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Airtrain AI 11

In 2005, IBM’s $2-million BlueGene supercomputer took 80 minutes to process the same data that eight million cerebral-cortex neurons—a fraction of the brain’s total—handle in one second. Now bioengineer Kwabena Boahen of Stanford University has built a microchip that could help computers catch up. BlueGene’s downfall was that it ran data through each of its 1,000 chips before computing even the simplest command. When completed this month, Boahen’s device, called the Neurogrid, will contain one million simple silicon circuits working in parallel. When data hits one "neuron," it relays the info to all of the circuits, and the best neuron for the job generates the response. Each neuron is slower than BlueGene’s chips, but this approach will allow the Neurogrid to bear the same workload as one million cortex neurons. More important, it does so in real time, which could help scientists follow how brains afflicted with epilepsy or schizophrenia process information and to then develop treatments. Boahen says it will cost $60,000-—cheap enough to put one on every lab bench. Five amazing, clean technologies that will set us free, in this month's energy-focused issue. Also: how to build a better bomb detector, the robotic toys that are raising your children, a human catapult, the world's smallest arcade, and much more.

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Dark Shadows of Turning Eric Scheske on Evil in Legend & Life From sixteenth-century Germany comes the terrible tale of Stubbe Peeter. Stubbe grew up in the area of Collin, Germany, seemingly well-known to his fellow citizens. He often strolled about Collin and neighboring villages, attractively dressed, greeting acquaintances he met on the streets. But Stubbe Peeter was an evil man, inclined to evil from his youth. The devil became well pleased with his young disciple, so he gave him an inconspicuous belt with which Stubbe Peeter could transform himself into a wolf. For twenty-five years, werewolf Stubbe Peeter committed terrible atrocities: slaughtering and eating animals raw; killing and eating small children; tearing children from their mothers’ wombs and eating their hearts raw; killing his own son and eating his brains; raping women; and committing incest with his daughter—monstrous acts that seem unbelievable until one recalls the fiendish deeds of those such as Jeffrey Dahlmer and other serial killers, ritual child abusers, and similar criminals of our own day. Finally, hunters and their dogs successfully tracked the ravenous wolf and cornered him. Seeing himself surrounded, Stubbe Peeter removed the belt and resumed human shape right in front of them, hoping the hunters would not be able to believe their eyes. But they believed what they saw, and so apprehended him and took him to the magistrates for examination. After Peeter confessed his crimes, his executioners laid him on a wheel, pulled his flesh from his bones with red-hot pincers, broke his arms and legs with a hatchet, and then decapitated and burned him.1 We don’t know precisely where fact and fiction cross in Stubbe Peeter’s story. While it is obviously unlikely that he really was a werewolf, he could have been one of the criminally insane about whom grew a legend that reflected the surrounding culture (sixteenth-century Europeans greatly feared the wolf). But even if only a legend, the depiction of Stubbe Peeter as a “shapeshifter”—one who walked among his fellow villagers as a man but changed into a ravenous animal to perpetrate his crimes—is more than a reflection of sixteenth-century fears; it also contains a universal truth. For the shapeshifting that made Stubbe Peeter notorious in his day is a consistent feature of evil in all times: Evil things shift shapes. Shapeshifting in Lore & Literature This is a constant theme in folklore. For instance, almost every culture has its fearsome stories about were-beasts. In Asia, there are tales of the fearful were-tiger; in Africa, stories of the man who shifted shapes into a lion or hyena. Lore in the Amazon region tells of the jaguar-men—sorcerers who became jaguars at night in order to attack humans. Shapeshifting has also been associated with witchcraft. During the Middle Ages, witchcraft was commonly suspected when an attacking animal was wounded at night and a woman then was discovered the following morning with wounds to the corresponding parts of her body. Such evidence was deemed convincing against a medieval woman named Finicella. She was convicted of using witchcraft to take the form of a cat and attack a small child after exhibiting a stab wound corresponding to that inflicted on a cat by the child’s father on the night of the attack. Between 1395 and 1405, a secular court near Bern burned many people for witchcraft. Among other crimes, the witches were accused of stealing children, draining their body fluids to make ointments, and using the ointments to change themselves into animals.2 Shapeshifting is also a feature of mythology. For example, every Viking knew of the shapeshifting Norse god Loki (the “Trickster”), a god who, after vacillating for some time between good and evil, eventually succumbed wholly to evil and became hateful of everything. According to myth, the goddess Frigg doted on her beautiful son Balder and sought to assure his immortality by seeking, and securing, from every substance on earth but one, a promise not to hurt him. Loki changed into a tiresome old woman and so pestered Frigg with questions that finally, at the end of her patience, she revealed her secret: she had failed to get a promise from the mistletoe. The gods, meanwhile, would get harmless fun out of throwing deadly things at the seemingly invincible Balder, and Balder’s blind brother Hod joined in the sport. Loki made a dart from the mistletoe and gave it to Hod, who threw it at his brother. The dart pierced and killed Balder. Loki’s spiteful cruelty did not end there. When the goddess Hel agreed to permit Balder to return from the dead on condition that every creature on earth weep for him, Loki turned himself into a giantess named Thokk, who refused to cry. When the gods heard of Loki’s further outrage, they hunted him. He turned into a salmon to try to escape, but was captured and bound to a rock with his own son’s entrails. He now awaits Ragnarok, the day of the last great conflict between good and evil, when he will be unbound to fight on the side of evil. Evil’s shapeshifting character is also seen in literature. In Bram Stoker’s Dracula, for instance, Dracula shifts into a dog and a bat, and communes with the wolves around his castle. Robert Louis Stevenson’s Dr. Jekyll gives free reign to his debased urges by creating and shifting into Mr. Hyde and committing contemptible acts. He eventually throttles a gentleman with his cane, audibly shattering his bones as he kills him, and then afterwards gloats about it to himself while devising other crimes for the future. When C. S. Lewis’s small-souled character Eustace discovers a dragon’s treasure hoard in The Voyage of the “Dawn Treader,” he is overcome by greed, stuffs his pockets with treasure, then lies down to sleep on the dragon’s hoard, with “dragonish thoughts in his heart.” When he wakes up, he finds himself turned into a dragon. In his stories about Middle Earth, J. R. R. Tolkien describes Sauron, Middle Earth’s personification of evil, as a shapeshifter. In the First Age of Middle Earth, Sauron assumes the shape of a wolf to fight with the good hound Huan. Huan takes wolf-Sauron by the throat and will not let go, so Sauron shifts into a serpent, then into a monster, and finally into his accustomed form in an attempt to break loose, but cannot. Eventually Sauron negotiates for his release, and upon securing it, assumes the shape of a vampire and flies away. Shapeshifting as a Sign of Evil The most notorious shapeshifter, of course, has been the devil. This was taken as common knowledge in the Middle Ages. Stories abound of the devil’s numerous metamorphoses. He frequently appeared as an old man or woman, an attractive boy or girl, a pauper, fisherman, merchant, student, or shoemaker. He could appear holy, posing as a priest or pilgrim. He was often persuasive, posturing as a mathematician, physician, or grammarian. He could transform himself into a beast—a goat, wolf, bear, pig, raven, stag, or any of dozens of other types of animals. He could appear as a natural wonder such as a whirlwind. He shifted his shape to suit his purpose.3 Connecting shapeshifting with evil purposes, and especially seeing it as an attribute of the devil, reflects a certain fundamental metaphysical understanding: God is good. God is also changeless.4 The opposite of good is evil. Therefore, the opposite of God is changeful. The further a thing hurls itself from God, the more unlike God it becomes. As it becomes more unlike God, its changefulness becomes more pronounced, and the velocity and frequency of its changes increase. The devil, being the creature most removed from God, is the master of evil and therefore the master shapeshifter, as indicated by the plethora of shapes he is reported to have assumed. Shapeshifting also sheds light on another metaphysical issue—the nature of evil. St. Thomas Aquinas, drawing on St. Augustine and the neo-Platonists, pointed out that evil is a privation of being. God is good, and God creates all things good. Being is therefore good; good’s opposite, evil, lacks being. Shapeshifting underscores this fact by attempting to hide it—a creature assumes different shapes to substitute for and disguise its lack of being, as one might don different masks in an attempt to give character to a faceless head. Sin, Temptation & Shapeshifting Shapeshifting tales are entertaining as long as they remain tales; it is a different story when they become real, when the abstract, metaphysical facts they symbolize become tangible experiences. And they are frequently more real and closer to home than people realize. Anne Rice, author of modern vampire novels, once said that vampire stories fascinate because they relate to real horror: The vampire story reflects every person’s predatory nature, the desire to feed off the essence of others. Stubbe Peeter ate others’ flesh, but everyone else is tempted to devour souls. Everyone is prone to some form of shapeshifting because every person is born with original sin. This condition puts the self in opposition to God, seeking to develop traits that are opposed to those he implanted in us as creatures made in his image—including his trait of immutability. If not checked, this inborn rebelliousness hurls the individual farther and farther away from God, the Good and the Changeless, resulting in an increasingly evil and changeful being. The criminal can provide an excellent modern illustration of shapeshifting’s evil nature. Despite his crimes, the criminal (as his defense attorney always points out) is rarely thoroughly corrupt, a criminal “at heart.” But he is still a shapeshifter: he may assume one shape to disguise his malice—as Loki took the shape of an old woman in order to learn Frigg’s secret—but later, after getting caught, he may shift shapes again into a remorseful penitent, so that the judge, jury, and social workers will endorse a lenient sentence. Should he get one, he is likely to shift shapes yet again after his release and assume a form better suited for the streets. But no one should be smug just because he is not a criminal. Every person is susceptible to shapeshifting; the devil tempts us all to shift shapes to the form most likely to gain us our immediate desires. The lawyer who spends his day table-pounding or plotting becomes the benevolent community worker at night as he tries to lure more clients to his office. The pretty young girl becomes a motorcycle slut when trying to lure a wild youth who will shock her parents, a bookworm when trying to seduce a good-looking professor, and a modest and religious young lady when trying to pin down a nice young man. A man is pious in church on Sunday morning because he wants his neighbors’ respect, but rowdy at the bar on Friday evening as he tries to fit in with his friends. All such people would scream if they saw Dracula swooping towards them, but they never scream upon seeing a vampire in the mirror every morning. They are willing to change shapes to achieve their goals, even if it means misleading and manipulating others. Like the devil, they just want their prizes. Like the devil, they change shapes to serve the self. And like the devil, they can spend eternity serving the self if they shift far enough from God, the Changeless One, and are overcome by the evil that catalyzes their shift, like Dr. Jekyll overcome at the end by evil Mr. Hyde. The Christian Way Charles Williams’s War in Heaven features Gregory Persimmons, a wholly evil man, a pure sadist who takes glee in destruction. When the holy man Prester John meets Persimmons, John detects an objectionable smell. The smell is the decaying Persimmons—the decay that is inevitable when existence rots away.5 Gogol touched on the same theme when he wrote, “When souls start to break down, then faces also degenerate.”6 The person with a decaying soul needs different masks to hide his degenerating face and assumes different shapes to conceal his decaying existence. But the Christian shouldn’t need masks and shapes. The Christian is called upon to imitate Jesus Christ, the Incarnation of the Good and Changeless. The Christian is required to shed the various forms that sin leads him to assume, so he can better dwell in his simple existence as created by God, an existence that is good and essentially changeless because it is created in God’s image. Kallistos Ware hinted at this obligation when he wrote in his modern classic, The Orthodox Way, that “each man and woman is a living icon of God.”7 This icon merits reverence. The person who thinks evil thoughts and performs evil actions defaces this icon and becomes, in the most literal sense, an iconoclast. He eventually needs to find substitute shapes or masks as his self-vandalizing mutilates his true existence. The Christian must avoid this. He must realize that he is an icon of God, “but only insofar as he is fully human” and radiates “the presence of Christ.”8 1. For the story of Stubbe Peeter, see A Lycanthropy Reader: Werewolves in Western Culture, ed. Charlotte F. Otten (Syracuse University Press, 1986), pp. 69–76. 2. See Jeffrey Burton Russell, Witchcraft in the Middle Ages (Cornell University Press, 1972), p. 216. 3. See Jeffrey Burton Russell, Lucifer: The Devil in the Middle Ages (Cornell University Press, 1992), pp. 67–68. 4. Cf. James 1:17. 5. Analysis taken from Thomas Howard, The Novels of Charles Williams (Ignatius Press, 1991), pp. 97–98. 6. See Michael Quenot, The Icon: Window on the Kingdom (St. Vladimir’s Seminary Press, 1996), p. 147. 7. See Kallistos Ware, The Orthodox Way (St. Vladimir’s Seminary Press, 1993), p. 161. 8. Quenot, op. cit., p. 158. Eric Scheske lives in Sturgis, Michigan, where the small-town practice of law leaves time for study and writing. He and his wife have four small children and attend Holy Angels Catholic Church, where he teaches local high-school students about unconventional aspects of religion. Letters Welcome: One of the reasons Touchstone exists is to encourage conversation among Christians, so we welcome letters responding to articles or raising matters of interest to our readers. However, because the space is limited, please keep your letters under 400 words. All letters may be edited for space and clarity when necessary. firstname.lastname@example.org “Dark Shadows of Turning” first appeared in the March/April 1999 issue of Touchstone. If you enjoyed this article, you'll find more of the same in every issue. Click here for a printer-friendly version. An introductory subscription (six copies for one year) is only $29.95.

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Wealth Stripping: Why It Costs So Much to Be Poor Within the public policy arena, the contemporary use of the term wealth stripping has generally referred to financial products and services like payday lenders, rent-to-own stores, and the like that exploit the lack of financial sophistication among economically disadvantaged populations. Awareness of the problem among policy-makers and advocates arguably originated with Michael Sherraden’s 1991 book, Assets and the Poor. Sherraden’s landmark work spawned a virtual avalanche of research, proposals, and innovative initiatives on asset building. Out of that body of research grew significant attention toward wealth stripping. John Caskey’s seminal 1996 book, Fringe Banking: Check-Cashing Outlets, Pawnshops, and the Poor, was the subject’s foundational text, highlighting how the high cost of alternative or fringe lenders strips away the financial resources of the poor. Many other scholars have since followed with different perspectives on both saving opportunities and the wealth-stripping challenges confronting the poor. Even today, writings on the subject of wealth stripping tend to focus principally on the high cost of alternative financial services. But the Great Recession—driven by the foreclosures that hit minority communities especially hard—demands a broader examination of the issue to include ways in which the failure to impose or enforce consumer protection and anti-discrimination laws can lead to even greater harms. This broader perspective is essential if we are to understand and address the unique hurdles faced by low- and moderate-income households and people of color, who are disproportionately affected by these problems. Wealth stripping has only increased during the economic crisis. Since the onset of the Great Recession, Americans have lost $7 trillion in equity in their homes. The Federal Reserve estimates the median American family has lost nearly two decades of wealth, or almost 40 percent of their assets. In a separate report, the Pew Research Center estimates that Latinos, Asians, and African Americans have experienced wealth losses of 66 percent, 54 percent, and 53 percent respectively, compared to 13 percent for whites. These losses are largely due to home foreclosures and lost equity. In the wake of the crisis, it is imperative that we understand wealth stripping to include both predatory financial services and the huge loss in wealth that resulted from foreclosures that stemmed from subprime lending. Millions of households that neither accessed a predatory loan product nor were foreclosed upon have nevertheless experienced exceptional wealth loss due to the concentration of foreclosures in their neighborhoods. Millions of borrowers also now hold mortgages that are valued at more than the price of their homes. While the recently established Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) should help in eradicating much of the predatory lending that occurred prior to the Great Recession, the CFPB is not empowered to address the fallout from the financial crisis. Dealing with that aftermath is essential to avoid further substantial wealth stripping as we climb out of the recession’s rubble. According to the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, roughly nine million households are unbanked. Adults in these homes do not have a savings or checking account from a mainstream bank or credit union. An additional 21 million households are underbanked, meaning they have a checking or savings account but rely instead on alternative financial services provided by check cashers, payday lenders, pawn shops, and automobile-title lenders. This translates into roughly 60 million adults who operate outside of the financial-services mainstream. More than half of all African Americans and nearly 45 percent of Latinos and American Indian/Alaskans fall into this category. The alternative financial-services industry is big business, with an estimated 340 million transactions each year costing customers $13 billion annually. Janneke Ratcliffe, executive director of the Center for Community Capital, points out that check-cashing and payday-lending storefronts outnumber all McDonald’s, Burger King, Target, Sears, J.C. Penney, and Wal-Mart stores and branches combined (33,000 versus 29,000 respectively). The fees these alternative (also known as fringe) lenders charge are steep. Nonbank check-cashing costs on average $40 per payroll check. Although expensive, relatively speaking, that’s a bargain compared, say, to rent-to-own stores, where a computer that retails for $851 can end up costing $4,459 ($49 per week for 21 months or 91 payments). Ratcliffe further finds that a subprime credit card with a $300 limit can come with fees totaling $250. Initial high-cost fees are not the only or even greatest financial harm that can result from using an alternative financial-services provider. Relying on an auto-title lender, for example, can result in the loss of one’s automobile since the borrower’s car title is pledged as collateral for the loan. The typical auto-title loan is generally only 30 to 50 percent of the value of the vehicle used as collateral, but if the borrower fails to make the full repayment on time, he or she stands to lose the entire value of car, not just the outstanding loan amount. (And if that car is needed for work, then the loss of it can mean the loss of a job.) Payday loans are widely known for being financially ruinous to their customers. Such loans are generally 14-day cash advances that cost between $15 and $30 per $100 borrowed, and range in size from $100 to $1,000 with the median loan size about $350. In addition to interest rates that typically exceed 400 percent annually, payday loans can trap consumers into rolling over the same debt multiple times, incurring excessive expenses on relatively small initial loan amounts. The Center for Responsible Lending estimates that more than 75 percent of all payday loans are the rollovers of previous unaffordable debt. In their defense, these lenders claim they serve communities that banks do not. To some extent, they have a point. There are far fewer banks in minority neighborhoods than in white ones. But physical proximity is not the only barrier to greater bank usage cited by lower-income and minority consumers. Many alternative financial-services customers do not trust banks, do not feel welcome at them, do not understand the products they offer, and cannot afford the steep fees they charge. For debit cards, the typical overdraft fee of $34 is triggered by transactions that average just $17. And bank fees have been rising since the onset of the current economic crisis. According to a report by the Pew Charitable Trust, the median extended overdraft penalty fee at the nation’s 12 largest banks has increased 32 percent since 2010. Disappointingly, there are substantial and growing connections between mainstream banks and alternative lenders. One study found that more than 40 percent of the payday-loan industry is financed by the nation’s largest banks. Moreover, some recent bank products mirror those of the most predatory alternative storefront lenders. Many traditional banks have entered the payday-loan arena, for example, with a product called a “checking account advance” loan. Those loans typically are for a ten-day period and carry an annualized interest rate of 365 percent. It’s worth noting that the nation’s largest banks are able to borrow at a practically 0 percent interest rate due to the Federal Reserve’s monetary policy. Of course, the most damaging and predatory loan product of all was the subprime mortgage that triggered the ongoing foreclosure crisis. The loss of wealth from foreclosures has been unnecessarily compounded by our inability to respond adequately to the crisis and the continued failures of the federal foreclosure-prevention programs. The higher numbers of foreclosures among minority households related to predatory loan products has been extensively documented. Prince George’s County in Maryland is the highest-income majority African-American county in the nation and, ironically, also the foreclosure capital of that state. In a recent study on foreclosures in that community, high-income borrowers in African-American neighborhoods were 42 percent more likely to go into foreclosure than typical borrowers in white neighborhoods. High-income borrowers in Latino communities fared worse: They were about 160 percent more likely to experience a foreclosure. The reasons for the differences in foreclosure rates between residents in minority and nonminority communities are not known; they are not explained by differences in basic money management or loan or product type, since these variables are controlled for. Some possible causes could be a failure to apply for or receive similar treatment with respect to loan modifications, fewer savings to cushion financial shocks, higher levels of unemployment or underemployment, and higher levels of negative equity for minority households. Gaining a full understanding of these causes is critical. In addition to this direct loss of wealth, neighboring residents in the communities in which foreclosures have been concentrated have also suffered. Distressed home sales drag down adjacent home prices, and improperly maintained vacant and abandoned properties can cause home prices in a community to collapse. (Not all neighborhoods are treated the same by the mortgage servicers who are responsible for the maintenance of their foreclosed properties: A recent investigation by the National Fair Housing Alliance found that foreclosed properties in communities of color were more than 80 percent more likely than those in white areas to have broken or boarded-up windows and other visible maintenance deficiencies.) Failing to prevent foreclosures and maintain vacant and abandoned properties has contributed to wealth stripping, particularly in minority communities. Research by the Woodstock Institute found that African-American and Latino communities in the Chicago area are likely to experience twice the amount of negative home equity (that is, when the value of a mortgage exceeds the value of a home) as non-Hispanic white communities. Foreclosures have other harmful impacts on community. One consequence is a decrease in property tax revenue as a result of falling property values, which can harm local schools and other essential social services. Large numbers of foreclosures can also cause a loss in community cohesion and stability as families that have lost their homes relocate out of the neighborhood. And large numbers of foreclosures can lead to increasing crime that accompanies vacant and abandoned properties. Going forward, there are some changes that must at a minimum be made. First, people should be able to access bankruptcy protection in order to maintain their homes. Right now, the family home is the only asset that cannot be restructured in bankruptcy proceedings—though the outstanding debt on a luxury yacht, vacation home, or investment property can be modified. This serves no legitimate public purpose and disproportionately harms those families and communities most affected by the current foreclosure crisis. It has been estimated that bankruptcy protection could have prevented thousands of foreclosures, and at no cost to the American taxpayer. Second, credit reports should distinguish whether poor credit repayment behavior is the result of a mainstream or predatory financial product. Such a distinction would permit many subprime mortgage borrowers—whose default was due to deceptive loan products, not their unwillingness to pay—to obtain credit cards or other consumer credit, as well as to secure employment opportunities. Third, policy-makers and regulators should remain aware that access to a full continuum of affordable and reliable financial products and services is essential, and that vulnerable consumers need to be protected. They need to exercise their authority with both urgency and care—urgency in purging the excessive and exploitative costs of fringe financial products and services, care in maintaining the customer-friendly marketing and operations that alternative-lending customers value. This includes affordable homeownership financial products that will be essential to jump-start the housing market and begin the process of rebuilding the enormous wealth loss resulting from the pre-crisis proliferation of reckless and unsustainable subprime mortgages. The recently established CFPB goes a long way toward addressing the concerns I’ve laid out here. The agency has broad authority over predatory lending in the mortgage markets as well as retail consumer financial services. The worst of the subprime lending practices that were virulent prior to 2008 have already been eliminated and the CFPB has the authority to ensure they do not return. And, for the first time, the federal government, through the CFPB, has direct authority over the financial-services practices of alternative or fringe lenders. But the CFPB is not a panacea. For example, it is not authorized to address the challenges presented by vacant and abandoned properties resulting from foreclosures. While much progress has been made, a great deal of work still needs to be done. The failure of private institutions to serve all families and communities equally has been an important impediment to disadvantaged families. Getting our leaders to begin caring about such families is essential to creating greater economic equality and a financially stronger America. Post a Comment

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ARCHAEOLOGISTS are on the cusp of unravelling the mystery behind a set of “hugely significant” ancient Aboriginal remains discovered in the region last year. Former local man Robert Harris Jnr found the remains near an old water course late last February while working on a property outside Lake Cargelligo. The remains – confirmed to be tens of thousands of years old –have been hailed as the greatest discovery in more than half a century. “They’re more significant than first thought,” local Aboriginal site recorder and brother of Robert, Max Harris said. “They are as old, or even older than Mungo man – he could be the oldest modern human ever discovered. “He’s also supposed to be the ancestor of many central and western NSW Aborigines.” NSW Office of Environment and Heritage archaeologist Phil Purcell said he hoped to have determined exactly how old the remains were by the end of the month. “It’s not likely to be older than Mungo man, but it’s certainly going to be old,” he said. “There wasn’t enough carbon left in the bone samples to be able to test, which is disappointing, but that also indicates that these remains are quite old.” Mr Purcell said they were currently carrying out tests on the sand in which the remains were buried, but there were some discrepancies in the results. “We’ve used OSL (testing) to date individual grains of sand in the burial put and we’re getting some pretty old dates back,” he said. “We’re also doing uranium series dating on the bone and that shows they are significantly older again – there’s a difference of about eight to 10,000 years. “We will make an official announcement when we have it sorted. It’s important to make the announcement when we know what we’re dealing with.” Mr Harris said the remains had revealed the man was seven feet tall and had approximately size 15 feet and it had been a ritual burial. The remains are due to be reburied in a special ceremony this Wednesday in the presence of Aboriginal elders and government representatives.

