniously with the position already achieved in relation to criminal proceedings. It caters for our obligation under article 6 of the [Convention] not to deny access to our courts, in circumstances where it would otherwise be appropriate to exercise jurisdiction applying domestic jurisdictional principles, unless to do so would be in pursuit of a legitimate aim and proportionate. ...\u201d\n\nIn his concurring judgment, Lord Phillips agreed with the conclusions of Mance LJ as regards both the claim against Saudi Arabia and the claims against the individual officials. In particular, he considered that the judgment in Pinochet (No. 3) (see paragraphs 44-56 below) had shown that torture could no longer fall within the scope of the official duties of a State official. It therefore followed that if civil proceedings were brought against individuals for acts of torture in circumstances where the State was immune from suit, there could be no suggestion that the State would be vicariously liable: it was the personal responsibility of the individuals, not that of the State, which was in issue.\n\nOn the approach of this Court, he commented: \u201c134. Had the Grand Chamber been considering a claim for state immunity in relation to claims brought against individuals, I do not believe that there would have been a majority in favour of the view that this represented a legitimate limitation on the right to access to a court under Article 6(1). Had the Court shared the conclusions that we have reached on this appeal, it would have held that there was no recognised rule of public international law that conferred such immunity. Had it concluded that there was such a rule, I consider that it would have been likely to have held that it would not be proportionate to apply the rule so as to preclude civil remedies sought against individuals.\u201d\n\nD. The House of Lords judgment\n\nSaudi Arabia appealed to the House of Lords against the decision of the Court of Appeal in respect of the individual defendants and Mr Jones appealed against the decision of the Court of Appeal in respect of his claim against Saudi Arabia itself. On 14 June 2006, the House of Lords unanimously allowed Saudi Arabia\u2019s appeal and dismissed the appeal by Mr Jones.\n\nLord Bingham considered that there was a \u201cwealth of authority\u201d in the United Kingdom and elsewhere to show that a State was entitled to claim immunity for its servants or agents and that the State\u2019s right to immunity could not be circumvented by suing them instead. In some borderline cases there could be doubt whether the conduct of an individual, although a servant or agent, had a sufficient connection with a State to entitle it to claim immunity for his conduct. However, in his view, these were not borderline cases. Lieutenant Colonel Abdul Aziz was sued as a servant or agent of Saudi Arabia and there was no suggestion that his conduct was not in discharge or purported discharge of his duties. The four defendants in the second case were public officials and the alleged conduct took place in public premises during a process of interrogation.\n\nFurther, referring to the International Law Commission\u2019s (ILC) Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts (see paragraphs 107-09 below), Lord Bingham said that \u201cinternational law does not require, as a condition of a State\u2019s entitlement to claim immunity for the conduct of its servant or agent, that the latter should have been acting in accordance with his instructions or authority\u201d. The fact that conduct was unlawful or objectionable was not, of itself, a ground for refusing immunity.\n\nIn order to succeed in their Convention claim, Lord Bingham explained that the applicants had to establish three propositions. Firstly, they had to show that Article 6 of the Convention was engaged by the grant of immunity; Lord Bingham was prepared to assume, based on this Court\u2019s judgment in Al\u2011Adsani, cited above, that it was. Secondly, they had to show that the grant of immunity denied them access to a court; Lord Bingham was satisfied that it plainly would. Thirdly, the applicants had to show that the restriction was not directed to a legitimate objective and was disproportionate.\n\nLord Bingham disagreed with the applicants\u2019 submission that torture could not be a governmental or official act since, under Article 1 of the Convention against Torture, torture had to be inflicted by or with the connivance of a public official or other person acting in an official capacity (see paragraph 59 below). Although the applicants referred to a substantial body of authority showing that the courts of the United States would not recognise acts performed by individual officials as being carried out in an official capacity for the purposes of immunity if those acts were contrary to a jus cogens prohibition, Lord Bingham found it unnecessary to examine those authorities since they were only important to the extent that they expressed principles widely shared and observed among other nations. However, as Judges Higgins, Kooijmans and Buergenthal had stated in their concurring opinion in the \u201cArrest Warrant\u201d case, the \u201cunilateral\u201d US approach had not attracted the \u201capprobation of States generally\u201d (see paragraph 84 below).\n\nConcerning the applicants\u2019 reliance on the recommendation of the United Nations Committee Against Torture of 7 July 2005 in respect of Canada, comments made in the judgment of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia in Furund\u017eija, and the judgment of the Italian Court of Cassation in Ferrini v. Germany (see, respectively, paragraphs 66, 82 and 140 below), Lord Bingham considered the first to be of slight legal authority, the second to be an obiter dictum and the third not to be an accurate statement of international law.\n\nLord Bingham identified four arguments advanced by Saudi Arabia which he said were \u201ccumulatively irresistible\u201d. Firstly, given the conclusion of the International Court of Justice in the \u201cArrest Warrant\u201d case, the applicants had to accept that State immunity ratione personae could be claimed for a serving foreign minister accused of crimes against humanity. It followed that the prohibition of torture did not automatically override all other rules of international law. Secondly, Article 14 of the Convention against Torture did not provide for universal civil jurisdiction. Thirdly, the 2004 United Nations Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of States and Their Property (see paragraphs 75-80 below) did not provide any exception from immunity for civil claims based on acts of torture; although such an exception was considered by a working group of the ILC, it was not agreed (see paragraph 79 below). Lord Bingham noted in this respect that although some commentators had criticised the United Nations Convention because it did not include a torture exception, they nonetheless accepted that this area of international law was \u201cin a state of flux\u201d and did not suggest that there was an international consensus in favour of such an exception. Finally, there was no evidence that States had recognised or given effect to any international-law obligation to exercise universal jurisdiction over claims arising from alleged breaches of peremptory norms of international law, nor was there any consensus of judicial or learned opinion that they should. For these reasons, Lord Bingham agreed with the Court of Appeal that the claim brought by Mr Jones against Saudi Arabia was to be dismissed.\n\nIn respect of the individual defendants, he found that the conclusion of the Court of Appeal on the torture claims could not be sustained. He considered that the Court of Appeal had incorrectly departed from the position in its previous ruling in Propend that the acts of State officials were to be considered the acts of the State itself (see paragraphs 42-43 below). He explained: \u201c30. ... [T]here was no principled reason for this departure. A state can only act through servants and agents; their official acts are the acts of the state; and the state\u2019s immunity in respect of them is fundamental to the principle of state immunity. This error had the effect that while the Kingdom was held to be immune, and the Ministry of Interior, as a department of the government, was held to be immune, the Minister of Interior (the fourth defendant in the second action) was not, a very striking anomaly.\u201d\n\nLord Bingham explained that this first error had led the court into a second: its conclusion that a civil claim against an individual torturer did not indirectly implead the State in any more objectionable respect than a criminal prosecution. He observed: \u201c31. ... A state is not criminally responsible in international or English law, and therefore cannot be directly impleaded in criminal proceedings. The prosecution of a servant or agent for an act of torture within article 1 of the Torture Convention is founded on an express exception from the general rule of immunity. It is, however, clear that a civil action against individual torturers based on acts of official torture does indirectly implead the state since their acts are attributable to it. Were these claims against the individual defendants to proceed and be upheld, the interests of the Kingdom would be obviously affected, even though it is not a named party.\u201d\n\nIn Lord Bingham\u2019s view both errors resulted from a misreading of Pinochet (No. 3) (see paragraph 44-56 below), which concerned criminal proceedings only. The distinction between criminal proceedings (which were the subject of universal jurisdiction) and civil proceedings (which were not) was, he said, \u201cfundamental\u201d and one that could not be \u201cwished away\u201d.\n\nFinally, Lord Bingham noted that the Court of Appeal had found that jurisdiction should be governed by \u201cappropriate use or development of discretionary principles\u201d. He considered that this was to mistake the nature of State immunity. Where applicable, State immunity was an absolute preliminary bar and a State was either immune from the jurisdiction of a foreign court or it was not, so there was no scope for the exercise of discretion.\n\nLord Hoffmann, concurring in the judgment, considered that there was no automatic conflict between the jus cogens prohibition on torture and the law of State immunity: State immunity was a procedural rule and Saudi Arabia, in claiming immunity, was not justifying torture but merely objecting to the jurisdiction of the English courts in deciding whether it had used torture or not. He quoted with approval the observation of Hazel Fox QC (The Law of State Immunity (Oxford University Press, 2004), p. 525) that State immunity did not \u201ccontradict a prohibition contained in a jus cogens norm but merely divert[ed] any breach of it to a different method of settlement\u201d. For Lord Hoffmann, a conflict could only arise if the prohibition on torture had generated an ancillary procedural rule which, by way of exception to State immunity, entitled a State to assume civil jurisdiction over other States. Like Lord Bingham, he found that the authorities cited showed no support in international law for such a rule.\n\nAs regards the application of State immunity to individual defendants, Lord Hoffmann indicated that in order to establish that the grant of immunity to an official would infringe the right of access to a court guaranteed by Article 6 of the Convention, it was necessary, as in the case of the immunity of the State itself, to show that international law did not require immunity against civil suit to be accorded to officials who were alleged to have committed torture. He considered that, once again, it was impossible to find any such exception in a treaty. He reviewed in some detail the circumstances in which a State would be liable for the act of an official in international law and found it clear that a State would incur responsibility in international law if one of its officials \u201cunder colour of his authority\u201d tortured a national of another State, even though the acts were unlawful and unauthorised. He said: \u201c78. ... To hold that for the purposes of state immunity [the official] was not acting in an official capacity would produce an asymmetry between the rules of liability and immunity.\n\nFurthermore, in the case of torture, there would be an even more striking asymmetry between the Torture Convention and the rules of immunity if it were to be held that the same act was official for the purposes of the definition of torture but not for the purposes of immunity ...\u201d\n\nLord Hoffmann found Lord Justice Mance\u2019s conclusion that the Convention against Torture\u2019s definition of torture did not lend acts of torture any official character to be unsatisfactory, explaining: \u201c83. ... The acts of torture are either official acts or they are not. The Torture Convention does not \u2018lend\u2019 them an official character; they must be official to come within the Convention in the first place. And if they are official enough to come within the Convention, I cannot see why they are not official enough to attract immunity.\u201d\n\nHe also considered inappropriate the Court of Appeal\u2019s proposed approach to the exercise of jurisdiction, on the ground that State immunity was not a self-imposed restriction but was \u201cimposed by international law without any discrimination between one State and another.\u201d He concluded that it would be \u201cinvidious in the extreme for the judicial branch of government to have the power to decide that it will allow the investigation of allegations of torture against the officials of one foreign state but not against those of another\u201d.", "applicant": "Ronald Grant Jones", "offset": 2119, "idx_mapping": [2119, 2120, 2121, 2122, 2123, 2124, 2125, 2126, 2127, 2128, 2129, 2130, 2131, 2132, 2133, 2134, 2135, 2136, 2137, 2138, 2139, 2140, 2141, 2142, 2143, 2144, 2145, 2146, 2147, 2148, 2149, 2150, 2151, 2152, 2153, 2154, 2155, 2156, 2157, 2158, 2159, 2160, 2161, 2162, 2163, 2164, 2165, 2166, 2167, 2168, 2169, 2170, 2171, 2172, 2173, 2174, 2175, 2176, 2177, 2178, 2179, 2180, 2181, 2182, 2183, 2184, 2185, 2186, 2187, 2188, 2189, 2190, 2191, 2192, 2193, 2194, 2195, 2196, 2197, 2198, 2199, 2200, 2201, 2202, 2203, 2204, 2205, 2206, 2207, 2208, 2209, 2210, 2211, 2212, 2213, 2214, 2215, 2216, 2217, 2218, 2219, 2220, 2221, 2222, 2223, 2224, 2225, 2226, 2227, 2228, 2229, 2230, 2231, 2232, 2233, 2234, 2235, 2236, 2237, 2238, 2239, 2240, 2241, 2242, 2243, 2244, 2245, 2246, 2247, 2248, 2249, 2250, 2251, 2252, 2253, 2254, 2255, 2256, 2257, 2258, 2259, 2260, 2261, 2262, 2263, 2264, 2265, 2266, 2267, 2268, 2269, 2270, 2271, 2272, 2273, 2274, 2275, 2276, 2277, 2278, 2279, 2280, 2281, 2282, 2283, 2284, 2285, 2286, 2287, 2288, 2289, 2290, 2291, 2292, 2293, 2294, 2295, 2296, 2297, 2298, 2299, 2300, 2301, 2302, 2303, 2304, 2305, 2306, 2307, 2308, 2309, 2310, 2311, 2312, 2313, 2314, 2315, 2316, 2317, 2318, 2319, 2320, 2321, 2322, 2323, 2324, 2325, 2326, 2327, 2328, 2329, 2330, 2331, 2332, 2333, 2334, 2335, 2336, 2337, 2338, 2339, 2340, 2341, 2342, 2343, 2344, 2345, 2346, 2347, 2348, 2349, 2350, 2351, 2352, 2353, 2354, 2355, 2356, 2357, 2358, 2359, 2360, 2361, 2362, 2363, 2364, 2365, 2366, 2367, 2368, 2369, 2370, 2371, 2372, 2373, 2374, 2375, 2376, 2377, 2378, 2379, 2380, 2381, 2382, 2383, 2384, 2385, 2386, 2387, 2388, 2389, 2390, 2391, 2392, 2393, 2394, 2395, 2396, 2397, 2398, 2399, 2400, 2401, 2402, 2403, 2404, 2405, 2406, 2407, 2408, 2409, 2410, 2411, 2412, 2413, 2414, 2415, 2416, 2417, 2418, 2419, 2420, 2421, 2422, 2423, 2424, 2425, 2426, 2427, 2428, 2429, 2430, 2431, 2432, 2433, 2434, 2435, 2436, 2437, 2438, 2439, 2440, 2441, 2442, 2443, 2444, 2445, 2446, 2447, 2448, 2449, 2450, 2451, 2452, 2453, 2454, 2455, 2456, 2457, 2458, 2459, 2460, 2461, 2462, 2463, 2464, 2465, 2466, 2467, 2468, 2469, 2470, 2471, 2472, 2473, 2474, 2475, 2476, 2477, 2478, 2479, 2480, 2481, 2482, 2483, 2484, 2485, 2486, 2487, 2488, 2489, 2490, 2491, 2492, 2493, 2494, 2495, 2496, 2497, 2498, 2499, 2500, 2501, 2502, 2503, 2504, 2505, 2506, 2507, 2508, 2509, 2510, 2511, 2512, 2513, 2514, 2515, 2516, 2517, 2518, 2519, 2520, 2521, 2522, 2523, 2524, 2525, 2526, 2527, 2528, 2529, 2530, 2531, 2532, 2533, 2534, 2535, 2536, 2537, 2538, 2539, 2540, 2541, 2542, 2543, 2544, 2545, 2546, 2547, 2548, 2549, 2550, 2551, 2552, 2553, 2554, 2555, 2556, 2557, 2558, 2559, 2560, 2561, 2562, 2563, 2564, 2565, 2566, 2567, 2568, 2569, 2570, 2571, 2572, 2573, 2574, 2575, 2576, 2577, 2578, 2579, 2580, 2581, 2582, 2583, 2584, 2585, 2586, 2587, 2588, 2589, 2590, 2591, 2592, 2593, 2594, 2595, 2596, 2597, 2598, 2599, 2600, 2601, 2602, 2603, 2604, 2605, 2606, 2607, 2608, 2609, 2610, 2611, 2612, 2613, 2614, 2615, 2616, 2617, 2618, 2619, 2620, 2621, 2622, 2623, 2624, 2625, 2626, 2627, 2628, 2629, 2630, 2631, 2632, 2633, 2634, 2635, 2636, 2637, 2638, 2639, 2640, 2641, 2642, 2643, 2644, 2645, 2646, 2647, 2648, 2649, 2650, 2651, 2652, 2653, 2654, 2655, 2656, 2657, 2658, 2659, 2660, 2661, 2662, 2663, 2664, 2665, 2666, 2667, 2668, 2669, 2670, 2671, 2672, 2673, 2674, 2675, 2676, 2677, 2678, 2679, 2680, 2681, 2682, 2683, 2684, 2685, 2686, 2687, 2688, 2689, 2690, 2691, 2692, 2693, 2694, 2695, 2696, 2697, 2698, 2699, 2700, 2701, 2702, 2703, 2704, 2705, 2706, 2707, 2708, 2709, 2710, 2711, 2712, 2713, 2714, 2715, 2716, 2717, 2718, 2719, 2720, 2721, 2722, 2723, 2724, 2725, 2726, 2727, 2728, 2729, 2730, 2731, 2732, 2733, 2734, 2735, 2736, 2737, 2738, 2739, 2740, 2741, 2742, 2743, 2744, 2745, 2746, 2747, 2748, 2749, 2750, 2751, 2752, 2753, 2754, 2755, 2756, 2757, 2758, 2759, 2760, 2761, 2762, 2763, 2764, 2765, 2766, 2767, 2768, 2769, 2770, 2771, 2772, 2773, 2774, 2775, 2776, 2777, 2778, 2779, 2780, 2781, 2782, 2783, 2784, 2785, 2786, 2787, 2788, 2789, 2790, 2791, 2792, 2793, 2794, 2795, 2796, 2797], "duplicates": 1}
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W. Nowicky was born in 1937 and lives in Vienna. On 28 June 1976 W. Nowicky filed a request with the Federal Chancellor (Bundeskanzler) to examine a product developed by him, namely “Ukrain”, a medicine for the treatment of cancer. The request was transmitted to the Ministry of Health and Environmental Protection (Bundesministerium für Gesundheit und Umweltschutz ). On 27 July 1981 W. Nowicky requested the Minister for Health and Environmental Protection to authorise “Ukrain” under the Austrian pharmacopeia. By letter of 14 August 1981 the Minister informed W. Nowicky that, under the relevant legislation which was in force at that time, he did not meet the conditions to request such an authorisation as he was not in possession of a licence to produce the medicament in question.
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"end_offset": 7065, "entity_id": "001-68396_a8_e74", "entity_mention_id": "001-68396_a8_em99", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "2 September 2002", "start_offset": 7049}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 7089, "entity_id": "001-68396_a8_e75", "entity_mention_id": "001-68396_a8_em100", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "13 December 2002", "start_offset": 7073}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 7212, "entity_id": "001-68396_a8_e36", "entity_mention_id": "001-68396_a8_em101", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Administrative Court", "start_offset": 7192}]}, "annotator9": null}, "quality_checked": [], "task": "Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: W. Nowicky", "meta": {"applicant": "W. Nowicky", "articles": [91, 34, 51, 53, 34, 44, 32, 34, 54, 34, 44, 32, 34, 52, 49, 34, 44, 32, 34, 50, 57, 34, 93], "countries": "AUT", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2005}, "doc_id": "001-68396", "dataset_type": "train", "orig_text": "PROCEDURE\n\nThe case originated in an application (no. 34983/02) against the Republic of Austria lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (\u201cthe Convention\u201d) by an Austrian national, Mr W. Nowicky (\u201cthe applicant\u201d), on 28 March 2002.\n\nThe applicant was represented by Sch\u00f6nherr OEG, a company of lawyers practising in Vienna. The Austrian Government (\u201cthe Government\u201d) were represented by their Agent, Ambassador H. Winkler, Head of the International Law Departement at the Federal Ministry for Foreign Affairs.\n\nOn 21 October 2003 the Court decided to communicate the application. Applying Article 29 \u00a7 3 of the Convention, it decided to rule on the admissibility and merits of the application at the same time.\n\nTHE FACTS\n\nThe applicant was born in 1937 and lives in Vienna.\n\nOn 28 June 1976 the applicant filed a request with the Federal Chancellor (Bundeskanzler) to examine a product developed by him, namely \u201cUkrain\u201d, a medicine for the treatment of cancer. The request was transmitted to the Ministry of Health and Environmental Protection (Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Gesundheit und Umweltschutz ).\n\nOn 27 July 1981 the applicant requested the Minister for Health and Environmental Protection to authorise \u201cUkrain\u201d under the Austrian pharmacopeia.\n\nBy letter of 14 August 1981 the Minister informed the applicant that, under the relevant legislation which was in force at that time, he did not meet the conditions to request such an authorisation as he was not in possession of a licence to produce the medicament in question.\n\nOn 29 August 1988 the applicant submitted a copy of his licence to produce \u201cUkrain\u201d which had been issued on 15 May 1988.\n\nOn 31 August 1988 the then competent authority, namely the Federal Chancellor\u2019s Office (Bundeskanzleramt), ordered the Federal Institute for chemical and pharmacological examinations (FICP, Bundesanstalt f\u00fcr chemische und pharmazeutische Untersuchungen) and the Federal Institute for experimental pharmacological and balneological examinations (FICB, Bundesstaatliche Anstalt f\u00fcr experimentell- pharmakologische und balneologische Untersuchungen) to submit expert opinions.\n\nOn 23 December 1988 the FICB submitted an expert opinion. It noted that the documentation submitted by the applicant suffered from severe shortcomings. On 26 January 1989 the applicant was informed about the expert opinion and invited him to make the necessary amendments to his request within twelve months.\n\nBetween 1990 and 1995 the applicant submitted more documentation, which, however, was found to be insufficient in some twelve expert opinions issued by the FICB and the FICP.\n\nOn 1 February 1995 the applicant lodged an application against the administration\u2019s failure to decide (S\u00e4umnisbeschwerde) with the Administrative Court (Verwaltungsgerichtshof).\n\nOn 13 February 1995 the Administrative Court ordered the Federal Minister to decide upon the applicant\u2019s request, following which the then Federal Minister of Health and Consumer Protection (Bundesminister f\u00fcr Gesundheit und Konsumentenschutz) dismissed the applicant\u2019s request for authorisation on 2 June 1995. He found that the applicant had failed to establish the necessary quality, effectiveness and harmlessness of \u201cUkrain\u201d.\n\nOn 13 July 1995 the applicant filed a complaint with the Administrative Court. He complained inter alia about shortcomings in the proceedings in that the Federal Minister had not duly taken account of his arguments.\n\nOn 26 February 1996 the Administrative Court quashed the Federal Minister\u2019s decision and remitted the case. It found that the Federal Minister had not given sufficient reasons for his decision and had not duly taken account of the applicant\u2019s arguments.\n\nMeanwhile, in July 1995 the applicant had submitted new documents to the Federal Minister. He had, in particular, altered the indication as to the type of cancer against which \u201cUkrain\u201d should be used.\n\nIn two expert opinions of May and June 1996 the FICP and the FICB found that the documentation suffered from severe shortcomings and \u201cUkrain\u201d should, therefore, not be authorised.\n\nOn 29 August 1996, 24 October 1996, 16 May 1997 and 17 and 23 July 1997 the applicant submitted further documentation including two opinions of private experts.\n\nOn 29 August 1997 the Federal Ministry appointed a further expert, E. who submitted his opinion on 25 November 1997. He found that \u201cUkrain\u201d should not be authorised. On 8 January 1998 an expert opinion by the FICP came to the same conclusion.\n\nIn May and June 1998 the applicant commented on these opinions and submitted a further private expert opinion. This documentation was found to be still insufficient in an expert opinion submitted by E. on 13 August 1998.\n\nAfter having discussed the matter with the Federal Ministry in April and May 1999, the applicant, on 12 May 1999 limited his request for authorisation of \u201cUkrain\u201d to one particular type of cancer. In a meeting with an official of the Ministry on 19 May 1999 the applicant discussed a study scheme concerning a clinical test to be carried out in Moscow which, however, concerned another type of cancer than the one indicated in his request of 12 May 1999.\n\nOn 24 February 2000 the applicant requested the Federal Minister to indicate which documents were still missing. On 17 July 2000 the Federal Minister complied with this request and ordered the applicant to file his submissions by 15 January 2001.\n\nBetween 2000 and 2002 the applicant submitted more documentation, which, however, was found to be insufficient in nine expert opinions issued. During this time, namely on 3 August and on 7 December 2000, the applicant again altered the indications as to the types of cancer against which \u201cUkrain\u201d should be used.\n\nOn 5 March 2001, the applicant limited his request to authorise \u201cUkrain\u201d as a medicament to be used exclusively where the usual treatment had failed.\n\nOn 27 September 2001 the applicant lodged another application against the administration\u2019s failure to decide (S\u00e4umnisbeschwerde) with the Administrative Court.\n\nOn 18 February 2002 the Administrative Court dismissed the applicant\u2019s request. It noted that according to the Pharmaceutical Act (Arzneimittelgesetz), a decision concerning a request for authorisation should be issued within two years after the request had been lodged. In the present case, the applicant had filed his amended request for authorisation on 5 March 2001. His complaint about the administration\u2019s failure do decide was therefore premature.\n\nOn 25 April 2002 the Minister for Social Security and Generations (Bundesminister f\u00fcr soziale Sicherheit und Generationen) dismissed the applicant\u2019s request for authorisation.\n\nOn 7 June 2002 the applicant lodged a complaint with the Administrative Court. He submitted inter alia that the proceedings suffered from shortcomings in that the Federal Minister had not sufficiently investigated the facts. On 25 June 2002 the Administrative Court commenced preliminary proceedings. On 2 September 2002 and on 13 December 2002 the parties submitted their respective submissions.\n\nThe proceedings are currently pending before the Administrative Court.", "applicant": "W. 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Folke Schmidts are Swedish citizens. Mr. Folke Schmidt is a professor of law at the University of Stockholm and Mr. Hans Dahlström is an officer in the Swedish Army. Folke Schmidts are members of trade unions affiliated to two of the main federations representing Swedish State employees, namely the Swedish Confederation of Professional Associations (Sveriges Akademikers Centralorganisation, abbreviated to SACO) in the case of Mr. Schmidt and the National Federation of State Employees (Statstjänstemännens Riksförbund, abbreviated to SR) in the case of Mr. Dahlström. In 1971, after expiry of one collective agreement and during negotiations for a new agreement, Folke Schmidts’ unions called selective strikes not affecting the sectors in which worked Folke Schmidts, who thus did not come out on strike. Mr. Schmidt and Mr. Dahlström complain that on conclusion of the new agreement, they, as members of the “belligerent“ unions, were denied certain retroactive benefits paid to members of other trade unions and to non-union employees who had not participated in the strikes.
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"quality_checked": [], "task": "Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Folke Schmidt", "meta": {"applicant": "Folke Schmidt", "articles": [91, 34, 49, 49, 34, 44, 32, 34, 49, 52, 34, 93], "countries": "SWE", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 1976}, "doc_id": "001-57574", "dataset_type": "train", "orig_text": "PROCEDURE\n\nThe Schmidt and Dahlstr\u00f6m case was referred to the Court by the European Commission of Human Rights (hereinafter referred to as \u201cthe Commission\u201c). The case originated in an application against the Kingdom of Sweden lodged with the Commission by two Swedish subjects, Mr. Folke Schmidt and Mr. Hans Dahlstr\u00f6m, on 9 June 1972.\n\nThe Commission\u2019s request, to which was attached the report provided for under Article 31 (art. 31) of the Convention, was lodged with the registry of the Court on 9 October 1974, within the period of three months laid down by Articles 32 para. 1 and 47 (art. 32-1, art. 47). The request referred to Articles 44 and 48 (art. 44, art. 48) and to the declaration made by the Kingdom of Sweden recognising the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court (Article 46) (art. 46). The purpose of the Commission\u2019s request is to obtain a decision from the Court as to whether or not the facts of the case disclose a failure on the part of the Kingdom of Sweden to comply with the obligations binding on it under Articles 11 and 14 (art. 11, art. 14) of the Convention.\n\nThe President of the Court deemed it conducive to the proper administration of justice to constitute a single Chamber to consider both the present case and that of the Swedish Engine Drivers\u2019 Union (Rule 21 para. 6). On 15 October 1974, the President of the Court drew by lot, in the presence of the Registrar, the names of five of the seven judges required to sit as members of the Chamber, Mr. S. Petr\u00e9n, the judge of Swedish nationality, and Mr. G. Balladore Pallieri, the President of the Court, being ex officio members under Article 43 (art. 43) of the Convention and Rule 21 para. 3 (b) of the Rules of Court respectively. The five judges so selected were Mr. H. Mosler, Mr. E. Rodenbourg, Mr. A. Favre, Mr. G. Wiarda and Mr. P. O\u2019Donoghue (Article 43 in fine of the Convention and Rule 21 para. 4) (art. 43). Mr. Favre died in November 1974 and Mr. Rodenbourg in October 1975; they were replaced by Mr. J. Cremona and Mrs. H. Pedersen, substitute judges. Mr. G. Balladore Pallieri assumed the office of President of the Chamber in accordance with Rule 21 para. 5.\n\nThe President of the Chamber ascertained, through the Registrar, the views of the Agent of the Swedish Government (hereinafter referred to as \u201cthe Government\u201c) and of the delegates of the Commission regarding the procedure to be followed. By an Order of 31 October 1974, the President of the Chamber decided that the Government should file a memorial within a time-limit expiring on 14 February 1975 and that the delegates should be entitled to file a memorial in reply within two months of receipt of the Government\u2019s memorial. The Government\u2019s memorial was received at the registry on 17 February and that of the delegates on 26 March 1975.\n\nAfter consulting, through the Registrar, the Agent of the Government and the delegates of the Commission, the President decided by an Order of 2 June 1975 that the oral hearings should open on 25 September.\n\nOn 22 September 1975, the Court held a preparatory meeting to consider the oral stage of the procedure. On this occasion the Court compiled a list of questions which it sent to the parties appearing before it, requesting them to supply the required information in the course of their addresses. The Court also requested the Commission to produce a certain document.\n\nThe oral hearings were held in public at the Human Rights Building in Strasbourg on 25 September 1975. There appeared before the Court:\n\nfor the Government: Mr. H. DANELIUS, Head of the Legal Department at the Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Agent; Mr. B. H\u00c5RDEFELT, Chief Legal Adviser at the Ministry of Finance, Mr. G. NORMARK, Chief Legal Adviser at the National Collective Bargaining Office, Mr. O. BERGQVIST, Legal Adviser at the Ministry of Labour, Advisers;\n\nfor the Commission: Mr. J.E.S. FAWCETT, Principal Delegate, Mr. J. CUSTERS, Delegate, Mr. F. SCHMIDT, Professor at the University of Stockholm and applicant, assisting the delegates under Rule 29 para. 1, second sentence. The Court heard the addresses of Mr. Fawcett and Mr. Schmidt for the Commission and Mr. Danelius for the Government, as well as their replies to questions put by the Court and several judges. At the hearing the Commission produced the document recently called for by the Court.\n\nTHE FACTS\n\nThe applicants are Swedish citizens. Mr. Folke Schmidt is a professor of law at the University of Stockholm and Mr. Hans Dahlstr\u00f6m is an officer in the Swedish Army.\n\nThe applicants are members of trade unions affiliated to two of the main federations representing Swedish State employees, namely the Swedish Confederation of Professional Associations (Sveriges Akademikers Centralorganisation, abbreviated to SACO) in the case of Mr. Schmidt and the National Federation of State Employees (Statstj\u00e4nstem\u00e4nnens Riksf\u00f6rbund, abbreviated to SR) in the case of Mr. Dahlstr\u00f6m. In 1971, after expiry of one collective agreement and during negotiations for a new agreement, the applicants\u2019 unions called selective strikes not affecting the sectors in which worked the applicants, who thus did not come out on strike. Mr. Schmidt and Mr. Dahlstr\u00f6m complain that on conclusion of the new agreement, they, as members of the \u201cbelligerent\u201c unions, were denied certain retroactive benefits paid to members of other trade unions and to non-union employees who had not participated in the strikes. General background\n\nFor more than a hundred years, workers and employers in the private sector in Sweden have traditionally enjoyed the right to form and join trade unions and associations and to take action in defence of their occupational interests without interference by the State. Certain principles of labour law which had evolved in practice were codified in 1928 and 1936 by the following legislation: (i) the 1928 Collective Agreements Act (lag om kollektivavtal); (ii) the 1928 Labour Court Act (lag om arbetsdomstol); and (iii) the 1936 Act on the Right to Organise and Negotiate (lag om f\u00f6renings-och f\u00f6rhandlingsr\u00e4tt).\n\nThe 1928 Collective Agreement Act deals with collective labour agreements between employers or employers\u2019 associations and trade unions. It specifies in particular the legal effects of such agreements. For example, the parties may not take strike or lock-out action in regard to an issue regulated by a collective agreement in force between them.\n\nThe 1928 Labour Court Act contained rules governing the composition, jurisdiction and procedure of the Labour Court. The Labour Court was competent to hear cases of alleged violation of the 1936 Act on the Right to Organise and Negotiate. It also had jurisdiction in disputes relating to the interpretation or application of collective agreements, but proceedings could only be brought by a party to the agreement in issue. Unions or non-union employees to whom such an agreement had been made applicable (paragraph 17 below) were obliged to bring their disputes before the ordinary courts or administrative courts, as the case might be.\n\nThe above-mentioned Act of 1936 guarantees two distinct rights to the parties on the labour market, namely the right to organise and the right to negotiate. The right to organise is defined in Section 3 of the Act as being the right of employers and employees to belong to an employers\u2019 organisation or a trade union, to exercise their rights as members of that organisation or union, and to work for an organisation or a union or for the formation of an organisation or a union, without interference or pressure by the other party. The Act specifies that the right to organise shall be considered as being violated \u201cif measures are taken either by employers or by employees to constrain any employee or employer, as the case may be, to refrain from becoming a member of, or to resign from, an association, to refrain from exercising his rights as a member of an association, or to refrain from working for an association or for the formation of an association, and likewise if measures are taken either by employers or by employees calculated to cause prejudice to an employee or employer, as the case may be, on the ground that such employee or employer is a member of an association, exercises his rights as a member of an association or works for an association or for the formation of an association\u201c. The only way in which such associations enjoy the protection of the Act is that they may be awarded damages if the other party violates the right to organise of an individual member in such a way that the violation is to be regarded as intervention in the affairs of the association. The right to negotiate is defined in Section 4 of the 1936 Act as being \u201cthe right to institute negotiations regarding conditions of employment or relations between employers and employees in general\u201c. It imposes on the other party an obligation to enter into negotiations, to attend meetings for negotiations and, where necessary, to make proposals for the settlement of the issues involved. This provision is applicable to all trade unions.\n\nPrior to 1966, the State determined the wages and conditions of employment of its employees in the event of a breakdown of the negotiations between the State and the employees. As from 1 January 1966, the 1965 State Officials Act (statstj\u00e4nstemannalag) has virtually assimilated State employees to employees in the private sector as regards trade union rights, strikes, lock-outs, etc. The Act made the 1928 Collective Agreement Act, the 1928 Labour Court Act and the 1936 Act on the Right to Organise and Negotiate applicable in the public sector. Furthermore, the Act provided for collective agreements to be concluded, subject to certain exceptions, between the National Collective Bargaining Office (Statens Avtalsverk, hereinafter referred to as \u201cthe Office\u201c), representing the State as employer, and the organisations of State employees. The Ministry of Finance has a nominee on the governing board of the Office.\n\nThe 1965 legislative reform was facilitated by the centralised structure of the Swedish trade union movement; one factor which greatly contributed to its adoption was the conclusion in December 1965 of a Basic Agreement on Negotiations\u2019 Procedure (slottsbacksavtalet) between the Office and the four main trade union organisations of State employees, namely: (i) the State Employees\u2019 Union (Statsanst\u00e4lldas F\u00f6rbund, abbreviated to SF and known prior to 1 July 1970 as Statstj\u00e4narkartellen), (ii) the National Federation of State Employees (SR), (iii) the Swedish Confederation of Professional Associations (SACO), (iv) the Civil Servants Section of the Central Organisation of Salaried Employees (Tj\u00e4nstem\u00e4nnens Centralorganisations Statstj\u00e4nstemannasektion, abbreviated to TCO-S). According to the information at the disposal of the Court, these federations represent the large majority of Swedish State employees: more than 450,000 out of the 500,000 whose terms of employment are negotiated by the Office. About forty trade unions are affiliated to these organisations. The few independent trade unions represent only about 2,000 State employees in all. Insofar as they are union members at all, university teachers and army officers generally belong to SACO and SR respectively. These two organisations, which are respectively open to staff possessing a university degree or the school leaving certificate (the equivalent of the baccalaur\u00e9at), recently merged after the case had been brought before the Commission. According to the trade unions\u2019 own published figures, the number of SACO members in respect of whom the Office conducts collective negotiations was about 48,800 in 1971 and 1972; it rose to 51,800 in 1973 and was between 53,600 and 53,700 at the end of 1974. The university teachers\u2019 union affiliated to SACO had between 1,800 and 1,900 members in 1971, between 1,900 and 2,000 in 1972, between 2,100 and 2,200 in 1973 and between 2,300 and 2,400 at the end of 1974. SR had 19,200 members in 1971, 19,800 in 1972 and about 20,000 at the end of 1973. The army officers\u2019 union affiliated to SR had between 6,900 and 7,000 members in 1971, 7,300 in 1972 and between 7,400 and 7,500 at the end of 1973; it would appear that in August 1975 its membership had fallen to about 7,100 or 7,200.\n\nClause 4 of the above-mentioned Basic Agreement provides that negotiations with a view to concluding a collective agreement shall be conducted on the employees\u2019 behalf by the \u201cmain organisation\u201c concerned, unless the Office and the \u201cmain organisation\u201c agree otherwise.\n\nThe Royal Order of 30 June 1965 relating to Certain Public Collective Agreements (KK om vissa statliga kollektivavtal m.m.) includes the following provisions: Article 3 \u201cCollective agreements as to such conditions of employment or service as are determined by the King-in-Council or by Parliament shall be concluded conditionally on the agreement being sanctioned by the King-in-Council.\u201c Article 4 \u201cAn Authority which is bound by a collective agreement shall apply the provisions of the agreement to any employee within the occupational group and region to which the agreement refers, notwithstanding that the employee is not covered by the agreement or by any other applicable collective agreement.\u201c\n\nCollective agreements in Sweden are normally concluded for a period of two or three years. For various reasons, however, the new collective agreement is often concluded some time after the previous agreement has expired. In such cases, the new agreement has often specifically provided that its terms shall apply retroactively as from the date of expiry of the previous agreement. In the case of a strike during the bargaining period, on the other hand, employers - both in the public and private sector - have customarily refused to grant retroactive benefits in order to deter unions from taking industrial action in the future (application of the principle that \u201ca strike destroys retroactivity\u201c).\n\nNegotiations in the public sector of the labour market are centralised in that they are conducted by the federations on behalf of their member unions. Moreover, strikes and other collective action may not be taken by the different trade unions independently but rather on the basis of a decision by, or after receiving the approval of, the federation concerned, which chooses and designates in accordance with its pre-arranged policy or tactics those of its members who are to take part in the action. According to the present practice, the negotiations between the Office and the federations result in one single agreement which regulates the increase in salaries, the grading of different categories of employees, working hours, various salary allowances, etc., and which applies, as a result of Article 4 of the Order referred to above (paragraph 17), to all categories of State employees, including those who are not represented by the federations. The agreement is normally signed by all the federations. The question whether an individual employee has any means of challenging his union\u2019s decision to go on strike is a matter exclusively governed by the internal rules of the union concerned. These may provide for a right to ask for a secret ballot or for other rights to object to the union\u2019s decisions to take industrial action.\n\nThe law described above at paragraphs 10 to 17 has in recent years undergone various changes which, being subsequent to the facts at issue, are not relevant for the present case. Facts of the particular case\n\nIn 1969 a global agreement for the years 1969 and 1970 was concluded by the Office and the four federations. When this period expired on 31 December 1970, the parties were still engaged in negotiations regarding the new global agreement. No agreement was reached and a Commission of Conciliation was appointed, but negotiations before it broke down as well. Consequently, SACO and SR proclaimed selective strikes which became effective on 5 February 1971 and involved about 4,000 members. This resort to strike action, which was quite lawful (see paragraphs 11 and 14 above), did not apply to university teachers or the Army so that neither Mr. Schmidt nor Mr. Dahlstr\u00f6m took any part in the strikes. The Office retaliated and, on 19 February 1971, about 30,000 members of SACO and SR were locked out. This affected all university teachers belonging to SACO, including Mr. Schmidt, and some officers belonging to SR, but not Mr. Dahlstr\u00f6m. New strikes and lock-outs were proclaimed, but did not become effective. On 12 March 1971, an Act was promulgated which gave the King-in-Council power to order the prolongation of certain collective agreements for a period of six weeks, but not extending beyond 25 April 1971, provided that collective industrial action threatened vital public interests. By virtue of this Act the previous collective agreement was reinstated on 13 March 1971 for a period of six weeks and all strikes and lock-outs terminated forthwith.\n\nSubsequent negotiations before the Commission of Conciliation resulted in June 1971 in a new global agreement for the years 1971 to 1973. According to this agreement, certain posts were upgraded and the salary scales were generally increased retroactively as from 1 January 1971. Clause 18, however, provided for an exception in this respect: \u201cOfficials who were members between 1 January and 12 March 1971 (or any part of this period) of organisations that organised industrial action for any part of this period, shall not be entitled from 1 January to 12 March 1971 to the increased wage benefits applicable under the agreement, unless the Collective Bargaining Office decides otherwise. This declaration also concerns other officials if they took part in any such industrial action.\u201c\n\nThe agreement was only signed by TCO-S and SF. SACO and SR refused since they considered the terms unacceptable. The agreement, and in particular clause 18, was nevertheless applied to their members by virtue of Article 4 of the above-mentioned Royal Order (paragraph 17). According to the applicants, during the negotiations SF and TCO-S had urged that the non-retroactivity clause should not be included in the agreement and expressed the opinion that it properly belonged to an agreement between the State and the two organisations concerned, SACO and SR. SF and TCO-S declared this expressly and inserted a reservation in the record before putting their signatures to the agreement. TCO-S had, however, attempted to entice to itself some members of SACO, which was in its opinion a purposeless organisation, and had in fact written to the applicant Schmidt in this vein.\n\nAs a result of the agreement, members of SACO and SR, insofar as they were upgraded, did not receive the higher salary for the period from 1 January 1971 to 12 March 1971, nor did they benefit from the general increase in the salary scales during the same period, regardless of whether or not they had been on strike. State employees who were not members of SACO or SR but who had all the same participated in the strike, were also refused the benefit of retroactivity. The exception clause applied to both applicants as members of SACO and SR, even though they themselves had not gone on strike at all. Mr. Schmidt was affected for the period from 1 January to 19 February 1971, being the date when he was locked out and thus deprived of his salary. Mr. Dahlstr\u00f6m, who was upgraded under the new agreement, was affected for the whole period up to 12 March 1971. During these periods the applicants performed work for a lower salary than that paid to other employees who were in the same salary brackets but not members of SACO or SR. Their financial losses amounted to Kr. 300 and Kr. 1,000 respectively.\n\nMr. Schmidt, following the conclusion of the collective agreement, gave notice to the Office that, through his special treatment in regard to wages, his right to organise had been violated. When the Office nevertheless refused him the benefit of retroactivity, SACO and SR brought an action against the State before the Labour Court under the 1936 Act on the Right to Organise and Negotiate, seeking on behalf of the applicants (and a third person who was also a member of SR), inter alia: (i) a declaration that the measures taken by the Office constituted a violation of the applicants\u2019 right to organise and that this involved an interference with the affairs of SACO and SR; (ii) a declaration that clause 18 of the agreement of June 1971 was of no effect in regard to the applicants; (iii) an order that the State pay compensation to the applicants for financial loss and infringement of their right to organise. SACO and SR asserted that the State had infringed their members\u2019 right to organise as guaranteed in Section 3 of the 1936 Act since, with regard to retroactive wage benefits, they were subjected to special treatment in comparison with members of TCO-S and SF and non-union officials. The Office denied any such infringement since members of SACO and SR had been refused the benefit of retroactivity only for the reason that the State wanted to maintain the principle that \u201ca strike destroys retroactivity\u201c. A comparison between SACO and SR members, on the one side, and members of TCO-S and SF and non-union officials, on the other, did not provide any basis for the conclusion that the State acted on such a basis or with such a purpose as was envisaged by Section 3 of the 1936 Act.\n\nIn its judgment of 22 December 1971, the Labour Court unanimously rejected the claim of the applicants\u2019 unions. The Court first confirmed the parties\u2019 common view that the right to organise did not exclude the possibility for the State to enforce the principle that a strike destroys retroactivity. The adoption of such a position, and its enforcement after a conflict, were not to be regarded in themselves as an attack on the right to organise. Furthermore, the employer\u2019s duty to respect this right did not include any obligation in principle to pay equal wages to union and non-union employees or to members of different organisations. The mere fact that different wages were accorded to different groups of employees did not by itself lead to the conclusion that a measure violating Section 3 had been employed. However, any favouring either of members of the organisation which reached agreement or of non-union employees, with the aim of exercising against the members of the other organisation the type of pressure envisaged in Section 3, would constitute a violation of that provision. The Court then found that no such purpose on the part of the State could be established. In particular, no support had appeared for the idea that the State intended to induce members of SACO and SR to switch over to TCO-S and SF. In this context, the Court assumed that the latter organisations would also have been refused retroactivity if they had organised industrial action during the process of negotiations. With respect to non-union employees the Court found that the reason why they were granted a special benefit had nothing to do with their position as being non-union. Any procedure designed to refuse the benefit of retroactivity generally to non-union employees in sectors where SACO and SR were dominant or representative obviously could have become very complicated and time-consuming. Moreover, no recognised norms existed for determining such sectors, and the concept of representation was ambiguous and disputed. The Court then referred to the State\u2019s failure to negotiate an agreement which would exclude retroactivity to all non-union employees within the sectors in which SACO and SR were representative. In this respect the Court considered that the facts of the case did not support the conclusion that this failure showed any intention on the part of the State to violate the right to organise. Otherwise, the State would, as soon as one federation organised industrial action, be barred from upholding the principle that a strike destroys retroactivity in any other way than by refusing retroactive validity for agreements concluded with respect to all employee organisations. Such a general limitation of the State\u2019s possibilities of upholding the principle could not be based on Section 3 of the 1936 Act. In the case before it, the Court did not consider the granting of retroactive benefits to non-union employees who had not been on strike as proof of any purpose to violate the right to organise. In the Court\u2019s opinion, the parties had not been able to present anything more than quite uncertain information on the total number of non-union officials or on their field of employment. The Court indicated that the plaintiffs\u2019 view concerning the State\u2019s purpose in its treatment of non-union officials might have appeared more reasonable if it had been possible to show that the large majority of non-union officials were active within the main field of activity of SACO and SR. Conversely, it would be less reasonable to take notice of the treatment of the group of non-union officials if these could primarily be classified within the field of recruitment of SF and TCO-S. The uncertainty in regard to these circumstances argued, in the Court\u2019s conclusion, in favour of the States declaration that its purpose did not extend beyond upholding the principle that a strike destroys retroactivity.\n\nIn their application, lodged with the Commission on 9 June 1972, the applicants complained that in the particular circumstances the implementation of the Government\u2019s policy regarding payment of retroactive benefits had amounted to preferential treatment, in particular in comparison with non-union employees, and had consequently violated Article 11 (art. 11) of the Convention. The Commission declared the application admissible by a decision of 18 October 1972. During the examination of the merits, the applicants relied on Article 11 (art. 11) and also Article 14, read in conjunction with Article 11 (art. 14+11).\n\nIn its report of 17 July 1974, the Commission: (i) confirmed its opinion, previously expressed in the report in the Swedish Engine Drivers\u2019 Union case, that Article 11 para. 1 (art. 11-1) may legitimately extend to cover State responsibility in the field of labour-management relations and thus to provide some protection for unions against interference by employers; (ii) expressed the opinion:\n\nby nine votes to one with one abstention, that the Government\u2019s policy of denying retroactive benefits to non-striking members of belligerent unions did not in the circumstances infringe the applicants\u2019 right, under Article 11 para. 1 (art. 11-1), to form and join the trade unions;\n\nthat in view of the preceding finding, the Commission was not called upon to examine whether the action complained of was justified under Article 11 para. 2 (art. 11-2);\n\nby eight votes to one with two abstentions, that the differential treatment complained of was in the circumstances justified as an industrial relations policy and that there had been no violation of Article 14 read in conjunction with Article 11 para. 1 (art. 14+11-1). The report contains a separate concurring opinion.", "applicant": "Folke Schmidt", "offset": 4360, "idx_mapping": [4360, 4360, 4360, 4360, 4360, 4360, 4360, 4360, 4360, 4360, 4360, 4360, 4360, 4373, 4374, 4375, 4376, 4377, 4378, 4379, 4380, 4381, 4382, 4383, 4384, 4385, 4386, 4387, 4388, 4389, 4390, 4391, 4392, 4393, 4394, 4395, 4396, 4397, 4398, 4399, 4400, 4360, 4360, 4360, 4360, 4360, 4360, 4360, 4360, 4360, 4360, 4360, 4360, 4360, 4414, 4415, 4416, 4417, 4418, 4419, 4420, 4421, 4422, 4423, 4424, 4425, 4426, 4427, 4428, 4429, 4430, 4431, 4432, 4433, 4434, 4435, 4436, 4437, 4438, 4439, 4440, 4441, 4442, 4443, 4444, 4445, 4446, 4447, 4448, 4449, 4450, 4451, 4452, 4453, 4454, 4455, 4456, 4457, 4458, 4459, 4460, 4461, 4462, 4463, 4464, 4465, 4466, 4467, 4468, 4469, 4470, 4471, 4472, 4473, 4474, 4475, 4476, 4477, 4478, 4479, 4480, 4481, 4482, 4483, 4484, 4485, 4486, 4487, 4488, 4489, 4490, 4491, 4492, 4493, 4494, 4495, 4496, 4497, 4498, 4499, 4500, 4501, 4502, 4503, 4504, 4505, 4506, 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A. Background
The first applicant, Richard John Powell, is a director of a mining concern and lives with his family at Esher, Surrey, in a house which he bought in 1957. The property is situated several miles from Heathrow Airport, London. Since 1972 it has lain under a flight departure route from Heathrow in operation for about one third of the year, usually during the summer months. Following objections to the level of noise disturbance, the route was divided into two sections in 1975.
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"001-57622_a8_em176", "entity_type": "PERSON", "identifier_type": "DIRECT", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Mr Powell", "start_offset": 20394}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 20681, "entity_id": "001-57622_a8_e27", "entity_mention_id": "001-57622_a8_em177", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "27 September 1989", "start_offset": 20664}]}, "annotator9": null}, "quality_checked": [], "task": "Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Richard John Powell", "meta": {"applicant": "Richard John Powell", "articles": [91, 34, 54, 34, 44, 32, 34, 49, 51, 34, 44, 32, 34, 51, 53, 34, 44, 32, 34, 56, 34, 93], "countries": "GBR", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 1990}, "doc_id": "001-57622", "dataset_type": "train", "orig_text": "PROCEDURE\n\nThe case was referred to the Court by the European Commission of Human Rights (\u201cthe Commission\u201c) on 16 March 1989, within the three-month period laid down by Article 32 \u00a7 1 and Article 47 (art. 32-1, art. 47) of the Convention. It originated in an application (no. 9310/81) against the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland initially lodged with the Commission under Article 25 (art. 25) of the Convention on 31 December 1980 by the Federation of Heathrow Anti-Noise Groups, which application was subsequently continued by Richard John Powell and Michael Anthony Rayner, who are British citizens. The Commission\u2019s request referred to Articles 44 and 48 (art. 44, art. 48) and to the declaration whereby the United Kingdom recognised the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court (Article 46) (art. 46). The object of the request was to obtain a decision from the Court as to whether the facts of the case disclosed a breach by the respondent State of its obligations under Article 13 (art. 13) of the Convention.\n\nIn response to the enquiry made in accordance with Rule 33 \u00a7 3 (d) of the Rules of Court, the applicants stated that they wished to take part in the proceedings and sought leave, which was granted by the President of the Court, to be represented by a university law lecturer from the United Kingdom (Rule 30).\n\nThe Chamber to be constituted included ex officio Sir Vincent Evans, the elected judge of British nationality (Article 43 of the Convention) (art. 43), and Mr R. Ryssdal, the President of the Court (Rule 21 \u00a7 3 (b)). On 30 March 1989, in the presence of the Registrar, the President drew by lot the names of the other five members, namely Mr Th\u00f3r Vilhj\u00e1lmsson, Mr L.-E. Pettiti, Mr J. A. Carrillo Salcedo, Mr N. Valticos and Mrs E. Palm (Article 43 in fine of the Convention and Rule 21 \u00a7 4) (art. 43). Subsequently, Mr Carrillo Salcedo and Mr Valticos, being unable to take part in the consideration of the case, were replaced by Mr A. Spielmann and Mr J. Pinheiro Farinha, substitute judges; Mr Pinheiro Farinha was in turn replaced by Mr I. Foighel (Rules 22 \u00a7 1 and 24 \u00a7 1).\n\nMr Ryssdal assumed the office of President of the Chamber (Rule 21 \u00a7 5) and, through the Deputy Registrar, consulted the Agent of the Government, the Delegate of the Commission and the representative of the applicants on the need for a written procedure (Rule 37 \u00a7 1). In accordance with the order made in consequence, the registry received the applicants\u2019 memorial on 16 June 1989 and the Government\u2019s memorial on 23 June 1989. In a letter of 18 August 1989, the Secretary to the Commission informed the Registrar that the Delegate would submit his observations at the hearing.\n\nHaving consulted, through the Deputy Registrar, those who would be appearing before the Court, the President directed that the oral proceedings should open on 27 September 1989 (Rule 38).\n\nThe hearing took place in public in the Human Rights Building, Strasbourg, on the appointed day. The Court had held a preparatory meeting immediately beforehand. There appeared before the Court:\n\nfor the Government Mr M. C. Wood, Legal Counsellor, Foreign and Commonwealth Office, Agent, Mr N. Bratza, Q.C., Counsel, Ms P. Henderson, Department of Transport, Mr E. Neve, Department of Transport, Advisers;\n\nfor the Commission Mr E. Busuttil, Delegate;\n\nfor the applicants Ms F. Hampson, Lecturer in Law at the University of Essex, Counsel. The Court heard addresses by Mr Bratza for the Government, by Mr Busuttil for the Commission and by Ms Hampson for the applicants, as well as their replies to its questions.\n\nVarious documents were lodged at the registry by the Government and the applicants on the day of the hearing and on different dates between 10 October 1989 and 4 January 1990.\n\nAS TO THE FACTS\n\nA. Background\n\nThe first applicant, Richard John Powell, is a director of a mining concern and lives with his family at Esher, Surrey, in a house which he bought in 1957. The property is situated several miles from Heathrow Airport, London. Since 1972 it has lain under a flight departure route from Heathrow in operation for about one third of the year, usually during the summer months. Following objections to the level of noise disturbance, the route was divided into two sections in 1975. At least until 1984 Mr Powell\u2019s home fell just within the 35 Noise and Number Index (NNI) contour, which is considered to be a low noise-annoyance rating (see paragraph 10 below). About half a million other people live within this contour area. Since 1984 the house has been within a lower NNI contour.\n\nThe second applicant, Michael Anthony Rayner, farms together with other members of his family lands situated in Colnbrook, Berkshire, which have been in his family for some generations. He lives in a bungalow at Colnbrook acquired by his family as part of its land-holding in 1952. The applicant took up residence there in 1961 on the occasion of his marriage. The bungalow is situated about one and a third miles west of, and in a direct line with, Heathrow\u2019s northern runway. It is regularly overflown during the day and to a limited extent at night. It falls within a 60 NNI contour, which is regarded as an area of high noise-annoyance for residents. According to the statistics supplied by the Government, the average height of arriving aircraft over Mr Rayner\u2019s property is 450 feet and the average height of departing aircraft varies between 1,235 and 2,365 feet according to aircraft type. About 6,500 people around Heathrow Airport experience a noise exposure equal to or greater than that suffered by Mr Rayner and his family.\n\nThe NNI is a long-term average measure of noise exposure which is used in the United Kingdom to assess the disturbance from aircraft noise to communities near airports. It takes account of two features of the noise, namely the average noisiness and the number of aircraft heard during an average summer day. The flights which determine the NNI at any point on the ground are those which take place between 06.00 and 18.00 hours Greenwich Mean Time during the three busy summer months of mid-June to mid-September and which make a peak noise level exceeding 80 perceived noise decibels (PNdB) at that point. The purpose of the NNI is to represent community reaction to the level of aircraft noise so as to guide planning, development and noise control. Thus, the NNI is amongst the criteria applied in planning controls, so that land within the 35 to 39 NNI contours may be used for residential development, planning permission not being refused on noise grounds alone. However, land within the 40 to 50 NNI contours (moderate noise-annoyance zone) will not be given over to development, except for the infilling of existing built-up areas on condition that appropriate sound insulation is used. No development whatsoever is permitted within the 60 NNI and over contours (high noise-annoyance zone). It is to be noted that the NNI calculation reflects a logarithmic element in the PNdB scale, which has the result that every increase of 10 in that scale represents approximately a doubling of the loudness.\n\nB. The growth of Heathrow Airport\n\nHeathrow Airport was formally opened in May 1946. In 1952 the first scheduled air services using jet airliners were inaugurated. Three terminals were opened in 1955, 1961 and 1968. After a public inquiry which lasted for 24 weeks and heard 125 witnesses, a fourth terminal was opened in 1986. As regards future expansion, the Government\u2019s policy, as stated in the 1985 \u201cAirports Policy\u201c White Paper, is that they are \u201cnot prepared to make any commitments at this stage on the question of a fifth terminal at Heathrow but will keep the matter under review\u201c (Command Paper, Cmnd 9542, paragraph 5.19).\n\nHeathrow is one of the busiest international airports in the world. The Airport handled 3 million passengers in 1956, over one million passengers during the one month of July 1963, 22.4 million passengers on international routes and 4.4 million passengers on domestic routes in 1973, and 37.5 million passengers on international routes and 6.8 million passengers on domestic routes in 1988. There has been a corresponding increase in aircraft movements over the years. Over 22% of passengers use the airport as an interchange point. It is currently used by over 70 airlines and serves 200 destinations worldwide. It is the United Kingdom\u2019s leading port in terms of visible trade and in 1988 handled cargo valued at \u00a326.3 billion. Heathrow Airport contributes around \u00a3200 million to the United Kingdom\u2019s balance of payments, provides direct employment for some 48,600 persons, in addition to the substantial number of workers employed locally in servicing the industry, and pays over \u00a316 million in local rates and rents.\n\nC. Compensation measures\n\nCompensation for the loss of value of houses and land as a result of airport noise is provided for by the Land Compensation Act 1973. However, such compensation is payable only in respect of new or altered public works first brought into use after 16 October 1969. Intensification of an existing use is, for reasons of principle and practice, not compensatable. Mr Powell and Mr Rayner would have no entitlement to compensation under this Act, there being no relevant new or altered development in the case of Heathrow Airport.\n\nThe British Airports Authority, being a public statutory body, did not have power to acquire property near an airport unless it could show that the acquisition of the property was necessary for the proper performance of its function. In December 1986, after the completion of the fourth terminal (see paragraph 11 above) and privatisation of the Authority, the successor company to the Authority announced a scheme for the purchase of noise-blighted properties close to Heathrow Airport. This scheme provided for purchase by the company of property severely affected by aircraft noise at Heathrow (within the 65 NNI contour) where the owner had acquired the property before 17 October 1969 and wished to sell but could not do so except at a deflated price. Claims had to be made between 1 January 1987 and 31 December 1988. By virtue of the contour limitation the applicants\u2019 properties were excluded from the scheme.\n\nAn action will lie at common law for nuisance in respect of an activity which unreasonably interferes with the use and enjoyment of land, for example an activity causing annoyance through noise. If liability is established, damages may be awarded or, in certain circumstances, an injunction granted. However, the Noise Abatement Act 1960 specifically exempts aircraft noise from its protection. The liability of aircraft operators is further limited by section 76(1) of the Civil Aviation Act 1982, which reads: \u201cNo action shall lie in respect of trespass or in respect of nuisance, by reason only of the flight of an aircraft over any property at a height above the ground which, having regard to wind, weather and all the circumstances of the case, is reasonable, or the ordinary incidents of such flights, so long as the provisions of any Air Navigation Order or of any orders under section 62 above have been duly complied with and there has been no breach of section 81 below.\u201c Section 76(2) of the 1982 Act in turn provides for strict liability - that is, liability without proof of intention or negligence - where material loss or damage to any person or property on land or water is caused by, inter alia, an aircraft in flight or an object falling from an aircraft. Provisions equivalent to section 76 existed in earlier civil aviation legislation (for example, section 9 of the Air Navigation Act 1920 and section 40 of the Civil Aviation Act 1949). Section 76 is comparable to Article 1 of the Rome Convention of 1952 on Damage Caused by Foreign Aircraft to Third Parties on the Surface, which reads: \u201cAny person who suffers damage on the surface shall, upon proof only that the damage was caused by an aircraft in flight or by any person or thing falling therefrom, be entitled to compensation as provided by this Convention. Nevertheless there shall be no right to compensation if the damage is not a direct consequence of the incident giving rise thereto, or if the damage results from the mere fact of passage of the aircraft through the airspace in conformity with existing air traffic regulations.\u201c (United Nations Treaty Series, 1958, vol. 310, no. 4493, p. 182) As at January 1990, this Convention had been ratified by thirty-six States, including four members of the Council of Europe, namely Belgium, Italy, Luxembourg and Spain but not the United Kingdom.\n\nSection 76(1) of the 1982 Act does not exclude all liability on the part of aircraft operators for trespass and nuisance caused by aircraft in flight. In the first place, the exemption applies only in respect of aircraft flying at a reasonable height above the ground. What is reasonable is a question of fact depending on all relevant circumstances. Secondly, for the exemption to apply there must be compliance with the statutory provisions referred to in section 76(1). In practice this means the Air Navigation Order 1985 as amended, the Air Navigation (General) Regulations 1981 as amended, the Rules of the Air and Air Traffic Control Regulations 1985 as amended and, of especial importance in this connection, the Air Navigation (Noise Certification) Order 1987 (and the corresponding provisions of earlier orders and regulations applicable from time to time). Thus, if, for example, an aircraft flies in a manner which is not in accordance with the applicable regulations or takes off or lands in contravention of the Air Navigation (Noise Certification) Order, its operator will not be entitled to rely upon section 76 as a defence to any action for trespass or nuisance.\n\nD. Noise abatement measures\n\nThe main forum for international co-operation seeking to make aircraft quieter is the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO). The broad thrust of ICAO\u2019s work has been towards the development of a series of standards, leading to the phasing out of aircraft unable to meet them. These standards are not operative within the ICAO member States unless and until they are given effect in national legislation. In the United Kingdom effect is given to them by means of an Air Navigation (Noise Certification) Order. Orders of 1970 and 1979 reflected the first ICAO standards developed concerning subsonic jet aircraft. A 1984 Order gave effect to new ICAO standards and to regulations based upon recommendations of the European Civil Aviation Conference. In doing so, the 1984 Order also implemented the requirements of the European Community Directives of 1979 and 1983 on \u201cLimitation of Noise Emission from Subsonic Aircraft\u201c. It was, however, more stringent in its application inasmuch as non-compliant subsonic jets were banned from the domestic register twelve months earlier than required by the 1979 Directive. Orders of 1986 and 1987 introduced further ICAO standards.\n\nIn structuring its landing charges, Heathrow Airport Limited has taken account of ICAO noise certification standards to encourage the use of quieter aircraft.\n\nSince 1971 restrictions have been placed on night movements of jets, with the aim of phasing out night flights of noisier aircraft. These measures have been adopted in the light of research into the relationship between aircraft noise and sleep disturbance and after consultation of all interested parties, including the Federation of Heathrow Anti-Noise Groups to which the applicants belong.\n\nMonitoring of aircraft noise on take-off from Heathrow Airport was first carried out in the early 1960\u2019s. Since 1974 automatic equipment, consisting of thirteen noise monitoring terminals linked to a central processing and control unit, has been used. The positioning of these terminals is designed to protect the first built-up area reached after take-off from noise levels in excess of the statutory limits of 110 PNdB by day (07.00-23.00 hours local time) and 102 PNdB by night (23.00-07.00 hours local time). In the event of an infringement of the noise limit, the Airport informs the airline by letter and sends a copy to the Department of Transport. According to the Government, the effect of recent bans on non-noise-certificated aircraft has been to keep the rate of compliance to around 99% by day and 98% by night. The Secretary of State is empowered by section 78 of the Civil Aviation Act to deny Heathrow\u2019s facilities to operators who fail to comply with noise abatement measures, but to date it has not been found necessary to invoke this provision. On the other hand, night flight quotas have been reduced for infringing operators.\n\nAircraft taking off from Heathrow Airport are statutorily required to remain on a small number of specified routes, known as noise preferential routes. These routes are designed to avoid as far as possible the major built-up areas.\n\nApproach procedures said to result in lower noise levels in comparison with traditional approach procedures are now standard practice. Furthermore, minimum height requirements on approach to land as well as on take-off are laid down in the regulations. In addition, since 1972 a system of regularly alternating the landing runway has been implemented at Heathrow during westerly operations, the main objective being to achieve a fair sharing of periods of relative quiet among the communities of West London affected by noise from landing aircraft.\n\nA helicopter link between Gatwick Airport and Heathrow Airport was introduced in 1978. However, after public inquiries in 1978, 1979, 1983 and 1985, the Secretary of State for Transport gave directions in June 1986 for the operator\u2019s licence to be revoked for environmental reasons.\n\nFollowing earlier schemes in 1966, 1972, and 1975, a scheme for sound insulation of dwellings was introduced for Heathrow in 1980. Under this scheme, which cost the British Airports Authority approximately \u00a319 million, over 16,000 house owners or occupiers applied for grants. The scheme concentrated on those localities that would still be experiencing comparatively high noise levels in the mid 1980\u2019s and on localities where there is the greatest degree of disturbance due to aircraft noise at night. Within this area the amount of grant provided was intended to cover 100% of the reasonable costs incurred. The boundary was based on the forecast 50 NNI contour for 1985 and the composite of the 95 PNdB noise footprint for quieter aircraft. 95 PNdB is the exterior noise level below which current evidence suggests that the average person in an uninsulated room is unlikely to be awakened. After consultation and in line with a commitment by the Government to review the boundaries once the actual noise climate was known, an extension scheme to include additional areas was brought into operation in April 1989 at an estimated cost of \u00a311.25 million. In common with other persons living within the 60 NNI contour, Mr Rayner qualifies for a full noise-insulation grant. PROCEEDINGS BEFORE THE COMMISSION\n\nThe application (no. 9310/81) was first lodged with the Commission on 31 December 1980 by the Federation of Heathrow Anti-Noise Groups. On 15 March 1984 the Commission rejected the Federation\u2019s complaint, but the application was continued by Mr Powell and Mr Rayner, together with a third applicant whose claim has since been settled. In their application, they complained of excessive noise levels in connection with the operation of Heathrow Airport. They invoked Articles 6 \u00a7 1, 8 and 13 (art. 6-1, art. 8, art. 13) of the Convention and Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 (P1-1). On 17 October 1985 and 16 July 1986 respectively the cases of Mr Powell and Mr Rayner were declared admissible under Article 13 (art. 13) of the Convention but inadmissible for the rest. In its report adopted on 19 January 1989 (Article 31) (art. 31) the Commission expressed the opinion that there had been a violation of Article 13 (art. 13) of the Convention in relation to Mr Rayner\u2019s claim under Article 8 (art. 8) of the Convention (by twelve votes to four), but not in relation to any of the other claims (unanimously as regards both applicants\u2019 grievances under Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 and Article 6 \u00a7 1 (P1-1, art. 6-1) of the Convention, by fifteen votes to one as regards Mr Powell\u2019s grievance under Article 8 (art. 8) of the Convention). The full text of the Commission\u2019s opinion and of the dissenting opinion contained in the report is reproduced as an annex to this judgment\uf02a. FINAL SUBMISSIONS MADE TO THE COURT\n\nAt the public hearing on 27 September 1989 the applicants asked the Court \u201cto find that they have been the victims of a violation of Articles 6 and 8 (art. 6, art. 8) of the Convention and that the lack of any effective remedy before a national authority itself violates Article 13 (art. 13) of the Convention\u201c.\n\nAt the hearing the Government maintained the final conclusions in their memorial, whereby they requested the Court \u201cto decide and declare that there has been no violation of Article 13 (art. 13) of the Convention in relation to the claims of either applicant under Article 6 \u00a7 1 (art. 6-1) or Article 8 (art. 8) of the Convention or under Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 (P1-1)\u201c. 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A. The circumstances of the case
Lise Donald Iversen was born in 1948 and lives in Hundested. Subsequent to having suffered severe problems with her jaw, resulting in her being able to open her mouth only 5 millimetres, on 19 April 1988 at a hospital in Hillerød Lise Donald Iversen underwent a jaw operation which entailed implanting Teflon in both her jaw-joints. Following the surgery, Lise Donald Iversen's ability to open her mouth was improved. She could thus open her mouth up to 20 millimetres.
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"countries": "DNK", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2006}, "doc_id": "001-77064", "dataset_type": "train", "orig_text": "PROCEDURE\n\nThe case originated in an application (no. 5989/03) against the Kingdom of Denmark lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (\u201cthe Convention\u201d) by a Danish national, Mrs Lise Donald Iversen (\u201cthe applicant\u201d), on 11 February 2003.\n\nThe applicant was represented by Mr Tyge Trier, a lawyer practising in Copenhagen. The Government were represented by their Agent, Mrs Nina Holst-Christensen of the Ministry of Justice.\n\nThe applicant alleged that civil proceedings initiated by her had not been determined within a reasonable time within the meaning of Article 6 \u00a7 1 of the Convention.\n\nThe application was originally allocated to the First Section of the Court.\n\nBy decision of 29 September 2005 the Court declared the application admissible.\n\nThe applicant and the Government each filed observations on the merits (Rule 59 \u00a7 1).\n\nOn 1 April 2006 the case was assigned to the newly constituted Fifth Section (Rule 25 \u00a7 5 and Rule 52 \u00a7 1 of the Rules of Court\n\nTHE FACTS\n\nA. The circumstances of the case\n\nThe applicant was born in 1948 and lives in Hundested.\n\nSubsequent to having suffered severe problems with her jaw, resulting in her being able to open her mouth only 5 millimetres, on 19 April 1988 at a hospital in Hiller\u00f8d the applicant underwent a jaw operation which entailed implanting Teflon in both her jaw-joints.\n\nFollowing the surgery, the applicant's ability to open her mouth was improved. She could thus open her mouth up to 20 millimetres. However, she experienced a lot of complications. Having regard thereto and due to a debate among doctors as to the potential danger related to the use of Teflon, in April 1990, the applicant had it removed.\n\nShe continued to experience problems, and on 20 February 1992, alleging mal\u2011practice, she complained to the National Patients' Complaints Board (Sundhedsv\u00e6senets Patientklagen\u00e6vn) which is an impartial public authority which may express criticism of the medical staff or submit particularly serious cases to the public prosecutor with a view to taking the cases to court. In support of her complaint she maintained that subsequent to the operation in 1988 she had suffered from headache, and constant pain in the jaw-joints and the masticatory muscle.\n\nBefore deciding on the issue, the applicant's complaint was sent for preliminary examination with the Medical Officer of Health of Frederiksborg County (Embedsl\u00e6geinstitutionen for Frederiksborg Amt), the Medio-Legal Council (Retsl\u00e6ger\u00e5det) and the National Board of Health (Sundhedsstyrelsen). The Medico-Legal Council submitted their opinion on 5 March 1993 and the National Board of Health submitted their recommendation on 23 November 1993.\n\nBy decision of 16 February 1994 the National Patients' Complaints Board found against the applicant.\n\nConsequently, on 4 March 1994 the applicant submitted a number of questions to the National Board of Health, which in return requested the Medico-Legal Council to prepare an opinion.\n\nAlso, alleging malpractice, on 7 March 1994 the applicant instituted proceedings before the City Court of Hiller\u00f8d (Retten i Hiller\u00f8d) against the County of Frederiksborg (Frederiksborg Amt) being responsible for the hospital. The applicant claimed compensation for her medical costs, loss of working capacity and disablement.\n\nOn 7 April 1994 the applicant's counsel notified the court that he had requested that the National Board of Health submit the case to the Medico\u2011Legal Council. Also, he enclosed a letter that he had written to the defendant, i.e. the County of Frederiksborg, in which he informed them that he had issued the writ on a slightly incomplete basis owing to lack of time and suggesting that it postpone filing their defence until the reply from Medico\u2011Legal Council had been submitted.\n\nBy letter of 11 April 1994 the County of Frederiksborg informed the court that it would comply accordingly.\n\nOn 3 June 1994 the Medico-Legal Council submitted their opinion to the National Board of Health.\n\nDue to the fact that shortly thereafter the applicant submitted various American articles on the issue, the case was re-submitted to the Medico\u2011Legal Council on 17 June 1994 with further questions. Having received more material from the parties, on 21 September 1994 the Medico\u2011Legal Council submitted their opinion.\n\nThe National Board of Health issued their opinion on 10 October 1994.\n\nAlso, at some time during 1994, the applicant was awarded anticipatory pension.\n\nBy letter of 16 March 1995 the City Court requested that the parties inform it of what was holding up the case, and indicated that it would be set down for trial should the parties not reply within three weeks.\n\nOn 20 March 1995 counsel for the County of Frederiksborg informed the court that he had send a reminder on 10 February 1995 to the applicant's counsel asking about his position on the opinions submitted by the Medico-Legal Council and the National Board of Health.\n\nOn 24 March 1995 the applicant submitted a supplementary claim invoking also product liability, and counsel explained that the case had been awaiting his examination of the basis of the liability.\n\nOn 16 May 1995 the Court asked the County of Frederiksborg what was upholding the case, which resulted in the submission of their rejoinder on 8 June 1995.\n\nOn 9 June 1995 the City Court informed the parties that the pre-trial proceedings depended on the parties, who were expected to complete them without the assistance of the court.\n\nA reply was filed with the City Court by the applicant on 29 August 1995 and a rejoinder by the County of Frederiksborg on 3 November 1995.\n\nOn 20 December 1995 the court asked the applicant's counsel what was upholding the case, to which the latter replied on 5 January 1996 that due to vacation his pleading could not be expected until early February.\n\nOn 5 March 1996 the City Court ordered that the applicant file a pleading within three weeks.\n\nThe applicant's pleading no. 1 was filed on 9 April 1996, following which the court ordered that the applicant's counsel file a pleading within fourteen days stating the applicant's claim for compensation, including particularly the losses involved. Upon receipt, the court would arrange a hearing to discuss the case.\n\nThus, the applicant's pleading no. 2 was submitted on 13 May 1996, and a court hearing was held on 6 June 1996. During the hearing the applicant's counsel specified that he wished to change his writ and only invoke product liability. Consequently, counsel for the County of Frederiksborg was granted a postponement to submit his pleading, which was eventually filed on 3 September 1996.\n\nIn October 1996 the parties informed the City Court of their intentions anew to put questions before the Medico-Legal Council, for which reason they requested an adjournment of the proceedings pending their drafting those questions.\n\nOn request, in December 1996 the City Court was informed that the parties' counsel had met and agreed to obtain the applicant's patient files from three hospitals and to draft questions to the Medico-Legal Council, when the material was available. Thus, the parties requested an adjournment of the proceedings.\n\nIn May 1997 the applicant's counsel informed the City Court that he had requested the National Board of Industrial Injuries (Arbejdsskadestyrelsen) to issue an opinion concerning the applicant's degree of disablement and loss of working capacity. During the months to follow the applicant's pension case file was consulted, and the case was brought before a dental consultant and a neurological specialist of the National Board of Industrial Injuries. On 19 March 1998 the National Board of Industrial Injuries delivered their opinion.\n\nOn 28 April 1998 the City Court asked the applicant's counsel, whether the National Board of Industrial Injuries had delivered its opinion. The latter was forwarded to the City Court on 7 May 1998 and at the same time the applicant's counsel stated that he would now calculate the final claim.\n\nA hearing was scheduled for 19 June 1998 to discuss the further proceedings, including the time necessary for any further pre-trial procedures. Also, the Court ordered that the applicant's counsel file a pleading within fourteen days, stating the applicant's final claim.\n\nOn request by the applicant's counsel the hearing was re-scheduled for 21 August 1998. Counsel was also granted an extension of the time-limit to submit the final claim. The latter was submitted as pleading no. 3 on 10 August 1998. The applicant's claim amounted to 908,996 Danish kroner (DKK).\n\nDuring the hearing on 21 August 1998 a number of problems were discussed, inter alia: the lack of documentation as to the applicant's income situation and medicine expenses and whether to obtain further material from the applicant's patient files The City Court suggested that the parties reviewed the patient file material together and selected the relevant material. At the same time, the Court ordered the applicant's counsel to file a pleading no later than 21 October 1998, stating the applicant's amended claim and providing an account of her income situation and medicine expenses. During the hearing the parties also discussed whether to hold a separate hearing of parts of the case and adjourn other parts while awaiting a preliminary ruling from the European Court of Justice in another case before the Supreme Court (H\u00f8jesteret). Thus, the City Court ordered that counsel for the applicant in his pleading specify which parts of the case he wanted to be heard and adjudicated separately, and which parts he wished adjourned awaiting the European Court of Justice. The City Court indicated that when the applicant's pleading had been filed, it would impose a fairly short time-limit on the counsel for the County of Frederiksborg to reply. Moreover, the City Court suggested that the parties expedite the proceedings as much as possible and indicated that the court expected the pre-trial procedures to be complete by the end of 1998. Finally, the case was set down for trial on 22 and 23 February 1999.\n\nThe applicant's pleading no. 4 was filed on 22 October 1998, according to which the applicant's amended claim amounted to DKK 908,583 in compensation. Moreover, she waived her request for having part of the case heard separately in order to await the ruling of the European Court of Justice. The County of Frederiksborg's pleading no. 2 was filed on 24 November 1998.\n\nThe trial was held on 22 and 23 February 1999 and the case was set down for judgment.\n\nBy decision of 6 April 1999, however, the City Court decided to re-open the pre-trial proceedings. It found that a basis of liability existed, and that compensation could be granted for the pain, but not for the applicant's reduced ability to open her mouth, since the applicant before the jaw operation was able to open her mouth only 5 mm, whereas after the operation her ability to open her mouth had actually improved, although still reduced compared to normal. As the applicant's previous request that the National Board of Industrial Injuries determine her degree of disablement and loss of working capacity had presumed liability for her reduced ability to open her mouth the City Court found that it was necessary to require supplementary information from the National Board of Industrial Injuries in order to obtain an assessment of the applicant's degree of disablement and loss of working capacity in which her reduced ability to open her mouth was disregarded.\n\nWhen the parties had agreed to the contents of a submission letter, on 2 June 1999 the case was submitted to the National Board of Industrial Injuries, before which a dental consultant was heard twice and a special medical certificate was obtained. The National Board of Industrial Injuries issued their opinion on 13 January 2000.\n\nOn 31 January 2000 the applicant's pleading no. 5 was filed increasing the claim for compensation to DKK 1,147,035. The County of Frederiksborg submitted their pleading no. 3 on 10 February 2000; and the case was set down for judgment, which was expected to be passed on 29 May 2000.\n\nShortly thereafter, the deputy judge responsible for the case became ill and the case was therefore adjourned. She resumed work on 4 July 2000 on a part-time basis, and by judgment of 21 August 2000 the City Court found for the applicant, who was granted compensation in the amount of DKK 676,900. The defendant was ordered to pay the applicant's costs and expenses in the amount of DKK 54,000.\n\nOn 2 September 2000 the County of Frederiksborg appealed against the judgment to the High Court of Eastern Denmark (\u00d8stre Landsret).\n\nOn 20 December 2000 a hearing was held, during which counsel for the County of Frederiksborg produced a number of questions to the Medico\u2011Legal Council, and the proceedings were adjourned pending a reply from the Council.\n\nOn 10 January 2001, the case was submitted to the Council, and during its examination a couple of months passed with exchange of letters between the two counsel due to doubt as to whether there had been a mistake in the applicant's patient file.\n\nDuring a court hearing held on 4 December 2001 the parties were granted leave to put further questions to the Medico-Legal Council in accordance with the applicant's proposal, and the proceedings were adjourned until 1 February 2002.\n\nOn 5 March 2002 the Medico-Legal Council issued their opinion after four deliberating experts had had the case submitted three times.\n\nDuring a hearing held on 8 April 2002 the applicant's counsel wished to put supplementary questions to the Medico-Legal Council. Noting that a reference solely to the length of the proceedings could not constitute a sufficient basis for barring the request, the High Court granted it. Subsequently, also counsel for the County of Frederiksborg produced a number of supplementary questions and the proceedings were adjourned until 6 July 2002 awaiting the reply to these questions.\n\nThe Medico-Legal Council's reply was submitted on 19 August 2002 after three deliberating experts had assessed the case.\n\nOn 22 November 2002 the proceedings were terminated before the High Court as the parties had entered a friendly settlement according to which the County of Frederiksborg was to pay the applicant DKK 477,503 plus VAT in compensation. The High Court ordered that each party should pay their own costs and expenses.\n\nB. Relevant domestic law and practise\n\nAccording to Danish law it is not a requirement for instituting civil court proceedings that administrative appeal proceedings have been exhausted beforehand, unless specifically provided.\n\nA Supreme Court judgment printed in the Weekly Law Review (Ugeskrift for Retsv\u00e6sen), 2005, page 2390, concerned a patient who died due to medical malpractice. Without pursuing the case before any administrative bodies, the surviving spouse brought an action directly before the City Court, claiming compensation for pain and suffering, and for permanent injury and loss of working capacity, and loss of dependency.", "applicant": "Lise Donald Iversen", "offset": 1056, "idx_mapping": [1056, 1057, 1058, 1059, 1060, 1061, 1062, 1063, 1064, 1065, 1066, 1067, 1068, 1069, 1070, 1071, 1072, 1073, 1074, 1075, 1076, 1077, 1078, 1079, 1080, 1081, 1082, 1083, 1084, 1085, 1086, 1087, 1088, 1089, 1056, 1056, 1056, 1056, 1056, 1056, 1056, 1056, 1056, 1056, 1056, 1056, 1056, 1109, 1110, 1111, 1112, 1113, 1114, 1115, 1116, 1117, 1118, 1119, 1120, 1121, 1122, 1123, 1124, 1125, 1126, 1127, 1128, 1129, 1130, 1131, 1132, 1133, 1134, 1135, 1136, 1137, 1138, 1139, 1140, 1141, 1142, 1143, 1144, 1145, 1146, 1147, 1148, 1149, 1150, 1151, 1152, 1153, 1154, 1155, 1156, 1157, 1158, 1159, 1160, 1161, 1162, 1163, 1164, 1165, 1166, 1167, 1168, 1169, 1170, 1171, 1172, 1173, 1174, 1175, 1176, 1177, 1178, 1179, 1180, 1181, 1182, 1183, 1184, 1185, 1186, 1187, 1188, 1189, 1190, 1191, 1192, 1193, 1194, 1195, 1196, 1197, 1198, 1199, 1200, 1201, 1202, 1203, 1204, 1205, 1206, 1207, 1208, 1209, 1210, 1211, 1212, 1213, 1214, 1215, 1216, 1217, 1218, 1219, 1220, 1221, 1222, 1223, 1224, 1225, 1226, 1227, 1228, 1229, 1230, 1231, 1232, 1233, 1234, 1235, 1236, 1237, 1238, 1239, 1240, 1241, 1242, 1243, 1244, 1245, 1246, 1247, 1248, 1249, 1250, 1251, 1252, 1253, 1254, 1255, 1256, 1257, 1258, 1259, 1260, 1261, 1262, 1263, 1264, 1265, 1266, 1267, 1268, 1269, 1270, 1271, 1272, 1273, 1274, 1275, 1276, 1277, 1278, 1279, 1280, 1281, 1282, 1283, 1284, 1285, 1286, 1287, 1288, 1289, 1290, 1291, 1292, 1293, 1294, 1295, 1296, 1297, 1298, 1299, 1300, 1301, 1302, 1303, 1304, 1305, 1306, 1307, 1308, 1309, 1310, 1311, 1312, 1313, 1314, 1315, 1316, 1317, 1318, 1319, 1056, 1056, 1056, 1056, 1056, 1056, 1056, 1056, 1056, 1056, 1056, 1056, 1056, 1339, 1340, 1341, 1342, 1343, 1344, 1345, 1346, 1347, 1348, 1349, 1350, 1351, 1352, 1353, 1354, 1355, 1356, 1357, 1358, 1359, 1360, 1361, 1362, 1363, 1364, 1365, 1366, 1367, 1368, 1369, 1370, 1371, 1372, 1373, 1374, 1375, 1376, 1377, 1378, 1379, 1380, 1381, 1382, 1383, 1384, 1385, 1386, 1387, 1388, 1389, 1390, 1391, 1392, 1393, 1394, 1395, 1396, 1397, 1398, 1399, 1400, 1401, 1402, 1403, 1404, 1405, 1406, 1407, 1408, 1409, 1410, 1411, 1412, 1413, 1414, 1415, 1416, 1417, 1418, 1419, 1420, 1421, 1422, 1423, 1424, 1425, 1426, 1427, 1428, 1429, 1430, 1431, 1432, 1433, 1434, 1435, 1436, 1437, 1438, 1439, 1440, 1441, 1442, 1443, 1444, 1445, 1056, 1056, 1056, 1056, 1056, 1056, 1056, 1056, 1056, 1056, 1056, 1056, 1056, 1465, 1466, 1467, 1468, 1469, 1470, 1471, 1472, 1473, 1474, 1475, 1476, 1477, 1478, 1479, 1480, 1481, 1482, 1483, 1484, 1485, 1486, 1487, 1488, 1489, 1490, 1491, 1492, 1493, 1494, 1495, 1496, 1497, 1498, 1499, 1500, 1501, 1502, 1503, 1504, 1505, 1506, 1507, 1508, 1509, 1510, 1511, 1512, 1513, 1514, 1515, 1516, 1517, 1518, 1519, 1520, 1521, 1522, 1523, 1524, 1525, 1526, 1527, 1528, 1529, 1530, 1531, 1532, 1533, 1534, 1535, 1536, 1537, 1538, 1539, 1540, 1541, 1542, 1543, 1544, 1545, 1546, 1547, 1548, 1549, 1550, 1551, 1552, 1553, 1554, 1555, 1556, 1557, 1558], "duplicates": 1}
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Michael McGrath was born in 1922 and lives in Granemore, County Armagh. A. The attack on Michael McGrath and the initial investigation
At about 10.40 p.m., shortly after closing time, on 6 June 1976, a police officer in the Royal Ulster Constabulary (“RUC”) drove a car, stolen by RUC Reserve Constable Laurence McClure, up to the Rock Bar, a public house. Michael McGrath was leaving the bar at that time. He was shot twice in the stomach by McClure, who then placed a 10lb gelignite bomb against the door of the pub.
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"end_offset": 15357, "entity_id": "001-83482_a8_e109", "entity_mention_id": "001-83482_a8_em194", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "May 2006", "start_offset": 15349}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 15395, "entity_id": "001-83482_a8_e103", "entity_mention_id": "001-83482_a8_em195", "entity_type": "PERSON", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "James", "start_offset": 15390}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 15660, "entity_id": "001-83482_a8_e91", "entity_mention_id": "001-83482_a8_em196", "entity_type": "MISC", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Brecknell", "start_offset": 15651}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 15739, "entity_id": "001-83482_a8_e110", "entity_mention_id": "001-83482_a8_em197", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Independent Commissions of Inquiry", "start_offset": 15705}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 15776, "entity_id": "001-83482_a8_e91", "entity_mention_id": "001-83482_a8_em198", "entity_type": "MISC", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Brecknell", "start_offset": 15767}]}, "annotator9": null}, "quality_checked": [], "task": "Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Michael McGrath", "meta": {"applicant": "Michael McGrath", "articles": [91, 34, 50, 34, 44, 32, 34, 49, 51, 34, 44, 32, 34, 51, 53, 34, 44, 32, 34, 52, 49, 34, 93], "countries": "GBR", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2007}, "doc_id": "001-83482", "dataset_type": "train", "orig_text": "PROCEDURE\n\nThe case originated in an application (no. 34651/04) against the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (\u201cthe Convention\u201d) by an Irish national, Mr Michael McGrath (\u201cthe applicant\u201d), on 10 September 2004.\n\nThe applicant was represented by Madden and Finucane, solicitors practising in Belfast. The United Kingdom Government (\u201cthe Government\u201d) were represented by their Agent, Mr J. Grainger of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, London.\n\nThe applicant alleged that there had been no adequate investigation into allegations of collusion and/or involvement by security forces in his being seriously injured, nor any effective remedy for the same. He invoked Articles 2 and 13 of the Convention.\n\nBy a decision of 6 March 2007 the Court declared the application admissible.\n\nThe applicant and the Government each filed further written observations (Rule 59 \u00a7 1), to which they each responded with further written comments (Rule 59 \u00a7 1). The Chamber decided, after consulting the parties, that no hearing on the merits was required (Rule 59 \u00a7 3 in fine).\n\nTHE FACTS\n\nI. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE\n\nThe applicant was born in 1922 and lives in Granemore, County Armagh.\n\nA. The attack on the applicant and the initial investigation\n\nAt about 10.40 p.m., shortly after closing time, on 6 June 1976, a police officer in the Royal Ulster Constabulary (\u201cRUC\u201d) drove a car, stolen by RUC Reserve Constable Laurence McClure, up to the Rock Bar, a public house. The applicant was leaving the bar at that time. He was shot twice in the stomach by McClure, who then placed a 10lb gelignite bomb against the door of the pub. The detonator exploded but the bomb failed to explode. At the later trial a reserve police constable, William McCaughey, stated that shots were fired by his companions at the injured man on the ground and then he fired a number of shots through the window of the bar. Bullet strike marks were later found around the darts board inside the bar, where there had been seventeen people. No-one else was physically injured.\n\nThe applicant was taken to hospital in an ambulance and police attended the scene, sealing off the area while an army technical officer examined the explosive device and ensured that it was in a safe condition. A Scene of Crime Officer examined the scene, took possession of material associated with the bomb and a gun recovered from a burnt out car found approximately one mile away, which police linked to the attack. Photographs of the bar were taken and maps prepared.\n\nB. The investigations concerning McCaughey and Weir\n\nThe investigation did not close and became active again in 1978, when a Catholic priest Father Hugh Murphy was abducted by loyalist paramilitaries intending to use him as a hostage vis-\u00e0-vis the IRA. In the course of the investigation, the police arrested McCaughey, who, in the course of questioning, revealed his part in the abduction of the priest and in a variety of other loyalist paramilitary incidents. McCaughey made allegations incriminating himself and police officer McClure in respect of the Rock Bar attack. McClure was arrested and admitted involvement. Two further serving police officers, Ian Mitchell and David Wilson, also admitted involvement in, or prior knowledge of, the attack on the bar. McCaughey admitted firing the shot which wounded the applicant.\n\nThe applicant was aware that charges were pending against four police officers. He had been contacted by the police in April 1980 and summoned to appear in Belfast Crown Court on 23 April 1980. He was subsequently advised of various date changes and then that the case was postponed and that he would be contacted. In fact the hearing took place on 30 June 1980. The applicant had not been informed and learned about the outcome on the radio.\n\nThree men, McCaughey, McClure and Mitchell, faced charges of attempted murder of the applicant, wounding the applicant with intent contrary to section 18 of the Offences against the Persons Act 1961, attempted murder of the persons inside the bar, causing an explosion contrary to section 2 of the Explosives Substances Act 1883, possession of explosive substances with intent to endanger life or cause serious injury and possession of firearms and ammunition with intent. The three officers pleaded not guilty to the charges of attempted murder; McClure and Mitchell pleaded not guilty to wounding the applicant. The Director of Public Prosecutions (\u201cthe DPP\u201d) entered a nolle prosequi in respect of those charges which accordingly were not proceeded with. No reasons were given for this decision. The only person facing a charge concerning the applicant was McCaughey, who received a term of seven years for wounding him. McClure was sentenced to two years' imprisonment for causing an explosion, possession of an explosive substance with intent and possession of firearms and ammunition with intent, all sentences suspended for three years. Another RUC officer, David Wilson, was charged with withholding information contrary to section 5(1) of the Criminal Law (Northern Ireland) Act 1967, based on the fact that he had been aware of the attack beforehand and had not taken any steps to prevent it.\n\nWith the exception of McCaughey, the other officers received suspended prison terms. In sentencing, Lord Lowry stated inter alia: \u201c... It does not seem realistic to believe that after all that they have endured \u2013 some with their careers in ruins, others with their careers in jeopardy- that they require much by way of deterrent or by way of reform, and no proper sentence which I pass will make an impression on terrorists while other members of the police force are no doubt already embarrassed, sufficiently embarrassed and shocked by what has happened in these cases and been seen to happen to their colleagues. ... I must remember that whatever sentence is just it would follow that it would be imposed on a different and lower scale from that appropriate to terrorists, no matter whichever side, whose aim is to achieve their political ends by violence and to attack the very fabric of society.\u201d\n\nIt had been advanced by the defence and accepted by the trial judge that McCaughey had only aimed to shoot the applicant in the legs and had done so.\n\nMcClure had also been facing charges in relation to his involvement in the attack on Donnelly's Bar, Silverbridge, in 1975 in which three people had been killed (see application no. 32457/04, Brecknell v. the United Kingdom). These charges were later dropped.\n\nIn the course of the investigation in 1978, McCaughey made revelations giving rise to investigations in eleven specific cases, some of which were linked in terms of the identities of those involved, the modus operandi or by virtue of the ballistic examinations of weapons used. Nine suspects were arrested in total, including five police officers, and all were eventually charged with offences.\n\nOne of those implicated was a police officer John Weir who was named as having been involved in the murder of a shopkeeper called Strathearn in Ahoghill in April 1977: he was convicted for that murder in June 1980 and sentenced to life imprisonment. The Government stated that both McCaughey and Weir refused to name the two loyalist paramilitaries also involved with them in the murder unless they received immunity from prosecution. The police and prosecuting authority took the decision prior to the trial not to enter into any process of bargaining with Weir and McCaughey. While both were approached by the police after their convictions to see if at that stage they would give evidence against the loyalist paramilitaries, each again refused to do so unless there was something in it for themselves. The Government stated that during the period in which Weir was detained he was interviewed on a large number of occasions. At no time did he implicate himself or others in any offence other than the Strathearn murder.\n\nC. The Weir allegations and the response of the authorities\n\nOn 1 February 1993 John Weir was released from prison on licence. In January 1999, he made a statement to a journalist alleging RUC and Ulster Defence Regiment (\u201cUDR\u201c) collusion with loyalist paramilitaries from the Portadown area in the mid-1970s. This statement was published in the Sunday Times newspaper in March 1999. It was obtained by the Patrick Finucane Centre, a human rights non-governmental organisation in Derry (\u201cthe Centre\u201d).\n\nJohn Weir's statement made detailed allegations about security force collusion with loyalist paramilitaries in a series of incidents. He alleged inter alia that RUC Reserve Constable Laurence McClure had told him that the murder of the Reavey family members was carried out by Robert McConnell, a member of the UDR, Laurence McClure, Johnny Mitchell, another Reserve Constable in the RUC and McClure's brother who was not a member of the security forces. The statement also made links between this incident and other attacks allegedly carried out by members of the security forces, both RUC and UDR, and loyalist paramilitaries. This group used the farmhouse in Glennane owned by James Mitchell, a RUC reservist, as a base from which to carry out attacks on Catholics and nationalists. Other attacks allegedly included the murder of Colm McCartney and Sean Farmer at a bogus vehicle checkpoint in August 1975 (see application no. 34575/04); the attack on Donnelly's Bar in which Trevor Brecknell, Michael Donnelly and Patrick Donnelly were killed (see application no. 32457/04); and the murder of Joseph, Barry and Declan O'Dowd and wounding of Barney O'Dowd (see application no. 34622/04). Weir also linked these attacks to the Dublin and Monaghan bombings in which 33 people were killed in the Republic of Ireland.\n\nOn or about 10 June 1999, RTE, an Irish television channel, broadcast a television programme that contained allegations of security force involvement in a number of deaths, including that of Trevor Brecknell. Weir made allegations on that programme that members of the RUC and UDR were directly involved in the attack on Donnelly's Bar. A BBC Spotlight programme produced a similar documentary dealing with these allegations.\n\nThese allegations attracted considerable attention on both sides of the Irish border and became the subject of police investigation in both jurisdictions. The Government stated that the police investigation in Northern Ireland was focussed on determining whether Weir's allegations should be assessed as sufficiently credible to require a full investigation. They obtained from the journalist an edited transcript of the interview with Weir. While his whereabouts were unknown to the RUC, Weir met with senior Irish police officers at the Irish Embassy on 15 April 1999. A copy of his statement was provided by the Garda to the RUC, along with a further statement made by Weir to another journalist dated 3 February 1999. The police analysed the available materials and sought to identify the personalities to be interviewed. It became apparent that some had died and that others, living abroad, could not be traced. A series of seven interviews were conducted, under cautions, between July and December 2001, of those individuals central to Weir's account who could be traced. No charges were preferred. The interviews followed the format of Weir's allegations being put to the interviewee for his or her response. The predominant response was denial of any involvement and claims that Weir had been untruthful. No admissions were made by any interviewee. Interviews were also conducted with less central personalities and with police officers involved in interviewing Weir in 1978. The latter stated that Weir had not mentioned the matters now being alleged.\n\nMeetings were held regularly with RUC counterparts in the Republic of Ireland. The RUC co-operated also with the judicial inquiry established in the Republic of Ireland into the Dublin and Monaghan bombings (see the description of the inquiry in the case of Brecknell referred to above). Amongst matters about which the RUC team provided information to the inquiry was ballistics information which linked some of the weapons used to more than one incident. In February 2000 a substantial report was compiled by the RUC for the Garda dealing with Weir's allegations. It profiled Weir and dealt inter alia with a description of the 1978 investigation into McCaughey, Weir and others. It concluded that the investigation would continue but that his credibility was in doubt. According to the Government, despite inquiries being conducted, Weir's whereabouts could not be traced. This report was not disclosed as the investigation was continuing. An internal RUC report dated 27 February 2001 concluded that it would be necessary to interview Weir before any view could be finalised in respect of the credibility of his allegations: such interview was not possible as his whereabouts were not known. The report noted the absence of any previous mention of the allegations before 1999 and that much of what he said was hearsay and speculation. Enquiries made of the British Embassy in Nigeria (where he had a known address) and the criminal intelligence service and others failed to locate Weir. Contact was made with the Garda and the secretariat of the Inquiry into the Dublin and Monaghan bombings without positive result.\n\nThe Serious Crime Review Team (\u201cSCRT\u201d) was established in March 2004, with responsibilities including the review of all historical murders by way of case assessment for evidential and investigative opportunities.\n\nUnlike the other case (Brecknell, Reavey, O'Dowd and McCartney, cited above), the Rock Bar case was not referred to the SCRT. This was because it was not a murder case and there had been four convictions. Nonetheless because of connections with other cases, the case was also referred to the Historical Enquiry Team (HET). The HET director of Investigations, Detective Chief Superintendent James of the London Metropolitan Police Force, took over personal supervision of the investigation which has progressed through the first three of five stages of the HET process (collection of all relevant material; assessment of the investigations to date; review of evidence, with intelligence and open and non-police sources, together with a meeting with the families of the victims of the attack). As a number of investigative opportunities were identified and to be followed up, the case was to continue to be processed by HET, which had been put in touch with Weir by the Centre. The Government submitted that if any evidence of police involvement in the murders was found, the Office of the Police Ombudsman for Northern Ireland would then become involved. The Government have provided recent information that Weir finally agreed to meet with the HET in Dublin; he refused, however, to make a written statement or to give evidence in court. There has been contact between the police and the applicant, as well as with the Centre acting on behalf of a number of concerned families. In particular, there were meetings in September 2002 with Detective Chief Inspector Paterson, and a meeting with the Chief Constable in June and August 2004; in May 2006, Detective Chief Superintendent James met the applicant together with the person who owned the bar at the time; and there has also been extensive correspondence with the families or their representatives.\n\nD. Application for judicial review concerning the inadequacy of the investigation\n\nSee Brecknell, cited above (\u00a7\u00a7 39-41).\n\nE. Reports of the Independent Commissions of Inquiry (Republic of Ireland)\n\nSee Brecknell, cited above (\u00a7\u00a7 42-49).", "applicant": "Michael McGrath", "offset": 1241, "idx_mapping": [1241, 1241, 1241, 1241, 1241, 1241, 1241, 1241, 1241, 1241, 1241, 1241, 1241, 1256, 1257, 1258, 1259, 1260, 1261, 1262, 1263, 1264, 1265, 1266, 1267, 1268, 1269, 1270, 1271, 1272, 1273, 1274, 1275, 1276, 1277, 1278, 1279, 1280, 1281, 1282, 1283, 1284, 1285, 1286, 1287, 1288, 1289, 1290, 1291, 1292, 1293, 1294, 1295, 1296, 1297, 1298, 1299, 1300, 1301, 1302, 1303, 1304, 1305, 1306, 1307, 1308, 1309, 1310, 1311, 1312, 1313, 1314, 1315, 1316, 1317, 1318, 1319, 1320, 1321, 1322, 1323, 1324, 1325, 1326, 1327, 1328, 1329, 1241, 1241, 1241, 1241, 1241, 1241, 1241, 1241, 1241, 1241, 1241, 1241, 1241, 1345, 1346, 1347, 1348, 1349, 1350, 1351, 1352, 1353, 1354, 1355, 1356, 1357, 1358, 1359, 1360, 1361, 1362, 1363, 1364, 1365, 1366, 1367, 1368, 1369, 1370, 1371, 1372, 1373, 1374, 1375, 1376, 1377, 1378, 1379, 1380, 1381, 1382, 1383, 1384, 1385, 1386, 1387, 1388, 1389, 1390, 1391, 1392, 1393, 1394, 1395, 1396, 1397, 1398, 1399, 1400, 1401, 1402, 1403, 1404, 1405, 1406, 1407, 1408, 1409, 1410, 1411, 1412, 1413, 1414, 1415, 1416, 1417, 1418, 1419, 1420, 1421, 1422, 1423, 1424, 1425, 1426, 1427, 1428, 1429, 1430, 1431, 1432, 1433, 1434, 1435, 1436, 1437, 1438, 1439, 1440, 1441, 1442, 1443, 1444, 1445, 1446, 1447, 1448, 1449, 1450, 1451, 1452, 1453, 1454, 1455, 1456, 1457, 1458, 1459, 1460, 1461, 1462, 1463, 1464, 1465, 1466, 1467, 1468, 1469, 1470, 1471, 1472, 1473, 1474, 1475, 1476, 1477, 1478, 1479, 1480, 1481, 1482, 1483, 1484, 1485, 1486, 1487, 1488, 1489, 1490, 1491, 1492, 1493, 1494, 1495, 1496, 1497, 1498, 1499, 1500, 1501, 1502, 1503, 1504, 1505, 1506, 1507, 1508, 1509, 1510, 1511, 1512, 1513, 1514, 1515, 1516, 1517, 1518, 1519, 1520, 1521, 1522, 1523, 1524, 1525, 1526, 1527, 1528, 1529, 1530, 1531, 1532, 1533, 1534, 1535, 1536, 1537, 1538, 1539, 1540, 1541, 1542, 1543, 1544, 1545, 1546, 1547, 1548, 1549, 1550, 1551, 1552, 1553, 1554, 1555, 1556, 1557, 1558, 1559, 1560, 1561, 1562, 1563, 1564, 1565, 1566, 1567, 1568, 1569, 1570, 1571, 1572, 1573, 1574, 1575, 1576, 1577, 1578, 1579, 1580, 1581, 1582, 1583, 1584, 1585, 1586, 1587, 1588, 1589, 1590, 1591, 1592, 1593, 1594, 1595, 1596, 1597, 1598, 1241, 1241, 1241, 1241, 1241, 1241, 1241, 1241, 1241, 1241, 1241, 1241, 1241, 1614, 1615, 1616, 1617, 1618, 1619, 1620, 1621, 1622, 1623, 1624, 1625, 1626, 1627, 1628, 1629, 1630, 1631, 1632, 1633, 1634, 1635, 1636, 1637, 1638, 1639, 1640, 1641, 1642, 1643, 1644, 1645, 1646, 1647, 1648, 1649, 1650, 1651, 1652, 1653, 1654, 1655, 1656, 1657, 1658, 1659, 1660, 1661, 1662, 1663, 1664, 1665, 1666, 1667, 1668, 1669, 1670, 1671, 1672, 1673, 1674, 1675, 1676, 1677, 1678, 1679, 1680, 1681, 1682, 1683, 1684, 1685, 1686, 1687, 1688, 1689, 1690, 1691, 1692, 1693, 1694, 1695, 1696, 1697, 1698, 1699, 1700, 1701, 1702, 1703, 1704, 1705, 1706, 1707, 1708, 1709, 1710, 1711, 1712, 1713, 1714, 1715, 1716, 1717, 1718, 1719, 1720, 1721, 1722, 1723, 1724, 1725, 1726, 1727, 1728, 1729, 1730, 1731, 1732, 1733, 1734, 1735, 1736, 1737, 1738, 1739, 1740, 1741, 1742, 1743, 1744, 1745, 1746, 1747, 1748, 1749, 1750, 1751, 1752, 1753, 1754, 1755, 1756, 1757, 1758, 1759], "duplicates": 1}
| 1
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I. the circumstances of the case
On 3 March 1993 Joseph Hashmans blew a hunting horn and engaged in hallooing with the intention of disrupting the activities of the Portman Hunt. A complaint was made to the Gillingham magistrates that Joseph Hashmans should be required to enter into a recognisance with or without sureties to keep the peace and be of good behaviour pursuant to the Justices of the Peace Act 1361. Joseph Hashmans were bound over to keep the peace and be of good behaviour in the sum of 100 pounds sterling for twelve months on 7 September 1993. They appealed to the Crown Court, which heard their appeals on 22 April 1994 at Dorchester. The Crown Court, comprising a Crown Court judge and two magistrates, found that Joseph Hashmans had not committed any breach of the peace and that their conduct had not been likely to occasion a breach of the peace.
|
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Bate", "start_offset": 509}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "correct", "end_offset": 667, "entity_id": "001-58365_a8_e5", "entity_mention_id": "001-58365_a8_em10", "entity_type": "LOC", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "United Kingdom", "start_offset": 653}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 1120, "entity_id": "001-58365_a8_e10", "entity_mention_id": "001-58365_a8_em11", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "20 January 1999", "start_offset": 1105}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 1244, "entity_id": "001-58365_a8_e11", "entity_mention_id": "001-58365_a8_em12", "entity_type": "PERSON", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Sir Nicolas Bratza", "start_offset": 1226}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 1296, "entity_id": "001-58365_a8_e5", "entity_mention_id": "001-58365_a8_em13", "entity_type": "LOC", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "United Kingdom", "start_offset": 1282}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 1364, "entity_id": "001-58365_a8_e12", "entity_mention_id": "001-58365_a8_em14", "entity_type": "PERSON", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Mr L. Wildhaber", "start_offset": 1349}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 1405, "entity_id": "001-58365_a8_e13", "entity_mention_id": "001-58365_a8_em15", "entity_type": "PERSON", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Mrs E. Palm", "start_offset": 1394}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "insert", "end_offset": 1454, "entity_id": "001-58365_a8_e14", "entity_mention_id": "001-58365_a8_em16", "entity_type": "PERSON", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Mr J.-P. Costa", "start_offset": 1440}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 1474, "entity_id": "001-58365_a8_e15", "entity_mention_id": "001-58365_a8_em17", "entity_type": "PERSON", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Mr M. 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"start_offset": 14326}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 14518, "entity_id": "001-58365_a8_e8", "entity_mention_id": "001-58365_a8_em118", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "19 August 1994", "start_offset": 14504}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 14557, "entity_id": "001-58365_a8_e94", "entity_mention_id": "001-58365_a8_em119", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Articles 5", "start_offset": 14547}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 14642, "entity_id": "001-58365_a8_e3", "entity_mention_id": "001-58365_a8_em120", "entity_type": "CODE", "identifier_type": "DIRECT", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "25594/94", "start_offset": 14634}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 14677, "entity_id": "001-58365_a8_e95", "entity_mention_id": "001-58365_a8_em121", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "26 June 1996", "start_offset": 14665}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 14707, "entity_id": "001-58365_a8_e96", "entity_mention_id": "001-58365_a8_em122", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "6 July 1998", "start_offset": 14696}]}, "annotator9": null}, "quality_checked": [], "task": "Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Joseph Hashman", "meta": {"applicant": "Joseph Hashman", "articles": [91, 34, 52, 49, 34, 44, 32, 34, 49, 49, 34, 44, 32, 34, 49, 48, 34, 93], "countries": "GBR", "legal_branch": "GRANDCHAMBER", "year": 1999}, "doc_id": "001-58365", "dataset_type": "train", "orig_text": "PROCEDURE\n\nThe case was referred to the Court by the European Commission of Human Rights (\u201cthe Commission\u201d) on 2 November 1998, within the three-month period laid down by former Articles 32 \u00a7 1 and 47 of the Convention. It originated in an application (no. 25594/94) against the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland lodged with the Commission under former Article 25 by two United Kingdom nationals, Mr Joseph Hashman and Ms Wanda Harrup, on 19 August 1994. The applicants were represented by Mr J. Bate, a solicitor practising in Woking. The Commission\u2019s request referred to former Articles 44 and 48 and to the declaration whereby the United Kingdom recognised the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court (former Article 46). The object of the request was to obtain a decision as to whether the facts of the case disclosed a breach by the respondent State of its obligations under Article 10 of the Convention.\n\nIn accordance with the provisions of Article 5 \u00a7 4 of Protocol No. 11 taken together with Rules 100 \u00a7 1 and 24 \u00a7 6 of the Rules of Court, a panel of the Grand Chamber decided on 20 January 1999 that the case would be examined by the Grand Chamber of the Court. The Grand Chamber included ex officio Sir Nicolas Bratza, the judge elected in respect of the United Kingdom (Article 27 \u00a7 2 of the Convention and Rule 24 \u00a7 4), Mr L. Wildhaber, the President of the Court, Mrs E. Palm, Vice-President of the Court, and Mr J.-P. Costa and Mr M. Fischbach, Vice-Presidents of Sections (Article 27 \u00a7 3 of the Convention and Rule 24 \u00a7\u00a7 3 and 5 (a)). The other members appointed to complete the Grand Chamber were Mr A. Pastor Ridruejo, Mr G. Bonello, Mr J. Makarczyk, Mr P. K\u016bris, Mr R. T\u00fcrmen, Mrs F. Tulkens, Mrs V. Str\u00e1\u017enick\u00e1, Mr P. Lorenzen, Mr V. Butkevych, Mr A.B. Baka, Mr R. Maruste and Mrs S. Botoucharova (Rule 24 \u00a7 3). Subsequently Sir Nicolas Bratza, who had taken part in the Commission\u2019s examination of the case, withdrew from sitting in the Grand Chamber (Rule 28). On 13 May 1999 the Government of the United Kingdom (\u201cthe Government\u201d) appointed Lord Reed to sit as an ad hoc judge (Article 27 \u00a7 2 of the Convention and Rule 29 \u00a7 1). Later Mr Makarczyk, who was unable to take part in the further consideration of the case, was replaced by Mr J. Casadevall (Rule 24 \u00a7 5 (b)).\n\nIn accordance with the President\u2019s decision, a hearing took place in public in the Human Rights Building, Strasbourg, on 23 June 1999. There appeared before the Court: (a) for the Government Mr M. Eaton, Agent, Mr J. Morris QC, Attorney General, Mr R. Singh, Ms M. Demetriou, Counsel, Ms C. Stewart, Mr S. Bramley, Home Office, Advisers; (b) for the applicants Mr P. Codner, Counsel. The Court heard addresses by Mr Codner and Mr Morris.\n\nTHE FACTS\n\nI. the circumstances of the case\n\nOn 3 March 1993 the applicants blew a hunting horn and engaged in hallooing with the intention of disrupting the activities of the Portman Hunt. A complaint was made to the Gillingham magistrates that the applicants should be required to enter into a recognisance with or without sureties to keep the peace and be of good behaviour pursuant to the Justices of the Peace Act 1361.\n\nThe applicants were bound over to keep the peace and be of good behaviour in the sum of 100 pounds sterling for twelve months on 7 September 1993. They appealed to the Crown Court, which heard their appeals on 22 April 1994 at Dorchester.\n\nThe Crown Court, comprising a Crown Court judge and two magistrates, found that the applicants had not committed any breach of the peace and that their conduct had not been likely to occasion a breach of the peace. It found the following facts: \u201c(a) On 3rd March, 1993, Edward Lycett Green, a joint Master of the Portman Hunt, saw the [applicants] in the environs of the Ranston Estate, and heard the sound of a hunting horn being blown from that position. Later, at about 1.15 p.m., he saw the [applicants\u2019] car on Iwerne Hill and again heard the sound of a hunting horn being blown. On that occasion he also heard [the second applicant] hallooing. Some hounds were drawn towards the [applicants], and hunt staff had to be deployed to recover them. (b) At about 1.45 p.m., a solitary hound ran out of Rolf\u2019s Wood along the Higher Shaftesbury Road. It suddenly, and for no apparent reason, ran across the road and was killed by a lorry travelling in the direction of Blandford Forum. (c) At about 3.45 p.m., [the first applicant] stated to a police constable that he had been blowing a hunting horn, but nowhere near where the hound was killed. The police officer seized the hunting horn. (d) Iwerne Hill is about a mile from where the hound was killed, and, at the time of its death, it was travelling away from the hunt and away from Iwerne Hill. (e) On their own admissions each [applicant] was a hunt saboteur. [The first applicant] admitted that he had blown the horn and [the second applicant] that she shouted at hounds. Their object was to distract hounds from hunting and killing foxes. (f) An expert, a Mr A. Downes, told us that he had observed hunts for many years and had frequently seen hounds running loose on the road away from the main pack. In his opinion, this caused danger to hounds and to other users of the road.\u201d\n\nOn the basis of these facts, the Crown Court was of the following opinion: \u201c(a) The [applicants\u2019] behaviour had been a deliberate attempt to interfere with the Portman Hunt and to take hounds out of the control of the huntsman and the whippers\u2011in. (b) That in this respect the actions of the [applicants] were unlawful, and had exposed hounds to danger. (c) That there had been no violence or threats of violence on this occasion, so that it could not be said that any breach of the peace had been committed or threatened. (d) That the [applicants] would repeat their behaviour unless it were checked by the sanction of a bind over. (e) That the [applicants\u2019] conduct had been contra bonos mores. (f) That R. v. Howell [see below] was distinguishable in that it related to the power of arrest for breach of the peace, which could only be exercised if there was violence or the immediate likelihood of violence. (g) That the power to bind over \u2018to keep the peace and be of good behaviour\u2019 was wider than the power of arrest and could be exercised whenever it was proved either that there had been a breach of the peace or that there had been behaviour contra bonos mores, since a breach of the peace is ex hypothesi contra bonos mores, and the words \u2018to keep the peace\u2019 added nothing to what was required of the defendant by the words \u2018to be of good behaviour\u2019.\u201d\n\nThe court noted that neither the Law Commission\u2019s report on binding over nor the European Convention was part of domestic law.\n\nThe Crown Court judge agreed to state a case to the High Court, but legal aid for the case stated was refused on 5 August 1994. The applicants\u2019 appeals against the decisions were dismissed on 19 September 1994. ii. relevant domestic law and practice\n\nA. Breach of the peace and conduct contra bonos mores\n\nBreach of the peace \u2013 which does not constitute a criminal offence (R. v. County of London Quarter Sessions Appeals Committee, ex parte Metropolitan Police Commissioner [1948] 1 King\u2019s Bench Reports 670) \u2013 is a common-law concept of great antiquity. However, as Lord Justice Watkins, giving judgment in the Court of Appeal in the case of R. v. Howell ([1982] 1 Queen\u2019s Bench Reports 416), remarked in January 1981: \u201cA comprehensive definition of the term \u2018breach of the peace\u2019 has very rarely been formulated \u2026\u201d (p. 426) He continued: \u201cWe are emboldened to say that there is likely to be a breach of the peace whenever harm is actually done or is likely to be done to a person or in his presence to his property or a person is in fear of being so harmed through an assault, an affray, a riot, unlawful assembly or other disturbance.\u201d (p. 427)\n\nIn a subsequent case before the Divisional Court (Percy v. Director of Public Prosecutions [1995] 1 Weekly Law Reports 1382), Mr Justice Collins followed Howell in holding that there must be a risk of violence before there could be a breach of the peace. However, it was not essential that the violence be perpetrated by the defendant, as long as it was established that the natural consequence of his behaviour would be to provoke violence in others: \u201cThe conduct in question does not itself have to be disorderly or a breach of the criminal law. It is sufficient if its natural consequence would, if persisted in, be to provoke others to violence, and so some actual danger to the peace is established.\u201d (p. 1392)\n\nIn Nicol and Selvanayagam v. Director of Public Prosecutions ([1996] 160 Justice of the Peace Reports 155), Lord Justice Simon Brown stated: \u201c\u2026 the court would surely not find a [breach of the peace] proved if any violence likely to have been provoked on the part of others would be not merely unlawful but wholly unreasonable \u2013 as of course, it would be if the defendant\u2019s conduct was not merely lawful but such as in no material way interfered with the other\u2019s rights. A fortiori, if the defendant was properly exercising his own basic rights, whether of assembly, demonstration or free speech.\u201d (p. 163)\n\nBehaviour contra bonos mores has been described as \u201cconduct which has the property of being wrong rather than right in the judgment of the majority of contemporary fellow citizens\u201d (per Lord Justice Glidewell in Hughes v. Holley [1988] 86 Criminal Appeal Reports 130).\n\nIn R. v. Sandbach, ex parte Williams ([1935] 2 King\u2019s Bench Reports 192) the Divisional Court rejected the view that a person could not be bound over to be of good behaviour when there was no reason to apprehend a breach of the peace. As in the case of binding over to keep the peace, there had to be some reason to believe that there might be a repetition of the conduct complained of before an order to be of good behaviour could be made.\n\nB. Binding over\n\nMagistrates have powers to \u201cbind over\u201d under the Magistrates\u2019 Courts Act 1980 (\u201cthe 1980 Act\u201d), under common law and under the Justices of the Peace Act 1361 (\u201cthe 1361 Act\u201d). A binding-over order requires the person bound over to enter into a \u201crecognisance\u201d, or undertaking secured by a sum of money fixed by the court, to keep the peace or be of good behaviour for a specified period of time. If he or she refuses to consent to the order, the court may commit him or her to prison, for up to six months in the case of an order made under the 1980 Act or for an unlimited period in respect of orders made under the 1361 Act or common law. If an order is made but breached within the specified time period, the person bound over forfeits the sum of the recognisance. A binding-over order is not a criminal conviction (R. v. County of London Quarter Sessions, ex parte Metropolitan Police Commissioner [1948] 1 King\u2019s Bench Reports 670).\n\n1. Binding over under the Magistrates\u2019 Courts Act 1980\n\nSection 115 of the 1980 Act provides: \u201c(1) The power of a magistrates\u2019 court on the complaint of any person to adjudge any other person to enter into a recognisance, with or without sureties, to keep the peace or to be of good behaviour towards the complainant shall be exercised by order on complaint. \u2026 (3) If any person ordered by a magistrates\u2019 court under subsection (1) above to enter into a recognisance, with or without sureties, to keep the peace or to be of good behaviour fails to comply with the order, the court may commit him to custody for a period not exceeding 6 months or until he sooner complies with the order.\u201d\n\n2. Binding over at common law and under the Justices of the Peace Act 1361\n\nIn addition to the statutory procedure, magistrates have powers to bind over at common law and under the 1361 Act. These powers allow magistrates, at any stage in proceedings before them, to bind over any participant in the proceedings if they consider that the conduct of the person concerned is such that there might be a breach of the peace or that his or her behaviour has been contra bonos mores. It is not open to the justices to attach specific conditions to a binding-over order (Ayu [1959] 43 Criminal Appeal Reports 31; Goodlad v. Chief Constable of South Yorkshire [1979] Criminal Law Review 51).\n\n3. Appeals\n\nAn order of the magistrates to require a person to enter into a recognisance to keep the peace or to be of good behaviour can be appealed either to the High Court or the Crown Court. An appeal to the High Court is limited to questions of law, and proceeds by way of \u201ccase stated\u201d. An appeal to the Crown Court, under the Magistrates\u2019 Courts (Appeals from Binding-Over Orders) Act 1956, section 1, proceeds as a rehearing of all issues of fact and law.\n\n4. The Law Commission\u2019s report on binding over\n\nIn response to a request by the Lord Chancellor to examine binding-over powers, the Law Commission (the statutory law reform body for England and Wales) published in February 1994 its report entitled \u201cBinding Over\u201d, in which it found that: \u201c4.34 We regard reliance on contra bonos mores as certainly, and breach of the peace as very arguably, contrary to elementary notions of what is required by the principles of natural justice when they are relied on as definitional grounds justifying the making of a binding-over order. Because an order binding someone to be of good behaviour is made in such wide terms, it fails to give sufficient indication to the person bound over of the conduct which he or she must avoid in order to be safe from coercive sanctions \u2026 \u2026 6.27 We are satisfied that there are substantial objections of principle to the retention of binding over to keep the peace or to be of good behaviour. These objections are, in summary, that the conduct which can be the ground for a binding\u2011over order is too vaguely defined; that binding-over orders when made are in terms which are too vague and are therefore potentially oppressive; that the power to imprison someone if he or she refuses to consent to be bound over is anomalous; that orders which restrain a subject\u2019s freedom can be made without the discharge of the criminal, or indeed any clearly defined, burden of proof; and that witnesses, complainants or even acquitted defendants can be bound over without adequate prior information of any charge or complaint against them.\u201d (Law Commission Report no. 222) The Law Commission recommended abolition of the power to bind over. PROCEEDINGS BEFORE THE COMMISSION\n\nThe applicants applied to the Commission on 19 August 1994. They alleged violations of Articles 5, 10 and 11 of the Convention.\n\nThe Commission declared the application (no. 25594/94) partly admissible on 26 June 1996. In its report of 6 July 1998 (former Article 31 of the Convention), it expressed the opinion that there had been a violation of Article 10 of the Convention (twenty-five votes to four). The full text of the Commission\u2019s opinion and of the two dissenting opinions contained in the report is reproduced as an annex to this judgment. FINAL SUBMISSIONS TO THE COURT\n\nThe Government asked the Court to find that the facts of the case disclosed no breach of the Convention. 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Heinz Robathin was born in 1959 and lives in Vienna. Heinz Robathin is a practising lawyer by profession. He runs his law office with a partner. In 2005 criminal proceedings on suspicion of aggravated theft, aggravated fraud and embezzlement were opened against Heinz Robathin and a number of other persons by the Vienna Regional Criminal Court (Landesgericht für Strafsachen). On 21 February 2006 the investigating judge issued a search warrant for Heinz Robathin’s premises.