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An engaging narrator, together with magical illustrations that often conjure surreal scenes, lets readers in on all there is to know about haunted books and how to be a good owner of one. “Everyone has heard of haunted houses,” but “not many people know that books can be haunted too.” Book ghosts are likely “to meddle with stories and turn them upside down” or occasionally scramble the words on a page. It's important not to offend book ghosts, and their book should not be read “on the anniversary of the day the ghost first took up residence” in it. Readers “who make this mistake get sucked up into the book….” Lachenmeyer’s fantastical story comes to life in the artful hands of Ceccoli. Employing a technique that utilizes Plasticine puppets, digital photography and acrylics, she will have readers feeling as though they have entered the book ghosts’ deep, watery blue world, full of bubbles and populated by bizarre creatures such as a balloon-headed doll and swimming eyeballs. Children could be either fascinated or unsettled by the story’s premise, but few will deny the captivating quality of the pictures. Characters appear to have a lifelike sparkle in their eyes, and the transparent, ice blue ghost comes across as more mischievous than scary. The book ends on an upbeat note and with an unnecessary pop-up. Although much talent is evident in this creative pairing, the result lacks overall appeal for the picture-book crowd; save for children with patience and a taste for the surreal. (Picture book. 4-7)

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"As they recover, we want to see if these areas become activated in the way we'd expect in a healthy person," Pape said. Pape also tracks the state of their axons, the thick white fibers that comprise the brain's networks and allow different parts of the brain to communicate with each other. In a traumatic brain injury, the axons can become ripped and twisted like interstate highways in a Hollywood disaster movie. "In a healthy brain, the networks function in a very organized manner, from front to back, for example," Pape said. "The injured brain has a disorganized direction we don't understand. The axons are sheared, torqued and twisted. We're trying to figure out how and if they work after a severe brain injury. Maybe they zigzag or connect with an unexpected neuron." For the trial, subjects are divided into three groups: high dose, who hear 10 minutes of stories daily four times a day for six weeks; low dose, who hear five minutes of stories and 35 minutes of silence four times a day; and the "sham" group who wear the head phones but don't hear any stories. After six weeks, Pape measures how the subject's behavioral condition compares to changes she sees in the brain on new MRI images. The trial is double blinded, meaning Pape will not know whether subjects were in the high, low or sham dose group until the study, which will enroll about 45 subjects, is completed in 2011. The earlier description of Karen Schroeder's voice being played for Ryan occurred after the initial double-blinded part of the study. After this part, all subjects receive the high dose of stories for six weeks to make sure that if there is a benefit, everyone has the same advantage. Pape's imaging data of a subject's brain before and after the voice treatment will reveal if networks are better connected as a result of the therapy, and if that |Contact: Marla Paul|

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Chapter XXI. The Great Festivals of Athens. To analyze the Attic drama is the task of the philosopher and the literary expert. We observe only the superficialities. There are never more than THREE speaking actors before the audience at once. They wear huge masques, shaped to fit their parts. The wide mouthpieces make the trained elocution carry to the most remote parts of the theater. The actors wear long trailing robes and are mounted on high shoes to give them sufficient stature before the distant audience. When a new part is needed in the play, an actor retires to the booth, and soon comes forth with a changed masque and costume - an entirely new character. In such a costume and masque, play of feature and easy gesture is impossible; but the actors carry themselves with a stately dignity and recite their often ponderous lines with a grace which redeems them from all bombast. An essential part of the play is the chorus; indeed the chorus was once the main feature of the drama, the actors insignificant innovations. With fifteen members for the tragedy, twenty-four for the comedy,[*] old men of Thebes, Trojan dames, Athenian charcoal burners, as the case may demand - they sympathize with the hard-pressed hero, sing lusty choral odes, and occupy the time with song and dance while the actors are changing costume. [*]In the "Middle" and "Later" comedy, so called, the chorus entirely disappears. The actors do everything. The audience follows all the philosophic reasoning of the tragedies, the often subtle wit of the comedies, with that same shrewd alertness displayed at the jury courts of the Pnyx. "Authis! Authis!" (again! again!) is the frequent shout, if approving. Date stones and pebbles as well as hootings are the reward of silly lines or bad acting. At noon there is an interlude to snatch a hasty luncheon (perhaps without leaving one's seat). Only when the evening shadows are falling does the chorus of the last play approach the altar in the center of the orchestra for the final sacrifice. A whole round of tragedies have been given.[*] The five public judges announce their decision: an ivy wreath to the victorious poet; to his "choregus" (the rich man who has provided his chorus and who shares his glory) the right to set up a monumnet in honor of the victory. Home goes the multitude, - to quarrel over the result, to praise or blame the acting, to analyze the remarkable acuteness the poet's handling of religious, ethical, or social questions. [*]Comedies, although given at this Dionysia, were more especially favored at the Lenea, an earlier winter festival. The theater, like the dicasteries and the Pnyx, is one of the great public schools of Athens. 205. The Great Panathenaic Procession. - Then for the last time let us visit Athens, at the fete which in its major form comes only once in four years. It is the 28th of Metageitnion (August), and the eighth day of the Greater Panathenea, the most notable of all Athenian festivals. By it is celebrated the union of all Attica by Theseus, as one happy united country under the benign sway of might Athena, - an ever fortunate union, which saved the land from the sorrowful feuds of hostile hamlets such as have plagued so many Hellenic countries. On the earlier days of the feast there have been musical contests and gymnastic games much after the manner of the Olympic games, although the contestants have been drawn from Attica only. There has been a public recital of Homer. Before a great audience probably at the Pnyx or the Theater a rhapsodist of noble presence - clad in purple and with a golden crown - has made the Trojan War live again, as with his well-trained voice he held the multitude spellbound by the music of the stately hexameters. Now we are at the eighth day. All Athens will march in its glory to the Acropolis, to bear to the shrine of Athena the sacred "peplos" - a robe specially woven by the noble women of Athens to adorn the image of the guardian goddess.[*] The houses have opened; the wives, maids, and mothers of gentle family have come forth to march in the procession, all elegantly wreathed and clad in their best, bearing the sacred vessels and other proper offerings. The daughter of the "metics," the resident foreigners, go as attendants of honor with them. The young men and the old, the priests, the civil magistrates, the generals, all have their places. Proudest of all are the wealthy and high-born youths of the cavalry, who now dash to and fro in their clattering pride. The procession is formed in the outer Ceramicus. Amid cheers, chants, chorals, and incense smoke it sweeps through the Agora, and slowly mounts the Acropolis. Center of all the marchers is the glittering peplos, raised like a sail upon a wheeled barge of state - "the ship of Athena." Upon the Acropolis, while the old peplos is piously withdrawn from the image and the new one substituted, there is a prodigious sacrifice. A might flame roars heavenward from the "great altar"; while enough bullocks[+] and kinehave been slaughtered to enable every citizen - however poor - to bear away a goodly mess of roasted meat that night. [*]Not that this robe was for the revered ancient and wooden image of Athena Polias, not for the far less venerable statue of Athena Parthenos. [+][NOTE from Brett: A bullock is a young, possibly castrated, bull.] [from Brett: kine is the archaic plural form of "cow."]

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California’s Gray Wolves Topics: Biodiversity, Biology, Climate, Environment When a gray wolf wearing a GPS collar crossed from Oregon into California in December, it was the first wild gray wolf to tread on California soil since the 1920s. Wolves once roamed throughout California, and some people think packs may prowl the state again. It is debatable whether this lone wolf is a sign of things to come, but if wolves return to California, their role in the ecosystem will be different than it was in times past. Until the early 1900s, gray wolves (Canis lupus) lived throughout much of North America. They were present in California’s Sierra Nevada Mountains, the Coast Range, and the Central Valley, among other locations. Their range was not well documented. Gray wolves are predators; they hunt in packs and eat all kinds of prey, from small rodents on up to Bison. Their main prey items were Tule Elk and Pronghorn, an animal similar to an antelope. As California’s Central Valley was converted to agricultural fields and pastures, the number of Tule Elk and Pronghorn dwindled. A shrinking supply of wild ungulates (hoofed mammals, such as elk, Pronghorn, and deer) meant that wolves started going after livestock—with major repercussions. Predator control programs led to extinction of the gray wolf in the lower 48 states. In 1924, the last known wolf in California was trapped and killed in Lassen County. Gray wolves were added to the Endangered Species List in 1974, shortly after the Endangered Species Act was passed. Then, in the mid 1990s, gray wolves from Canada were re-introduced to Idaho and to Yellowstone National Park. The gray wolves introduced to Idaho expanded their range, and there are now about 1600 wolves in the Northern Rocky Mountains and Pacific Northwest. In Idaho, there are concerns that the local population is growing too large, and the wolves are getting too close to human habitation. Last year, gray wolves were de-listed in certain areas, where it became legal to hunt them. Five wolves were killed via aerial gunning in Idaho. Studies on the wolves in Yellowstone, conducted by Chris Wilmers, Assistant Professor in the Environmental Studies Department at the University of California Santa Cruz, have found that gray wolves buffer the effects of climate change for other carnivores. Many scavengers, such as bald eagles, coyotes, and black bears, feed on elk carcasses during the winter. After heavy snowfall, elk become exhausted from walking through deep snow and eventually expire. However, winters are becoming shorter as a result of climate change, and there are fewer elk carcasses to be scavenged. After wolves were released in Yellowstone, their hunting activity increased the availability of food for scavengers. The Gray Wolf that recently crossed into California—named OR7 and re-named “Journey” in a naming contest—split off from his pack in Oregon. Wolves can outgrow their packs and will disperse to find a mate. As the only known wild gray wolf in the state, is highly unlikely that Journey will find a mate. And without a pack to hunt with, this lone wolf will probably need to scavenge for food. Journey probably won’t father California’s future wolf population, but it is possible that other Oregon wolves may follow in his nearly 1000 miles of footsteps. California has suitable habitat for gray wolves, and has plenty of potential prey. But the state has changed a lot since gray wolves had the run of the place in the 1800s. There is little open space, and the climate is drastically altered; if wolves return, their ecological role will be very different.Tags: wolf, wolves

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You’ve probably read the headlines: Americans are getting bigger. Add children to the mix, however, and entertainment is replaced by seriousness. Serious initiatives are advocated by some: schools banning certain foods, athletes encouraging kids to get out and play, surgeon generals and politicians launching wars on obesity, adult hues and cries of angst over the ill effects of video games, computers and a host of heavy factors all seemingly conspiring to ‘embiggen’ our nation’s youth. But one thing mostly muted in the cacophony of calls to take action against childhood obesity is…sleep. Researchers at Case Western Reserve University have provided yet another scientific link between sleep and obesity in children: kids who regularly get less than 8 hours of sleep consume more fats and carbohydrates than their well-rested cohorts. In addition, sleepless kids were twice as likely as their sleepmore peers to consume at least 450 calories a day from snack foods. Obesity in children doesn’t happen overnight. Or does it? The findings provide a picture of the link between sleep and obesity that rests on small, incremental changes in behavior. The researchers conclude that short sleep duration may increase obesity risk by causing small changes in eating patterns that cumulatively alter energy balance. Looked at another way, 450 calories is what it takes to create a little over one-tenth of a pound of weight. Consumed daily, as in the researcher’s findings, that’s enough energy to create about 36 pounds in the course of a year. There are certainly many complicating factors—and opposing viewpoints–in addressing an issue like obesity in children–including exercise, genetic predispositions, diet, and family roles. But raising awareness of the importance of regular, sufficient sleep to our kid’s health may be one simple thing we can all do. School-age children need between 9-12 hours of sleep per night with younger children at the upper end and high schoolers edging down to the lower bound. Need help in helping get kids to sleep? Here are a few tips that may help (modify as appropriate for individual children and age). For a list of pointers specific to parents of teens, see this Sleep Foundation link: - Make bedtime a special time. At bedtime, spend some special time with your child. Be firm and go through a certain bedtime routine that your child is used to. At the end of that routine the lights go off and it is time to fall asleep. - Put some thought into finding your child’s ideal bedtime. In the evening, look for the time when your child really is starting to slow down and getting physically tired. That’s the time that they should be going to sleep, so get their bedtime routine done and get them into bed before that time. If you wait beyond that time, then your child tends to get a second wind. At that point they will become more difficult to handle, and will have a harder time falling asleep. - Keep to a regular daily routine—the same waking time, meal times, nap time and play times will help your child to feel secure and comfortable, and help with a smooth bedtime. Children like to know what to expect. - Use a simple, regular bedtime routine. It should not last too long and should take place primarily in the room where the child will sleep. It may include a few simple, quiet activities, such as a light snack, bath, cuddling, saying goodnight, and a story or lullaby. The kinds of activities in the routine will depend on the child’s age. - Make routines location-independent. Make sure the sleep routines you use can be used anywhere, so you can help your child get to sleep wherever you may be. - Employ white noise. Some children are soothed by the sound of a fan running. This “white noise” can block out the distraction of other sounds. - During the day matters. Make sure your kids have interesting and varied activities during the day, including physical activity and fresh air. - Use light to your advantage. Keep lights dim in the evening as bedtime approaches. In the morning, get your child into bright light, and, if possible, take them outside. Light helps signal the brain into the right sleep-wake cycle. Have an experience or thought to share about children and sleep? Please share it in our comments section.

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Spile is a heavy piece of wood, metal, concrete or other material that is driven into the ground and used as a support beam, or a plug or spout.(noun) See spile in Webster's New World College Dictionary Origin: MDu, splinter, skewer, bar, spindle: for IE base see spike See spile in American Heritage Dictionary 4 Origin: Dutch spijl, wooden pin Origin: , from Middle Dutch spīle. Learn more about spile

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When it came to climate change in 2012, the operative word was “hot” (with “record” a close second). The continental U.S. broiled. Drought struck with a passion and, as the year ended, showed no sign of going away any time soon. Water levels on the Mississippi River fell so perilously low as to threaten traffic and business on one of the nation’s busier arteries. Meanwhile, it’s estimated that record greenhouse gas emissions were pumped into the atmosphere. And just in case you were thinking of putting those words “hot” and “record” away for a while, the first predictions for 2013 suggest that, drearily enough, they are once again likely to be much in use. None of us should really be surprised by any of this, since the ill effects of pumping greenhouse gases into the atmosphere have for years been outrunning the predictions of sober climate scientists. Surprising numbers of Americans, from the Jersey shore to the parched Midwest, have met the effects of climate change up close and personal in these last years as billion-dollar “natural” disasters multiply in the U.S. As a result, there seems to be an increasing awareness that it isn’t some vague, futuristic possible disaster but a growing reality in our lives. On the TV news, however, “extreme weather” — a phrase that sounds awful but is meant to have no larger meaning — has come to stand in for examples of the climate-change-induced intensification of global weather patterns. After all, no point in drawing too much attention to a dismal reality. That’s perhaps why, as last year ended, the only “cliff” we heard about ad nauseam was the “fiscal” one, which would prove a very flexible part of the American landscape. For a while, in mixed-metaphorical fashion, it “loomed” endlessly, and then it proved to be erasable or moveable — in reality, something closer to a “fiscal bluff,” with whatever double meanings you care to read into that. But why no emphasis on the “climate cliff” in a year in which, as George Monbiot recently wrote in the Guardian, “governments turned their backs on the living planet, demonstrating that no chronic problem, however grave, will take priority over an immediate concern, however trivial”? Whatever your mixed metaphor for it might be — melting glacial vortex, drought abyss, or maybe just hell (in the burning sense) — climate change certainly deserves some imagistic attention in a world in which, as TomDispatch regular and founder of 350.org Bill McKibben suggests, time is not on our side. Tom Obama Versus Physics Why Climate Change Won’t Wait for the President By Bill McKibben Change usually happens very slowly, even once all the serious people have decided there’s a problem. That’s because, in a country as big as the United States, public opinion moves in slow currents. Since change by definition requires going up against powerful established interests, it can take decades for those currents to erode the foundations of our special-interest fortresses. Take, for instance, “the problem of our schools.” Don’t worry about whether there actually was a problem, or whether making every student devote her school years to filling out standardized tests would solve it. Just think about the timeline. In 1983, after some years of pundit throat clearing, the Carnegie Commission published “A Nation at Risk,” insisting that a “rising tide of mediocrity” threatened our schools. The nation’s biggest foundations and richest people slowly roused themselves to action, and for three decades we haltingly applied a series of fixes and reforms. We’ve had Race to the Top, and Teach for America, and charters, and vouchers, and… we’re still in the midst of “fixing” education, many generations of students later. Even facing undeniably real problems — say, discrimination against gay people — one can make the case that gradual change has actually been the best option. Had some mythical liberal Supreme Court declared, in 1990, that gay marriage was now the law of the land, the backlash might have been swift and severe. There’s certainly an argument to be made that moving state by state (starting in nimbler, smaller states like Vermont) ultimately made the happy outcome more solid as the culture changed and new generations came of age. Which is not to say that there weren’t millions of people who suffered as a result. There were. But our societies are built to move slowly. Human institutions tend to work better when they have years or even decades to make gradual course corrections, when time smooths out the conflicts between people. And that’s always been the difficulty with climate change — the greatest problem we’ve ever faced. It’s not a fight, like education reform or abortion or gay marriage, between conflicting groups with conflicting opinions. It couldn’t be more different at a fundamental level. We’re talking about a fight between human beings and physics. And physics is entirely uninterested in human timetables. Physics couldn’t care less if precipitous action raises gas prices, or damages the coal industry in swing states. It could care less whether putting a price on carbon slowed the pace of development in China, or made agribusiness less profitable. Physics doesn’t understand that rapid action on climate change threatens the most lucrative business on Earth, the fossil fuel industry. It’s implacable. It takes the carbon dioxide we produce and translates it into heat, which means into melting ice and rising oceans and gathering storms. And unlike other problems, the less you do, the worse it gets. Do nothing and you soon have a nightmare on your hands. We could postpone healthcare reform a decade, and the cost would be terrible — all the suffering not responded to over those 10 years. But when we returned to it, the problem would be about the same size. With climate change, unless we act fairly soon in response to the timetable set by physics, there’s not much reason to act at all. Unless you understand these distinctions you don’t understand climate change — and it’s not at all clear that President Obama understands them. That’s why his administration is sometimes peeved when they don’t get the credit they think they deserve for tackling the issue in his first term in office. The measure they point to most often is the increase in average mileage for automobiles, which will slowly go into effect over the next decade. It’s precisely the kind of gradual transformation that people — and politicians — like. We should have adopted it long ago (and would have, except that it challenged the power of Detroit and its unions, and so both Republicans and Democrats kept it at bay). But here’s the terrible thing: it’s no longer a measure that impresses physics. After all, physics isn’t kidding around or negotiating. While we were discussing whether climate change was even a permissible subject to bring up in the last presidential campaign, it was melting the Arctic. If we’re to slow it down, we need to be cutting emissions globally at a sensational rate, by something like 5% a year to make a real difference. It’s not Obama’s fault that that’s not happening. He can’t force it to happen. Consider the moment when the great president of the last century, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, was confronted with an implacable enemy, Adolf Hitler (the closest analog to physics we’re going to get, in that he was insanely solipsistic, though in his case also evil). Even as the German armies started to roll through Europe, however, FDR couldn’t muster America to get off the couch and fight. There were even the equivalent of climate deniers at that time, happy to make the case that Hitler presented no threat to America. Indeed, some of them were the same institutions. The U.S. Chamber of Commerce, for instance, vociferously opposed Lend-Lease. So Roosevelt did all he could on his own authority, and then when Pearl Harbor offered him his moment, he pushed as hard as he possibly could. Hard, in this case, meant, for instance, telling the car companies that they were out of the car business for a while and instead in the tank and fighter-plane business. For Obama, faced with a Congress bought off by the fossil fuel industry, a realistic approach would be to do absolutely everything he could on his own authority — new Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulations, for example; and of course, he should refuse to grant the permit for the building of the Keystone XL tar sands pipeline, something that requires no permission from John Boehner or the rest of Congress. So far, however, he’s been half-hearted at best when it comes to such measures. The White House, for instance, overruled the EPA on its proposed stronger ozone and smog regulations in 2011, and last year opened up the Arctic for oil drilling, while selling off vast swaths of Wyoming’s Powder River Basin at bargain-basement prices to coal miners. His State Department flubbed the global climate-change negotiations. (It’s hard to remember a higher profile diplomatic failure than the Copenhagen summit.) And now Washington rings with rumors that he’ll approve the Keystone pipeline, which would deliver 900,000 barrels a day of the dirtiest crude oil on Earth. Almost to the drop, that’s the amount his new auto mileage regulations would save. If he were serious, Obama would be doing more than just the obvious and easy. He’d also be looking for that Pearl Harbor moment. God knows he had his chances in 2012: the hottest year in the history of the continental United States, the deepest drought of his lifetime, and a melt of the Arctic so severe that the federal government’s premier climate scientist declared it a “planetary emergency.” In fact, he didn’t even appear to notice those phenomena, campaigning for a second term as if from an air-conditioned bubble, even as people in the crowds greeting him were fainting en masse from the heat. Throughout campaign 2012, he kept declaring his love for an “all-of-the-above” energy policy, where apparently oil and natural gas were exactly as virtuous as sun and wind. Only at the very end of the campaign, when Hurricane Sandy seemed to present a political opening, did he even hint at seizing it — his people letting reporters know on background that climate change would now be one of his top three priorities (or maybe, post-Newtown, top four) for a second term. That’s a start, I suppose, but it’s a long way from telling the car companies they better retool to start churning out wind turbines. And anyway, he took it back at the first opportunity. At his post-election press conference, he announced that climate change was “real,” thus marking his agreement with, say, President George H.W. Bush in 1988. In deference to “future generations,” he also agreed that we should “do more.” But addressing climate change, he added, would involve “tough political choices.” Indeed, too tough, it seems, for here were his key lines: “I think the American people right now have been so focused, and will continue to be focused on our economy and jobs and growth, that if the message is somehow we’re going to ignore jobs and growth simply to address climate change, I don’t think anybody is going to go for that. I won’t go for that.” It’s as if World War II British Prime Minister Winston Churchill had declared, “I have nothing to offer except blood, toil, tears, and sweat. And God knows that polls badly, so just forget about it.” The president must be pressed to do all he can — and more. That’s why thousands of us will descend on Washington D.C. on President’s Day weekend, in what will be the largest environmental demonstration in years. But there’s another possibility we need to consider: that perhaps he’s simply not up to this task, and that we’re going to have to do it for him, as best we can. If he won’t take on the fossil fuel industry, we will. That’s why on 192 campuses nationwide active divestment movements are now doing their best to highlight the fact that the fossil fuel industry threatens their futures. If he won’t use our position as a superpower to drive international climate-change negotiations out of their rut, we’ll try. That’s why young people from 190 nations are gathering in Istanbul in June in an effort to shame the U.N. into action. If he won’t listen to scientists — like the 20 top climatologists who told him that the Keystone pipeline was a mistake — then top scientists are increasingly clear that they’ll need to get arrested to make their point. Those of us in the growing grassroots climate movement are going as fast and hard as we know how (though not, I fear, as fast as physics demands). Maybe if we go fast enough even this all-too-patient president will get caught up in the draft. But we’re not waiting for him. We can’t. Bill McKibben is Schumann Distinguished Scholar at Middlebury College, founder of the global climate campaign 350.org, a TomDispatch regular, and the author, most recently, of Eaarth: Making a Life on a Tough New Planet. Follow TomDispatch on Twitter @TomDispatch and join us on Facebook. Check out the newest Dispatch book, Nick Turse’s The Changing Face of Empire: Special Ops, Drones, Proxy Fighters, Secret Bases, and Cyberwarfare. Copyright 2013 Bill McKibben

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Hal C. Doremus By Frank Chamberlain Harold Chellis Doremus served as the head of the Engineering Department at Tarleton for thirty-eight years. As the official college engineer, “Mr. Do” designed and scouted out locations for almost all of the new buildings that were built from 1926 until 1964. His legacy is being felt today, as most of his buildings are still being utilized. Doremus, was born in 1899 in Neligh, Nebraska. Coincidentally, John Tarleton College opened its doors that same year down in Texas. He graduated from high school in 1917 and enrolled in the University of Nebraska. He earned his bachelor’s degree in civil engineering four years later. During this period of time, the United States entered World War I. Doremus spent three months in the army and was in France when the armistice was signed. Doremus was hired as high school principal at Thayer, Nebraska in 1921. He only held this job for one semester, leaving in December to teach in the Texas A&M department of civil engineering. This marked the beginning of his long career in the A&M system. In 1936, he earned his master’s degree from the college. During his five years at A&M, Doremus spent his summers doing a wide variety of extra jobs. These included surveying right-of-ways on Illinois highways, drafting the original surveys on what would later become Lake Dallas, and surveying forests in Tennessee and Virginia for the U.S. forest service. The most interesting of Doremus’ s side projects was assisting on a biological survey in Arizona that examined how much grass that jackrabbits were eating compared to the cattle of the region. He helped determine that the rabbits were indeed consuming more than their fair share of the grass and concluded that shooting these creatures was the best available option. In 1926, Doremus came to Tarleton to serve as both professor and head of the Engineering Department. In addition to teaching engineering, he became the university engineer in charge of maintenance and construction. These duties included planning each of the new buildings to be built on campus as well as determining the best sites for construction. The buildings that were erected during his tenure include such notable structures as the Agriculture building, girl’s gym, the original science building, library, student center, and auditorium. Almost every current dormitory on campus was built under Doremus’s supervision. Of all his projects, he claimed that he was most proud of his contributions in building the original Memorial Stadium. In addition to his teaching and building designing, Doremus was the head of the campus improvement committee. This job involved maintaining, improving, and replacing trees, shrubbery, and other forms of campus vegetation. Doremus retired as professor emeritus in 1964 after forty-three years in the A&M system. He continued to live in Stephenville until his death two years later. Although there are no buildings or landmarks named in his honor as of this time, Doremus’s legacy can be seen in the number of existing buildings that he helped to build (J-TAC 4/7/64, Stephenville Daily Empire 9/1/64). “H.C. Doremus, TSC Engineer, Retires”, Stephenville Daily Empire, September 1, 1964. “ ‘Mr. Do’ Shares Birthday and Progress with TSC”, The J-TAC, April 7, 1964.

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Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia - In a fierce manner; violently; furiously; with rage. - adv. In a fierce manner. - adv. in a physically fierce manner - adv. in an emotionally fierce manner - fierce + -ly (Wiktionary) “He gathered me into his arms and whispered my name fiercely.” “Premier Stephen Harper gave support on Tuesday to claims that the 1915 killings by Ottoman Turks amounted to genocide, the source said, a term fiercely rejected by Ankara, which says many were killed on both sides.” “[LORETTA breaks down into violent weeping.] [NED paces grimly up and down, now and again fiercely twisting his moustache.]” “There is also self-generated stress in people with type A behavior, which is characterized by a fiercely competitive spirit and unrealistic self-imposed expectations.” “States rights and state authority have been fought over fiercely from the founding of the country.” “While such a sophisticated politician was well aware of the pitfalls involved in fiercely defending his policies and sticking unswervingly to his principles, with hindsight this decision can be seen as fatally flawed.” “Then she remembered that an old nurse from the village watched with him, and she called fiercely on her name, but with no response.” “The President of the United States, they say, has avowed it to be his purpose to inaugurate a servile war in their country, and they call fiercely for retaliation.” “He would spring fiercely from a reverie with a savage snarl and bite at any restraining or caressing hand.” “She spat the word fiercely as if at the offender's face.” These user-created lists contain the word ‘fiercely’. Got unknown words randomly Dictation Word list Looking for tweets for fiercely.

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Sep 18, 2004 "There is no reason why syphilis and HIV cannot be transmitted the same time and there are data from sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics in Southern Africa showing that about 2% of patients with other STDs had evidence of acute HIV infection." You guys put so much emphasis on the idea that an HIV diagnosis is a black and white issue - you're either HIV positive or HIV negative. And sometimes, even a positive PCR during acute infection can justify an HIV diagnosis. But to say there is some "evidence" of HIV infection in a study in Africa is to say that an HIV diagnosis can be determined based on factors other than a positive antibody test, or a substantial viral load by PCR. What was this "evidence" that you speak of? | Response from Dr. Pierone I did not mean to imply that HIV was diagnosed other than by definitive means. Even though the study was done in Africa the investigators had access to up to date testing technology. This study was done a few years ago in Malawi. The study team did HIV blood testing for both HIV antibody and HIV RNA in over 1361 men that presented to a clinic for treatment of sexually transmitted diseases. Of these men, 553 (40.6%) were already infected with HIV, no big surprise since Malawi has one of the highest HIV rates in the world. They also found that 28 of these men (2.1%) had positive RNA, but negative antibodies, indicating that they had primary HIV infection. The point is that it is certainly possible, and perhaps more likely, for some people to acquire more than one sexually transmitted disease at one time. This is as true in New Orleans as it is in Kinsasha. Get Email Notifications When This Forum Updates or Subscribe With RSS This forum is designed for educational purposes only, and experts are not rendering medical, mental health, legal or other professional advice or services. If you have or suspect you may have a medical, mental health, legal or other problem that requires advice, consult your own caregiver, attorney or other qualified professional. Experts appearing on this page are independent and are solely responsible for editing and fact-checking their material. Neither TheBody.com nor any advertiser is the publisher or speaker of posted visitors' questions or the experts' material.