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"entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Vienna Court of Appeal", "start_offset": 6908}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "insert", "end_offset": 7197, "entity_id": "001-111890_a8_e33", "entity_mention_id": "001-111890_a8_em65", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Vienna Regional Criminal Court", "start_offset": 7167}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 7225, "entity_id": "001-111890_a8_e46", "entity_mention_id": "001-111890_a8_em66", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "15 March 2011", "start_offset": 7212}]}, "annotator9": null}, "quality_checked": [], "task": "Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Heinz Robathin", "meta": {"applicant": "Heinz Robathin", "articles": [91, 34, 52, 49, 34, 44, 32, 34, 56, 34, 93], "countries": "AUT", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2012}, "doc_id": "001-111890", "dataset_type": "train", "orig_text": "PROCEDURE\n\nThe case originated in an application (no. 30457/06) against the Republic of Austria lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (\u201cthe Convention\u201d) by an Austrian national, Mr Heinz Robathin (\u201cthe applicant\u201d), on 20 July 2006.\n\nThe applicant was represented by Mr R. Soyer, a lawyer practising in Vienna. The Austrian Government (\u201cthe Government\u201d) were represented by their Agent, Ambassador H. Tichy, Head of the International Law Department at the Federal Ministry for European and International Affairs.\n\nThe applicant alleged that the search and seizure of electronic data from his law office had violated his rights under Article 8 of the Convention.\n\nOn 5 September 2008 the application was communicated to the Government. It was also decided to rule on the admissibility and merits of the application at the same time (Article 29 \u00a7 1).\n\nTHE FACTS\n\nI. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE\n\nThe applicant was born in 1959 and lives in Vienna.\n\nThe applicant is a practising lawyer by profession. He runs his law office with a partner.\n\nIn 2005 criminal proceedings on suspicion of aggravated theft, aggravated fraud and embezzlement were opened against the applicant and a number of other persons by the Vienna Regional Criminal Court (Landesgericht f\u00fcr Strafsachen).\n\nOn 21 February 2006 the investigating judge issued a search warrant for the applicant\u2019s premises. The warrant authorised the search and seizure of the following items: \u201cDocuments, personal computers and discs, savings books, bank documents, deeds of gift and wills in favour of Dr Heinz Robathin, and any files concerning R. [name of one person] and G. [name of another person].\u201d\n\nIn its reasoning, the search warrant stated that the applicant was suspected firstly of having taken furniture, pictures and silver worth more than 50,000 euros (EUR) from Mr R. in December 2003 for personal enrichment; secondly, of having induced Mr G. to sign an agreement for a secured loan of EUR 150,000 in December 2004, which Mr G. then failed to receive; and thirdly, of having abused the power of attorney granted to him by Mr R. in order to make bank transfers, causing the latter financial damage of more than EUR 50,000 in September 2003.\n\nThe search of the applicant\u2019s business premises was carried out by police officers of the Federal Ministry of the Interior on 21 February 2006. The applicant, his defence counsel and a representative of the Vienna Bar Association were present. The police officers proceeded to search the applicant\u2019s computer system, copying all files to disc. The representative of the Vienna Bar Association opposed this as being disproportionate since it was technically possible, by using appropriate search criteria, to search for and copy only those files which corresponded to the criteria set out in the search warrant. Having contacted the investigating judge, the police officers insisted on copying all files. On the proposal of the representative of the Vienna Bar Association, the police officers copied all data returned by a search for the names \u201cR.\u201d and \u201cG.\u201d to one disc and all other data to separate discs. All the discs were sealed.\n\nThe report drawn up by the police officers lists the following seized items: (1) laptop, (2) CDs/DVDs of R./G. data, (3) CDs/DVDs of all Robathin law office data, and (4) copies of agendas.\n\nAll these items were handed over to the investigating judge. Because the applicant opposed the search of the data, the Review Chamber (Ratskammer), a panel of three judges, of the Vienna Regional Criminal Court was called upon to decide whether they were to be examined or returned pursuant to Article 145 \u00a7 2 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (Strafproze\u00dfordnung).\n\nOn 3 March 2006 the Review Chamber authorised the examination of all the files. It repeated that there were grounds for suspecting the applicant of the offences described in the search warrant and noted that the data in issue had been seized in the context of the preliminary investigations in respect of the applicant and other persons. A lawyer could not rely on his duty of professional secrecy and the attendant guarantees of Article 152 \u00a7 1 of the Code of Criminal Procedure when he himself was the suspect. In sum, the examination of the seized files was necessary in order to investigate the offences.\n\nOn 23 March 2006 the Vienna Bar Association contacted the Procurator General, suggesting that he lodge a plea of nullity for the preservation of the law (Nichtigkeitsbeschwerde zur Wahrung des Gesetzes) in the applicant\u2019s case. It submitted, in particular, that a search of a lawyer\u2019s business premises risked impinging on his duty of professional secrecy.\n\nPursuant to Article 139 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, the investigating judge had to give reasons when issuing a search warrant and to describe as clearly as possible which items were to be searched for and seized. In the applicant\u2019s case it was open to doubt whether the search warrant had accurately described which items could be seized. Generally, only a search for particular files likely to be related to the offence in issue could be authorised. The same applied to searches of electronic data. A practising lawyer was obliged by law to have at his disposal a computer system fulfilling certain standards in order to communicate electronically with the courts. In fact, most lawyers also had all their files in electronic form. Standard software for law offices allowed full-text searches for any name or word and thus made it easy to narrow the search of data. In the present case such a search had returned results and thus the search warrant did not extend to the seizure of all of the law office\u2019s data.\n\nFor these reasons, the Bar Association argued that the seizure of all the data and the Review Chamber\u2019s decision to permit the examination thereof had been excessive and therefore unlawful. The Review Chamber had failed to give any specific reasons why an examination of the data relating to Mr R. and Mr G. would not be sufficient. The applicant\u2019s duty of professional secrecy could only be lifted in relation to the suspicion against him concerning two of his clients but not in respect of all his lawyer-client relationships. Moreover, the partner in his law office was not under any suspicion.\n\nBy a letter of 12 April 2006 the Procurator General informed the Vienna Bar Association that he had not found any reason to lodge a plea of nullity for the preservation of the law.\n\nOn 14 May 2009 the Vienna Regional Criminal Court convicted the applicant of embezzlement but acquitted him of the other charges. The court sentenced him to three years\u2019 imprisonment, two of which were suspended on probation. On 22 December 2009 the Supreme Court dismissed the applicant\u2019s and the public prosecutor\u2019s pleas of nullity and on 10 March 2010 the Vienna Court of Appeal upheld the sentence. Subsequently, the applicant obtained evidence which had not been available to him at the time of the trial. 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| 1
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Ramazan Erol was born in 1974 and lives in Aachen. On 20 April 2010 the premises in which Ramazan Erol ran a café were searched, based on a search warrant of 2 March 2010 issued by the Aachen District Court. Ramazan Erol was found in a back room of the café, weighing and packaging some 400 grams of cocaine, with a sum of 2,325 euros (EUR) in the pockets of his trousers. He was arrested. The following day, the Aachen District Court issued a warrant for the arrest of Ramazan Erol on the ground that he was strongly suspected (dringend verdächtig) of commercial trafficking of a substantial amount of drugs and that there was a risk of his absconding.
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"001-176838_a8_e50", "entity_mention_id": "001-176838_a8_em80", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "14 April 2011", "start_offset": 8784}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 8830, "entity_id": "001-176838_a8_e51", "entity_mention_id": "001-176838_a8_em81", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Federal Constitutional Court", "start_offset": 8802}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 8918, "entity_id": "001-176838_a8_e45", "entity_mention_id": "001-176838_a8_em82", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Court of Appeal", "start_offset": 8903}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 9017, "entity_id": "001-176838_a8_e52", "entity_mention_id": "001-176838_a8_em83", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "10 January 2011", "start_offset": 9002}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "insert", "end_offset": 9085, "entity_id": "001-176838_a8_e53", "entity_mention_id": "001-176838_a8_em84", "entity_type": "CODE", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "2 BvR 155/11", "start_offset": 9073}]}, "annotator9": null}, "quality_checked": [], "task": "Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Ramazan Erol", "meta": {"applicant": "Ramazan Erol", "articles": [91, 34, 53, 34, 93], "countries": "DEU", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2017}, "doc_id": "001-176838", "dataset_type": "train", "orig_text": "PROCEDURE\n\nThe case originated in an application (no. 68250/11) against the Federal Republic of Germany lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (\u201cthe Convention\u201d) by a Turkish national, Mr Ramazan Erol (\u201cthe applicant\u201d), on 24 October 2011.\n\nThe applicant, who had been granted legal aid, was represented by Ms M. Oerder, a lawyer practising in M\u00f6chengladbach. The German Government (\u201cthe Government\u201d) were represented by one of their Agents, Mr H.-J. Behrens, Ministerialrat, of the Federal Ministry of Justice and Consumer Protection.\n\nThe applicant alleged, in particular, that the decision of the Cologne Court of Appeal of 3 December 2010 not to stay the execution of the detention order against him breached Article 5 \u00a7 4 of the Convention.\n\nOn 4 March 2016 the complaint concerning Article 5 \u00a7 4 of the Convention was communicated to the Government and the remainder of the application was declared inadmissible pursuant to Rule 54 \u00a7 3 of the Rules of Court.\n\nThe Turkish Government, having been informed of their right to intervene in the proceedings (Article 36 \u00a7 1 of the Convention and Rule 44 of the Rules of Court), did not make use of this right.\n\nTHE FACTS\n\nI. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE\n\nThe applicant was born in 1974 and lives in Aachen.\n\nOn 20 April 2010 the premises in which the applicant ran a caf\u00e9 were searched, based on a search warrant of 2 March 2010 issued by the Aachen District Court. The applicant was found in a back room of the caf\u00e9, weighing and packaging some 400 grams of cocaine, with a sum of 2,325 euros (EUR) in the pockets of his trousers. He was arrested.\n\nThe following day, the Aachen District Court issued a warrant for the arrest of the applicant on the ground that he was strongly suspected (dringend verd\u00e4chtig) of commercial trafficking of a substantial amount of drugs and that there was a risk of his absconding. It considered that the applicant could face a considerable prison sentence for the offences in question, that he did not have strong ties to Germany, that he was unemployed and living on social security, and that he could easily abscond to Turkey.\n\nAt a detention review hearing on 5 May 2010, the applicant\u2019s counsel applied for the applicant\u2019s release on bail, stating that the applicant\u2019s family were able and willing to furnish the amount of bail to be determined by the court. The following day, the applicant\u2019s counsel withdrew the application after the court indicated that bail would not be granted.\n\nOn 6 July 2010 the Public Prosecutor\u2019s Office lodged a bill of indictment against the applicant, charging him with three counts of commercial trafficking of a substantial amount of drugs.\n\nOn 6 August 2010 the Aachen District Court decided to open the trial against the applicant.\n\nOn 29 September 2010 the District Court convicted the applicant on one of three counts of commercial trafficking in a substantial amount of drugs and acquitted him on the other two counts. It sentenced him to two years and six months\u2019 imprisonment and ordered the continuation of his detention.\n\nOn 30 September 2010 both the applicant and the Public Prosecutor lodged appeals against the District Court\u2019s judgment.\n\nThat same day, the applicant lodged an appeal against the decision ordering his continued detention and asked for the detention order to be set aside or its execution to be stayed. He argued that there was no incentive for him to abscond. The strength of his ties to Germany rendered his absconding to Turkey unlikely. He had lived in Germany for twenty years, had been married for the past thirteen years, and had two children, aged eight and one. His parents and his brother also lived in Germany. His only tie to Turkey, by contrast, was his parents\u2019 holiday home.\n\nOn 1 October 2010 the Aachen District Court decided not to grant the applicant\u2019s appeal against the continued detention order and to refer the matter to the Aachen Regional Court. It considered that it was possible that the applicant would be sentenced to a significant prison sentence on appeal. There was, hence, an incentive for him to abscond which was not counterbalanced by his existing social ties to Germany. In that regard, it noted that the applicant and his entire family had lived on social security since 2001, that his command of the German language was insufficient and that he had no prospects of employment. Considering that his wife was also a Turkish national, that his children were of a young age and that his parents owned a holiday home in Turkey, there was a risk that the applicant would abscond to Turkey with his family. This risk could not be adequately remedied by reporting requirements or payment of security.\n\nOn 7 October 2010 the Aachen Regional Court dismissed the applicant\u2019s appeal. It limited the basis of the detention order to the count on which he had been convicted and annulled it for the two counts on which he had been acquitted by the District Court. Yet, referring to the reasoning of the District Court and underlining that the applicant had no legal employment whereas he had family ties to Turkey, it considered that there continued to be a risk of the applicant\u2019s absconding.\n\nOn 26 October 2010 the applicant lodged a further appeal against that decision. After essentially reiterating his earlier submission as to why there was no risk of his absconding, he stated that such risk could, in any event, be remedied by imposing a less severe measure. In that regard, he proposed that his family furnish security of EUR 10,000.\n\nAfter the Regional Court decided not to grant the applicant\u2019s further appeal and to refer the matter to the Cologne Court of Appeal, that court informed the applicant\u2019s counsel, in a letter dated 22 November 2010, that it was considering staying the execution of the detention order. It asked the applicant to clarify the offer made and requested that the necessary means be given to him by his family in a manner that allowed him to dispose freely of those means and to furnish the security himself. The lawful origin of those means had to be credibly demonstrated.\n\nThe following day, the applicant\u2019s counsel informed the Court of Appeal that the applicant\u2019s family was able and willing to furnish security of EUR 10,000 to the court and to demonstrate credibly the lawful origin of those means. The family was, however, unwilling to put the money at the applicant\u2019s disposal as they were unwilling to run the risk of having the repayment claim attached for payment against future claims the authorities might have against the applicant. He added that, if the applicant had to assume that the security would be forfeited in any event, that is to say, even if he did not abscond, because the repayment claim would be attached for payment against other claims, the security could not effectively remedy a risk of his absconding.\n\nOn 3 December 2010 the Cologne Court of Appeal dismissed the applicant\u2019s further appeal. It endorsed the assessments of the District Court and the Regional Court as to the risk of the applicant\u2019s absconding and noted that the sentence the applicant risked incurring was not limited to two years and six months\u2019 imprisonment, for the Public Prosecutor had appealed against the District Court\u2019s judgment, seeking the applicant\u2019s conviction on the two counts on which he had been acquitted. It stated that it would nonetheless consider staying the execution of the detention order if security were furnished. As long as the applicant\u2019s family was not willing to put the necessary means at his own disposal it was, however, not ready to do so, arguing that this unwillingness indicated that his family lacked confidence in him and concluding that the family ties appeared not to be strong enough to prevent him from risking forfeiture of the security by absconding. The Court of Appeal furthermore found that there was a risk that the applicant would commit more drug-related offences if he were released from detention and also based the detention order, by way of subsidiarity, on a risk of reoffending. The decision was served on the applicant on 9 December 2010.\n\nOn 3 January 2011 the District Court\u2019s judgment of 29 September 2010 became final, following the Regional Court\u2019s decision to discontinue the proceedings in relation to one of the charges and the withdrawal of appeals by both the applicant and the Public Prosecutor.\n\nThat same day, the Aachen District Court stayed the execution of the detention order against the applicant on a number of conditions, including that either he or another person furnish security of EUR 5,000. Upon the furnishing of that amount by another person that same day, the applicant was released from detention.\n\nOn 14 April 2011 the Federal Constitutional Court declined to accept the applicant\u2019s constitutional complaint against the Court of Appeal\u2019s decision not to stay the execution of the detention order against him, lodged on 10 January 2011, for adjudication, without providing reasons (file no. 2 BvR 155/11).", "applicant": "Ramazan Erol", "offset": 1284, "idx_mapping": [1284, 1284, 1284, 1284, 1284, 1284, 1284, 1284, 1284, 1284, 1284, 1284, 1284, 1296, 1297, 1298, 1299, 1300, 1301, 1302, 1303, 1304, 1305, 1306, 1307, 1308, 1309, 1310, 1311, 1312, 1313, 1314, 1315, 1316, 1317, 1318, 1319, 1320, 1321, 1322, 1323, 1324, 1325, 1326, 1327, 1328, 1329, 1330, 1331, 1332, 1333, 1334, 1335, 1336, 1337, 1338, 1339, 1340, 1341, 1342, 1343, 1344, 1345, 1346, 1347, 1348, 1349, 1350, 1351, 1352, 1353, 1354, 1355, 1356, 1357, 1358, 1359, 1360, 1361, 1362, 1363, 1364, 1365, 1366, 1367, 1368, 1369, 1370, 1371, 1372, 1373, 1284, 1284, 1284, 1284, 1284, 1284, 1284, 1284, 1284, 1284, 1284, 1284, 1284, 1386, 1387, 1388, 1389, 1390, 1391, 1392, 1393, 1394, 1395, 1396, 1397, 1398, 1399, 1400, 1401, 1402, 1403, 1404, 1405, 1406, 1407, 1408, 1409, 1410, 1411, 1412, 1413, 1414, 1415, 1416, 1417, 1418, 1419, 1420, 1421, 1422, 1423, 1424, 1425, 1426, 1427, 1428, 1429, 1430, 1431, 1432, 1433, 1434, 1435, 1436, 1437, 1438, 1439, 1440, 1441, 1442, 1443, 1444, 1445, 1446, 1447, 1448, 1449, 1450, 1451, 1452, 1453, 1454, 1455, 1456, 1457, 1458, 1459, 1460, 1461, 1462, 1463, 1464, 1465, 1466, 1467, 1468, 1469, 1470, 1471, 1472, 1473, 1474, 1475, 1476, 1477, 1478, 1479, 1480, 1481, 1482, 1483, 1484, 1485, 1486, 1487, 1488, 1489, 1490, 1491, 1284, 1284, 1284, 1284, 1284, 1284, 1284, 1284, 1284, 1284, 1284, 1284, 1284, 1504, 1505, 1506, 1507, 1508, 1509, 1510, 1511, 1512, 1513, 1514, 1515, 1516, 1517, 1518, 1519, 1520, 1521, 1522, 1523, 1524, 1525, 1526, 1527, 1528, 1529, 1530, 1531, 1532, 1533, 1534, 1535, 1536, 1537, 1538, 1539, 1540, 1541, 1542, 1543, 1544, 1545, 1546, 1547, 1548, 1549, 1550, 1551, 1552, 1553, 1554, 1555, 1556, 1557, 1558, 1559, 1560, 1561, 1562, 1563, 1564, 1565, 1566, 1567, 1568, 1569, 1570, 1571, 1572, 1573, 1574, 1575, 1576, 1577, 1578, 1579, 1580, 1581, 1582, 1583, 1584, 1585, 1586, 1587, 1588, 1589, 1590, 1591, 1592, 1593, 1594, 1595, 1596, 1597, 1598, 1599, 1600, 1601, 1602, 1603, 1604, 1605, 1606, 1607, 1608, 1609, 1610, 1611, 1612, 1613, 1614, 1615, 1616, 1617, 1618, 1619, 1620, 1621, 1622, 1623, 1624, 1625, 1626, 1627, 1628, 1629, 1630, 1631, 1632, 1633, 1634, 1635, 1636, 1637, 1638, 1639, 1640, 1641, 1642, 1643, 1644, 1645, 1646, 1647, 1648, 1649, 1650, 1651, 1652, 1653, 1654, 1655, 1656, 1657, 1658, 1659, 1660, 1661, 1662, 1663, 1664, 1665, 1666, 1667, 1668, 1669, 1670, 1671, 1672, 1673, 1674, 1675, 1676, 1677, 1678, 1679, 1680, 1681, 1682, 1683, 1684, 1685, 1686, 1687, 1688, 1689, 1690, 1691, 1692, 1693, 1694, 1695, 1696, 1697, 1698, 1699, 1700, 1701, 1702, 1703, 1704, 1705, 1706, 1707, 1708, 1709, 1710, 1711, 1712, 1713, 1714, 1715, 1716, 1717, 1718, 1719, 1720, 1721, 1722, 1723, 1724, 1725, 1726, 1727, 1728, 1729, 1730, 1731, 1732, 1733, 1734, 1735, 1736, 1737, 1738, 1739, 1740, 1741, 1742, 1743, 1744, 1745, 1746, 1747, 1748, 1749, 1750, 1751, 1752, 1753, 1284, 1284, 1284, 1284, 1284, 1284, 1284, 1284, 1284, 1284, 1284, 1284, 1284, 1766, 1767, 1768, 1769, 1770, 1771, 1772, 1773, 1774, 1775, 1776, 1777, 1778, 1779, 1780, 1781, 1782, 1783, 1784, 1785, 1786, 1787, 1788, 1789, 1790, 1791, 1792, 1793, 1794, 1795, 1796, 1797, 1798, 1799, 1800, 1801, 1802, 1803, 1804, 1805, 1806, 1807, 1808, 1809, 1810, 1811, 1812, 1813, 1814, 1815, 1816, 1817, 1818, 1819, 1820, 1821, 1822, 1823, 1824, 1825, 1826, 1827, 1828, 1829, 1830, 1831, 1832, 1833, 1834, 1835, 1836, 1837, 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842, 1843, 1844, 1845, 1846, 1847, 1848, 1849, 1850, 1851, 1852, 1853, 1854, 1855, 1856, 1857, 1858, 1859, 1860, 1861, 1862, 1863, 1864, 1865, 1866, 1867, 1868, 1869, 1870, 1871, 1872, 1873, 1874, 1875, 1876, 1877, 1878, 1879, 1880, 1881, 1882, 1883, 1884, 1885, 1886, 1887, 1888, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892, 1893, 1894, 1895, 1896, 1897, 1898, 1899, 1900, 1901, 1902, 1903, 1904, 1905, 1906, 1907, 1908, 1909, 1910, 1911, 1912, 1913, 1914, 1915, 1916, 1917, 1918, 1919, 1920, 1921, 1922, 1923, 1924, 1925, 1926, 1927, 1928, 1929, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1936], "duplicates": 1}
| 1
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On 3 January 1997 Keith Anderson Beckles and a co-defendant, M., were convicted of the robbery, false imprisonment and attempted murder of Mr Mohamed Mohamoud. Keith Anderson Beckles was sentenced to fifteen years’ imprisonment. A third co-defendant, W., was convicted of robbery and false imprisonment. According to the prosecution’s case, on 3 January 1996 Mr Mohamoud, who had spent some of the day selling Khat (a stimulant leaf), picked up W., a prostitute, and arranged to go to her home for sex. W. lived in a fourth-floor council flat which was also occupied by M. When they arrived there were three men, a woman and two teenagers in the flat.
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"PROCEDURE\n\nThe case originated in an application (no. 44652/98) against the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (\u201cthe Convention\u201d) by a United Kingdom national, Mr Keith Anderson Beckles (\u201cthe applicant\u201d), on 4 November 1998.\n\nThe applicant, who had been granted legal aid, was represented before the Court by Hickman and Rose, Solicitors, London. The United Kingdom Government (\u201cthe Government\u201d) were represented by their Agent, Mr C. Whomersley, of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office.\n\nThe applicant, relying on Article 6 of the Convention, alleged that he had been denied a fair hearing since the judge at his trial misdirected the jury on the issue of the exercise by him of his right to silence during police interview.\n\nThe application was originally allocated to the Third Section of the Court (Rule 52 \u00a7 1 of the Rules of Court), which declared it admissible on 28 August 2001.\n\nOn 1 November 2001 the Court changed the composition of its Sections (Rule 25 \u00a7 1). The application was allocated to the Fourth Section of the Court. Within that Section, the Chamber that would consider the case (Article 27 \u00a7 1 of the Convention) was constituted as provided in Rule 26 \u00a7 1 of the Rules of Court.\n\nThe applicant and the Government each filed observations on the merits (Rule 59 \u00a7 1). The Chamber decided after consulting the parties, that no hearing on the merits was required (Rule 59 \u00a7 2 in fine).\n\nTHE FACTS\n\nI. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE\n\nOn 3 January 1997 the applicant and a co-defendant, M., were convicted of the robbery, false imprisonment and attempted murder of Mr Mohamed Mohamoud. The applicant was sentenced to fifteen years\u2019 imprisonment. A third co-defendant, W., was convicted of robbery and false imprisonment.\n\nAccording to the prosecution\u2019s case, on 3 January 1996 Mr Mohamoud, who had spent some of the day selling Khat (a stimulant leaf), picked up W., a prostitute, and arranged to go to her home for sex. W. lived in a fourth-floor council flat which was also occupied by M. When they arrived there were three men, a woman and two teenagers in the flat. Mr Mohamoud was held by the applicant and searched at knife-point by M. who took thirty to forty pounds in cash from him and then left to buy drugs. M. later returned with a quantity of crack cocaine which the occupants of the flat, but not Mr Mohamoud, smoked.\n\nMr Mohamoud was then searched a second time by the applicant and W. and a further sum of money was taken from him. He was prevented all this time from leaving the flat by the applicant.\n\nAt some stage M.\u2019s mood changed under the effects of the drugs and he became angry. M., together with the applicant and an unidentified woman, lifted Mr Mohamoud up and threw him out of the window. He fell four floors. He survived, although he was left paralysed from the waist down. The occupants of the flat made no attempt to call an ambulance. He managed to attract attention by throwing stones at the window of a ground-floor flat. An ambulance eventually arrived to take him to hospital.\n\nM. was arrested on 13 January 1996, the applicant on 24 January and W. on 26 January.\n\nThe applicant was cautioned by the police in the following terms: \u201cYou do not have to say anything but it may harm your defence if you do not mention when questioned something which you later rely on in court. Anything you say may be given in evidence.\u201d\n\nThe applicant then told the police: \u201cI\u2019m relieved. I\u2019ve expected this every time I\u2019ve been to the shops.\u201d\n\nWhen being taken to the police station he further stated: \u201cHe wasn\u2019t pushed. He jumped. How is he?\u201d and \u201cI can tell you everything, he jumped.\u201d\n\nThe applicant was advised to wait until he was interviewed at the police station.\n\nAt the start of the interview on 24 January 1996 the applicant\u2019s solicitor informed the police that he had had a lengthy private conversation with his client and had advised him not to reply to any questions at the present time. His reasons were based on what he had been told about the allegations and his view that it would not be reasonable for the applicant to answer questions at that stage. He informed the police that the applicant would be willing to take part in an identification procedure.\n\nThe applicant was reminded by the police that he was under caution and he confirmed that he understood the implications of the caution. Thereafter, the applicant answered \u201cno comment\u201d to each question and in particular did so when asked whether he was present at the flat at the time of the offences, whether he knew Mr Mohamoud, whether the latter was thrown out of the window and whether he would like to offer any account of the events in question. The applicant points out that the police never put to him his remark \u201cHe wasn\u2019t pushed-he jumped\u201d (see paragraph 14 above). The applicant submits that this statement was at the core of his defence and should have been referred to during interview.\n\nAt the end of the interview the applicant was reminded of the terms of the caution.\n\nOn 31 May 1996 Mr Mohamoud identified the applicant and the other co-accused in a videotape identification procedure conducted at the hospital where he was being treated.\n\nOn 17 September 1996 the applicant was again interviewed by the police in the presence of his solicitor and under caution. On that occasion he admitted being in the occasional presence of Mr Mohamoud at the flat and being in the flat on the night of 3-4 January 1996. The applicant denied being in the room when Mr Mohamoud fell from the window and repeated that Mr Mohamoud had not been pushed out. He stated that Mr Mohamoud had not been threatened and that \u201che was sitting there quite happy\u201d. The applicant declared that he had been told by W. that Mr Mohamoud had \u201cgone out the window\u201d. He had not believed this and looked out to check. He saw Mr Mohamoud lying on the ground below. He did not go to help him because he was \u201cscared\u201d and thought he was dead. The applicant admitted that on the day(s) in question he was the only person in the flat who fitted the very distinctive features in the description given by Mr Mohamoud of his attackers.\n\nAt his trial the applicant testified that he had seen Mr Mohamoud drinking beer in the flat and spoke to him briefly on one occasion. He learnt of the incident from W. who informed him that \u201che\u2019s gone out of the window\u201d. The applicant thought she was joking. He went into the living room, looked out of the window and saw Mr Mohamoud lying on the ground below. W. then told him that Mr Mohamoud had jumped out of the window. He watched the police and ambulance arrive from a neighbouring flat.\n\nWhen asked during his evidence why he had not answered some or all of the questions put to him during the police interview the applicant replied that he had done so on the advice of his solicitor.\n\nDuring the course of the applicant\u2019s evidence, and without seeking the views of the applicant\u2019s counsel in the absence of the jury, the trial judge asked the applicant if he was prepared to testify as to what he had told his solicitor prior to the first interview during the lengthy consultation. His counsel stated that since the question had been asked in the presence of the jury he would not object to the question being put to the applicant. The applicant then stated that he too had no objection to answering the question. The matter was not thereafter pursued by the prosecution or the trial judge.\n\nIn his summing up to the jury the trial judge, with reference to section 34 of the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994, directed the jury in the following terms: \u201c... you may draw such inferences as seem to you to be fair and proper from that failure of [his] to mention [the points identified in his interview relating to his presence in the flat on that evening]. You could, for instance, infer that the [applicant and W.] have fabricated their evidence, made it up, after those first interviews. You could infer that they were indeed biding their time and seeing whether or not they would be identified. That failure to mention the sort of things or give answers to the sort of questions that I have listed, as [the applicant] failed, cannot of itself prove guilt. So, of course, if you were not sure of [Mr Mohamoud\u2019s] identifications of any of these defendants, that would be the end of the case even if you thought they were behaving in the way I have just described over their first interviews. But although they cannot of themselves, those failures, prove guilt, you may hold that failure against them in deciding whether he is guilty. You don\u2019t have to. It is for you to decide. [The applicant] told you that his reason for not answering some of the questions was that he had received advice from his solicitor that he should make no comment ... Of course, we have \u2013 you have \u2013 no independent evidence of what was said by the solicitor, but if simply saying \u2018Oh my solicitor advised me not to answer questions\u2019 was by itself a good and final answer, any competent solicitor and a defendant would have the power to strangle at birth any interview and that would make, you may think, a mockery of the Act of Parliament which allows a jury, if they think it is right and proper, to make an adverse inference and that could not have been Parliament\u2019s intention. The fact is that it is [the applicant\u2019s] choice ... whether or not to accept [his] solicitor\u2019s advice or not, and any solicitor worthy of his or her name should have included in the advice the various pros and cons of saying no comment and in particular should have included the possibility, even the probability, that his or her defence could be harmed if they failed to mention facts that they could so easily do and that if they did not mention them, why then an adverse inference could be drawn. But as I say, you have no independent evidence as to what the solicitor said or did not say. But whether or not the solicitors said that, the officers certainly did. They [administered the caution] more than once ... . So it is for each defendant ... to decide whether to answer or not. You decide what you make of the reasons given for not answering. If you thought that the reason given was a good one, then of course you could not hold it against them. If you thought that they were failing to answer certain awkward questions because, for example, they were keeping their powder dry, as it were, hoping against hope they would not be identified and the other reasons I mentioned a moment ago, or because they had not yet worked out what their defence was going to be, you could draw the inference that I have mentioned and, if you did, that might point towards guilt, but it is you who decide whether it is fair and proper to draw those adverse inferences.\u201d\n\nAt the request of the applicant\u2019s counsel the trial judge gave the following further direction to the jury: \u201cWhen dealing with the [applicant\u2019s] first [interview] when [he] failed to answer questions. I did not specifically remind you, though you have heard it any number of times, that the defendants were cautioned that they do not have to say anything. That is of course the position, they do not have to say anything, but the inferences I suggested that you can draw nevertheless remain if you think they have not mentioned things that they could reasonably have been expected to mention and if you think it is fair to take the inferences of the sort I have mentioned, but there is that right to silence.\u201d\n\nOn 23 May 1997 the applicant was convicted of robbery, false imprisonment and attempted murder and sentenced to a total of fifteen years\u2019 imprisonment.\n\nThe applicant and his co-accused appealed against conviction to the Court of Appeal. The applicant relied, inter alia, on the ground that the trial judge misdirected the jury on the proper inferences to be drawn under section 34(2) of the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 from the exercise of his right of silence at the police interview.\n\nOn 7 May 1998 the Court of Appeal in a reserved judgment and following a hearing dismissed the appeal. Lord Justice Henry stated in his judgment, with reference to section 34 of the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994, that it could not have been the intention of Parliament to provide that the only adverse inference that could be drawn from failure to disclose facts was recent fabrication. He quoted with approval the judgment of Lord Justice Rose in the case of R. v Roble (judgment of 21 January 1997, unreported). \u201cThe purpose of the statutory provisions is to permit adverse inferences to be drawn where there has been late fabrication, to this extent, to encourage speedy disclosure of a genuine defence. If a defendant disclosed to his solicitor, prior to a police interview, charging or trial, information capable of giving rise to a defence, it will always be open to the defence to lead evidence of this to rebut any inference of subsequent fabrication. But if such evidence was not disclosed or was not disclosed at a late stage in the sequence of interview, charge and trial, adverse inferences can be drawn by the jury.\u201d\n\nLord Justice Henry added: \u201cThus the statutory objective designed to discourage surprise and \u201ctrial by ambush\u201d is achieved. If the applicant was right in submitting that the only adverse inference that could be drawn was subsequent fabrication, the only purpose of the legislation (to encourage speedy disclosure of genuine defences) would be easily defeated. But in our judgment that is not the case... The complaint made ... is that under the Act a \u2018proper inference\u2019 is one relevant to \u2018in determining whether the accused is guilty\u2019, and not simply adverse to a Defendant. We agree with the first proposition contained in that sentence, but not with the second. As section 34(2)(d) [of the 1994 Act] makes clear, the jury may make such inferences as they think proper in their task of considering their verdict. Clearly such inferences must be properly drawn, that is to say drawn from facts relevant to the verdict. The inferences that are complained of are not simply \u2018adverse\u2019... When it is proper to take them into account the Judge rightly reminded the jury that they could draw the adverse inference that [the applicant] was biding his time and seeing whether or not he would be identified, and it was for the jury to decide whether or not \u2018to hold that failure against [him] in deciding whether [he was] guilty\u2019.\u201d\n\nWith respect to the applicant\u2019s argument that the trial judge should not have intervened to request the applicant whether he wished to relate what he had said to his solicitor before the first police interview, Lord Justice Henry considered that this intervention was improper and an invitation to the applicant to waive legal professional privilege. However he concluded that, in the circumstances, the applicant had not been prejudiced as a result of the intervention.\n\nOn 2 June 1998 the Court of Appeal refused to certify that that the case raised a point of public importance and refused leave to appeal to the House of Lords.", "applicant": "Keith Anderson Beckles", "offset": 1584, "idx_mapping": [1584, 1585, 1586, 1587, 1588, 1589, 1590, 1591, 1592, 1593, 1594, 1595, 1596, 1597, 1598, 1599, 1600, 1601, 1584, 1584, 1584, 1584, 1584, 1584, 1584, 1584, 1584, 1584, 1584, 1584, 1584, 1624, 1625, 1626, 1627, 1628, 1629, 1630, 1631, 1632, 1633, 1634, 1635, 1636, 1637, 1638, 1639, 1640, 1641, 1642, 1643, 1644, 1645, 1646, 1647, 1648, 1649, 1650, 1651, 1652, 1653, 1654, 1655, 1656, 1657, 1658, 1659, 1660, 1661, 1662, 1663, 1664, 1665, 1666, 1667, 1668, 1669, 1670, 1671, 1672, 1673, 1674, 1675, 1676, 1677, 1678, 1679, 1680, 1681, 1682, 1683, 1684, 1685, 1686, 1687, 1688, 1689, 1690, 1691, 1692, 1693, 1694, 1695, 1696, 1697, 1698, 1699, 1700, 1701, 1702, 1703, 1704, 1705, 1706, 1707, 1708, 1709, 1710, 1711, 1712, 1713, 1714, 1715, 1716, 1717, 1718, 1719, 1720, 1721, 1722, 1723, 1724, 1725, 1726, 1727, 1728, 1729, 1730, 1731, 1732, 1733, 1734, 1735, 1736, 1737, 1738, 1739, 1740, 1741, 1742, 1743, 1584, 1584, 1584, 1584, 1584, 1584, 1584, 1584, 1584, 1584, 1584, 1584, 1584, 1766, 1767, 1768, 1769, 1770, 1771, 1772, 1773, 1774, 1775, 1776, 1777, 1778, 1779, 1780, 1781, 1782, 1783, 1784, 1785, 1786, 1787, 1788, 1789, 1790, 1791, 1792, 1793, 1794, 1795, 1796, 1797, 1798, 1799, 1800, 1801, 1802, 1803, 1804, 1805, 1806, 1807, 1808, 1809, 1810, 1811, 1812, 1813, 1814, 1815, 1816, 1817, 1818, 1819, 1820, 1821, 1822, 1823, 1824, 1825, 1826, 1827, 1828, 1829, 1830, 1831, 1832, 1833, 1834, 1835, 1836, 1837, 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842, 1843, 1844, 1845, 1846, 1847, 1848, 1849, 1850, 1851, 1852, 1853, 1854, 1855, 1856, 1857, 1858, 1859, 1860, 1861, 1862, 1863, 1864, 1865, 1866, 1867, 1868, 1869, 1870, 1871, 1872, 1873, 1874, 1875, 1876, 1877, 1878, 1879, 1880, 1881, 1882, 1883, 1884, 1885, 1886, 1887, 1888, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892, 1893, 1894, 1895, 1896, 1897, 1898, 1899, 1900, 1901, 1902, 1903, 1904, 1905, 1906, 1907, 1908, 1909, 1910, 1911, 1912, 1913, 1914, 1915, 1916, 1917, 1918, 1919, 1920, 1921, 1922, 1923, 1924, 1925, 1926, 1927, 1928, 1929, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1936, 1937, 1938, 1939, 1940, 1941, 1942, 1943, 1944, 1945, 1946, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025, 2026, 2027, 2028, 2029, 2030, 2031, 2032, 2033, 2034, 2035, 2036, 2037, 2038, 2039, 2040, 2041, 2042, 2043, 2044, 2045, 2046, 2047, 2048, 2049, 2050, 2051, 2052, 2053, 2054, 2055, 2056, 2057, 2058, 2059, 2060, 2061, 2062, 2063, 2064, 2065, 2066, 2067, 2068, 2069, 2070, 2071, 2072, 2073, 2074, 2075, 2076, 2077, 2078, 2079, 2080, 2081, 2082, 2083, 2084, 2085, 2086, 2087, 2088, 2089, 2090, 2091, 2092, 2093, 2094, 2095, 2096, 2097, 2098, 2099, 2100, 2101, 2102, 2103, 2104, 2105, 2106, 2107, 2108, 2109, 2110, 2111, 2112, 2113, 2114, 2115, 2116, 2117, 2118, 2119, 2120, 2121, 2122, 2123, 2124, 2125, 2126, 2127, 2128, 2129, 2130, 2131, 2132, 2133, 2134, 2135, 2136, 2137, 2138, 2139, 2140, 2141, 2142, 2143, 2144, 2145, 2146, 2147, 2148, 2149, 2150, 2151, 2152, 2153, 2154, 2155, 2156, 2157, 2158, 2159, 2160, 2161, 2162, 2163, 2164, 2165, 2166, 2167, 2168, 2169, 2170, 2171, 2172, 2173, 2174, 2175, 2176, 2177, 2178, 2179, 2180, 2181, 2182, 2183, 2184, 2185, 2186, 2187, 2188, 2189, 2190, 2191, 2192, 2193, 2194, 2195, 2196, 2197, 2198, 2199, 2200, 2201, 2202, 2203, 2204, 2205, 2206, 2207, 2208, 2209, 2210, 2211, 2212, 2213, 2214, 2215, 2216, 2217, 2218, 2219, 2220, 2221, 2222, 2223, 2224, 2225, 2226, 2227, 2228, 2229, 2230, 2231, 2232, 2233, 2234], "duplicates": 1}
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Paul Kugler lives in Imst, Austria. Paul Kugler is the co-owner of a plot of land in Lech, Austria which had been designated as building land (Bauland); one building had already been constructed on the land. On 22 July 1987 the Lech municipal authorities informed Paul Kugler that they intended to modify the area zoning plan (Flächenwidmungsplan) and to designate the remaining part of the land as open land (Freihaltefläche) because, being located on a steep slope, they considered that the remaining part was not suitable for construction under the Vorarlberg Regional Planning Act (Raumplanungs‑gesetz). On 6 August 1987 Paul Kugler lodged an application for a building permit in order to construct a hotel on the plot of land at issue. On 14 June 1988 the Lech municipal authorities issued a building prohibition in respect of Paul Kugler's plot of land.
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"start_offset": 6710}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 7237, "entity_id": "001-100928_a8_e27", "entity_mention_id": "001-100928_a8_em86", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Constitutional Court", "start_offset": 7217}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 7280, "entity_id": "001-100928_a8_e58", "entity_mention_id": "001-100928_a8_em87", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "30 April 2003", "start_offset": 7267}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 7301, "entity_id": "001-100928_a8_e59", "entity_mention_id": "001-100928_a8_em88", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "19 January 2005", "start_offset": 7286}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 7434, "entity_id": "001-100928_a8_e60", "entity_mention_id": "001-100928_a8_em89", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "5 August 2005", "start_offset": 7421}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 7455, "entity_id": "001-100928_a8_e61", "entity_mention_id": "001-100928_a8_em90", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "2 September 2005", "start_offset": 7439}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 7464, "entity_id": "001-100928_a8_e17", "entity_mention_id": "001-100928_a8_em91", "entity_type": "LOC", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Lech", "start_offset": 7460}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 7581, "entity_id": "001-100928_a8_e62", "entity_mention_id": "001-100928_a8_em92", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "5 December 2005", "start_offset": 7566}]}, "annotator9": null}, "quality_checked": [], "task": "Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Paul Kugler", "meta": {"applicant": "Paul Kugler", "articles": [91, 34, 54, 34, 44, 32, 34, 52, 49, 34, 93], "countries": "AUT", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2010}, "doc_id": "001-100928", "dataset_type": "train", "orig_text": "PROCEDURE\n\nThe case originated in an application (no. 65631/01) against the Republic of Austria lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (\u201cthe Convention\u201d) by an Austrian national, Mr Paul Kugler (\u201cthe applicant\u201d), on 16 January 2001.\n\nThe applicant was represented by Mr W.L. Weh, a lawyer practising in Bregenz. The Austrian Government (\u201cthe Government\u201d) were represented by their Agent, Ambassador H. Tichy, Head of the International Law Department at the Federal Ministry of Foreign Affairs.\n\nThe applicant alleged, in particular, that proceedings for a building permit had lasted unreasonably long, that no public hearing had been held and that the proceedings had been unfair.\n\nBy a decision of 27 November 2008 the Court declared the application partly admissible. In particular, it declared the application inadmissible as regards the complaints raised by the then first applicant Mr Peter Kugler.\n\nThe applicant, but not the Government, filed observations on the merits (Rule 59 \u00a7 1).\n\nTHE FACTS\n\nI. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE\n\nThe applicant lives in Imst, Austria.\n\nThe applicant is the co-owner of a plot of land in Lech, Austria which had been designated as building land (Bauland); one building had already been constructed on the land. On 22 July 1987 the Lech municipal authorities informed the applicant that they intended to modify the area zoning plan (Fl\u00e4chenwidmungsplan) and to designate the remaining part of the land as open land (Freihaltefl\u00e4che) because, being located on a steep slope, they considered that the remaining part was not suitable for construction under the Vorarlberg Regional Planning Act (Raumplanungs\u2011gesetz).\n\nOn 6 August 1987 the applicant lodged an application for a building permit in order to construct a hotel on the plot of land at issue.\n\nOn 14 June 1988 the Lech municipal authorities issued a building prohibition in respect of the applicant's plot of land.\n\nThe Bludenz District Administrative Authority (\u201cthe District Administrative Authority\u201d) (Bezirkshauptmannschaft) held a hearing on 23 September 1988 concerning the applicant's application for a building permit. On 4 July 1991 the Lech municipal authorities extended the building prohibition.\n\nOn 31 July 1991 the applicant lodged an application for a transfer of jurisdiction (Devolutionsantrag) because the District Administrative Authority had not reached a decision within the statutory six-month time-limit.\n\nThe Vorarlberg Regional Government (\u201cthe Regional Government\u201d) allowed that application on 10 October 1991 but dismissed the applicant's application for a building permit on the ground that the permit would contravene the building prohibition. The applicant lodged a complaint with the Constitutional Court.\n\nOn 19 March 1992 Lech Municipal Council (\u201cthe Municipal Council\u201d) issued a decree determining the maximum building density (Baunutzungszahl) for the category of land which included the applicant's land, and on 2 July 1992 it lifted the building prohibition. The applicant thereupon asked the Regional Government to reopen the building permit proceedings.\n\nOn 28 September 1992 the Constitutional Court dismissed the applicant's complaint against the decision of 10 October 1991. It found that the building prohibition was lawful.\n\nOn 29 September 1992 the Regional Government dismissed the request to reopen the building permit proceedings. The applicant lodged a complaint with the Administrative Court.\n\nOn 28 January 1993 the Administrative Court dismissed the applicant's complaint. It found that the conditions for reopening the building permit proceedings had not been met. That decision was served on 24 February 1993.\n\nThe applicant requested a partition of land (Grundst\u00fccksteilung) on 26 September 1995, but withdrew this request on 30 April 1996.\n\nOn 11 November 1996 the applicant lodged a fresh application for a building permit to enable him to carry out construction work on his land.\n\nOn 26 February 1997 the District Administrative Authority informed the applicant of the Lech municipal authorities' submissions to the effect that the maximum building density laid down by the decree of 19 March 1992 did not allow the construction of another building on his plot of land. The applicant commented on this information. After the Lech municipal authorities had submitted further comments on 6 October 1997, the applicant asked the District Administrative Authority to decide on his application.\n\nOn 25 June 1997 the Municipal Council adopted a building plan (Bebauungsplan) which amended the decree of 19 March 1992 but left the maximum building density unchanged. On 1 July 1997 the Regional Government approved the building plan.\n\nOn 28 October 1997 the District Administrative Authority dismissed the applicant's application for a building permit. It found that the maximum building density defined in the building plan did not allow the construction of another building on the applicant's plot of land. On 12 November 1997 the applicant lodged an appeal.\n\nThe Regional Government dismissed the appeal on 2 June 1998 and upheld the District Administrative Authority's finding.\n\nOn 16 July 1998 the applicant lodged a complaint with the Constitutional Court and requested an oral hearing. He submitted that the area zoning plan and the building plan were unlawful, and claimed that the Regional Government had refused to allow him to consult the case file in the building plan proceedings.\n\nOn 7 September 1998 the Lech municipal authorities submitted their observations; on 15 September 1998 the Regional Government did likewise.\n\nOn 6 October 1998 the applicant's counsel consulted the case file at the Constitutional Court, which, on the following day, forwarded all the case file documents to him.\n\nOn 8 June 2001 the applicant's counsel asked the Constitutional Court if he could consult further documents concerning the original area zoning plan.\n\nOn 12 June 2001 the Constitutional Court declined to deal with the complaint because it lacked any prospect of success. It found that, considering the hillside location of the plot of land, its allegedly unlawful designation appeared to be reasonable.\n\nSubsequently, the case was transferred to the Administrative Court and on 11 October 2001 the applicant amended his complaint and requested an oral hearing. He submitted that the refusal to issue the building permit had been based on an unlawful area zoning plan and building plan. He requested that a hearing be held and an on-site inspection carried out, and that he be given the opportunity to consult all the documents concerning his plot of land.\n\nOn 20 March 2003 the Administrative Court dismissed the complaint. It found that the refusal to issue the building permit had been lawful, because the maximum building density for the plot of land at issue had already been exceeded by the construction of the existing buildings. Furthermore, it found that it was not necessary to hold a hearing or to carry out an on-site inspection, because the applicant had merely contested the lawfulness of the area zoning plan and the building plan, which had already been reviewed by the Constitutional Court. That decision was served on 30 April 2003.\n\nOn 19 January 2005 the applicant applied for a building permit for a private house on the same plot of land.\n\nFollowing a hearing held on 5 August 2005, on 2 September 2005 the Lech municipal authorities granted the application; the decision was served on the applicant's counsel on 5 December 2005.", "applicant": "Paul Kugler", "offset": 1116, "idx_mapping": [1116, 1116, 1116, 1116, 1116, 1116, 1116, 1116, 1116, 1116, 1116, 1116, 1116, 1127, 1128, 1129, 1130, 1131, 1132, 1133, 1134, 1135, 1136, 1137, 1138, 1139, 1140, 1141, 1142, 1143, 1144, 1145, 1146, 1147, 1148, 1149, 1150, 1151, 1116, 1116, 1116, 1116, 1116, 1116, 1116, 1116, 1116, 1116, 1116, 1116, 1116, 1163, 1164, 1165, 1166, 1167, 1168, 1169, 1170, 1171, 1172, 1173, 1174, 1175, 1176, 1177, 1178, 1179, 1180, 1181, 1182, 1183, 1184, 1185, 1186, 1187, 1188, 1189, 1190, 1191, 1192, 1193, 1194, 1195, 1196, 1197, 1198, 1199, 1200, 1201, 1202, 1203, 1204, 1205, 1206, 1207, 1208, 1209, 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| 1
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Clifford George McKeown was born in 1959. He is currently detained at HMP Maghaberry, Northern Ireland. A. Clifford George McKeown's arrest
At about 10 p.m. on 29 March 2000 Clifford George McKeown was seen by police driving a Renault 11 car along Lake Road, Craigavon, Northern Ireland with a second person, M., in the front passenger seat. Police officers followed the car and saw items being thrown from it.
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"001-102637_a8_e50", "entity_mention_id": "001-102637_a8_em90", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "House of Lords", "start_offset": 22844}]}, "annotator9": null}, "quality_checked": [], "task": "Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Clifford George McKeown", "meta": {"applicant": "Clifford George McKeown", "articles": [91, 34, 54, 34, 93], "countries": "GBR", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2011}, "doc_id": "001-102637", "dataset_type": "train", "orig_text": "PROCEDURE\n\nThe case originated in an application (no. 6684/05) against the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (\u201cthe Convention\u201d) by a British national, Mr Clifford George McKeown (\u201cthe applicant\u201d), on 4 February 2005.\n\nThe applicant was represented by Mr C.R.P. Monteith, a lawyer practising in Portadown, Northern Ireland, assisted by Mr A. Kane Q.C., counsel. The United Kingdom Government (\u201cthe Government\u201d) were represented by their Agent, Ms E. Willmott of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office.\n\nThe applicant alleged that his trial for terrorism related offences was unfair because of the way the courts in Northern Ireland had approached the question of non-disclosure of prosecution papers to the defence on grounds of public interest immunity.\n\nOn 17 March 2008 the President of the Chamber to which the case had been allocated decided to give notice of the application to the Government. It was also decided to examine the merits of the application at the same time as its admissibility (Article 29 \u00a7 3).\n\nTHE FACTS\n\nI. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE\n\nThe applicant was born in 1959. He is currently detained at HMP Maghaberry, Northern Ireland.\n\nA. The applicant's arrest\n\nAt about 10 p.m. on 29 March 2000 the applicant was seen by police driving a Renault 11 car along Lake Road, Craigavon, Northern Ireland with a second person, M., in the front passenger seat. Police officers followed the car and saw items being thrown from it. These were subsequently recovered and found to be firearms. The car was stopped and searched. Two black balaclavas, dark woollen gloves and one round of ammunition were found in the car, together with a blue plastic container containing petrol.\n\nThe applicant's case was that he had simply given M. a lift and that he knew nothing about the articles that he had brought into the car. Following his arrest, the applicant was interviewed by police. He was shown a number of the items that had been found in the Renault car and he said that, apart from the blue plastic container, he had never seen them before. He told police that at about 9.30 p.m. on the night of his arrest, he had been asked by M. to take him to Lurgan, Northern Ireland. He claimed that he had initially refused, telling M. that every time he left the house, \u201cthe police were on to\u201d him. He was persuaded by M., however, and they went to the car, M. carrying a bag that the applicant was unable to describe. As they were driving to Lurgan they were intercepted by police cars. The applicant asserted that he had been entrapped. He was sure that someone had sent M. to his home with the guns because he had no doubt that the police did not arrive by chance to stop his car.\n\nThe applicant was arraigned on 8 June 2001 and pleaded not guilty to one count of possession of firearms and ammunition with intent and one count of possessions of articles for a purpose connected with terrorism. A defence statement was served on his behalf on 12 June 2001. It contained the following: \u201cThe defendant believes that he may have been entrapped by a person known to him working with the police either for the purpose of incriminating this defendant or his co-defendant. In consequence he requires disclosure of all information and material touching upon this issue and informing the state of knowledge of the police prior to the stopping and arrest of the defendant and all such material shall be disclosed because failure to do so would mean unfairness to the defendant and would be in breach of Article 6 of the European Convention.\u201d\n\nB. The pre-trial disclosure proceedings\n\nOn 21 September 2001, the prosecution informed the applicant that it would apply ex parte for an order preventing disclosure. In non-jury trials in Northern Ireland, such an application is made to a judge other than the trial judge. That judge is designated by the Lord Chief Justice of Northern Ireland and is referred to as the \u201cdisclosure judge\u201d (see domestic law and practice below).\n\nThe applicant opposed the ex parte hearing of the prosecution's application by the disclosure judge. Having heard argument from counsel for the applicant and the prosecution, inter alia on the compatibility of an ex parte hearing with Article 6 of the Convention and the relevant case-law of the European Court of Human Rights, the disclosure judge, in an ex tempore judgment, found that it was proper to hear the application ex parte. He stated that while this Court's case-law suggested that ex parte applications without any notice to the defence were problematic, the present case was an ex parte application with notice. He stated: \u201c... the European Court has certainly not forbidden that procedure. It doesn't seem to me that I would be empowered to overrule the [relevant domestic legislation] on the basis of the findings of the European Court up to the moment, but the Court will do if this case reaches it, maybe another matter, but I would propose to hear the [prosecution's] application at present.\u201d\n\nOn 18 February 2002, the disclosure judge allowed the prosecution's application for non-disclosure. He outlined this Court's judgments in Rowe and Davis v. the United Kingdom [GC], no. 28901/95, \u00a7\u00a76 60-62, ECHR 2000\u2011II and Jasper v. the United Kingdom [GC], no. 27052/95, 16 February 2000 and continued: \u201c ... I have to consider, in the light of the defence of entrapment advanced on behalf of the accused, whether the material which is the subject of the application is such that it might be of assistance to the defence or in any way undermines any part of the prosecution case; whether in those circumstances it is necessary in the public interest to order non-disclosure and further, if disclosure is not to be provided, what steps are appropriate to protect the interests of the accused and ensure the fairness of the trial. My reason for conducting an ex parte hearing are as follows: in order to determine whether the material is such that the public interest requires its non-disclosure I must see the material and consider the evidence and arguments submitted by the prosecutor, and I must do so in the absence of the defendants and their representatives to protect the public interest until that decision is made. There was considerable debate in [Rowe and Davis] about the best way to deal procedurally with this situation. The majority took the view that it was important for the trial judge to see the material personally. That is certainly true if the material is not prejudicial to the accused and where the trial is before a judge and jury the effect of the judge seeing even prejudicial material may not be inconsistent with the fairness of the trial process. However, in the case [of] a non-jury trial it is obviously undesirable that prejudicial material which is not going to be part of the evidence in the case should be seen by the judge who will be tribunal of fact, especially if it is not disclosed to the defence. ... No procedure exists to ensure that an assessment of the possible value to the defence of such material other than by the prosecutor or at his request the trial judge can be made in the light of the evidence at the trial. We do not have \u201cspecial counsel\u201d to carry out such an exercise. In general the Court has to rely on the judgment and integrity of the prosecutor, who can monitor the issue of whether disclosure of such material to the trial judge may become necessary in the interests of justice. ... The considerations I applied in considering the prosecution's application were:\n\nIf it is compatible with the public interest then all relevant material should be disclosed;\n\nAll of the material for which non-disclosure is ordered and which is not prejudicial to the defendant should be available to the trial judge;\n\nThe prosecutor should monitor the continuing non-disclosure of potentially prejudicial material. In considering that matter it may be possible for the prosecutor to give some indication of the nature of the material to the defendant's advisors without disclosing that which it requires to keep secret so as to allow the latter to decide whether the material should be disclosed or not.\u201d He concluded: \u201cHaving considered the matter ex parte, I have decided that in the light of the defence statement none of the material which is the subject of the application before me is such that it might reasonably be expected to undermine the case for the prosecution or to assist the accused's defence. On the evidence before me I do not anticipate any circumstances which would result in the material becoming of value to the defence. I consider that it is not in the public interest to disclose the material and have ordered accordingly. I have prepared a statement of the reasons for my decision which shall remain confidential to the prosecutor and the trial judge.\u201d\n\nWhen the case next came before the trial judge on 17 and 19 June 2002, the applicant and his co-accused sought an adjournment of the proceedings. The trial judge indicated that he had not received the disclosure judge's ruling or the statement of reasons and did not intend to receive anything that had not been made available to the defence. He then consulted the disclosure judge who indicated that he was content that the trial judge did not see the reasons and did not require him to do so. The trial judge then suggested that one way of proceeding would be to appoint special counsel who would be shown the material and remain throughout the trial.\n\nA hearing took place on 1 August 2002 to allow the parties and counsel appearing for the Attorney-General made submissions as to whether it was appropriate either for special counsel to be appointed or for the trial judge himself to consider the undisclosed material. At that hearing, the trial judge indicated that he had by then read the ruling of the disclosure judge and the statement of reasons for his decision. The trial judge said that he considered that it was in the interests of justice that he should see the statement of reasons when the disclosure judge, in his ruling of 18 February 2002, had suggested that he should. He also stated that the statement of reasons referred to \u201ccertain items which could not in [the disclosure judge's] view prejudice the defence in any way if they were seen by me [the trial judge], but he also said that there were items which were capable of having a prejudicial effect on the trial if seen by the trial judge.\u201d He stressed that he had not himself seen the material seen by the disclosure judge.\n\nThe trial judge then heard submissions from the defence, prosecution and counsel for the Attorney-General. The latter argued that the question of disclosure should be referred back to the disclosure judge for his decision. Counsel for the applicant's co-accused also suggested that the trial judge recuse himself since he had seen the statement of reasons which had not been made available to the defence. The trial judge ruled that it was not appropriate for him to recuse himself. He explained that he had reconsidered his decision not to read the statement of reasons; he had come to the view that it was important for him to read the statement of reasons in case there was something in it which would be of relevance to his decision on whether to appoint special counsel or to read the undisclosed material himself. He added: \u201cThe fact that a judge had seen a document in a non-jury trial which has not been seen by the defence does not of necessity mean that the trial is made unfair or becomes unfair and, having seen the document and read it, I am absolutely satisfied that it does not create any reason why I should no longer act as the trial judge in this case.\u201d The trial judge also found that the disclosure judge was best equipped to know what procedural safeguards could be put in place as to the non-disclosed material, including whether it was appropriate to appoint special counsel, since he knew the nature of that material. He therefore referred the matter back to the disclosure judge.\n\nThe matter came before the disclosure judge on 13 September 2002. In an ex tempore judgment he ruled: \u201cThere is no further safeguard that I am aware of that would be of any assistance, that one could conceive would be of any assistance at this stage, and I would not regard the case as requiring the appointment of special counsel... The present reality is that I cannot foresee any circumstance in which the undisclosed material, that is the material undisclosed to the trial judge, would be of assistance to the defence. But it may be that the defence may advance a proposition or raise an issue that might by remote possibility make that so, and I think if the Crown concedes that that is the position then the Crown should make the matter known to the trial judge and consideration could be given then to referring back to me.\u201d The disclosure judge said there were two types of material involved. The first could not assist the applicant because it was adverse to him. The second related to police procedures, was general in nature and content, and did not relate directly to the applicant.\n\nC. The trial\n\nAt the applicant's trial it was established that ten police officers, in three cars, were on patrol in the general area of Lurgan and Craigavon at the time the car was intercepted. Those police officers who had attended a briefing at Mahon Road Station said that they were told that there was intelligence that loyalist paramilitaries were in possession of a firearm in the Lurgan/Craigavon area. One crew had travelled from Belfast, and they said they did not arrive in time for the briefing but they were told by radio that loyalist paramilitaries had obtained access to weapons. It emerged during cross-examination, based on logs obtained on disclosure, that at 10 p.m. a message was sent to control to the following effect: \u201c...a vehicle acting suspiciously at Parkmore, VRM - DDZ 1039, blue/green Renault 11.\u201d The information passed by control to the three patrol cars was recorded as: \u201c... blue/green Renault car acting suspiciously in the Craigavon area.\u201d No reference was made to the registration number, or \u201cParkmore\u201d in the controller's message to the patrols. The case made on behalf of the applicant at trial was that the reason that the controller did not pass to those on the ground the registration number of the Renault and information as to the place where it was last seen, was that this was an operation in which police were already in position waiting for the applicant's car to appear. All police officers to whom this suggestion was made denied it.\n\nOn 8 October 2002, during the cross-examination of one police officer, counsel for the applicant also argued that, in order to advance the defence of entrapment, further disclosure was required. The trial judge replied: \u201cCounsel for the prosecution has heard what you have got to say. If he feels that there is information that would assist you I have no doubt he will go back to [the disclosure judge] and ask him about it, but beyond that I can't go.\u201d\n\nAt the conclusion of the case for the prosecution the trial judge was invited to rule that there was no case for the applicant to answer and to stay the proceedings on the grounds of entrapment. The trial judge rejected both applications. As to the former, he concluded that the circumstantial evidence was such that a jury properly directed could be satisfied, to the requisite standard of proof, that the applicant was in voluntary possession by actual or potential control of the items that were in the car when the police began their pursuit with knowledge of what was kept or controlled. There was a clear inference to be drawn that from the nature of the items that were thrown from the car and those that were found in it after it came to a halt that the applicant was in possession of the firearms in connection with terrorist activities. As to the latter, after referring to the case of R. v. Looseley (see paragraph 33 below), the trial judge ruled: \u201cAlthough, as was suggested in cross examination the police may have been in possession of more information than was revealed at the trial I did not find any evidence to suggest that the conduct of the police could in any way affront the public conscience and I therefore declined to stay the proceedings.\u201d\n\nWhen the trial resumed, the applicant did not give evidence and no other evidence was called on behalf of the defence. On 12 November 2002 the applicant was convicted by the trial judge, without a jury, of two offences: possession of firearms and ammunition with intent, contrary to Article 17 of the Firearms (NI) Order 1981; and possession of articles for a purpose connected with terrorism, contrary to section 32(1) of the Northern Ireland (Emergency Provisions) Act 1996. The trial judge found that taking the circumstantial evidence and the inferences to be drawn from it and, using as support adverse inferences to be drawn from the applicant's silence when questioned by the police and his failure to give evidence, he was satisfied of the applicant's guilt of the two offences beyond reasonable doubt.\n\nThe applicant was sentenced to concurrent terms of imprisonment of twelve years and two years respectively. His co-accused, M., had pleaded guilty on the opening day of the trial and was sentenced to nine years' imprisonment for the offence of possession of firearms and ammunition with intent and to two years' imprisonment concurrent for the offence of having articles for a purpose connected with terrorism.\n\nD. The Court of Appeal judgment\n\nThe applicant appealed against his conviction on both charges. On 28 October 2004, the Court of Appeal in Northern Ireland unanimously dismissed the appeal. The non-disclosed material was not considered by the Court of Appeal before it gave judgment. Instead, it considered the House of Lords ruling in R. v. H and C [2004] A.C. 134 (see paragraph 32 below) and reviewed this Court's judgments in Rowe and Davis and Jasper, both cited above; Fitt v. the United Kingdom [GC], no. 29777/96, ECHR 2000\u2011II; Edwards and Lewis v. the United Kingdom, nos. 39647/98 and 40461/98, 22 July 2003 and Dowsett v. the United Kingdom, no. 39482/98, ECHR 2003\u2011VII.\n\nIn respect of Edwards and Lewis, having quoted paragraphs 57-59 of the Court's judgment, the Court of Appeal observed: \u201cThe fact specific nature of the cases is apparent from these passages. The trial judges had to deal directly with the defence of entrapment and the material produced to them may well have sounded on that issue. Moreover there was plainly prejudicial material in the evidence that the judges saw but which was denied to the defence. Not only were the defence put at a disadvantage because they could not contribute to the assessment that the judges were making but, in Edwards' case, prejudicial material was put before the judge as well.\u201d\n\nIt went on to state that from the relevant case-law of this Court the following principles could be recognised: \u201cFull disclosure of any material held by the prosecution which weakens the prosecution case or strengthens that of the defendant should be made. Minimum derogation from this golden rule is permissible where full adherence would create risk of serious prejudice to an important public interest. The judge dealing with an application for non-disclosure must have a full understanding and appreciation on an ongoing basis of all the issues in the trial and in particular the nature of the defence. The appointment of special counsel will always be exceptional. It should not be ordered unless the trial judge is satisfied that no other course will adequately meet the over-riding requirements of fairness to the defendant.\u201d\n\nIn applying those principles to the applicant's case, it found that the applicant's defence of entrapment was well known to the trial judge, the prosecution, and the disclosure judge and no other issue had been identified that might sound on the question of disclosure. The disclosure judge had been unable to envisage any circumstances in which the non-disclosed material could assist the defence either by enhancing the case that was being made for the applicant or by undermining or weakening the prosecution case. Furthermore, it agreed with the disclosure judge that there had been no need for special counsel to be appointed and there was nothing to indicate that the material characterised by the disclosure judge as wholly irrelevant to the applicant's defence might have suddenly become relevant. It rejected the applicant's contention that the disclosure judge should have obtained a daily transcript of the trial and examined it for any sign of material that might have assisted the applicant's case; this was not a case where a daily transcript would have been warranted as no new line of defence ever emerged that might have prompted a reconsideration of the disclosure judge's decision that the material did not assist the applicant.\n\nOn the availability of the disclosure judge's statement of reasons to the trial judge, the Court of Appeal found: \u201cThe trial judge did not read the statement of reasons given by the disclosure judge before the first hearing on the question of disclosure. The circumstances in which he considered these before the second hearing on this issue are not entirely clear. In general, where material is not to be released to a defendant, it will be inappropriate for the trial judge in a non-jury case to see it. In the present case the trial judge made clear that he had not seen any material that was adverse to the [applicant] and [counsel for the applicant] did not dispute this statement. In the particular circumstances of the present case, therefore, the trial judge's consideration of this material has not brought about any unfairness to the appellant and we do not consider that this rendered his conviction in any way unsafe.\u201d\n\nThe Court of Appeal further rejected the applicant's argument that the trial judge had given insufficient weight to the entrapment theory. The Court of Appeal noted that it had been the central plank of the applicant's defence and had been thoroughly explored not only in cross-examination of the witnesses but in extensive canvassing of the various \u201ccoincidences\u201d relied on by the applicant: the trial judge had had the advantage of hearing the witnesses give evidence about these matters and had the opportunity to assess them as they gave their explanations as to the circumstances in which they came to be involved with the applicant.\n\nAfter dismissing the appeal, the Court of Appeal, on 19 November 2004, also refused to certify a point of law of general importance or grant leave to appeal to the House of Lords.", "applicant": "Clifford George McKeown", "offset": 1195, "idx_mapping": [1195, 1195, 1195, 1195, 1195, 1195, 1195, 1195, 1195, 1195, 1195, 1195, 1195, 1218, 1219, 1220, 1221, 1222, 1223, 1224, 1225, 1226, 1227, 1228, 1229, 1230, 1231, 1232, 1233, 1234, 1235, 1236, 1237, 1238, 1239, 1240, 1241, 1242, 1243, 1244, 1245, 1246, 1247, 1248, 1249, 1250, 1251, 1252, 1253, 1254, 1255, 1256, 1257, 1258, 1259, 1260, 1261, 1262, 1263, 1264, 1265, 1266, 1267, 1268, 1269, 1270, 1271, 1272, 1273, 1274, 1275, 1276, 1277, 1278, 1279, 1280, 1281, 1282, 1283, 1284, 1285, 1286, 1287, 1288, 1289, 1290, 1291, 1292, 1293, 1294, 1295, 1296, 1297, 1298, 1299, 1300, 1301, 1195, 1195, 1195, 1195, 1195, 1195, 1195, 1195, 1195, 1195, 1195, 1195, 1195, 1325, 1326, 1327, 1328, 1329, 1330, 1331, 1332, 1333, 1334, 1335, 1336, 1337, 1338, 1339, 1340, 1341, 1342, 1343, 1344, 1345, 1346, 1347, 1348, 1349, 1350, 1351, 1352, 1353, 1354, 1355, 1356, 1357, 1358, 1359, 1360, 1361, 1362, 1363, 1364, 1365, 1366, 1367, 1368, 1369, 1195, 1195, 1195, 1195, 1195, 1195, 1195, 1195, 1195, 1195, 1195, 1195, 1195, 1393, 1394, 1395, 1396, 1397, 1398, 1399, 1400, 1401, 1402, 1403, 1404, 1405, 1406, 1407, 1408, 1409, 1410, 1411, 1412, 1413, 1414, 1415, 1416, 1417, 1418, 1419, 1420, 1421, 1422, 1423, 1424, 1425, 1426, 1427, 1428, 1429, 1430, 1431, 1432, 1433, 1434, 1435, 1436, 1437, 1438, 1439, 1440, 1441, 1442, 1443, 1444, 1445, 1446, 1447, 1448, 1449, 1450, 1451, 1452, 1453, 1454, 1455, 1456, 1457, 1458, 1459, 1460, 1461, 1462, 1463, 1464, 1465, 1466, 1467, 1468, 1469, 1470, 1471, 1472, 1473, 1474, 1475, 1476, 1477, 1478, 1479, 1480, 1481, 1482, 1483, 1484, 1485, 1486, 1487, 1488, 1489, 1490, 1491, 1492, 1493, 1494, 1495, 1496, 1497, 1498, 1499, 1500, 1501, 1502, 1503, 1504, 1505, 1506, 1507, 1508, 1509, 1510, 1511, 1512, 1513, 1514, 1515, 1516, 1517, 1518, 1519, 1520, 1521, 1522, 1523, 1524, 1525, 1526, 1527, 1528, 1529, 1530, 1531, 1532, 1533, 1534, 1535, 1536, 1537, 1538, 1539, 1540, 1541, 1542, 1543, 1544, 1545, 1546, 1547, 1548, 1549, 1550, 1551, 1552, 1553, 1554, 1555, 1556, 1557, 1558, 1559, 1560, 1561, 1562, 1563, 1564, 1565, 1566, 1567, 1568, 1569, 1570, 1571, 1572, 1573, 1574, 1575, 1576, 1577, 1578, 1579, 1580, 1581, 1582, 1583, 1584, 1585, 1586, 1587, 1588, 1589, 1590, 1591, 1592, 1593, 1594, 1595, 1596, 1597, 1598, 1599, 1600, 1601, 1602, 1603, 1604, 1605], "duplicates": 1}
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Jane Smith is a gypsy by birth. Since her birth she has travelled constantly, mainly in the Surrey area, with her family in search of work. After marrying her husband, A, approximately 20 years ago, this nomadic way of life continued. They have five children, born in 1975, 1977, 1982, 1989 and 1994. Jane Smith and A are illiterate, as, due to their way of life, they have received little, if any, formal education.
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"check", "end_offset": 20404, "entity_id": "001-59158_a8_e52", "entity_mention_id": "001-59158_a8_em149", "entity_type": "LOC", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Green Belt", "start_offset": 20394}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 20550, "entity_id": "001-59158_a8_e52", "entity_mention_id": "001-59158_a8_em150", "entity_type": "LOC", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Green Belt", "start_offset": 20540}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 20626, "entity_id": "001-59158_a8_e102", "entity_mention_id": "001-59158_a8_em151", "entity_type": "QUANTITY", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "40%", "start_offset": 20623}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 20681, "entity_id": "001-59158_a8_e48", "entity_mention_id": "001-59158_a8_em152", "entity_type": "LOC", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Runnymede", "start_offset": 20672}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 20718, "entity_id": "001-59158_a8_e52", "entity_mention_id": "001-59158_a8_em153", "entity_type": "LOC", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Green Belt", "start_offset": 20708}]}, "annotator9": null}, "quality_checked": [], "task": "Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Jane Smith", "meta": {"applicant": "Jane Smith", "articles": [91, 34, 54, 34, 44, 32, 34, 112, 49, 45, 50, 34, 44, 32, 34, 112, 49, 45, 49, 34, 44, 32, 34, 49, 52, 34, 44, 32, 34, 56, 34, 44, 32, 34, 51, 54, 34, 93], "countries": "GBR", "legal_branch": "GRANDCHAMBER", "year": 2001}, "doc_id": "001-59158", "dataset_type": "train", "orig_text": "PROCEDURE\n\nThe case was referred to the Court, in accordance with the provisions applicable prior to the entry into force of Protocol No. 11 to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (\u201cthe Convention\u201d),0 by the European Commission of Human Rights (\u201cthe Commission\u201d) on 30 October 1999 and by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (\u201cthe Government\u201d), on 10 December 1999 (Article 5 \u00a7 4 of Protocol No. 11 and former Articles 47 and 48 of the Convention).\n\nThe case originated in an application (no. 25154/94) against the United Kingdom lodged with the Commission under former Article 25 of the Convention by a British citizen, Mrs Jane Smith (\u201cthe applicant\u201d), on 4 May 1994.\n\nThe applicant alleged that planning and enforcement measures taken against her in respect of her occupation of her land in her caravans violated her right to respect for home, her family and private life contrary to Article 8 of the Convention. She complained that these measures also disclosed an interference with the peaceful enjoyment of her possessions contrary to Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 to the Convention and that she had no effective access to court to challenge the decisions taken by the planning authorities contrary to Article 6 of the Convention. She further complained that she was subject to discrimination as a gypsy contrary to Article 14 of the Convention and that her children had been denied education contrary to Article 2 of Protocol No. 1.\n\nThe Commission declared the application admissible on 4 March 1998. In its report of 25 October 1999 (former Article 31 of the Convention), it expressed the opinion that there had been no violation of Article 8 of the Convention (18 votes to 8), that there had been no violation of Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 (21 votes to 5), that there had been no violation of Article 2 of Protocol No. 1 (21 votes to 5), that there had been no violation of Article 6 of the Convention (24 votes to 2) and that there had been no violation of Article 14 of the Convention (18 votes to 8).0\n\nBefore the Court the applicant, who had been granted legal aid, was represented by Messrs Lance Kent and Co., solicitors practising in Berkhamsted. The United Kingdom Government were represented by their Agent, Mr Llewellyn of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office.\n\nOn 13 December 1999, the panel of the Grand Chamber determined that the case should be decided by the Grand Chamber (Rule 100 \u00a7 1 of the Rules of Court). The composition of the Grand Chamber was determined according to the provisions of Article 27 \u00a7\u00a7 2 and 3 of the Convention and Rule 24 of the Rules of Court. Sir Nicolas Bratza, the judge elected in respect of the United Kingdom, who had taken part in the Commission\u2019s examination of the case, withdrew from sitting in the Grand Chamber (Rule 28). The Government accordingly appointed Lord Justice Schiemann to sit as an ad hoc judge in his place (Article 27 \u00a7 2 of the Convention and Rule 29 \u00a7 1).\n\nThe applicant and the Government each filed a memorial. Third-party comments were also received from European Roma Rights Centre, which had been given leave by the President to intervene in the written procedure (Article 36 \u00a7 2 of the Convention and Rule 61 \u00a7 3).\n\nA hearing took place in public in the Human Rights Building, Strasbourg, on 24 May 2000 (Rule 59 \u00a7 2). There appeared before the Court: (a) for the respondent Government Mr H. Llewellyn, Agent, Mr D. Pannick Q.C., Mr D. Elvin Q.C., Mr M. Shaw, Counsel, Mr D. Russell, Mr S. Marshall-Camm, Advisers; (b) for the applicant Mr R. Drabble Q.C., Mr T. Jones, Mr M. Hunt, Counsel, Mrs D. Allen, Solicitor. The Court heard addresses by Mr Drabble and Mr Pannick.\n\nOn 29 November 2000, Mr Makarczyk, who was unable to take part in further consideration of the case, was replaced by Mr Bonello (Rules 24 \u00a7 5 (b) and 28).\n\nTHE FACTS\n\nI. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE\n\nThe applicant is a gypsy by birth. Since her birth she has travelled constantly, mainly in the Surrey area, with her family in search of work. After marrying her husband, A, approximately 20 years ago, this nomadic way of life continued. They have five children, born in 1975, 1977, 1982, 1989 and 1994.\n\nThe applicant and A are illiterate, as, due to their way of life, they have received little, if any, formal education. They regard travelling as detrimental to both the health of their family and to the education of their children. The applicant suffers from depression, her husband from severe gout and several of her children are asthmatic.\n\nIn pursuit of a more stable existence, the applicant and her husband applied repeatedly throughout the years for places on many of the local private and official sites in Surrey including the official sites in Runnymede. Their applications proved unsuccessful as all the sites were full with long waiting lists. Consequently, the applicant and her husband had no option but to continue travelling. They were required to move on from roadside to roadside on innumerable occasions. For a period of time they stayed at a private site but when it was redeveloped as an official site, they were forced to move on as no space was available for them. In 1984 they stayed on a relative\u2019s site for a period of time but were forced to leave. While the Government have suggested that in fact the applicants owned this land and that it received planning permission, this was denied by the applicant. According to the applicant, the land belonged to her brother. When, following his divorce, the land was ordered to be sold by the court as part of the financial settlement, the applicant had to leave.\n\nIn March 1993, the applicant bought land known as 111A Almners Road, Runnymede. It was a portion of a garden in a Green Belt area where there was already some residential development. The applicant moved a mobile home onto the land and took up residence with her family. In a declaration dated 7 March 1996 the applicant\u2019s uncle, Jasper Smith, a member of the Gypsy Council and an employee of Surrey County Council, stated that he had attempted on numerous occasions prior to 1993 to obtain a site on an official site on behalf of the applicant without success.\n\nOn 25 June 1993, Runnymede Borough Council (\u201cthe Council\u201d) rejected the applicant\u2019s application to join the waiting list for rented council accommodation on the basis that they had not lived in the borough for a minimum of three years. The applicant alleged that by this time they had lived for many years in the Runnymede area, although they had been compelled to move on frequently from place to place.\n\nIn 1988, the High Court had granted a declaration that Surrey County Council was in breach of its duty under section 6 of the Caravan Sites Act 1968 to provide provision for gypsies (R. v. Secretary of State ex parte Smith [1988] C.O.D. 3). In June 1989, the Secretary of State issued a direction under section 9 of the 1968 Act directing that 190 caravans should be accommodated. However, on 18 August 1989, the Borough of Runnymede was declared a designated area pursuant to section 12 of the Caravan Sites Act 1968. The area was designated on the basis that it was not expedient for adequate provision to be made for gypsies residing in or resorting to the borough.\n\nThe previous owner of 111A Almners Road, also a gypsy, had been refused planning permission in January 1993 to live on the land in a caravan on the basis that it conflicted with local and national planning policies. The Council considered that the stationing of a caravan would be detrimental to the character of the Green Belt. An enforcement notice had been issued requiring discontinuance of the unauthorised use. The applicant was aware of this situation and the fact that the previous owner had appealed to the Secretary of State for the Environment against the refusal of planning permission and the enforcement order. When the applicant purchased the land, she was advised that there was a special concession for granting planning permission to gypsies in Green Belt areas under Circular 28/77. Accordingly, she took over the appeal from the previous owner.\n\nOn 20 April 1993, a Public Enquiry was held. An Inspector appointed by the Department of Environment heard evidence and representations from the applicant and the Council. By a letter dated 3 June 1993, the Inspector dismissed the appeal. \u201c10. The mobile home is situated on an enclosed plot of land fronting Almners Road, adjacent to No. 111. This land is separated from the adjacent house by a screen fence, which continues along the rear boundary of the appeal site. The site is contained on its other side boundary by a row of conifer trees. The land has a frontage of about 19 m to the road, most of which is formed by a hedge. \u2026\n\nFrom my inspection of the site and its surroundings and from the representations made I consider that there are two main issues\u2026 Firstly, whether the use of the land as a residential caravan site for a mobile home and associated operational development is appropriate to this part of the Metropolitan Green Belt; and, if not, secondly, whether there are very special circumstances that would justify the retention of inappropriate development in the Green Belt.\n\nOn the first issue, the use of land as a residential caravan site is not one of the purposes listed as being appropriate to the green belt in Planning Policy Guidance Note 2 (PPG2). However, policy C4 of the approved Surrey Structure Plan 1989 and policy PE2 of \u2026 the Replacement Structure Plan 1992 provide that gypsy caravan sites may be appropriate and necessary in the green belt, but they will not be considered acceptable as of right.\n\nThe appeals site lies within the south west sector of the Metropolitan Green Belt. This section is described as containing valuable green wedges which thrust inwards to the Thames west of Molesey. Lyne is a small settlement located within one of these wedges. Given its location within a narrow stretch of generally open countryside between Virginia Water and Chertsey I agree with the council that the appeals site lies within a particularly sensitive part of the green belt.\n\nFrom my own observations I agree \u2026 that Almners Road comprises three distinct parts and that the appeals site lies within the significant gap between Nos 99 and 131 which is predominantly rural in character despite the presence of Nos 109 and 111. The rustic feel of the locality is enhanced by the woodlands to the rear of [the applicants\u2019] land and the field on the opposite side\u2026 Notwithstanding the previous use of the land as part of the garden of No. 111, the unauthorised use and works represent an encroachment of additional development into a predominantly rural locality. It also contributes towards the coalescence of the nearby built up frontages on Almners Road and thereby the merger of nearby settlements. As a result I consider that the development subject to the appeals conflicts with the second and third objectives of government green belt policy listed in PPG2. \u2026\n\nWhilst the mobile home is set behind the front of the adjoining house and its range of visibility from the other direction on Almners Road is limited by conifers on its western boundary, it, and the related operational development is significantly different to the character of the touring caravans that are parked in some of the nearby gardens, which are incidental to the enjoyment of the residential curtilages within which they stand. Notwithstanding the support of some nearby residents, I consider that the discernible presence of the unauthorised development on the appeals site is harmful to the appearance of this mainly rural location. \u2026 In light of this and its particular impact on the aims of green belt policy, I conclude \u2026 that the use of the land for a residential caravan site for a mobile home and associated operational development is not appropriate to this part of the Metropolitan Green Belt.\n\nTurning to my second issue, Circular 28/77 states that it may be necessary to accept the establishment of gypsy caravan sites in green belt areas and that there are advantages in gypsies providing their own sites. However, in designating Runnymede under the Caravan Sites Act 1968 on the grounds of expediency the Secretary of State gave significant weight to the extent of and characteristics of the green belt within the borough and the number of sites that had already been provided within these areas. \u2026\n\nCircular 28/77 advises that after a district or borough has been designated, authorities may have to be prepared to increase the provision they have made if there is a subsequent expansion of the gypsy population in their area and it is nearly 4 years since the designation of Runnymede in June 1989. However since then the quarterly surveys indicate that the number of vans parked illegally in the borough has tended to decline. Consequently, having regard to the reasons given for designation, there does not appear to be a case at this time for permitting additional gypsy caravan sites, in the green belt in Runnymede, contrary to policies H12 and H09, unless there are very special circumstances.\n\nHaving regard to the personal circumstances of [the applicants] none of the family requires regular hospital treatment and I do not consider the ailments of [the applicant and her husband] and two of their children are so exceptional or debilitating as to constitute compelling reasons for allowing inappropriate development in the green belt. Whilst I sympathise with [the applicants\u2019] aim to have the two youngest children educated, only one of these is currently at school and there is no evidence that this locality is preferable to any other in terms of access to educational facilities.\n\nI can appreciate [the applicants\u2019] current desire to settle in one place but there is no specific reason why this has to be in the green belt. With regard to the consequences of [the applicants] having to vacate the site you state that they would have no alternative to reverting to their previous existence of moving from one unauthorised site to another, with consequent hardship for the family and inconvenience to the general public. In this respect \u2026 the borough and district councils have no record that [the applicants] have sought a place on any of the official sites and [the applicant] stated that she has not enquired whether there was any space on any of the sites occupied by her relatives. Additionally, it would be open to [the applicants] to seek priority housing from the Council.\n\n\u2026 I accept that [the applicant and her husband] have lived and worked in this area for some time and that it might not be possible to accommodate [their] mobile home on any authorised site within the area. However, on the basis of the evidence at the inquiry I am not convinced that all avenues relating to possible alternative accommodation have been fully explored. I am not, therefore, assured that [the applicants] inevitably would have to return to living on unauthorised sites\u2026 In any event, I am not persuaded that such a consequence \u2026 together with any limited benefits that might arise in terms of the health and education of the family represent very special circumstances that would justify the retention of this inappropriate development in this particularly sensitive part of the Metropolitan Green Belt. \u2026\u201d\n\nThe applicant remained on her land in the caravan as the family had not been offered a place on an official campsite and thus had no alternative legal site to place their caravan.\n\nOn 29 July 1993, the applicant applied to the Council for planning permission to build a bungalow, of which there were already some 20 on Almners Road. The Council refused planning permission. On 16 September 1993, the applicant appealed this decision by written statement as she could not afford a public enquiry.\n\nOn 29 November 1993, an Inspector appointed by the Department of the Environment dismissed the appeal on similar grounds to the earlier appeal, namely that the bungalow was inappropriate within the Green Belt and that there were no special circumstances which would override the strong presumption against such a development, which in this case would contribute to the coalescence of existing developments and further diminish the rural character of the area. As a consequence, the applicant and her husband were in breach of the enforcement notice and liable to receive a summons issued by the Council for breach of Planning Regulations.\n\nInjunction proceedings were instituted against the applicant and her family by the Council. On 5 September 1994, the Council obtained an injunction in the High Court requiring the applicant and her family to move off their land immediately. The applicant applied for judicial review of this decision and was granted limited legal aid. However, she received counsel\u2019s opinion which advised that the application was doomed to failure.\n\nIn light of the new Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994, which came into force on 3 November 1994, the applicant, in fear of being on the roadside, applied to be placed on the local authority homeless list on 4 August 1994. The Council informed the applicant\u2019s solicitors on 4 November 1994 that the applicant had been placed on the list.\n\nThe applicant was offered accommodation in two flats in a town. However, the rent was excessively high and there was no facility to keep her husband\u2019s van nor his tarmacadaming and landscape gardening equipment. Moreover, the environment next to a busy, treeless road was contrary to the country existence which she and her family had enjoyed all their lives. They have applied for accommodation in a more natural environment but no offer has yet been made. The Council had previously offered three alternative pieces of land which were subsequently withdrawn due to a methane gas leak, boggy ground and vicinity to a rubbish dump respectively.\n\nThe local authority has stated that, in the event that the applicant is forced to leave the site, the authority will provide temporary accommodation for her until permanent accommodation becomes available. However, in view of the restrictions on development within the Green Belt, all accommodation offered will be in urban areas.\n\nThe 1995 Annual Report from Surrey County Council planning department revealed that following the coming into force of the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 the County Council no longer had an obligation to identify new gypsy caravan sites and that unless very special circumstances were proved it was unlikely that new sites would be allowed in Green Belt and sensitive areas. The statistics for 1994 showed that the official sites in the area catered for 44 caravans while there were another 26 caravans on unauthorised sites.\n\nThe applicant stated that in May 1997 the local authority decided to institute proceedings against her. Though no proceedings were issued, the Council threatened to do so from time to time and she lived under the threat of committal for contempt. The applicant\u2019s husband continued to suffer from severe gout and was recently in hospital for treatment. He and the applicant both suffer from depression. Her eldest son, his wife, their son and baby lived with her, as well as three other children. The applicant\u2019s children of school age were attending the local school regularly. The applicant stated that she continued to visit gypsy sites to see whether pitches were available but she has not been offered a pitch on any site and has not received any visits from the local authority.\n\nIn the Runnymede area, there were two local authority sites accommodating 50 caravans. In addition there were 12 caravans on authorised sites and 18 caravans on unauthorised sites. The applicant submitted that since the 1989 direction by the Secretary of State only 22 additional pitches were provided. Since 1996, there had been no increase in provision in either public or private sites and no decrease in the number of unlawful encampments. The applicant submitted that all the area of the Council was in the Metropolitan Green Belt area while the Government stated that only a large part of it was. The diagram and materials submitted from the Surrey Structure Plan 1994 indicates that 70% of the County was Green Belt, 20% urban and 10% countryside beyond the Green Belt, which includes some areas designated as areas of outstanding natural beauty (AONB) or designated landscape value (ADLV). Parts of the Green Belt area are also classed as AONB and ADLV. AONB and ADLV areas account for 40% of the County. 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| 1
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Ulf Arne Hammern was born in 1949 and lives in Bjugn. On 10 March 1992 the head of the social services in the municipality of Bjugn contacted the local police after having received reports from Botngård kindergarten indicating that Ulf Arne Hammern, who was an assistant at the kindergarten at the time, had sexually abused one or more of the children there. Subsequently, a criminal investigation was carried out. On 13 March 1992 Ulf Arne Hammern was interrogated. He denied the accusations.
|
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"span_text": "Mr Hammern", "start_offset": 12192}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 12434, "entity_id": "001-60931_a8_e29", "entity_mention_id": "001-60931_a8_em123", "entity_type": "PERSON", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Mr Hammern", "start_offset": 12424}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 12605, "entity_id": "001-60931_a8_e61", "entity_mention_id": "001-60931_a8_em124", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "High Court's", "start_offset": 12593}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 12729, "entity_id": "001-60931_a8_e52", "entity_mention_id": "001-60931_a8_em125", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "High Court", "start_offset": 12719}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "insert", "end_offset": 12895, "entity_id": "001-60931_a8_e75", "entity_mention_id": "001-60931_a8_em126", "entity_type": "QUANTITY", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "10 children", "start_offset": 12884}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 13312, "entity_id": "001-60931_a8_e29", "entity_mention_id": "001-60931_a8_em127", "entity_type": "PERSON", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Mr Hammern", "start_offset": 13302}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 14031, "entity_id": "001-60931_a8_e29", "entity_mention_id": "001-60931_a8_em128", "entity_type": "PERSON", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Mr Hammern", "start_offset": 14021}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 14124, "entity_id": "001-60931_a8_e52", "entity_mention_id": "001-60931_a8_em129", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "High Court", "start_offset": 14114}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 14520, "entity_id": "001-60931_a8_e29", "entity_mention_id": "001-60931_a8_em130", "entity_type": "PERSON", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Mr Hammern", "start_offset": 14510}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 14608, "entity_id": "001-60931_a8_e52", "entity_mention_id": "001-60931_a8_em131", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "High Court", "start_offset": 14598}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 14946, "entity_id": "001-60931_a8_e52", "entity_mention_id": "001-60931_a8_em132", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "High Court", "start_offset": 14936}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 15143, "entity_id": "001-60931_a8_e66", "entity_mention_id": "001-60931_a8_em133", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Appeals Selection Committee", "start_offset": 15116}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "insert", "end_offset": 15169, "entity_id": "001-60931_a8_e52", "entity_mention_id": "001-60931_a8_em134", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "High Court", "start_offset": 15159}]}, "annotator9": null}, "quality_checked": [], "task": "Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Ulf Arne Hammern", "meta": {"applicant": "Ulf Arne Hammern", "articles": [91, 34, 54, 34, 93], "countries": "NOR", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2003}, "doc_id": "001-60931", "dataset_type": "train", "orig_text": "PROCEDURE\n\nThe case originated in an application (no. 30287/96) against the Kingdom of Norway lodged with the European Commission of Human Rights (\u201cthe Commission\u201d) under former Article 25 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (\u201cthe Convention\u201d) by a Norwegian national, Mr Ulf Arne Hammern (\u201cthe applicant\u201d), on 14 December 1995.\n\nThe applicant was represented by Mr C. Wiig, a lawyer practising in Trondheim. The Norwegian Government (\u201cthe Government\u201d) were represented by Mr F. Elgesem, who acted as Agent until he left the Attorney-General's Office (Civil Matters) in June 2002. Thereafter, they were represented by Mr H. Harborg of that office.\n\nThe applicant alleged a violation of Article 6 \u00a7 2 of the Convention on account of the reasoning relied on by the Norwegian courts in refusing his compensation claim with respect to damage sustained in criminal proceedings in which he had been acquitted.\n\nThe application was transmitted to the Court on 1 November 1998, when Protocol No. 11 to the Convention came into force (Article 5 \u00a7 2 of Protocol No. 11).\n\nThe application was allocated to the former Third Section of the Court (Rule 52 \u00a7 1 of the Rules of Court). Within that Section, the Chamber that would consider the case (Article 27 \u00a7 1 of the Convention) was constituted as provided in Rule 26 \u00a7 1.\n\nOn 11 September 2001 the Chamber decided that, in the interests of the proper administration of justice, the proceedings in the present case should be conducted simultaneously with those in the case of O v. Norway, Ringvold v. Norway and Y v. Norway (applications nos. 29327/95, 34964/97 and 56568/00 \u2013 Rule 43 \u00a7 2).\n\nBy a decision of the aforementioned date the Court declared the application admissible.\n\nOn 1 November 2001 the Court changed the composition of its Sections (Rule 25 \u00a7 1). However, this case was retained by the former Third Section.\n\nA hearing took place in public in the Human Rights Building, Strasbourg, on 17 September 2002 (Rule 59 \u00a7 2). There appeared before the Court: (a) for the Government Mr H. Harborg, Attorney-General's Office, (Civil matters) Agent, Mr F. Elgesem, Advokat, Counsel/Adviser Mr K. Kallerud, Senior Public Prosecutor, Office of the Director of Public Prosecutors, Ms E. Holmedal, Attorney, Attorney-General's Office (Civil matters), Ms T. Steen, Attorney, Attorney-General's Office, Advisers; (b) for the applicant Mr C. Wiig, Advokat, Counsel, Mr U. Hammern, Applicant. The Court heard addresses by Mr Krokeide (counsel for Mr O, who pleaded the common issues relevant to both his case and that of Mr Hammern), Mr Wiig and Mr Elgesem.\n\nTHE FACTS\n\nI. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE\n\nThe applicant was born in 1949 and lives in Bjugn.\n\nOn 10 March 1992 the head of the social services in the municipality of Bjugn contacted the local police after having received reports from Botng\u00e5rd kindergarten indicating that the applicant, who was an assistant at the kindergarten at the time, had sexually abused one or more of the children there. Subsequently, a criminal investigation was carried out. On 13 March 1992 the applicant was interrogated. He denied the accusations. On the same date he was suspended from his post.\n\nOn 1 September 1992 the applicant was formally indicted with respect to various offences under Articles 195, 198 and 228 of the Penal Code (straffeloven) concerning the sexual abuse of minors, allegedly committed against two children at the kindergarten, and under Article 192 of the Penal Code with respect to one of them. On 12 October 1992 the indictment was extended to 14 children at the kindergarten and, on 21 October 1992, a new indictment was issued involving 15 children. On 9 January 1993 the indictment was again extended to offences of sexual abuse of 36 named children and an unknown number of children at the kindergarten.\n\nOn the latter date, 6 further persons were indicted for sexual offences in relation to the same matter: the applicant's wife, two employees at the kindergarten and the local sheriff.\n\nAs a result of the above, the applicant spent three periods in pre-trial detention \u2013 respectively 7, 7 and 32 days \u2013 a total of 46 days. In the course of the investigations, three searches were carried out at the applicant's home.\n\nOn 22 September 1993 the applicant was formally indicted under Articles 195, 198 and 213 of the Penal Code for having allegedly committed various offences of sexual abuse against 10 kindergarten children.\n\nOn the same date the charges against the six other accused persons were dropped. They later claimed compensation under Articles 444 to 446 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (straffeprosessloven). The local sheriff obtained a settlement of NOK 200,000 in compensation for non-pecuniary damage; the five others obtained a court order requiring the State to pay NOK 200,000 to each of them. The applicant's wife obtained, in addition, NOK 140,000 in compensation for pecuniary damage.\n\nThe applicant's trial took place before the Frostating High Court (lagmannsrett), sitting with three judges and a jury, over a period of 43 days, between 15 November 1993 and 31 January 1994. After the jury had answered all of the 25 questions relating to the indictment in the negative, the applicant was acquitted by a judgment of 31 January 1994.\n\nThe applicant subsequently filed a petition with the High Court, claiming compensation under Articles 444 to 446 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. The High Court, sitting with two of the judges who had taken part in the trial and a new judge (replacing the judge who had presided at the trial, disqualified from sitting in the compensation case), held an oral hearing between 13 and 15 February 1995. In its decision of 28 February 1995, the High Court ordered the State to award him the entirety of his claim of NOK 45,000 in compensation for pecuniary damage under Article 445, according to which provision such \u201ccompensation for special or disproportionate damage as a consequence of the criminal prosecution\u201d could be awarded as was \u201creasonable in the circumstances\u201d. Moreover, under Article 446, cf. 445, the High Court awarded him NOK 125,000 in compensation for non-pecuniary damage suffered as a result of the prosecution. However, on the basis of an assessment, the relevant parts of which are quoted in the Supreme Court's (H\u00f8yesterett) decision cited below (paragraph 23), the High Court rejected his claim for supplementary compensation under Article 444, it not having been shown probable that he did not commit the act which was the basis of the charge. The High Court referred to the evidence presented during the trial hearing between November 1993 and January 1994 and during the oral hearing in the compensation case in February 1995.\n\nThe applicant appealed against the High Court's decision of 28 February 1995 to the Appeals Selection Committee of the Supreme Court (H\u00f8yesteretts kj\u00e6rem\u00e5lsutvalg). He complained that the High Court's decision contained assumptions of criminal liability and that, consequently, it violated Article 6 \u00a7 2 of the Convention. He requested the Supreme Court to quash the High Court's decision.\n\nBy a decision of 8 June 1995, notified to the applicant by mail on 20 July 1995, the Appeals Selection Committee, considering that the applicant's appeal concerned the High Court's application of Article 444 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, rejected the appeal.\n\nIn its reasoning, the Appeals Selection Committee first recalled that in its decision reported in Norsk Retstidende 1994, p. 721, the Supreme Court had stated (at p. 725): \u201cIt is the accused who carries the burden of proof that he did not carry out the act. It is sufficient that it is more probable than not. I do not agree with counsel for the defence that the accused has discharged the burden of proof where both alternatives, on the basis of the available evidence, appear to be equally likely. In this assessment the ordinary standards of evidence shall apply and the requirements in respect of the strength of the evidence must then to some extent be adapted to the possibilities for the accused to show that he did not carry out the act. Given the manner in which the provision has been formulated the situation may easily arise that an acquittal is not sufficient to justify a compensation claim when the accused is unable to discharge this burden of proof. I should like to stress that the refusal of a compensation claim does not entail that the previous acquittal is undermined or that the acquittal is open to doubt. The compensation case must be determined on an independent basis and the rules on evidence applying in such compensation cases do not differ from those which apply to ordinary compensation claims. The legislator has as a starting point opted for a solution whereby the financial burden caused by the institution of criminal proceedings, which are discontinued or which end with an acquittal, must be borne by the accused unless he is able to show that it is probable that he did not commit the act.\u201d\n\nThe Appeals Selection Committee further recalled that in the above case the Supreme Court considered the relationship between the conditions for compensation under Article 444 of the Code of Criminal Procedure and the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights, in particular the Sekanina v. Austria judgment of 25 August 1993 (Series A no. 266-A). The Supreme Court concluded that the rules in Article 444 of the Code of Criminal Procedure were not, as such, contrary to Article 6 \u00a7 2 of the Convention. The Appeals Selection Committee affirmed that it would base itself on this view in its assessment of the present case. It further recalled that, in the 1994 decision, the Supreme Court had expressed the following view on the Sekanina judgment: \u201c[In this case] decisive importance was attached to the reasoning in the particular case for rejecting the compensation claim. If in the reasoning for refusing compensation doubt is voiced as to whether the acquittal was correct or if the reasoning contains assumptions about criminal liability, then the relationship to Article 6 \u00a7 2 of the Convention would be problematic.\u201d\n\nThen the Appeals Selection Committee went on to state: \u201cAs pointed out by the prosecution in its reply to the appeal, the High Court had to justify why it considered that the conditions for making an award for compensation under Article 444 of the Code of Criminal Procedure had not been fulfilled. The Appeals Selection Committee must determine whether the reasoning of the High Court conflicted with the requirements of Article 6 \u00a7 2 of the Convention. The Committee refers to the fact that the reasoning must be formulated in the light of the conditions for compensation as mentioned above. It is further clear that the High Court ... was aware of the rules in Article 6 \u00a7 2 of the Convention, the European Court's Sekanina judgment and the 1994 decision of the Supreme Court. In its decision concerning compensation under Article 444, the High Court, after having quoted the provision, specifies the subject-matter of the case as follows. 'Following the High Court's acquittal, Mr Hammern is not guilty under the criminal law. This question has not been submitted to the High Court which will not deal with it. The present case is a compensation claim brought by Mr Hammern. The question is whether he, in view of the rules of evidence under the law of compensation, is able to show that he did not carry out the acts which were referred to in the indictment.' The Committee points to the fact that here the High Court clearly specifies that Mr Hammern is not liable under the criminal law. Furthermore it is specified that the compensation claim must be determined on the basis of the rules of evidence applying under the law on compensation. The High Court then concludes, against the background of the evidence adduced, that considering the case as a whole, Mr Hammern 'has not shown it to be probable that he did not carry out the acts which grounded the charge.' Moreover, in the concluding remarks, it is stated: 'When the High Court, considering the case as a whole, reached the conclusion that Mr Hammern had not discharged his burden of proof, account was also taken of the fact that the requirements as to the strength of the evidence must to a certain extent be adapted to the possibility which he has for showing that he [Mr Hammern] did not commit the acts.... Nevertheless, in the assessment, it is the usual rules on evidence which should apply....' In support of his submission that the High Court's reasoning contains assumptions about criminal liability, he points to certain intermediate passages in which the High Court states: 'Medical experts have in the light of their investigations reached conclusions which in practice imply a very high degree of probability that the 10 children referred to in the indictment have been exposed to sexual abuse. The medical experts have discounted the possibility of self-inflicted injuries, that the injuries are caused by pathological conditions or conditions at variance from the norm. As pointed out by the prosecution, the children themselves gave statements to their parents, during the judicial examinations and to a psychologist, about abuse by Mr Hammern. Through the video recording of the judicial examinations of the children, the Court has been able to see how the children expressed themselves. The Court has been able to apprise itself of how the children during the examinations changed their behaviour when presented with questions of sexual abuse. Nor does the following fact make it less likely that he carried out the acts for which he was charged: the children markedly changed their behaviour, inter alia, in the form of bedwetting, refusing or expressing fear about going to the kindergarten, several children had a sore crotch, sore abdomen and, on one or several occasions, blood on their underwear, circumstances which essentially occurred after Mr Hammern started to work at the kindergarten and which diminished after his departure. The High Court further finds it established that at the kindergarten it was possible to perpetrate such abuse without it being revealed either from a technical or practical point of view. In the aftermath, several of the employees at the kindergarten have pointed to a few surprising situations: for instance the governor's eyewitness evidence, her perception of the situation, when she came over to Mr Hammern while he was washing a child in the crotch under peculiar circumstances. The High Court does not find any reason to go further into the discussion about the possibility of paedophilia. It is not only the so-called real paedophiles who commit abuse against children. Nor can a diagnosis which excludes paedophilia be deemed accurate, or notional paedophilia be defined precisely.' Having regard to the fact that the High Court clearly specified that its assessment was confined to the compensation case which was to be determined on the basis of the rules of evidence applying in such cases, the Appeals Selection Committee finds that the High Court' s reasoning does not go further than is necessary to carry out a careful examination of the compensation claim and that it does not entail any infringement of the presumption of innocence laid down in the Convention. The Committee once more emphasises that a refusal to award compensation under Article 444 does not imply that the previous acquittal is being undermined. In the light of the foregoing, the appeal must be rejected.\u201d", "applicant": "Ulf Arne Hammern", "offset": 2683, "idx_mapping": [2683, 2683, 2683, 2683, 2683, 2683, 2683, 2683, 2683, 2683, 2683, 2683, 2683, 2699, 2700, 2701, 2702, 2703, 2704, 2705, 2706, 2707, 2708, 2709, 2710, 2711, 2712, 2713, 2714, 2715, 2716, 2717, 2718, 2719, 2720, 2721, 2722, 2723, 2724, 2725, 2726, 2727, 2728, 2729, 2730, 2731, 2732, 2733, 2734, 2735, 2736, 2737, 2738, 2739, 2740, 2741, 2742, 2743, 2744, 2745, 2746, 2747, 2748, 2749, 2750, 2751, 2752, 2753, 2754, 2755, 2756, 2757, 2758, 2759, 2760, 2761, 2762, 2763, 2764, 2765, 2766, 2767, 2768, 2769, 2770, 2771, 2772, 2773, 2774, 2775, 2776, 2777, 2778, 2779, 2780, 2781, 2782, 2783, 2784, 2785, 2786, 2787, 2788, 2789, 2790, 2791, 2792, 2793, 2794, 2795, 2796, 2797, 2798, 2799, 2800, 2801, 2802, 2803, 2804, 2805, 2806, 2807, 2808, 2809, 2810, 2811, 2812, 2813, 2814, 2815, 2816, 2817, 2818, 2819, 2820, 2821, 2822, 2823, 2824, 2825, 2826, 2827, 2828, 2829, 2830, 2831, 2832, 2833, 2834, 2835, 2836, 2837, 2838, 2839, 2840, 2841, 2842, 2843, 2844, 2845, 2846, 2847, 2848, 2849, 2850, 2851, 2852, 2853, 2854, 2855, 2856, 2857, 2858, 2859, 2860, 2861, 2862, 2863, 2864, 2865, 2866, 2867, 2868, 2869, 2870, 2871, 2872, 2873, 2874, 2875, 2876, 2877, 2878, 2879, 2880, 2881, 2882, 2883, 2884, 2885, 2886, 2887, 2888, 2889, 2890, 2891, 2892, 2893, 2894, 2895, 2896, 2897, 2898, 2899, 2900, 2901, 2902, 2903, 2904, 2905, 2906, 2907, 2908, 2909, 2910, 2911, 2912, 2913, 2914, 2683, 2683, 2683, 2683, 2683, 2683, 2683, 2683, 2683, 2683, 2683, 2683, 2683, 2931, 2932, 2933, 2934, 2935, 2936, 2937, 2938, 2939, 2940, 2941, 2942, 2943, 2944, 2945, 2946, 2947, 2948, 2949, 2950, 2951, 2952, 2953, 2954, 2955, 2956, 2957, 2958, 2959, 2960, 2961, 2962, 2963, 2964, 2965, 2966, 2967, 2968, 2969, 2970, 2971, 2972, 2973, 2974, 2975, 2976, 2977, 2978, 2979, 2980, 2981, 2982, 2983, 2984, 2985, 2986, 2987, 2988, 2989, 2990, 2991, 2992, 2993, 2994, 2995, 2996, 2997, 2998, 2999, 3000, 3001, 3002, 3003, 3004, 3005, 3006, 3007, 3008, 3009, 3010, 3011, 3012, 3013, 3014, 3015, 3016, 3017, 3018, 3019, 3020, 3021, 3022, 3023, 3024, 3025, 3026, 3027, 3028, 3029, 3030, 3031, 3032, 3033, 3034, 3035, 3036, 3037, 3038, 3039, 3040, 3041, 3042, 3043, 3044, 3045, 3046, 3047, 3048, 3049, 3050, 3051, 3052, 3053, 3054, 3055, 3056, 3057, 3058, 3059, 3060, 3061, 3062, 3063, 3064, 3065, 3066, 3067, 3068, 3069, 3070, 3071, 3072, 3073, 3074, 3075, 3076, 3077, 3078, 3079, 3080, 3081, 3082, 3083, 3084, 3085, 3086, 3087, 3088, 3089, 3090, 3091, 3092, 3093, 3094, 3095, 3096, 3097, 3098, 3099, 3100, 3101, 3102, 3103, 3104, 3105, 3106, 3107, 3108, 3109, 3110, 3111, 3112, 3113, 3114, 2683, 2683, 2683, 2683, 2683, 2683, 2683, 2683, 2683, 2683, 2683, 2683, 2683, 3131, 3132, 3133, 3134, 3135, 3136, 3137, 3138, 3139, 3140, 3141, 3142, 3143, 3144, 3145, 3146, 3147, 3148, 3149, 3150, 3151, 3152, 3153, 3154, 3155, 3156, 3157, 3158, 3159, 3160, 3161, 3162, 3163, 3164, 3165, 3166, 3167, 3168, 3169, 3170, 3171, 3172, 3173, 3174, 3175], "duplicates": 1}
| 1
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A. The offences
During the night of 15 to 16 December 1988, a series of offences occurred in Surrey, England. The first, which may have occurred sometime after 1.30 a.m., involved an attack on two men in a parked car in a field near a public house in Fickleshall. Just after the conclusion of sexual activities between the two men (Mr Ely and Mr Hurburgh), two masked men appeared. One carried a knife, the other a gun.
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"quality_checked": [], "task": "Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Raphael Rowe", "meta": {"applicant": "Raphael Rowe", "articles": [91, 34, 54, 34, 44, 32, 34, 52, 49, 34, 93], "countries": "GBR", "legal_branch": "GRANDCHAMBER", "year": 2000}, "doc_id": "001-58496", "dataset_type": "train", "orig_text": "PROCEDURE\n\nThe case was referred to the Court by the European Commission of Human Rights (\u201cthe Commission\u201d) on 12 March 1999, within the three-month period laid down by former Articles 32 \u00a7 1 and 47 of the Convention. It originated in an application (no. 28901/95) against the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland lodged with the Commission under former Article 25 by two British nationals, Mr Raphael Rowe and Mr Michael Davis, on 20 December 1993. The Commission's request referred to former Articles 44 and 48 and to the declaration whereby the United Kingdom recognised the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court (former Article 46). The object of the request was to obtain a decision as to whether the facts of the case disclosed a breach by the respondent State of its obligations under Article 6 of the Convention.\n\nIn accordance with the provisions of Article 5 \u00a7 4 of Protocol No. 11 taken together with Rules 100 \u00a7 1 and 24 \u00a7 6 of the Rules of Court, a panel of the Grand Chamber decided on 31 March 1999 that the case would be examined by the Grand Chamber of the Court. The Grand Chamber included ex officio Sir Nicolas Bratza, the judge elected in respect of the United Kingdom (Article 27 \u00a7 2 of the Convention and Rule 24 \u00a7 4), Mr L. Wildhaber, the President of the Court, Mrs E. Palm, Vice-President of the Court, and Mr J.\u2011P. Costa and Mr M. Fischbach, Vice-Presidents of Sections (Article 27 \u00a7 3 of the Convention and Rule 24 \u00a7\u00a7 3 and 5 (a)). The other members appointed to complete the Grand Chamber were Mr L. Ferrari Bravo, Mr L. Caflisch, Mr W. Fuhrmann, Mr K. Jungwiert, Mr B. Zupan\u010di\u010d, Mrs N. Vaji\u0107, Mr J. Hedigan, Mrs W. Thomassen, Mrs M. Tsatsa-Nikolovska, Mr T. Pan\u0163\u00eeru, Mr E. Levits and Mr K. Traja (Rule 24 \u00a7 3). Subsequently Sir Nicolas Bratza, who had taken part in the Commission's examination of the case, withdrew from sitting in the Grand Chamber (Rule 28). The United Kingdom Government (\u201cthe Government\u201d) accordingly appointed Sir John Laws to sit as an ad hoc judge (Article 27 \u00a7 2 of the Convention and Rule 29 \u00a7 1).\n\nIn accordance with the decision of the Grand Chamber, a hearing in this case and in the cases of Jasper v. the United Kingdom (application no. 27052/95) and Fitt v. the United Kingdom (application no. 29777/96) took place in public in the Human Rights Building, Strasbourg, on 20 October 1999. There appeared before the Court: (a) for the Government Mr M. Eaton, Foreign and Commonwealth Office, Deputy Legal Adviser, Agent, Mr R. Cranston, Solicitor-General, Mr J. Eadie, Barrister-at-Law, Counsel, Mr R. Heaton, Home Office, Ms G. Harrison, Home Office, Mr C. Burke, Customs and Excise, Ms F. Russell, Crown Prosecution Service, Mr A. Chapman, Law Officer's Department, Advisers; (b) for the applicants Mr B. Emmerson, Barrister-at-Law, Counsel, Ms M. Cunneen, Solicitor (Liberty), Ms P. Kaufman, Barrister-at-Law, Mr S. Young, Solicitor, Mr A.B.R. Masters, Barrister-at-Law, Advisers. The Court heard addresses by Mr Emmerson and Mr Cranston and also their replies to questions put by several of its members.\n\nTHE FACTS\n\nI. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE\n\nA. The offences\n\nDuring the night of 15 to 16 December 1988, a series of offences occurred in Surrey, England. The first, which may have occurred sometime after 1.30 a.m., involved an attack on two men in a parked car in a field near a public house in Fickleshall. Just after the conclusion of sexual activities between the two men (Mr Ely and Mr Hurburgh), two masked men appeared. One carried a knife, the other a gun. Ely was pulled out of the car and 10 pounds sterling (GBP) was taken from him. On orders, he lay face down on the ground while the man with the knife kept guard over him. Ely became aware of a third masked man. The robbers wanted to take the car which belonged to Hurburgh, who objected and was attacked. Ely was made to crawl over to where Hurburgh was lying tied up. He was also tied up and gagged. Petrol was spread around both of them. Ely saw a lit cigarette and passed out. When he recovered consciousness, Hurburgh's Austin Princess car had gone and Hurburgh was dead. The attackers had abandoned a stolen Spitfire car in which they had arrived on the scene in the entrance to a field, about 500 metres away.\n\nThis offence was followed, at about 3.40 a.m., by three masked robbers arriving at the Napier household in Oxted. They entered by a back window. Two of them went into Timothy Napier's room; one had a knife, the other a gun. Meanwhile, Richard Napier (the father) was awakened by the third robber armed with a revolver. He was taken into Timothy's room. Both were told they would be shot if they did not cooperate. They attacked the robbers and forced them downstairs. In the struggle, Timothy Napier's arm was cut and an artery was severed. Richard Napier was forced back upstairs to the bedroom where his wife was waiting. A knife was pointed at her and she was told to remove her rings and jewellery or her fingers would be cut off. The other two robbers ransacked the room before all three fled taking Timothy's Toyota car. Timothy Napier was rushed to hospital. He was found to have a stab wound to his back that had punctured the pleural cavity and required the insertion of a chest drain. Hurburgh's car was found abandoned nearby.\n\nAt 5 a.m., at the home of Mrs Spicer in Fetcham, she and her partner (Mr Almond) awoke to find three masked men in their bedroom. They were asked for money, jewellery and car keys. They told the intruders where to find them. Spicer and Almond were bound and gagged and the house was ransacked. It was nearly an hour before the robbers left, taking a large amount of property and the couple's two cars, a Renault and a Cavalier. Timothy Napier's Toyota was found abandoned nearby.\n\nB. The reward, investigation and arrests\n\nThere was considerable interest in the above events, including publication in the national media between 17 and 19 December 1988 of the offer of a reward of GBP 25,000 for information leading to the conviction of the offenders. On Sunday 18 December the police incident room received information that the persons responsible for the murder and other offences were living at 25 Lawrie Park Road, Sydenham, South London (\u201cNo. 25\u201d). In addition, the caller said that a considerable quantity of property which had been stolen during the course of the robberies had been taken by other persons resident at No. 25 and stored at the flat of a female associate at 71 Queen Adelaide Court.\n\nNo. 25 was owned by Mr Smith, who occupied the ground floor and basement. The remainder of the house, consisting of the two upper floors, was divided into flats occupied by the applicants, Raphael Rowe and Michael Davis, amongst others. Randolph Johnson visited the house from time to time, most recently to help repair the wiring and various electrical appliances, and he was said to have been there on the night of 15 December 1988. Rowe, Davis and Johnson were black.\n\nThree white men also lived at No. 25: Mark Jobbins, Norman Duncan and Shane Griffin (\u201cthe Jobbins Group\u201d). They were then aged 29, 21 and 19 years respectively. Duncan and Griffin sniffed glue on a regular basis. All three had criminal records.\n\nAs a result of the information received by the police, search warrants were obtained for each of the two addresses and were executed simultaneously at 7.50 a.m. on 19 December 1988. In a search of No. 25 carried out sometime between 2.15 p.m. on 19 December and 5 a.m. on 20 December, the police found a brooch from the Spicer/Almond robbery in Rowe's wastepaper basket. Other Spicer/Almond items were found in a storeroom and, also in the storeroom, were some porcelain figurines (not connected with these offences) which bore Davis's fingerprints. Blood stains on a jacket found in Rowe's bedroom were analysed and found to be of a blood group shared by 8% of the population, including the murder victim, Hurburgh. Rowe, Davis, Jobbins and Griffin were arrested on suspicion of aggravated burglary. Duncan was arrested on 21 December.\n\nKate Williamson, a 16-year-old school student and girlfriend of Rowe, produced to the police a number of items from the Spicer/Almond robbery, including two eternity rings, a yellow metal watch strap and a lady's watch. She told them that she visited Rowe quite regularly and was there during the night of 15 December 1988. She said that she did not know Jobbins, Duncan or Griffin except by sight.\n\nJoanne Cassar informed the police that she had stayed with another resident of No. 25, Jason Cooper, for a period in 1988. She knew Davis, Rowe, Jobbins, Duncan and Griffin. She had been at No. 25 during the night of 15 December 1988 and had stayed in Cooper's room.\n\nThe other search warrant was executed at 71 Queen Adelaide Court. It resulted in the arrest of the tenant, Bernadette Roberts, who was the girlfriend of Jobbins, and the recovery of a large amount of stolen property.\n\nJohnson was arrested on 6 January 1989 after an extensive car chase by several police officers. At the time, he was carrying a revolver. In his statement he agreed that he had been to No. 25 on several occasions and, on the night in question, was probably there until late. He denied involvement in the offences and said in police interviews that he might have spent the night with a girlfriend.\n\nC. The trial\n\nThe trial of the two applicants and Johnson took place at the Central Criminal Court in February 1990.\n\nThe prosecution case was that the three men had been involved in each incident. It was argued that there was evidence to link the offences: the Austin Princess stolen from Hurburgh was found at the scene of the Napier robbery; the Toyota stolen from the Napiers was found abandoned close to the Spicer/Almond household; and the vehicles stolen from the latter couple were connected to the occupants of No. 25. In addition, the witnesses to each of the robberies had described a team of three robbers, at least one of whom was carrying a gun and a second one a knife, dressed in black and wearing balaclavas.\n\nThe prosecution relied substantially upon the evidence of the Jobbins Group. The latter admitted having jointly stolen the Spitfire which had been found abandoned near the scene of the first robbery and murder, and having driven the Renault and Cavalier stolen at the last robbery to a field in Sidcup where they had set fire to them. They gave evidence, inter alia, that on the night of 15 to 16 December, Rowe had asked if he could use the Spitfire and that he, Davis and another black man had requested help in other ways, such as the loan of a balaclava and assistance in starting the Spitfire. The Jobbins Group also gave evidence relating to the events of the following morning (16 December), when Rowe had allegedly made a number of incriminating comments about his own involvement in the crimes and had requested them to dispose of the stolen Spicer/Almond cars and to store the stolen property elsewhere.\n\nIn addition, the prosecution relied on the evidence of Kate Williamson that Rowe had left her during the night of 15 to 16 December and had returned the following morning at 6.30 a.m.; that he gave her rings from the Napier robbery in order to have them valued; that he scratched his bedroom window with one of the diamond rings and that he told her about the stolen cars. The prosecution also relied on the evidence of Joanne Cassar, that she had been given a plant by Davis that, it was suggested, came from the boot of the car stolen from Almond. Finally, Martin Todd, an inmate at Her Majesty's Prison Brixton where Johnson had been held on remand, gave evidence of incriminating remarks allegedly made to him by Johnson.\n\nAll three of the accused denied any involvement in the offences. Their defence relied on the facts that Kate Williamson and others had given evidence that Rowe and Davis had been in their company at times during the night of 15 to 16 December which were inconsistent with a sighting of the Spitfire at a similar time close to the scene of the Hurburgh murder and that the victims of the offences, including Ely, the Napiers and Spicer, had described their attackers as white. On behalf of Johnson it was argued that there was no evidence of his involvement in the preparatory acts or subsequent disposals.\n\nThe defence submitted that many of the witnesses for the prosecution were unreliable. Thus, Ely's evidence included a number of inconsistencies, as did the testimony and statements of the Jobbins Group. It was argued that if anyone from No. 25 had been responsible for the crimes, it was the Jobbins Group, and that Jobbins, Duncan and Griffin had given a deliberately false account to the police in order to implicate the accused and thus exonerate themselves. Joanne Cassar may have been an accomplice because she knew Duncan and Griffin, and Kate Williamson's evidence may have been motivated by jealousy of Rowe's relationship with another girlfriend and was in any event inconsistent with a letter which she had sent to Rowe whilst he was in prison. The defence sought to impugn Todd's evidence on the grounds that he may have lied in order to obtain parole. In addition, the defence referred to the substantial reward which had been offered as a factor which may have motivated prosecution witnesses to give evidence.\n\nDavis gave evidence, consistent with his statement to the police, that he had played no part in the offences and had had nothing to do with the Spitfire. He claimed to have spent the evening of 15 December at home, and agreed with Kate Williamson's account of going out and not returning until about 12.30 a.m. Rowe's evidence was also consistent with his statement to the police. He denied having played any part in the offences and said that after returning to No. 25 at 12.30 a.m., he had then slept with Kate Williamson throughout the night. Johnson did not give evidence.\n\nOn 26 February 1990 the jury returned unanimous verdicts convicting the applicants and Johnson of murder, assault occasioning grievous bodily harm, and three counts of robbery. They were each sentenced to concurrent terms of life, fifteen years' and twelve years' imprisonment.\n\nD. The proceedings before the Court of Appeal\n\nThe applicants and Johnson appealed on the grounds, inter alia, that their convictions were unsafe and unsatisfactory because of weaknesses and inconsistencies in the evidence against them.\n\n1. The disclosure procedure\n\nOn 20 October 1992, at the first hearing before the Court of Appeal, counsel for the prosecution handed to the court a document which was not shown to defence counsel. He sought the Court of Appeal's ruling on a matter of disclosure (see paragraphs 34-35 below), and informed the court that the matter was sensitive to a degree which would require the court to hear him either ex parte or, if inter partes, only on an undertaking by defence counsel not to disclose what took place to their solicitors or clients. Both defence counsel indicated that they could not conscientiously give such an undertaking and withdrew from the hearing, which proceeded ex parte.\n\nOn 14 and 15 January 1993 the issue of disclosure was re-canvassed before a differently constituted Court of Appeal (although the Lord Chief Justice, Lord Taylor, participated in both hearings), because defence counsel had reconsidered their position and had concluded that they had been incorrect in withdrawing voluntarily as they had done at the first hearing. It was argued by the defence that (i) defence counsel should have been permitted to hear the application by the Crown without giving an undertaking and (ii) counsel for the Crown should, at the least, have been obliged to disclose the category of material in question so that defence counsel could then have made submissions as to whether or not disclosure of material in that category should be ordered. The Court of Appeal, in its judgment, remarked that the procedure to be followed when the prosecution was in possession of material which it believed should not be disclosed to the defence had been changed by the judgment in R. v. Ward (see paragraph 37 below) in that it was now for the court, and not the prosecution, to decide whether disclosure should be made, and set out a series of procedural guidelines to be followed in such cases (see paragraphs 39-40 below). In conclusion, however, it refused to order disclosure.\n\nOn 22 June 1993, at the outset of the hearing of the substantive appeal before a differently constituted Court of Appeal, defence counsel invited the court to order the Crown to disclose the name of any person or persons to whom any reward money had been paid for information given to the police concerning the applicants, and sought access to the Police Complaints Authority Report concerning a complaint by Rowe. The prosecution showed the court documents relevant to the request for disclosure which were not shown to the defence. However, defence counsel were able to make submissions as to the factors weighing in favour of disclosure and the nature of the balancing exercise to be undertaken by the court. Having considered those submissions and having examined the relevant documents, the court refused to order disclosure.\n\n2. The substantive appeal\n\nOn 29 July 1993 the Court of Appeal upheld the applicants' convictions and that of Johnson, concluding that there was no basis to say that there was even a lurking doubt about their safety.\n\nE. Subsequent events\n\nThe applicants applied to the Court of Appeal for leave to appeal to the House of Lords, but this application was refused on 30 September 1993.\n\nBy a letter of 27 November 1994 the first applicant's solicitor, with reference to R. v. Rasheed (see paragraph 42 below), asked the Crown Prosecution Service for disclosure of any reward claim made prior to the trial by any witness and, in particular, by one of the Jobbins Group, Williamson or Cassar.\n\nOn 22 November 1995 the Crown Prosecution Service replied: \u201cRegarding the question raised in paragraph (1) of your letter of 27th October 1994, you will know that the topic of rewards was raised by [defence counsel] at the outset of the appeal in this matter. This resulted in an ex parte application which was heard in camera. This application was upheld and referred to by Watkins LJ in his final judgment in these terms: 'We upheld the claim and refused to order disclosure of any kind for reasons we gave on 22nd June and which are recorded'.\u201d\n\nIn 1994 the applicants applied to the Home Office for a review of the safety of their convictions. In April 1997 the Criminal Cases Review Commission (\u201cthe CCRC\u201d) was set up under the Criminal Appeal Act 1995 and the applicants' case was transferred to it. In August 1997 the CCRC appointed an officer from Greater Manchester Police to investigate the events surrounding the prosecution of the applicants and Johnson. The investigating officer's report was submitted in January 1999.\n\nIn its report of 7 April 1999 the CCRC found, inter alia, that Duncan was a long-standing police informant, who, on 18 December 1988 had approached a Sussex police officer and told him that the applicants were responsible for the crimes of 15 to 16 December 1988. As a result of his assistance to the police and the evidence which he gave at the applicants' trial, Duncan had received a reward of GBP 10,300, in addition to police protection between 18 and 22 December 1988 and immunity from prosecution in relation to his admitted participation as an accessory to the offences in question. It appeared from police records of the information supplied by Duncan that the latter had never identified Johnson as one of the offenders. These facts had not previously been disclosed to the defence on grounds of public interest immunity. The CCRC also found that \u201cthe police were not keen that the Jobbins Group should be prosecuted and there was a corresponding inertia on the part of the prosecuting authorities\u201d, and commented that \u201cif the jury had been aware of this then the credibility of the Jobbins Group might have been assessed in a more critical manner\u201d. Moreover, Todd had retracted his statement concerning the incriminating comments allegedly made by Johnson. The CCRC concluded that, in the light of this new evidence, there was a real possibility that Johnson was not involved in the offences of 15 to 16 December 1988. Whilst there was evidence linking the two applicants to the robberies, if the prosecution case against one of the three, Johnson, might no longer be sustainable, in the CCRC's view the Court of Appeal ought at the same time to have the opportunity to consider whether the case could still be sustained against Rowe and Davis. It therefore referred the convictions of the applicants and Johnson back to the Court of Appeal, since it considered that there was a real possibility that these convictions would not be upheld if such a reference were made (Criminal Appeal Act 1995, section 13).\n\nAt the time of the adoption of the present judgment the applicants' case is pending before the Court of Appeal.", "applicant": "Raphael Rowe", "offset": 3129, "idx_mapping": [3129, 3130, 3131, 3132, 3133, 3134, 3135, 3136, 3137, 3138, 3139, 3140, 3141, 3142, 3143, 3144, 3145, 3146, 3147, 3148, 3149, 3150, 3151, 3152, 3153, 3154, 3155, 3156, 3157, 3158, 3159, 3160, 3161, 3162, 3163, 3164, 3165, 3166, 3167, 3168, 3169, 3170, 3171, 3172, 3173, 3174, 3175, 3176, 3177, 3178, 3179, 3180, 3181, 3182, 3183, 3184, 3185, 3186, 3187, 3188, 3189, 3190, 3191, 3192, 3193, 3194, 3195, 3196, 3197, 3198, 3199, 3200, 3201, 3202, 3203, 3204, 3205, 3206, 3207, 3208, 3209, 3210, 3211, 3212, 3213, 3214, 3215, 3216, 3217, 3218, 3219, 3220, 3221, 3222, 3223, 3224, 3225, 3226, 3227, 3228, 3229, 3230, 3231, 3232, 3233, 3234, 3235, 3236, 3237, 3238, 3239, 3240, 3241, 3242, 3243, 3244, 3245, 3246, 3247, 3248, 3249, 3250, 3251, 3252, 3253, 3254, 3255, 3256, 3257, 3258, 3259, 3260, 3261, 3262, 3263, 3264, 3265, 3266, 3267, 3268, 3269, 3270, 3271, 3272, 3273, 3274, 3275, 3276, 3277, 3278, 3279, 3280, 3281, 3282, 3283, 3284, 3285, 3286, 3287, 3288, 3289, 3290, 3291, 3292, 3293, 3294, 3295, 3296, 3297, 3298, 3299, 3300, 3301, 3302, 3303, 3304, 3305, 3306, 3307, 3308, 3309, 3310, 3311, 3312, 3313, 3314, 3315, 3316, 3317, 3318, 3319, 3320, 3321, 3322, 3323, 3324, 3325, 3326, 3327, 3328, 3329, 3330, 3331, 3332, 3333, 3334, 3335, 3336, 3337, 3338, 3339, 3340, 3341, 3342, 3343, 3344, 3345, 3346, 3347, 3348, 3349, 3350, 3351, 3352, 3353, 3354, 3355, 3356, 3357, 3358, 3359, 3360, 3361, 3362, 3363, 3364, 3365, 3366, 3367, 3368, 3369, 3370, 3371, 3372, 3373, 3374, 3375, 3376, 3377, 3378, 3379, 3380, 3381, 3382, 3383, 3384, 3385, 3386, 3387, 3388, 3389, 3390, 3391, 3392, 3393, 3394, 3395, 3396, 3397, 3398, 3399, 3400, 3401, 3402, 3403, 3404, 3405, 3406, 3407, 3408, 3409, 3410, 3411, 3412, 3413, 3414, 3415, 3416, 3417, 3418, 3419, 3420, 3421, 3422, 3423, 3424, 3425, 3426, 3427, 3428, 3429, 3430, 3431, 3432, 3433, 3434, 3435, 3436, 3437, 3438, 3439, 3440, 3441, 3442, 3443, 3444, 3445, 3446, 3447, 3448, 3449, 3450, 3451, 3452, 3453, 3454, 3455, 3456, 3457, 3458, 3459, 3460, 3461, 3462, 3463, 3464, 3465, 3466, 3467, 3468, 3469, 3470, 3471, 3472, 3473, 3474, 3475, 3476, 3477, 3478, 3479, 3480, 3481, 3482, 3483, 3484, 3485, 3486, 3487, 3488, 3489, 3490, 3491, 3492, 3493, 3494, 3495, 3496, 3497, 3498, 3499, 3500, 3501, 3502, 3503, 3504, 3505, 3506, 3507, 3508, 3509, 3510, 3511, 3512, 3513, 3514, 3515, 3516, 3517, 3518, 3519, 3520, 3521, 3522, 3523, 3524, 3525, 3526, 3527, 3528, 3529, 3530, 3531, 3532, 3533, 3534, 3535, 3536, 3537, 3538, 3539, 3540, 3541, 3542, 3543, 3544, 3545, 3546, 3547, 3548], "duplicates": 1}
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1. David Frederick Bullens’ conviction and sentence
David Frederick Bullens were born in 1946 and 1962 respectively and live in London. They were charged with involvement in a money laundering scheme together with a third co-accused, Mr E.