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A massive explosion at the Sajano-Shushenskoj hydroelectric power station occurred on August 17, 2009, when a transformer exploded. These transformers had been in place for 20-40 years, performing reliably. Transformers "step-up" the voltage from turbines turned by the flow of water from the dam. - Sayano-Shushenskaya Hydroelectric Power Station - Construction of the power station started in 1968; the plant was opened in 1978. It was partially reconstructed in 1987. At 8:15 local time (00:15 GMT) on 17 August 2009, the station suffered a catastrophic "pressure surge". During repair work a sudden change in water pressure caused a water pipe to burst resulting a transformer explosion and flooding in the engine and turbines rooms. The cause of the accident is unclear. Defective turbines and a rise of pressure in the pipes are speculated to be possible causes. According to Alexander Toloshinov, a former general director of the plant, the accident was most likely due to a "manufacturing defect" in a turbine. - 13 dead, 61 Feared Dead in Siberia Plant Explosion August 19, 2009 - Energy Minister Sergei Shmatko described the accident as "the biggest and most mysterious in global hydroenergy" and said it would cost 40 billion rubles ($1.2 billion) to rebuild the power plant's engine room. The cause of the accident was still unclear. Officials and the plant's owner have cited a faulty turbine and a rise of pressure in the pipes as Per the Zetas, location had something to do with this explosion, which was not caused by excessive water pressure or a defect in the transformers. Take the globe in your hands, the Universal Time Code (UTC) zone, i.e. Greenwich, facing you. Note that the location of the Sajano-Shushenskoj power station is at the side, to the right. Per the Zetas, the explosion was due to an electromagnetic tsunami caused by the clash of planetary magnetic fields between Earth and Planet X. This tsunami flowed from the clash point out over the edges of the Earth. ZetaTalk Explanation 8/21/2009: The cause of this accident will never be known as the evidence is in pieces. It will remain speculation, and because blaming a transformer that cannot be reassembled is the easy way out, this will be the claimed cause. If the transformers had a "fault" that finally proved fatal, it seems odd that it functioned for over 20 years, since the power station was fully operational. Transformers take the motion from a flow of water, convert this into a churning motion in an electromagnetic chamber to induce an electric current. If the flow is too strong, the churn can be too rapid, and presumably this is the logic behind blaming the explosion on a transformer fault. A rapidly turning turbine might overheat, would be the logic. But there are built-in brakes in power stations, so that such a runaway situation cannot occur. If there is too little water above the dam to meet the needs in many forthcoming months, the force of water is very carefully controlled so as not to waste water. What we are saying is that the force of water, the amount of water, can be controled at many points, and diverted if runoff is needed so the dam does not overtop. These controls are manual and automatic, with backup and overlap. Running a power station of this size is not a casual operation. Note the time of the explosion, 00:15 UTC. We have stated that one of the pressures on Earth during the approach of Planet X is that the magnetic Atlantic Rift is hugged or held when it faces the Sun and the approaching Planet X (which is coming toward Earth from the direction of the Sun). Magnets like to be in alignment, and Planet X is a bully magnet. This tug was apparent in 2003 on the live seizmographs in a twice a day shudder, 12 hours apart. The first tug occurred when the Atlantic Rift faced Planet X, at noon in Greenwich at 12:00 UTC and the second when it was on the dark side of the Earth, in opposition at 0:00 UTC. The Sayano-Shushenskaya explosion occurred when the rift was at the dark side, and was caused by the magnetic fields of Earth and Planet X touching and clashing momentarily. Such a situation was the warning in the recent August 10, 2009 Woodborough crop circle. Air France 447 went down over the Atlantic Rift during that same danger period, when the Atlantic Rift is in opposition, due to almost total failure of its electronic systems. Planet X is pointing its N Pole at the Earth, pushing the Earth's N Pole away for a violent Earth wobble each day. Until the Earth tips away into 3 days of darkness, the magnetic field of Planet X is butting head-on into the side of the magnetic field of Earth, forming a T rather than a side-by-side alignment. While at the distance it is, this tends to scatter the magnetic field of Earth at the touch point, to dissipate the magnetic crowding. This crowding can be shown in the blast of magnetic particles that have been recorded periodically since January 21, 2009. There are harmonics that occur when two magnetic fields encounter each other. The fields clash and divert the magneton flow temporarily if they cannot merge in an alignment. In the meantime the flow of magnetons can be moving in almost any direction. When magnetic fields touch and clash, the crowding of magnetic particles that occurs at the touch point must go somewhere, and for the Earth, the push is a tsunami toward the sides of the Earth, taking the path of least resistance. The Sayano-Shushenskaya power plant is directly at the side of this magneton rush, at 00:15 UTC, where the tsunami of magnetons is pouring over the sides of the Earth, rushing to leave the crowding that at times occurs when the planetary magnetic fields clash. Unlike the blasts that have been registered since January 21, 2009, where it appears magnetons are washing over the Earth as a whole, the touch point wash-to-the-sides is a diversion of magnetons. This can be compared to a tsunami, which pushes the overabundance of water ahead of the wave, where the blasts can be compared to a high tide, where the water is in greater abundance throughout the area. The Sayano-Shushenskaya power plant encountered this tsunami, flowing over the sides of the Earth, and the transformers reacted. The electron motion produced by the transformer was excited, enhanced by the electromagnetic tsunami surging through the area. Parts of the system were automatically instructed to brake, while other parts assumed the flow of water churning the system to be appropriate. This caused heat to build up, and an explosion was the result. Second Sun Confusion Three examples of the Second Sun, captured on film, have emerged recently. One, from Sweden, is one the web in a photo album, taken with an HP R707 camera and dated July 4, 2006. A Swedish Hey I wonder is this the so called sunwheel or is it Planet X and how can you see the difference between these two? This is not a sundog, a "sunwheel" as there is no halo around the Sun, and there is a reflection on the water from the object. Sundogs are reflected sunlight in ice crystals in the atmosphere that form along a halo line that circles the Sun, often appearing on both sides of the Sun at the same time, with a third sundog possible above the Sun. The point where the sundog touches the halo spreads out along the halo in a rainbow of colors. As the sundog is not an object in the sky but merely reflected light arriving at the eye of the beholder, it cannot generate a reflection on water. The photo, thus, is a genuine capture of Planet X at sunrise or sunset - the Second Sun. The second image is from Poland, taken on July 10, 2009, and appearing on the NASA website and in a science article in Buenos Aires. The photographer states she saw this Second Sun with her naked eye, so it cannot be discounted as an internal lens reflection. - A Triple Sunrise Over Gdansk Bay August 4, 2009 - Explanation: How can the same Sun rise three times? Last month on Friday, 2009 July 10, a spectacular triple sunrise was photographed at about 4:30 am over Gdansk Bay in Gdansk, Poland. Clearly, our Sun rises only once. Some optical effect is creating at least two mirages of the Sun -- but which effect? In the vast majority of similarly reported cases, mirages of the brightest object in the frame can be traced to reflections internal to the camera taking the images. Still, the above image is intriguing because a sincere photographer claims the effect was visible to the unaided eye, and because the photographer took several other frames that show variants of the same effect. - El día que el Sol Mostro 3 soles: Alertan de Nuevas Tormentas Solares August 5, 2009 - El pasado 10 de julio un espectacular "triple atardecer" fue fotografiado en la Bahía Gdansk, en Polonia. El fotógrafo explicó que el efecto era visible a simple vista: una reflexión atmosférica óptica del sol, como si de tres soles se tratara. Aparentemente, el fenómeno llamó la atención de la NASA, que ya ha formulado una posible explicación: el fenómeno se trató de una extraña emisión de plasma solar. Por otra parte, LASCO 3 reportó hoy extrañas anomalías y se preveen nuevas tormentas solares de tipo C, para los próximos días. En concreto hay "alerta solar", para los días 7 y 8 de agosto, por lo que habrá que prestar atención a los patrones sísmicos y a la magnetosfera. The commentary from posters on the Argentine blog speculate that this is Nibiru or Herbulobus, both alternate names for Planet X. A debate on the NASA blog notes that it is not clear if the photographer took these photos while standing on a balcony, so window reflection might be a factor. Some posters note that Second Sun sightings can occur after sunset if sunlight reflects off the ocean and bounces off the atmosphere to the viewers eye, but these are always verticle reflections, not horizontal. In this case, there seems to be a vertical but primarily a horizontal reflection, above and to the left hand side. Note that where Second Sun sightings in the northern hemisphere are on the right of the Sun, in the southern hemisphere they are on the left of the Sun. This is because of the way the Ecliptic slants, in the view of those gazing at the sky. To put it crudely, those in the southern hemisphere are hanging upside down, where those in the northern hemisphere are standing upright. Or vice versa. Notice in this example below from Skymap that Venus seems to switch from the lefthand side of the Sun, for Boston, to the right hand side of the Sun for Buenos Aires. This is due to the Ecliptic slant. Thus, the photo from Poland, and the photographer's statement that she saw this Second Sun naked eye, seem to conflict with what is expected from Second Sun sightings in the northern hemisphere. The Polish photographer offered several additional photos for analysis. What is going on here? The Zetas ZetaTalk Explanation 8/29/2009: The photos from Poland seem at first glance to be a Second Sun which is a window reflection of the Sun, though there are two reflections, above and below, which would not be the case in a window reflection. In an additional photo from Poland, these Second Suns seems to merge together into the upper left hand side. This is neither a window reflection nor a direct capture of Planet X at sundown, which we have been terming Second Sun sightings. NASA is featuring this photo in an attempt to confuse what they anticipate to be a rash of future Second Sun sightings, the genuine variety caused by Planet X. They are hoping to confuse both the term, "Second Sun" and the placement of the Second Sun in genuine sightings. What was actually captured in these photos from Poland? This is an atmospheric phenomena caused indirectly by the presence of Planet X, what we have in the past called the Monster Sun phenomena. When genuine Second Sun sightings occur light is bouncing off the immense dust cloud that shrouds Planet X, bouncing at an angle such that the light goes from the Sun to the cloud thence to Earth. A double reflection can occur during such times where the light going to Earth would not be directly into the viewers eyes, but hit water and ice in the atmosphere bouncing yet again at a tangental angle into a viewers eyes. This is what was occurring in the Poland snaps, and yes the photographer saw this naked eye as reported. A third example was captured in Padua, Italy on August 24, 2009, at dusk. The cameraman noticed an elongated Sun, and stopped along the highway to film it. There is no question about a reflection on a window pane, as cars passing on the highway can be seen and heard. Headlights are mandatory in Italy on such highways, even in daylight. Per the Zetas, this is a moon swirl capture, where sunlight funnels down a moon swirls and is focused and intensified. Moon swirls have been captured in the past, as often as the corpus of Planet X itself have been captured. Examples from 2003-2005 are from China, Italy, and New York. Hello everyone fom Fabrizio creator of the video in Padua! I've said previously for my other videos and I repeat once again: to me to be here mingling with Photoshop or anything like that plus I do not even know what they are and how to use them, losing hours to make fake videos to put on You Tube does not interest me at all! I was coming home from work, intrigued by the Sun which was slightly elongated on the right side and I stopped focusing with the camera on the elongation which turned out to be a second small circle! It is a video made in 2 minutes, downloaded to PC via Blue Tooth and on the internet, there are no fake trees made of cardboard or just pixeled Sun or anything else, maybe on a photo I could do it but not on a video for sure, plus I wanted to put music but I didn't even managed to do that! So, if what I filmed is Nibiru, Planet X, the Sun, Mercury, Venus or Mars I don't know. The fact is that the video is true, not modified or anything like that!! ZetaTalk Explanation 8/29/2009: This video is not a valid capture of Planet X, the Second Sun. It has no obvious flaws, though the quality is poor so details are hard to make out. The Ecliptic plunges from upper left to lower right in Italy at dusk, putting this theoretical Planet X above the Ecliptic and not to the right of the Sun along the Ecliptic as it currently rides. Even allowing for light rays bending to put a placement at a distance, this is too extreme. Then what is it? What could cause an elongated Sun viewed by naked eye, and dual orbs when captured on camera? When Planet X first arrived in the inner solar system in 2003, many of the photos were of the moon swirls, which form long tubes when seen from the side. These tubes focus light bouncing down the tube such that they appear as light orbs when the tube is turned toward the viewer. This focused light, coming down along a moon swirl tube, can be significant and mistaken for the shrouded Planet X corpus itself. Someone noted in an email to me documenting that the pace of collapsing bridges, worldwide, seems to have picked up lately. During the past two months, bridges have collapsed in India, Ireland, Winnipeg, Iowa, Mexico, and China. In India, a bridge that stood for the past 100 years collapsed without explanation. In Ireland, Winnipeg, and Mexico, the collapse is ascribed to excess or erratic tides undermining the foundations of bridge footings. And in Iowa, ascribed to a particularly heavy truck. But aren't tides and heavy trucks a normal occurrence? What is going on here? - Suomen Kuvalehti India Bridge Collapse August 25, 2009 - A crowd gathers at the site of a century-old bridge that collapsed near Kadirganj Bazar, in Navada district of Bihar state, India, Aug. 25, 2009. A truck, two cars and a cart carrying people plunged nearly 20 feet (6 meters) into the Sakari river, killing two people and injuring 20 others. - Erosion caused Irish bridge collapse August 25, 2009 - The collapse of a railway viaduct on one of Ireland's busiest lines has been blamed on erosion of the sea bed. Initial tests indicate recent low tides and heavy rains combined to create a near-disaster on the Malahide estuary crossing on the main Dublin to Belfast - St. Adolphe bridge closed; collapse feared August 22, 2009 - The Highway 210 bridge over the Red River by St. Adolphe will remain closed indefinitely as one of its support piers continues to sink into the river bottom, making the bridge unsafe and possibly even susceptible to collapse. Slope instability likely caused by spring flooding appears to be the problem, although even that is not certain at this point. A complete collapse is not out of the question. - Overweight vehicle suspected in Mitchell Co. bridge collapse August 24, 2009 - There are hundreds of rural bridges in North Iowa whose integrity depends on how much weight is put on them. A Mitchell County bridge on Dancer Avenue near Mona collapsed, apparently after a heavy truck rolled over its span. - Bridge collapses in Mexico July 17, 2009 - Five vehicles were plunged into the water killing at least three people when a bridge collapsed on Friday in Mexico. - Bridge Collapse in China Kills Three July 25, 2009 - Shocking images of a truck hanging precariously on the edge of a bridge in China show the terrifying moments following the structure's collapse. Three people were killed and 12 others injured after boulders destroyed the Chediguan bridge in Wenchuan County in the country's Sichuan province. This is the second tragedy to hit the region in the past year. An earthquake on 12 May 2008 left almost 90,000 people dead or missing. The Zetas have long predicted collapsing bridges, along with other Earth changes such as train derailment, buckling roadways, and sinkholes. This will greatly increase in the last weeks, making travel difficult if not impossible. ZetaTalk Prediction 4/5/2003: Stretching results in quakes, as the plates underneath, in layers like flaky pie crust, release. Stretching results in land not supporting prior buildings or roads or bridges, which suddenly collapse. ZetaTalk Prediction 5/20/2006: But the worry that travel won't be possible won't really happen until we have increased stress on the crust and that would be the week of rotation stoppage in which the core is attempting to turn and the crust is resisting but they are attempting to stay together as one unit. The thick magma causing the core to be glued to the crust, or visa versa, and therefore the stress is greatly acerbated. It is during that week that you will have imploding cities, bursting gas mains and buckling roadways, so that travel will become impossible. The individual who noted an increase in collapsing bridges also points out that imploding buildings and derailing trains have also increased during the past two months, confirming the Zeta predictions that such Earth changes are related and will all be on the increase at the same time. Earth Frenzy Radio Once again, Steve Shaman of Earth Frenzy Radio has had the ZetaTalk emissary on for an extended 2 hour interview. Listen to the archive stream or download for your iPod. Steve is the webmaster of the You received this Newsletter because you Subscribed to the ZetaTalk Newsletter service. If undesired, you can quickly

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The amount and intensity of deep convection decreased the next day as the system encountered a northwesterly vertical wind shear. The shearing became more westerly and weakened enough for an area of concentrated convection to redevelop when the wave axis was a few hundred miles east of the Lesser Antilles late on the 8th. At 1200 UTC on the 9th, a ship located about 125 nmi southeast of Barbados reported a light north wind just ahead of the system. About 12 hours later, surface observations and satellite pictures suggested that a surface circulation center was located just west or northwest of Barbados. NOAA was then conducting the first reconnaissance flight into this system. At a flight-level of 1500 feet, 50-60 knot winds were measured in a 20-30 nmi wide band that was centered in the vicinity of thunderstorms about 40 nmi north through east of the center. They also estimated surface winds at 50 knots. A few hours later, this part of the system, passed over Martinique. Surface observations from Martinique and a nearby ship indicate that, despite the disorganized appearance on satellite pictures, the system was then a tropical storm with one-minute wind speeds of about 60 knots. It is estimated that about 18 hours earlier (at 1200 UTC on the 9th) the system had become a tropical depression with a strong circulation aloft. In the vicinity of Martinique, the winds were efficiently conveyed to the surface by thunderstorms. The tropical cyclone moved toward the west-northwest at about 17 knots. Westerly vertical wind shear affected the growth of the cyclone by limiting the amount and intensity of thunderstorms and by displacing most of the activity 50-150 nmi to the east of the low-level circulation center. The flight-level and estimated surface wind speeds reported by the Air Force Reserve Hurricane Hunter's near 1200 UTC on the 10th were not as strong as noted earlier, but, just six hours later, returned to magnitudes that were comparable to those found on the NOAA flight. Meanwhile, the wind at Martinique only slowly abated as the storm receded. Hence, while some fluctuation in surface wind speed likely occurred in association with the variations in deep convection, it is estimated that the surface wind speeds in Debby remained around 50-60 knots through the 10th. Even though the system continued to produce locally strong winds on the 11th, its circulation became more disrupted by the strong wind shear. By 0200 UTC, a closed circulation center could not be identified by the crew aboard the reconnaissance aircraft. The cyclone is analyzed as degenerating back to a vigorous tropical wave around the 0600 UTC 11 September synoptic hour. The wave continued to produce locally heavy rain and gusty winds that spread across Hispaniola on the 11th. These conditions advanced westward before diminishing over the northwest Caribbean Sea and adjacent portions of Mexico on the 15th. Satellite pictures indicate that some of the activity could also have spread into the southeastern Gulf of Mexico. In addition, the meteorological service of the Dominican Republic reported gusts to 54 knots on the 11th, but this could have come after Debby ceased to exist as a tropical cyclone. The ship PJRB reported 1000.7 mb at 0600 UTC on the 10th. This pressure is believed to be incorrect. A pressure of 1007.0 mb would have been more appropriate for that time at their location. An isohyet analysis by the meteorological service of Martinique indicates that about one-half of that island had at least 4 inches of rain. the largest total was 7.24 inches at Saint Joseph/Rabuchon. The Associated Press indicated that the worst damage occurred in St. Lucia where rains caused landslides that blocked main roads and covered the town of Pont St. Jacques (spelling uncertain). Two inches of silt covered the roadways at the main international airport. The rains caused floods that washed away hillside shacks, eight bridges, and portions of some roadways. Water was chest-high in the village of Anse La Raye. Debby's winds damaged banana plantations in St. Lucia. In Martinique, some towns were flooded while wind-felled trees blocked some roads. The banana crop was also damaged in Martinique. About 20000 residents lost power and schools were closed. The meteorological service of the Dominican Republic reported that some rivers flooded. The number of people left homeless in the area affected by Debby was estimated to be in the hundreds.

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Crystal Viewer Tool Learning Materials By completing the Crystal Viewer Lab in ABACUS - Assembly of Basic Applications for Coordinated Understanding of Semiconductors, you will be able to: a) understand crystals, b) understand crystal directions, and c) Miller indices. The specific objectives of the Crystal Viewer Lab are: If you have not had experience with crystal structures and Miller indices, here is a list of resources that will help you have the required knowledge to get the most of these materials: 1. Rober F. Pierret, Semiconductor Device Fundamentals (Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 2000). 2. Michael Shur, Physics of Semiconductor Devices (Prentice Hall, 1990). 3. Dragica Vasileska, Stephen M. Goodnick and G. Klimeck: Computational Electronics: Semiclassical and Quantum Device Modeling and Simulation, Chapter 2 (CRC Press, 2010). Exercises and Homework Assignments Solutions to Exercises Solutions will be provided to instructors ONLY. Take a Test This test will assess your conceptual understanding of the physical, mathematical and computational knowledge related to crystal structures identification and Miller indices calculation. Solve the Challenge In this final challenge you will integrate all what you have learned about crystal lattices.

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From Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France The French Republic is a democracy that is organised as a unitary semi-presidential republic. Its main ideals are expressed in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. It is a developed country with the sixth-largest economy in the world. France is the most visited country in the world, receiving over 79 million foreign tourists annually (including business visitors, but excluding people staying less than 24 hours in France). France is one of the founding members of the European Union, and has the largest land area of all members. France is also a founding member of the United Nations, and a member of the Francophonie, the G8, and the Latin Union. It is one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council; it is also an acknowledged nuclear power.

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The New Year is here and this is the time that many of us decide to make positive changes in our lives. No matter what shade of green you may be, the following list will hopefully give you some inspiration on how to make some eco-friendly changes for both your family and the environment: Blog continues below slideshow... The less stuff you buy, the less stuff you have to throw out -- it's as simple as that. Upcycle the things you would have normally thrown out. Glass jars, tin cans, and even old clothes can be given new life using these upcycled craft ideas. If you don't already participate in your city's blue, black, and green bin programs, check out your city's website to find out how to get started. Instead of packing lunches and snacks in plastic bags, plastic wrap, and foil, purchase products that will make eating on the go litter-less. Consider cloth diapers for your little one. Cloth diapers do have an upfront cost, but they will pay themselves off many times over. The hardest thing about using reusable bags is remembering to bring them with you! Switch out your regular light bulbs for compact fluorescent light (CFL) bulbs. On average, CFLs use 80 per cent less energy than regular incandescent bulbs. When you are ready to dispose of them, be sure to do it properly. Switch out your toxic household cleaners to those that are safer. Switch your body care products -- lotions, shampoo, conditioner, makeup -- to safer natural and organic products. Not sure about ingredients or even where to start? Shop at a store that has done the research for you up front and don't be afraid to ask questions. Purchase products that are plastic-free and have minimal packaging. Going forward, focus on providing memorable experiences for your children rather than buying them unmemorable things. Going meatless once a week is great, a few times a week, even better! A few of my favourite vegetarian and vegan food blogs are Oh She Glows, Manifest Vegan, and Veggie Belly. Turning the water off when you brush your teeth, and doing only full loads of laundry, are just two ways to cut down on water consumption. Here are 98 more. It's a myth that hot water cleans clothes better. It's not a myth that hot water uses unnecessary energy. Going forward, use cold water, and the only difference you will notice is in your energy bill. This one may be a bit intimidating, but it's simpler than you may think. The results will provide you with rich dirt for your garden. If you have the space, plant a vegetable garden this spring. It's a great project to do with the kids, and in the end, the garden will produce healthy fruits and vegetables for your family to enjoy. Don't have the space for a garden? Try an indoor herb garden. When we teach our kids about the importance of taking care of our earth, the actions and the knowledge will be carried with them all their lives. Use age-appropriate projects and crafts to make it interactive, interesting, and fun. Ladies, I know. It's intimidating and a little scary, but once you start using the DivaCup each month, you'll wonder why it took you so long. Seriously. Opt out of your paper bills and subscribe to e-billing. Support your local economy and your local small business owners -- both online and brick and mortar. Shopping close to home vs. shopping at a big box store that brings their products in from overseas makes a difference when fuel, energy, and time are considered. Invest in a sturdy, good looking, stainless steel bottle, and ditch the plastic bottles for good. Did you know that most of your chargers, electronics, and appliances still use energy even though they are not being used? Unplug anything that is not in use to avoid "leaking electricity." Making a meal plan each week usually leads to healthier choices and less mid-week gas guzzling runs to the store to pick up forgotten items. You can find e-waste bins at most electronic retailers. Also, check with your city to see if they hold e-waste drop-off days. By law, Canada Post must deliver all mail addressed to you, but to cut down on the unaddressed junk mail, simply place a sign on your mailbox that says "no junk mail." If you receive your mail in a community mailbox, secure a no junk mail note in your box, so the mail person can see it each time. See the Canada Post website for more info. Click here for a quick tip on how to store your reusable bags. Click here the learn how to build a garden with kids. Click here for a downloadable meal-planning tool. Do you have any green ideas to add? Are there any things in this list that you don't already do, but will start doing this year? Written By: Gwen Leron, Yummy Mummy Club Follow Yummy Mummy Club on Twitter: www.twitter.com/YummyMummyClub

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Previous abstract Next abstract Session 4 - Education: Telescopes, the Web and Curricula. Display session, Wednesday, January 07 The chemical elements we see on Earth and in our neighborhood of the Milky Way have wildly different abundances from each other. Since we are carbon based-creatures it is intriguing to ask in particular how much carbon is available in the universe at the present time and when it was formed. Low mass stars such as the sun process H->He->C, while high mass stars proceed all the way to Fe, while a small fraction produce a supernova explosion in which Fe->....U. This yield of heavy elements is returned to the interstellar medium by a gentle steady wind from a star in its red giant stage which culminates in the ejection of a planetary nebula, and also by a sudden violent blast from a supernova. The larger mass stars have shorter lifetimes than do the smaller mass stars, so this must be taken into account also. This computer exercise treats the Milky Way as a closed box of 200 billion solar masses. The galaxy begins as 100gas into stars, which make heavy elements. Some of the stars recycle gas gently and some explode as supernovae. The model's input parameters which can be changed include the age of the galaxy, the initial mass function, the present day mass function, the red giant wind, the amount of carbon and iron produced by a supernova, the amount of gas recycled by a supernova, and the star formation rate as a function of time. Students can experiment with these numbers and functions in an Excel spreadsheet, trying to match the present day percent of gas and abundance of carbon and iron. The models which most closely match present conditions require a large number of supernovae (a starburst) early in the galaxy's history. The author(s) of this abstract have provided an email address for comments about the abstract: firstname.lastname@example.org Program listing for Wednesday

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The GRP is a voluntary conservation program administered by the USDA's NRCS that helps landowners protect grazing uses and related conservation values by conserving grassland, including rangeland, pastureland, shrub land, and other landscapes. GRP provides support for working grazing operations, enhancement of plant and animal biodiversity, and protection of grassland under threat of conversion to other uses. Participating landowners voluntarily limit future development and cropping uses of the land while retaining the right to conduct common grazing practices and operations related to the production of forage and seeding, subject to certain restrictions during nesting seasons. In the 2008 Farm Bill , the amount of land that could be enrolled in GRP was increased by 1.22 million acres, and the USDA was authorized to enter into cooperative agreements with landowning entities to enable them to acquire easements. Unfortunately, the demand from farmers and ranchers in the Prairie Pothole Region far exceeds the program's available funding. Furthermore, GRP will also suffer the same fate as the Wetlands Reserve Program unless additional acres are authorized in the next Farm Bill.