On 24 March 2000 the second applicant pleaded guilty at a Crown Court to conspiracy to launder the proceeds of criminal conduct contrary to section 1 of the Criminal Law Act 1977. On 3 April 2000 the first applicant pleaded guilty to the same offence. On 21 June 2000 the prosecution served notice under section 71(1)(a) of the Criminal Justice Act 1988 (CJA 1988, see paragraphs 40-41 below), as amended by the Proceeds of Crime Act 1995, indicating their intention to seek confiscation orders to recover the proceeds of David Frederick Bullens’ criminal conduct.
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"identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Crown Court", "start_offset": 13420}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 13871, "entity_id": "001-90398_a8_e86", "entity_mention_id": "001-90398_a8_em152", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "October 2005", "start_offset": 13859}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "insert", "end_offset": 13891, "entity_id": "001-90398_a8_e32", "entity_mention_id": "001-90398_a8_em153", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Court of Appeal", "start_offset": 13876}]}, "annotator9": null}, "quality_checked": ["annotator8"], "task": "Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: David Frederick Bullen", "meta": {"applicant": "David Frederick Bullen", "articles": [91, 34, 54, 34, 93], "countries": "GBR", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2009}, "doc_id": "001-90398", "dataset_type": "train", "orig_text": "PROCEDURE\n\nThe case originated in an application (no. 3383/06) against the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (\u201cthe Convention\u201d) by two British nationals, Mr David Frederick Bullen and Mr Kamlesh Kumar Soneji (\u201cthe applicants\u201d), on 19 January 2006.\n\nThe applicants were represented by Mr N. Seeley, a lawyer practising in Hertford. The United Kingdom Government (\u201cthe Government\u201d) were represented by their Agent, Ms A. Sharif.\n\nOn 14 June 2007 the Acting President of the Chamber of the Fourth Section to which the case had been allocated decided to give notice of the application to the Government. It was also decided to rule on the admissibility and merits of the application at the same time (Article 29 \u00a73).\n\nTHE FACTS\n\nI. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE\n\n1. The applicants\u2019 conviction and sentence\n\nThe applicants were born in 1946 and 1962 respectively and live in London. They were charged with involvement in a money laundering scheme together with a third co-accused, Mr E.\n\nOn 24 March 2000 the second applicant pleaded guilty at a Crown Court to conspiracy to launder the proceeds of criminal conduct contrary to section 1 of the Criminal Law Act 1977. On 3 April 2000 the first applicant pleaded guilty to the same offence.\n\nOn 21 June 2000 the prosecution served notice under section 71(1)(a) of the Criminal Justice Act 1988 (CJA 1988, see paragraphs 40-41 below), as amended by the Proceeds of Crime Act 1995, indicating their intention to seek confiscation orders to recover the proceeds of the applicants\u2019 criminal conduct.\n\nOn 29 June 2000 counsel for the second applicant requested an early confiscation hearing and counsel for the co-accused, Mr. E., requested a confiscation hearing in September. The trial judge pencilled in a date on the week beginning 30 October 2000, as that was the first occasion on which he would be available. The trial judge further directed that the date would be considered again on the proposed date for sentence, 18 August 2000.\n\nOn 18 August 2000 the second applicant was sentenced to four and a half years\u2019 imprisonment and the first applicant was sentenced to six years\u2019 imprisonment. Prior to sentence the confiscation hearing was formally postponed until after passing sentence and was fixed for 30 October 2000, outside the six-month period required under section 72A of the CJA 1988.\n\n2. Adjournment pending R. v. Steele and Shevki\n\nOn 30 October 2000 the case was listed for the confiscation hearing with a time-estimate of five working days. The applicants objected that the court lacked jurisdiction to hear the confiscation proceedings on the grounds that more than six months had elapsed since their convictions and that the judge had not considered whether there were \u201cexceptional circumstances\u201d warranting the imposition of the confiscation orders outside the statutory time-limit, as required by section 72A (3) of the CJA 1988, as amended (see paragraph 35 below).\n\nOn 3 November 2000 the trial judge held that he had jurisdiction to hear the confiscation proceedings. It was then agreed by the parties that the confiscation proceedings should be adjourned to await the outcome of a similar case which was due to be heard by the Court of Appeal, R v Steele and Shevki. The confiscation proceedings were adjourned until 5 February 2001.\n\nOn 21 November 2000 Mr E. was granted leave to appeal against his conviction. On 24 November 2000 both the applicants\u2019 applications for leave to appeal against sentence were refused by a single judge of the Court of Appeal.\n\nOn 14 December 2000 the Court of Appeal delivered its judgment in R v. Steele and Shevki ([2000] EWCA Crim 70). It found that although adjournments beyond the six-month period prescribed by statute should be avoided, exceptional circumstances such as the unavailability of a judge would not deprive a subsequent confiscation order of its validity.\n\nOn 31 January 2001 the confiscation proceedings were listed again for mention. Renewal of argument in relation to the Crown Court\u2019s jurisdiction to hear the confiscation proceedings, in light of the Court of Appeal\u2019s judgment in R v. Steele and Shevki, was listed for 8 and 9 March 2001. Following the hearing on 8 March 2001, the judge held that the court retained a common law power to adjourn beyond the statutory six-month time-limit in compelling circumstances such as where there was an illness or the judge was unavailable. In his opinion a statutory postponement citing exceptional circumstances was required only where the purpose of the postponement was to gather further information, and not in the instant case where the issue had been the unavailability of the judge.\n\n3. Mr E.\u2019s appeal and application for an adjournment\n\nOn 26 and 27 March 2001 the Court of Appeal heard and dismissed Mr E.\u2019s appeal against conviction. On 30 March 2001 the confiscation proceedings were listed again for mention before the trial judge, to notify him of the result of Mr E.\u2019s appeal. At this stage Mr E. was seeking leave to appeal to the House of Lords and was awaiting the decision of the Court of Appeal on his application for leave to appeal. The substantive hearing of the confiscation hearing was again adjourned.\n\nOn 2 May 2001 the Court of Appeal refused Mr E.\u2019s application for leave to appeal to the House of Lords and declined to find that a question of law of general public importance was involved in the decision.\n\nOn 12 June 2001 the confiscation proceedings were listed for directions and with the agreement of all parties, the hearing was fixed to begin on 15 October 2001.\n\nOn 20 September 2001 the confiscation proceedings were again listed for mention at the request of Mr. E. who sought to adjourn the confiscation hearing that was fixed for 15 October 2001.\n\nOn 26 September 2001 the confiscation proceedings were again listed to consider Mr E.\u2019s application for adjournment. The proceedings were adjourned to 28 January 2002 with a time estimate of three weeks.\n\n4. The proceedings before the Court of Appeal\n\nOn 28 January 2002 the Crown Court imposed a confiscation order on the second applicant in the amount of GBP 75,350, to be paid within 18 months of the resolution of any appeal to the Court of Appeal, with a consecutive term of twelve months\u2019 imprisonment to be served in default.\n\nOn 4 February 2002 the second applicant lodged an application for leave to appeal, challenging the confiscation order on the ground that the Crown Court had no jurisdiction to make it because of the lapse of the six-month period provided by section 72A(3) of the CJA 1988.\n\nOn 7 February 2002 the Crown Court imposed a confiscation order on the first applicant in the sum of GBP 375,000, to be paid within 18 months of the resolution of any appeal to the Court of Appeal, with a consecutive term of 21 months\u2019 imprisonment to be served in default.\n\nOn 25 February 2002 the first applicant lodged an application for leave to appeal challenging the confiscation order on the same grounds as the second applicant (see paragraph 20 above).\n\nOn 12 December 2002 the second applicant obtained a Certificate of Inadequacy from the High Court. This entitled him to return to the Crown Court to seek a reduction of the confiscation order.\n\nOn 4 February 2003 the second applicant\u2019s case was listed before the Crown Court and the confiscation order was reduced to GBP 30,284, taking into account the Certificate of Inadequacy.\n\nOn 20 June 2003 the Court of Appeal allowed the applicants\u2019 appeals and quashed the confiscation orders and default sentences of imprisonment. They noted that on 29 June 2000, defence counsel for the second applicant and the co-accused Mr. E. had requested an early hearing at the Crown Court. However, the earliest date that the trial judge would be available was the week beginning 30 October 2000. That date was pencilled in by the trial judge, even though it was \u201cmore than four months away\u201d. The Court of Appeal considered that, given the importance attached by Parliament and the courts to the link between confiscation orders and sentencing, a high degree of judicial scrutiny was required before finding exceptional circumstances to justify the imposition of a confiscation order outside the six-month time-limit. In the present case, there was no evidence of any enquiry from 24 March 2000 (when the second applicant was the first to plead guilty) onwards into whether a space could be found for the confiscation hearing during the six-month period.\n\nFurthermore, on 3 November 2000, the trial judge had acknowledged with \u201cadmirable candour\u201d when finding that he had jurisdiction to hear the confiscation proceedings outside the six-month time-limit that \u201cno enquiry was made of the (applicants) as to the postponement\u201d when the decision to hold the confiscation hearing in the week beginning 30 October 2000 was finally confirmed on 18 August 2000. Neither had there been any analysis of any factors which might amount to exceptional circumstances. The trial judge had also \u201ccandidly acknowledged more than once\u201d that there were no exceptional circumstances. The Court of Appeal ultimately found that the failure to address the question as to whether the circumstances could properly be described as exceptional and to make a finding to that effect was fatal to the upholding of the confiscation orders. Though in principle confiscation orders should not be quashed for mere defects in procedure, if the statutory requirement of exceptional circumstances was to be more than a \u201cmere incantation\u201d, enquiry into the circumstances and the possibility and feasibility of a timely hearing were required.\n\nOn 30 July 2003 the Court of Appeal certified that a point of law of general public importance was involved in the decisions.\n\n5. The proceedings before the House of Lords\n\nOn 1 April 2004 the House of Lords granted the prosecution leave to appeal against the decisions of the Court of Appeal.\n\nOn 21 July 2005 the House of Lords reversed the decisions of the Court of Appeal and ordered the latter to re-impose the confiscation orders in respect of both applicants.\n\nThe House of Lords observed that the core problem before it was whether, as a matter of statutory construction, failure to comply with a statutory time-limit would have the effect of invalidating an act. The fact that Parliament cast statutory requirements in imperative form without expressly specifying the consequences of a failure to comply had caused difficulty and had been the source of a great deal of litigation over the preceding 130 years. A distinction had first evolved between mandatory and directory requirements; where a requirement was mandatory, a failure to comply had the effect of invalidating the act in question but where a requirement was merely directory, a failure to comply did not invalidate the act. Over the years, a further distinction had been made between two types of directory requirements: requirements of a purely regulatory character, where a failure to comply would never invalidate an act, and requirements where a failure to comply would not invalidate an act provided that there was substantial compliance. In London and Clydeside Estates Ltd v. Aberdeen District Council [1980] 1 WLR 182, 189E-190C, however, Lord Hailsham had emphasised that it was within the courts\u2019 inherently discretionary jurisdiction to determine the nature of a particular statutory requirement and to examine the consequences of non-compliance before determining whether Parliament had intended total invalidity. In the later case of Wang v. Commissioner of Inland Revenue [1994] 1 WLR 1286, the Privy Council followed and applied the dictum of Lord Hailsham in London and Clydeside Estates (cited above). The House of Lords also took into consideration a number of cases in which the Court of Appeal had adopted the same approach, and parallel developments in the courts of New Zealand, Australia and Canada.\n\nIn the present case, the House of Lords considered that the prime purpose behind the statutory provision for confiscation orders was the recovery of any financial benefit that an offender might have obtained from his criminal conduct. The Law Lords rejected the applicants\u2019 argument that, given the criminal law context, a strict approach to the construction of section 72A of the CJA 1988 should be adopted and instead applied a teleological approach. They noted that section 71(1) of the CJA 1988 imposed a positive duty to proceed with confiscation proceedings and that the time limits under section 72A were linked to the date of conviction rather than sentence. This was considered to be evidence that Parliament\u2019s intention was the early disgorgement of an offender\u2019s criminal gains. Though Parliament had envisaged that courts would make confiscation orders before sentencing, unless they exercised their postponement power under section 72(A)(1), it was of some significance that Parliament considered it more important that a confiscation order should be made than that it should be made before the defendant was sentenced. Though no common law power to adjourn existed, Parliament could not have intended to disable a court from making a confiscation order after sentence merely because the time-limits were not strictly adhered to.\n\nIn the present case, the Crown Court had postponed its final decision on confiscation orders in good faith. The prejudice to the applicants was not significant and was outweighed by the countervailing public interest in not allowing convicted offenders to escape confiscation for what were no more than bona fide errors in the judicial process. In any event, there would always be the safeguard of judicial review should there be an apparent abuse of process.\n\nIn October 2005 the Court of Appeal re-imposed the confiscation orders and sentences of imprisonment in default on the applicants.", "applicant": "David Frederick Bullen", "offset": 895, "idx_mapping": [895, 896, 897, 895, 895, 895, 895, 895, 895, 895, 895, 895, 895, 895, 895, 895, 920, 921, 922, 923, 924, 925, 926, 927, 928, 929, 930, 931, 932, 933, 934, 935, 936, 937, 938, 939, 940, 941, 942, 943, 944, 945, 946, 947, 895, 895, 895, 895, 895, 895, 895, 895, 895, 895, 895, 895, 895, 970, 971, 972, 973, 974, 975, 976, 977, 978, 979, 980, 981, 982, 983, 984, 985, 986, 987, 988, 989, 990, 991, 992, 993, 994, 995, 996, 997, 998, 999, 1000, 1001, 1002, 1003, 1004, 1005, 1006, 1007, 1008, 1009, 1010, 1011, 1012, 1013, 1014, 1015, 1016, 1017, 1018, 1019, 1020, 1021, 1022, 1023, 1024, 1025, 1026, 1027, 1028, 1029, 1030, 1031, 1032, 1033, 1034, 1035, 1036, 1037, 1038, 1039, 1040, 1041, 1042, 1043, 1044, 1045, 1046, 1047, 1048, 1049, 1050, 1051, 1052, 1053, 1054, 1055, 1056, 1057, 1058, 1059, 1060, 1061, 1062, 1063, 1064, 1065, 1066, 1067, 1068, 1069, 1070, 1071, 1072, 1073, 1074, 1075, 1076, 1077, 1078, 1079, 1080, 1081, 1082, 1083, 1084, 1085, 1086, 1087, 1088, 1089, 1090, 1091, 1092, 1093, 1094, 1095, 1096, 1097, 1098, 1099, 1100, 1101, 1102, 1103, 1104, 1105, 1106, 1107, 1108, 1109, 1110, 1111, 1112, 1113, 1114, 1115, 1116, 1117, 1118, 1119, 1120, 1121, 1122, 1123, 1124, 1125, 1126, 1127, 1128, 1129, 1130, 1131, 1132, 1133, 1134, 1135, 1136, 1137, 1138, 1139, 1140, 1141, 1142, 1143, 1144, 1145, 1146, 1147, 1148, 1149, 1150, 1151, 1152, 1153, 1154, 1155, 1156, 1157, 1158, 1159, 1160, 1161, 1162, 1163, 1164, 1165, 1166, 1167, 1168, 1169, 1170, 1171, 1172, 1173, 1174, 1175, 1176, 1177, 1178, 1179, 1180, 1181, 1182, 1183, 1184, 1185, 1186, 1187, 1188, 1189, 1190, 1191, 1192, 1193, 1194, 1195, 1196, 1197, 1198, 1199, 1200, 1201, 1202, 1203, 1204, 1205, 1206, 1207, 1208, 1209, 1210, 1211, 1212, 1213, 1214, 1215, 1216, 1217, 1218, 1219, 1220, 1221, 1222, 1223, 1224, 1225, 1226, 1227, 1228, 1229, 1230, 1231, 1232, 1233, 1234, 1235, 1236, 1237, 1238, 1239, 1240, 1241, 1242, 1243, 1244, 1245, 1246, 1247, 1248, 1249, 1250, 1251, 1252, 1253, 1254, 1255, 1256, 1257, 1258, 1259, 1260, 1261, 1262, 1263, 1264, 1265, 1266, 1267, 1268, 1269, 1270, 1271, 1272, 1273, 1274, 1275, 1276, 1277, 1278, 1279, 1280, 1281, 1282, 1283, 1284, 1285, 1286, 1287, 1288, 1289, 1290, 1291, 1292, 1293, 1294, 1295, 1296, 1297, 1298, 1299, 1300, 1301, 1302, 1303, 1304, 1305, 1306, 1307, 1308, 1309, 1310, 1311, 1312, 1313, 1314, 1315, 1316, 1317, 1318, 1319, 1320, 1321, 1322, 1323, 1324, 1325, 1326, 1327, 1328, 1329, 1330, 1331, 1332, 1333, 1334, 1335, 1336, 1337, 1338, 1339, 1340, 1341, 1342, 1343, 1344, 1345, 1346, 1347, 1348, 1349, 1350, 1351, 1352, 1353, 1354, 1355, 1356, 1357, 1358, 1359, 1360, 1361, 1362, 1363, 1364, 1365, 1366, 1367, 1368, 1369, 1370, 1371, 1372, 1373, 1374, 1375, 1376, 1377, 1378, 1379, 1380, 1381, 1382, 1383, 1384, 1385, 1386, 1387, 1388, 1389, 1390, 1391, 1392, 1393, 1394, 1395, 1396, 1397, 1398, 1399, 1400, 1401, 1402, 1403, 1404, 1405, 1406, 1407, 1408, 1409, 1410, 1411, 1412, 1413, 1414, 1415, 1416, 1417, 1418, 1419, 1420, 1421, 1422, 1423, 1424, 1425, 1426, 1427, 1428, 1429, 1430, 1431, 1432, 1433, 1434, 1435, 1436, 1437, 1438, 1439, 1440, 1441, 1442, 1443, 1444, 1445, 1446, 1447, 1448, 1449, 1450, 1451, 1452, 1453, 1454, 1455, 1456, 1457, 1458, 1459, 1460, 1461, 1462, 1463, 1464, 1465, 1466, 1467, 1468, 1469, 1470, 1471, 1472, 1473, 1474, 1475, 1476, 1477, 1478, 1479, 1480, 1481, 1482, 1483, 1484, 1485, 1486, 1487, 1488, 1489, 1490, 1491, 1492, 1493, 1494, 1495, 1496, 1497, 1498, 1499, 1500, 1501, 1502, 1503, 1504, 1505, 1506, 1507, 1508, 1509, 1510, 1511, 1512, 1513, 1514, 1515, 1516, 1517, 1518, 1519, 1520, 1521, 1522, 1523, 1524, 1525, 1526, 1527, 1528, 1529, 1530, 1531, 1532, 1533, 1534, 1535, 1536, 1537, 1538, 1539, 1540, 1541, 1542, 1543, 1544, 1545, 1546, 1547, 1548, 1549, 1550, 1551, 1552, 1553, 1554, 1555, 1556, 1557, 1558, 1559, 1560, 1561, 1562, 1563, 1564, 1565, 1566, 1567, 1568, 1569, 1570, 1571, 1572, 1573, 1574, 1575, 1576, 1577, 1578, 1579, 1580, 1581, 1582, 1583, 1584, 1585, 1586, 1587, 1588, 1589, 1590, 1591, 1592, 1593, 1594, 1595, 1596, 1597, 1598, 1599, 1600, 1601, 1602, 1603, 1604, 1605, 1606, 1607, 1608, 1609, 1610, 1611, 1612, 1613, 1614, 1615, 1616, 1617, 1618, 1619, 1620, 1621, 1622, 1623, 1624, 1625, 1626, 1627, 1628, 1629, 1630, 1631, 1632, 1633, 1634, 1635, 1636, 1637, 1638, 1639, 1640, 1641, 1642, 1643, 1644, 1645, 1646, 1647, 1648, 1649, 1650, 1651, 1652, 1653, 1654, 1655, 1656, 1657, 1658, 895, 895, 895, 895, 895, 895, 895, 895, 895, 895, 895, 895, 895, 1681, 1682, 1683, 1684, 1685, 1686, 1687, 1688, 1689, 1690, 1691, 1692, 1693, 1694, 1695, 1696, 1697, 1698, 1699, 1700], "duplicates": 1}
| 1
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On 16 December 1988, early in the morning, Gerard Magee was arrested at his home under section 12 of the Prevention of Terrorism Act 1984 (“the 1984 Act”) in connection with an attempted bomb attack on military personnel. Gerard Magee was taken to Castlereagh police station. He claims that on arrival he immediately requested to see his solicitor. Access was delayed pursuant to section 15 of the Northern Ireland (Emergency Provisions) Act 1987 (“the 1987 Act”). At 9.15 a.m. Gerard Magee was examined by a doctor who advised him that if he had any complaints to make he should tell the doctor when he made his round the following morning.
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10373}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "insert", "end_offset": 10432, "entity_id": "001-58837_a8_e45", "entity_mention_id": "001-58837_a8_em53", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "twenty years", "start_offset": 10420}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 10467, "entity_id": "001-58837_a8_e46", "entity_mention_id": "001-58837_a8_em54", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "8 February 1993", "start_offset": 10452}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 10673, "entity_id": "001-58837_a8_e47", "entity_mention_id": "001-58837_a8_em55", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Court of Appeal of Northern Ireland", "start_offset": 10638}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 11446, "entity_id": "001-58837_a8_e48", "entity_mention_id": "001-58837_a8_em56", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "16 June 1993", "start_offset": 11434}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 11504, "entity_id": "001-58837_a8_e49", "entity_mention_id": "001-58837_a8_em57", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "17 December 1993", "start_offset": 11488}]}, "annotator9": null}, "quality_checked": [], "task": "Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Gerard Magee", "meta": {"applicant": "Gerard Magee", "articles": [91, 34, 54, 34, 44, 32, 34, 52, 49, 34, 44, 32, 34, 49, 52, 34, 93], "countries": "GBR", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2000}, "doc_id": "001-58837", "dataset_type": "train", "orig_text": "PROCEDURE\n\nThe case originated in an application (no. 28135/95) against the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland lodged with the European Commission of Human Rights (\u201cthe Commission\u201d) under former Article 25 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (\u201cthe Convention\u201d) by an Irish citizen, Mr Gerard Magee (\u201cthe applicant\u201d), on 22 May 1992.\n\nThe applicant, who was granted legal aid, was represented by Madden and Finucane, a firm of solicitors practising in Belfast. The Government of the United Kingdom (\u201cthe Government\u201d) were represented by their Agent, Mr C. Whomersley, of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, London.\n\nThe applicant alleged, inter alia, that he was ill-treated while in detention and that he was denied a fair trial.\n\nThe application was transmitted to the Court on 1 November 1998, when Protocol No. 11 to the Convention came into force (Article 5 \u00a7 2 of Protocol No. 11).\n\nThe application was allocated to the Third Section of the Court (Rule 52 \u00a7 1 of the Rules of Court).\n\nBy a decision of 14 September 1999, the Chamber declared the application partly admissible.\n\nThe applicant and the Government each filed observations on the merits (Rule 59 \u00a7 1). The Chamber having decided, after consulting the parties, that no hearing on the merits was required (Rule 59 \u00a7 2 in fine), the parties replied in writing to each other's observations.\n\nTHE FACTS\n\nI. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE\n\nOn 16 December 1988, early in the morning, the applicant was arrested at his home under section 12 of the Prevention of Terrorism Act 1984 (\u201cthe 1984 Act\u201d) in connection with an attempted bomb attack on military personnel. The applicant was taken to Castlereagh police station. He claims that on arrival he immediately requested to see his solicitor. Access was delayed pursuant to section 15 of the Northern Ireland (Emergency Provisions) Act 1987 (\u201cthe 1987 Act\u201d). At 9.15 a.m. the applicant was examined by a doctor who advised him that if he had any complaints to make he should tell the doctor when he made his round the following morning. The applicant was cautioned pursuant to Article 3 of the Criminal Evidence (Northern Ireland) Order 1988 (\u201cthe 1988 Order\u201d). Unfamiliar with this new law, the applicant again requested a consultation with a lawyer and this request was refused.\n\nOn the same day the applicant was interviewed five times by two teams of two detectives. These interviews took place between 10.55 a.m. and 1 p.m., 2 p.m. and 4 p.m., 4 p.m. and 6 p.m., 7.35 p.m. and 9.30 p.m., and 9.30 p.m. and 12 midnight.\n\nAt 8.21 a.m. on 17 December 1988, the applicant complained to the same doctor he had seen the day before of ill-treatment during the second and third interviews on the previous day. The doctor recorded in his notes that the applicant had alleged that he had been repeatedly slapped and occasionally punched in the back of the head during the second and third interviews and that he had been punched a few times in the stomach. The doctor gave the applicant two tablets (a mild analgesic) and prescribed four such tablets a day if required. Pursuant to this complaint, at 9.15 a.m. a police inspector visited the applicant's cell and took note of the applicant's complaints.\n\nSubsequently, the applicant's sixth, seventh and eighth interviews took place between 9.30 a.m. and 1 p.m., 2 p.m. and 4.20 p.m., and 7.30 p.m. and 12 midnight. During the sixth interview the applicant broke his silence and gave detailed answers to a number of questions admitting to his involvement in the assembly and planting of the bomb. During the seventh interview the applicant signed a lengthy statement which described in considerable detail his part in the conspiracy to plant and detonate the bomb.\n\nAt 8.28 a.m. on 18 December 1988, the applicant was visited by the same doctor who asked the applicant if he had any further allegations of ill-treatment and the applicant replied that he had not. The applicant was then interviewed about another matter between 10 a.m. and 12.45 p.m. At 1 p.m. the applicant was allowed to consult with his solicitor, who made notes on the applicant's allegations of ill-treatment. The solicitor chose not to pass these complaints on to the police. The applicant was then interviewed for the last time between 2 p.m. and 5 p.m. about an unrelated matter. The applicant was medically examined that evening at 8.20 p.m. by another doctor whose notes indicated that the applicant had made \u201cno allegations of ill-treatment since he had been last seen by a doctor\u201d. That doctor also noted that there was no sign of injuries.\n\nOn 19 December 1988 the applicant was taken to another police station where he was given a medical examination by another doctor. That doctor's note records the applicant's detailed allegations of assaults and ill-treatment which allegedly took place on 16 December 1988. No objective evidence of injury was noted.\n\nOn 19 December 1988 the applicant, along with others, was charged at Belfast Magistrates' Court with conspiracy to cause explosions, possession of explosives with intent, conspiracy to murder and membership of the Irish Republican Army.\n\nOn 3 March 1989 the applicant, through his solicitor, made an official written statement to the Complaints and Discipline Branch of the Royal Ulster Constabulary complaining about his ill-treatment by one team of two detectives while at Castlereagh police station.\n\nOn 17 September 1990 the trial of the applicant and his co-accused began at Belfast Crown Court before a single judge sitting without a jury. The applicant pleaded not guilty. The prosecution case was based on the admissions made by the applicant in interview and, in particular, the written statements signed by him.\n\nOn 3 October 1990, when the prosecution were about to lead evidence based on the applicant's admissions and statement made during questioning, the applicant applied under section 8 of the Northern Ireland (Emergency Provisions) Act 1978 (as amended) to have the admissions and statement made during questioning excluded on the basis of his alleged ill-treatment. A voir dire (submissions on a point of law in the absence of the jury) began and the applicant gave evidence as to his treatment, particularly by one team of two detectives during interviews nos. 2, 4 and 6 while in Castlereagh police station. Electrostatic Document Analysis (\u201cESDA\u201d) evidence was also led which the applicant submitted demonstrated glaring defects in the authentication of the interview notes which recorded his responses to the detectives' questions. All the relevant witnesses, including the applicant, the police officers alleged to have been involved in the ill-treatment and the doctors who had seen the applicant, gave evidence. The voir dire ended on 23 October 1990 when the trial judge rejected the application, admitted the applicant's admissions and statement into evidence and adjourned his detailed judgment in these respects.\n\nThe applicant did not subsequently give evidence at the trial. However, the trial judge cautioned the applicant, pursuant to Article 4 of the 1988 Order, as regards adverse inferences which could be drawn from this failure to give evidence.\n\nOn 21 December 1990 the trial judge gave judgment.\n\nHe first outlined his detailed reasoning behind his decision further to the voir dire. He noted that the only evidence against the applicant was the admissions and statement made while in custody at Castlereagh police station and that there was no forensic evidence against him. However, it was also noted that the applicant's admissions and statement were entirely consistent with the evidence presented in relation to others charged (and later convicted) with offences arising out of the same incident. The trial judge summarised the applicant's evidence of ill-treatment and this summary was later accepted on appeal by the applicant as constituting an accurate account of his evidence in this respect.\n\nThe trial judge then commented on that evidence. He noted, inter alia, that the applicant did not mention the names of or attempt to describe the two detectives in respect of whom he complained to the doctor on the morning of 17 December 1988; that the applicant had not mentioned to the doctor on that morning the \u201ccigarette treatment\u201d, which the applicant had submitted during the voir dire was the treatment which frightened him most; that there were inconsistencies in the accounts of ill-treatment given by the applicant to the doctor on that morning and his evidence at trial; that not one single objective sign of the ill-treatment which the applicant alleged was found by any of the doctors who examined the applicant; and that on the morning of 18 December 1990, the applicant did not make any complaint about ill-treatment despite the fact that he claimed he had suffered the worst treatment of all during the previous day.\n\nAlthough there had been a period when the monitoring screens (which relayed pictures from cameras in the interview rooms to a central control room) had not been monitored by the duty inspector on that Saturday morning, the trial judge found that this did not coincide with the applicant's evidence as to when he was ill-treated on that day and the trial judge found it impossible to accept that ill-treatment of the nature alleged by the applicant could have gone on without it being picked up by the cameras in the room where the applicant was questioned. On the question of general credibility the judge found that the applicant had repeatedly lied to the court, whereas the detectives involved were not at all shaken by a rigorous cross-examination in their firm denials of the allegations made by the applicant. As to the ESDA evidence, the trial judge found that it did not substantiate the applicant's submission as to the lack of authenticity of the interview notes.\n\nAccordingly, the trial judge rejected the applicant's allegations of ill-treatment and found that there was no reason to exclude the applicant's admissions or statement made during his detention in Castlereagh police station. As to the probative value of the applicant's statement, the trial judge found that it was sufficiently detailed to establish the several charges against the applicant and that he was fully entitled to convict the applicant on that basis. On 11 January 1991 the applicant was sentenced to twenty years' imprisonment.\n\nOn 8 February 1993 the applicant's appeal against conviction, challenging the trial judge's conclusions as to the allegations of ill-treatment and as to the ESDA evidence, was heard by the Court of Appeal of Northern Ireland. That court noted that in such cases the question to be answered is whether the court is satisfied that it is not a reasonable possibility that the accused was ill-treated. It noted, inter alia, that the trial judge had had the great advantage of seeing the applicant give evidence, that both an accused and the police officers involved can equally have an incentive to lie and that many facts are capable of being looked at in two or more ways, but they must be considered sensibly and realistically. Having reviewed the applicant's evidence and the trial judge's conclusions in that respect, that court concluded that it was satisfied that the applicant had not been ill-treated and that his conviction was neither unsafe nor unsatisfactory. 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| 1
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Lorraine Dicksons were born in 1972 and 1958 respectively. The first applicant is in prison and the second applicant lives in Hull. In 1994 the first applicant was convicted of murder (kicking a drunken man to death) and sentenced to life imprisonment with a tariff of fifteen years. His earliest expected release date is 2009. He has no children.
|
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"related_mentions": null, "span_text": "10 July 1980", "start_offset": 11203}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 11358, "entity_id": "001-83788_a8_e61", "entity_mention_id": "001-83788_a8_em78", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "19 December 2006", "start_offset": 11342}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 11528, "entity_id": "001-83788_a8_e62", "entity_mention_id": "001-83788_a8_em79", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "six months", "start_offset": 11518}]}, "annotator9": null}, "quality_checked": [], "task": "Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Lorraine Dickson", "meta": {"applicant": "Lorraine Dickson", "articles": [91, 34, 49, 50, 34, 44, 32, 34, 52, 49, 34, 44, 32, 34, 56, 34, 93], "countries": "GBR", "legal_branch": "GRANDCHAMBER", "year": 2007}, "doc_id": "001-83788", "dataset_type": "train", "orig_text": "PROCEDURE\n\nThe case originated in an application (no. 44362/04) against the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (\u201cthe Convention\u201d) by two British nationals, Kirk and Lorraine Dickson, husband and wife (\u201cthe applicants\u201d), on 23 November 2004.\n\nThe applicants, who were granted legal aid, were represented by Mr E. Abrahamson, a solicitor practising in Liverpool. The United Kingdom Government (\u201cthe Government\u201d) were represented by their Agent, Mr J. Grainger, of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office.\n\nThe applicants complained about the refusal of access to artificial insemination facilities, which they argued breached their rights under Articles 8 and/or 12 of the Convention.\n\nThe application was allocated to the Fourth Section of the Court (Rule 52 \u00a7 1 of the Rules of Court). Within that Section, the Chamber that would consider the case (Article 27 \u00a7 1 of the Convention) was constituted as provided in Rule 26 \u00a7 1. On 8 March 2005 the Court decided to communicate the application to the Government and (pursuant to Article 29 \u00a7 3 of the Convention) to examine the merits of the application at the same time as its admissibility. On 18 April 2006 a Chamber of that Section composed of Josep Casadevall, President, Nicolas Bratza, Giovanni Bonello, Rait Maruste, Stanislav Pavlovschi, Lech Garlicki and Javier Borrego Borrego, judges, unanimously declared the application admissible and, by four votes to three, held that there had been no violation of Articles 8 or 12 of the Convention. A concurring opinion of Judge Bonello, a joint dissenting opinion of Judges Casadevall and Garlicki as well as a dissenting opinion of Judge Borrego Borrego were appended to the judgment.\n\nOn 13 September 2006 a panel of the Grand Chamber granted the applicants\u2019 request to refer the case to the Grand Chamber in accordance with Article 43 of the Convention.\n\nThe composition of the Grand Chamber was determined according to the provisions of Article 27 \u00a7\u00a7 2 and 3 of the Convention and Rule 24.\n\nThe applicants and the Government each filed observations on the merits.\n\nA hearing took place in public in the Human Rights Building, Strasbourg, on 10 January 2007 (Rule 59 \u00a7 3). There appeared before the Court: (a) for the Government Mr J. Grainger, Agent, Mr D. Perry QC, Counsel, Mr A. Dodsworth, Adviser; (b) for the applicants Mr E. Abrahamson, Solicitor, Ms F. Krause, Counsel. The Court heard addresses by Mr Perry and Ms Krause.\n\nTHE FACTS\n\nI. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE\n\nThe applicants were born in 1972 and 1958 respectively. The first applicant is in prison and the second applicant lives in Hull.\n\nIn 1994 the first applicant was convicted of murder (kicking a drunken man to death) and sentenced to life imprisonment with a tariff of fifteen years. His earliest expected release date is 2009. He has no children.\n\nIn 1999 he met the second applicant, while she was also imprisoned, through a prison pen-pal network. She has since been released. In 2001 the applicants married. The second applicant already had three children from other relationships.\n\nSince the applicants wished to have a child, in October 2001 the first applicant applied for facilities for artificial insemination. In December 2002 the second applicant joined this application. They relied on the length of their relationship and the fact that, given the first applicant\u2019s earliest release date and the second applicant\u2019s age, it was unlikely that they would be able to have a child together without the use of artificial insemination facilities.\n\nIn a letter dated 28 May 2003 the Secretary of State refused their application. He first set out his general policy (\u201cthe Policy\u201d): \u201cRequests for artificial insemination by prisoners are carefully considered on individual merit and will only be granted in exceptional circumstances. In reaching decisions particular attention is given to the following general considerations: \u2013 whether the provision of artificial insemination facilities is the only means by which conception is likely to occur \u2013 whether the prisoner\u2019s expected day of release is neither so near that delay would not be excessive nor so distant that he/she would be unable to assume the responsibilities of a parent \u2013 whether both parties want the procedure and the medical authorities both inside and outside the prison are satisfied that the couple are medically fit to proceed with artificial insemination \u2013 whether the couple were in a well established and stable relationship prior to imprisonment which is likely to subsist after the prisoner\u2019s release \u2013 whether there is any evidence to suggest that the couple\u2019s domestic circumstances and the arrangements for the welfare of the child are satisfactory, including the length of time for which the child might expect to be without a father or mother \u2013 whether having regard to the prisoner\u2019s history, antecedents and other relevant factors there is evidence to suggest that it would not be in the public interest to provide artificial insemination facilities in a particular case.\u201d He then gave his reasons for refusal in the present case: \u201c... the Home Secretary has had particular regard to the likely age of your wife at the time that you will become eligible for release. Your wife will be 51 years of age at the earliest possible date of release and therefore the likelihood of her being able to conceive naturally is small. It is noted that Mrs Dickson has three children from an earlier relationship. In the light of your wife\u2019s age, the Minister has looked with very great care at both you and your wife\u2019s circumstances, ... The Minister has noted that you and your wife are in full agreement about your wish to conceive artificially. He also recognises the commitment which you and your wife have shown to one another. However, he notes that your relationship was established while you were in prison and has therefore yet to be tested in the normal environment of daily life. A reasoned and objective assessment cannot be made as to whether your relationship will subsist after your release. Further he is concerned that there seems to be insufficient provision in place to provide independently for the material welfare of any child which may be conceived. In addition, there seems to be little in the way of an immediate support network in place for the mother and any child which may be conceived. It also remains a matter of deep concern that any child which might be conceived would be without the presence of a father for an important part of his or her childhood years. While recognising the progress which you have made in addressing your offending behaviour, the constructive use that you have made of your time in prison in preparation for your release and your good prison behaviour, the Minister nevertheless notes the violent circumstances of the crime for which you were sentenced to life imprisonment. It is considered that there would be legitimate public concern that the punitive and deterrent elements of your sentence of imprisonment were being circumvented if you were allowed to father a child by artificial insemination while in prison.\u201d\n\nThe applicants sought leave to apply for judicial review of the Secretary of State\u2019s decision. On 29 July 2003 the High Court refused leave on the papers. The applicants renewed their application and on 5 September 2003 leave was again refused after an oral hearing. On 13 October 2003 the applicants introduced an application to this Court and it was declared inadmissible on 15 December 2003 on the basis that they had failed to exhaust domestic remedies (application no. 34127/03). The applicants then applied to the Court of Appeal for leave to appeal.\n\nOn 30 September 2004 their application was unanimously rejected by the Court of Appeal. Auld LJ relied in principle on the judgment of the Court of Appeal in R (Mellor) v. Secretary of State for the Home Department [2001] 3 WLR 533. He pointed to the similarity of the arguments put by the applicants in the present case and in the Mellor case. Auld LJ relied on the conclusion of Lord Phillips, Master of the Rolls, in the Mellor case (see paragraphs 23-26 below) and commented: \u201c... Lord Phillips clearly had in mind, and he set it out in the course of his judgment, the provisions of Article 8.2 of the Convention setting out various matters that may justify interference with the right to respect for private and family life, including the protection of health or morals and the protection of the rights and freedom of others. It seems to me that concern, not only for the public attitude to the exercise by prisoners of certain rights in prison which they would take for granted outside, and concern for the rights of a putative child in the upbringing it would receive depending on the circumstances and the length of the imprisonment involved, are highly relevant circumstances for the purposes of Article 8.2 ... Accordingly, in my view, it is not open to [the applicants] to seek to re-open the validity of the Secretary of State\u2019s policy which this court has held in Mellor is rational and otherwise lawful. As Lord Phillips made clear in his judgment in that case, although the starting point of the policy is that deprivation of facilities for artificial insemination may prevent conception altogether, the finishing point is whether there are exceptional circumstances for not applying the policy ...\u201d He then noted that on occasions the Secretary of State had \u201cdis-applied\u201d the Policy when the circumstances had merited it: he referred to a letter from the Treasury Solicitor to the applicants which apparently demonstrated this fact and pointed out that counsel for the Secretary of State had informed the court that there had been other such instances.\n\nAuld LJ then applied the Policy to the present case: \u201cTo the extent that [the applicants have] suggested that [the] Secretary of State has irrationally misapplied his own policy to the circumstances, or has otherwise acted disproportionately in applying it, I would reject the suggestion. There is no basis for saying that the Secretary of State\u2019s approach can be equated, as [the applicants] suggested, with the extinction of a fundamental right. It was a weighing of the starting point of the policy against the other considerations for which the policy itself provided, an exercise of discretion and proportionality in respect of which, in my view, the Secretary of State cannot be faulted on the circumstances as presented to him.\u201d\n\nThe other judges also relied on the judgment in Mellor. Mance LJ said the following: \u201cThe case of Mellor is also clear authority that considerations and potential consequences of public interest over and above a narrow view of the requirements of good order and security in prison can play a role in a decision whether or not to permit such artificial insemination ... I note that, in addition to the European authorities specifically mentioned in paragraph 42 by Lord Phillips, the Commission, in its decision in Draper v. the United Kingdom [no. 8186/78, Commission\u2019s report of 10 July 1980, DR 24, pp. 81-82, \u00a7\u00a7 61-62], also recognised the potential relevance of more general considerations of public interest.\u201d\n\nOn 19 December 2006 the first applicant was transferred to the open side of another prison as a Category D prisoner. In principle, he was eligible for unescorted home leave after six months should he retain his Category D status (Rule 9 of the Prison Rules 1999, as implemented by Chapter 4.3 \u2013 \u201cTemporary Release for Life Sentence Prisoners\u201d \u2013 of Prison Service Order 6300).", "applicant": "Lorraine Dickson", "offset": 2612, "idx_mapping": [2612, 2612, 2612, 2612, 2612, 2612, 2612, 2612, 2612, 2612, 2612, 2612, 2612, 2628, 2629, 2630, 2631, 2632, 2633, 2634, 2635, 2636, 2637, 2638, 2639, 2640, 2641, 2642, 2643, 2644, 2645, 2646, 2647, 2648, 2649, 2650, 2651, 2652, 2653, 2654, 2655, 2656, 2657, 2658, 2659, 2660, 2661, 2662, 2663, 2664, 2665, 2666, 2667, 2668, 2669, 2670, 2671, 2672, 2673, 2674, 2675, 2676, 2677, 2678, 2679, 2680, 2681, 2682, 2683, 2684, 2685, 2686, 2687, 2688, 2689, 2690, 2691, 2692, 2693, 2694, 2695, 2696, 2697, 2698, 2699, 2700, 2701, 2702, 2703, 2704, 2705, 2706, 2707, 2708, 2709, 2710, 2711, 2712, 2713, 2714, 2715, 2716, 2717, 2718, 2719, 2720, 2721, 2722, 2723, 2724, 2725, 2726, 2727, 2728, 2729, 2730, 2731, 2732, 2733, 2734, 2735, 2736, 2737, 2738, 2739, 2740, 2741, 2742, 2743, 2744, 2745, 2746, 2747, 2748, 2749, 2750, 2751, 2752, 2753, 2754, 2755, 2756, 2757, 2758, 2759, 2760, 2761, 2762, 2763, 2764, 2765, 2766, 2767, 2768, 2769, 2770, 2771, 2772, 2773, 2774, 2775, 2776, 2777, 2778, 2779, 2780, 2781, 2782, 2783, 2784, 2785, 2786, 2787, 2788, 2789, 2790, 2791, 2792, 2793, 2794, 2795, 2796, 2797, 2798, 2799, 2800, 2801, 2802, 2803, 2804, 2805, 2806, 2807, 2808, 2809, 2810, 2811, 2812, 2813, 2814, 2815, 2816, 2817, 2818, 2819, 2820, 2821, 2822, 2823, 2824, 2825, 2826, 2827, 2828, 2829, 2830, 2831, 2832, 2833, 2834, 2835, 2836, 2837, 2838, 2839, 2840, 2841, 2842, 2843, 2844, 2845, 2846, 2847, 2848, 2849, 2850, 2851, 2852, 2853, 2854, 2855, 2856, 2857, 2858, 2859, 2860, 2861, 2862, 2863, 2864, 2865, 2866, 2867, 2868, 2869, 2870, 2871, 2872, 2873, 2874, 2875, 2876, 2877, 2878, 2879, 2880, 2881, 2882, 2883, 2884, 2885, 2886, 2887, 2888, 2889, 2890, 2891, 2892, 2893, 2894, 2895, 2896, 2897, 2898, 2899, 2900, 2901, 2902, 2903, 2904, 2905, 2906, 2907, 2908, 2909, 2910, 2911, 2912, 2913, 2914, 2915, 2916, 2917, 2918, 2919, 2920, 2921, 2922, 2923, 2924, 2925, 2926, 2927, 2928, 2929, 2930, 2931, 2932, 2933, 2934, 2935, 2936, 2937, 2938, 2939, 2940, 2941, 2942, 2943, 2944, 2945, 2946, 2947, 2948, 2949, 2950, 2951, 2952, 2953, 2954, 2955, 2956, 2957, 2958], "duplicates": 1}
| 1
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A. Mobin Ahmeds
Mr Mobin Ahmed, Mr Dennis Perrin, Mr Ray Bentley and Mr David Brough are all British citizens, born in 1941, 1948, 1947 and 1932 respectively. They live in London, Yelverton, Edgware and Exeter respectively. At the relevant time they were each permanently employed in different capacities by various local authorities. Their precise status and functions are described in Section C below.
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"001-58222_a8_e113", "entity_mention_id": "001-58222_a8_em178", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "House of Lords", "start_offset": 23464}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "insert", "end_offset": 23835, "entity_id": "001-58222_a8_e122", "entity_mention_id": "001-58222_a8_em179", "entity_type": "PERSON", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Lords Justices Russell and Rose", "start_offset": 23804}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 23882, "entity_id": "001-58222_a8_e113", "entity_mention_id": "001-58222_a8_em180", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "House of Lords", "start_offset": 23868}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 23918, "entity_id": "001-58222_a8_e113", "entity_mention_id": "001-58222_a8_em181", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "House of Lords", "start_offset": 23904}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 23965, "entity_id": "001-58222_a8_e123", "entity_mention_id": "001-58222_a8_em182", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "24 March 1993", "start_offset": 23952}]}, "annotator9": null}, "quality_checked": [], "task": "Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Mobin Ahmed", "meta": {"applicant": "Mobin Ahmed", "articles": [91, 34, 112, 49, 45, 51, 34, 44, 32, 34, 49, 49, 34, 44, 32, 34, 49, 48, 34, 93], "countries": "GBR", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 1998}, "doc_id": "001-58222", "dataset_type": "train", "orig_text": "PROCEDURE\n\nThe case was referred to the Court by the European Commission of Human Rights (\u201cthe Commission\u201d) on 9 July 1997 within the three-month period laid down by Article 32 \u00a7 1 and Article 47 of the Convention. It originated in an application (no. 22954/93) against the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland lodged with the Commission under Article 25 by Mr Mobin Ahmed, Mr Dennis Perrin, Mr Ray Bentley and Mr David John Brough, all British citizens, on 21 September 1993. The Commission\u2019s request referred to Articles 44 and 48 and to the declaration whereby the United Kingdom recognised the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court (Article 46). The object of the request was to obtain a decision as to whether the facts of the case disclosed a breach by the respondent State of its obligations under Articles 10 and 11 of the Convention and Article 3 of Protocol No. 1.\n\nIn response to the enquiry made in accordance with Rule 33 \u00a7 3 (d) of Rules of Court A, the applicants stated that they wished to take part in the proceedings and designated the lawyer who would represent them (Rule 30).\n\nThe Chamber to be constituted included ex officio Sir John Freeland, the elected judge of British nationality (Article 43 of the Convention), and Mr R. Bernhardt, the Vice-President of the Court (Rule 21 \u00a7 4 (b)). On 27 August 1997, in the presence of the Registrar, the President of the Court, Mr R. Ryssdal, drew by lot the names of the other seven members, namely Mr R. Macdonald, Mr C. Russo, Mr A. Spielmann, Mr J. De Meyer, Mr D. Gotchev, Mr P. K\u016bris and Mr P. van Dijk (Article 43 in fine of the Convention and Rule 21 \u00a7 5). Subsequently, Mr L.-E. Pettiti and Mr R. Pekkanen replaced Mr Macdonald and Mr Russo who were unable to take part in the further consideration of the case (Rule 22 \u00a7 1).\n\nAs President of the Chamber (Rule 21 \u00a7 6), Mr Bernhardt, acting through the Registrar, consulted the Agent of the United Kingdom Government (\u201cthe Government\u201d), the applicants\u2019 lawyer and the Delegate of the Commission on the organisation of the proceedings (Rules 37 \u00a7 1 and 38). Pursuant to the orders made in consequence, the Registrar received the applicants\u2019 memorial on 22 December 1997 and the Government\u2019s memorial on 15 January 1998. A schedule to the applicants\u2019 memorial setting out details of their claims under Article 50 of the Convention was received at the registry on 22 January 1998. An amended schedule of claims was filed with the registry on 27 April 1998. The Government\u2019s responses to the applicants\u2019 claims were filed with the registry on 21 April and 18 May 1998. The applicants filed observations in reply on 29 May 1998.\n\nOn 2 September 1997 the President of the Chamber granted Liberty, a non-governmental organisation based in London, leave to submit written comments on the case (Rule 37 \u00a7 2). These were received on 12 January 1998 and subsequently communicated to the Agent of the Government, the representative of the applicants and the Delegate of the Commission for possible observations. No observations were submitted.\n\nIn accordance with the President\u2019s decision, the hearing took place in public in the Human Rights Building, Strasbourg, on 22 April 1998. The Court had held a preparatory meeting beforehand. There appeared before the Court: (a) for the Government Mr C. Whomersley, Foreign and Commonwealth Office, Agent, Mr J. Morris QC, Attorney-General, Mr J. Eadie, Barrister-at-Law, Counsel, Mr I. MacLeod, Legal Secretariat to the Law Officers, Mr P. Rowsell, Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions, Mr D. Steele, Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions, Advisers; (b) for the Commission Mr N. Bratza, Delegate; (c) for the applicants Mr J. Goudie QC, Mr A. Lynch, Barrister-at-Law, Counsel, Mr B. Banks, Solicitor. The Court heard addresses by Mr Bratza, Mr Goudie and Mr Morris.\n\nAS TO THE FACTS\n\nI. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE\n\nA. The applicants\n\nMr Mobin Ahmed, Mr Dennis Perrin, Mr Ray Bentley and Mr David Brough are all British citizens, born in 1941, 1948, 1947 and 1932 respectively. They live in London, Yelverton, Edgware and Exeter respectively. At the relevant time they were each permanently employed in different capacities by various local authorities. Their precise status and functions are described in Section C below. The background to their complaints to the Convention institutions is constituted by the enactment and implementation of legislative measures designed to limit the involvement of certain categories of local government officials, such as themselves, in political activities. The history of the enactment of the relevant measures as well as their purport and scope are described in Section B below. The impact of the measures on the applicants, all persons considered holders of politically restricted posts within the meaning of the applicable legislation, is described in Section C below.\n\nB. The adoption of the Local Government Officers (Political Restrictions) Regulations 1990\n\n1. The political background to the adoption of the Regulations\n\nAgainst the background of the increasing politicisation of local government and attendant problems in respect of the relationship between elected members and local government officers, the Secretaries of State for the Environment, for Scotland and for Wales, appointed on 5 February 1985 a committee (\u201cthe Widdicombe Committee\u201d) to inquire, inter alia, into the respective roles of elected members and officers of local government authorities and to make any necessary recommendations for strengthening the democratic process.\n\nOn 9 May 1986, after receiving evidence from 138 local government authorities and over 500 other organisations and individuals, the Widdicombe Committee submitted its report. The Committee firmly endorsed the continuation of the tradition of politically impartial local government officers having regard in particular to the roles of senior officers as managers, advisers and arbitrators in the day-to-day functioning of local government. In his foreword to the final report the Chairman of the Committee wrote: \u201c6. Although most of the problems we have perceived have been ones of uncertain relations, there have been some cases, albeit a few, where power has been abused.\u201d In the Chairman\u2019s view, the recent sharpening of the political intensity of local politics was reflected in the relations between elected council members and local government officers and that the trend towards greater politicisation might be a source of future problems unless recommendations were made in order to provide a framework able to cope with it. With regard to the importance of the impartiality of local government officers, the Widdicombe Committee concluded that: \u201c6.141. The overwhelming view in the evidence we have received has been that officers (subject to very limited and closely defined exceptions) should continue to serve the council as a whole. \u2026 There has been equally wide agreement that the public service tradition of a permanent corps of politically impartial officers should be retained. \u2026 6.180. Public service in the United Kingdom is founded on a tradition of a permanent corps of politically neutral officers serving with equal commitment whatever party may be in political control. \u2026 6.182. Local government in the United Kingdom has traditionally been based on the same public service tradition as central government, but this has been a matter of convention and practice. \u2026 6.186. The issue of principle is therefore straightforward. There must continue to be a system of permanent and politically neutral officers appointed on the basis of merit. The issue which we need to consider is whether new machinery or rules are required to ensure this, and if so on what basis.\u201d\n\nTo ensure that senior officers continued to discharge their functions in a manner which was impartial from both a subjective and an objective point of view, the Widdicombe Committee in paragraph 6.217 of its report recommended that: \u201c(a) the legislation should be amended so that persons who are councillors or who are standing for election as councillors, or who have been councillors within the last year, may not be employed by another authority at the rank of principal officer or above; (b) the Local Authorities\u2019 Conditions of Service Advisory Board should take steps to include in the terms and conditions of officers at the rank of principal officer and above a prohibition on political activity, including: (i) standing for, and holding, public elected office; (ii) holding office in a political party; (iii) speaking or writing in public in a personal capacity in a way that might be regarded as engaging in party political debate; and (iv) canvassing at elections; (c) if the changes recommended at (b) are not made to officers\u2019 terms and conditions, legislation should be introduced to similar effect.\u201d\n\n2. The adoption of the Regulations\n\nFollowing the publication of the recommendations of the Widdicombe Committee, on 16 November 1989 the House of Commons passed the Local Government and Housing Act 1989 (\u201cthe Act\u201d), which empowered the Secretary of State for the Environment to make regulations to restrict the political activities of certain categories of local government officers. The Act entered into force on 29 November 1989.\n\nThe Local Government Officers (Political Restrictions) Regulations 1990 (\u201cthe Regulations\u201d) were made under section 1(5) of the Act on 4 April 1990. They were laid before Parliament the following day and came into force on 1 May 1990. The Regulations applied to all persons holding a politically restricted post as defined in section 2(1) of the Act. This term covers three broad categories of local government officials: the most senior post-holders in local government (category one); officials remunerated in excess of a prescribed level and whose posts are listed for the purposes of the application of the Regulations (category two); and officials paid less than the prescribed level but who hold a listed post (category three). Each local authority was obliged to draw up a list of posts falling within the second and third categories (section 2(2)). A local government officer in the second and third categories could apply to an independent adjudicator to have his or her post removed from the list of posts to which the Regulations applied (section 3). All local government officials employed in these categories at the time of the entry into force of the Regulations were deemed, according to regulation 3(1), to be subject to the measures. A more detailed analysis of the contents of the Act and the Regulations is set out at paragraphs 26\u201333 below.\n\nC. The effect of the Regulations on the applicants\n\n1. Mr Ahmed\n\nThe first applicant, Mr Ahmed, was a solicitor employed by the London Borough of Hackney. Although his salary fell below the level prescribed in section 2(2)(a) of the Act (see paragraphs 12 above and especially 30 below), making him a category three officer, the Council pursuant to section 2(2)(c) of the Act included his post in the list of politically restricted posts because, in its opinion, his post involved giving advice on a regular basis to committees of the Council, namely the Housing Benefits Review Board, the Housing Development Sub-Committee and the Environmental Sub-Committee (see paragraph 30 below).\n\nMr Ahmed was adopted as Labour candidate for election to the London Borough of Enfield in 1990, but was obliged to withdraw his candidature as a result of the Regulations. On 7 March 1990 he applied for removal of his job description from the list of politically restricted posts (see paragraphs 12 above and especially 32 below). The Council confirmed that Mr Ahmed had not attended committees during the previous twelve months, but stated that he would be involved in giving advice to committees in future, and would attend on a more regular basis. The Council did not provide therefore a certificate stating that he did not give advice regularly. The adjudicator replied to the Council on 30 March 1990 that Mr Ahmed\u2019s application for exemption could not therefore be granted.\n\n2. Mr Perrin\n\nPrior to his retirement, the second applicant, Mr Perrin, was Principal Valuer with the Devon County Council (a category three officer). He was responsible for leading, directing and developing the Council\u2019s area valuation staff. His post required him to give regular advice to the Council\u2019s committees, including strategy advice on key estate management issues, and to speak to the media. Accordingly his post was included in the list of politically restricted posts kept by the Council in accordance with section 2(2) of the Act (see paragraph 12 above and especially paragraph 31 below).\n\nOn 19 February 1990 Mr Perrin applied for exemption from political restrictions on the ground that although he advised the Council at meetings and spoke to the media, the advice was \u201cfactual valuation information regarding the acquisition, disposal and management of property\u201d. His application for exemption was refused on 20 March 1990. The adjudicator wrote: \u201cI am satisfied that the duties of your post do fall within section 2(3) of the Act in that you do regularly attend committee meetings of the authority to give advice. Your authority do state that this advice does not extend to \u2018policy advice\u2019, but the Act itself makes no distinction between types of advice. I am not prepared, therefore, to grant an exemption under section 3(4) of the Act.\u201d\n\nAs a result of the Regulations, Mr Perrin had to give up his position as Vice-Chair and Property Officer of the Exeter Constituency Labour Party, and had to refrain from supporting and assisting Labour candidates in Exeter City Council elections, including his wife, who was a candidate in May 1990 and May 1991. He also reduced his involvement in trade union activities.\n\n3. Mr Bentley\n\nThe third applicant, Mr Bentley, is a planning manager with Plymouth City Council. He resigned from his position as Chairman of Torridge and West Devon Constituency Labour Party because of the Regulations, and was also restricted in canvassing for his wife who stood as the only Labour Councillor for the West Devon Borough Council, and in giving radio interviews in his capacity as Chairman of the Plymouth Health Emergency, a body concerned with National Health policies.\n\nThe monitoring officer of the Council classified Mr Bentley\u2019s post as one that was politically sensitive (a category one post) and appropriately subject to political restrictions under section 2(3) of the Act (see paragraph 30 below). The reasons for the classification included that Mr Bentley was head of the Council\u2019s corporate policy unit, that he was responsible directly to the head of the Council\u2019s paid service, that his post was responsible for policy analysis and research, that he represented the Council on a transport steering group involving other authorities and organisations, and that, in the twelve months prior to 31 August 1990, he attended three meetings of the Council\u2019s Policy and Resources (Finance sub-) Committee and advised on four separate issues of public transport. The monitoring officer considered that Mr Bentley\u2019s post also fell within section 2(7)(a) and (b) of the Act, and was therefore politically restricted in any event (see paragraph 28 below).\n\nMr Bentley applied for exemption from political restrictions. On 19 November 1990 the adjudicator underlined that he regarded his duties as limited to considering applications concerning restrictions under section 2(2) of the Act. He stated that although the Council may have identified the post as being politically restricted, it was not \u201cpolitically restricted because of that fact, but because it is explicitly covered by section 2(1)(c) of the Act. I therefore do not consider it necessary or desirable to address the question of whether this post meets the criteria for inclusion in the list of posts under section 2(2) or for exemption from that list, unless or until it is established that the post is not covered by section 2(1)(c).\u201d\n\n4. Mr Brough\n\nThe fourth applicant, Mr Brough, is employed by the Hillingdon Borough Council as the head of its Committee Services Department (a category one post). The provision of services to the Council\u2019s committees necessarily involves the Committee Services Department in frequent contact with and giving advice to the elected members of the Council. Mr Brough was the officer responsible for those activities.\n\nAs a consequence of the Regulations, Mr Brough can no longer act as Parliamentary Chairman of his party in Harrow East and is prevented from speaking at public meetings on issues such as housing and the health service. Mr Brough did not apply for exemption from the scope of the Regulations.\n\nD. Judicial review proceedings challenging the validity of the Regulations\n\nThe applicants and NALGO (the predecessor of UNISON, the trade union of which the applicants are members and which represents public-sector workers) applied for and were granted leave to apply for judicial review of the Regulations. The application was dismissed on 20 December 1991. The judge, Mr Justice Hutchison, considered that he was bound by the recent decision of the House of Lords in the case of R. v. Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex parte Brind and Others regarding the status of Article 10 of the Convention in domestic law. In connection with the test of \u201cWednesbury\u201d unreasonableness, the judge referred to an affidavit submitted by Mr Simcock, a senior civil servant at the Department of the Environment, in which Mr Simcock explained how the Widdicombe Committee (see paragraph 8 above) had been set up in 1985 to inquire into local authority practices and procedures with particular reference to the respective roles of elected members and officers. Mr Simcock also described the consultation process between the publication of the Widdicombe Report and the making of the Regulations, in which NALGO was involved, and how the Regulations were in some respects less restrictive than the Widdicombe Committee\u2019s proposals. Referring to senior officers, the Widdicombe Committee had said: \u201c... It is part of their job to advise councillors, and to adjudicate on matters of propriety, and in so doing they must command the respect and trust of all political parties. There might well be some senior officers who are politically active but who are nevertheless totally able to detach themselves from such activity in carrying out their duties as neutral officers. Nevertheless we believe there will always be a very significant risk that they are viewed with suspicion by councillors of other parties, and that as a consequence the performance of their duties towards the council as a whole will be impaired.\u201d The judge continued: \u201c... I preface my summary by pointing out that some of [the applicants\u2019 complaints] reflect the applicants\u2019 root and branch opposition to the whole concept of restricting the political activities of local government employees. It is said that:\n\n(a) There was no pressing social need for the Regulations \u2013 local government employees have in the past provided impartial advice and there is public confidence in their ability to do so.\n\n(b) The definition of [persons holding politically restricted posts] is unduly wide \u2013 a much more restricted category would have served the government\u2019s purpose.\n\n(c) The restrictions are expressed in broad, subjective and uncertain terms \u2013 a vice particularly objectionable where, as here, they seek to restrict fundamental human rights. Thus, in the Schedule references to apparent intention (paragraphs 6 and 7) and to publication in circumstances likely to create an impression (paragraphs 9 and 10) are objectionable, as is paragraph 4 of the Regulations themselves.\n\n(d) The consequence of the vice mentioned in the previous paragraph is that employees are likely to be treated inconsistently by different employers, by reason of there being room for undue latitude in interpreting the restrictions.\n\n(e) The Regulations go too far in prohibiting conduct undertaken with apparent intention, etc., or likely to create the impression of support, etc. They should, at most, have proscribed actual political activities.\n\n(f) The width of the language used means that many non-party political activities, including trade unions and charitable activities, are prohibited.\n\n(g) The terms are imposed on existing employees, who entered into their contracts of employment on a different basis.\n\n(h) The restrictions may have an adverse effect on recruitment and lead to resignations by skilled staff.\n\nSome of these points will have to be considered individually when I come to deal with further arguments advanced by the applicants under quite different heads, but in the context of Wednesbury unreasonableness I propose only to say that they do not in my judgment come near to establishing a case of perversity. I have already briefly referred to the genesis of the Act and the Regulations in the Widdicombe Report, and to the consultative processes that followed it. Paragraph 51 of the Report contained the recommendation that: \u2018... terms and conditions of [persons holding politically restricted posts] [should include] a prohibition on political activity, including ... (iii) speaking or writing in public in a personal capacity in a way that might be regarded as engaging in party political debate;\u2019 The Government\u2019s Command Paper in July 1988 (in which, as already mentioned, the view was expressed that the categories of [persons holding politically restricted posts] should be more restricted than the Report proposed) spelt out the essential aim that: \u2018it was important that the post-holder should be seen to be politically impartial but that otherwise, local government employees should not be subject to restrictions on their political activity.\u2019 Of the specific arguments mentioned in (a) to (h) above, those in (a), (b), (e), (g) and (h) are, it seems to me, essentially arguments against the whole concept of restricting such activities, and in the circumstances cannot found an attack on Wednesbury grounds. The arguments summarised in (c) and (d) are to the effect that the Regulations are uncertain and incapable of consistent and fair application. As a Wednesbury argument, this contention could not avail the applicants \u2013 at least unless the Regulations were void for uncertainty (this would be a distinct ground for challenge) which plainly they are not. Finally, the argument mentioned in (f) is in my view misconceived: the Regulations do not prohibit the kind of activities there mentioned. I shall have more to say on this subject when I deal with the applicants\u2019 specific arguments on vires and legitimate expectation, to the first of which I now turn.\u201d In conclusion, the judge found that the Regulations did not go beyond the policy and purpose of the Act, and rejected an argument that the applicants had a \u201clegitimate expectation\u201d that the Government would not interfere with trade union activities on the basis of an assurance from the then minister for local government matters. 24. An appeal to the Court of Appeal was dismissed on 26 November 1992. Lord Justice Neill found that the provisions of Article 10 of the Convention did not assist NALGO and the applicants, confirmed that it was not open to the courts below the House of Lords to depart from the traditional Wednesbury grounds in reviewing the decision of a minister who has exercised a discretion vested in him by Parliament, and found that the Regulations were not \u201cWednesbury unreasonable\u201d or ultra vires. He also agreed with the first-instance judge as to legitimate expectation. The other judges, Lords Justices Russell and Rose, agreed. Leave to appeal to the House of Lords was refused. 25. 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A. Patent application to NIPO
On 30 November 1990 the first applicant submitted a patent application for a particular method of propulsion of aircrafts and sea vessels to the Norwegian Industrial Property Office (Patentstyrets første avdeling – hereinafter referred to as “NIPO”). Ranging under the Ministry of Trade and Industry, NIPO is a government authority, responsible for processing and deciding on applications for patent protection in Norway. The application was allotted no. 19905214.
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"train", "orig_text": "PROCEDURE\n\nThe case originated in an application (no. 25498/08) against the Kingdom of Norway lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (\u201cthe Convention\u201d) by Mr Arne Kristiansen, a Norwegian national who was born in 1931, and Tyvik A/S, a limited liability company established under Norwegian law.\n\nThe applicants were represented by Mr H. Berge, a jurist residing in Luxembourg. The Norwegian Government (\u201cthe Government\u201d) were represented by their Agent, Mrs F. Platou Amble, Attorney, Attorney-general\u2019s Office (Civil Matters), assisted by Mr E. Bratterud, Attorney.\n\nOn 7 June 2010 the application was communicated to the Government.\n\nTHE FACTS\n\nI. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE\n\nA. Patent application to NIPO\n\nOn 30 November 1990 the first applicant submitted a patent application for a particular method of propulsion of aircrafts and sea vessels to the Norwegian Industrial Property Office (Patentstyrets f\u00f8rste avdeling \u2013 hereinafter referred to as \u201cNIPO\u201d). Ranging under the Ministry of Trade and Industry, NIPO is a government authority, responsible for processing and deciding on applications for patent protection in Norway. The application was allotted no. 19905214.\n\nIn a letter of 21 March 1991, NIPO presented a preliminary opinion stating that the application in its present form was not patentable because it did not reveal a concrete solution to achieve the desired effect. It also questioned whether the invention had any effect at all. Therefore, under former section 28 (currently section 32) of the Regulation (forskrift) to the Patents Act 1967 (patentloven), NIPO required the first applicant to perform a test (\u201cpraktiske fors\u00f8k\u201d) at an independent research institute and to submit the necessary test documentation. The first applicant replied on 30 September 1991 that he disputed the need for a test and referred to the high costs for such tests. However, he informed NIPO that prototypes were under construction and could be tested in the presence of representatives from NIPO.\n\nIn the period from 6 May 1992 to 10 May 1994, there was correspondence between the first applicant and NIPO as to the existence of any need to protect the confidentiality of the application. In February 1993 NIPO asked the Military Supreme Command whether the application should be kept secret on national security grounds, which the latter answered in the negative in March 1993. The first applicant was informed in June 1993.\n\nOn 9 May 1994 the first applicant provided NIPO with further information on the subject-matter of the application. On 24 February 1995, NIPO reiterated its request of 21 March 1991 that the first applicant provide evidence from tests showing the technical effect and concrete features of the invention. In his reply of 23 May 1995 the first applicant submitted theoretical views on the subject-matter of the application with reference to a research report of 1965 which, according to him, described tests and results that proved the technical effect of his invention. The required tests were therefore superfluous, in his view.\n\nThe first applicant on 27 November 1996 complained about the delays in the processing of his application. The NIPO\u2019s Director General on 9 December 1996 apologised for the delay and said the matter would be given priority.\n\nOn 16 December 1996 NIPO maintained its earlier requirement of independent tests, to which a series of exchanges ensued between the applicant and NIPO on the need for tests, including a protest by the applicant questioning NIPO\u2019s technical competence and the submission by him of statements by two academics, dated 14 March and 18 December 1997, respectively.\n\nWhilst apologising for the delay, NIPO maintained its position on the need for testing in a communication to the first applicant of 5 May 1999 and gave him until 5 November 1999 to comply.\n\nBy a registered letter of 26 October 1999, received on 11 November 1999, the first applicant again characterised NIPO\u2019s processing as late and technically incompetent without making any new arguments concerning the requirements for granting a patent.\n\nOn the ground of the first applicant\u2019s failure to comply with the time-limit of 5 November 1999, NIPO decided to discontinue (henlegge) its examination of his application under section 15(2) of the Patents Act (according to which, in the event of an omission by a patent seeker to provide a statement or to take measures to rectify a notified deficiency, the application shall be shelved). Upon reconsideration of the matter, NIPO informed the first applicant on 18 February 2000 that, although the application had been received on time, it maintained its decision to shelve the application because he had not met the substantive requirements indicated to him on 5 May 1999.\n\nThe first applicant then lodged a petition with the Parliamentary Ombudsman for Civil Matters on 8 March 2001.\n\nB. Resumption of examination by NIPO\n\nFollowing an inquiry by the Parliamentary Ombudsman for Civil Matters, NIPO informed the first applicant on 30 August 2001 that it had annulled its decision to discontinue the matter and gave him until 28 February 2002 to respond to its letter of 5 May 1999. He replied on 24 September 2001 but without presenting any new arguments or material.\n\nOn 2 October 2001 NIPO refused the application on the ground that the applicant had not made it probable that the subject-matter of the application had the alleged technical effect.\n\nOn 23 January 2002 the Parliamentary Ombudsman informed NIPO that he found no grounds for continuing the investigation of the petition.\n\nC. Appeal to NIPO\u2019s Board of Appeals\n\nOn 27 November 2001 the first applicant appealed to the Board of Appeals (Patentstyrets annen avdeling) against NIPO\u2019s decision of 2 October 2001.\n\nFollowing a period of circulation of the case files among the members of the Board of Appeals, the first meeting on the case was held on 13 September 2004. The Board of Appeals took a different view than NIPO and indicated a new formulation of the patent claims which might lead to a patent, but only for sea vessels. The applicant was informed correspondingly in a letter of 29 September 2004.\n\nDuring the period from 12 November 2004 to 13 January 2005, there was correspondence between the Board of Appeals and the first applicant in order to arrange a meeting, which was held on 2 February 2005. The subject-matter of the appeal was discussed together with the further process.\n\nOn 14 February 2005, NIPO was informed that 50% of the ownership to the application had been transferred to the second applicant Tyvik AS. Thereafter, mostly both applicants, occasionally only the first applicant, acted as claimants in the relevant proceedings (to simplify \u201capplicants\u201d is used in the following).\n\nIn the period from 2 May 2005 to 17 October 2005, the Board of Appeals and the applicants exchanged various communications regarding the patentability of the original patent claims. By a decision of 14 November 2005, the Board of Appeals concluded that the invention in application no. 19905214 had a technical effect, but the Board did not consider whether other patent requirements had been fulfilled. The applicants had received information on how to change the claims into a patentable invention but had been unwilling to do so. Consequently, the Board did not find any grounds to continue processing of the application. Accordingly, NIPO\u2019s decision was set aside and the application was referred back to NIPO for further consideration.\n\nD. Reconsideration by NIPO\n\nFollowing the return of the application to NIPO, it concluded in its letter of 29 November 2005 that the subject-matter of NO 19905214 could not be considered novel.\n\nThe applicants, represented by Mr. H. Berge, filed a new complaint to the Parliamentary Ombudsman on 13 March 2006 concerning the proceedings before NIPO. In particular they claimed that the executive officer of NIPO had been prejudiced as he was responsible for considerable parts of the previous processing and the refusal of the application prior to the appeal to the Board of Appeals. The Parliamentary Ombudsman replied on 22 March 2006 and 29 June 2006 that he could not decide on complaints until the processing of the application had been completed, but assumed that the case would now be examined with due diligence (\u201ctilb\u00f8rlig hurtighet\u201d).\n\nExchanges of correspondence between NIPO and the applicants continued between 31 May 2006 and 11 June 2006. NIPO provided guidance and suggested that specific changes be made to the patent claims in order to render the subject-matter of the application patentable. The applicants disagreed.\n\nOn 20 June 2007, the application was formally refused due to lack of novelty (see paragraph 35 below).\n\nE. Second appeal to Board of Appeals\n\nOn 20 August 2007 the applicants appealed to the Board of Appeals. On 29 November 2007, they were informed that the Board, after having examined the case (on 12 November 2007) had found it clear that the conditions for granting a patent had not been fulfilled in so far as concerned aircrafts. However, the application might succeed in respect of a more limited field of sea vessels. It was proposed that the patent requirements be formulated in a similar manner as proposed in the Board of Appeals\u2019 letter of 29 September 2004 (see paragraph 18 above).\n\nThe communication of 29 November 2007 further warned the applicants that if the patent requirements were not defined in accordance with the indications given, the Office\u2019s rejection might be confirmed. In the alternative, the part of the application that related to air transport might be disjoined from that which related to sea transport, in which case it might be expected that the former part would be rejected. As an alternative to delimiting against the requirements to aircrafts, dividing the application into two parts, one concerning aircrafts, another concerning sea vessels, could be considered, in accordance with section 11 of the Patents Act. In that case, a rejection of the separate part relating to air crafts ought to be expected.\n\nThe applicants were given until 29 January 2008 to comment and were warned that the case might be determined on the basis of the case-file as it stood as at that date.\n\nIn a letter to the Board of Appeals of 28 January 2008, the applicants submitted their observations to the communication of 29 November 2007 and altered the definition of patent requirements.\n\nOn 22 September 2008 the Board of Appeals confirmed NIPO\u2019s refusal of the patent requested (see paragraph 25 above), albeit on a different reasoning. Whilst NIPO had been sceptical about whether the patent requested could serve according to its purpose, the Board of Appeals had no doubt that the results could be achieved with the invention that could be exploited industrially and that the application could not be rejected on this ground. Both NIPO and the Board of Appeals found that the application did not involve any novelty in respect of aviation, though the reasoning differed. Unlike NIPO, the Board of Appeals found that the application could have succeeded in a limited area of sea transport. The applicants had been advised that in order to succeed, the patent requirements would have to be defined so as to exclude aviation but had not been willing to do so. The application as presented did therefore not fulfil the conditions for grant of patent.\n\nThe applicants have apparently not challenged the Board of Appeals\u2019 decision of 22 September 2008 before the Norwegian courts.\n\nF. Subsequent developments\n\nAccording to the applicants, the patent applications they had filed in 2003, made in light of the patent application of 30 November 1990 (no. 19905214), had been granted in the United States of America, Russia, China and Singapore and \u201cthrough the EPO [European Patent Office] as well\u201d.\n\nThe Government submitted that according to Espacenet (a database provided by EPO), the applicants had not claimed priority with respect to no. 19905214 in any of the above mentioned countries or in EPO. The granted EPO patent had claimed priority in relation to another and separate application by the applicants, namely no. 20015844, which had been based on knowledge from no. 19905214. When comparing the EPO patent claims with no. 19905214, one would observe that the former had been based on additional features that had made the invention patentable.", "applicant": "Arne Kristiansen", "offset": 759, "idx_mapping": [759, 760, 761, 762, 763, 764, 765, 766, 767, 768, 769, 770, 771, 772, 773, 774, 775, 776, 777, 778, 779, 780, 781, 782, 783, 784, 785, 786, 787, 788, 789, 790, 791, 792, 793, 794, 795, 796, 797, 798, 799, 800, 801, 802, 803, 804, 805, 806, 807, 808, 809, 810, 811, 812, 813, 814, 815, 816, 817, 818, 819, 820, 821, 822, 823, 824, 825, 826, 827, 828, 829, 830, 831, 832, 833, 834, 835, 836, 837, 838, 839, 840, 841, 842, 843, 844, 845, 846, 847, 848, 849, 850, 851, 852, 853, 854, 855, 856, 857, 858, 859, 860, 861, 862, 863, 864, 865, 866, 867, 868, 869, 870, 871, 872, 873, 874, 875, 876, 877, 878, 879, 880, 881, 882, 883, 884, 885, 886, 887, 888, 889, 890, 891, 892, 893, 894, 895, 896, 897, 898, 899, 900, 901, 902, 903, 904, 905, 906, 907, 908, 909, 910, 911, 912, 913, 914, 915, 916, 917, 918, 919, 920, 921, 922, 923, 924, 925, 926, 927, 928, 929, 930, 931, 932, 933, 934, 935, 936, 937, 938, 939, 940, 941, 942, 943, 944, 945, 946, 947, 948, 949, 950, 951, 952, 953, 954, 955, 956, 957, 958, 959, 960, 961, 962, 963, 964, 965, 966, 967, 968, 969, 970, 971, 972, 973, 974, 975, 976, 977, 978, 979, 980, 981, 982, 983, 984, 985, 986, 987, 988, 989, 990, 991, 992, 993, 994, 995, 996, 997, 998, 999, 1000, 1001, 1002, 1003, 1004, 1005, 1006, 1007, 1008, 1009, 1010, 1011, 1012, 1013, 1014, 1015, 1016, 1017, 1018, 1019, 1020, 1021, 1022, 1023, 1024, 1025, 1026, 1027, 1028, 1029, 1030, 1031, 1032, 1033, 1034, 1035, 1036, 1037, 1038, 1039, 1040, 1041, 1042, 1043, 1044, 1045, 1046, 1047, 1048, 1049, 1050, 1051, 1052, 1053, 1054, 1055, 1056, 1057, 1058, 1059, 1060, 1061, 1062, 1063, 1064, 1065, 1066, 1067, 1068, 1069, 1070, 1071, 1072, 1073, 1074, 1075, 1076, 1077, 1078, 1079, 1080, 1081, 1082, 1083, 1084, 1085, 1086, 1087, 1088, 1089, 1090, 1091, 1092, 1093, 1094, 1095, 1096, 1097, 1098, 1099, 1100, 1101, 1102, 1103, 1104, 1105, 1106, 1107, 1108, 1109, 1110, 1111, 1112, 1113, 1114, 1115, 1116, 1117, 1118, 1119, 1120, 1121, 1122, 1123, 1124, 1125, 1126, 1127, 1128, 1129, 1130, 1131, 1132, 1133, 1134, 1135, 1136, 1137, 1138, 1139, 1140, 1141, 1142, 1143, 1144, 1145, 1146, 1147, 1148, 1149, 1150, 1151, 1152, 1153, 1154, 1155, 1156, 1157, 1158, 1159, 1160, 1161, 1162, 1163, 1164, 1165, 1166, 1167, 1168, 1169, 1170, 1171, 1172, 1173, 1174, 1175, 1176, 1177, 1178, 1179, 1180, 1181, 1182, 1183, 1184, 1185, 1186, 1187, 1188, 1189, 1190, 1191, 1192, 1193, 1194, 1195, 1196, 1197, 1198, 1199, 1200, 1201, 1202, 1203, 1204, 1205, 1206, 1207, 1208, 1209, 1210, 1211, 1212, 1213, 1214, 1215, 1216, 1217, 1218, 1219, 1220, 1221, 1222, 1223, 1224, 1225, 1226, 1227, 1228, 1229, 1230, 1231, 1232, 1233, 1234, 1235, 1236, 1237, 1238, 1239, 1240, 1241, 1242, 1243, 1244, 1245, 1246, 1247, 1248, 1249, 1250, 1251, 1252, 1253], "duplicates": 1}
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Edgar Klein, born in 1926, is a German national and residing in Bad Neuenahr. On 6 December 1985 the Rhineland Westphalia electricity-supply company instituted proceedings before the Moers District Court (Amtsgericht) against Edgar Klein claiming outstanding payments for electricity. On 28 April 1986 the District Court ordered Edgar Klein to pay a sum of about 141 Deutsch Mark (DEM) as well as interest to the plaintiff. The Court found that Edgar Klein had reduced the sums due following the annual statements of account, challenging the mode of calculation as well as the coal-mining contribution, a contribution earmarked as a subsidy for the national coal-mining industry (Kohlepfennig). The Court considered that both the mode of calculation and the contribution could not be objected to from a constitutional point of view.
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"edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 3142, "entity_id": "001-59024_a8_e29", "entity_mention_id": "001-59024_a8_em30", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Second Division", "start_offset": 3127}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "insert", "end_offset": 3574, "entity_id": "001-59024_a8_e20", "entity_mention_id": "001-59024_a8_em31", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "District Court", "start_offset": 3560}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 3599, "entity_id": "001-59024_a8_e30", "entity_mention_id": "001-59024_a8_em32", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "April 1986", "start_offset": 3589}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 3840, "entity_id": "001-59024_a8_e31", "entity_mention_id": "001-59024_a8_em33", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "31 December 1995", "start_offset": 3824}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 3866, "entity_id": "001-59024_a8_e32", "entity_mention_id": "001-59024_a8_em34", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Constitutional Court", "start_offset": 3846}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 4028, "entity_id": "001-59024_a8_e33", "entity_mention_id": "001-59024_a8_em35", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "15 February 1995", "start_offset": 4012}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "insert", "end_offset": 4082, "entity_id": "001-59024_a8_e34", "entity_mention_id": "001-59024_a8_em36", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Moers District Court", "start_offset": 4062}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "insert", "end_offset": 4133, "entity_id": "001-59024_a8_e35", "entity_mention_id": "001-59024_a8_em37", "entity_type": "QUANTITY", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "80 DEM", "start_offset": 4127}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 4274, "entity_id": "001-59024_a8_e31", "entity_mention_id": "001-59024_a8_em38", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "31 December 1995", "start_offset": 4258}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 4376, "entity_id": "001-59024_a8_e36", "entity_mention_id": "001-59024_a8_em39", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "22 August 1995", "start_offset": 4362}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 4483, "entity_id": "001-59024_a8_e37", "entity_mention_id": "001-59024_a8_em40", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "24 May 1995", "start_offset": 4472}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 4540, "entity_id": "001-59024_a8_e38", "entity_mention_id": "001-59024_a8_em41", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "2 September 1995", "start_offset": 4524}]}, "annotator9": null}, "quality_checked": [], "task": "Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Edgar Klein", "meta": {"applicant": "Edgar Klein", "articles": [91, 34, 54, 34, 44, 32, 34, 52, 49, 34, 93], "countries": "DEU", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2000}, "doc_id": "001-59024", "dataset_type": "train", "orig_text": "PROCEDURE\n\nThe case originated in an application (no. 33379/96) against the Federal Republic of Germany lodged with the European Commission of Human Rights (\u201cthe Commission\u201d) under former Article 25 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (\u201cthe Convention\u201d) by a German national, Mr Edgar Klein (\u201cthe applicant\u201d), on 9 January 1996.\n\nThe applicant was represented by Mr Hanau, director of the research institute for social law at the University of K\u00f6ln (Germany). The German Government (\u201cthe Government\u201d) were represented by their Agent, Mr Klaus Stoltenberg, Ministerialdirigent, of the Federal Ministry of Justice.\n\nThe applicant alleged that the length of the civil proceedings were in breach of the \u201creasonable time\u201d requirement laid down in Article 6 \u00a7 1 of the Convention.\n\nOn 14 January 1998 the Commission decided to communicate the applicant\u2019s complaint concerning the length of the civil proceedings and to declare the remainder of the application inadmissible.\n\nThe applicant\u2019s complaint concerning the length of the civil proceedings was transmitted to the Court on 1 November 1998, when Protocol No. 11 to the Convention came into force (Article 5 \u00a7 2 of Protocol No. 11).\n\nIt was allocated to the Fourth Section of the Court (Rule 52 \u00a7 1 of the Rules of Court). Within that Section, the Chamber that would consider the case (Article 27 \u00a7 1 of the Convention) was constituted as provided in Rule 26 \u00a7 1 of the Rules of Court.\n\nBy a decision of 9 December 1999 the Chamber declared the applicant\u2019s complaint concerning the length of the civil proceedings admissible.\n\nThe applicant and the Government each filed observations on the merits (Rule 59 \u00a7 1).\n\nTHE FACTS\n\nI. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE\n\nThe applicant, born in 1926, is a German national and residing in Bad Neuenahr.\n\nOn 6 December 1985 the Rhineland Westphalia electricity-supply company instituted proceedings before the Moers District Court (Amtsgericht) against the applicant claiming outstanding payments for electricity.\n\nOn 28 April 1986 the District Court ordered the applicant to pay a sum of about 141 Deutsch Mark (DEM) as well as interest to the plaintiff. The Court found that the applicant had reduced the sums due following the annual statements of account, challenging the mode of calculation as well as the coal-mining contribution, a contribution earmarked as a subsidy for the national coal-mining industry (Kohlepfennig). The Court considered that both the mode of calculation and the contribution could not be objected to from a constitutional point of view.\n\nOn 8 June 1986 the applicant lodged a constitutional complaint with the Federal Constitutional Court (Bundesverfassungsgericht).\n\nOn 11 October 1994, after a series of hearings and after having received the observations of the Federal Government, the Government of Bavaria and the association of the German coal-mining industry (Gesamtverband des deutschen Steinkohlebergbaus), the Second Division (Senat) of the Federal Constitutional Court rendered a decision (of about 30 pages) upon the applicant's constitutional complaint. The Second Division declared that the relevant parts of the Act on the Use of EC Coal in the Electricity Supply (Gesetz \u00fcber die weitere Sicherung des Einsatzes von Gemeinschaftskohle in der Elektrizit\u00e4tswirtschaft), which were underlying the coal-mining contribution in question, were unconstitutional as the coal-mining contribution amounted to an inadmissible special levy (Sonderabgabe). The Federal Constitutional Court quashed the District Court's decision of April 1986 in as much as the payment of the contribution was concerned and sent the case back to that court. It further ordered that the legislation in question, to the extent that it was unconstitutional, should not be applied beyond 31 December 1995. The Constitutional Court did not entertain the applicant's complaint about the mode of calculation on the ground that the relevant regulations had changed meanwhile.\n\nOn 15 February 1995, in the resumed proceedings, the Moers District Court ordered the applicant to pay a sum of about 80 DEM as well as interest to the plaintiff. It found that, pursuant to the above legislation which continued to be in force until 31 December 1995, the applicant had to pay the above sum representing the coal-mining contribution.\n\nOn 22 August 1995 the Federal Constitutional Court refused a constitutional complaint by the applicant lodged on 24 May 1995. 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| 1
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Karsten Trippel lives in Großbottwar, Germany. He owned four shares in a company, the MotoMeter AG. 99 % of this company's shares were held by the company Robert Bosch GmbH. On 6 July 1992, following a majority decision of the shareholders' meeting, the MotoMeter AG sold all its company assets to a newly founded company, the MotoMeter GmbH, and was subsequently liquidated. The majority shareholder offered to buy the minority shareholders' shares at a price of 615 DEM (314.44 EUR) per share.
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"QUANTITY", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "99 %", "start_offset": 1559}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "insert", "end_offset": 1631, "entity_id": "001-61509_a8_e16", "entity_mention_id": "001-61509_a8_em17", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Robert Bosch GmbH", "start_offset": 1614}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 1648, "entity_id": "001-61509_a8_e17", "entity_mention_id": "001-61509_a8_em18", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "6 July 1992", "start_offset": 1637}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 1726, "entity_id": "001-61509_a8_e14", "entity_mention_id": "001-61509_a8_em19", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "MotoMeter AG", "start_offset": 1714}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 1801, "entity_id": "001-61509_a8_e18", "entity_mention_id": "001-61509_a8_em20", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "MotoMeter GmbH", "start_offset": 1787}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "insert", "end_offset": 1931, "entity_id": "001-61509_a8_e19", "entity_mention_id": "001-61509_a8_em21", "entity_type": "QUANTITY", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "615 DEM", "start_offset": 1924}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 1943, "entity_id": "001-61509_a8_e20", "entity_mention_id": "001-61509_a8_em22", "entity_type": "QUANTITY", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "314.44 EUR", "start_offset": 1933}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 1972, "entity_id": "001-61509_a8_e21", "entity_mention_id": "001-61509_a8_em23", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "22 July 1992", "start_offset": 1960}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 2057, "entity_id": "001-61509_a8_e17", "entity_mention_id": "001-61509_a8_em24", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "6 July 1992", "start_offset": 2046}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 2093, "entity_id": "001-61509_a8_e22", "entity_mention_id": "001-61509_a8_em25", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Stuttgart Regional Court", "start_offset": 2069}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 2460, "entity_id": "001-61509_a8_e23", "entity_mention_id": "001-61509_a8_em26", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "22 January 1993", "start_offset": 2445}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 2480, "entity_id": "001-61509_a8_e24", "entity_mention_id": "001-61509_a8_em27", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Regional Court", "start_offset": 2466}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 2664, "entity_id": "001-61509_a8_e25", "entity_mention_id": "001-61509_a8_em28", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "21 December 1993", "start_offset": 2648}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 2695, "entity_id": "001-61509_a8_e26", "entity_mention_id": "001-61509_a8_em29", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Stuttgart Court of Appeal", "start_offset": 2670}, {"confidential_status": 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"entity_mention_id": "001-61509_a8_em33", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Federal Constitutional Court", "start_offset": 2959}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 3007, "entity_id": "001-61509_a8_e30", "entity_mention_id": "001-61509_a8_em34", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "23 August 2000", "start_offset": 2993}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 3036, "entity_id": "001-61509_a8_e31", "entity_mention_id": "001-61509_a8_em35", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "13 September 2000", "start_offset": 3019}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 3071, "entity_id": "001-61509_a8_e10", "entity_mention_id": "001-61509_a8_em36", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Federal Constitutional Court", "start_offset": 3043}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 3338, "entity_id": "001-61509_a8_e10", "entity_mention_id": "001-61509_a8_em37", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Federal Constitutional Court", "start_offset": 3310}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 3515, "entity_id": "001-61509_a8_e14", "entity_mention_id": "001-61509_a8_em38", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "MotoMeter AG", "start_offset": 3503}]}, "annotator9": null}, "quality_checked": [], "task": "Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Karsten Trippel", "meta": {"applicant": "Karsten Trippel", "articles": [91, 34, 54, 34, 44, 32, 34, 52, 49, 34, 93], "countries": "DEU", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2003}, "doc_id": "001-61509", "dataset_type": "train", "orig_text": "PROCEDURE\n\nThe case originated in an application (no. 68103/01) against the Federal Republic of Germany lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (\u201cthe Convention\u201d) by a German national, Mr Karsten Trippel (\u201cthe applicant\u201d), on 12 March 2001.\n\nThe applicant was represented by C. Lenz, a lawyer practising in Stuttgart. The German Government (\u201cthe Government\u201d) were represented by their Agent, Mr K. Stoltenberg, Ministerialdirigent, Ministry of Justice.\n\nThe applicant complained, inter alia, that the length of the court proceedings before the Federal Constitutional Court exceeded a reasonable time within the meaning of Article 6 \u00a7 1 of the Convention.\n\nThe application was allocated to the Third Section of the Court (Rule 52 \u00a7 1 of the Rules of Court). Within that Section, the Chamber that would consider the case (Article 27 \u00a7 1 of the Convention) was constituted as provided in Rule 26 \u00a7 1.\n\nOn 14 March 2002 the Third Section declared the application partly inadmissible.\n\nOn 20 March 2003, the Third Section declared the applicant's complaint about the length of the proceedings admissible. The applicant and the Government each filed observations on the merits (Rule 59 \u00a7 1). The Chamber having decided, after consulting the parties, that no hearing on the merits was required (Rule 59 \u00a7 3 in fine), the parties replied in writing to each other's observations.\n\nTHE FACTS\n\nThe applicant lives in Gro\u00dfbottwar, Germany.\n\nHe owned four shares in a company, the MotoMeter AG. 99 % of this company's shares were held by the company Robert Bosch GmbH.\n\nOn 6 July 1992, following a majority decision of the shareholders' meeting, the MotoMeter AG sold all its company assets to a newly founded company, the MotoMeter GmbH, and was subsequently liquidated. The majority shareholder offered to buy the minority shareholders' shares at a price of 615 DEM (314.44 EUR) per share.\n\nOn 22 July 1992, the applicant and other private shareholders challenged the decision of 6 July 1992 before the Stuttgart Regional Court. They submitted that the main shareholder had circumvented rules aiming at the protection of minority shareholders inherent in the German Act on Stock Companies (Aktiengesetz). They further complained that the price per share offered by the main shareholder was too low and that minority shareholders had not been able to buy parts of the assets.\n\nOn 22 January 1993, the Regional Court rejected the claim on the grounds that the decision in question was lawful and that there had been no violation of the applicant's and other shareholders' rights.\n\nOn 21 December 1993, the Stuttgart Court of Appeal rejected the appeals lodged by the applicant and the other minority shareholders.\n\nOn 5 December 1994, the Federal Court of Justice refused to entertain their appeals on points of law.\n\nOn 12 January 1995, the applicant lodged a constitutional complaint with the Federal Constitutional Court.\n\nOn 23 August 2000 (served on 13 September 2000), the Federal Constitutional Court refused to entertain the applicant's complaint, finding that the complaint was not of fundamental constitutional significance. Referring to an earlier decision of the same day dealing with a similar subject matter, which it attached, the Federal Constitutional Court noted that entertaining the complaint was not necessary in order to enforce the applicant's rights. Finally, as the applicant had only possessed four shares of the MotoMeter AG, his financial loss had not posed an existential burden for him.", "applicant": "Karsten Trippel", "offset": 1460, "idx_mapping": [1460, 1460, 1460, 1460, 1460, 1460, 1460, 1460, 1460, 1460, 1460, 1460, 1460, 1475, 1476, 1477, 1478, 1479, 1480, 1481, 1482, 1483, 1484, 1485, 1486, 1487, 1488, 1489, 1490, 1491, 1492, 1493, 1494, 1495, 1496, 1497, 1498, 1499, 1500, 1501, 1502, 1503, 1504, 1505, 1506, 1507, 1508, 1509, 1510, 1511, 1512, 1513, 1514, 1515, 1516, 1517, 1518, 1519, 1520, 1521, 1522, 1523, 1524, 1525, 1526, 1527, 1528, 1529, 1530, 1531, 1532, 1533, 1534, 1535, 1536, 1537, 1538, 1539, 1540, 1541, 1542, 1543, 1544, 1545, 1546, 1547, 1548, 1549, 1550, 1551, 1552, 1553, 1554, 1555, 1556, 1557, 1558, 1559, 1560, 1561, 1562, 1563, 1564, 1565, 1566, 1567, 1568, 1569, 1570, 1571, 1572, 1573, 1574, 1575, 1576, 1577, 1578, 1579, 1580, 1581, 1582, 1583, 1584, 1585, 1586, 1587, 1588, 1589, 1590, 1591, 1592, 1593, 1594, 1595, 1596, 1597, 1598, 1599, 1600, 1601, 1602, 1603, 1604, 1605, 1606, 1607, 1608, 1609, 1610, 1611, 1612, 1613, 1614, 1615, 1616, 1617, 1618, 1619, 1620, 1621, 1622, 1623, 1624, 1625, 1626, 1627, 1628, 1629, 1630, 1631, 1632, 1633, 1634, 1635, 1636, 1637, 1638, 1639, 1640, 1641, 1642, 1643, 1644, 1645, 1646, 1647, 1648, 1649, 1650, 1651, 1652, 1653, 1654, 1655, 1656, 1657, 1658, 1659, 1660, 1661, 1662, 1663, 1664, 1665, 1666, 1667, 1668, 1669, 1670, 1671, 1672, 1673, 1674, 1675, 1676, 1677, 1678, 1679, 1680, 1681, 1682, 1683, 1684, 1685, 1686, 1687, 1688, 1689, 1690, 1691, 1692, 1693, 1694, 1695, 1696, 1697, 1698, 1699, 1700, 1701, 1702, 1703, 1704, 1705, 1706, 1707, 1708, 1709, 1710, 1711, 1712, 1713, 1714, 1715, 1716, 1717, 1718, 1719, 1720, 1721, 1722, 1723, 1724, 1725, 1726, 1727, 1728, 1729, 1730, 1731, 1732, 1733, 1734, 1735, 1736, 1737, 1738, 1739, 1740, 1741, 1742, 1743, 1744, 1745, 1746, 1747, 1748, 1749, 1750, 1751, 1752, 1753, 1754, 1755, 1756, 1757, 1758, 1759, 1760, 1761, 1762, 1763, 1764, 1765, 1766, 1767, 1768, 1769, 1770, 1771, 1772, 1773, 1774, 1775, 1776, 1777, 1778, 1779, 1780, 1781, 1782, 1783, 1784, 1785, 1786, 1787, 1788, 1789, 1790, 1791, 1792, 1793, 1794, 1795, 1796, 1797, 1798, 1799, 1800, 1801, 1802, 1803, 1804, 1805, 1806, 1807, 1808, 1809, 1810, 1811, 1812, 1813, 1814, 1815, 1816, 1817, 1818, 1819, 1820, 1821, 1822, 1823, 1824, 1825, 1826, 1827, 1828, 1829, 1830, 1831, 1832, 1833, 1834, 1835, 1836, 1837, 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842, 1843, 1844, 1845, 1846, 1847, 1848, 1849, 1850, 1851, 1852, 1853, 1854, 1855, 1856, 1857, 1858, 1859, 1860, 1861, 1862, 1863, 1864, 1865, 1866, 1867, 1868, 1869, 1870, 1871, 1872, 1873, 1874, 1875, 1876, 1877, 1878, 1879, 1880, 1881, 1882, 1883, 1884, 1885, 1886, 1887, 1888, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892, 1893, 1894, 1895, 1896, 1897, 1898, 1899, 1900, 1901, 1902, 1903, 1904, 1905, 1906, 1907, 1908, 1909, 1910, 1911, 1912, 1913, 1914, 1915, 1916, 1917, 1918, 1919, 1920, 1921, 1922, 1923, 1924, 1925, 1926, 1927, 1928, 1929, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1936, 1937, 1938, 1939, 1940, 1941, 1942, 1943, 1944, 1945, 1946, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954], "duplicates": 1}
| 1
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On 23 March 1988, Wolfgang Mauer was instructed to inform the police who had parked a car belonging to Wolfgang Mauer in the Schlossgasse in Vienna on 18 March 1988 at 5.30pm. He failed to provide the information, and on 11 October 1988 was fined 2,000 Austrian schillings (ATS) for the failure, pursuant to sections 134 (1) and 103 (2) of the Motor Vehicles Act 1967 (Kraftfahrgesetz). The penal notice (Straferkenntnis) was confirmed by the Vienna Regional Government (Amt der Wiener Landesregierung) on 18 May 1989. On 24 November 1989 a minor error in the penal order was corrected. Wolfgang Mauer's administrative complaint to the Administrative Court (Verwaltungsgerichtshof) was ultimately dismissed on 24 January 1990.
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"edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 1626, "entity_id": "001-58849_a8_e17", "entity_mention_id": "001-58849_a8_em17", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "18 March 1988", "start_offset": 1613}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "insert", "end_offset": 1637, "entity_id": "001-58849_a8_e18", "entity_mention_id": "001-58849_a8_em18", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "5.30pm.", "start_offset": 1630}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 1698, "entity_id": "001-58849_a8_e19", "entity_mention_id": "001-58849_a8_em19", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "11 October 1988", "start_offset": 1683}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "insert", "end_offset": 1740, "entity_id": "001-58849_a8_e20", "entity_mention_id": "001-58849_a8_em20", "entity_type": "QUANTITY", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "2,000 Austrian schillings (ATS)", "start_offset": 1709}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "insert", "end_offset": 1964, "entity_id": "001-58849_a8_e21", "entity_mention_id": "001-58849_a8_em21", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Vienna Regional Government (Amt der Wiener Landesregierung)", "start_offset": 1905}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 1979, "entity_id": "001-58849_a8_e22", "entity_mention_id": "001-58849_a8_em22", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "18 May 1989", "start_offset": 1968}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 2000, "entity_id": "001-58849_a8_e23", "entity_mention_id": "001-58849_a8_em23", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "24 November 1989", "start_offset": 1984}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "insert", "end_offset": 2143, "entity_id": "001-58849_a8_e24", "entity_mention_id": "001-58849_a8_em24", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Administrative Court (Verwaltungsgerichtshof)", "start_offset": 2098}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 2187, "entity_id": "001-58849_a8_e25", "entity_mention_id": "001-58849_a8_em25", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "24 January 1990", "start_offset": 2172}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 2213, "entity_id": "001-58849_a8_e26", "entity_mention_id": "001-58849_a8_em26", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Administrative Court", "start_offset": 2193}]}, "annotator9": null}, "quality_checked": [], "task": "Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Wolfgang Mauer", "meta": {"applicant": "Wolfgang Mauer", "articles": [91, 34, 54, 34, 44, 32, 34, 52, 49, 34, 93], "countries": "AUT", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2000}, "doc_id": "001-58849", "dataset_type": "train", "orig_text": "PROCEDURE\n\nThe case originated in an application (no. 35401/97) against the Republic of Austria lodged with the European Commission of Human Rights (\u201cthe Commission\u201d) under former Article 25 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (\u201cthe Convention\u201d) by an Austrian national, Mr Wolfgang Mauer (\u201cthe applicant\u201d), on 23 April 1990.\n\nThe applicant was represented by Mr Helmut Blum, a lawyer practising in Linz (Austria). The Austrian Government (\u201cthe Government\u201d) were represented by their Agent, Mr Franz Cede, Head of the International Law Department at the Federal Ministry of Foreign Affairs.\n\nThe applicant alleged that in criminal administrative proceedings against him he did not have a determination of his case by an independent tribunal.\n\nThe application was transmitted to the Court on 1 November 1998, when Protocol No. 11 to the Convention came into force (Article 5 \u00a7 2 of Protocol No. 11).\n\nThe application was allocated to the Third Section of the Court (Rule 52 \u00a7 1 of the Rules of Court). Within that Section, the Chamber that would consider the case (Article 27 \u00a7 1 of the Convention) was constituted in accordance with Rule 26 \u00a7 1 of the Rules of Court.\n\nBy a decision of 17 November 1998 the Chamber declared the application admissible.\n\nThe Chamber decided, after having consulted the parties, that no hearing on the merits was required (Rule 59 \u00a7 2 in fine).\n\nTHE FACTS\n\nI. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE\n\nOn 23 March 1988, the applicant was instructed to inform the police who had parked a car belonging to the applicant in the Schlossgasse in Vienna on 18 March 1988 at 5.30pm. He failed to provide the information, and on 11 October 1988 was fined 2,000 Austrian schillings (ATS) for the failure, pursuant to sections 134 (1) and 103 (2) of the Motor Vehicles Act 1967 (Kraftfahrgesetz). The penal notice (Straferkenntnis) was confirmed by the Vienna Regional Government (Amt der Wiener Landesregierung) on 18 May 1989. On 24 November 1989 a minor error in the penal order was corrected.\n\nThe applicant's administrative complaint to the Administrative Court (Verwaltungsgerichtshof) was ultimately dismissed on 24 January 1990. The Administrative Court found that the correct provisions of the Motor Vehicles Act had been applied, and further confirmed that the reasons given by the applicant for not having supplied the required information were inadequate.", "applicant": "Wolfgang Mauer", "offset": 1464, "idx_mapping": [1464, 1465, 1466, 1467, 1468, 1469, 1470, 1471, 1472, 1473, 1474, 1475, 1476, 1477, 1478, 1479, 1480, 1481, 1464, 1464, 1464, 1464, 1464, 1464, 1464, 1464, 1464, 1464, 1464, 1464, 1464, 1496, 1497, 1498, 1499, 1500, 1501, 1502, 1503, 1504, 1505, 1506, 1507, 1508, 1509, 1510, 1511, 1512, 1513, 1514, 1515, 1516, 1517, 1518, 1519, 1520, 1521, 1522, 1523, 1524, 1525, 1526, 1527, 1528, 1529, 1530, 1531, 1532, 1533, 1534, 1535, 1536, 1537, 1538, 1539, 1540, 1541, 1542, 1543, 1544, 1545, 1546, 1547, 1548, 1549, 1550, 1551, 1552, 1553, 1554, 1555, 1556, 1557, 1558, 1559, 1560, 1561, 1562, 1563, 1564, 1565, 1566, 1464, 1464, 1464, 1464, 1464, 1464, 1464, 1464, 1464, 1464, 1464, 1464, 1464, 1581, 1582, 1583, 1584, 1585, 1586, 1587, 1588, 1589, 1590, 1591, 1592, 1593, 1594, 1595, 1596, 1597, 1598, 1599, 1600, 1601, 1602, 1603, 1604, 1605, 1606, 1607, 1608, 1609, 1610, 1611, 1612, 1613, 1614, 1615, 1616, 1617, 1618, 1619, 1620, 1621, 1622, 1623, 1624, 1625, 1626, 1627, 1628, 1629, 1630, 1631, 1632, 1633, 1634, 1635, 1636, 1637, 1638, 1639, 1640, 1641, 1642, 1643, 1644, 1645, 1646, 1647, 1648, 1649, 1650, 1651, 1652, 1653, 1654, 1655, 1656, 1657, 1658, 1659, 1660, 1661, 1662, 1663, 1664, 1665, 1666, 1667, 1668, 1669, 1670, 1671, 1672, 1673, 1674, 1675, 1676, 1677, 1678, 1679, 1680, 1681, 1682, 1683, 1684, 1685, 1686, 1687, 1688, 1689, 1690, 1691, 1692, 1693, 1694, 1695, 1696, 1697, 1698, 1699, 1700, 1701, 1702, 1703, 1704, 1705, 1706, 1707, 1708, 1709, 1710, 1711, 1712, 1713, 1714, 1715, 1716, 1717, 1718, 1719, 1720, 1721, 1722, 1723, 1724, 1725, 1726, 1727, 1728, 1729, 1730, 1731, 1732, 1733, 1734, 1735, 1736, 1737, 1738, 1739, 1740, 1741, 1742, 1743, 1744, 1745, 1746, 1747, 1748, 1749, 1750, 1751, 1752, 1753, 1754, 1755, 1756, 1757, 1758, 1759, 1760, 1761, 1762, 1763, 1764, 1765, 1766, 1767, 1768, 1769, 1770, 1771, 1772, 1773, 1774, 1775, 1776, 1777, 1778, 1779, 1780, 1781, 1782, 1783, 1784, 1785, 1786, 1787, 1788, 1789, 1790, 1791, 1792, 1793, 1794, 1795, 1796, 1797, 1798, 1799, 1800, 1801, 1802, 1803, 1804, 1805, 1806, 1807, 1808, 1809, 1810, 1811, 1812, 1813, 1814, 1815, 1816, 1817, 1818, 1819, 1820, 1821, 1822, 1823, 1824, 1825, 1826, 1827, 1828, 1829, 1830, 1831, 1832, 1833, 1834, 1835, 1836, 1837, 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842, 1843, 1844, 1845, 1846, 1847, 1848, 1849, 1850, 1851, 1852, 1853, 1854, 1855, 1856, 1857, 1858, 1859, 1860, 1861, 1862, 1863, 1864, 1865, 1866, 1867, 1868, 1869, 1870, 1871, 1872, 1873, 1874, 1875, 1876, 1877, 1878, 1879, 1880, 1881, 1882, 1883, 1884, 1885, 1886, 1887, 1888, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892, 1893, 1894, 1895, 1896, 1897, 1898, 1899, 1900, 1901, 1902, 1903, 1904, 1905, 1906, 1907, 1908, 1909, 1910, 1911, 1912, 1913, 1914, 1915, 1916, 1917, 1918, 1919, 1920, 1921, 1922, 1923, 1924, 1925, 1926, 1927, 1928, 1929, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1936, 1937, 1938, 1939, 1940, 1941, 1942, 1943, 1944, 1945, 1946, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025, 2026, 2027, 2028, 2029, 2030, 2031, 2032, 2033, 2034, 2035, 2036, 2037, 2038, 2039, 2040, 2041, 2042, 2043, 2044, 2045, 2046, 2047, 2048, 2049, 2050, 1464, 1464, 1464, 1464, 1464, 1464, 1464, 1464, 1464, 1464, 1464, 1464, 1464, 2065, 2066, 2067, 2068, 2069, 2070, 2071, 2072, 2073, 2074, 2075, 2076, 2077, 2078, 2079, 2080, 2081, 2082, 2083, 2084, 2085, 2086, 2087, 2088, 2089, 2090, 2091, 2092, 2093, 2094, 2095, 2096, 2097, 2098, 2099, 2100, 2101, 2102, 2103, 2104, 2105, 2106, 2107, 2108, 2109, 2110, 2111, 2112, 2113, 2114, 2115, 2116, 2117, 2118, 2119, 2120, 2121, 2122, 2123, 2124, 2125, 2126, 2127, 2128, 2129, 2130, 2131, 2132, 2133, 2134, 2135, 2136, 2137, 2138, 2139, 2140, 2141, 2142, 2143, 2144, 2145, 2146, 2147, 2148, 2149, 2150, 2151, 2152, 2153, 2154, 2155, 2156, 2157, 2158, 2159, 2160, 2161, 2162, 2163, 2164, 2165, 2166, 2167, 2168, 2169, 2170, 2171, 2172, 2173, 2174, 2175, 2176, 2177, 2178, 2179, 2180, 2181, 2182, 2183, 2184, 2185, 2186, 2187, 2188, 2189], "duplicates": 1}
| 1
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On 12 May 1995 the Vienna Regional Court for Criminal Matters (Landesgericht für Strafsachen) convicted Josef Fischer, inter alia, under Section 164 of the Penal Code (Strafgesetzbuch), on numerous counts of handling stolen goods (Hehlerei) and sentenced him to three years’ imprisonment. The Regional Court found that Josef Fischer, who dealt with antiques, had bought, between 1986 and 1988, antiques which had been stolen in the north of Italy. On 14 September 1995 Josef Fischer filed a plea of nullity and an appeal against sentence with the Supreme Court (Oberster Gerichtshof). On 12 October 1995 the Procurator General (Generalprokurator) submitted the following comments on Josef Fischer’s plea of nullity: “In the view of the Procurator General, the plea of nullity of the accused Josef Fischer can be dealt with under Section 285d of the Code of Criminal Procedure. The transmission of a decision is requested.“
On 21 November 1995 the Supreme Court dismissed Josef Fischer’s plea of nullity and, as regards the appeal against sentence, referred the case to the Vienna Court of Appeal (Oberlandesgericht).
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"entity_mention_id": "001-60015_a8_em27", "entity_type": "DEM", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Procurator General", "start_offset": 2598}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 2666, "entity_id": "001-60015_a8_e4", "entity_mention_id": "001-60015_a8_em28", "entity_type": "PERSON", "identifier_type": "DIRECT", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Josef Fischer", "start_offset": 2653}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 2805, "entity_id": "001-60015_a8_e28", "entity_mention_id": "001-60015_a8_em29", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "21 November 1995", "start_offset": 2789}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 2823, "entity_id": "001-60015_a8_e13", "entity_mention_id": "001-60015_a8_em30", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Supreme Court", "start_offset": 2810}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "insert", "end_offset": 2978, "entity_id": "001-60015_a8_e29", "entity_mention_id": "001-60015_a8_em31", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Vienna Court of Appeal (Oberlandesgericht)", "start_offset": 2936}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 2998, "entity_id": "001-60015_a8_e30", "entity_mention_id": "001-60015_a8_em32", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "23 January 1996", "start_offset": 2983}]}, "annotator9": null}, "quality_checked": [], "task": "Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Josef Fischer", "meta": {"applicant": "Josef Fischer", "articles": [91, 34, 54, 34, 44, 32, 34, 52, 49, 34, 93], "countries": "AUT", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2002}, "doc_id": "001-60015", "dataset_type": "train", "orig_text": "PROCEDURE\n\nThe case originated in an application (no. 33382/96) against the Republic of Austria lodged with the European Commission of Human Rights (\u201cthe Commission\u201d) under former Article 25 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (\u201cthe Convention\u201d) by an Austrian national, Josef Fischer (\u201cthe applicant\u201d), on 29 May 1996.\n\nThe applicant was represented before the Court by Mr. A. Adam, a lawyer practising in Neulengbach (Austria). The Austrian Government (\u201cthe Government\u201d) were represented by their Agent, Ambassador H. Winkler, Head of the International Law Department at the Federal Ministry of Foreign Affairs.\n\nThe applicant alleged, in particular, that, in criminal proceedings against him, written observations of the Procurator General on his plea of nullity to the Supreme Court had not been communicated to him.\n\nThe application was transmitted to the Court on 1 November 1998, when Protocol No. 11 to the Convention came into force (Article 5 \u00a7 2 of Protocol No. 11).\n\nThe application was allocated to the Third Section of the Court (Rule 52 \u00a7 1 of the Rules of Court). Within that Section, the Chamber that would consider the case (Article 27 \u00a7 1 of the Convention) was constituted as provided in Rule 26 \u00a7 1 of the Rules of Court.\n\nBy a decision of 6 January 2000 the Court declared the application partly inadmissible. By a decision of 20 March 2001 the Court declared the remainder of the application admissible.\n\nAs from 1 November 2001 the application was reallocated to the First Section of the Court. Within that Section, the Chamber that would consider the case (Article 27 \u00a7 1 of the Convention) was constituted as provided in Rule 26 \u00a7 1 of the Rules of Court.\n\nNeither the applicant nor the Government filed observations on the merits (Rule 59 \u00a7 1).\n\nTHE FACTS\n\nI. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE\n\nOn 12 May 1995 the Vienna Regional Court for Criminal Matters (Landesgericht f\u00fcr Strafsachen) convicted the applicant, inter alia, under Section 164 of the Penal Code (Strafgesetzbuch), on numerous counts of handling stolen goods (Hehlerei) and sentenced him to three years\u2019 imprisonment. The Regional Court found that the applicant, who dealt with antiques, had bought, between 1986 and 1988, antiques which had been stolen in the north of Italy.\n\nOn 14 September 1995 the applicant filed a plea of nullity and an appeal against sentence with the Supreme Court (Oberster Gerichtshof).\n\nOn 12 October 1995 the Procurator General (Generalprokurator) submitted the following comments on the applicant\u2019s plea of nullity: \u201cIn the view of the Procurator General, the plea of nullity of the accused Josef Fischer can be dealt with under Section 285d of the Code of Criminal Procedure. The transmission of a decision is requested.\u201c\n\nOn 21 November 1995 the Supreme Court dismissed the applicant\u2019s plea of nullity and, as regards the appeal against sentence, referred the case to the Vienna Court of Appeal (Oberlandesgericht). 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| 1
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Feriştah Bahçeyaka was born in 1958 and lives in Wesel, Germany. On 12 February 1980 Feriştah Bahçeyaka and her husband established a joint bank account with a German bank. On an unspecified date, Feriştah Bahçeyaka’s husband withdrew all of the money from their joint account without Feriştah Bahçeyaka’s consent and placed it into another account in a Turkish bank. On 23 October 1992 Feriştah Bahçeyaka filed an action with the Aydın Civil Court of first-instance to recover half the money that her husband had withdrawn from their joint bank account. On 14 September 1999 the Aydın Civil Court of first-instance dismissed Feriştah Bahçeyaka’s case on the ground that she had failed to substantiate her claims.