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Feb. 2, 2012 Mayo Clinic researchers have found that multiple exposures to anesthesia at a young age are associated with higher rates of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Children exposed to two or more anesthetics before age 3 had more than double the incidence of ADHD than children who had no exposure, says David Warner, M.D., a Mayo Clinic pediatric anesthesiologist and investigator on the observational study. The findings are published in the Feb. 2 edition of Mayo Clinic Proceedings. When basic science studies in the medical literature began to suggest anesthesia used in surgery causes changes in the brains of young animals, Dr. Warner and a group of researchers at Mayo Clinic took note. "Those studies piqued our interest," Dr. Warner says. "We were skeptical that the findings in animals would correlate with kids, but it appears that it does." The study utilized results of an existing epidemiological study that looked at educational records of children born between 1976 and 1982 in Rochester, Minn., and determined those who developed some form of learning disability or ADHD. Among 341 cases of ADHD in those younger than 19, researchers traced medical records in the Rochester Epidemiology Project, a decades-long database of all patient care in Olmsted County, Minn., looking for exposure to anesthesia and surgery before age 3. Children who had no exposure to anesthesia and surgery had ADHD at a rate of 7.3 percent. The rate after a single exposure to anesthesia and surgery was approximately the same. For children who had two or more exposures to anesthesia and surgery, the rate of ADHD was 17.9 percent, even after researchers adjusted for other factors, including gestational age, sex, birth weight and comorbid health conditions. The results of the study, however, do not definitively mean that anesthesia causes ADHD, Dr. Warner says. "This is an observational study," he says. "A wide range of other factors might be responsible for the higher frequency of ADHD in children with multiple exposures. The findings certainly do suggest that further investigation into this area is warranted, and investigators at Mayo Clinic and elsewhere are actively pursuing these studies." The study was funded by the United States Food and Drug Administration, the Mayo Clinic Center for Translational Sciences Activities, the National Institutes of Health and the Rochester Epidemiology Project. Other social bookmarking and sharing tools: Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above. - Juraj Sprung, Randall P. Flick, Slavica K. Katusic, Robert C. Colligan, William J. Barbaresi, Katarina Bojanić, Tasha L. Welch, Michael D. Olson, Andrew C. Hanson, Darrell R. Schroeder, Robert T. Wilder, David O. Warner. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder After Early Exposure to Procedures Requiring General Anesthesia. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 2012; 87 (2): 120 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2011.11.008 Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

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Camin O’Brien in his Guidelines for the Care, Conservation and Recording of Historic Graveyards emphasises the need for an annual maintenance regime and he recommends that the motto to adopt when it comes to graveyard maintenance is a ‘little bit every year’. Many local community groups undertake sterling work maintaining their local graveyards and without local communities these sites would completely revert to nature and become overgrown. The Historic Graves workshops consistently emphasise the need for a plan when undertaking a survey within a graveyard. This need for planning is also important when it comes to maintenance. It is recommended that a management plan should be drawn up by the local community prior to any maintenance work in order that works are undertaken in an orderly manner and that the character of a graveyard is retained. The character of a graveyard results from a mixture of both the built heritage and natural heritage which when combined makes up its character. This ‘charachter’ is unique to every graveyard. Any work undertaken within a graveyard should not destroy or have a negative impact on this but should enhance the character and setting of the graveyard. These principles formulate the thinking behind the best practice for the care and conservation of historic graveyards. A list of works which should and should not be carried out at historic graveyards was formulated by the National Monuments service in its booklet on the Care and Conservation of Graveyards . The National Monuments Act 1930-2004 is the primary legislation that provides legal protection to recorded monuments that are listed in the Record of Monuments and Places. A management plan does not have to be a complicated document and in many ways it merely formalises what most community groups do as a matter of course when planning a maintenance programme. The plan however allows this process to be carried out systematically which negates the chance of omissions or mistakes. It also allows for continuity of purpose within local groups as members change over time. Historic Graves have produced a Management Plan Template which seeks to simplify the process of producing a management plan. The first thing to do is to gather and record the following information about the graveyard; All of this information is largely available on line. The next objective is to outline the site location and the parking and access facilities. This should be followed by a brief description of the graveyard under the following headings; - Boundary and Entrance - Masonry Structures. A brief site history if available can also be added and a description of the historic cartographic or mapping references to the site. The main body of the management plan will contain a brief description of the condition of the graveyard elements under the headings used for the site description above. Recommended actions for each of the elements can then be listed. The plan can then conclude with a summary list of all the proposed actions along with a declaration of who will undertake the work and when the work is scheduled to take place. The management plan should then be agreed with the local Conservation/Heritage Officer. A management plan is simply a tool which can be used to systematically undertake a maintenance regime. It does not have to be a complex document in fact the simpler it is the more useful the document becomes. It is also something that every community group can undertake by themselves with some guidance from the local Conservation/Heritage Officer

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A petaflop is the ability of a computer to do one quadrillion floating point operations per second (FLOPS). Additionally, a petaflop can be measured as one thousand teraflops. A petaflop computer requires a massive number of computers working in parallel on the same problem. Applications might include real-time nuclear magnetic resonance imaging during surgery or even astrophysical simulation. Today's fastest parallel computing operations are capable of petaflop speeds. The world's fastest supercomputer today, Titan, is capable of 20 petaflops. Featured Partners Sponsored - Increase worker productivity, enhance data security, and enjoy greater energy savings. Find out how. Download the “Ultimate Desktop Simplicity Kit” now.» - Find out which 10 hardware additions will help you maintain excellent service and outstanding security for you and your customers. » - Server virtualization is growing in popularity, but the technology for securing it lags. To protect your virtual network.» - Before you implement a private cloud, find out what you need to know about automated delivery, virtual sprawl, and more. »

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Look in any classroom at MCDS and somewhere you will find the words “Respect, Responsibility, Compassion.” These words, and the school’s mission statement as a whole, clearly demonstrate that we strive to do more than just churn out academically competent learners. Every member of the school community is actively involved in experiences that foster growth and deepen understanding of all kinds –academic, social and emotional. This is at the heart of the school’s Service Learning program, one of the primary tools used to integrate the school’s mission into the life of the MCDS community. Community service has always been a part of the MCDS culture, through service clubs and student council activities, and is still a vital part of the school. Both play an important role in supporting the mission of the school. The main difference between them is that service learning is an integral part of the classroom curriculum. The motto, “Much to offer, much to learn” typifies our approach to service learning. Service Learning at MCDS is divided into three different areas: connecting with others, ecoliteracy, and civic responsibility. Each year students are involved in a range of activities that expose them to issues of concern in our culture and give them opportunities to address these issues in a meaningful way. These experiences also help broaden the children’s awareness and understanding of people and communities in Marin and San Francisco. Some projects extend beyond our local communities with a global reach. Key to the success of the Service Learning program is the follow-up component. Students are encouraged to reflect on their experiences; classroom activities such as journals, art projects and oral presentations allow the students to explore their reactions and better understand their roles as members of a community.

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Mehmed Talat Pasha (Turkish: Mehmet Talat Paşa) (1872-1921) was one of leaders of the Young Turks, Ottoman statesman, grand vizier (1917), and leading member of the Sublime Porte from 1913 until 1918. One of the architects of the Armenian Genocide. Soghomon Tehlirian, whose family had been killed in the Armenian genocide, assassinated the exiled Talat in Berlin in March 1921 and was subsequently acquitted after a jury trial. Talaat was buried into the Turkish Cemetery in Berlin. In 1943, his remains were taken to Istanbul and reburied in Şişli. His war memories were published after his death. A Black Book kept by Talaat detailing numbers of Armenian deportees was recently released by Talaat's relatives and has become a major source of proof of the Armenian Genocide. In a conversation with Dr. Mordtmann of the German Embassy in June 1915... - Turkey is taking advantage of the war in order to thoroughly liquidate (grundlich aufzaumen) its internal foes, i.e., the indigenous Christians, without being thereby disturbed by foreign intervention. After the German Ambassador persistently brought up the Armenian question in 1918, Talat said "with a smile"... - What on earth do you want? The question is settled. There are no more Armenians.

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There are a host of factors that contribute to cancer — toxins such as nicotine and environmental exposures including ultraviolet radiation and pollutants — but could a person’s height be a tumor promoter as well? It might if you’re a woman; a woman’s risk for a wide range of cancers rises with her height, a new study published in the Lancet Oncology shows. Taller women are more likely to develop a range of cancers, including those of the breast, ovary, uterus, bowel, blood and skin. Researchers found that a woman’s cancer risk rises by 16% for every 4-inch increase in height – regardless of her birth year, socioeconomic status, alcohol consumption, physical activity level and other factors typically linked to cancer risk. The link between height and cancer also held strong across populations from North America, Asia, Europe and Australia, according to lead study author Jane Green from the University of Oxford. The scientists studied 1.3 million middle-aged women in Britain between 1996 and 2001 as part of the Million Women Study, which investigates the influence of reproductive and lifestyle factors on women’s health. The participants ranged in height from about 5 feet 1 inch to 5 feet 10 inches, with most women measuring around 5 feet 5 inches. Over an average follow-up of about 10 years, the women at the taller end of the spectrum developed more cancers than those who were shorter. Why taller women are more likely to develop cancer is still unclear, but scientists have a couple of guesses. “One possibility is that taller people may have higher levels of growth-related hormones, both in childhood and in adulthood, and these growth-related hormones may modestly increase cancer risk,” American Cancer Society strategic director of pharmacoepidemiology Eric Jacobs said in WebMD Health News. In addition, height, while partially determined by genes, can be heavily influenced by childhood diet, infections and growth hormone levels. So the same factors that contribute to height might also be playing a role in increasing cancer risk. “The importance of this research is in understanding how cancers develop,” Green told WebMD Health News. “Because height is linked to a wide range of cancers in a wide range of people, it may give us a clue to a basic common mechanism for cancer.” Whatever the reason for the link, the vertically challenged shouldn’t feel protected against cancer, nor should the tall among us believe they are destined to develop tumors. “Of course people cannot change their height,” the authors said in a press release. They can, however, continue to follow well-established strategies for preventing cancer – not smoking, eating sensibly, and getting screened regularly. Whether you’re tall or short, these are the approaches that work best. By: Tara Thean About the Author (Author Profile)The leading interactive online forum for important, forward-looking and timely voices and opinions in Central Europe. There are no comments yet. Why not be the first to speak your mind.

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The sequencing project was done in collaboration with Scott O'Neill, an Australian biologist from the University of Queensland. He says that scientific interest in Wolbachia has intensified in recent years because the microbes infect so many arthropods and also because they influence many fundamental biological processes in their hosts. "Wolbachia represent an excellent model for understanding fundamental interactions that occur between organisms," says O'Neill. In addition to the "intriguing evolutionary implications" of Wolbachia infections, he says research into such infections "has a lot of potential to reduce the impact of insect-transmitted diseases." Biologists are interested in Wolbachia for many reasons, most notably the microbe's tendency to cause negative effects only to males of their host species. Such adverse impacts include: - Parthenogenesis (infected females reproducing in the absence of mating to produce infected female offspring) - Feminization (infected males being converted into females) - Male-killing (infected male embryos being selectively killed), and - Cytoplasmic incompatibility (the limiting of reproduction of uninfected females that mate with infected males). The male-targeted effects are thought to have arisen because Wolbachia are transmitted specifically from females to their offspring and thus can increase their transmission by eliminating the non-transmitting males. Scientists say the Wolbachia genome will be useful for researchers seeking to develop new approaches to help treat victims of lymphatic filariasis, elephantiasis, and other human diseases caused by small worms (such as Brugia malayi) that cannot survive/reproduce without Wolbachia inside their cells.

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NASA Delays "Wfirst" Space-Based Search for Dark Energy -Can Europe & Earth-Based Solutions Take Up the Slack? An ambitious $1.6 billion spacecraft, known as Wfirst, for Wide-Field Infrared Survey Telescope, that would investigate the mysterious force that is apparently accelerating the expansion of the universe — and search out planets around other stars, might have to be postponed for a decade, NASA reported today because of cost overruns and mismanagement on a separate project, the James Webb Space Telescope that will search out the first stars and galaxies to have formed in the universe, but is not designed to search for dark energy. Last summer the National Academy of Sciences gave highest priority among big space projects in the coming decade to the satellite telescope that would take precise measure of dark energy and also search for exo planets “How many things can we do in our lifetime that will excite a generation of scientists?” asked Saul Perlmutter, an astronomer at the University of California, Berkeley, who is one of dark energy’s discoverers according to a report in the New York Times. There is a sense, he added, “that we’re starting to give up leadership in these important areas in fundamental physics.” the nation's prestigous scientists see the USA conceeding leadership to Europe. The discovery a decade ago that the universe is speeding up, in defiance of common sense or cosmic gravity, has thrown into doubt notions about the fate of the universe and of life within it, not to mention gravity and even the nature of the laws of physics. “We’re looking at a tug-of-war with dark energy and gravity trying to expand or collapse the universe.” John Carlstrom, South Pole astronomer and University of Chicago astrophysicist. Carlstrom is a member of the team using an Earth-based solution in the search for dark energy: a big telescope, as high as a seven-story building, with a main mirror measuring 32 1/2 feet across was built at the Amundsen-Scott Station in the Antarctica looming over a barren plain of ice that gets colder than anywhere else on the planet. The South Pole Telescope (SPT), a microwave telescope, has been in use since February 16, 2007. More about the SPT below... Physicists have one ready-made explanation for the acceleration of the universe, according to the New York Times, "but it is a cure that many of them think is worse than the disease: a fudge factor invented by Einstein in 1917 called the cosmological constant. He suggested, and quantum theory has subsequently confirmed, that empty space could exert a repulsive force, blowing things apart. But the best calculations predict an effect 10 to the exponent of 120 times greater than what astronomers have measured, causing physicists to metaphorically tear their hair out and mutter about multiple universes." The astronomers who made this discovery were using the exploding stars known as Type 1a supernovae as cosmic metric to measure the expansion rate of the universe. Since then, according the the Times article, other tools have emerged by which astronomers can also gauge dark energy by how it retards the growth of galaxies and other structures in the universe. So far the observations are not definitive; more precise measurements, many of which can only be done from space, are needed. One big problem with Europe's Euclid mission is that it does not include observations of supernovae, the technique by which dark energy was discovered. Nor summarized the New York Times, does the United States play a leadership role. The STP at the far end of the world was built so scientists can search for clues to the mysterious phenomenon called dark energy, which makes the expansion of the universe accelerate. Albert Einstein's famous "cosmological constant," mentioned above as one possibility for the dark energy, also will come under the telescope's scrutiny. The "gravity" of dark energy is repulsive. It pushes the universe apart and overwhelms ordinary gravity, the attractive force exerted by all matter in the universe. Dark energy is invisible, but astronomers will be able to see its influence on clusters of galaxies that formed within the last few billion years. "With the South Pole Telescope we can look at when galaxy clusters formed and how they formed. That is critically dependent on the nature of the dark energy, this elusive component of the universe," said Carlstrom, who heads the project. "We've only known about dark energy for a few years. No one really knows what it is." "One of our main goals is to figure out what dark energy is," said center Director Bruce Winstein, the University's Samuel K. Allison Distinguished Service Professor in Physics. "Is it a cosmological constant or is it dynamical? The South Pole Telescope holds the promise to give us a lot of new, valuable information on this.". First described a decade ago, dark energy is a mysterious force so powerful that it will decide the fate of the universe. Having already overruled the laws of gravity, it is pushing galaxies away from one another, causing the universe to expand at an ever faster rate. Though dark energy is believed to account for 70 percent of the universe's mass, it is invisible and virtually undetectable. Nobody knows what it is, where it is or how it behaves. Solving the mystery of dark energy is would explain the history and future of the universe and generate new understanding of physical laws that, applied to human invention, almost certainly will change the way we live -- just as breakthroughs in quantum mechanics brought us the computer chip. Swinging its massive mirror skyward, the South Pole Telescope (SPT) searches the southern polar heavens for shreds of evidence of the elusive stuff. Controlled remotely from the University of Chicago, the $19.2 million telescope quickly succeeded in its first mission: finding unknown galaxy clusters, clues to the emergence of dark energy. The cold, dry atmosphere above the South Pole allows the SPT to more easily detect the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB), the afterglow of the big bang, with minimal interference from water vapor. On the electromagnetic spectrum, the CMB falls somewhere between heat radiation and radio waves. The CMB is largely uniform, but it contains tiny ripples of varying density and temperature. These ripples reflect the seeds that, through gravitational attraction, grew into the galaxies and galaxy clusters visible to astronomers in the sky today. One of the SPT’s first key science project was to study small variations in the CMB to determine if dark energy began to affect the formation of galaxy clusters by fighting against gravity over the last few billion years. Galaxy clusters (image at top) are groups of galaxies, the largest celestial bodies that gravity can hold together. Our galaxy, the Milky Way, is in one of these clusters, which actually change with time. The CMB allows astronomers to take snapshots of the infant universe, when it was only 400,000 years old. No stars or galaxies had yet formed. If dark energy changed the way the universe expanded, it would have left its “fingerprints” in the way that it forced galaxies apart over the deep history of time. Different causes would produce a different pattern in the formation of galaxy clusters as reflected in the distortion of the CMB. According to one idea, dark energy could be Einstein’s cosmological constant: a steady force of nature operating at all times and in all places. Einstein introduced the cosmological constant into his theory of general relativity to accommodate a stationary universe, the dominant idea of the day. If Einstein’s idea is correct, scientists will find that dark energy was much less influential in the universe five billion years ago than it is today. “Clusters weren’t around in the early universe. They took a long time to evolve,” Carlstrom said. Another version of the dark energy theory, called quintessence, suggests a force that varies in time and space. Some scientists even suggest that there is no dark energy at all, and that gravity merely breaks down on vast intergalactic scales. Scientists expect the telescope to detect tens of thousands, of galaxy clusters within a few years.

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Children often look up to — and want to be like — their parents. If they see mom or dad behaving a certain way, they try to copy that behavior. Unfortunately, this desire can prove to be dangerous for children. If they see their parents taking medicine, they may try to open a pill bottle and take some medicine as well, not realizing this could put them in the hospital. Newton Fire/EMS battalion chief Dick Gehring said that due to children's natural curiosity, it's vital parents keep medicines and other potentially harmful products "out of reach" and "out of sight." "Accessibility is the key," he said. "If they're not able to get to it, they're not able to get into it." National Poison Prevention Week is March 17-23, and the Poison Control Center and Safe Kids Kansas said this is a good time for parents to evaluate the safety of their home and take steps to reduce the risk of accidental poisoning. More than 2 million poisonings are reported each year to the nation’s poison centers, and in Kansas alone, the state's Poison Control Center received more than 30,000 calls in 2012. Approximately three out of every four of those calls were for a child under the age of five. Gehring said the most common type of poisoning is from everyday household items, such as medications and cleaning supplies. Although child-resistant packaging is credited with saving hundreds of children’s lives since its introduction in the 1970s, it still isn't foolproof. Children can figure out how to get past safety barriers, and they may use a table or countertop to reach a cabinet that would normally be out of reach. Gehring said it's best if children don't even know hazardous products are in the house and never observe mom or dad using them. "As innovative as kids are, not knowing where something is at might be a better action." Despite people's best efforts, sometimes accidents do happen, and so Safe Kids Kansas encourages parents and caregivers to keep the poison center’s toll-free hotline number, (800) 222-1222, near each phone in the home and program the number into every cell phone. This number connects you to your local poison control center from anywhere in the United States, 24-hours-a-day, seven-days-a-week. “When seconds count, poison expertise is what you need,” said Daling McMoran with the Poison Control Center. “Call the Poison Control Center the moment you suspect there has been an exposure. It could save a life.” If you think your child has been poisoned, Gehring recommends immediately trying to identify the substance they've ingested and read the label on the package to see if there are any warnings. The Poison Control Center will determine the severity level of the poisoning, and whether the child needs to be seen by a doctor or 911 needs to be called right away. Do not induce vomiting or give the child any fluid or medication unless directed. Safe Kids Kansas and the Poison Control Center offer these additional tips: · Never give adult medications to children. · Never call medication candy or tell children it tastes like candy. While this tactic may encourage children to take medication when they're supposed to, they'll also become curious about adult medication and wonder if it tastes like "candy" too. · Always use the dosing device packaged with the medications. Never use a household utensil, such as a teaspoon or tablespoon, to measure medication. · Remind grandparents, babysitters and visitors to keep purses and bags that contain medicine up and away when they visit your home. · Parents and grandparents should be mindful of weekly pill dividers. While convenient for keeping track of dosages of medications, they also are easy for kids to open. For more information about poison prevention, visit www.safekidskansas.org or www.kumed.com/medical-services/poison-control.

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Encyclopaedia of DesignTheory: Latin squares |Experimental||Other designs||Math properties||Stat properties| Here is an example. There is no need for the symbols to be the numbers 1,...,n: any symbols will do, even colours: Latin squares of all possible orders exist. The cyclic structure of the example above generalises immediately to any size. More generally, the Cayley table of any group is a Latin square; the above examples come from the cyclic group of order 3. Latin squares are "equivalent" to many other types of combinatorial structures. An account of some of these, and the varying notions of isomorphism to which they give rise, is given in a topic essay. Table of contents | Glossary | Topics | Bibliography | History Peter J. Cameron 4 October 2004

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Part of Unit: HVAC (Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning) Lesson Plan Overview / Details This is an introductory lesson into the operation and reading of pressures of the common automobile air conditioning system. Prerequisite: I advise my students to review the two web sites, listed in the resources below, before coming to class - 2 class sessions - 60 Minutes - 1 Lab session - 180 Minutes California Career and Technical Education Standards - T.C.C1.5 Use appropriate personal protective equipment and safety practices. - T.C.C2.1 Understand and use appropriate tools and equipment, such as wrenches, sockets, a... - T.C.C2.2 Use tools, equipment, and machines to safely measure, test, diagnose, and analyz... - T.C.C2.5 Use measurement scales, devices, and systems, such as dial indicators, micromete... - T.C.C3.2 Understand the function and principles of air conditioning and heating systems. - T.FS.10.5 Operate, maintain, and troubleshoot equipment. - T.FS.4.2 Understand the use of technological resources to access, manipulate, and produce... - T.FS.6.3 Use tools, equipment, and machinery safely and appropriately. California Academic Content Standards (Reinforced) - ELA.9-10.R.CAGT.2.3 Generate relevant questions about readings on issues that can be researched.2 - ELA.9-10.R.CAGT.2.5 Extend ideas presented in primary or secondary sources through original analysis...3 - ELA.9-10.R.CAGT.2.6 Demonstrate use of sophisticated learning tools by following technical direction...2 Objectives and Goals - Students, by use of analogies, will understand latent heat. - Students will be introduced to the relationship of heat and pressure. - Students will be introduced to each component, its operation and its relationship to each other in the A/C system. They will then be able to demonstrate the same. Activities in this Lesson - Opening questions - Hooks / Set At the start of class I draw the student’s attention to a question on the board. The question seems very simple: "Is it cold today?" As the students share their answers, I point out their contrasting opinion and then tell them that cold is a relative term. Is it cold here compared to Antarctica in the winter? No, it's rather warm in comparison. Is it cold here compared to the Sahara desert in the summer? Yes. I point out that heat is measured. Fahrenheit, Celsius, BTU etc... I ask them if they have ever spilled rubbing alcohol or gasoline on their hand. I then ask them if it felt cold. When they agree, I tell them “that’s latent heat” and that the liquid is evaporating and in essence, boiling. Then I propose that if we live on a planet that had a climate of 300 degrees Fahreneit and atmospheric pressure of 14.7 psi we could use water to cool us because it boils at 212F degrees at that pressure and 212F degrees is significantly “LESS HOT” than 300F degrees. I then ask: "Why doesn’t it evaporate when it’s in the bottle with the cap on?" After several unsuccessful guesses, I point out that some of the alcohol in the sealed bottle has evaporated and because the bottle is sealed it has raised the pressure to a point the liquid can no longer expand in to a vapor. This is the basic concept used in an A/C system. - Build a virtual system - Group Work I then ask them what we would need if we were to build a virtual A/C system. Over the next few minutes I help them with coming up with the idea of a compressor, a restriction and two radiators and draw them on the white board. From there we discuss the process. The compressor will pump refrigerant to increase pressure as it tries to make its way past a restriction. I use the analogy of all of the students leaving for the day. As they approach the only exit they tend to bunch up and slow down. After they squeeze through the door they can spread out and move easier. This is what happens to the molecules of refrigerant as they are forced through the restriction. First they pile up and condense at the entrance of the restriction. Once they are through the restriction the molecules can spread out and they expand into a gas. At that point they will release latent heat. I tell them that the refrigerants we use today basically boil/evaporate at about 32 degrees. From there I lead them to the idea that if we have to do this over and over again we need to now re-condense the refrigerant by re-pressurizing it. So back to the compressor it goes! I start my Power Point which covers the theory, operation and components of the A/C system. The students are encouraged to take notes on the ppt. notes pages that were posted on the school's web site. Each slide is discussed at length. Common normal pressure readings and the manifold gages are also discussed. - Classroom Power Point [ Download ] This is a modified version of the Power Point for chapter 7 supplied with the text "Automotive Heating and Air Conditioning" (5e) by Tom Birch - student notes pages [ Download ] This a condensed version of the classroom Power Point with three slides per page and a section for notes. - Introduce and demonstrate A/C manifold set - Demo / Modeling Note: for this activity I have a video camera set up with large monitors for students to observe. I demonstrate the correct process for determining if the system is checkable, while wearing my safety glasses and explaining safety items to be aware of when working with AC systems. I will pose the following questions: 1. Does the vehicle run? 2. Do the A/C controls appear to work? 3. Does the compressor clutch engage? I then demonstrate the correct and safe process to connect the A/C manifold set. 1. Identify the components of the system. 2. Identify the high and low sides. 3. Confirm the manifold valves are closed. 4. Connect the appropriate hoses to the ports. 5. Take a static pressure reading. 6. Start the vehicle and turn on the A/C system. Listen for the click of the compressor clutch engaging, and for a noticeable engine RPM change. 7. Take the running pressure readings, record and compare to specifications. 8. Locate the orifice tube and feel both sides and notice the temperature change. 9. Locate the pressure switch and jumper to force the compressor to continue to run. Then record findings. 10. Turn off A/C and engine. Safely and properly disconnect the manifold set. - Using the A/C manifold gauge set - Lab / Shop I will now ask the students to wear their safety glasses and ensure that they follow safe shop practices while I assign the students a vehicle and have them check out the appropriate manifold set (r134). They now will assess their vehicle, hook up, read and asses their A/C systems and record on worksheets from their lab book. They are encouraged to “feel around” the system and notice where there are temperature changes. While they are doing this I wander from group to group questioning and assessing their findings. - Review findings - Group Work I now bring the students back into the classroom and bring up selected slides (the slides I bring up depends on my conclusions derived from questioning the students) and we discuss what we found. During this activity, I try to get the students to answer their own questions. For example, one student may ask, “Why is it cold by the firewall and warm at the compressor?” I’ll ask the whole class if anyone can answer the question. If no one speaks, I review a slide that shows the relationship of heat to pressure, a slide that demonstrates latent heat, and then a slide that has a diagram of the whole system. If a student volunteers to answer, I’ll listen to their explanation and try to find slides to support them and help them fill in the gaps. - Closure - Closure Once in the classroom I’ll let the discussion dictate the questions I ask but they are typically similar to the questions I ask of the groups in the shop. Work sheets are reviewed for accuracy. Eventually they will be assessed by a written test. Finally, when I see the students at the next class meeting I ask them: “Can you see it?” - Assessment Types: - Demonstrations, Interviews, Teacher-Made Test, Observations, While the students are working with the manifold sets I’m visiting each group of students (2 to 3) questioning them, sometimes individually & sometimes as a group. I vary the questions such as: - What is this component? - Where is this component? - How does the component work? - What is this part going to feel like?