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"identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "16 November 2000", "start_offset": 2183}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 2222, "entity_id": "001-76311_a10_e19", "entity_mention_id": "001-76311_a10_em24", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Court of Cassation", "start_offset": 2204}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 2296, "entity_id": "001-76311_a10_e21", "entity_mention_id": "001-76311_a10_em25", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "15 December 2000", "start_offset": 2280}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 2319, "entity_id": "001-76311_a10_e19", "entity_mention_id": "001-76311_a10_em26", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Court of Cassation", "start_offset": 2301}]}, "annotator11": null, "annotator12": null, "annotator2": null, "annotator3": null, "annotator4": null, "annotator5": null, "annotator6": null, "annotator7": null, "annotator8": null, "annotator9": null}, "quality_checked": ["annotator10"], "task": "Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Feri\u015ftah Bah\u00e7eyaka", "meta": {"applicant": "Feri\u015ftah Bah\u00e7eyaka", "articles": [91, 34, 49, 51, 34, 44, 32, 34, 50, 57, 34, 44, 32, 34, 52, 49, 34, 44, 32, 34, 54, 34, 44, 32, 34, 112, 49, 45, 49, 34, 93], "countries": "TUR", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2006}, "doc_id": "001-76311", "dataset_type": "train", "orig_text": "PROCEDURE\n\nThe case originated in an application (no. 74463/01) against the Republic of Turkey lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (\u201cthe Convention\u201d) by a Turkish national, Ms Feri\u015ftah Bah\u00e7eyaka, on 8 June 2001.\n\nThe applicant was represented by Mr E. Kulo\u011flu, a lawyer practising in Ayd\u0131n. The Turkish Government (\u201cthe Government\u201d) did not designate an Agent for the purposes of the proceedings before the Court.\n\nOn 14 June 2005 the Court decided to communicate the application. Applying Article 29 \u00a7 3 of the Convention, it decided to rule on the admissibility and merits of the applications at the same time.\n\nThe applicant and the Government each filed observations on the admissibility and the merits.\n\nTHE FACTS\n\nThe applicant was born in 1958 and lives in Wesel, Germany.\n\nOn 12 February 1980 the applicant and her husband established a joint bank account with a German bank.\n\nOn an unspecified date, the applicant\u2019s husband withdrew all of the money from their joint account without the applicant\u2019s consent and placed it into another account in a Turkish bank.\n\nOn 23 October 1992 the applicant filed an action with the Ayd\u0131n Civil Court of first-instance to recover half the money that her husband had withdrawn from their joint bank account.\n\nOn 14 September 1999 the Ayd\u0131n Civil Court of first-instance dismissed the applicant\u2019s case on the ground that she had failed to substantiate her claims. The court reasoned that the applicant had not furnished any bank document, such as receipts indicating withdrawal of money, capable of supporting her allegations. It also noted that the documents kept by the bank had been destroyed at the end of six years\u2019 retention period and that therefore there was no document available on which to conclude that the applicant was right in her assertions.\n\nOn 27 December 1999 the applicant appealed.\n\nOn 5 April 2000 the Court of Cassation dismissed the applicant\u2019s request for appeal. It opined that the applicant had failed to prove that her husband had withdrawn all the money from their joint bank account and placed it into another bank account.\n\nOn 16 November 2000 the Court of Cassation dismissed the applicant\u2019s request for rectification.\n\nOn 15 December 2000 the Court of Cassation\u2019s decision was served on the applicant.", "applicant": "Feri\u015ftah Bah\u00e7eyaka", "offset": 801, "idx_mapping": [801, 801, 801, 801, 801, 801, 801, 801, 801, 801, 801, 801, 801, 819, 820, 821, 822, 823, 824, 825, 826, 827, 828, 829, 830, 831, 832, 833, 834, 835, 836, 837, 838, 839, 840, 841, 842, 843, 844, 845, 846, 847, 848, 849, 850, 851, 852, 853, 854, 855, 856, 857, 858, 859, 860, 861, 862, 863, 864, 865, 866, 867, 868, 869, 870, 871, 872, 873, 874, 875, 876, 877, 878, 879, 880, 881, 882, 883, 884, 885, 801, 801, 801, 801, 801, 801, 801, 801, 801, 801, 801, 801, 801, 904, 905, 906, 907, 908, 909, 910, 911, 912, 913, 914, 915, 916, 917, 918, 919, 920, 921, 922, 923, 924, 925, 926, 927, 928, 929, 930, 931, 932, 933, 934, 935, 936, 937, 938, 939, 940, 941, 942, 943, 944, 945, 946, 947, 948, 949, 950, 951, 952, 953, 954, 955, 956, 957, 958, 959, 960, 961, 962, 963, 964, 965, 966, 967, 968, 969, 970, 971, 972, 973, 974, 975, 976, 977, 978, 979, 980, 981, 982, 983, 984, 985, 986, 987, 988, 989, 990, 991, 992, 993, 994, 995, 996, 997, 801, 801, 801, 801, 801, 801, 801, 801, 801, 801, 801, 801, 801, 1016, 1017, 1018, 1019, 1020, 1021, 1022, 1023, 1024, 1025, 1026, 1027, 1028, 1029, 1030, 1031, 1032, 1033, 1034, 1035, 1036, 1037, 1038, 1039, 1040, 1041, 1042, 1043, 1044, 1045, 1046, 1047, 1048, 1049, 1050, 1051, 1052, 1053, 1054, 1055, 1056, 1057, 1058, 1059, 1060, 1061, 1062, 1063, 1064, 1065, 1066, 1067, 1068, 1069, 1070, 1071, 1072, 1073, 1074, 1075, 1076, 1077, 1078, 1079, 1080, 1081, 1082, 1083, 1084, 1085, 801, 801, 801, 801, 801, 801, 801, 801, 801, 801, 801, 801, 801, 1104, 1105, 1106, 1107, 1108, 1109, 1110, 1111, 1112, 1113, 1114, 1115, 1116, 1117, 1118, 1119, 1120, 1121, 1122, 1123, 1124, 1125, 1126, 1127, 1128, 1129, 1130, 1131, 1132, 1133, 1134, 1135, 1136, 1137, 1138, 1139, 1140, 1141, 1142, 1143, 1144, 1145, 1146, 1147, 1148, 1149, 1150, 1151, 1152, 1153, 1154, 1155, 1156, 1157, 1158, 1159, 1160, 1161, 1162, 1163, 1164, 1165, 1166, 1167, 1168, 1169, 1170, 1171, 1172, 1173, 1174, 1175, 1176, 1177, 1178, 1179, 1180, 1181, 1182, 1183, 1184, 1185, 1186, 1187, 801, 801, 801, 801, 801, 801, 801, 801, 801, 801, 801, 801, 801, 1206, 1207, 1208, 1209, 1210, 1211, 1212, 1213, 1214, 1215, 1216, 1217, 1218, 1219, 1220, 1221, 1222, 1223, 1224, 1225, 1226, 1227, 1228, 1229, 1230, 1231, 1232, 1233, 1234, 1235, 1236, 1237, 1238, 1239, 1240, 1241, 1242, 1243, 1244, 1245, 1246, 1247, 1248, 1249, 1250, 1251, 1252, 1253, 1254, 1255, 1256, 1257, 1258, 1259, 1260, 1261, 1262, 1263, 1264, 1265, 1266, 1267, 1268, 1269, 1270, 1271, 1272, 1273, 1274, 1275, 1276, 1277, 1278, 1279, 1280, 1281, 1282, 1283, 1284, 1285, 1286, 1287, 1288, 1289, 1290, 1291, 1292, 1293, 1294, 1295, 1296, 1297, 1298, 1299, 1300, 1301, 1302, 1303, 1304, 1305, 1306, 1307, 1308, 1309, 1310, 1311, 1312, 1313, 1314, 1315, 1316, 1317, 1318, 1319, 1320, 1321, 1322, 1323, 1324, 1325, 1326, 1327, 1328, 1329, 1330, 1331, 1332, 1333, 1334, 1335, 1336, 1337, 1338, 1339, 1340, 1341, 1342, 1343, 1344, 1345, 1346, 1347, 1348, 1349, 1350, 1351, 1352, 1353, 1354, 1355, 1356, 1357, 1358, 1359, 1360, 1361, 1362, 1363, 1364, 1365, 1366, 1367, 1368, 1369, 1370, 1371, 1372, 1373, 1374, 1375, 1376, 1377, 1378, 1379, 1380, 1381, 1382, 1383, 1384, 1385, 1386, 1387, 1388, 1389, 1390, 1391, 1392, 1393, 1394, 1395, 1396, 1397, 1398, 1399, 1400, 1401, 1402, 1403, 1404, 1405, 1406, 1407, 1408, 1409, 1410, 1411, 1412, 1413, 1414, 1415, 1416, 1417, 1418, 1419, 1420, 1421, 1422, 1423, 1424, 1425, 1426, 801, 801, 801, 801, 801, 801, 801, 801, 801, 801, 801, 801, 801, 1445, 1446, 1447, 1448, 1449, 1450, 1451, 1452, 1453, 1454, 1455, 1456, 1457, 1458, 1459, 1460, 1461, 1462, 1463, 1464, 1465, 1466, 1467, 1468, 1469, 1470, 1471, 1472, 1473, 1474, 1475, 1476, 1477, 1478, 1479, 1480, 1481, 1482, 1483, 1484, 1485, 1486, 1487, 1488, 1489, 1490, 1491, 1492, 1493, 1494, 1495, 1496, 1497, 1498, 1499, 1500, 1501, 1502, 1503, 1504, 1505, 1506, 1507, 1508, 1509, 1510, 1511, 1512, 1513], "duplicates": 1}
| 1
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A. Arrest and detention of Ertuğrul Dinleten
On 26 June 1979 police officers from the İzmir Security Directorate arrested Ertuğrul Dinleten on suspicion of membership of an illegal organisation, the THKP-C (Turkish People’s Liberation Party/Front). On 29 June 1979 Ertuğrul Dinleten was detained on remand. B. Trial in the İstanbul Martial Law Court
On 4 March 1981 the Military Public Prosecutor filed a bill of indictment with the İstanbul Martial Law Court against Ertuğrul Dinleten and 127 other defendants.
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"ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Court of Cassation (Yarg\u0131tay)", "start_offset": 4515}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 4602, "entity_id": "001-60032_a10_e59", "entity_mention_id": "001-60032_a10_em65", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "4 January 1994", "start_offset": 4588}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 4657, "entity_id": "001-60032_a10_e60", "entity_mention_id": "001-60032_a10_em66", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "18 April 1995", "start_offset": 4644}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "insert", "end_offset": 4680, "entity_id": "001-60032_a10_e61", "entity_mention_id": "001-60032_a10_em67", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Court of Cassation", "start_offset": 4662}]}, "annotator11": null, "annotator12": null, "annotator2": null, "annotator3": null, "annotator4": null, "annotator5": null, "annotator6": null, "annotator7": null, "annotator8": null, "annotator9": null}, "quality_checked": ["annotator10"], "task": "Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Ertu\u011frul Dinleten", "meta": {"applicant": "Ertu\u011frul Dinleten", "articles": [91, 34, 54, 34, 44, 32, 34, 51, 53, 34, 44, 32, 34, 52, 49, 34, 93], "countries": "TUR", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2002}, "doc_id": "001-60032", "dataset_type": "train", "orig_text": "PROCEDURE\n\nThe case originated in an application (no. 29699/96) against the Republic of Turkey lodged with the European Commission of Human Rights (\u201cthe Commission\u201d) under former Article 25 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (\u201cthe Convention\u201d) by a Turkish national, Mr Ertu\u011frul Dinleten (\u201cthe applicant\u201d), on 21 November 1995.\n\nThe applicant was represented by Mr Sami Alptekin, a lawyer practising in \u0130zmir (Turkey). The Turkish Government did not designate an Agent for the purposes of the proceedings before the Court.\n\nThe applicant complained under Article 6 \u00a7 1 of the Convention about the length of the criminal proceedings against him.\n\nThe application was transmitted to the Court on 1 November 1998, when Protocol No. 11 to the Convention came into force (Article 5 \u00a7 2 of Protocol No. 11).\n\nThe application was allocated to the First Section of the Court (Rule 52 \u00a7 1 of the Rules of Court). Within that Section, the Chamber that would consider the case (Article 27 \u00a7 1 of the Convention) was constituted as provided in Rule 26 \u00a7 1 of the Rules of Court. Mr R\u0131za T\u00fcrmen, the judge elected in respect of Turkey, withdrew from sitting in the case (Rule 28). The Government accordingly appointed Mr Feyyaz G\u00f6lc\u00fckl\u00fc to sit as an ad hoc judge, in his place (Article 27 \u00a7 2 of the Convention and Rule 29 \u00a7 1).\n\nThe President of the Chamber decided that in the interests of the proper administration of justice, the present application should be joined to other applications against the same respondent State raising the same complaint (applications nos. 28291/95, 29280/95, 26700/96, 29701/96, 29702/96, 29703/96, 29911/96, 29912/96, 29913/96, 31831/96, 31834/96, 31853/96, 31880/96, 31891/96, 31960/96, 32964/96, 32987/96, 32900/96, 33362/96, 33369/96, 33645/96, 34591/96, 34687/96, 39428/96 and 43362/96) (Rule 43 \u00a7 2).\n\nBy a decision of 31 August 1999, having obtained the parties\u2019 observations, the Court declared the application admissible.\n\nThe applicant and the Government each filed observations on the merits (Rule 59 \u00a7 1).\n\nOn 1 November 2001 the Court changed the composition of its Sections (Rule 25 \u00a7 1). This case was assigned to the newly composed Third Section (Rule 52 \u00a7 1).\n\nTHE FACTS\n\nI. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE\n\nA. Arrest and detention of the applicant\n\nOn 26 June 1979 police officers from the \u0130zmir Security Directorate arrested the applicant on suspicion of membership of an illegal organisation, the THKP-C (Turkish People\u2019s Liberation Party/Front).\n\nOn 29 June 1979 the applicant was detained on remand.\n\nB. Trial in the \u0130stanbul Martial Law Court\n\nOn 4 March 1981 the Military Public Prosecutor filed a bill of indictment with the \u0130stanbul Martial Law Court against the applicant and 127 other defendants. The Public Prosecutor accused the applicant, inter alia, of membership of an illegal armed organisation, namely the THKP/C, whose object was to undermine the constitutional order and replace it with a Marxist-Leninist regime. He further charged the applicant with having been involved in a number of crimes such as killing of foreign military officers, bombing and opening fire on security forces, organising and participating in illegal meetings.\n\nThe prosecution sought the death penalty under Article 146 \u00a7 1 of the Criminal Code.\n\nIn a judgment of 8 November 1984 the \u0130stanbul Martial Law Court convicted the applicant of membership of the THKP/C and his involvement in some of the alleged crimes. It sentenced the applicant to lifetime imprisonment under Article 146 \u00a7 1 of the Criminal Code.\n\nC. Proceedings on appeal\n\nAs the applicant\u2019s sentence exceeded 15 years\u2019 imprisonment, his case was automatically referred to the Military Court of Cassation (Askeri Yarg\u0131tay).\n\nOn 12 April 1988 the Military Court of Cassation quashed the applicant\u2019s conviction on the grounds that the first instance court failed to establish the applicant\u2019s involvement in certain of the alleged crimes. It referred the case to the Istanbul Martial Law Court.\n\nOn 17 August 1990 the Istanbul Martial Law Court convicted the applicant under Article 146 \u00a7 1 of the Criminal Code and sentenced him to lifetime imprisonment, permanently debarred him from employment in the civil service and placed him under judicial guardianship. The court ordered the applicant\u2019s release pending trial on the same day. The applicant appealed.\n\nFollowing promulgation of the Law of 27 December 1993, which abolished the jurisdiction of the Martial Law Courts, the Court of Cassation (Yarg\u0131tay) acquired jurisdiction over the case and on 4 January 1994 the case file was transmitted to it.\n\nOn 18 April 1995 the Court of Cassation upheld the applicant\u2019s conviction.", "applicant": "Ertu\u011frul Dinleten", "offset": 2287, "idx_mapping": [2287, 2288, 2289, 2290, 2291, 2292, 2293, 2294, 2295, 2296, 2297, 2298, 2299, 2300, 2301, 2302, 2303, 2304, 2305, 2306, 2307, 2308, 2309, 2310, 2311, 2312, 2313, 2287, 2287, 2287, 2287, 2287, 2287, 2287, 2287, 2287, 2287, 2287, 2287, 2287, 2331, 2332, 2333, 2334, 2335, 2336, 2337, 2338, 2339, 2340, 2341, 2342, 2343, 2344, 2345, 2346, 2347, 2348, 2349, 2350, 2351, 2352, 2353, 2354, 2355, 2356, 2357, 2358, 2359, 2360, 2361, 2362, 2363, 2364, 2365, 2366, 2367, 2368, 2369, 2370, 2371, 2372, 2373, 2374, 2375, 2376, 2377, 2378, 2379, 2380, 2381, 2382, 2383, 2384, 2385, 2386, 2387, 2388, 2389, 2390, 2391, 2392, 2393, 2394, 2395, 2396, 2397, 2398, 2399, 2400, 2401, 2402, 2403, 2404, 2405, 2406, 2407, 2408, 2409, 2287, 2287, 2287, 2287, 2287, 2287, 2287, 2287, 2287, 2287, 2287, 2287, 2287, 2427, 2428, 2429, 2430, 2431, 2432, 2433, 2434, 2435, 2436, 2437, 2438, 2439, 2440, 2441, 2442, 2443, 2444, 2445, 2446, 2447, 2448, 2449, 2450, 2451, 2452, 2453, 2454, 2455, 2456, 2457, 2458, 2459, 2460, 2461, 2462, 2463, 2464, 2465, 2466, 2467, 2468, 2469, 2470, 2471, 2472, 2473, 2474, 2475, 2476, 2477, 2478, 2479, 2480, 2481, 2482, 2483, 2484, 2485, 2486, 2487, 2488, 2489, 2490, 2491, 2492, 2493, 2494, 2495, 2496, 2497, 2498, 2499, 2500, 2501, 2502, 2503, 2504, 2505, 2506, 2507, 2508, 2509, 2510, 2511, 2512, 2513, 2514, 2515, 2516, 2517, 2518, 2519, 2520, 2521, 2522, 2523, 2524, 2525, 2526, 2527, 2528, 2529, 2530, 2531, 2532, 2533, 2534, 2535, 2536, 2537, 2538, 2539, 2540, 2541, 2542, 2543, 2544, 2545, 2546, 2547, 2548, 2549, 2550, 2551, 2552, 2287, 2287, 2287, 2287, 2287, 2287, 2287, 2287, 2287, 2287, 2287, 2287, 2287, 2570, 2571, 2572, 2573, 2574, 2575, 2576, 2577, 2578, 2579, 2580, 2581, 2582, 2583, 2584, 2585, 2586, 2587, 2588, 2589, 2590, 2591, 2592, 2593, 2594, 2595, 2596, 2597, 2598, 2599, 2600, 2601, 2602, 2603, 2604, 2605, 2606, 2607, 2608, 2609, 2610, 2611, 2612, 2613, 2614, 2615, 2616, 2617, 2618, 2619, 2620, 2621, 2622, 2623, 2624, 2625, 2626, 2627, 2628, 2629, 2630, 2631, 2632, 2633, 2634, 2635, 2636, 2637, 2638, 2639, 2640, 2641, 2642, 2643, 2644, 2645, 2646, 2647, 2648, 2649, 2650, 2651, 2652, 2653, 2654, 2655, 2656, 2657, 2658, 2659, 2660, 2661, 2662, 2663, 2664, 2665, 2666, 2667, 2668, 2669, 2670, 2671, 2672, 2673, 2674, 2675, 2676, 2677, 2678, 2679, 2680, 2681, 2682, 2683, 2684, 2685, 2686, 2687, 2688, 2689, 2690, 2691, 2692, 2693, 2694, 2695, 2696, 2697, 2698, 2699, 2700, 2701, 2702, 2703, 2704, 2705, 2706, 2707, 2708, 2709, 2710, 2711, 2712, 2713, 2714, 2715, 2716, 2717, 2718, 2719, 2720, 2721, 2722, 2723, 2724, 2725, 2726, 2727, 2728, 2729, 2730, 2731, 2732, 2733, 2734, 2735, 2736, 2737, 2738, 2739, 2740, 2741, 2742, 2743, 2744, 2745, 2746, 2747, 2748, 2749, 2750, 2751, 2752, 2753, 2754, 2755, 2756, 2287, 2287, 2287, 2287, 2287, 2287, 2287, 2287, 2287, 2287, 2287, 2287, 2287, 2774, 2775, 2776, 2777, 2778, 2779, 2780, 2781, 2782, 2783, 2784, 2785, 2786, 2787, 2788, 2789, 2790, 2791, 2792, 2793, 2794, 2795, 2796, 2797, 2798, 2799], "duplicates": 1}
| 1
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Zuhal Subaşis were born in 1978 and 1981 and live in Manisa and Izmir respectively. On 1 May 2006 a demonstration was held in Izmir to celebrate Labour Day. Zuhal Subaşis, who were participants in this demonstration, claimed that they were attacked by police officers from the Rapid Response Force (Çevik Kuvvet) during the demonstration. According to Zuhal Subaşis, the police officers initially targeted the first applicant. When she fell to the ground, the second applicant tried to shield her, at which point he was also attacked, sprayed with pepper gas, kicked and beaten with truncheons.
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The report stated that the injuries on the second applicant\u2019s body were the result of blunt trauma and that they could be treated by simple medical intervention. 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"entity_id": "001-122175_a10_e57", "entity_mention_id": "001-122175_a10_em86", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Kar\u015f\u0131yaka Assize Court", "start_offset": 8829}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 8976, "entity_id": "001-122175_a10_e58", "entity_mention_id": "001-122175_a10_em87", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Kar\u015f\u0131yaka Assize Court\u2019s", "start_offset": 8952}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 9005, "entity_id": "001-122175_a10_e56", "entity_mention_id": "001-122175_a10_em88", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "6 September 2006", "start_offset": 8989}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 9110, "entity_id": "001-122175_a10_e59", "entity_mention_id": "001-122175_a10_em89", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "13 November 2006", "start_offset": 9094}]}, "annotator11": null, "annotator12": null, "annotator2": null, "annotator3": null, "annotator4": null, "annotator5": null, "annotator6": null, "annotator7": null, "annotator8": null, "annotator9": null}, "quality_checked": [], "task": "Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Zuhal Suba\u015fi", "meta": {"applicant": "Zuhal Suba\u015fi", "articles": [91, 34, 51, 34, 44, 32, 34, 52, 49, 34, 93], "countries": "TUR", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2013}, "doc_id": "001-122175", "dataset_type": "train", "orig_text": "PROCEDURE\n\nThe case originated in an application (no. 20129/07) against the Republic of Turkey lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (\u201cthe Convention\u201d) by two Turkish nationals, Ms Zuhal Suba\u015fi and Mr Ali \u00c7oban (\u201cthe applicants\u201d), on 12 May 2007.\n\nThe applicants were represented by Ms A. Kuru \u00dcst\u00fcn, a lawyer practising in Izmir. The second applicant was granted legal aid. The Turkish Government (\u201cthe Government\u201d) were represented by their Agent.\n\nOn 12 June 2009 the application was communicated to the Government. It was also decided to rule on the admissibility and merits of the application at the same time (Article 29 \u00a7 1).\n\nTHE FACTS\n\nI. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE\n\nThe applicants were born in 1978 and 1981 and live in Manisa and Izmir respectively.\n\nOn 1 May 2006 a demonstration was held in Izmir to celebrate Labour Day. The applicants, who were participants in this demonstration, claimed that they were attacked by police officers from the Rapid Response Force (\u00c7evik Kuvvet) during the demonstration. According to the applicants, the police officers initially targeted the first applicant. When she fell to the ground, the second applicant tried to shield her, at which point he was also attacked, sprayed with pepper gas, kicked and beaten with truncheons. They submitted a photograph in which the second applicant is covering a person on the ground a couple of metres behind a group of police officers holding truncheons, and an officer is bending down towards them. The photograph was published on 2 May 2006 in a local newspaper. The applicants were not arrested.\n\nOn the same day, after the demonstration, the applicants applied to the Human Rights Centre at the Izmir Bar Association with a view to requesting legal aid in order to lodge their complaints against the police. At the Izmir Bar Association, photographs showing their injuries were taken.\n\nOn 2 May 2006 the applicants lodged a complaint with the Izmir public prosecutor against the police officers involved in the incidents. They complained that they had been subjected to ill-treatment by the police and requested to be referred to the Forensic Medicine Institute and to a university hospital. In their complaint they noted that their representative had been appointed by the Izmir Bar Association to act on their behalf. In support of their complaint the applicants submitted to the public prosecutor\u2019s office the aforementioned photograph published on 2 May 2006.\n\nOn the same day the Izmir public prosecutor took statements from the applicants regarding their complaints. The first applicant stated that she had attended the demonstration with the trade unions and had been attacked by police officers who wanted to disperse certain demonstrators. She further stated that the second applicant had also been beaten while he was attempting to shield her from the police attacks. The second applicant made a statement along the same lines.\n\nOn 3 May 2006 the applicants were examined by the Izmir branch of the Forensic Medicine Institute. According to the report prepared at the end of the first applicant\u2019s examination, there was swelling on the right parietal- occipital region of the head and sensitivity on palpation, sensitivity on the right side of the jaw when chewing, and sensitivity on palpation in the area between the right eye and the right temporal, an 8 x 1 cm red ecchymosis (bruising) above the left scapula, a 6 x 3 cm blue-purple ecchymosis on the upper outer right arm, and a 7 x 3 cm blue-purple ecchymosis with a red outer lining on the upper outer right thigh, together with sensitivity on palpation in the ecchymotic areas. The doctor stated that the injuries observed on the first applicant\u2019s body were the result of blunt soft tissue trauma which could be treated by simple medical intervention and that she had also suffered from nausea on the date of the incident because of the gas which the police had used that day. A psychiatric examination of the first applicant revealed that she was generally in good health, but was suffering from diminished concentration and had trouble finding the correct words when speaking, on account of the blows to her head.\n\nThe medical report drawn up regarding the second applicant on the same date identified 5, 4 and 2 cm linear red ecchymoses and a purple ecchymosis 3 cm in diameter on the left side of the forehead, an epithelised purple ecchymosis of 1 cm in diameter at the root of the nose, a 0.5 cm purple ecchymosis on the outer side of the right zygomatic bone, a green ecchymosis of 3 cm in diameter on the upper outer left scapular region, a vertical 11 x 2 cm green-yellow ecchymosis on the left paravertebral region and the inner left scapular region, horizontal purple ecchymoses of 13 x 0.5 cm and 12 x 0.5 cm on the lower back, 8 x 0.5 cm and 6 x 0.5 cm light yellow ecchymoses on the left of the waist, two 3 x 1 cm purple ecchymoses of 2 cm in diameter on the right outer bicep, a swelling of 1 cm in diameter on the left parietal region, a V-shaped 4 x 1.5 cm red\u2011brown ecchymotic abrasion on the lower inner area of the left knee cap, a swelling of the left thumb, and nausea due to pepper gas spray he had been exposed to on the day of the incident. The report stated that the injuries on the second applicant\u2019s body were the result of blunt trauma and that they could be treated by simple medical intervention. In psychological terms, the second applicant was found to be suffering from trauma and flashbacks.\n\nOn 5 May 2006 the second applicant was referred by the Izmir public prosecutor to the Izmir Atat\u00fcrk Teaching and Research Hospital for further medical examinations. The findings in the medical report drawn up at the hospital on 8 May 2006 were consistent with the previous report and indicated that the injuries inflicted on the applicant had not caused him any permanent physical damage.\n\nOn an unspecified date, the applicants\u2019 representative submitted to the public prosecutor\u2019s office three photographs of the second applicant taken on 1 May 2006 at the Human Rights Centre of the Izmir Bar Association and showing injuries he had sustained.\n\nOn 24 May 2006 the Izmir police headquarters submitted a statement to the Izmir public prosecutor giving an account of the events that took place on 1 May 2006. They stated that the police had only used force to the extent authorised under Law no. 2559 on the Duties and Powers of the Police in order to disperse demonstrators who were acting in a disorderly manner and throwing stones at the police. They further stated that there was no indication that the applicants had been assaulted by police officers.\n\nOn 21 June 2006 an expert report was submitted to the Izmir public prosecutor regarding the incidents of 1 May 2006, which had been prepared on the basis of thirty-two photographs and twenty-seven minutes of video footage of the demonstrations held on that date. The report stated in particular that a woman who resembled the female applicant had quarrelled with and pushed a police officer during the incidents. There was no indication of an assault against the applicants in the material examined.\n\nOn 29 June 2006 the Izmir public prosecutor decided not to prosecute the police officers involved in the incidents. The public prosecutor held that the injuries mentioned in the applicants\u2019 medical reports were not life-threatening and only required simple medical treatment. The public prosecutor further noted that a woman who resembled the female applicant had quarrelled with and pushed a police officer during the incidents. He also noted that photographs of the incidents showed that some demonstrators were holding flags of illegal organisations; that some shop windows had been broken; that paving stones had been torn up; that posters of the leader of a terrorist organisation, Abdullah \u00d6calan, were being held up, and that demonstrators had thrown stones at the police. The public prosecutor concluded that the police officers had acted under the authority granted by Law no. 2559 to fend off the attacks they had faced, and that there was no evidence to support the applicants\u2019 allegations that the police had used excessive force against them.\n\nIn the meantime, the second applicant had applied to the Izmir Branch of the Human Rights Foundation of Turkey (\u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Vakf\u0131) on 3 May 2006 for further medical examinations. According to the medical report drawn up by the Human Rights Foundation on 17 July 2006, which mainly repeated the findings of the previous reports, the second applicant\u2019s injuries were consistent with his allegations of ill-treatment.\n\nOn 14 August 2006 the applicants objected to the Izmir public prosecutor\u2019s decision of 29 June 2006.\n\nOn 6 September 2006 the Kar\u015f\u0131yaka Assize Court rejected the applicants\u2019 objection.\n\nAccording to a handwritten note on the envelope containing the Kar\u015f\u0131yaka Assize Court\u2019s decision of 6 September 2006, submitted by the applicants, that decision was communicated to their representative on 13 November 2006.", "applicant": "Zuhal Suba\u015fi", "offset": 758, "idx_mapping": [758, 758, 758, 758, 758, 758, 758, 758, 758, 758, 758, 758, 758, 770, 771, 772, 773, 774, 775, 776, 777, 778, 779, 780, 781, 782, 783, 784, 785, 786, 787, 788, 789, 790, 791, 792, 793, 794, 795, 796, 797, 798, 799, 800, 801, 802, 803, 804, 805, 806, 807, 808, 809, 810, 811, 812, 813, 814, 815, 816, 817, 818, 819, 820, 821, 822, 823, 824, 825, 826, 827, 828, 829, 830, 831, 832, 833, 834, 835, 836, 837, 838, 839, 840, 841, 842, 843, 844, 845, 846, 847, 848, 849, 850, 851, 852, 853, 854, 855, 856, 857, 858, 859, 860, 861, 862, 863, 864, 865, 866, 867, 868, 869, 870, 871, 872, 873, 874, 875, 876, 877, 878, 879, 880, 881, 882, 883, 884, 885, 886, 887, 888, 889, 890, 891, 892, 893, 894, 895, 896, 897, 898, 899, 900, 901, 902, 903, 904, 905, 906, 907, 908, 909, 910, 911, 912, 913, 914, 758, 758, 758, 758, 758, 758, 758, 758, 758, 758, 758, 758, 758, 927, 928, 929, 930, 931, 932, 933, 934, 935, 936, 937, 938, 939, 940, 941, 942, 943, 944, 945, 946, 947, 948, 949, 950, 951, 952, 953, 954, 955, 956, 957, 958, 959, 960, 961, 962, 963, 964, 965, 966, 967, 968, 969, 970, 971, 972, 973, 974, 975, 976, 977, 978, 979, 980, 981, 982, 983, 984, 985, 986, 987, 988, 989, 990, 991, 992, 993, 994, 995, 996, 997, 998, 999, 1000, 1001, 1002, 1003, 1004, 1005, 1006, 1007, 1008, 1009, 1010, 1011, 1012, 1013, 1014, 1015, 1016, 1017, 1018, 1019, 1020, 1021, 1022, 1023, 1024, 1025, 1026, 1027, 1028, 1029, 1030, 1031, 1032, 1033, 1034, 1035, 1036, 1037, 1038, 1039, 1040, 1041, 1042, 1043, 1044, 1045, 1046, 1047, 1048, 1049, 1050, 1051, 1052, 1053, 1054, 1055, 1056, 1057, 1058, 1059, 1060, 1061, 1062, 1063, 1064, 1065, 1066, 1067, 1068, 1069, 1070, 1071, 1072, 1073, 1074, 1075, 1076, 1077, 1078, 1079, 1080, 1081, 1082, 1083, 1084, 1085, 1086, 1087, 1088, 1089, 1090, 1091, 1092, 1093, 1094, 1095, 1096, 1097, 1098, 1099, 1100, 1101, 1102, 1103, 1104, 1105, 1106, 1107, 1108, 1109, 758, 758, 758, 758, 758, 758, 758, 758, 758, 758, 758, 758, 758, 1122, 1123, 1124, 1125, 1126, 1127, 1128, 1129, 1130, 1131, 1132, 1133, 1134, 1135, 1136, 1137, 1138, 1139, 1140, 1141, 1142, 1143, 1144, 1145, 1146, 1147, 1148, 1149, 1150, 1151, 1152, 1153, 1154, 1155, 1156, 1157, 1158, 1159, 1160, 1161, 1162, 1163, 1164, 1165, 1166, 1167, 1168, 1169, 1170, 1171, 1172, 1173, 1174, 1175, 1176, 1177, 1178, 1179, 1180, 1181, 1182, 1183, 1184, 1185, 1186, 1187, 1188, 1189, 1190, 1191, 1192, 1193, 1194, 1195, 1196, 1197, 1198, 1199, 1200, 1201, 1202, 1203, 1204, 1205, 1206, 1207, 1208, 1209, 1210, 1211, 1212, 1213, 1214, 1215, 1216, 1217, 1218, 1219, 1220, 1221, 1222, 1223, 1224, 1225, 1226, 1227, 1228, 1229, 1230, 1231, 1232, 1233, 1234, 1235, 1236, 1237, 1238, 1239, 1240, 1241, 1242, 1243, 1244, 1245, 1246, 1247, 1248, 1249, 1250, 1251, 1252, 1253, 1254, 1255, 1256, 1257, 1258, 1259, 1260, 1261, 1262, 1263, 1264, 1265, 1266, 1267, 1268, 1269, 1270, 1271, 1272, 1273, 1274, 1275, 1276, 1277, 1278, 1279, 1280, 1281, 1282, 1283, 1284, 1285, 1286, 1287, 1288, 1289, 1290, 1291, 1292, 1293, 1294, 1295, 1296, 1297, 1298, 1299, 1300, 1301, 1302, 1303, 1304, 1305, 1306, 1307, 1308, 1309, 1310, 1311, 1312, 1313, 1314, 1315, 1316, 1317, 1318, 1319, 1320, 1321, 1322, 1323, 1324, 1325, 1326, 1327, 1328, 1329, 1330, 1331, 1332, 1333, 1334, 1335, 1336, 1337, 1338, 1339, 1340, 1341, 1342, 1343, 1344, 1345, 1346, 1347, 1348, 1349, 1350, 1351], "duplicates": 1}
| 1
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Michael P. Hapeshiss, who are brother and sister, were born in 1959 and 1942 respectively. The first applicant (who is a Cypriot and British citizen) lives in London, while the second applicant (a Cypriot citizen) resides in Larnaca. Michael P. Hapeshiss alleged that until August 1974 they were living in a house owned by their father in Ayios Amvrosios, in the District of Kyrenia (northern part of Cyprus). This house was built on plot no. 233/9 of sheet/plan 13/23.
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Hapeshis", "meta": {"applicant": "Michael P. Hapeshis", "articles": [91, 34, 112, 49, 45, 49, 34, 44, 32, 34, 56, 34, 93], "countries": "TUR", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2009}, "doc_id": "001-94218", "dataset_type": "train", "orig_text": "PROCEDURE\n\nThe case originated in an application (no. 35214/97) against the Republic of Turkey lodged with the European Commission of Human Rights (\u201cthe Commission\u201d) under former Article 25 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (\u201cthe Convention\u201d) by two Cypriot nationals, Mr Michael P. Hapeshis and Mrs Maria Hapeshi-Michaelidou (\u201cthe applicants\u201d), on 10 January 1997.\n\nThe applicants were represented by Mr M. Triantafillides, Mr K. Chrysostomides and Mr C. Clerides, three lawyers practising in Nicosia. The Turkish Government (\u201cthe Government\u201d) were represented by their Agent, Mr Z.M. Necatigil.\n\nThe applicants alleged that the Turkish occupation of the northern part of Cyprus had deprived them of their home and properties.\n\nThe application was transmitted to the Court on 1 November 1998, when Protocol No. 11 to the Convention came into force (Article 5 \u00a7 2 of Protocol No. 11).\n\nBy a decision of 8 February 2000 the Court declared the application admissible.\n\nThe applicants and the Government each filed observations on the merits (Rule 59 \u00a7 1). In addition, third-party comments were received from the Government of Cyprus, which had exercised its right to intervene (Article 36 \u00a7 1 of the Convention and Rule 44 \u00a7 1 (b)).\n\nTHE FACTS\n\nThe applicants, who are brother and sister, were born in 1959 and 1942 respectively. The first applicant (who is a Cypriot and British citizen) lives in London, while the second applicant (a Cypriot citizen) resides in Larnaca.\n\nThe applicants alleged that until August 1974 they were living in a house owned by their father in Ayios Amvrosios, in the District of Kyrenia (northern part of Cyprus). This house was built on plot no. 233/9 of sheet/plan 13/23. The second applicant, who had been recently married, was living with her husband and daughter in the east wing of the house, a separate residence, while the first applicant was living with his mother and father in the west wing. The plot on which the two semi-detached residences had been built covered an area of 517 square metres (m\u00b2); each residence was of 290 m\u00b2. They both had a garage and two floors.\n\nThe applicants left their house on 13 August 1974, as the Turkish troops were advancing. On 17 August 1974 their father tried to visit his property but was arrested by Turkish soldiers. He was released on the same day, since he was a British citizen.\n\nOn 19 May 1991 the applicants' father died. According to his will, dated 18 May 1988, the house and land in question was to be equally shared by the two applicants. On 30 July 1991, Mr T. Michaelides was appointed as executor of his will. On 10 July 1995 the applicants registered, in equal shares, their titles with the Department of Lands and Surveys of the Republic of Cyprus. The first applicant got the west residence, while the second applicant got the east one. The first applicant tried, via the British consular authorities, to visit his property, but did not obtain permission.\n\nThe applicants had been informed that their house had been occupied by high-ranked Turkish military officers.", "applicant": "Michael P. 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| 1
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Abbas Sertkaya, Mr Abbas Sertkaya, is a Turkish national, who was born in 1974 and lives in Muş. He is represented before the Court by Mr Orhan Tural, a lawyer practising in Istanbul. On 12 July 1995 the Public Prosecutor at the Istanbul State Security Court filed an indictment accusing Abbas Sertkaya and four other suspects under Article 125 of the Criminal Code, of being involved in seven different instances of setting forests on fire for terrorism purposes, in Bursa in 1994. On 19 July 1995 the Istanbul State Security Court held the first trial against Abbas Sertkaya and four other suspects. On 6 February 1996 the Istanbul State Security Court ordered Abbas Sertkaya’s detention on remand.
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"annotator4": null, "annotator5": null, "annotator6": null, "annotator7": null, "annotator8": null, "annotator9": null}, "quality_checked": ["annotator10"], "task": "Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Abbas Sertkaya", "meta": {"applicant": "Abbas Sertkaya", "articles": [91, 34, 54, 34, 44, 32, 34, 52, 49, 34, 44, 32, 34, 50, 57, 34, 93], "countries": "TUR", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2006}, "doc_id": "001-75974", "dataset_type": "train", "orig_text": "PROCEDURE\n\nThe case originated in an application (no. 77113/01) against the Republic of Turkey lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (\u201cthe Convention\u201d) by a Turkish national, Abbas Sertkaya, on 28 July 2001.\n\nThe applicant was represented before the Court by Mr Orhan Tural, a lawyer practising in Istanbul. The Turkish Government (\u201cthe Government\u201d) did not designate an Agent for the purposes of the proceedings before the Court.\n\nOn 11 December 2003 the Court (Third Section) declared the application partly inadmissible and decided to communicate the complaint concerning the length of the proceedings to the Government.\n\nOn 29 September 2005 the Court decided to apply Article 29 \u00a7 3 of the Convention and examine the admissibility and merits at the same time.\n\nTHE FACTS\n\nThe applicant, Mr Abbas Sertkaya, is a Turkish national, who was born in 1974 and lives in Mu\u015f. He is represented before the Court by Mr Orhan Tural, a lawyer practising in Istanbul.\n\nOn 12 July 1995 the Public Prosecutor at the Istanbul State Security Court filed an indictment accusing the applicant and four other suspects under Article 125 of the Criminal Code, of being involved in seven different instances of setting forests on fire for terrorism purposes, in Bursa in 1994.\n\nOn 19 July 1995 the Istanbul State Security Court held the first trial against the applicant and four other suspects.\n\nOn 6 February 1996 the Istanbul State Security Court ordered the applicant\u2019s detention on remand.\n\nOn 4 May 1996 the applicant was arrested and detained on remand.\n\nOn 27 February 1997 and 1 July 1997 the Istanbul State Security Court requested that the Bursa and Varto Criminal Courts obtain the statements of witnesses.\n\nOn 22 September 1997 and 11 November 1997 these statements were obtained and sent to the Istanbul State Security Court.\n\nOn 16 November 1999 the Public Prosecutor before the Istanbul State Security Court submitted his observations on the merits of the case. 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Baykal Kuveydar was born in 1973 and is currently serving a prison sentence in Edirne. On 8 February 2001 a certain İ.Y. and his son M.Y., filed a complaint with the Bursa Public Prosecutor’s office, claiming that they had been threatened by members of a criminal organisation, including Baykal Kuveydar, who had acted under his boss, O.K., and that they had had to give them a substantial amount of money and property as a result. On 20 March 2001 the Public Prosecutor at the Istanbul State Security Court requested the Bursa Security Directorate to investigate the matter within the context of an investigation concerning a bigger criminal organisation. On 21 March 2001 police officers from the Bursa Security Directorate conducted a search at Baykal Kuveydar’s house, during which they found an unlicensed semi-automatic weapon.
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"quality_checked": [], "task": "Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Baykal Kuveydar", "meta": {"applicant": "Baykal Kuveydar", "articles": [91, 34, 54, 34, 93], "countries": "TUR", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2017}, "doc_id": "001-179561", "dataset_type": "train", "orig_text": "PROCEDURE\n\nThe case originated in an application (no. 12047/05) against the Republic of Turkey lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (\u201cthe Convention\u201d) by a Turkish national, Mr Baykal Kuveydar (\u201cthe applicant\u201d), on 18 March 2005.\n\nThe applicant was represented by Mr S. Dursun, a lawyer practising in Istanbul. The Turkish Government (\u201cthe Government\u201d) were represented by their Agent.\n\nThe applicant alleged that he had not had a fair trial, in that the domestic court had refused his request to have witnesses on his behalf examined. He also complained about his alleged ill-treatment during his time in police custody, the court\u2019s use of his police statements, which, according to him, had been taken under duress, and its reliance on evidence obtained through third persons\u2019 telephone conversations.\n\nOn 31 August 2010 the application was communicated to the Government.\n\nTHE FACTS\n\nTHE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE\n\nThe applicant was born in 1973 and is currently serving a prison sentence in Edirne.\n\nOn 8 February 2001 a certain \u0130.Y. and his son M.Y., filed a complaint with the Bursa Public Prosecutor\u2019s office, claiming that they had been threatened by members of a criminal organisation, including the applicant, who had acted under his boss, O.K., and that they had had to give them a substantial amount of money and property as a result.\n\nOn 20 March 2001 the Public Prosecutor at the Istanbul State Security Court requested the Bursa Security Directorate to investigate the matter within the context of an investigation concerning a bigger criminal organisation.\n\nOn 21 March 2001 police officers from the Bursa Security Directorate conducted a search at the applicant\u2019s house, during which they found an unlicensed semi-automatic weapon. The applicant was immediately arrested after the search.\n\nSubsequently, he was taken to the Bursa Directorate of Forensic Medicine, where he was examined by a doctor who noted that there were no signs of ill-treatment on his body. He was placed in police custody on the same day.\n\nOn 23 March 2001, following the extension of his police custody by two days, the applicant underwent another medical examination. The report drawn up after that examination noted the names of several persons who had also been arrested as part of the same investigation and indicated that no injury could be found on any of them.\n\nOn 24 March 2001 the applicant gave his police statements. He described the course of the events in detail and stated that he and certain people that he worked with had visited \u0130.Y. and M.Y. at their homes several times in order to obtain money by threatening them.\n\nOn 25 March 2001 the applicant\u2019s police custody was extended and he was medically examined once again together with twenty-five others. The doctor who conducted the examination simply noted that there were no traces of ill-treatment on any of the persons he had examined. The day after, 26 March 2001, another doctor issued a report in respect of the same people, stating that none of them had any complaints and that he could find no signs of injury on their bodies.\n\nOn 28 March 2001 the applicant went through a final medical examination before he was detained on remand. This time, a report specific to him was drawn up, stating that he had not put forward any physical or psychological complaints during the examination and that there was no indication of ill-treatment on his body. In his application form, the applicant maintained that the doctor had taken account of his submissions and examined his genitals, but had not been able to find any traces of the electric shocks administered to him.\n\nOn the same day the applicant gave his statements before the Public Prosecutor at the Istanbul State Security Court. He reiterated his account of the events, but denied certain parts of his police statements, whereby he had admitted to being a member of a criminal organisation and having threatened \u0130.Y. He did not indicate anything with regard to his alleged ill\u2011treatment.\n\nOn 21 June 2001 the Public Prosecutor filed an indictment with the Istanbul State Security Court, accusing the applicant of armed robbery, membership of a criminal organisation and illegally carrying weapons. After having explained in detail the composition and acts of a criminal organisation, the Public Prosecutor indicated that the applicant was a member of another organisation, which had threatened and extracted money from \u0130.Y., a member of the first one. In his recapitulation of the events, the Public Prosecutor mentioned a certain A.V.O., who he claimed to have been involved in the money transactions at issue and to have been threatened by that second criminal organisation. He requested the opening of criminal proceedings against a total of thirty-one people, accusing them of being members of two separate criminal organisations.\n\nOn 13 September 2001, at the first hearing before the Istanbul State Security Court, \u0130.Y. stated in the absence of the applicant (who was unrepresented) that he had asked for help from the applicant\u2019s boss, O.K., to sell some of his property in order to pay his debts and that he had paid him a certain amount in return. He claimed that after the transaction, the applicant had threatened him to obtain more money.\n\nAt the second hearing, held on 6 December 2001, the applicant stated before the court that the indictment had not been served on him and that he had not fully understood the charges against him. After having described the events, he maintained that he and his boss had helped \u0130.Y. pay his debts and that he had just asked him to pay their share, without making any threats. He further retracted the previous statements he had made before the police and the Public Prosecutor. Finally, he argued that he had been subjected to ill-treatment while in police custody, without giving any details about his allegation.\n\nDuring the same hearing, M.Y. submitted that his father, \u0130.Y., had been threatened by the applicant. The applicant was not given an opportunity to comment on these submissions.\n\nOn 9 April 2002 the Public Prosecutor submitted his written opinion to the Istanbul State Security Court. He stated that the telephones of two of the accused had been intercepted and that the conversations between them and with the applicant had revealed that the latter had threatened \u0130.Y. upon an order from O.K. In describing the events at issue, the Public Prosecutor once again maintained that A.V.O. had been involved in the transactions and had been threatened by fellow members of the applicant\u2019s criminal organisation. He further indicated that the unfolding of the events had been corroborated by the statements of all of the accused, but that they had all denied having threatened \u0130.Y. and M.Y. Finally, relying on the telephone recordings and the statements of the other accused, the Public Prosecutor proposed that the applicant should be found guilty as charged.\n\nSubsequently, the applicant submitted his statements to the court, requesting the examination of two witnesses, A.V.O., who had been mentioned in the Public Prosecutor\u2019s written opinion, and a certain \u0130.D.\n\nAt the hearing on 3 September 2002 the Istanbul State Security Court rejected the request, finding that the examination of the witnesses called by the applicant would have no effect on the outcome of the proceedings. After making a summary of all of the defendants\u2019 statements, the court found the applicant guilty as charged, and sentenced him to twenty years and ten months\u2019 imprisonment and a judicial fine. In its reasoning, it stated that the applicant\u2019s guilt had been established on the basis of an overall assessment of the evidence at its disposal, without specifying which particular evidence it relied on.\n\nThe applicant appealed against the judgment, arguing that the court had failed to hear any witnesses on his behalf and that it had restricted his right to defend himself during the course of the proceedings, in that it had not taken account of any of his submissions.\n\nOn 12 April 2004 the Court of Cassation upheld the judgment after holding a hearing, during which the applicant was not present.\n\nThe applicant was not represented by a lawyer at any stage of the proceedings, including the appeal proceedings before the Court of Cassation.\n\nOn 11 October 2004 a committal order concerning the execution of the applicant\u2019s sentence was prepared. 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Nuri Özkan was born in 1950 and lives in the district of Kuşadası in the province of Aydın. On 9 June 1989 the Kuşadası District Council (hereinafter “the Council”) and Nuri Özkan signed an agreement. By virtue of this agreement the Council unconditionally allocated part of the historic castle in Kuşadası to Nuri Özkan to open and run a museum for an indefinite period. On 18 July 1989 Nuri Özkan was issued with a special title deed to the property enabling him to open the museum. On 26 May 1990 the museum was opened to the public following the grant of a licence by the Ministry of Culture.
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"entity_id": "001-67359_a10_e26", "entity_mention_id": "001-67359_a10_em61", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Supreme Administrative Court", "start_offset": 3162}]}, "annotator11": null, "annotator12": null, "annotator2": null, "annotator3": null, "annotator4": null, "annotator5": null, "annotator6": null, "annotator7": null, "annotator8": null, "annotator9": null}, "quality_checked": ["annotator10"], "task": "Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Nuri \u00d6zkan", "meta": {"applicant": "Nuri \u00d6zkan", "articles": [91, 34, 54, 34, 44, 32, 34, 50, 57, 34, 44, 32, 34, 52, 49, 34, 93], "countries": "TUR", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2004}, "doc_id": "001-67359", "dataset_type": "train", "orig_text": "PROCEDURE\n\nThe case originated in an application (no. 50733/99) against the Republic of Turkey lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (\u201cthe Convention\u201d) by a Turkish national, Mr Nuri \u00d6zkan (\u201cthe applicant\u201d), on 14 May 1999.\n\nThe Turkish Government (\u201cthe Government\u201d) did not designate an Agent for the purpose of the proceedings before the Court.\n\nOn 28 January 2003 the Court declared the application partly inadmissible and decided to communicate the complaint concerning the length of the administrative proceedings to the Government. Applying Article 29 \u00a7 3 of the Convention, it decided to rule on the admissibility and merits of the remainder of the application at the same time.\n\nTHE FACTS\n\nThe applicant was born in 1950 and lives in the district of Ku\u015fadas\u0131 in the province of Ayd\u0131n.\n\nOn 9 June 1989 the Ku\u015fadas\u0131 District Council (hereinafter \u201cthe Council\u201d) and the applicant signed an agreement. By virtue of this agreement the Council unconditionally allocated part of the historic castle in Ku\u015fadas\u0131 to the applicant to open and run a museum for an indefinite period. On 18 July 1989 the applicant was issued with a special title deed to the property enabling him to open the museum.\n\nOn 26 May 1990 the museum was opened to the public following the grant of a licence by the Ministry of Culture.\n\nOn 22 April 1991 the Council annulled the agreement of 9 June 1989 on the ground that the applicant had not signed a protocol with the Mayor of Ku\u015fadas\u0131 within 15 days from the date of the opening of the museum. Pursuant to such a protocol the applicant would have undertaken to pay the Council 40% of the money generated from the sale of the entrance tickets to visitors to the museum. Items displayed in the museum were removed from the museum by the Council's employees.\n\nOn 27 June 1991 the applicant brought an action before the Ayd\u0131n Administrative Court requesting the annulment of the Council's decision of 22 April 1991.\n\nOn 12 November 1991 the Ayd\u0131n Administrative Court annulled the decision on the ground that the Council had never informed the applicant about the protocol or warned him about its intention to rescind the agreement. The Council appealed against the decision.\n\nOn 2 May 1995 the Supreme Administrative Court quashed the Ayd\u0131n Administrative Court's decision of 12 November 1991.\n\nOn 28 September 1995 the Ayd\u0131n Administrative Court acceded to the Supreme Administrative Court's decision and rejected the applicant's request to annul the Council's decision. The court noted that a clause in the initial agreement between the Council and the applicant had stipulated that 40% of the income would be handed over to the Council. The court further observed that the applicant had been reminded by the Council about this clause on 24 May 1990 and had been urged to sign the protocol.\n\nOn 27 February 1997 the Supreme Administrative Court rejected the applicant's appeal.\n\nOn 3 April 1997 the applicant applied to the Supreme Administrative Court and requested the rectification of the latter's decision of 27 February 1997.\n\nOn 23 December 1998 the Supreme Administrative Court refused the applicant's request for rectification.", "applicant": "Nuri \u00d6zkan", "offset": 777, "idx_mapping": [777, 777, 777, 777, 777, 777, 777, 777, 777, 777, 777, 777, 777, 787, 788, 789, 790, 791, 792, 793, 794, 795, 796, 797, 798, 799, 800, 801, 802, 803, 804, 805, 806, 807, 808, 809, 810, 811, 812, 813, 814, 815, 816, 817, 818, 819, 820, 821, 822, 823, 824, 825, 826, 827, 828, 829, 830, 831, 832, 833, 834, 835, 836, 837, 838, 839, 840, 841, 842, 843, 844, 845, 846, 847, 848, 849, 850, 851, 852, 853, 854, 855, 856, 857, 858, 859, 860, 861, 862, 863, 864, 865, 866, 867, 868, 869, 870, 871, 872, 873, 874, 875, 876, 877, 878, 879, 880, 881, 882, 883, 884, 885, 886, 887, 888, 889, 890, 891, 892, 893, 894, 895, 896, 897, 898, 899, 900, 901, 902, 903, 904, 905, 906, 907, 908, 909, 910, 911, 912, 913, 914, 915, 916, 917, 918, 919, 920, 921, 922, 923, 924, 925, 926, 927, 928, 929, 930, 931, 932, 933, 934, 935, 936, 937, 938, 939, 940, 941, 942, 943, 944, 945, 777, 777, 777, 777, 777, 777, 777, 777, 777, 777, 777, 777, 777, 956, 957, 958, 959, 960, 961, 962, 963, 964, 965, 966, 967, 968, 969, 970, 971, 972, 973, 974, 975, 976, 977, 978, 979, 980, 981, 982, 983, 984, 985, 986, 987, 988, 989, 990, 991, 992, 993, 994, 995, 996, 997, 998, 999, 1000, 1001, 1002, 1003, 1004, 1005, 1006, 1007, 1008, 1009, 1010, 1011, 1012, 1013, 1014, 1015, 1016, 1017, 1018, 1019, 1020, 1021, 1022, 1023, 1024, 1025, 1026, 1027, 1028, 1029, 1030, 1031, 1032, 1033, 1034, 1035, 1036, 1037, 1038, 1039, 1040, 1041, 1042, 1043, 1044, 1045, 1046, 1047, 1048, 1049, 1050, 1051, 1052, 1053, 1054, 1055, 1056, 1057, 1058, 1059, 1060, 1061, 1062, 1063, 1064, 1065, 1066, 1067, 1068, 1069, 1070, 1071, 1072, 1073, 1074, 1075, 1076, 1077, 1078, 1079, 1080, 1081, 1082, 1083, 1084, 1085, 1086, 777, 777, 777, 777, 777, 777, 777, 777, 777, 777, 777, 777, 777, 1097, 1098, 1099, 1100, 1101, 1102, 1103, 1104, 1105, 1106, 1107, 1108, 1109, 1110, 1111, 1112, 1113, 1114, 1115, 1116, 1117, 1118, 1119, 1120, 1121, 1122, 1123, 1124, 1125, 1126, 1127, 1128, 1129, 1130, 1131, 1132, 1133, 1134, 1135, 1136, 1137, 1138, 1139, 1140, 1141, 1142, 1143, 1144, 1145, 1146, 1147, 1148, 1149, 1150, 1151, 1152, 1153, 1154, 1155, 1156, 1157, 1158, 1159, 1160, 1161, 1162, 1163, 1164, 777, 777, 777, 777, 777, 777, 777, 777, 777, 777, 777, 777, 777, 1175, 1176, 1177, 1178, 1179, 1180, 1181, 1182, 1183, 1184, 1185, 1186, 1187, 1188, 1189, 1190, 1191, 1192, 1193, 1194, 1195, 1196, 1197, 1198, 1199, 1200, 1201, 1202, 1203, 1204, 1205, 1206, 1207, 1208, 1209, 1210, 1211, 1212, 1213, 1214, 1215, 1216, 1217, 1218, 1219, 1220, 1221, 1222, 1223, 1224, 1225, 1226, 1227, 1228, 1229, 1230, 1231, 1232, 1233, 1234, 1235, 1236, 1237, 1238, 1239, 1240, 1241, 1242, 1243, 1244, 1245, 1246, 1247, 1248, 1249, 1250, 1251, 1252, 1253, 1254, 1255, 1256, 1257, 1258, 1259, 1260, 1261, 1262, 1263, 1264, 1265, 1266, 1267, 1268, 1269, 1270, 1271, 1272, 1273, 1274, 1275, 1276, 1277, 1278, 1279, 1280, 1281, 1282, 1283, 1284, 1285, 1286, 1287, 1288, 1289, 1290, 1291, 1292, 1293, 1294, 1295, 1296, 1297, 1298, 1299, 1300, 1301, 1302, 1303, 1304, 1305, 1306, 1307, 1308, 1309, 1310, 1311, 1312, 1313, 1314, 1315, 1316, 1317, 1318, 1319, 1320, 1321, 1322, 1323, 1324, 1325, 1326, 1327, 1328, 1329, 1330, 1331, 1332, 1333, 1334, 1335, 1336, 1337, 1338, 1339, 1340, 1341, 1342, 1343, 1344, 1345, 1346, 1347, 1348, 1349, 1350, 1351, 1352, 1353, 1354, 1355, 1356, 1357, 1358, 1359, 1360, 1361, 1362, 1363, 1364, 1365, 1366, 1367, 1368, 1369, 1370, 1371, 1372], "duplicates": 1}
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Hüseyin Bulut was born in 1952. He was detained in Burdur prison at the time of lodging his application. On 28 March 1994 an arrest warrant was issued in respect of Hüseyin Bulut. On 14 April 1994 the public prosecutor at the Malatya State Security Court filed an indictment, accusing Hüseyin Bulut together with two other co‑accused of membership of an illegal armed organisation, namely the Marxist-Leninist Communist Party. The public prosecutor requested that Hüseyin Bulut be convicted and sentenced under Article 168 § 2 of the Criminal Code and Article 5 of Law no.