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There are countless educational and fun activities for you and your students to enjoy both at the Center and throughout Point Reyes. The National Park Service also offers a variety of ranger-led education programs available by advance registration including habitat restoration projects, a visit to Kule Loklo (a Coastal Miwok Village), whale watching at the headlands, and tours of the Point Reyes Lighthouse. Self-guided opportunities, including the Earthquake Trail, the Morgan Horse Ranch, and the three visitor centers in the park, are valuable educational resources as well. Teachers are encouraged to view the seven Creating Coastal Stewardship through Science Curriculum Guides that are available to middle school science teachers. Each of these guides is aligned with the State and National Science Standards. They strive to help students understand scientific inquiry and stewardship of special places and may be used throughout the Park. Get help from your predecessors. Download an example of a schedule of activities (153 KB PDF) that previous teachers created for their visits.

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Museum of Guo state The tomb of Guo state, a cemetery of of Western Zhou and Spring and Autumn period, is the only neatly arrayed and perfectly conserved cemetery with large scale and all the classes of people. It measures 324,500 square meters in total. Since 1956 when it was discovered, people found out over 800 sites of various kinds and nearly 30,000 unearthed antiques. In particular the two monarches' tombs discovered in the 1990s, thanks to their large amount of unearthed antiques, high values and high status of the people in the tomb, were appraised as one of the new discoveries in China for consecutive two years and were nominated on the list of 100 new discoveries in China during the 20th century. The basic exhibits are: unearthed antiques from the tomb of Guo state, unearthed antiques from the tomb of the queen in Guo state, the under ground relic groups of chariots and soldiers and the relic group of the tomb of the third prince. The most magnificent are the pit of chariots and soldiers and the prince's tomb. The exhibition hall contains No.1 pit, No.2 pit and No.3 pit. The three pits are closely connected together with soldiers standing in array. They are the earliest company tombs in China, even earlier than the Terra Cotta Warriors in Qin Dynasty for 600~700 years. They are considered as the largest underground chariot pits in China. The magnificent king tomb reflects the bury custom and hierarchy in Western Zhou. What's more, there are many jade wares being shaped like living things, taken as a tool to close dead people's eyes in Spring and Autumn Period, such as jade veil shaping like man's facial organs and delicate jade wears that can be worn around the neck. The iron sword with bronze core and jade hilt is regarded as the first sword in China, indicating the history of our smelting industry is 200 years earlier than we thought. The museum is uniquely built with delicate and sumptuous treasure and magnificent underground battle array. Besides, as the birthplace of Guo family, the place receives many visitors with the family name every year. The Guo state used to be an enfeoffment of a royal family member in the early period of Western Zhou. Thanks to its great military power and brave soldiers, the state won the appreciation of the royal family and had great influence over the neighbourhood. In the late Western Zhou, it was moved to Sanmenxia from Shaanxi province, and founded the capital in Shangyang. Later it offended Jin kingdom by sparing no effort in protecting the authority of the king in Guo state. In 655 B.C, Jin kingdom fooled the state by sending troops from Yu kingdom and finally destroyed the state. - Location: On North Ring road at Hubin district of the city of Sanmenxia, Henan province, 1.5 kilometers from the city center. - Feature: The museum of Guo state is a relic-themed museum combined with antique display, relic exhibition and garden view besides the tomb of Guo state in Western Zhou. Guidance for Visitors The services provided by the museum are as follows: Interpreting service: in Mandarin and English language Parking service: the parking lot stands in front of the museum gate, therefore it is very convenient. - Shopping service: we sell souvenirs that are mainly mimics of unearth antiquity of Guo state. Opening time: 9:00-18:30 in summer and spring (April 1st ~October 30th ) 9:00-17:30 in autumn and winter (November 1st~ March 30th ) - Traffic routes: take No.1 bus at Sanmenxia railway station, No.6 bus at the entrance of Sanmenxia highway, or No.5 bus, No.1 Shaan bus at the west railway station of Sanmenxia.

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Organic gardening is popular today, and for good reason: It works wonderfully! Organic gardeners shun the use of synthetic chemicals to keep their yards free from potential hazards. But the real success of organic gardens lies in the methods used to keep plants growing vigorously, without a heavy reliance on sprays. Organic gardening cuts right to the heart of the matter: soil. Soil is the life force of the garden. When enriched with organic matter, the soil becomes moist, fertile, and airy -- ideal for healthy plants. It also nourishes a rich population of beneficial organisms such as earthworms and nutrient-releasing bacteria. And it harbors root-extending fungi that help make growing conditions optimal. Organic gardeners also stress problem prevention in the garden. Putting plants in the right amount of sun, along with suitable soil, proper spacing, and ideal planting and watering, allows most plants to thrive with minimal upsets. Techniques For A Natural Garden Encourage the balance of nature at all times, and imitate the laws of nature to your benefit. When gardening by the moon, all normal rules for gardening apply, especially the health of your soil! Lunar planting has been proven to be more effective in organic, non-chemically treated soil. There is no substitute for creating a wonderfully rich microclimate by continually adding organic matter to your growing beds. This creates a living system that includes microbes to break down the soil, and adds nutrients and nitrogen content. This is the backbone of healthy, disease resistant plants. Think of your garden as a complete ecosystem that includes life and decay in the soil, the needs of the plants, and insect life cycle as well. Work in harmony with nature to duplicate and replenish the essential elements at the base of the food chain. Protect our bee population!In order to create a more disease and pest free environment, try to cultivate favorable conditions for beneficial insects, butterflies and bees. Encourage a diverse environment where they will live, reproduce and prosper to do the work of bug control for you. Avoid chemical sprays, opting for the least invasive methods of control, such as hand picking pests, or using insecticidal soap, which, although it will kill the good bugs on contact, won't leave harmful residue and lasting effects. Provide crops that offer food and homes. These include many herbs like dill and parsley, yarrow, nasturtium, angelica, evening primrose, baby blue eyes, strawflowers, daisies, cosmos, Queen Anne's lace, even weeds. Let some lettuce, parsley, cilantro or dill go to seed, then scatter the seeds around the garden. This keeps the butterflies happy, providing a continuous supply of food (for both of you!). Bees love borage, oregano and thyme and are necessary for plant pollination. Switching To Organic Gardening If you have been chemically dependant for a long time, you need to make the changes in stages, because you have created a situation where the plants are artificially protected by those chemicals. They only get nutrients from what you feed it, and none from the natural breaking down of matter. If you take that away without compensating for it you could have problems. Too much nitrogen from chemical fertilizers can weaken plants. Even though they may look lush for a while, if they are putting too much energy into leaf growth, the resistance to disease suffers. The first step is to increase the health of the soil, so it becomes alive again. You need to add as much organic matter as you can. If you don't have snow on the ground it is not too late to do this. Pile on the shredded leaves, mulch, and manure and just let them break down over winter. Soon you will attract the worms, helpful fungi and other tiny creature that feed on the soil and break it down for you. Healthy soil has trace minerals, which can be added through powders like kelp meal or bone meal, and gives a slow steady supply of nutrients. When the soil is improved, then you can back off the chemicals. If the soil is not compacted, the worms will even do the work of turning it in for you. I encourage you to create permanent beds that are never walked on. This concentrates the good amendments in one area. Keeping it uncompacted will pay off in the ease of turning, and the health of the root systems of plants. You don't even need to have solid sides to the bed. Just mound the soil to a width that you can reach across, and treat it as sacred ground. You need to replenish the nutrients that the plants have used every season. At least an inch of compost a year is a good rule of thumb. You can get the upper hand on weeds by hoeing or pulling them young, and then adding mulch to smother them. For bugs, start early, before populations multiply, with the least invasive method first. Pick off and squish beetles, cabbage loopers; rinse off aphids with a strong blast of water. If you really need something for a situation that has gotten out of hand, try an insecticidal soap, or if you are desperate, Neem. Floating row covers are a great thing too. They are light weight blankets that create a protective barrier so the buggers can't get to your plants . Seal the edges well with dirt so they can't get in. Compost is crucial, it is not difficult to start a compost pile, especially if you are not in a hurry. The basic formula is to layer equal parts brown matter (straw, dried leaves) and green matter (grass clippings, plant matter, kitchen scraps, manure). Keep wet, but not too wet. The more you turn it, the faster it will work, but it will work eventually. Rot happens! Remember to do succession plantings, especially of quick crops like lettuce, bush beans, radishes, spinach, carrots, and beets. That means planting again, as your first crop is reaching maturity. This will keep you in continual harvest during your season. Stay attuned to the seasons. You can start seeds inside under lights or in a greenhouse, and have them ready to go in the ground when the time and temperature are right. Don't be afraid to plant beyond the usual times if it looks mild, or to use row covers and cold frames to extend the season. Or you may hope for a late warm spell in fall and see if you can get in another crop. Use the microclimates created by overhead cover, ground slope or bodies of water to plant marginal crops that need a warmer spot. Working with the forces of nature tips the balance in your favor. Use your own judgment when planting by the moon Life is full, however, and sometimes you just can't plant at the perfect time. You may have to choose if it is best to plant in the correct moon phase, or a fertile sign of the zodiac, as your time allows. Or if you have to plant in the wrong phase, at least give it any advantage possible by working in the fruitful signs. It may be more important to plant before a storm comes, before the plant has outgrown its container or before it is too late in the season. Feel free to use your best judgment. How To Make Compost * Make compost the lazy way by layering leaves, lawn clippings, and kitchen waste. Then simply leave it until it's ready. Nature's recyclers will take organic matter no matter how it is presented and turn it into rich, dark compost. This process just takes longer in an untended pile.To begin your compost heap, dump yard scraps in a far corner of the yard. An ideal blend would be equal amounts of soft or green material (manure and fresh leaves) and brown or hard material (dead leaves and chopped twigs). Or, if you prefer, keep the compost materials neatly contained in a wooden slat or wire mesh bin. If you put an access door on the bottom of the bin, you can scoop out the finished compost at the bottom while the rest is still decaying. * Add compost starter or good garden soil to a new compost pile to help jump-start the decay of organic materials.Compost starter, available in garden centers or from mail-order garden catalogues, contains decay-causing microorganisms. Some brands also contain nutrients, enzymes, hormones, and other stimulants that help decomposers work as fast as possible. Special formulations can be particularly helpful for hard-to-compost, woody material like wood chips and sawdust or for quick decay of brown leaves. * Good garden or woodland soil, although not as high-tech or as expensive as compost starter, contains native decomposers well able to tackle a compost pile. Sprinkle it among the yard scraps as you are building the pile. * Use perforated PVC pipes to aerate compost piles. An ideal compost pile will reach three to four feet high, big enough to get warm from the heat of decay. Why is heat important? High temperatures -- when a pile is warm enough to steam on a cool morning -- semi-sterilize the developing compost, killing disease spores, hibernating pests, and weed seeds.But the problem is that in order for decomposers to work efficiently enough to create heat, they need plenty of air -- and not just at the surface of the pile. Aeration is traditionally provided by fluffing or turning the pile with a pitchfork, which can be hard work. But with a little advance planning and a perforated pipe, this can be avoided. * Start a compost pile on a bed of branched sticks that will allow air to rise from below. Add a perforated pipe in the center, building layers of old leaves, grass clippings, and other garden leftovers around it. The air will flow through the pipe into the pile. * Use on-site composting for easy soil improvement. Gather up old leaves, livestock manure, and/or green vegetable scraps and let them lie in or beside the garden until they rot, then work them into the soil. Or just heap them on the garden in the fall and till them into the soil. They will be decayed by spring. You can also dig a hole, dump in the yard waste, cover it with a little soil, and let it rot in privacy.

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A banana Tree as a house plant, some would think this was a crazy idea but they are very commonly used on an office desk or window sill or even in a corner decoration. They are not really trees either but they are a large perennial herb that bare edible fruit that are much like the bananas you can buy at a farmers market or store just a bit shorter. These can get as tall as 4 to 7 feet in height and need the same care as the larger banana trees needs. There are different types of Dwarf Banana Trees. I will go into details for different types of these plants. The type that I am about to tell you how to care for is like a Musa the Dwarf Cavendish banana tree These Dwarf Banana Trees are just like most bananas trees and likes warm weather in places where the temperature does not get below 65 degrees making the indoors a perfect place for them to thrive on. They like full light but they manage just fine in partly shady areas but they still need to be placed where they can get some sun light and they will still produce fruit but not as much or as large as if it would do in full sun. If you are planting them for decorative foliage then it is best to let them be grown in 30 to about 60 percent shaded areas because the leaves will be more of a darker green and will keep their deep dark colors year around. If you want them for their fruits only then full sun is the best but their leaves will turn slightly yellow baring more fruits. When picking the right pot for your Dwarf Banana Tree take in consideration how big they will get and that they need plenty of room for the roots to spread out. So the bigger the pot the better results you will have with them. You can start them out in a small container but as they grow you will need to keep re-potting them until they are fully grown. Watering is very important to this plant for it is well known for root rot and fungal infection. So make sure that the soil is perfect for them. Soil for them needs to be at a pH balance of 5.5 to about 7.0 and will stay moist but not wet. The root rot and fungal infection will increase ten times if they are over watered or stays wet to long the Dwarf Banana Tree will take well at all to being flooded and will die fast if they are watered to much. The soil needs to be almost dry but still moist before the next watering time for them. If a Dwarf Banana Tree is out doors in full sun they will use allot more water and allow them to dry slightly before re-watering. When growing these out doors they do much better with more water but still do not flood them and do not let them set in soppy water to long. Fertilizer should be applied to your Dwarf Banana Tree at least once a month. The best fertilizer is 8-10-8 and higher in phosphorus and pour it around your plant evenly. With young Dwarf Banana Trees you should mix the fertilizer about a quarter to a third weaker then the directions says to. Give about a quarter to a third of what you would give to a mature Dwarf Banana Tree. Also remember that when pouring liquid fertilizer for your plant, never let it touch the plants leaves or stems. Also pour it as far from the plant as you can. If it touches the plant it will burn it up. This is not just for this plant but for all plants. If you have planted your Dwarf Banana Tree out side and your winter months gets below 28 degrees then it would be best that you plant them in a container so they can be brought indoors for the winter time. If you have mild winters and the night time temps do not get below 28 degrees then they will be fine all that you will have to do is bring some dirt up the around the stalk and maybe wrap a blanket around it which will maintain enough heat to keep it from dying. Even planting them under an eve or on the warmest side of the house can help to shelter them from the frost and keep them getting damaged. Ok as I said there are different types of Dwarf Banana Trees One is called Ice Cream. They can survive out in the cold for a short period of time. The bananas they give have a hint of a vanilla taste to them. Dwarf Red bananas that has a peachy taste to them. They are short and takes a small a space. Dwarf Green Red banana plant banana tree. This a green plant that has red markings through out its plants leaves and bananas. The fruits are very sweet tasting to the tongue. Rowe Red Banana Tree bares fruits that you can not eat and can live in cold climates. This is only a decorative foliage plant and will only grow to about 3 to 5 feet in height. Hawaiian Red Iholena banana trees. With its beautiful burgundy colors on it is not just a decorative foliage but the fruits are very tasty and can be picked right off the tree and ate and the fruits can be dehydrated and cooked with. This one of the prettiest bananas trees there are. There are tons more. I have only listed a few of them with a brief description. Just remember when you decide to plant one or more of these beautiful plants read up on what type you are getting and make sure that the fruits are edible or not. Written by Tasha Slone, Copyright 2011 HousePlantsForYou.com

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The Human Immunodeficiency Virus, or has been around for over 30 years. In that time it has caused the death of millions and infected millions more. Current estimates put total worldwide infections at around 33.1 million people. But what is it? Where did it come from? And why haven’t we been able to stop it? HIV is now believed to be a descendant of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus, a virus that only affected monkeys. SIV is believed to be over 32,000 years old. Somehow, the virus managed to cross over to humans in the form of what we now know to be HIV. There are theories of how SIV crossed over to HIV, but nothing has been proven yet. The phenomenon isn’t unknown, and isn’t restricted to HIV. The process itself is called “zoonosis.” The first HIV cases were found in the US in 1980. A few gay men in California and New York developed illnesses that seemed immune to treatment. Each was treated in isolation, until doctors realized that there was a common theme. The discovery prompted extensive testing, and the HIV virus was identified. It was soon after that the link between HIV and AIDS was also identified. It took a while to convince many, indeed, some “experts” still dispute that fact that HIV and are linked. However, it is commonly believed that HIV leads to AIDS. What is it? HIV is a lentivirus, which attacks the immune system. It is part of the retrovirus strain that attacks animals and humans alike. HIV seems unique, but shares many common factors with Simian Immunodeficiency Virus or SIV. The HIV virus is a roughly spherical cell that can only been seen through an electron microscope. It is surrounded by a membrane with tiny spikes made up of proteins. The core of the cell is bullet-shaped and contains the three enzymes needed to replicate the virus. There are also two copies of the RNA, essential for replication. The inclusion of this RNA is one of the reasons HIV is so difficult to treat. It is much more complicated than other viruses like influenza. The HIV cell has nine genes. Three of the genes, called gag, pol and env, containneeded to make structural proteins for new virus particles. The other six genes, known as tat, rev, nef, vif, vpr and vpu, code for proteins that control the ability of HIV to infect a cell, produce new copies of virus, or cause disease. At first, there are no symptoms. A lentivirus literally means “slow virus.” It sits in the body and works very slowly. That’s why many of those infected have no idea they have the disease. It’s perfectly possible to remain asymptomatic for up to 20 years, while other, rare cases can develop symptoms after a couple of years. The average period is between 8 and 10 years before symptoms develop. Within weeks of infection, some people can develop symptoms of primary or acute infection which typically have been described as a “mononucleosis” or “influenza” like illness. This can range from minimal fever, aches, and pains to very severe symptoms. It is important to not however, that not everyone develops these symptoms. Currently, we have no idea why that is. The primary infection then fades, and the person will become asymptomatic again. Infected people develop a severe reduction in a type of cell in the blood (CD4 cells) that is an important part of the immune system. These cells, often referred to as T cells, help the body fight infections. After the primary infection has passed, the CD4 cells will gradually decline, and with it the immune system. Sufferers may develop the mild symptoms of HIV such as vaginal or oral thrush, fungal infections of the nails, a white brush-like border on the sides of tongue called hairy leukoplakia, chronic rashes, diarrhea, fatigue, and weight loss. It’s important to realize that it isn’t HIV that kills. It merely opens the door to opportunistic diseases to come in and take over. The reduction of T cells reduces the body’s capacity to fight infection, which results in failing health, and eventually death. For the longest time, there was no effective treatment for those infected with HIV. Drug therapies have advanced to where antiviral drugs can be used to reduce the spread, and treat some symptoms of the virus. Initially we were only able to treat the symptoms of the disease and not the disease itself. Treatment consisted of fighting the opportunistic infections that were able to attack the body once the T cells were depleted. Modern treatment of HIV is all about suppression. The virus still does not have a cure. Combination therapy is now available to reduce the virulence of the infection and to keep it under control. These consist of antiretroviral drugs that suppress the growth of HIV cells in the body. The problem with this treatment is that it’s expensive. It isn’t available to poorer parts of society and it’s those parts that are most at risk. There is of course, Medicaid and Medicare, but even those resources are finite. Much work is still ongoing to find more and better treatments for the virus. Discoveries are being made all the time, which will eventually still filter down though society. The problem is that those most at risk from HIV infection are also the ones without access to healthcare. With our health system only catering to those who can afford it, vulnerable people often have to go without treatment. The Ryan White Program and the AIDS Drug Assistance Program are directed at those without insurance or access to drugs. As always, funding is limited so these programs have to do what they can with what they have. That often means waiting lists, and going without for some. The continued funding for these programs is good news for HIV sufferers. The Affordable Care Act should also widen access to healthcare. However, limited funding and an ever-growing demand will put even these programs under severe pressure over the coming years.

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By DREW HINSHAW NKUNTESE, Ghana—Beside a coconut farm in this lush mountain town squats the signature endeavor of Ghana's Space Science and Technology Center. It is a satellite dish, rusted and infested with bees, that technicians hope to convert into a stargazing radio telescope. In May, this West African country became the latest on the continent to set up a space program, highlighting how governments here are turning to private companies and regional economic power South Africa for a lift into space. Nigeria, Kenya and Uganda also are stepping into space—using shoestring budgets to create high-tech jobs, get satellite data on their landscapes and inspire citizens to study science. A decade ago, African governments remained too broke and space exploration prohibitively expensive. Now, amid a continental economic boom, the world's poorest continent is getting richer as space exploration is getting cheaper. Sub-Saharan Africa's economy managed 5.3% growth this year, inflating the coffers, and space ambitions, of government. That shift, the thinking goes, creates opportunities for companies positioned to supply and advise Africa's niche space programs. One such company is Britain's Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd., which last year helped Nigeria engineer two satellites that are photographing the country's shrinking farmland. The data help farmers and central bankers alike rework finances ahead of drought. Scientists from Kenya and Ghana are also talking to Surrey about smaller, suitcase-size satellites that will survey their farmland. "Around Africa, there's a whole lot of up-and-coming countries…looking to do things," says Owen Hawkins, Surrey's business-development manager. In Uganda, the country's African Space Research Program is working independently, funded entirely by wealthy citizens. Working out of a donor's backyard, the $45 million program wants to launch a camera-equipped satellite next year. "We're building this ourselves, we've never consulted anybody," says Chris Nsamba, who runs the program. "In Uganda…we teach ourselves how to do something." Critics say Uganda and other African countries would get more data, more economically, by buying it from foreign satellites. And Africa's engineers would get more technical experience, faster, if governments dispatched them to space programs abroad, says Ashitey Trebi-Ollennu, a Ghanaian who is a senior robotics engineer at the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. "In this part of the world, they have this uncanny probability of starting certain projects and never finishing," he says. "It's dotted all around the continent." Kofi Ashilevi, director of Ghana's Space Center, says his country's interests wouldn't be represented adequately in NASA projects and local engineers wouldn't win leadership roles. Plus, Mr. Ashilevi says, he wants to inspire African school children to venture into space someday. He also hopes to open a space museum. "Something that makes science more enticing so that they can grab onto it at that tender age…that's my dream," says Mr. Ashilevi, shuffling his dress shoes through the overgrown grass around the unfinished space-center headquarters. Until May Mr. Ashilevi ran a small vocational school. Now he runs a space program that will seek $5 billion in funding from international donors. The center is still assembling the funding proposals. The first step is to make a radio telescope out of the Nkuntese telecommunications dish, which was commissioned in 1981 and donated to Ghana's government last year by Vodafone Group PLC. The dish will pick up radiation drifting to Earth from the first 400,000 years of time. For South Africa, which is helping to fund the Nkuntese renovation, Ghana's vantage point offers an expansive view of the Milky Way. The 2,500 miles between the two countries would help in triangulating data on the quasars and deep-space radiation flare-ups that scientists hope to observe with the telescopes, says Anita Loots, a South African radio astronomer. First, the telescope needs a lot of work. Engineers will have to mend the leaky roof, replace the rusted legs of the 260-ton dish and get rid of nesting bees. Next, workers must verify that the dish can move. Telecom antennas sit idle for months, but radio telescopes must swivel quickly to calibrate against distant stars. The motherboard for a control panel recently caught fire when technicians tried to steer the dish. In January engineers will test every bolt to ensure that the dish can brake without toppling over. If all goes well, South Africa will convert idle antennas in Kenya, Zambia, and Madagascar into a continentwide network of telescopes. That would be a prelude for the Square Kilometer Array—a $1.87 billion telescope nest, the world's biggest, based in South Africa. Come 2025, South Africa would like to build at least one other, much more sophisticated telescope up in Ghana's north for the array. Scientists at that facility would track radiation hinting at how the universe began, says Ms. Loots, who is an associate director for the Square Kilometer Array. But first, Ghana's Space Center needs a good welder to mend bolts on the Nkuntese dish. The preferred candidate let his certification expire and needs cash for his recertification test. At a recent conference of Ghanaian space engineers, a visiting South African official agreed to lend the $200 for that to happen. Write to Drew Hinshaw at email@example.com

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Wesleyan student to follow in footsteps of Freedom Riders MIDDLETOWN — In May 1961, groups of students known as Freedom Riders started taking bus trips into the Southern U.S., to challenge segregation laws. Fifty years later, another group of students has set out to retrace their path. Davy Knittle, a Wesleyan University senior majoring in English and African American studies, was one of 40 students from around the country selected for the trip. About 1,000 applied. In the 10-day trip, Knittle and the other students will travel throughout the South, visiting many of the same places the original Freedom Riders went in 1961. The end of the trip will coincide with the release of a new PBS documentary about the 1961 trips, by filmmaker Stanley Nelson. A lot has changed since 1961, Knittle said, and one of the biggest developments is social media. During the ride, Knittle said, he and the other Freedom Riders will be working on blogs and videos, and keeping followers updated via Twitter. Each day, they’ll stop at a college campus or community center, to meet with people and talk about the work they’re doing. Some of the original Freedom Riders will join them for parts of the ride, which Knittle said he’s looking forward to. “I’m really excited for the conversation,” he said. “The work they’re doing is very exciting.” Knittle received a Watson Fellowship for next year. He’ll be living in three cities — Toronto, Quito and Sydney, to study modern cities. His ultimate goal is to be a professor of African-American studies. Knittle, who grew up in Philadelphia, said he knew he wanted to study the black experience in the United States when he started as Wesleyan. Sometimes, he said, people think it’s strange for “a little white guy” to be studying African-American studies, but Knittle said he just views it as American studies. Knittle’s goal for the Freedom Ride is to study the way students can use social media and art forms like poetry for activism, which he said will help him and others in the future. There are other angles to his work as well, including the way activists use physical spaces. Being in the physical locations where important events in the civil rights movement happened will bring a new meaning to what he’s learned about them. “My hope is that students will go back and say ‘This is what we need to do now,’” he said. “‘Here are ways we can write about this.’” To follow Knittle on the trip, visit www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/freedomriders/2011/. Nelson’s documentary will premiere on PBS on Monday, May 16. Claire Michalewicz can be reached by email at email@example.com. See inaccurate information in a story? Other feedback and/or ideas for us to consider? Tell us here. Location, ST | website.com National News Videos - Portland, Middletown arrests (777) - Middletown woman facing charges after cops find pills, paraphernalia in her purse (531) - Portland seniors say farewell to high school (441) - Route 17 in Durham to get new traffic signal (345) - Ex-Middletown man pleads guilty in fraud case (325) - Middletown to participate in statewide storm drill Thursday (205) - Middletown woman giving back through her illustrations (157) Recent Activity on Facebook Reports from Connecticut Group Editor Matt DeRienzo. The Connecticut State Politics blog covers all the news from the seat of Connecticut's government and the state's elected leaders with original reporting from Journal Register Connecticut staff, links to stories from other media and blogs, press releases, statements and more.

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NLP was originally developed during the early 1970s by linguistics professor John Grinder and psychology and mathematics student Richard Bandler, both of the University of California at Santa Cruz. Studying the well-known psychotherapist Virginia Satir, the hypnotherapist Milton Erickson, the anthropologist Gregory Bateson, and others whom they considered “charismatic superstars” in their fields, Grinder and Bandler identified psychological, linguistic and behavioral characteristics that they said contributed to the greatness of these individuals. On the other hand, they found that persons experiencing emotional difficulties could be similarly identified by posture, breathing pattern, choice of words, voice tone, eye movements, body language, and other characteristics. Grinder and Bandler then focused on using these indicators to analyze and alter patterns of thought and behavior. After publishing their findings in two books in 1975, Grinder and Bandler parted company with them-selves, with a number of other collaborators, and with the University of California, continuing their work on NLP outside the formal world of academia. As a result, NLP split into a number of competing schools. Popularized by television “infomercial” personality Anthony Robbins and others, NLP was quickly adopted in management and self-improvement circles. During the 1990s, there was growing interest in NLP’s healing potential. Neurolinguistic programming has been used to change the limiting beliefs of patients about their prospects of recovery from a wide variety of medical conditions including Parkinson’s disease, AIDS, migraines, arthritis, and cancer. Practitioners claim to be able to cure most phobias in less than one hour, and to help in making lifestyle changes regarding exercise, diet, smoking, etc. NLP has also been used to treat allergies. In other fields, claimed benefits include improved relationships, communication, motivation, and business performance. In a health-care context, practitioners of neurolinguistic programming first seek to identify the negative attitudes and beliefs with which a client has been “programmed” since birth. This is accomplished by asking questions and observing physical responses such as changes in skin color, muscle tension, etc. Then, a wide variety of techniques is employed to “reprogram” limiting beliefs. For example, clients with chronic illness such as AIDS or cancer might be asked to displace the despair and loss of identity caused by the disease by visualizing themselves in vigorous health. Treatment by NLP practitioners is often of shorter duration than that of other alternative practitioners, but NLP self-help seminars and courses can be quite expensive. For those who wish to try self-treatment with NLP, a wide variety of books, audio tapes, and videos are available. NLP is particularly popular in the self-improvement and career-development fields, and some trainers and practitioners have little experience in its use for healing. Practitioners should be specifically asked about this. Because NLP is intended to enhance the healing process, it should not be used independently of other healing methods. In all cases of serious illness, a physician should be consulted. NLP is believed to be generally free of harmful side effects. Research and general acceptance Although some physicians and mental health practitioners employ principles of neurolinguistic programming, the field is generally considered outside of mainstream medical practice and academic thinking.

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The particular skeletal remains known as Charlotte or the Charlotte whale, named for the town where it was discovered, became the official state fossil of Vermont when Governor Howard Dean signed House Bill No. 236 at a ceremony at the Charlotte Central School in Charlotte, Vermont. The white whale (Delphinapterus leucas) was designated the state fossil by Act No. 66 (1993). It is a toothed whale recognized by its brilliant white to grey-white color, prominent forehead knob or "melon", and lack of a dorsal fin. The Charlotte whale was uncovered during construction of the first railroad between Rutland and Burlington in 1849. This specimen dates from approximately 12,500 years ago when the Atlantic Ocean flooded the Champlain Basin, which was depressed below sea level by huge glacial ice sheets, inundating it with marine waters. For 2500 years following that, this region existed as an arm of the Atlantic Ocean known as the Champlain Sea. This particular whale contains the most complete post-cranial remains of the Champlain specimens yet found. ------- from Office of the Secretary of State, Vermont Legislative Directory and State Manual, Biennial Session, 1993-1994, p. 24. The skeletal remains of the white whale (Charlotte whale) are held by University of Vermont's Perkins Geology Museum. The following information was excerpted from the Vermont Statutes Online, title 1, chapter 11, section 509. Title 1: General Provisions Chapter 11: FLAG, INSIGNIA, SEAL, ETC. 1 V.S.A. § 509. State fossil § 509. State fossil The state fossil shall be the white whale fossilized skeleton at the University of Vermont's Perkins Geology Museum. (Added 1993, No. 66, § 1, eff. June 6, 1993.) The State of Vermont. The Vermont State Legislature. House Bill No. 236. Montpelier: The State of Vermont, 1993. Web. <http://www.leg.state.vt.us/database/status/summary.cfm?Bill=H.0236&Session=1994>. "Vermont Emblems, Facts and Figures." Vermont Department of Libraries. State of Vermont, n.d. Web. 18 Feb 2012. <http://libraries.vermont.gov/general/emblems>. "Vermont Statutes Online." Vermont State Legislature. Vermont State Legislature, n.d. Web. 17 Feb 2012. <http://www.leg.state.vt.us/statutesMain.cfm>. Shearer, Benjamin F. and Barbara S. State Names, Seals, Flags and Symbols: A Historical Guide Third Edition, Revised and Expanded. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 3 Sub edition, 2001. Charlotte, The Vermont Whale: By Wesley Wright, Jeff Howe and Enterprise Technology Services, University of Vermont. Beluga Whales, Delphinapterus leucas: MarineBio Conservation Society. Delphinapterus leucas (Pallas, 1776): Convention on Migratory species, whales and dolphins. Delphinapterus leucas (Beluga): Smithsonian Museum of Natural History - North American Mammals. Delphinapterus leucas (beluga): The University of Michigan Museum of Zoology: Animal Diversity Web. Delphinapterus leucas - (Pallas, 1776), Beluga: A network connecting science with conservation - NatureServe Explorer: An Online Encyclopedia of Life. Delphinapterus leucas (Pallas, 1776): Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Here you will find authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of North America and the world. The Perkins Geology Museum at the University of Vermont: Official website. State fossils: Complete list of official state fossils from NETSTATE.COM. More symbols & emblems: Complete list of official Vermont state symbols from NETSTATE.COM. Stately Fossils: A Comprehensive Look at the State Fossils and Other Official Fossils, by Stephen Brusatte. 234 pages, Fossil News (September 2002) This extensively illustrated volume covers every U.S. state fossil, state dinosaur, and state stone or gem that is a fossil. Taxonomy, morphology, paleoecology, history of discoveries, and even legislative antics are discussed. This is the only book available covering the state fossils. Beluga Passage (Smithsonian Oceanic Collection), by Linda Lingemann. 32 pages. Publisher: Soundprints; 1st edition (September 1996) Reading level: Preschool to grade 2. Beluga Calf and her pod encounter frightening polar bears, sea lions, and orcas on their hunt for food. Will Beluga Calf and her pod survive the many dangers of the ocean? Children can find out as this thrilling adventure unfolds! Reviewed by the Smithsonian Institution for accuracy, Beluga Passage is a fun and informative story with beautifully detailed illustrations. Beluga Whales (Worldlife Library), by Tony Martin. 72 pages. Publisher: Voyageur Press, Inc.; (September 1996) An engaging introduction to this small, charismatic whale, Beluga Whales explores the beluga's evolution, physical characteristics, distribution, migration, behavior, and social structure. Belugas, or white whales, are particularly familiar to us as exhibits in captive displays around the world. They are capable of a wide range of bodily and facial expressions. Anthony Martin discusses the practical and moral issues raised by keeping belugas in captivity. Whaling, hunting by native Arctic peoples, and pollution of our seas and waterways is also discussed. In addition, Martin acquaints readers with whale-watching, providing details of where, when and how to get close to belugas in their natural environment. Lavishly illustrated throughout with the best available images of this photogenic whale, Beluga Whales will appeal to a wide audience of nature lovers.

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RUSSELL CREEK (EASTLAND COUNTY) RUSSELL CREEK (Eastland County). Russell Creek rises two miles southeast of Ranger in northeastern Eastland County (at 32°26' N, 98°39' W) and runs seven miles northeast to its mouth on the North Fork of Palo Pinto Creek, just north of Tucker Lake in southwestern Palo Pinto County (at 32°32' N, 98°34' W). The stream is dammed near the county line to form a lake with a capacity of 2,000 acre-feet. The reservoir is owned by the town of Ranger and used to furnish a municipal water supply. A second dam, in southwestern Palo Pinto County, forms a reservoir of 1,200 acre-feet capacity owned by the town of Strawn and used to furnish municipal water supply. The area's rolling hills are surfaced by clay and sandy loams that support live oak, juniper, short grasses, and shrubs. The following, adapted from the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, is the preferred citation for this article."RUSSELL CREEK (EASTLAND COUNTY)," Handbook of Texas Online (http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/rbrbe), accessed May 21, 2013. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.

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LEAF (Linking Environment And Farming) welcomes the UK National Ecosystem Assessment (UK NEA) funded by Defra. It shows that farmers who manage 75% of the land in the UK are vital in the delivery of more than just food and that the natural environment contributes to the economic and social prosperity of the countryside. This is exactly what LEAF stands for and has campaigned for over the last twenty years. Linking the environment and farming and the importance of integrating food production, environmental health and social acceptance across the whole farm, through Integrated Farm Management (IFM). Farmers are helping to provide affordable, safe food whilst protecting and enhancing the environment for the benefit of wildlife, the public and the countryside. The report talks about an integrated approach to delivery of ecosystem services. LEAF’s IFM does exactly this. Through LEAF’s work, everyone has the opportunity to visit a farm and see how their food is grown and how farmers are looking after the countryside. Hundreds of people will be able to discover life on Britain’s farm on Open Farm Sunday, on the 12th June.A further project, Let Nature Feed Your Senses’, provides opportunities for disabled and disengaged people to get out into the countryside and learn about food production and its links with nature. Shoppers can also actively encourage farmers to do more to enhance the environment by asking for and buying LEAF Marque produce whenever they go shopping. LEAF Marque gives consumers the choice to buy into a better environment. The findings of the UK National Ecosystem Assessment send out important and positive messages for the farming industry. The challenge now is to ensure these messages are recognized in the market place.

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A new lab technique for replicating DNA may be reminiscent of the way the first such molecules on Earth copied themselves. In the 10 October PRL a team demonstrates DNA replication using convection currents to transport DNA molecules through changing temperatures. The experiment simulates conditions around volcanic ocean vents, say the researchers, and suggests that such temperature extremes may have been the key to the earliest attempts at reproduction. A DNA molecule is made of two complementary strands that fit together like the two sides of a ladder. If the sides become separated, a polymerase protein can help each strand gather fragments of DNA floating nearby and assemble them into partner strands that stick to the originals, making two complete copies of the molecule. Theorists have suggested that early biological molecules similar to DNA may have been able to perform this procedure without help from an enzyme. But this replication process cannot occur if the temperature remains constant. The standard laboratory method for copying DNA requires many cycles of heating the apparatus above 90 degrees Celsius for the separation step and cooling below 60 degrees Celsius for the assembly step. Recently researchers have proposed that volcanic vents in the ocean might have provided these temperature contrasts. Hot water spews from a vent and then cools quickly in the much colder ocean water, then sinks and heats up again. The circular current that results is called a convection cell. The replication may have occurred in smaller-scale convection cells that can form in cracks and chambers within nearby porous rock. Dieter Braun of Rockefeller University in New York City and his colleagues demonstrated this scenario in the lab with a simple convection chamber. Using an infrared laser, they heated the center of a box filled with water, DNA, and polymerase. As the fluid heated, it flowed away from the center to the air-cooled outer edges of the box, and then cycled back to the hot center. As the DNA cycled through the different temperature zones, the molecule replicated at an exponentially increasing rate over several minutes. The team found that with a box about a centimeter large and thermostatically controlled heating, they could produce very smooth currents that seemed to be the most effective environment for DNA replication. Roberto Piazza of Milan Polytechnic in Italy calls the Rockefeller team’s method “simple, ingenious, and elegant.” According to Mike Russell of the Scottish Environmental Research Center in Glasgow, “the Rockefeller group have leapfrogged” several stages of “cook and look” experiments, in which researchers try to simulate biochemical precursors of life. He says the experiment supports the view that ocean vents may have been the initial environment for the emergence of life. However, Robert Hazen of the Carnegie Institution of Washington and NASA’s Astrobiology Institute cautions that no one has proposed a plausible way for DNA or other biomolecules to “bootstrap” into self-replication without specialized enzymes. Kim Krieger is a freelance science writer in Montreal.

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WORLD TRADE CENTER The following pictures illustrate details of the structure of the World Trade Center Towers which were attacked on 11th September 2001. Below, an early picture of the towers taken in 1974. The North Tower is to the left and the South Tower is to the right. The hotel in front of the South Tower overlooks the Hudson River. Below, the remains of the external columns and their horizontal stiffening members can be seen. Note that the columns were prefabricated into an assembly of three columns over a height of three storeys. These prefabricated sections were bolted together in-situ. The bolts unzipped at the horizontally spanning plates (known as spandrels) as shown below so as to reveal the original prefabricated sections. Further down this page, a diagram shows a cross section of one of these columns. The cross sections shows that three sides of each column were protected from fire by 2 inches of sprayed concrete whilst the fourth, the inner face, was protected from fire by a 2 inch layer of vermiculite plaster (lightweight plaster). The picture below shows that the sprayed concrete is still attached to the columns but the vermiculite plaster has gone. The picture below illustrates the extent of the devastation to the Towers and the surrounding buildings. The World Trade Center was owned by The Port Authority of New York & New Jersey. They had used the material excavated from the underground floors of the development as land reclamation material - go right to the end of this page to see the excavation in progress. The waterfront was originally along the line of West Street so numbers 2 & 3 World Financial Center are constructed on reclaimed land. THE FLOORING SYSTEM The diagram below shows how the truss beams supporting the insitu concrete floors are connected to the perimeter columns. The concrete floors are constructed over corrugated steel permanent formwork, The beams span all the way from the external columns to the building core a distance of 20m. This allows clear rentable space which can be configured at will using non-structural partitions. What are not shown below are dampers connecting the lower chord of each truss to the external columns. Further down this page, a diagram of the dampers shows how wind induced vibrations are damped out. Also, the illustration below is inaccurate in that it shows a truss arriving at each external column whereas in fact they met each second column as shown in the lower picture. At each second column, there were two parallel trusses spaced 7 inches apart. More accurate details of the floor are shown below. Each truss comprises four angle sections as the upper chord and two angle sections as the lower chord. The inclined members comprise a bent length of round bar which is welded between the angle sections. The bent bar protrudes above the upper angle sections and into the 4 inch thick concrete floor to act as a shear key. At the perimeter of the Towers, the lower chord is connected to the columns by the damper illustrated below. The corrugated steel decking directly above the trusses acts as permanent formwork and also acts compositely with the concrete to sustain floor loads. The damper drawn below connected the lower chords of each pair of floor supporting trusses to their external column support. The viscoelastic slabs sandwiched between steel plates acted as dampers to eliminate any feeling of motion for building occupants. Horizontal motion was converted to heat within the viscoelastic material. The picture below taken in 1970 shows the construction of the North Tower. Four cranes mounted on towers running all the way down to the ground in lift shafts within the core erect the external columns in their prefabricated sections. The core comprises steel beams and columns with reinforced concrete infill panels. Unusually, the core resisted vertical load only, the horizontal forces being resisted by the perimeter columns and their connecting spandrels. The core occupied a substantial part of each Tower because of the large number of lift shafts and stairways. There were 100 lifts in each tower functioning as follows. Vertical transport within each tower was built round the concept of Skylobbies. 23 high speed lifts took passengers to one of two Skylobbies on Floors 44 & 78 at 1,600 feet per minute. From there, 72 local lifts allowed access to all floors. A special express lift took passengers directly to the observation deck. There were four goods lifts. The floors directly above and below Skylobbies were accessed by escalators and goods lifts. The diagram below shows the passenger lifts. THE EXTERNAL COLUMNS The external columns carried some of the dead and imposed floor load (from those parts of the floor nearer the perimeter than the core) whilst the truss beams carried the remainder of the floor loading to the core. Unusually, the perimeter columns also carried the horizontal loads. The design took into account a wind gust of 140mph (63m/sec), whereas it is usual to design for only 100mph (45m/sec). Also, the designers allowed for impact by a Boeing 707 aircraft weighing 150 tons. This is why the North Tower survived for 90 minutes and the South Tower survived for 47 minutes. The dramatic final collapse of each tower was a result of the fire melting the steelwork in the core. Steel begins to soften at 800 degrees Celcius and the fire temperature was over 1000 degrees Celcius. The plates connecting the perimeter columns (shown in the first picture) are important in resisting horizontal forces. They prevent the perimeter columns from being pushed over within their own plane and so create a particularly torsion and bending resistant tube around the perimeter of each tower. There has been some criticism of the structural design of the towers but I believe it is misplaced. The towers were particularly strung, stable and robust. This is why they survived the impacts for sufficient time for upwards of 20,000 people to escape. Other buildings have suffered much less impact and have collapsed instantly. The way in which overturning is resisted is illustrated below. The picture below gives an impression of the size of the perimeter columns and the size of the windows between them. The view is from the restaurant at the top of the North Tower overlooking Brooklyn Bridge which spans the East River. Below, we can see the cross section of a perimeter column. Fire resistance is provided by 2 inches of sprayed concrete including ceramic fibres around three sides of each column. The interior face of each column is fire protected with 2 inches of vermiculite plaster. Aluminium covers surround each column and the window frames are fixed to these covers. Floor panels comprising corrugated steel permanent formwork fixed over the main floor trusses were craned into place in large sections proir to concreting the 100mm thick floor. Below, the excavation of the World Trade Center basement continues. The picture is taken from a 1971 advertisement for the specialist foundation engineering technique used. 1,200 organisations, 50,000 workers and 80,000 daily visitors 10 million square feet of rentable office space Each floor of each Tower was approximately one acre in area 43,600 windows and 600,000 square feet of glass 1.2 million cubic yards of earth and rock were excavated in the construction 23.5 acres of land were reclaimed from the Hudson River using this material

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|| GEOGRAPHY | ENERGY | ENERGY | USA STATISTICS | CHINA STATISTICS | RELIGION | JOBS | ANATOMY | DRUGS || A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Magnesium silicate mineral, with water. Commonly called soapstone. Very soft and platy, like mica. Can be easily carved with a knife. Generally in very fine grained masses. Pile of rock rubble below a cliff or chute. Talus slope is a common usage although it is redundant because the term "talus" actually includes the concept of a slope. General term for all sizes of particles ejected into the air during volcanic eruptions. Includes particles as tiny as volcanic ash and as large as bombs and blocks (= pyroclastics). Level or near-level area of land, generally above a river or ocean and separated from it by a steeper slope. A river terrace is made by the river at some time in the past when the river flowed at a higher level. It A terrace may be made of river deposits such as gravel or sand, or it could be cut by the river on bedrock. A glacial terrace or outwash terrace is similar but is formed by a stream or river from a glacier upstream. A rock formation or assemblage of rock formations that share a common geologic history. A geologic terrane is distinguished from neighboring terranes by its different history, either in its formation or in its subsequent deformation and/or metamorphism. Terranes are separated by faults. An exotic terrane is one that has been transported into its present setting from some distance. The earliest Period of the Cenozoic Era, beginning about 66.4 million years ago and ending 1.6 million years ago. Zone of rock around an igneous intrusion that has been altered or metamorphosed by heat from the hot magma. The rock in the zone is baked. Unsorted, unstratified rock rubble or debris carried on and/or deposited by the ice of a glacier Slab of rock, generally on the scale of a mountain or more, bounded by two thrust faults. Intrusive igneous rock made of plagioclase feldspar, quartz, and amphibole or biotite. May be similar to diorite but contains considerable quartz and is not as dark, and chemically has less calcium, iron and magnesium. The shape of the land surface. See relief. Volcanic rock made up of rock and mineral fragments in a volcanic ash matrix. Tuffs commonly are composed of much shattered volcanic rock glass--chilled magma blown into the air and then deposited. If volcanic particles fall to the ground at a very high temperature, they may fuse together, forming a welded tuff.

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Combining elements of cooking from northern Anhui, south-central Anhui, and the Hui-speaking areas of southern Anhui, Anhui cuisine is known for its use of wild game and herbs, both land and sea, and comparatively unelaborate methods of preparation. Chefs pay more attention to temperature in their cooking and are good at braising and stewing. Frying and stir-fry methods are used much less frequently in Anhui cuisine than in other Chinese culinary traditions. Anhui cuisine is consisted of three styles: Yangtze River region, Huai River region, and southern Anhui region. Some famous dishes include: Steamed stone frog

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Figure 1 depicts a typical pumping system. The energy efficiency of the system declines over time due to factors such as the characteristics of the fluid being pumped, cavitation and scaling. Figure 2 shows representative energy losses for various elements of the system. By some estimates, you can improve the energy efficiency of a typical system by up to 20% by taking appropriate steps. Misalignment, imprecise balancing, hydraulics problems, inefficient bearings, and improper lubrication or sealing will lower efficiency. So, analyze your system and then take called-for corrective measures. Check where the pump operates on its system curve. However, don't assume that running at the best efficiency point (BEP) is enough to optimize system efficiency. If a control valve always is less than 50% open or a recirculation valve never is more than 50% closed, you are wasting energy. Look for some telltale signs of likely wasted energy: • The pump usually doesn't operate at (or close to) its BEP during its normal duty cycle. • The control valve constantly remains at less than 80% open. • The recirculation line valve always is open. • Multiple parallel (redundant) pumps in the same system all are operating continuously. • The pump operates continuously in a batch system. • The pump (or another component in the system) exhibits excessive noise or vibration. You generally can improve the efficiency of a pumping system by matching capacity to actual demand. Unnecessary energy demand will occur when flow is higher than required or when a control valve or another piping component absorbs a high proportion of energy. Many pumps don't operate close to their BEP, especially when they are oversized for the job. Matching pump capacity with actual production needs can deliver significant energy savings. To reduce energy demand to match process or production needs, take these actions: • Switch off the system when not needed. • Eliminate any system leaks. • Reduce recirculation or bypass flow by trimming the pump impeller. • Minimize head losses from the pump to the system outlet. • Install parallel pumps for highly variable loads. • Replace a throttling valve or recirculation loop with a VSD. You can achieve other benefits by conducting a full system analysis. This requires a thorough understanding of the duty cycle of the pump and how flow changes with time or production patterns. Operators can contribute from the front lines by supplying information, which can augment data provided by instrumentation and chronicled in an operating log. Ensuring that machinery is operating properly can play a vital role in improving energy efficiency (as well as system performance and reliability). This requires effective condition monitoring. It involves regularly and non-invasively measuring physical parameters, such as vibration, noise, lubricant properties and temperature, to help ascertain equipment health. Such monitoring enables detecting machine and component problems before they can result in unscheduled downtime and the high costs associated with interruptions in production. For example, periodic monitoring of heat loss can yield significant dividends. Inspections using a thermal imaging camera can pinpoint, e.g., gaps or deterioration in insulation and poor electrical contacts. Other condition-monitoring tools that can help identify energy efficiency opportunities include ultrasonic probes (for leak identification, steam trap inspections and flow turbulence), infrared thermometers (for motor, heat exchanger and steam trap inspections, and bearing temperatures), and strobe lights (for operating speed verification, and belt and gear inspections). There are many others, too. Indeed, you can take advantage of a wide range of portable and online condition-monitoring tools to spur energy savings (see: "Bolster Your Condition Monitoring Toolbox"). No single technology, of course, can provide all the data needed to detect all energy-improvement opportunities. So, it's best to consider which assets or processes within the plant represent logical targets for monitoring energy consumption and then to apply the appropriate technologies for the job. In some cases, outside expertise may help in identifying and examining areas where energy-improvement opportunities may exist. The SKF Client Needs Analysis — Energy and Sustainability is an example of one such available resource. This extensive web-enabled plantwide assessment tool also can evaluate potential improvements to chemical treatments, lubrication use, and other operating processes to reduce environmental impact and promote sustainability. ERIC HUSTON, CMRP, is San Diego-based vice president, asset and energy management, of the Service Division of SKF USA. E-mail him at Eric.Huston@skf.com.