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null, "span_text": "Malatya State Security Court", "start_offset": 2242}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "insert", "end_offset": 2472, "entity_id": "001-71204_a10_e24", "entity_mention_id": "001-71204_a10_em27", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "twelve years and six months", "start_offset": 2445}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 2504, "entity_id": "001-71204_a10_e25", "entity_mention_id": "001-71204_a10_em28", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "2 March 1998", "start_offset": 2492}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 2584, "entity_id": "001-71204_a10_e15", "entity_mention_id": "001-71204_a10_em29", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Malatya State Security Court", "start_offset": 2556}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 2605, "entity_id": "001-71204_a10_e26", "entity_mention_id": "001-71204_a10_em30", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "7 December 1998", "start_offset": 2590}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 2628, "entity_id": "001-71204_a10_e27", "entity_mention_id": "001-71204_a10_em31", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Court of Cassation", "start_offset": 2610}]}, "annotator11": null, "annotator12": null, "annotator2": null, "annotator3": null, "annotator4": null, "annotator5": null, "annotator6": null, "annotator7": null, "annotator8": null, "annotator9": null}, "quality_checked": ["annotator10"], "task": "Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: H\u00fcseyin Bulut", "meta": {"applicant": "H\u00fcseyin Bulut", "articles": [91, 34, 54, 34, 44, 32, 34, 51, 53, 34, 44, 32, 34, 50, 57, 34, 44, 32, 34, 52, 49, 34, 93], "countries": "TUR", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2005}, "doc_id": "001-71204", "dataset_type": "train", "orig_text": "PROCEDURE\n\nThe case originated in an application (no. 49892/99) against the Republic of Turkey lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (\u201cthe Convention\u201d) by a Turkish national, H\u00fcseyin Bulut (\u201cthe applicant\u201d), on 1 March 1999.\n\nThe applicant was represented by Mrs Y.\u0130. Kolua\u00e7\u0131k, a lawyer practising in Malatya. The Turkish Government (\u201cthe Government\u201d) did not designate an Agent for the purposes of the proceedings before the Court.\n\nOn 27 January 2004 the Court declared the application partly inadmissible and decided to communicate the complaint concerning the applicant\u2019s right to a fair hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal to the Government. Under the provisions of Article 29 \u00a7 3 of the Convention, it decided to examine the merits of the application at the same time as its admissibility.\n\nOn 1 November 2004 the Court changed the composition of its Sections (Rule 25 \u00a7 1). The case was assigned to the newly composed Second Section.\n\nTHE FACTS\n\nI. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE\n\nThe applicant was born in 1952. He was detained in Burdur prison at the time of lodging his application.\n\nOn 28 March 1994 an arrest warrant was issued in respect of the applicant.\n\nOn 14 April 1994 the public prosecutor at the Malatya State Security Court filed an indictment, accusing the applicant together with two other co\u2011accused of membership of an illegal armed organisation, namely the Marxist-Leninist Communist Party. The public prosecutor requested that the applicant be convicted and sentenced under Article 168 \u00a7 2 of the Criminal Code and Article 5 of Law no. 3713.\n\nOn 19 October 1995 the Malatya State Security Court decided to separate the proceedings in respect of the applicant as he could not be found.\n\nOn 30 August 1996 the applicant was arrested and taken into custody by the police. On 6 September 1996 he was interrogated by two police officers.\n\nOn 10 September 1996 he was brought before the public prosecutor and the State Security Court. He denied his statements made in police custody.\n\nOn 30 October 1996 an additional indictment was submitted by the public prosecutor at the Istanbul State Security Court.\n\nOn 20 January 1998 the Malatya State Security Court, composed of two civilian judges and a military judge, convicted the applicant under Article 168 \u00a7 2 of the Criminal Code and Article 5 of Law no. 3713, and sentenced him to twelve years and six months\u2019 imprisonment.\n\nOn 2 March 1998 the applicant appealed against the judgment of the Malatya State Security Court.\n\nOn 7 December 1998 the Court of Cassation held a hearing and on the same day upheld the above judgment.", "applicant": "H\u00fcseyin Bulut", "offset": 1079, "idx_mapping": [1079, 1079, 1079, 1079, 1079, 1079, 1079, 1079, 1079, 1079, 1079, 1079, 1079, 1092, 1093, 1094, 1095, 1096, 1097, 1098, 1099, 1100, 1101, 1102, 1103, 1104, 1105, 1106, 1107, 1108, 1109, 1110, 1111, 1112, 1113, 1114, 1115, 1116, 1117, 1118, 1119, 1120, 1121, 1122, 1123, 1124, 1125, 1126, 1127, 1128, 1129, 1130, 1131, 1132, 1133, 1134, 1135, 1136, 1137, 1138, 1139, 1140, 1141, 1142, 1143, 1144, 1145, 1146, 1147, 1148, 1149, 1150, 1151, 1152, 1153, 1154, 1155, 1156, 1157, 1158, 1159, 1160, 1161, 1162, 1163, 1164, 1165, 1166, 1167, 1168, 1169, 1170, 1171, 1172, 1173, 1174, 1175, 1176, 1177, 1178, 1179, 1180, 1181, 1182, 1183, 1184, 1185, 1186, 1187, 1188, 1189, 1190, 1191, 1192, 1193, 1194, 1195, 1196, 1197, 1198, 1199, 1200, 1201, 1202, 1203, 1204, 1205, 1206, 1207, 1208, 1209, 1210, 1211, 1212, 1213, 1214, 1215, 1216, 1217, 1218, 1219, 1220, 1221, 1222, 1223, 1224, 1225, 1226, 1227, 1228, 1229, 1230, 1231, 1232, 1233, 1234, 1235, 1236, 1237, 1238, 1239, 1240, 1241, 1242, 1243, 1079, 1079, 1079, 1079, 1079, 1079, 1079, 1079, 1079, 1079, 1079, 1079, 1079, 1257, 1258, 1259, 1260, 1261, 1262, 1263, 1264, 1265, 1266, 1267, 1268, 1269, 1270, 1271, 1272, 1273, 1274, 1275, 1276, 1277, 1278, 1279, 1280, 1281, 1282, 1283, 1284, 1285, 1286, 1287, 1288, 1289, 1290, 1291, 1292, 1293, 1294, 1295, 1296, 1297, 1298, 1299, 1300, 1301, 1302, 1303, 1304, 1305, 1306, 1307, 1308, 1309, 1310, 1311, 1312, 1313, 1314, 1315, 1316, 1317, 1318, 1319, 1320, 1321, 1322, 1323, 1324, 1325, 1326, 1327, 1328, 1329, 1330, 1331, 1332, 1333, 1334, 1335, 1336, 1337, 1338, 1339, 1340, 1341, 1342, 1343, 1344, 1345, 1346, 1347, 1348, 1349, 1350, 1351, 1352, 1353, 1354, 1355, 1356, 1357, 1358, 1359, 1360, 1361, 1362, 1363, 1079, 1079, 1079, 1079, 1079, 1079, 1079, 1079, 1079, 1079, 1079, 1079, 1079, 1377, 1378, 1379, 1380, 1381, 1382, 1383, 1384, 1385, 1386, 1387, 1388, 1389, 1390, 1391, 1392, 1393, 1394, 1395, 1396, 1397, 1398, 1399, 1400, 1401, 1402, 1403, 1404, 1405, 1406, 1407, 1408, 1409, 1410, 1411, 1412, 1413, 1414, 1415, 1416, 1417, 1418, 1419, 1420, 1421, 1422, 1423, 1424, 1425, 1426, 1427, 1428, 1429, 1430, 1431, 1432, 1433, 1434, 1435, 1436, 1437, 1438, 1439, 1440, 1441, 1442, 1443, 1444, 1445, 1446, 1447, 1448, 1449, 1450, 1451, 1452, 1453, 1454, 1455, 1456, 1457, 1458, 1459, 1460, 1461, 1462, 1463, 1464, 1465, 1466, 1467, 1468, 1469, 1470, 1471, 1472, 1473, 1474, 1475, 1476, 1477, 1478, 1479, 1480, 1481, 1482, 1483, 1484, 1485, 1486, 1487, 1488, 1489, 1490, 1491, 1492, 1493, 1494, 1495, 1496, 1497, 1498, 1499, 1500, 1501, 1502, 1503, 1504, 1505, 1506, 1507, 1508, 1509, 1510, 1511, 1512, 1513, 1514, 1515, 1516, 1517, 1518, 1519, 1520, 1521, 1522, 1523, 1524, 1525, 1526, 1527, 1528, 1529, 1530, 1531, 1532, 1533, 1534, 1535, 1536, 1537, 1538, 1539, 1540, 1541, 1542, 1079, 1079, 1079, 1079, 1079, 1079, 1079, 1079, 1079, 1079, 1079, 1079, 1079, 1556, 1557, 1558, 1559, 1560, 1561, 1562, 1563, 1564, 1565, 1566, 1567, 1568, 1569, 1570, 1571, 1572, 1573, 1574, 1575, 1576, 1577, 1578, 1579, 1580, 1581, 1582, 1583, 1584, 1585, 1586, 1587, 1588, 1589, 1590, 1591, 1592, 1593, 1594, 1595, 1596, 1597, 1598, 1599, 1600, 1601, 1602, 1603, 1604, 1605, 1606, 1607, 1608, 1609, 1610, 1611, 1612, 1613, 1614, 1615, 1616, 1617, 1618, 1619, 1620, 1621, 1622, 1623, 1624, 1625, 1626, 1627, 1628, 1629, 1630, 1631, 1632, 1633, 1634, 1635, 1636, 1637, 1638, 1639, 1640, 1641, 1642, 1643, 1644, 1645, 1646, 1647, 1648, 1649, 1650], "duplicates": 1}
| 1
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Cemil Akkaya was born in 1964 and lives in Ankara. On 22 October 1997 Cemil Akkaya, who worked in a private company at the material time, had an accident during working hours that led to his partial disability. On 19 June 1998 Cemil Akkaya lodged an action with the Ankara Labour Court against his employer, requesting compensation for the pecuniary damage he had suffered as a result of the accident. On 30 April 2003 Cemil Akkaya lodged another action with the same court against his employer, this time requesting compensation for non‑pecuniary damage. On 27 May 2003 the court joined two cases.
|
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Ek\u015fio\u011flu", "start_offset": 340}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 387, "entity_id": "001-97576_a10_e7", "entity_mention_id": "001-97576_a10_em7", "entity_type": "LOC", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Ankara", "start_offset": 381}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 411, "entity_id": "001-97576_a10_e2", "entity_mention_id": "001-97576_a10_em8", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": ["001-97576_a10_em2"], "span_text": "Turkish Government", "start_offset": 393}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 484, "entity_id": "001-97576_a10_e8", "entity_mention_id": "001-97576_a10_em9", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "28 November 2008", "start_offset": 468}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", 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"NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "partial disability", "start_offset": 902}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 938, "entity_id": "001-97576_a10_e12", "entity_mention_id": "001-97576_a10_em14", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "19 June 1998", "start_offset": 926}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 998, "entity_id": "001-97576_a10_e13", "entity_mention_id": "001-97576_a10_em15", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Ankara Labour Court", "start_offset": 979}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 1132, "entity_id": "001-97576_a10_e14", "entity_mention_id": "001-97576_a10_em16", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "30 April 2003", "start_offset": 1119}, 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"001-97576_a10_e13", "entity_mention_id": "001-97576_a10_em20", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Ankara Labour Court", "start_offset": 1613}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 1825, "entity_id": "001-97576_a10_e18", "entity_mention_id": "001-97576_a10_em21", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "4 November 2004", "start_offset": 1810}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 1848, "entity_id": "001-97576_a10_e19", "entity_mention_id": "001-97576_a10_em22", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Court of Cassation", "start_offset": 1830}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 1934, "entity_id": "001-97576_a10_e20", "entity_mention_id": "001-97576_a10_em23", "entity_type": "DATETIME", 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{"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 2252, "entity_id": "001-97576_a10_e23", "entity_mention_id": "001-97576_a10_em27", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "7 August 2009", "start_offset": 2239}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 2609, "entity_id": "001-97576_a10_e24", "entity_mention_id": "001-97576_a10_em28", "entity_type": "CODE", "identifier_type": "DIRECT", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "53791/09", "start_offset": 2601}]}, "annotator11": null, "annotator12": null, "annotator2": null, "annotator3": null, "annotator4": null, "annotator5": null, "annotator6": null, "annotator7": null, "annotator8": null, "annotator9": null}, "quality_checked": ["annotator10"], "task": "Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Cemil Akkaya", "meta": {"applicant": "Cemil Akkaya", "articles": [91, 34, 54, 34, 93], "countries": "TUR", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2010}, "doc_id": "001-97576", "dataset_type": "train", "orig_text": "PROCEDURE\n\nThe case originated in an application (no. 34395/04) against the Republic of Turkey lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (\u201cthe Convention\u201d) by a Turkish national, Mr Cemil Akkaya (\u201cthe applicant\u201d), on 14 June 2004.\n\nThe applicant was represented by Mr G.C. Ek\u015fio\u011flu, a lawyer practising in Ankara. The Turkish Government (\u201cthe Government\u201d) were represented by their Agent.\n\nOn 28 November 2008 the President of the Second Section decided to give notice of the application to the Government. It was also decided to rule on the admissibility and merits of the application at the same time (Article 29 \u00a7 3).\n\nTHE FACTS\n\nThe applicant was born in 1964 and lives in Ankara.\n\nOn 22 October 1997 the applicant, who worked in a private company at the material time, had an accident during working hours that led to his partial disability.\n\nOn 19 June 1998 the applicant lodged an action with the Ankara Labour Court against his employer, requesting compensation for the pecuniary damage he had suffered as a result of the accident.\n\nOn 30 April 2003 the applicant lodged another action with the same court against his employer, this time requesting compensation for non\u2011pecuniary damage.\n\nOn 27 May 2003 the court joined two cases.\n\nDuring the proceedings the first-instance court postponed the hearings awaiting information and documents from a number of State authorities, such as the public prosecutor's office and the Social Security Institution, as well as the reports of experts appointed by the court.\n\nOn 21 June 2004 the Ankara Labour Court partially accepted the applicant's claims and awarded him compensation for non-pecuniary damage, plus interest at the statutory rate, running from the date of the incident.\n\nOn 4 November 2004 the Court of Cassation upheld the judgment of the first instance court.\n\nIn his submissions of 4 August 2008 and 29 May 2009, the applicant informed the Court that he had filed a case with the Ankara Labour Court against the company, requesting additional compensation (munzam zarar) for the damage he had sustained as a result of the delay in payment. This case was dismissed on 21 April 2009.\n\nIn his letter of 7 August 2009 to the Court, the applicant complained under Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 to the Convention that the courts' refusal to grant him additional compensation violated his right to property.\n\nThe applicant's complaint under Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 to the Convention was separated from the present application and was registered under application no. 53791/09.", "applicant": "Cemil Akkaya", "offset": 708, "idx_mapping": [708, 708, 708, 708, 708, 708, 708, 708, 708, 708, 708, 708, 708, 720, 721, 722, 723, 724, 725, 726, 727, 728, 729, 730, 731, 732, 733, 734, 735, 736, 737, 738, 739, 740, 741, 742, 743, 744, 745, 746, 747, 748, 749, 750, 751, 752, 753, 754, 755, 756, 757, 758, 759, 760, 761, 762, 763, 764, 765, 766, 767, 768, 769, 770, 771, 772, 773, 774, 775, 776, 777, 708, 708, 708, 708, 708, 708, 708, 708, 708, 708, 708, 708, 708, 790, 791, 792, 793, 794, 795, 796, 797, 798, 799, 800, 801, 802, 803, 804, 805, 806, 807, 808, 809, 810, 811, 812, 813, 814, 815, 816, 817, 818, 819, 820, 821, 822, 823, 824, 825, 826, 827, 828, 829, 830, 831, 832, 833, 834, 835, 836, 837, 838, 839, 840, 841, 842, 843, 844, 845, 846, 847, 848, 849, 850, 851, 852, 853, 854, 855, 856, 857, 858, 859, 860, 861, 862, 863, 864, 865, 866, 867, 868, 869, 870, 871, 872, 873, 874, 875, 876, 877, 878, 879, 880, 881, 882, 883, 884, 885, 886, 887, 888, 889, 890, 891, 892, 893, 894, 895, 896, 897, 898, 899, 900, 901, 902, 903, 904, 905, 906, 907, 908, 909, 910, 911, 912, 913, 914, 915, 916, 917, 918, 919, 920, 921, 922, 923, 924, 925, 926, 927, 928, 929, 930, 931, 932, 933, 934, 708, 708, 708, 708, 708, 708, 708, 708, 708, 708, 708, 708, 708, 947, 948, 949, 950, 951, 952, 953, 954, 955, 956, 957, 958, 959, 960, 961, 962, 963, 964, 965, 966, 967, 968, 969, 970, 971, 972, 973, 974, 975, 976, 977, 978, 979, 980, 981, 982, 983, 984, 985, 986, 987, 988, 989, 990, 991, 992, 993, 994, 995, 996, 997, 998, 999, 1000, 1001, 1002, 1003, 1004, 1005, 1006, 1007, 1008, 1009, 1010, 1011, 1012, 1013, 1014, 1015, 1016, 1017, 1018, 1019, 1020, 1021, 1022, 1023, 1024, 1025, 1026, 1027, 1028, 1029, 1030, 1031, 1032, 1033, 1034, 1035, 1036, 1037, 1038, 1039, 1040, 1041, 1042, 1043, 1044, 1045, 1046, 1047, 1048, 1049, 1050, 1051, 1052, 1053, 1054, 1055, 1056, 1057, 1058, 1059, 1060, 1061, 1062, 1063, 1064, 1065, 1066, 1067, 1068, 1069, 1070, 1071, 1072, 1073, 1074, 1075, 1076, 1077, 1078, 1079, 1080, 1081, 1082, 1083, 1084, 1085, 1086, 1087, 1088, 1089, 1090, 1091, 1092, 1093, 1094, 1095, 1096, 1097, 1098, 1099, 1100, 1101, 1102, 1103, 1104, 1105, 1106, 1107, 1108, 1109, 1110, 1111, 1112, 1113, 1114, 1115, 1116, 1117, 1118, 1119, 1120, 1121, 1122, 1123, 1124, 1125, 1126, 708, 708, 708, 708, 708, 708, 708, 708, 708, 708, 708, 708, 708, 1139, 1140, 1141, 1142, 1143, 1144, 1145, 1146, 1147, 1148, 1149, 1150, 1151, 1152, 1153, 1154, 1155, 1156, 1157, 1158, 1159, 1160, 1161, 1162, 1163, 1164, 1165, 1166, 1167, 1168, 1169, 1170, 1171, 1172, 1173, 1174, 1175, 1176, 1177, 1178, 1179, 1180, 1181, 1182, 1183, 1184, 1185, 1186, 1187, 1188, 1189, 1190, 1191, 1192, 1193, 1194, 1195, 1196, 1197, 1198, 1199, 1200, 1201, 1202, 1203, 1204, 1205, 1206, 1207, 1208, 1209, 1210, 1211, 1212, 1213, 1214, 1215, 1216, 1217, 1218, 1219, 1220, 1221, 1222, 1223, 1224, 1225, 1226, 1227, 1228, 1229, 1230, 1231, 1232, 1233, 1234, 1235, 1236, 1237, 1238, 1239, 1240, 1241, 1242, 1243, 1244, 1245, 1246, 1247, 1248, 1249, 1250, 1251, 1252, 1253, 1254, 1255, 1256, 1257, 1258, 1259, 1260, 1261, 1262, 1263, 1264, 1265, 1266, 1267, 1268, 1269, 1270, 1271, 1272, 1273, 1274, 1275, 1276, 1277, 1278, 1279, 1280, 1281, 1282, 1283, 1284, 1285, 1286, 1287, 1288, 1289, 1290, 1291, 1292, 1293, 1294, 1295, 1296, 1297, 1298, 1299, 1300, 1301, 1302, 1303, 1304, 1305], "duplicates": 1}
| 1
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Ali Baba Arıs were born in 1962 and 1963 respectively. The first applicant is currently detained in the Bolu F-Type Prison and the second applicant is detained in the Edirne F-Type Prison. On 24 and 28 October 1993 respectively Ali Baba Arıs were taken into custody by police officers from the anti-terror branch of the Istanbul Security Directorate on suspicion of membership of an illegal organisation, the TKP‑ML (Communist Party of Turkey/Marxist-Leninist). On 8 November 1993 a single judge at the Istanbul State Security Court ordered Ali Baba Arıs' detention on remand. On 6 January 1994 the public prosecutor at the Istanbul State Security Court filed a bill of indictment against Ali Baba Arıs and eight other persons.
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"end_offset": 2952, "entity_id": "001-82494_a10_e32", "entity_mention_id": "001-82494_a10_em40", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "5 May 2003", "start_offset": 2942}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 2975, "entity_id": "001-82494_a10_e33", "entity_mention_id": "001-82494_a10_em41", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Court of Cassation", "start_offset": 2957}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 3014, "entity_id": "001-82494_a10_e29", "entity_mention_id": "001-82494_a10_em42", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "23 October 2002", "start_offset": 2999}]}, "annotator11": null, "annotator12": null, "annotator2": null, "annotator3": null, "annotator4": null, "annotator5": null, "annotator6": null, "annotator7": null, "annotator8": null, "annotator9": null}, "quality_checked": ["annotator10"], "task": "Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Ali Baba Ar\u0131", "meta": {"applicant": "Ali Baba Ar\u0131", "articles": [91, 34, 53, 34, 93], "countries": "TUR", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2007}, "doc_id": "001-82494", "dataset_type": "train", "orig_text": "PROCEDURE\n\nThe case originated in an application (no. 33746/02) against the Republic of Turkey lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (\u201cthe Convention\u201d) by two Turkish nationals, Mr Ali Baba Ar\u0131 and Mr Ali \u015een (\u201cthe applicants\u201d), on 20 June 2002.\n\nThe applicants were represented by Mr and Mrs K\u0131rd\u00f6k, lawyers practising in Istanbul. The Turkish Government (\u201cthe Government\u201d) did not designate an Agent for the purposes of the proceedings before the Court.\n\nOn 12 July 2006 the Court decided to give notice of the application to the Government. Under the provisions of Article 29 \u00a7 3 of the Convention, it decided to examine the merits of the application at the same time as its admissibility.\n\nTHE FACTS\n\nI. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE\n\nThe applicants were born in 1962 and 1963 respectively. The first applicant is currently detained in the Bolu F-Type Prison and the second applicant is detained in the Edirne F-Type Prison.\n\nOn 24 and 28 October 1993 respectively the applicants were taken into custody by police officers from the anti-terror branch of the Istanbul Security Directorate on suspicion of membership of an illegal organisation, the TKP\u2011ML (Communist Party of Turkey/Marxist-Leninist).\n\nOn 8 November 1993 a single judge at the Istanbul State Security Court ordered the applicants' detention on remand.\n\nOn 6 January 1994 the public prosecutor at the Istanbul State Security Court filed a bill of indictment against the applicants and eight other persons. The applicants were charged with attempting to undermine the constitutional order, contrary to Article 146 \u00a7 1 of the Criminal Code and Article 5 of the Law on the Prevention of Terrorism (Law no. 3713).\n\nOn 27 January 1994 the 4th Chamber of the Istanbul State Security Court held the first hearing in the case.\n\nOn 27 November 1997 the public prosecutor at the Istanbul State Security Court submitted his opinion on the merits of the case against the applicants, requesting that they be convicted of the original charge.\n\nOn 3 June 2002 the applicants again requested to be released pending trial before the first-instance court. On the same day, the court dismissed their request.\n\nOn 4 June 2002 the applicants filed an objection against the decision of 3 June 2002.\n\nOn 5 June 2002 the 5th Chamber of the Istanbul State Security Court dismissed the applicants' objection, having regard to the nature of the offence, the state of the evidence and the content of the case-file.\n\nBetween 27 January 1994 and 23 October 2002 the 4th Chamber of the Istanbul State Security Court held 44 hearings. At the end of each hearing, the first-instance court, relying on the state of the evidence and the nature of the offence, refused to release the applicants.\n\nOn 23 October 2002 the Istanbul State Security Court convicted the applicants as charged and sentenced them to life imprisonment.\n\nOn 5 May 2003 the Court of Cassation upheld the judgment of 23 October 2002.", "applicant": "Ali Baba Ar\u0131", "offset": 818, "idx_mapping": [818, 818, 818, 818, 818, 818, 818, 818, 818, 818, 818, 818, 818, 830, 831, 832, 833, 834, 835, 836, 837, 838, 839, 840, 841, 842, 843, 844, 845, 846, 847, 848, 849, 850, 851, 852, 853, 854, 855, 856, 857, 858, 859, 860, 861, 862, 863, 864, 865, 866, 867, 868, 869, 870, 871, 872, 873, 874, 875, 876, 877, 878, 879, 880, 881, 882, 883, 884, 885, 886, 887, 888, 889, 890, 891, 892, 893, 894, 895, 896, 897, 898, 899, 900, 901, 902, 903, 904, 905, 906, 907, 908, 909, 910, 911, 912, 913, 914, 915, 916, 917, 918, 919, 920, 921, 922, 923, 924, 925, 926, 927, 928, 929, 930, 931, 932, 933, 934, 935, 936, 937, 938, 939, 940, 941, 942, 943, 944, 945, 946, 947, 948, 949, 950, 951, 952, 953, 954, 955, 956, 957, 958, 959, 960, 961, 962, 963, 964, 965, 966, 967, 968, 969, 970, 971, 972, 973, 974, 975, 976, 977, 978, 979, 980, 981, 982, 983, 984, 985, 986, 987, 988, 989, 990, 991, 992, 993, 994, 995, 996, 997, 998, 999, 1000, 1001, 1002, 1003, 1004, 1005, 1006, 1007, 1008, 1009, 1010, 1011, 1012, 1013, 1014, 1015, 1016, 1017, 1018, 1019, 1020, 1021, 1022, 1023, 1024, 1025, 1026, 1027, 1028, 1029, 1030, 1031, 1032, 1033, 1034, 1035, 1036, 1037, 1038, 1039, 1040, 1041, 1042, 1043, 1044, 1045, 818, 818, 818, 818, 818, 818, 818, 818, 818, 818, 818, 818, 818, 1058, 1059, 1060, 1061, 1062, 1063, 1064, 1065, 1066, 1067, 1068, 1069, 1070, 1071, 1072, 1073, 1074, 1075, 1076, 1077, 1078, 1079, 1080, 1081, 1082, 1083, 1084, 1085, 1086, 1087, 1088, 1089, 1090, 1091, 1092, 1093, 1094, 1095, 1096, 1097, 1098, 1099, 1100, 1101, 1102, 1103, 1104, 1105, 1106, 1107, 1108, 1109, 1110, 1111, 1112, 1113, 1114, 1115, 1116, 1117, 1118, 1119, 1120, 1121, 1122, 1123, 1124, 1125, 1126, 1127, 1128, 1129, 1130, 1131, 1132, 1133, 1134, 1135, 1136, 1137, 1138, 1139, 1140, 1141, 1142, 1143, 1144, 1145, 1146, 1147, 1148, 1149, 1150, 1151, 1152, 1153, 1154, 1155, 1156, 1157, 1158, 1159, 1160, 1161, 1162, 1163, 1164, 1165, 1166, 1167, 1168, 1169, 1170, 1171, 1172, 1173, 1174, 1175, 1176, 1177, 1178, 1179, 1180, 1181, 1182, 1183, 1184, 1185, 1186, 1187, 1188, 1189, 1190, 1191, 1192, 1193, 1194, 1195, 1196, 1197, 1198, 1199, 1200, 1201, 1202, 1203, 1204, 1205, 1206, 1207, 1208, 1209, 1210, 1211, 1212, 1213, 1214, 1215, 1216, 1217, 1218, 1219, 1220, 1221, 1222, 1223, 1224, 1225, 1226, 1227, 1228, 1229, 1230, 1231, 1232, 1233, 1234, 1235, 1236, 1237, 1238, 1239, 1240, 1241, 1242, 1243, 1244, 1245, 1246, 1247, 1248, 1249, 1250, 1251, 1252, 1253, 1254, 1255, 1256, 1257, 1258, 1259, 1260, 1261, 1262, 1263, 1264, 1265, 1266, 1267, 1268, 1269, 1270, 1271, 1272, 1273, 1274, 1275, 1276, 1277, 1278, 1279, 1280, 1281, 1282, 1283, 1284, 1285, 1286, 1287, 1288, 1289, 1290, 1291, 1292, 1293, 1294, 1295, 1296, 1297, 1298, 1299, 1300, 1301, 1302, 1303, 1304, 1305, 1306, 1307, 1308, 1309, 1310, 1311, 1312, 1313, 1314, 1315, 1316, 1317, 1318, 1319, 1320, 1321, 1322, 1323, 1324, 1325, 1326, 1327, 1328, 1329, 1330, 1331, 1332, 1333, 1334, 1335, 1336, 1337, 1338, 1339, 1340, 1341, 1342, 1343, 1344, 1345, 1346, 1347, 1348, 1349, 1350, 1351, 1352, 1353, 1354, 1355, 1356, 1357, 1358, 818, 818, 818, 818, 818, 818, 818, 818, 818, 818, 818, 818, 818, 1371, 1372, 1373, 1374, 1375, 1376, 1377, 1378, 1379, 1380, 1381, 1382, 1383, 1384, 1385, 1386, 1387, 1388, 1389, 1390, 1391, 1392, 1393, 1394, 1395, 1396, 1397, 1398, 1399, 1400, 1401, 1402, 1403, 1404, 1405, 1406, 1407, 1408, 1409, 1410, 1411, 1412, 1413, 1414, 1415, 1416, 1417, 1418, 1419, 1420, 1421, 1422, 1423, 1424, 1425, 1426, 1427, 1428, 1429, 1430, 1431, 1432, 1433, 1434, 1435, 1436, 1437, 1438, 1439, 1440, 1441, 1442, 1443, 1444, 1445, 1446, 1447, 1448, 1449, 1450, 1451, 1452, 1453, 1454, 1455, 1456, 1457, 1458, 1459, 1460, 1461, 1462, 1463, 1464, 1465, 1466, 1467, 1468, 1469, 1470, 1471, 1472, 1473, 1474, 1475, 1476, 1477, 1478, 1479, 1480, 1481, 1482, 1483, 1484, 1485, 1486, 1487, 1488, 1489, 1490, 1491, 1492, 1493, 1494, 1495, 1496, 1497, 1498, 1499, 1500, 1501, 1502, 1503, 1504, 1505, 1506, 818, 818, 818, 818, 818, 818, 818, 818, 818, 818, 818, 818, 818, 1519, 1520, 1521, 1522, 1523, 1524, 1525, 1526, 1527, 1528, 1529, 1530, 1531, 1532, 1533, 1534, 1535, 1536, 1537, 1538, 1539, 1540, 1541, 1542, 1543, 1544], "duplicates": 1}
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Cemil Aydın was born in 1952 and lives in Nürnberg. On 2 October 1998 Cemil Aydın, who was then working at the Turkish Consulate in Nürnberg, was laid off for misconduct by his employer, the Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs. On 18 December 1998 he lodged a case with the Ankara Administrative Court against the Ministry of Foreign Affairs for unfair dismissal and compensation. On 16 November 1999 the court dismissed the case. On 26 March 2002 the Supreme Administrative Court upheld the judgment of 16 November 1999.
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"entity_mention_id": "001-99395_a10_em14", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs", "start_offset": 961}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 1018, "entity_id": "001-99395_a10_e12", "entity_mention_id": "001-99395_a10_em15", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "18 December 1998", "start_offset": 1002}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 1072, "entity_id": "001-99395_a10_e13", "entity_mention_id": "001-99395_a10_em16", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Ankara Administrative Court", "start_offset": 1045}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "insert", "end_offset": 1112, "entity_id": "001-99395_a10_e14", "entity_mention_id": "001-99395_a10_em17", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Ministry of Foreign Affairs", "start_offset": 1085}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 1172, "entity_id": "001-99395_a10_e15", "entity_mention_id": "001-99395_a10_em18", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "16 November 1999", "start_offset": 1156}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 1220, "entity_id": "001-99395_a10_e16", "entity_mention_id": "001-99395_a10_em19", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "26 March 2002", "start_offset": 1207}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 1253, "entity_id": "001-99395_a10_e17", "entity_mention_id": "001-99395_a10_em20", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Supreme Administrative Court", "start_offset": 1225}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 1293, "entity_id": "001-99395_a10_e15", "entity_mention_id": "001-99395_a10_em21", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "16 November 1999", "start_offset": 1277}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 1310, "entity_id": "001-99395_a10_e18", "entity_mention_id": "001-99395_a10_em22", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "18 May 2004", "start_offset": 1299}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 1343, "entity_id": "001-99395_a10_e17", "entity_mention_id": "001-99395_a10_em23", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Supreme Administrative Court", "start_offset": 1315}]}, "annotator11": null, "annotator12": null, "annotator2": null, "annotator3": null, "annotator4": null, "annotator5": null, "annotator6": null, "annotator7": null, "annotator8": null, "annotator9": null}, "quality_checked": ["annotator10"], "task": "Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Cemil Ayd\u0131n", "meta": {"applicant": "Cemil Ayd\u0131n", "articles": [91, 34, 54, 34, 93], "countries": "TUR", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2010}, "doc_id": "001-99395", "dataset_type": "train", "orig_text": "PROCEDURE\n\nThe case originated in an application (no. 8537/05) against the Republic of Turkey lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (\u201cthe Convention\u201d) by a German national, Mr Cemil Ayd\u0131n (\u201cthe applicant\u201d), on 21 February 2005.\n\nThe Turkish Government (\u201cthe Government\u201d) were represented by their Agent.\n\nOn 30 January 2009 the President of the Second Section decided to give notice of the application to the Government. It was also decided to rule on the admissibility and merits of the application at the same time (Article 29 \u00a7 3).\n\nThe German Government did not make use of their right to intervene under Article 36 \u00a7 1 of the Convention.\n\nTHE FACTS\n\nTHE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE\n\nThe applicant was born in 1952 and lives in N\u00fcrnberg.\n\nOn 2 October 1998 the applicant, who was then working at the Turkish Consulate in N\u00fcrnberg, was laid off for misconduct by his employer, the Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs.\n\nOn 18 December 1998 he lodged a case with the Ankara Administrative Court against the Ministry of Foreign Affairs for unfair dismissal and compensation.\n\nOn 16 November 1999 the court dismissed the case.\n\nOn 26 March 2002 the Supreme Administrative Court upheld the judgment of 16 November 1999.\n\nOn 18 May 2004 the Supreme Administrative Court dismissed the applicant's rectification request.", "applicant": "Cemil Ayd\u0131n", "offset": 765, "idx_mapping": [765, 765, 765, 765, 765, 765, 765, 765, 765, 765, 765, 765, 765, 776, 777, 778, 779, 780, 781, 782, 783, 784, 785, 786, 787, 788, 789, 790, 791, 792, 793, 794, 795, 796, 797, 798, 799, 800, 801, 802, 803, 804, 805, 806, 807, 808, 809, 810, 811, 812, 813, 814, 815, 816, 817, 818, 819, 820, 821, 822, 823, 824, 825, 826, 827, 828, 829, 830, 831, 832, 833, 834, 765, 765, 765, 765, 765, 765, 765, 765, 765, 765, 765, 765, 765, 846, 847, 848, 849, 850, 851, 852, 853, 854, 855, 856, 857, 858, 859, 860, 861, 862, 863, 864, 865, 866, 867, 868, 869, 870, 871, 872, 873, 874, 875, 876, 877, 878, 879, 880, 881, 882, 883, 884, 885, 886, 887, 888, 889, 890, 891, 892, 893, 894, 895, 896, 897, 898, 899, 900, 901, 902, 903, 904, 905, 906, 907, 908, 909, 910, 911, 912, 913, 914, 915, 916, 917, 918, 919, 920, 921, 922, 923, 924, 925, 926, 927, 928, 929, 930, 931, 932, 933, 934, 935, 936, 937, 938, 939, 940, 941, 942, 943, 944, 945, 946, 947, 948, 949, 950, 951, 952, 953, 954, 955, 956, 957, 958, 959, 960, 961, 962, 963, 964, 965, 966, 967, 968, 969, 970, 971, 972, 973, 974, 975, 976, 977, 978, 979, 980, 981, 982, 983, 984, 985, 986, 987, 988, 989, 990, 991, 992, 993, 994, 995, 996, 997, 998, 999, 1000, 1001, 1002, 1003, 1004, 1005, 1006, 1007, 1008, 1009, 1010, 1011, 1012, 1013, 1014, 1015, 1016, 1017, 1018, 1019, 1020, 1021, 1022, 1023, 1024, 1025, 1026, 1027, 1028, 1029, 1030, 1031, 1032, 1033, 1034, 1035, 1036, 1037, 1038, 1039, 1040, 1041, 1042, 1043, 1044, 1045, 1046, 1047, 1048, 1049, 1050, 1051, 1052, 1053, 1054, 1055, 1056, 1057, 1058, 1059, 1060, 1061, 1062, 1063, 1064, 1065, 1066, 1067, 1068, 1069, 1070, 1071, 1072, 1073, 1074, 1075, 1076, 1077, 1078, 1079, 1080, 1081, 1082, 1083, 1084, 1085, 1086, 1087, 1088, 1089, 1090, 1091, 1092, 1093, 1094, 1095, 1096, 1097, 1098, 1099, 1100, 1101, 1102, 1103, 1104, 1105, 1106, 1107, 1108, 1109, 1110, 1111, 1112, 1113, 1114, 1115, 1116, 1117, 1118, 1119, 1120, 1121, 1122, 1123, 1124, 1125, 1126, 1127, 1128, 1129, 1130, 1131, 1132, 1133, 1134, 1135, 1136, 1137, 1138, 1139, 1140, 1141, 1142, 1143, 1144, 1145, 1146, 1147, 1148, 1149, 1150, 1151, 1152, 1153, 1154, 1155, 1156, 1157, 1158, 1159, 1160, 1161, 1162, 1163, 1164, 1165, 1166, 1167, 1168, 1169, 1170, 1171, 1172, 1173, 1174, 1175, 1176, 1177, 1178, 1179, 1180, 1181, 1182, 1183, 1184, 1185, 1186, 1187, 1188, 1189, 1190, 1191, 1192, 1193, 1194, 1195, 1196, 1197, 1198, 1199, 1200, 1201, 1202, 1203, 1204, 1205, 1206, 1207, 1208, 1209, 1210, 1211, 1212, 1213, 1214, 1215, 1216, 1217, 1218, 1219, 1220, 1221, 1222, 1223, 1224, 1225, 1226, 1227, 1228, 1229, 1230, 1231, 1232, 1233, 1234, 1235, 1236, 1237, 1238, 1239, 1240, 1241, 1242, 1243, 1244, 1245, 1246, 1247, 1248, 1249, 1250, 1251, 1252, 1253, 1254, 1255, 1256, 1257, 1258, 1259, 1260, 1261, 1262, 1263, 1264, 1265, 1266, 1267, 1268, 1269, 1270, 1271, 1272, 1273, 1274, 1275, 1276, 1277, 1278, 1279, 1280, 1281, 1282, 1283, 1284, 1285], "duplicates": 1}
| 1
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Mehmet Tamar was born in 1944 and lives in Istanbul. Mehmet Tamar and his brother are the only successors of their mother, who died in 1983. Mehmet Tamar’s mother was the co-owner of certain plots of land in Eminönü, Istanbul. Following her demise, Mehmet Tamar had conflicts with his brother regarding the distribution of her estate. On 28 December 1994 Mehmet Tamar initiated civil proceedings against his brother before the Üsküdar Civil Court and claimed pecuniary damage resulting from the unjust distribution of his mother’s estate.
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document to anonymise the following person: Mehmet Tamar", "meta": {"applicant": "Mehmet Tamar", "articles": [91, 34, 54, 34, 44, 32, 34, 49, 51, 34, 44, 32, 34, 50, 57, 34, 44, 32, 34, 52, 49, 34, 93], "countries": "TUR", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2006}, "doc_id": "001-76463", "dataset_type": "train", "orig_text": "PROCEDURE\n\nThe case originated in an application (no. 15614/02) against the Republic of Turkey lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (\u201cthe Convention\u201d) by a Turkish national, Mr Mehmet Tamar, on 2 April 2002.\n\nThe applicant was represented before the Court by Mr Y. Baysal, a lawyer practising in Istanbul. In the instant case, the Turkish Government (\u201cthe Government\u201d) did not designate an Agent for the purposes of the proceedings before the Court.\n\nOn 13 May 2004 the Court decided to communicate the application. Applying Article 29 \u00a7 3 of the Convention, it decided to rule on the admissibility and merits of the application at the same time.\n\nThe applicant and the Government each filed observations on the merits and admissibility (Rule 59 \u00a7 1).\n\nOn 1 November 2004 the Court changed the composition of its Sections (Rule 25 \u00a7 1). This case was assigned to the newly composed Second Section (Rule 52 \u00a7 1).\n\nTHE FACTS\n\nThe applicant was born in 1944 and lives in Istanbul.\n\nThe applicant and his brother are the only successors of their mother, who died in 1983. The applicant\u2019s mother was the co-owner of certain plots of land in Emin\u00f6n\u00fc, Istanbul. Following her demise, the applicant had conflicts with his brother regarding the distribution of her estate.\n\nOn 28 December 1994 the applicant initiated civil proceedings against his brother before the \u00dcsk\u00fcdar Civil Court and claimed pecuniary damage resulting from the unjust distribution of his mother\u2019s estate.\n\nOn 6 March 2003 \u00dcsk\u00fcdar Civil Court requested the registry records of the title deeds to the land in question from the Emin\u00f6n\u00fc Land Registry.\n\nOn 17 December 2003, in order to establish the prevailing market value of the plots, the court appointed a committee of experts to conduct an evaluation study on location and submit reports to the court.\n\nOn 6 May 2004 the committee of experts conducted this study and submitted a report to the court.\n\nOn 13 May 2004 as the applicant and his brother had reached a settlement, after holding fifty-five hearings, the \u00dcsk\u00fcdar Civil Court ordered the defendant to pay 500,000,000 Turkish liras to the applicant, together with the interest accruing from 28 December 1994.", "applicant": "Mehmet Tamar", "offset": 1004, "idx_mapping": [1004, 1004, 1004, 1004, 1004, 1004, 1004, 1004, 1004, 1004, 1004, 1004, 1004, 1016, 1017, 1018, 1019, 1020, 1021, 1022, 1023, 1024, 1025, 1026, 1027, 1028, 1029, 1030, 1031, 1032, 1033, 1034, 1035, 1036, 1037, 1038, 1039, 1040, 1041, 1042, 1043, 1044, 1045, 1046, 1047, 1048, 1049, 1050, 1051, 1052, 1053, 1054, 1055, 1056, 1004, 1004, 1004, 1004, 1004, 1004, 1004, 1004, 1004, 1004, 1004, 1004, 1004, 1069, 1070, 1071, 1072, 1073, 1074, 1075, 1076, 1077, 1078, 1079, 1080, 1081, 1082, 1083, 1084, 1085, 1086, 1087, 1088, 1089, 1090, 1091, 1092, 1093, 1094, 1095, 1096, 1097, 1098, 1099, 1100, 1101, 1102, 1103, 1104, 1105, 1106, 1107, 1108, 1109, 1110, 1111, 1112, 1113, 1114, 1115, 1116, 1117, 1118, 1119, 1120, 1121, 1122, 1123, 1124, 1125, 1126, 1127, 1128, 1129, 1130, 1131, 1132, 1133, 1134, 1135, 1136, 1137, 1138, 1139, 1140, 1141, 1142, 1143, 1144, 1004, 1004, 1004, 1004, 1004, 1004, 1004, 1004, 1004, 1004, 1004, 1004, 1004, 1157, 1158, 1159, 1160, 1161, 1162, 1163, 1164, 1165, 1166, 1167, 1168, 1169, 1170, 1171, 1172, 1173, 1174, 1175, 1176, 1177, 1178, 1179, 1180, 1181, 1182, 1183, 1184, 1185, 1186, 1187, 1188, 1189, 1190, 1191, 1192, 1193, 1194, 1195, 1196, 1197, 1198, 1199, 1200, 1201, 1202, 1203, 1204, 1205, 1206, 1207, 1208, 1209, 1210, 1211, 1212, 1213, 1214, 1215, 1216, 1217, 1218, 1219, 1220, 1221, 1222, 1223, 1224, 1225, 1226, 1227, 1228, 1229, 1230, 1231, 1232, 1233, 1234, 1235, 1236, 1237, 1238, 1239, 1240, 1241, 1242, 1243, 1244, 1245, 1246, 1247, 1248, 1249, 1250, 1251, 1252, 1004, 1004, 1004, 1004, 1004, 1004, 1004, 1004, 1004, 1004, 1004, 1004, 1004, 1265, 1266, 1267, 1268, 1269, 1270, 1271, 1272, 1273, 1274, 1275, 1276, 1277, 1278, 1279, 1280, 1281, 1282, 1283, 1284, 1285, 1286, 1287, 1288, 1289, 1290, 1291, 1292, 1293, 1294, 1295, 1296, 1297, 1298, 1299, 1300, 1301, 1302, 1303, 1304, 1305, 1306, 1307, 1308, 1309, 1310, 1311, 1312, 1313, 1314, 1315, 1316, 1317, 1318, 1319, 1320, 1321, 1322, 1323, 1324, 1325, 1326, 1327, 1328, 1329, 1330, 1331, 1332, 1333, 1334, 1335, 1336, 1337, 1338, 1339, 1340, 1341, 1342, 1343, 1344, 1345, 1346, 1347, 1348, 1349, 1350, 1351, 1352, 1353, 1354, 1355, 1356, 1357, 1358, 1004, 1004, 1004, 1004, 1004, 1004, 1004, 1004, 1004, 1004, 1004, 1004, 1004, 1371, 1372, 1373, 1374, 1375, 1376, 1377, 1378, 1379, 1380, 1381, 1382, 1383, 1384, 1385, 1386, 1387, 1388, 1389, 1390, 1391, 1392, 1393, 1394, 1395, 1396, 1397, 1398, 1399, 1400, 1401, 1402, 1403, 1404, 1405, 1406, 1407, 1408, 1409, 1410, 1411, 1412, 1413, 1414, 1415, 1416, 1417, 1418, 1419, 1420, 1421, 1422, 1423, 1424, 1425, 1426, 1427, 1428, 1429, 1430, 1431, 1432, 1433, 1434, 1435, 1436, 1437, 1438, 1439, 1440, 1441, 1442, 1443, 1444, 1445, 1446, 1447, 1448, 1449, 1450, 1451, 1452, 1453, 1454, 1455, 1456, 1457, 1458, 1459, 1460, 1461, 1462, 1463, 1464, 1465, 1466, 1467, 1468, 1469, 1470, 1471, 1472, 1473, 1474, 1475, 1476, 1477, 1478, 1479, 1480, 1481, 1482, 1483, 1484, 1485, 1486, 1487, 1488, 1489, 1490, 1491, 1492, 1493, 1494, 1495, 1496, 1497, 1498, 1499, 1500, 1501, 1502, 1503, 1504, 1505, 1506, 1507, 1508, 1509, 1510, 1511, 1512, 1513, 1514, 1515, 1516, 1517, 1518, 1519, 1520, 1521, 1522, 1523, 1524, 1525, 1526, 1527, 1528, 1529, 1530, 1531, 1532, 1533, 1534, 1535, 1536, 1537, 1538, 1539, 1540, 1541], "duplicates": 1}
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Deniz Seki was born in 1970. On 13 February 2009 Deniz Seki was arrested and taken into custody on suspicion of using drugs and providing drugs to third persons. On 16 February 2009 Deniz Seki’s statement was taken by the Istanbul Assize Court and she was released on the same day. On 19 February 2009 the public prosecutor lodged an objection to this decision and on 23 February 2009 the Istanbul Assize Court issued an arrest warrant against Deniz Seki. On 24 February 2009 Deniz Seki was placed in detention on remand.
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the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (\u201cthe Convention\u201d) by a Turkish national, Ms Deniz Seki (\u201cthe applicant\u201d), on 13 August 2009.\n\nThe applicant was represented by Mr N. 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On 19 February 2009 the public prosecutor lodged an objection to this decision and on 23 February 2009 the Istanbul Assize Court issued an arrest warrant against the applicant.\n\nOn 24 February 2009 the applicant was placed in detention on remand.\n\nOn 4 April 2009 the public prosecutor filed a bill of indictment, charging the applicant with using drugs and providing drugs to third persons under Articles 188 \u00a7 3, 188 \u00a7 4 and 191 \u00a7 1 of the Criminal Code.\n\nOn 15 May 2009 and 24 June 2009 respectively the Istanbul Assize Court on the basis of the case file dismissed release requests lodged by the applicant. On 9 June 2009 and 21 July 2009 respectively the Istanbul Assize Court further dismissed the objections lodged by the applicant against the above-mentioned decisions, without holding oral hearings.\n\nOn 1 October 2009 the Istanbul Assize Court held its first hearing and the applicant appeared before the court. 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| 1
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Oya Ataman was born in 1970 and lives in Istanbul. On 22 April 2000 Oya Ataman, a lawyer and member of the administrative board of the Istanbul Human Rights Association, organised a demonstration in Sultanahmet Square in Istanbul, in the form of a march followed by a statement to the press, to protest against plans for “F-type” prisons. At about 12 noon a group of forty to fifty persons brandishing placards and signs gathered in the square, under the leadership of Oya Ataman and Eren Keskin, a lawyer and President of the Istanbul Human Rights Association. The police asked the group to disperse and to end the gathering, and informed them via a loudspeaker that the demonstration, for which advance notice had not been submitted, was unlawful and was likely to cause public-order problems at a busy time of day. The demonstrators refused to obey and attempted to continue marching towards the police, who dispersed the group using a kind of tear gas known as “pepper spray”.
|
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34, 44, 32, 34, 50, 57, 34, 44, 32, 34, 52, 49, 34, 93], "countries": "TUR", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2006}, "doc_id": "001-78330", "dataset_type": "train", "orig_text": "PROCEDURE\n\nThe case originated in an application (no. 74552/01) against the Republic of Turkey lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (\u201cthe Convention\u201d) by a Turkish national, Ms Oya Ataman (\u201cthe applicant\u201d) on 15 March 2001.\n\nThe applicant was represented by Mr G. \u015ean, of the Istanbul Bar. The Turkish Government (\u201cthe Government\u201d) did not appoint an Agent for the purposes of the proceedings before the Court.\n\nOn 8 March 2005 the Court declared the application partly inadmissible and decided to communicate the complaints under Articles 3 and 11 of the Convention to the Government. Under the provisions of Article 29 \u00a7 3 of the Convention, it decided to examine the merits of the application at the same time as its admissibility.\n\nTHE FACTS\n\nI. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE\n\nThe applicant was born in 1970 and lives in Istanbul.\n\nOn 22 April 2000 the applicant, a lawyer and member of the administrative board of the Istanbul Human Rights Association, organised a demonstration in Sultanahmet Square in Istanbul, in the form of a march followed by a statement to the press, to protest against plans for \u201cF-type\u201d prisons.\n\nAt about 12 noon a group of forty to fifty persons brandishing placards and signs gathered in the square, under the leadership of the applicant and Eren Keskin, a lawyer and President of the Istanbul Human Rights Association. The police asked the group to disperse and to end the gathering, and informed them via a loudspeaker that the demonstration, for which advance notice had not been submitted, was unlawful and was likely to cause public-order problems at a busy time of day.\n\nThe demonstrators refused to obey and attempted to continue marching towards the police, who dispersed the group using a kind of tear gas known as \u201cpepper spray\u201d. The police arrested thirty-nine demonstrators, including the applicant, and took them to a police station.\n\nAfter an identity check, and in view of her profession, the applicant was released at 12.45 p.m.\n\nOn 26 April 2000 the applicant lodged a criminal complaint with the Beyo\u011flu prosecutor\u2019s office against the head of the Istanbul security police and the police officers concerned, alleging that she had been ill-treated through the use of pepper spray, unlawfully arrested and prevented from making the public statement scheduled for the end of the demonstration.\n\nOn 29 June 2000 the public prosecutor\u2019s office discontinued the proceedings on the ground that no offence had been committed.\n\nOn 25 July 2000 the applicant applied to the Beyo\u011flu Assize Court seeking to have that decision set aside.\n\nOn 25 September 2000 the Assize Court upheld the decision that there was no case to answer.", "applicant": "Oya Ataman", "offset": 861, "idx_mapping": [861, 861, 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| 1
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Bahar Leventoğlu Abdulkadiroğlu was born in 1972 and lives in İzmir. Following her marriage to Atila Abdulkadiroğlu on 6 July 1996, Bahar Leventoğlu Abdulkadiroğlu, whose surname was “Leventoğlu” prior to her marriage, had to take her husband’s surname pursuant to Article 153 of the Turkish Civil Code. As she was known by her maiden name in her academic and professional life, she continued to use it; however, she could not use it in any official documents. An amendment to Article 153 of the Civil Code on 14 May 1997 meant that married women acquired the right to put their maiden name in front of their husband’s surname. Bahar Leventoğlu Abdulkadiroğlu preferred not to make use of that option because, in her view, the amendment in question did not satisfy her request, which was to use her maiden name on its own.
|
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Balpazar\u0131", "start_offset": 361}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "correct", "end_offset": 406, "entity_id": "001-119957_a10_e7", "entity_mention_id": "001-119957_a10_em7", "entity_type": "LOC", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "\u0130zmir", "start_offset": 401}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 430, "entity_id": "001-119957_a10_e2", "entity_mention_id": "001-119957_a10_em8", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": ["001-119957_a10_em2"], "span_text": "Turkish Government", "start_offset": 412}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 957, "entity_id": "001-119957_a10_e8", "entity_mention_id": "001-119957_a10_em9", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "22 October 2010", "start_offset": 942}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 1200, "entity_id": "001-119957_a10_e9", "entity_mention_id": "001-119957_a10_em10", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "1972", "start_offset": 1196}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 1219, "entity_id": "001-119957_a10_e7", "entity_mention_id": "001-119957_a10_em11", "entity_type": "LOC", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "\u0130zmir", "start_offset": 1214}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 1268, "entity_id": "001-119957_a10_e10", "entity_mention_id": "001-119957_a10_em12", "entity_type": "PERSON", "identifier_type": "DIRECT", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Atila Abdulkadiro\u011flu", "start_offset": 1248}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 1283, "entity_id": "001-119957_a10_e11", "entity_mention_id": "001-119957_a10_em13", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "6 July 1996", "start_offset": 1272}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "correct", "end_offset": 1329, "entity_id": "001-119957_a10_e4", "entity_mention_id": "001-119957_a10_em14", "entity_type": "PERSON", "identifier_type": "DIRECT", "related_mentions": ["001-119957_a10_em4"], "span_text": "Levento\u011flu", "start_offset": 1319}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 1657, "entity_id": "001-119957_a10_e12", "entity_mention_id": "001-119957_a10_em15", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "14 May 1997", "start_offset": 1646}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 2007, "entity_id": "001-119957_a10_e13", "entity_mention_id": "001-119957_a10_em16", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "22 November 2001", "start_offset": 1991}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "insert", "end_offset": 2141, "entity_id": "001-119957_a10_e14", "entity_mention_id": "001-119957_a10_em17", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "26 September 2005", "start_offset": 2124}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "insert", "end_offset": 2216, "entity_id": "001-119957_a10_e15", "entity_mention_id": "001-119957_a10_em18", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "\u0130zmir Court of First Instance", "start_offset": 2187}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "insert", "end_offset": 2275, "entity_id": "001-119957_a10_e4", "entity_mention_id": "001-119957_a10_em19", "entity_type": "PERSON", "identifier_type": "DIRECT", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Levento\u011flu", "start_offset": 2265}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 2296, "entity_id": "001-119957_a10_e16", "entity_mention_id": "001-119957_a10_em20", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "6 December 2005", "start_offset": 2281}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 2599, "entity_id": "001-119957_a10_e17", "entity_mention_id": "001-119957_a10_em21", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "21 March 2006", "start_offset": 2586}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 2639, "entity_id": "001-119957_a10_e18", "entity_mention_id": "001-119957_a10_em22", "entity_type": "ORG", "identifier_type": "NO_MASK", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "Court of Cassation", "start_offset": 2621}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 2769, "entity_id": "001-119957_a10_e19", "entity_mention_id": "001-119957_a10_em23", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "14 July 2006", "start_offset": 2757}, {"confidential_status": "NOT_CONFIDENTIAL", "edit_type": "check", "end_offset": 2830, "entity_id": "001-119957_a10_e20", "entity_mention_id": "001-119957_a10_em24", "entity_type": "DATETIME", "identifier_type": "QUASI", "related_mentions": null, "span_text": "11 August 2006", "start_offset": 2816}]}, "annotator11": null, "annotator12": null, "annotator2": null, "annotator3": null, "annotator4": null, "annotator5": null, "annotator6": null, "annotator7": null, "annotator8": null, "annotator9": null}, "quality_checked": ["annotator10"], "task": "Task: Annotate the document to anonymise the following person: Bahar Levento\u011flu Abdulkadiro\u011flu", "meta": {"applicant": "Bahar Levento\u011flu Abdulkadiro\u011flu", "articles": [91, 34, 49, 52, 34, 44, 32, 34, 56, 34, 93], "countries": "TUR", "legal_branch": "CHAMBER", "year": 2013}, "doc_id": "001-119957", "dataset_type": "train", "orig_text": "PROCEDURE\n\nThe case originated in an application (no. 7971/07) against the Republic of Turkey lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (\u201cthe Convention\u201d) by a Turkish national, Ms Bahar Levento\u011flu Abdulkadiro\u011flu (\u201cthe applicant\u201d), on 8 February 2007.\n\nThe applicant was represented by Mr B. Balpazar\u0131, a lawyer practising in \u0130zmir. The Turkish Government (\u201cthe Government\u201d) were represented by their Agent.\n\nThe applicant alleged, in particular, that the refusal by the domestic courts to allow her to bear only her maiden name unjustifiably interfered with her right to respect for her private life under Article 8 of the Convention. She claimed that the fact that Turkish law allowed married men but not married women to bear their own surname after marriage constituted discrimination on grounds of sex and was incompatible with Article 14 of the Convention.\n\nOn 22 October 2010 the application was communicated to the Government. It was also decided to rule on the admissibility and merits of the application at the same time (Article 29 \u00a7 1).\n\nTHE FACTS\n\nI. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE\n\nThe applicant was born in 1972 and lives in \u0130zmir.\n\nFollowing her marriage to Atila Abdulkadiro\u011flu on 6 July 1996, the applicant, whose surname was \u201cLevento\u011flu\u201d prior to her marriage, had to take her husband\u2019s surname pursuant to Article 153 of the Turkish Civil Code. As she was known by her maiden name in her academic and professional life, she continued to use it; however, she could not use it in any official documents.\n\nAn amendment to Article 153 of the Civil Code on 14 May 1997 meant that married women acquired the right to put their maiden name in front of their husband\u2019s surname. The applicant preferred not to make use of that option because, in her view, the amendment in question did not satisfy her request, which was to use her maiden name on its own.\n\nFollowing the enactment of the new Civil Code on 22 November 2001, Article 187 was worded identically to the former Article 153 (see \u201cRelevant domestic law and practice\u201d below).\n\nOn 26 September 2005 the applicant brought proceedings before the \u0130zmir Court of First Instance seeking permission to use only her maiden name, Levento\u011flu.\n\nOn 6 December 2005 the court dismissed the applicant\u2019s request on the grounds that, pursuant to Article 187 of the Civil Code, married women had to bear their husband\u2019s name throughout their marriage and were not permitted to use their maiden name alone.\n\nThe applicant appealed against that judgment and on 21 March 2006 it was upheld by the Court of Cassation. A request by the applicant for the proceedings in her case to be reopened was further rejected by the same court on 14 July 2006. That decision was served on the applicant on 11 August 2006.", "applicant": "Bahar Levento\u011flu Abdulkadiro\u011flu", "offset": 1170, "idx_mapping": [1170, 1170, 1170, 1170, 1170, 1170, 1170, 1170, 1170, 1170, 1170, 1170, 1170, 1201, 1202, 1203, 1204, 1205, 1206, 1207, 1208, 1209, 1210, 1211, 1212, 1213, 1214, 1215, 1216, 1217, 1218, 1219, 1220, 1221, 1222, 1223, 1224, 1225, 1226, 1227, 1228, 1229, 1230, 1231, 1232, 1233, 1234, 1235, 1236, 1237, 1238, 1239, 1240, 1241, 1242, 1243, 1244, 1245, 1246, 1247, 1248, 1249, 1250, 1251, 1252, 1253, 1254, 1255, 1256, 1257, 1258, 1259, 1260, 1261, 1262, 1263, 1264, 1265, 1266, 1267, 1268, 1269, 1270, 1271, 1272, 1273, 1274, 1275, 1276, 1277, 1278, 1279, 1280, 1281, 1282, 1283, 1284, 1285, 1286, 1287, 1288, 1289, 1290, 1291, 1292, 1293, 1294, 1295, 1296, 1297, 1298, 1299, 1300, 1301, 1170, 1170, 1170, 1170, 1170, 1170, 1170, 1170, 1170, 1170, 1170, 1170, 1170, 1333, 1334, 1335, 1336, 1337, 1338, 1339, 1340, 1341, 1342, 1343, 1344, 1345, 1346, 1347, 1348, 1349, 1350, 1351, 1352, 1353, 1354, 1355, 1356, 1357, 1358, 1359, 1360, 1361, 1362, 1363, 1364, 1365, 1366, 1367, 1368, 1369, 1370, 1371, 1372, 1373, 1374, 1375, 1376, 1377, 1378, 1379, 1380, 1381, 1382, 1383, 1384, 1385, 1386, 1387, 1388, 1389, 1390, 1391, 1392, 1393, 1394, 1395, 1396, 1397, 1398, 1399, 1400, 1401, 1402, 1403, 1404, 1405, 1406, 1407, 1408, 1409, 1410, 1411, 1412, 1413, 1414, 1415, 1416, 1417, 1418, 1419, 1420, 1421, 1422, 1423, 1424, 1425, 1426, 1427, 1428, 1429, 1430, 1431, 1432, 1433, 1434, 1435, 1436, 1437, 1438, 1439, 1440, 1441, 1442, 1443, 1444, 1445, 1446, 1447, 1448, 1449, 1450, 1451, 1452, 1453, 1454, 1455, 1456, 1457, 1458, 1459, 1460, 1461, 1462, 1463, 1464, 1465, 1466, 1467, 1468, 1469, 1470, 1471, 1472, 1473, 1474, 1475, 1476, 1477, 1478, 1479, 1480, 1481, 1482, 1483, 1484, 1485, 1486, 1487, 1488, 1489, 1490, 1491, 1492, 1493, 1494, 1495, 1496, 1497, 1498, 1499, 1500, 1501, 1502, 1503, 1504, 1505, 1506, 1507, 1508, 1509, 1510, 1511, 1512, 1513, 1514, 1515, 1516, 1517, 1518, 1519, 1520, 1521, 1522, 1523, 1524, 1525, 1526, 1527, 1528, 1529, 1530, 1531, 1532, 1533, 1534, 1535, 1536, 1537, 1538, 1539, 1540, 1541, 1542, 1543, 1544, 1545, 1546, 1547, 1548, 1549, 1550, 1551, 1552, 1553, 1554, 1555, 1556, 1557, 1558, 1559, 1560, 1561, 1562, 1563, 1564, 1565, 1566, 1567, 1568, 1569, 1570, 1571, 1572, 1573, 1574, 1575, 1576, 1577, 1578, 1579, 1580, 1581, 1582, 1583, 1584, 1585, 1586, 1587, 1588, 1589, 1590, 1591, 1592, 1593, 1594, 1595, 1596, 1597, 1598, 1599, 1600, 1601, 1602, 1603, 1604, 1605, 1606, 1607, 1608, 1609, 1610, 1611, 1612, 1613, 1614, 1615, 1616, 1617, 1618, 1619, 1620, 1621, 1622, 1623, 1624, 1625, 1626, 1627, 1628, 1629, 1630, 1631, 1632, 1633, 1634, 1635, 1636, 1637, 1638, 1639, 1640, 1641, 1642, 1643, 1644, 1645, 1646, 1647, 1648, 1649, 1650, 1651, 1652, 1653, 1654, 1655, 1656, 1657, 1658, 1659, 1660, 1661, 1662, 1663, 1664, 1665, 1666, 1667, 1668, 1669, 1670, 1671, 1672, 1673, 1674, 1675, 1676, 1677, 1678, 1679, 1680, 1681, 1682, 1683, 1684, 1685, 1686, 1687, 1688, 1689, 1690, 1691, 1692, 1693, 1694, 1695, 1696, 1697, 1698, 1699, 1700, 1701, 1702, 1703, 1704, 1705, 1706, 1707, 1708, 1709, 1710, 1711, 1712, 1713, 1714, 1715, 1716, 1717, 1718, 1719, 1720, 1721, 1722, 1723, 1724, 1725, 1726, 1727, 1728, 1729, 1730, 1731, 1732, 1733, 1734, 1735, 1736, 1737, 1738, 1739, 1740, 1741, 1742, 1743, 1744, 1745, 1746, 1747, 1748, 1749, 1750, 1751, 1752, 1753, 1754, 1755, 1756, 1757, 1758, 1759, 1760, 1761, 1762, 1763, 1764, 1765, 1766, 1767, 1768, 1769, 1770, 1771, 1772, 1773, 1774, 1775, 1776, 1777, 1778, 1779, 1780, 1781, 1782, 1783, 1784, 1785, 1786, 1787, 1788, 1789, 1790, 1791, 1792, 1793, 1794, 1795, 1796, 1797, 1170, 1170, 1170, 1170, 1170, 1170, 1170, 1170, 1170, 1170, 1170, 1170, 1170, 1829, 1830, 1831, 1832, 1833, 1834, 1835, 1836, 1837, 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842, 1843, 1844, 1845, 1846, 1847, 1848, 1849, 1850, 1851, 1852, 1853, 1854, 1855, 1856, 1857, 1858, 1859, 1860, 1861, 1862, 1863, 1864, 1865, 1866, 1867, 1868, 1869, 1870, 1871, 1872, 1873, 1874, 1875, 1876, 1877, 1878, 1879, 1880, 1881, 1882, 1883, 1884, 1885, 1886, 1887, 1888, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892, 1893, 1894, 1895, 1896, 1897, 1898, 1899, 1900, 1901, 1902, 1903, 1904, 1905, 1906, 1907, 1908, 1909, 1910, 1911, 1912, 1913, 1914, 1915, 1916, 1917, 1918, 1919, 1920, 1921, 1922, 1923, 1924, 1925, 1926, 1927, 1928, 1929, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1936, 1937, 1938, 1939, 1940, 1941, 1942, 1943, 1944, 1945, 1946, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991], "duplicates": 1}
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