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The Association of Chief Police Officers distinguishes between a hate incident and a hate crime. A hate incident is: “Any incident, which may or may not constitute a criminal offence, which is perceived by the victim or any other person, as being motivated by prejudice or hate.” Whilst a hate crime is defined specifically as: “Any hate incident, which constitutes a criminal offence, perceived by the victim or any other person, as being motivated by prejudice or hate.” ACPO defines a homophobic hate incident as: “Any incident which is perceived to be homophobic by the victim or any other person.” This definition is similar to the definition of other forms of hate incident such as race hate incidents and religious hate incidents. Under these definitions a person does not have to be lesbian, gay or bisexual to be the victim of a homophobic hate incident, nor does the victim of a hate incident have to view it as homophobic for it to be considered a homophobic hate incident by the police. Domestic violence can be considered a hate crime and some police forces have joint domestic violence and hate crime units. Section 146 of the Criminal Justice Act 2003 came into effect in April 2005, empowering courts to impose tougher sentences for offences motivated or aggravated by the victim's sexual orientation in England and Wales. However, in the eyes of the law different types of hate crime are viewed differently. For example, perpetrators of racially and religiously motivated hate crimes can be charged by the police with specific offences such as racially or religiously aggravated harassment or assault. Perpetrators of homophobic hate crimes meanwhile cannot be charged with a specific offence of homophobically motivated harassment for example. Instead perpetrators of homophobic hate crimes would be charged with existing offences, such as assault, and the homophobic motivation would be taken into account during sentencing. If an offence is believed to have been motivated by hostility or prejudice based on sexual orientation (actual or perceived) the judge is required to: The Criminal Justice Act 2003 does not specify the amount by which sentences should be increased where disability or sexual orientation are aggravating factors. This will be specified in further secondary legislation. Hate crimes across the UK To find out about Stonewall Scotland's work on hate crime and community safety, including guidance on reporting hate incidents in Scotland, click here. For more information on the work Stonewall is currently doing on homophobic hate crimes, click here.

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Young Conservationist Award 28 March 2008 How green is your office? 27 March 2008 Rodents in the garden? Get an owl 27 March 2008 Education & Awareness Cape reserves help schools’ Geo project - 22 February 2008 Cape Town – The City of Cape Town’s nature reserves are assisting schools with Geographic Information System (GIS), a new section in the geography curriculum of South African schools. The nature reserves are providing school children with an opportunity to use hand-held Global Positioning Satellite (GPS) devices in a practical and beneficial way. At a function in the city’s Tygerberg Nature Reserve on Wednesday, learners will find out about careers in nature conservation and GIS. Everyone will have some healthy exercise in the fresh air participating in a treasure hunt on Tygerberg Hill using their GPS units. The schools participated in 2007 in the first year of the high schools Youth, GIS and Urban Nature project funded by the Table Mountain Fund, World Wildlife Fund -South Africa and the city. As part of this project, which forms part of the city’s Youth Environmental School (YES) Programme, Grade 11s from seven local schools took part in geography field trips to Rondevlei and Tygerberg Nature Reserves. They used the GPS units to find their way to sites where they could observe and record plants, animals and the physical surroundings. They took digital photographs, monitored the weather and recorded their findings on a computer database. They then linked all their information to an electronic map of the nature reserve, using the GIS. Schools will help the reserve to record the plants and animals found in an area that will be burned next summer as part of the reserve’s veld management programme. After the fire, they will keep regular records of what plants and animals return, providing very useful ecological information for the nature reserve. This project proves that playing with technology does not have to turn you into a couch potato. In 2007, according to the Healthy Active Kids report card, South African children scored a dismal C-minus for overall health. Researchers found that 64 percent of girls and 45 percent of boys in South Africa get little or no moderate to vigorous exercise in a week and that 30 percent of teenage girls are overweight or obese. It's not surprising that the problem is worst in urban areas. In many suburbs it is not safe to play outdoors any more. The lure of computers, television and other electronic gadgets is keeping kids on the couch, where their cellphones and game-boys ensure that they exercise little more than their thumbs. Senior Geography teachers from schools close to the three nature reserves involved in this project are welcome to contact education officers to enquire about booking a GIS field trip.

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This Week Outdoors: During periods of extreme cold, deep snow, heavily ice-crusted snow or combinations of all of these, squirrels will remain inside their den trees and nests most of the time. Question. In a pile of old leaves and dirt in a corner of our raised deck, I found a couple dozen earthworms. The deck is made of the Trex plastic wood-substitute and is about eight feet off the ground. How did the worms get there? Alex Tierney, Harrisburg. Answer. Those earthworms probably were brought up onto the deck and into that pile of litter as earthworm cocoons stuck to the legs or feet of a bird. They may also have arrived in an earthworm that was ready to deposit eggs but was interrupted and transported to the deck by a bird. The earthworms most likely did not crawl up the supports of your deck in search of what turned out to be a comfortable and nurturing earthworm environment. Cocoons are basically earthworm eggs. They are very soft when deposited into the soil, but quickly take on a tough leathery exterior. Depending upon the species, the temperatures and the soil moisture, earthworms can take three weeks to five months to hatch and another three weeks to a year to grow to maturity. Question. You showed a picture on PennLive of worms on a driveway in January. Why do they sometimes come to the surface in winter? Sally Heffner, Carlisle. Answer. Many of the 30-60 species of earthworms found in the U.S. are of the type that commonly emerge when the earth is saturated with moisture. Those are the earthworms we commonly spot on our driveways on damp mornings and after rain has fallen. They survive extreme conditions by tunneling down into the soil. Some of their tunnels can dive six feet or more straight down. To avoid the freezing conditions of winter, they spend the season below the frost line. During the coldest, most frozen periods, they live in small chambers at the bottom of their tunnels. They secrete slimy mucus to coat the insides of the chambers, which helps them to maintain their critical internal moisture. However, they are not hibernating and when temperatures above, in the soil and the air, climb, they move upward through the soil and may emerge aboveground. That can take place any time there is a sufficient period of warmer temperatures, even in the middle of winter. Send your nature and wildlife questions to Marcus Schneck at email@example.com. You also can share your photos of wildlife and the outdoors with other readers by sending to schneck at the same email address.

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With a span of twenty-eight centuries, despite long intervals of interruption, The Olympic Games are the oldest official celebrations in the world. They are, by far, considered the most important sports event and are also regarded as the most popular festivities on the planet, surpassing in universal appeal even Carnival. Now that the cauldron will soon be lit in London, it would be interesting to dwell on the essence of the Olympic Flame. Ancient Greece was a jumble of small sovereign states frequently at war against each other. Despite their differences, the small despots realized the necessity of creating a sense of unity in this fragmented world. This unity would be conceived on a higher level than the administrative, thus posing no threat to the authority of local rulers. And so they came up with the notion of a nation. This nation would comprise all states binding them together by a common language and a systematized society built on a set of ethics stemming from a common religion: the Olympian (the Greek gods). One of the most striking features of this Olympian religion was the introduction of the notion of contest as a means of improving one's self by overcoming one's barriers and in this way achieving the Greek ideal of excellence. Thus most religious festivals included competitions of various activities -- drama, poetry and above all, athletics. Mount Olympus, the highest peak in the Greek world gave its name to the religion as it was the point on earth closest to the sky: the natural habitat of the gods. For its counterpart on earth, the cradle of the cult of Olympian gods was selected: the plain of Olympia in the Peloponese. Olympia is set in a plain of wheat fields surrounded by pine-covered rolling hills. As one approaches the archeological site, huge oak trees (assigned to Zeus ruler of the Olympian gods) rise and spread their shadows. And next to the a hill with lush vegetation dedicated to Zeus' father, Cronus. But if one wonders on this same location on a full moon, one is bound to listen through the stillness to the elongated croaking of the frogs, mixing with the whistle of nightbirds and the tinkling of the running water rising from below. This is a mesmerizing chorus that does strange things to the soul. This description may sound like a New Age cliché, yet if one takes into consideration that the Olympic Games in Antiquity were always celebrated on the first full moon after the Summer Solstice, then this atmospheric landscape lends itself to a whole different meaning. For it was on this consecrated ground that the priestesses of Hera (wife of Zeus) would spend the night in meditation on the eve of the Olympic Games It is in modern-day Athens that we can find the key to this. One of the trendiest streets of the city is Dionysus Aeropagites street, skirting the Acropolis. It is lined with some of the most beautiful buildings in Athens. In front of a townhouse people walk up to the security camera and hurl insults. This is the residence of a former minister of defense who has been imprisoned accused of embezzling hundreds of millions of euros. It is the sight of an offended and resentful nation trying to vent its anger. A few doors further down, in front of an unassuming pre-war building, people stop and nod to each other, pointing at a window on a higher floor with reverence. This is the residence of one of Athens' most esteemed citizens, the nonagenarian choreographer Maria Hors. Generations of drama students consider Miss Hors a master who infused their lives with new meaning. For the past forty years she has been responsible for the rite of the Olympic Flame lighting ceremonies. Herself the assistant of Koula Pratsika, the woman who revived the ceremony of the Olympian torch in the 1930s, miss Horse has been selecting the priestesses and head priestesses in order to revive the tradition; her criterion: "the beauty of the heart." "When handling such strong forces as the solar energy, you have to be clean and humble about it," laying at the same time one of the most important principles of the Olympic spirit. At the same time it is necessary for a spiritual rise to the occasion as the ceremony is very bare with the head priestess surrounded by her vestals, invoking the sun god Apollo. The head priestess holds a torch, she places it in a cauldron and with the assistance of mirrors the Olympic Flame lights up by itself. "As you bring down the rays from the sun you reshape it into a flame. The moment when the first thread of smoke begins to rise betraying the birth of the fire is wonderful. This must be the essence of the votive candles that burn inside churches "says Katerina Didaskalou, head priestess for the Los Angeles and Seoul Olympics. In the ages before telephone and telegraph, fire was used as a beacon signaling over land and heralding the occurrence of great events like the fall of Troy, or the victory at Waterloo. The torch relay announces the arrival of world peace. After its lighting, the Flame leaves Olympia, spends one night in Athens (the site of the first revival of the Olympic Games) and then embarks on a long journey until it reaches the city hosting the Olympic Games. As it passes from various communities, it generates all sorts of enthusiasm. "In the Far East people would line up the streets and observe respectfully the torch relay for the Seoul Games. In Korea I once gave my assigned secretary a kiss on the cheek. She was thrilled and told me she would bring back the flame and that would light up her household. During the relay for the Los Angeles Games, Americans were more attracted by its sporting edge A lot of people were puzzled on how the flame was ignited" says Miss Didaskalou. During the Melbourne Games relay, physically disabled people would take to their wheelchairs and approach the Flame. "After all, you don't get to see the sun being carried down your street every day," says Miss Horse Unlike any other athletic event in the history of mankind the Olympic Games present the athletes with a unique dimension: immortality! In Ancient Greece, if the rulers of a state laid claim on a certain territory and wished to justify their demand they would resort to mythology. By mobilizing a god or a hero and adding a relevant incident in his life, they would associate him with the land under claim so that, according to the legend, the disputed territory would be considered rightfully theirs. For instance, Central Athens (my own constituency) is related to Athena, Poseidon, Aegeus, Theseus, while countless saints and apostles carry this patronage tradition into the Judeo-Christian era. The Olympic Games mobilized no other hero than Hercules. He came to Olympia to race, and his footprint multiplied by six hundred created the physical length of the first racing track which he named the "stadium." Jason too was responsible for the creation of the Pentathlon (joined javelin and disk throwing with wrestling, long jump and running) into one sport, thus creating the first "super athletes." But the most relevant myth concerning the Olympics is that of King Pelops. The son of Tantalus, Pelops drove his chariot into Pisa (a city neighboring Olympia) and after having beaten and killed (by divine intervention) the local king Oenomaus married his daughter and became forefather of the Greek nation. Pelops was buried in Olympia and an olive was planted net to his grave. It was in homage of his legendary chariot race that the Ancient Olympic Games were founded. By celebrating the hero who brought the nation together, peace was guaranteed for the duration of the Games. At the same time the athletes were coming in direct lineage with their heroes, inspired by their achievements. Furthermore, by winning a contest, they themselves would cross over and step into the realm of the myth. Their humble trophy: a branch from the sacred olive tree of Pelops The passing of the Olympic torch from hand to hand, community to community and generation to generation has been inspiring people around the world for centuries. For the three weeks this same Flame will be burning over the skies of London It has been carrying the principles that miss Hors infused to her priestesses on a moonlit night in distant Olympia. Guidelines that are echoing from the beginning of time and the essence of what's best in the human being. Chances are that in these London Olympics Yelena Isibayeva, the women's pole jumping champion, will win another gold medal and break a new record. By so doing she will be sending the world into a frenzy of excitement, because she will have stretched the boundaries of humanity a centimeter higher.

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About Solar Panels Solar energy begins with the sun. Solar panels, also known as photovoltaics, are used to convert light from the sun, which is composed of particles of energy called "photons", into electricity that can be used to power elecrical loads. Light from the sun is a renewable energy resource which provides clean energy, produced by solar panels. Solar panels can be used for a wide variety of applications including remote power systems for cabins, telecommunications equipment, remote sensing, and of course for the production of electricity by residential and commercial solar panel systems. On this page, we will discuss the history, technology, and benefits of solar panels. We will learn how solar panels work, how solar panels are made, where you can buy solar panels, and how solar panels create electricity. A Short History of Solar Panels The development of solar energy goes back more than 100 years. In the early days, solar power was used primarily for the production of steam which could be used to drive machinery. But it wasn't until the discovery of the "photovoltaic effect" by Henri Becquerel that would allow the conversion of sunlight solar electric energy. Becquerel's discovery then led to the invention in 1893 by Charles Fritts of the first genuine solar cell which was formed by coating sheets of selenium with a thin layer of gold. And from this humble beginning would arise the device we know today as the solar panel. Russel Ohl, an American inventor on the payroll of Bell Laboratories, patented the world's first silicon solar cell in 1941. Ohl's invention led to the production of the first solar panel in 1954 by the same company. The new-fangled solar panels found their first mainstream use in space satellites. For most people, the first solar panel in their life was probably embedded in their new calculator - circa the 1970s! Today, solar panels and complete solar panel systems are used to power a wide variety of applications. Yes, solar panels in the form of solar cells are still being used in calculators. However, they are also being used to provide solar power to entire homes and commercial buildings, such as Google's headquarters in California. How Do Solar Panels Work? Solar panels collect clean renewable energy in the form of sunlight and convert that light into electricity which can then be used to provide power for electrical loads. Solar panels are comprised of several individual solar cells which are themselves composed of layers of silicon, phosphorous (which provides the negative charge), and boron (which provides the positive charge). Solar panels absorb the photons and in doing so initiate an electric current. The resulting energy generated from photons striking the surface of the solar panel allows electrons to be knocked out of their atomic orbits and released into the electric field generated by the solar cells which then pull these free electrons into a directional current This entire process is known as the Photovoltaic Effect. An average home has more than enough roof area for the necessary number of solar panels to produce enough solar electricrity to supply all of its power needs. Assisted by an inverter, a device that converts the direct current (or DC current), generated by a solar panel into alternating current (or AC current), solar panel arrays can be sized to meet the most demanding electrical load requirements. The AC current can be used to power loads in your home or commercial building, your recreational vehicle or your boat (RV/Marine Solar Panels), your remote cabin or home, and remote traffic controls, telecommunications equipment, oil and gas flow monitoring, RTU, SCADA, and much more. The Benefits of Solar Panels Using solar panels is a very practical way to produce electricity for many applications. The obvious would have to be off-grid living. Living off-grid means living in a location that is not serviced by the main electric utility grid. Remote homes and cabins benefit nicely from solar power systems. No longer is it necessary to pay huge fees for the installation of electric utility poles and cabling from the nearest main grid access point. A solar electric system is potentially less expensive and can provide power for upwards of three decades if properly maintained. Besides the fact that solar panels make it possible to live off-grid, perhaps the greatest benefit that you would enjoy from the use of solar power is that it is both a clean and a renewable source of energy. With the advent of global climate change, it has become more important that we do whatever we can to reduce the pressure on our atmosphere from the emission of greenhouse gases. Solar panels have no moving parts and require little maintenance. They are ruggedly built and last for decades when porperly maintained. Last, but not least, of the benefits of solar panels and solar power is that, once a system has paid for its initial installation costs, the electricity it produces for the remainder of the system's lifespan, which could be as much as 15-20 years depending on the quality of the system, is absolutely free! For grid-tie solar power system owners, the benefits begin from the moment the system comes online, potentially eliminating monthy electric bills or, and this is the best part, actually earning the system's owner additional income from the electric company. How? If you use less power than your solar electric system produces, that excess power can be sold, sometimes at a premium, to your electric utility company! There are many other applications and benefits of using solar panels to generate your electricity needs - too many to list here. But as you browse our website, you'll gain a good general knowledge of just how versatile and convenient solar power can be. Where can I buy solar panels? Well, right here on this website, of course! Our solar panel brands include the most respected manufacturers in the solar panel business. These brands include such names as BP Solar, General Electric, and Sharp, among others. We feature only the highest quality solar panels from manufacturers with a proven track record in solar panel technology. With over 30 years in the solar panel business, you can be sure that at MrSolar.com, we know solar panels!

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One of my sisters is about to move to a part of the world where the weather is hot and electrical energy has limited availability. That tropical paradise is actually cooler than Iowa right now, but they don’t have winters. She asked me the following question: One of our co-workers in SI puts ice and water in a big water jug (like a little one of Mom’s orange jugs, with a lid on top and spout at the bottom). I think they put refrigerated water in it but I’m not sure. They drink out of it during the day so they don’t have to open the fridge 100 times a day. Seems like a good idea to me. Is that a good idea energy-wise? Downside is they have to make more ice. Since she’s my sister, I can clarify that Mom’s orange jug is similar to the one pictured. I thought this would be a good topic for the week, what with record heat waves around this country. This question got my physics-teacher mind going. I thought of how to figure this out by collecting all the information and using a bunch of equations. The information necessary would include: - How much water the family drinks. - The size of the family’s refrigerator. - How many times the family would open the refrigerator. - How long the refrigerator would be open each time. About this time, I realized there is no way I could answer these questions about my own family, much less another family on another continent in a different climate. So, I switched to a back-of-the envelope calculation. What’s a back-of-the-envelope calculation? The kind that doesn’t necessarily include measured quantities, but is more a bunch of estimates scratched out on the back of an envelope because that’s what is sitting next to the sofa where you’re discussing the question. I am going to go formal physics enough to treat this problem as a heat-transfer question rather than referring to “losing coldness,” because it’ll work better this way. I boiled the issue down to the specific question: Is the total heat let in the refrigerator by opening the door multiple times during the day greater than the amount of heat gained by the insulated jug during the day? While I can’t answer that question for everyone’s family, I would say that the answer is “yes” for a family with children living in the tropics drinking a lot of water. A good insulated jug doesn’t let in much heat. My careful calculation was thinking about all the times I have moved an insulated jug and remembering they generally don’t feel cold. If the jug is absorbing significant heat, it will absorb heat from my hand when I touch it. This loss of heat is interpreted as feeling cold. Regular water pitchers feel cold because they absorb heat from my (and your) hand, but insulated jugs feel, at most, slightly cool. I don’t know about opening the refrigerator in every house, but I know in my house it has always been difficult to keep the fridge closed. If the water drinker were to open the fridge, quickly grab a jug of water, close the fridge, pour the water for as many people wanted some cold water, and quickly replace the jug, this might be a tough calculation. However, I just don’t see that happening every time, especially in a house with small children. If the fridge gets opened a couple times an hour for ten seconds, I think the heat let into the fridge might surpass the heat lost by the insulated jug in that hour. Then, if one four-year-old kid doesn’t get the fridge shut while pouring the water, that would make the insulated jug a winner. Some tips to keeping the water cool with the least amount of refrigeration possible: - Use the coldest water available for whichever method you choose. You probably already thought of this. To clarify, it doesn’t matter whether refrigerator water or simply cool water is used in the insulated jug, as long as whatever goes into the refrigerator, freezer, or insulated jug is as cool as readily available. - It will take less ice in the insulated jug if you use refrigerated water, but that doesn’t matter energy-wise. It might matter if you don’t have freezer capacity to make enough ice every day. - Don’t use more ice or water in an insulated jug than is necessary for the day. If there is cold water or ice left by evening, put it in the refrigerator or freezer to use the next day. It might take a few weeks to figure out the appropriate amount of ice and water for your family. - The fuller the refrigerator/freezer, the less heat it gets every time you open the door–heat enters as warm air, and limiting the airspace limits the warm air. It might be worth putting some empty boxes (or some jugs of water) if the refrigerator is generally mostly empty. There is a limit to this, though, as very full refrigerators mean you leave the door open longer while you search for items. Also, if the air cannot flow freely inside the fridge, the cooling system looses effectiveness. - If you trust your family to quickly close the door each time, it might be a good idea to fill small water bottles and keep them in the refrigerator. Then it’s a quick open, grab, close sequence for some refreshing water. It might even make sense to only fill the bottles partially full if it’s important for the water to be cold until the end of the bottle. - Keep the insulated jug in a cool place, out of direct sunlight. What energy-efficient tips do you have for staying cool on hot days?

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5 Awesome Facts About The 9/11 Memorial In Lafayette Every year on September 11th, the nation as a whole comes together to remember those who lost their lives as a result of the terrorist attacks in 2001. It's the 21 century version of Pearl Harbor, and will never be forgotten. In a corner of Parc Sans Souci is a poignant memorial to that day. Two beams rising from a marble base. But there's more to the story on this memorial. There was plenty of meaningful, although sometimes overlooked, design elements that come together to create this inspiring piece. Here are 5 facts regarding the memorial that you may not be aware of, but can surely appreciate. Acquired from remnants of the World Trade Center It wasn't easy, but Lafayette Consolidated Government under the helm of then City-Parish President Walter Comeaux managed to obtain two beams, one from each building in New York, to use in the memorial. Initially, the beams couldn't be released as they were evidence in the ongoing investigation. Once the beams were released, Lafayette had just 10 days to pick them up, which required arrangements with trucking companies and resulted in the delivery of the beams on May 29, 2002. The beams are 13.5 feet long, and are oriented in the same direction as the original towers. Each beam has a plaque notating the time each tower was struck by planes. Shaped in the design of a pentagon For the base of the monument, it was decided that the shape would mirror the design of the Pentagon, which was attacked by terrorists using Flight 77 as the weapon. Once again, the base would be oriented in the same direction as the original Pentagon, taking special care to make sure the north-west face of the base was oriented properly. Surrounding the memorial, a hidden secret in plain sight Surrounding the memorial is a limestone bench mirroring the layout of the interior pentagon base. What's interesting to note about the bench is that the limestone panels used to create the bench come directly from the Pentagon building in Washington D.C. If you look closely at the north-west corner of the bench, you'll see it has been defaced. This was intentionally done, to commemorate where the Pentagon was hit on September 11th. Another feature that's often overlooked is the quaint garden surrounding the memorial. It looks like an average garden until you find out what makes it so different. The dirt used to create the garden is mixed with soil from a field in Pennsylvania, where Flight 93 was forced down, preventing even more casualties on the ground. Also mixed in the dirt are pieces of marble from the Pentagon building. There's subtlety behind the proportions The designers and architects who constructed the monument did whatever they could to make as many meaningful moments in the design. The size of the design is intentional as well. The base is actually a scale size of the actual Pentagon, but in a 1:100 ratio. The beams are also in a 1:100 ratio, with the beams being 13.5 feet long, and the towers originally standing at a little over 1,350 feet over the New York skyline.

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Search Swinburne Research Bank Home List of Titles Bacterial respiratory infections: the global burden of disease and strategies for control Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/1959.3/227296 - Bacterial respiratory infections: the global burden of disease and strategies for control - Cripps, A. W.; Kyd, J.; Foxwell, R. - Bacterial infections of the respiratory tract remain a major cause of morbidity and death in both developed and developing countries. Seven microbes are responsible for virtually all bacterial infections: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Corynebacterium diphtheriae and Bordetella pertussis. All of these microbes establish infection at the site of the respiratory mucosa, however the pathogenesis of disease varies. Some, such as B. pertussis are obligate pathogens whilst others, such as H. influenzae, are commensals of the upper respiratory tract. The burden of disease falls across all age groups - from young children to the elderly. In recent years the widespread use of antibiotics has had a significant impact on limiting serious complications that arise from these infections and in reducing mortality, particularly in developed countries. However, increased bacterial resistance to chemotherapy is evident and a major concern for the long-term application of this therapeutic approach. Effective vaccines have been developed for some pneumococcal and haemophilus infections, diphtheria and whooping cough. In developing countries access to these vaccines presents a problem for their widespread and equitable distribution. In developed countries anti-vaccine lobby groups, controversy over the expense of routine scheduling of the pneumococcal vaccine and complacency in the absence of endemic disease are significant frustrations for national immunisation programs. In a review of this nature it is not possible to address all seven bacteria and their clinical manifestations. Instead, otitis media, the most common paediatric illness for which medical advice is sought in the developed world, is provided as a case study. Wherever possible, the review broadens to the global context of infectious diseases and their control. - Publication type - Journal article - Australian Journal of Medical Science, Vol. 25, no. 3 (Aug 2004), pp. 124-128 - Publication year - FOR Code(s) - 1103 Clinical Sciences - Antibiotic resistance; Bacteria; Bordetella pertussis; Corynebacterium diphtheriae; Disease control; Haemophilus influenzae; Immunisation; Infections; Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Moraxella catarrhalis; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Otitis media; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Respiratory tract; Severe acute respiratory syndrome; Staphylococcus; Staphylococcus aureus; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Vaccines - Australian Institute of Medical Scientists - Publisher URL - Copyright © 2004 Australian Institute of Medical Scientists. - Peer reviewed

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"Girls do well academically," states the Heritage Foundation's new report, Wasting Education Dollars: The Women's Educational Equity Act. "If anything, recent studies should raise concerns about boys." Research shows: - Girls outscore boys in reading. The 1999 NAEP long-term trend reading assessment showed girls outperforming boys on average scores in all three age groups tested ( 9, 13 and 17 years). By age 17, the reading gap favored girls by 14 points. (1999 NAEP test results and 1999 NAEP "Trends in Academic Progress") - Girls outscore boys in writing. On the 1998 NAEP "Writing Report Card for the Nation," girls scored higher on average than boys at all three grade levels tested. Twice as many girls scored in the "proficient" and "advanced" categories as boys. By the 12th grade, the average score for girls was 19 points higher than that of boys. - Girls outscore boys in civics and the arts, outperforming boys at every grade level. (National Center for Education Statistics, "1998 Civics Report Card for the Nation") - Girls hold their own in math. The 1999 NAEP long-term trend math assessment shows little difference between girls' and boys' scores for all grades tested. The 2000 NAEP mathematics test shows only a slight difference. - Girls are more likely to graduate from high school and college. (OERI, Degrees and Other Awards Conferred by Title IV Eligible, Degree-Granting Institutions: 1996-97, NCES 2000-174, November 1999) - Boys are twice as likely to be enrolled in special education programs. Boys are four times more likely than girls to be diagnosed with learning disabilities. (R.D. Nass, "Sex Differences in Learning Abilities and Disabilities," Annals of Dyslexia, Vol, 43, 1993) - Boys are more likely to experience academic or behavioral problems. Boys are more likely to repeat a grade, get suspended, or be involved with drugs, alcohol and crime. (OERI, Trends in Educational Equity, p. 39-41; Christina Hoff Summers, The War Against Boys, 2000)

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|Kurt Lewin: His Impact on American Psychology, or Bridging the Gorge between Theory and Reality (Deborah Ullman © 2000 )| Any history of American psychology must include the contributions of one man who arrived in the United States as a Jewish refugee from Nazi Germany in the early 1930s and lived only until 1949: Kurt Lewin. Lewin was an experimental psychologist, an innovative researcher, a teacher with a zest for new areas of inquiry, and a pioneer in social psychology. He was close to the Gestalt psychology movement in Berlin and was a recognized philosopher of science (Schellenberg, 1978). While Lewin was a scientist and a theoretician, his work was concerned with the actual circumstances of people's daily lives. His radical departure from orthodox research methodology sparked enthusiast õic interest in his projects from students and colleagues who were dissatisfied with the apparent triviality of much experimental psychology at the time. Others questioned his social agenda as an interference with pure scientific inquiry (Allport, unpublished notes to Marrow, 1965). Lewin felt he was a part of "the mounting aspirations of research toward an understanding of actual events and particular cases" as opposed to abstractly defined classes of behavior (Lewin, 1935, p. 11). It was Lewin's ideas and research work, according to Edward Tolman, that contributed insights which, along with Freud's contributions, "first made psychology a science applicable to real human beings and to real human society" (Tolman, APA address, 1947 - quoted in Marrow, 1969, p.ix). Lewin contributed new research ideas to American academic psychology including many questions concerning child development and human motivation. As an heir to the German experimental Gestalt revolution in psychological thought, Lewin directed the focus of the science of psychology, away from the statistical focus of the other experimentalists of his time and toward the whole-making processes in human motivation and emotion (Ash, 1995, p.268). His studies of leadership and group dynamics, which brought exacting scientific inquiry out of the laboratory and into the real life work place, was employed by the Office of Special Services during World War II and in numerous community and industrial settings (Marrrow, 1969, p. 156). Lewin also contributed to the history of clinical psychology in America, and particularly the third force of Humanistic psychology. This is well documented by writers who credit certain of Lewin's ideas as central concepts or principles of the philosophy of Gestalt therapy. These organizing principles include attention to boundary functions, or how an organism behaves at the point of contact with its environment; field theory, the premise that we are always functioning in an interactive realm in which organism and environment are interdependent parts of the whole; and the tendency of unfinished business to hold our attention, although often out of awareness . Carl Rogers and Ruth Sanford (in Kaplan and Saddock, 1989, p. 1484) identify Lewin's work as parallel, if not a root, to client-centered psychotherapy. Rogers also believed that the sensitivity training groups which evolved out of Lewin's work in group dynamics were "perhaps the most significant social invention of this century" (Rogers in Marrow, 1969, p. 214). Beyond Kurt Lewin's influence on American academic psychology and the, as yet, unwritten history of clinical psychology there is still another field in which Lewin plays a central role. This i s the field of organizational development, which grew out of social psychology, but certainly claims a life of its own as an economic and political force today. Certain terms of psychological theory began with Lewin, including group dynamics, action research, life space, levels of aspiration, and field theory. But like the interdependent concept of his field theory that is of lively interest in postmodern philosophical circles today, Lewin wrote that he "...always found myself unable to think productively as a single person". In the story of Kurt Lewin's life lies clues to how this man's great contributions have been assimilated into American life while the contributor himself has been eclipsed by other personalities in the history of contemporary academic and clinical psychology. His life and ideas-- in Germany Lewin was born on September 9, 1890, or as he was fond of saying "the ninth nine of 90" in the village of Mogilno in Prussia, now part of Poland. He was the second oldest of four children in a middle class Jewish family. His father owned a small general store where his mother also worked. The family lived above the shop. They also owned a small farm outside of town where Kurt learned to enjoy nature while he was growing up. Kurt credited his energetic and articulate mother with instilling in him an appreciation for respectful non-hierarchical relations. When he was 15 years old the family moved to Berlin and he was enrolled in the Gymnasium. There he was introduced to Greek philosophy for which he maintained a life-long passion. In 1909 Lewin entered the University of Frieberg to study medicine, intending to become a country doctor. He transferred first to the University of Munich to study biology, then to the University of Berlin, where he worked toward his doctorate in philosophy, with a special interest in the theory of science (Marrow, 1969, pp. 3-9). The educational system at the time regarded all subjects that were not medicine, religion, or law as part of the field of philosophy. There was a very lively intellectual environment in Berlin at this time including exploration of philosophy, political science, psychology and the natural sciences. One area of particular interest was the relationship of experimental psychology to philosophy (Ash, 1995, pp. 9, 266, see also Shane, 1997). One of Lewin's professors directed him to the Psychological Institute of the University of Berlin, then under the direction of Carl Stumpf, an experimentalist who had studied with Wilhelm Wundt, but who was less hierarchical in his teaching style. Here Lewin prepared to become a university professor á, despite the anti-Semitism throughout German universities, which he knew would limit his ability to obtain a position. His fellow students, which included a few women, engaged in long discussions about how to solve various social problems, including how to democratize Germany and how to change women's position in society. Between 1910 and 1912 these discussions involved Lewin and his friends with the young socialist movement. He and his fellow students organized an adult education program which they staffed themselves to serve working class women and men. This program was very popular and involved enthusiastic discourse among students and the student-teachers. Student enrollment grew with each semester (Marrow, 1969, p.7). While beginning to search for laws and dynamics of human behavior, Lewin was particularly drawn to the neo-Kantian philosophers of science, especially Ernst Cassirer, and to those who were scouting out an integration of natural science and philosophy, including Carl Stumpf, who became Lewin's dissertation chair. Stumpf attracted a faculty to the Psychological Institute whose innovative research work became known as Gestalt psychology. These distinguished original thinkers included Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, and Wolfgang Kohler. Lewin was remembered by colleagues from this community of intellectual inquiry as an exciting, unconventional, and perceptive student, and a brilliant thinker with an interest in connecting scientific psychology with the burning practical issues of the day (Marrow, 1969, 3-8). When he completed his studies in 1914 Lewin volunteered to serve in the Kaiser's army. After serving near the war front for two years he was injured in combat. It was during his convalescence that he wrote the landmark 1917 article "War Landscape" which represents the earliest sketches of his concept of field theory (Marrow, 1969, pp.10-11). In 1917 Kurt Lewin married a school teacher, Maria Landsberg, with whom he had two children. The marriage lasted barely ten years. During this time he wrote many journal articles and his ideas drew attention to the young professor. In 1921 he was appointed to lecture and offer seminars in both philosophy and psychology at the Psychological Institute of the University of Berlin. Lewin's enthusiasm and informal manner attracted students into close-knit discussion groups, one of which met regularly in the Schwedische Cafe across from the Institute. This was called the Quasselstrippe, or the 'ramble on and talk freely group'(approximate translation from Marrow, 1969, p. 26). Lewin oversaw many experimental investigations while in Berlin. Women participated freely in both collegial discussions and significant research in Lewin's circle . This was when women were still being excluded from Titchener's Society of Experimental Psychologists in America. One article from this period, in particular, presaged his work in the U.S. that would become known as 'action research.' This article was called "The Socialization of Taylorism." It addressed ideas on scientific management as conceived by Frederick Winslow Taylor, an American industrial engineer. While supporting Taylor's effort to discover quantitative ways to measure performance, Lewin criticized the goal of Taylorism, which was to increase profits. Lewin's interest was in improving workers' well-being and to this end he explored ways for scientists and workers to humanize the industrial workplace (Ash, 1995, p.265). His Life and Work -- in America His first trip to America was for a meeting of the International Congress of Psychologists at Yale in 1929. Before this meeting his ideas and research were reviewed by J. F. Brown, who had been one of Lewin's American students in Berlin. Brown's paper was published in The Psychological Review. It evaluated Lewin's overall contribution to psychology for English language psychologists for the first time. Brown felt that Lewin offered a bridge between the scientific methodology of the experimentalists who were investigating insignificant problems in the laboratory and psychoanalysis, which dealt with real problems but employed inadequate methods (Marrow, 1969, p.52). For the International Congress Lewin presented a film of a young child learning to sit on a stone and depicted the barriers and field forces at play. According to Gordon Allport this film and Lewin himself were the "hit" of the Yale meeting (Allport, unpublished notes to Marrow, spring, 1965). In 1930 Lewin was invited to spend six months as a visiting professor at Stanford. This invitation was at the recommendation of the Director of the Psychological Laboratory at Harvard, Edwin Boring, who had heard Lewin at the Yale meeting. While Lewin was traveling to California he stopped in New York as a guest of the Colombia University Faculty Club, where he met and impressed a young pschology professor named Gardner Murphy. Murphy and others were eager to hear Lewin's first-hand report on recent political developments in Germany, which included a description of University of Berlin riots organized by Natzis in which one Jewish student was killed. This encounter also generated Murphy's interest in Lewin's research experiments at the Psychological Institute on environmental forces and child behavior (Marrow, 1969, p.65). After his term at Stanford, his new wife, Gertrud, and their child, Miriam, headed east from California to go home to Germany ahead of Kurt. Lewin traveled back via Japan. While stopping over at the University of Tokyo he made contact with colleagues interested in his work. He learned of Hitler's ascendancy to power just as he boarded a train across Asia. His wife and daughter, whose departure was held up because the child was ill, had learned about Hitler's new position before leaving America and decided to stay in New England (Marrow, 1969, p.64-67). Lewin returned to Germany. Because of the combined efforts of the Committee on Displaced Scholars and one Ethel Waring, a specialist on child development at Cornell, Lewin was able to come back to America for a two year post at Cornell's School of Home Economics. Dr. Waring had been impressed with Lewin's work while she was visiting the Psychological Institute in Berlin, especially his film studies of children (Marrow, 1969, p. 74). When the funding for this Cornell position ran out, Lewin was able to obtain a faculty post at the University of Iowa, where he had access to the Child Welfare Research Station. This Iowa position was a result of the intercession of Lawrence Frank of the Rockefeller Foundation who obtained funding to cover Lewin's position. The year was 1935. Lewin would continue to use Iowa as his base of operation through 1944 (Marrow, 1969, p. 84). During those years he oversaw groundbreaking research, he worked with the US government, he wrote and published articles, and he lectured on issues of social concern all over the country. Nineteen thirty-five marked the publication of a collection of Kurt Lewin's papers in English, A Dynamic Theory of Personality, which was put out by McGraw-Hill. One of these, published in 1936, concerned a comparitive psychology of German and American character based on observations of pre-school aged children. Gordon Allport felt this was one of Lewin's most important papers (unpublished notes to Marrow, spring, 1965). During his years as professor of child psychology at Iowa, Lewin attracted a lively community for informal discussions, an Iowa Quasselstrippe. This forum for the energetic exchange of ideas among his students was called the Hot Air Club and met on Tuesdays at noon upstairs at the Round Window Restaurant. Even before he arrived in Iowa Lewin began to envision, and tried to raise funding for, a research center for exploring questions of discrimination and social equity. Early on he imagined this center would be in the new Jewish homeland at the University of Jerusalem. Lewin's vision developed over time into an American-based institute where scientific methods would be brought to play on how a democratic human community should be, how to address questions of democratic leadership, and what conditions are required for individual and group growth (Marrow, p.85). Lewin was invited to be a visiting professor at Harvard University for the spring terms of 1938 and 1939. He offered his seminars at the Psychological Clinic rather than through the Psychology department. The clinic was directed by Henry Murray, whose own concepts about human personality had been guided, in part, by Lewin's theories (Murray, 1938, p.116). Murray's clinic was a more comfortable setting for Lewin's work than the department, whose interests seemed to Lewin to be more abstract and remote from the actual circumstances of daily life. At Harvard Lewin became close with Gordon Allport and engaged with Henry Murray. After completing his spring semester 1939 in Cambridge, Lewin was invited to the University of California at Berkeley to lecture in the summer school (Marrow, p. 136). Lewin and his colleagues were among the many social scientists called in to help with the mobilization effort when the United States entered World War II. For Lewin shifting his situation from the academic environment to wrestling with actual major policy questions in Washington was a natural development. After he became a naturalized citizen in 1940 he had the prerequisite security clearance and was called on to consult on a wide spectrum of national problems related to the war effort. These ranged from how to increase the morale of the fighting troops and how to maximize the effectiveness of psychological warfare, to how to recondition the public's food consumption away from foods in short supply and toward food that was more available (Marrow, 1969, 153-154). Lewin's background in real-life psychological research positioned him well, along with cultural anthropologist Margaret Mead and public-opinion researcher Rensis Likert, to work in teams on public policy issues. Years after working as part of a group to review Office of Naval Research policy, Rensis Likert recalled: Lewin's ability to identify major problems on which research was needed made him an invaluable member...When a methodology was inadequate he devised a procedure as well as a general theory...to deal with the particular problem.... But, Likert went on to say: ...His willingness to move ahead even if the methods were tentative was a factor in the criticism aimed at him by some psychologists..., that his research had not adequately produced the large body of quantitative data required for his major conclusions. The soundness of his work, however, is amply demonstrated by the extent to which his central concepts have stood up as research on them...has been undertaken,.in the two decades since his death (Rensis Likert in an interview conducted by Marrow, 1969, p. 154-155). While Lewin was leading teams of graduate students in child research in Iowa and commuting to Washington D.C. to consult with the OSS (Office of Special Services), he was also becoming a popular lecturer on minority problems and intergroup relations. He was all along thinking about his vision of a research institute to explore questions of human democracy and how to address group problems. He had made a convert of Maxwell Hahn, the director of the Marshall Field Foundation and been assured a certain amount of financial support when he set up his center. Lewin also found support from the American Jewish Congress for establishing a research center occupied especially with discovering the roots of anti-Semitism and other biases. These turned out to be two different projects that developed simultaneously. The next task was to find an academic institution for his research work on group dynamics. Lewin was drawn to two options: MIT and UC at Berkeley, especially the Berkeley option because of the weather. In the end MIT's Douglas McGregor informed him that a formal invitation was in the mail to establish his Research Center for Group Dynamics at MIT. He accepted and two days later Edward C. Tolman at UC Berkeley informed him that they wanted to build Lewin's research center there. But it was too late. Lewin had made his commitment (Marrow, 160-165). Lewin left Iowa and went about the business of establishing his dream. This was 1945. At the same time as he moved to MIT, Lewin was working on a project for the American Jewish Congress called the Commission of Community Interrelations (CCI), in New York. This was when Lewin delineated the combination of scientific experimentation and socially useful application he called "action research." This project provided the ideal opportunity for a broad application of action research and group dynamics (Marrow, p.162, 164). The following year found Lewin and a set of colleagues from the Research Center for Group Dynamics at MIT agreeing to conduct discussion groups on intergroup tension for the Connecticut Interracial Commission. Participants were 41 community leaders, including teachers, business leaders, social agency people, government and labor representatives who were to learn skills they could bring back to help with racial and religious tension in their communities. Lewin brought along a number of nonparticipant researchers whose task it was to observe the group dynamics as the community leaders and group facilitators were in their discussion groups. Each evening the nonparticipant observers gathered to discuss the research data acquired during that day's session. When the community leaders learned of these debriefing sessions some asked to attend (Huckabay, p.310). Actually, the open discussion of their own behavior had an electric effect both on participants and the training leaders...Group members, when confronted more or less objectively with data concerning their own behavior and its effects...might achieve highly meaningful learnings about themselves...and about group behavior and group development in general (Bradford, Gibb, & Benne, 1964, p. 82-83). This describes the birth of the first "T-group" or "basic skill training group", or "sensitivity group" with its powerful methodology for group practice. This experiment led to funding by the Office of Naval Research for the establishment of the National Training Laboratories by the summer of 1947 in Bethel, Maine (Huckabay, 1992, p.310, and Marrow, p. 212). Lewin died before the National Training Laboratories were established. NTL to this day plays a leading role in training consultants to business, governmental, and non-governmental organizations world-wide. Gordon Allport, when asked about what limited the accept-ability of Lewin's work, noted that Lewin's odd mathematics were off-putting (his topology and hodology). Gardner Murphy referred to the objections of some, to Lewin's focus on present-centered behavior rather than to historical explanations. Murphy felt, too, that Lewin had failed to persuade many psychologists of the non-utility of the reduction of wholes into component parts (Marrow, p.236). Also, according to Allport, Lewin's social agenda distressed some scientists who regarded him as a mere propagandist, rather than a true scientist (Allport unpublished notes to Marrow, spring, 1965). These characteristics of Lewin's work, and of the criticisms of it, identify his place in history. Lewin died just before what Koch calls "...a massive reassessment of the positivist picture of inquiry..." which Koch traces to the early 1950s (1975, p.537). Gertrud Lewin wrote in the Preface to Resolving Social Conflicts, the first of two volumes of papers written by Lewin in America and published posthumously, that her husband was "filled with the urgent desire to make use of his theoretical insight for building a better world" (1948, p.1). She describes Lewin's fondness for bridges and highlights his ongoing struggle "to build bridges across the gorge separating theory from the reality of the individual case" (1948, p.2). Only hours before Kurt Lewin died of a massive heart attack, he spoke with long-time colleague Ronald Lippitt. Lewin explained: The American cultural ideal of the self-made man, of everyone standing on his own feet, is as tragic a picture as the initiative-destroying dependence on a benevolent despot. We all need each other. This type of interdependence is the greatest challenge to the maturity of individual and group functioning (Marrow,.pp.225-226). As I finish this discussion of Kurt Lewin's life and ideas, I am preparing to participate in a four day meeting to discuss field theory, how to develop psychological language to understand ourselves as truly interdependent beings, and how we can write about problems of concern from a field-based perspective. Others taking part in this small Cambridge meeting include writers from England, France, Australia, and the U.S. My involvement grows from craving tools for understanding a more field-theoretical way to experience myself and communicate about the subtle life of the body and spirit and their inseparability from the environment. This view implies certain imperatives regarding healing and health care with implications for reorganizing a vitally equitable human civilization. It is my hope that gorges will be bridged at our Cambridge Quasselstrippe. Ash, M. G. (1995). Gestalt psychology in German culture 1890-1967. New York: Cambridge University Press. Bradford, L. P., Gibb, J. R., Benn, K. D. (1964). T Group theory and laboratory method. New York: John Wiley. Huckabay, M. A. (1992). An overview of the theory and practice of Gestalt group process. In E. Nevis (ed). Gestalt Therapy. New York: Gardner Press. Kepner, J. I. (1995). Healing Tasks. Cambridge: gic press. Koch, S. (1975). Language communities, search cells, and the psychological studies. In W. J. Arnold (ed). Nebraska symposium on motivation. Lincoln: the University of Nebraska Press. Kuhn, T. S. (1962). The structures of scientific revolutions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Lewin, K. (1917). Krieglandschaft (War Landscape). Zeitschrift Angewandter Psychologie, 12, 440-447. Lewin, K. (1935). A dynamic theory of personality. New York: McGraw-Hill. Lewin, K. (1948). Resolving social conflicts. New York: Harper and Brothers. Marrow, A. J. (1969). The practical theroist. New York: Basic Books. Murray, H. A. (1938). Introduction to Explorations in personality In Schneidman, E. S. (ed). Endeavors in psychology: Selections from the personology of Henry A. Murray.(101-124). Perls, F., Hefferline, R., Goodman, P. (1951). Gestalt therapy: Excitement and growth in the human personality. New York: Delta. Rogers, C., Sanford, R. (1989). Client-centered psychotherapy. In H. I. Kaplan and B. J. Sadock (eds). Comprehensive text-book of psychiatry V. (p.1484). Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins. Scaraborough, E. and Furumoto, L. (1987). Untold lives: the first generation of American women psychologists. New York: Columbia University Press. Schellenberg, J. A. (1978). Masters of social psychology. New York: Oxford University Press. Shane, P. (1997). In the air. Unpublished manuscript. Taylor, E. (1999). Shadow culture: psychology and spirituality in America. Washington D.C.: Counterpoint. Wheeler, G. (1998). Gestalt Reconsidered. Cambridge: gic press.

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Fractures of the tarsus or hock occur as a result of trauma or as a secondary complication of degenerative joint disease. The hock consists of 8 bones that form several different joints. As in the carpus, a wide range of locations and types of fractures can occur. Specific diagnosis depends on careful radiographic examination, including several oblique projections or better, CT. Some of the more common fractures involve chips of the intermediate ridge and the medial or lateral malleolus of the tibia. These lesions must be distinguished from the osteochondritis dissecans complex. Slab fractures of the central and third tarsal bones are also seen, particularly in Standardbreds. Because these often are quite small and may not cause lameness, it is important to use intra-articular anesthesia to positively identify the site if the horse is lame. In many instances, a rest period (3–6 mo) is all that is required for full recovery, although with large chip fragments, arthroscopic removal is preferred. The talocrural joint is amenable to arthroscopy and surgery, with most involved areas being accessible. Slab fractures are amenable to lag screw fixation. Fractures of the calcaneus are obvious and result in severe lameness. In most cases, these fractures must be treated by means of internal fixation; in severe cases, horses should be humanely destroyed. Last full review/revision March 2012 by Stephen B. Adams, DVM, MS, DACVS; Andrew L. Crawford, BVetMed, CertES (Orth), MRCVS; James K. Belknap, DVM, PhD, DACVS; Jane C. Boswell, MA, VetMB, CertVA, CertES (Orth), DECVS, MRCVS; Peter Clegg, MA, Vet MB, PhD, CertEO, DECVS, MRCVS; Marcus J. Head, BVetMed, MRCVS; C. Wayne McIlwraith, BVSc, PhD, DSc, FRCVS, DACVS; James Schumacher, DVM, MS, DACVS, MRCVS; John Schumacher, DVM, MS, DACVS, MRCVS; Roger K. W. Smith, MA, VetMB, PhD, DEO, DECVS, MRCVS; Chris Whitton, BVSc, FACVSc, PhD; Jean-Marie Denoix, DVM, PhD, Agregé; Joerg A. Auer, DrMedVet, Dr h c, MS, DACVS, DECVS

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|How does Earth's shadow make it dark at night?| This radio show explains why the night sky appears dark in spite of the fact that almost all of the space inside our solar system is filled with the light of the sun. The show describes how the shadow of the Earth touches the moon during a lunar eclipse and how to observe the shadow of the Earth during the evening. The clip lasts 1 minute, 34 seconds. Intended for grade levels: Type of resource: Cost / Copyright: Copyright 1996-2007 EarthSky Communications Inc. All Rights Reserved. Permission to use, copy and distribute these materials without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and the materials are not redistributed for profit. DLESE Catalog ID: DLESE-000-000-006-342 Resource contact / Creator / Publisher:

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It's Time to Re-Engineer the Engineering Curriculum January 18, 2008 In the most recent presidential debates, we again heard candidates discuss the significant challenges facing the nation in energy supply, climate change, and health care. The barriers we face are not just political, however; there are underlying technological challenges that can only be met through creativity and innovation. With the candidates focused on the need for political leadership in Washington, we must not lose sight of the equally important need for leadership in science and technology. But who will provide this leadership? In the long term, it must come from the next generation. Our economic and technological future, therefore, depends on inspiring students by connecting science and engineering education to these urgent contemporary challenges. Unfortunately, students considering a technology-based education these days are confronted by stories of the growing numbers of engineers in countries such as India and China, stories suggesting that many U.S.-based engineering jobs will be outsourced. The implicit message is that America doesn't need to develop its own technical talent. This is wrong, and it is a dangerous message to send to those now making decisions about colleges, their majors and their careers. This message gains power when students look at college engineering programs with narrow discipline-focused curricula bounded by rigid departmental structures. Somewhere we have forgotten that an engineering education is about being creative and applying the tools of science to address the broad multi-dimensional challenges of today. Last month, a report released by James Duderstadt, former president of the University of Michigan, called for a fundamental shift in the way universities approach engineering education. Duderstadt recommended a complete rethinking of the way engineering is taught, with a greater emphasis on a broad undergraduate education, closer ties to the liberal arts and a focus on "creativity, innovation, and entrepreneurship." Duderstadt is right—change is needed. Academic programs need to focus on teaching the skills required for technological innovation and job creation. The message to students and parents should be that engineering is about inventing the new technologies that are most needed to solve our most pressing problems. It is true that India and China produce more engineers than the United States, but per capita production of engineers in those countries lags far behind that of the United States, and those countries, with their needs for basic infrastructure, have ample work to keep their local engineers busy for decades. The question is not whether we are graduating as many engineers as India or China, the question is whether we are producing the technical talent we need to create new industries and address pressing problems in energy, health care, the environment, sustainable manufacturing, security and communications. Providing students the interdisciplinary education they need to address these challenges requires new thinking about academic structure. Engineering schools that offer but a single introductory course to bring together students from different engineering departments before sequestering them behind the walls of their discipline fall short in providing the interdisciplinary education these problems demand. Contemporary problems don't fall neatly within departmental boundaries; why should engineering education? As Duderstadt notes, there are signs of progress. Olin College, now five years old, fully integrates engineering education with business and focuses on the process of technology entrepreneurship. The University of Vermont recently eliminated individual engineering departments and is in the midst of major curriculum reform focused on the notion that engineering must exist "in service to humanity." My institution, Dartmouth's Thayer School of Engineering, is building programs focused not on "mechanical engineering" or "electrical engineering" but on energy technologies, complex systems and the interface between engineering and medicine. At Dartmouth, we are also starting a Ph.D. program in engineering innovation to produce technology leaders who are prepared to build enterprises to tackle our most complex problems. It's time for engineering schools to reorganize and restructure curricula to reflect the technological and societal challenges of the 21st century. Genuine curricular reform that has true interdisciplinary project-based courses and embraces the liberal arts would be a welcome start. Engineering enrollments soared in the late 1970s and early 1980s in this country, not in response to Sputnik or perceived economic threats from abroad, but in response to an urgent need to address an "energy crisis," problems in the environment and the nascent field of biotechnology. These challenges are even more relevant today. We educators need to build more programs to reflect this, to inspire the next generation of students and train the next generation of technology leaders. Our country needs nothing less. Joseph Helble is the dean of Dartmouth's Thayer School of Engineering.

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The purpose in watching the video is not to reflect on the teacher's methods or teaching style. Instead, look closely at how the teacher brings out statistical ideas while engaging his students in statistical problem solving. You might want to review the four-step process for solving statistical problems. What are the four steps? What characterizes each step? Session 1, Part A: A Problem-Solving Process << back to Part A: Statistics as a Problem-Solving Process

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Patrick GordonArticle Free Pass Patrick Gordon, (born March 31, 1635, Auchleuchries, Aberdeen, Scot.—died Nov. 29 [Dec. 9, New Style], 1699, Moscow, Russia), Scottish soldier of fortune who became a general in the Russian army and a close friend of Peter I the Great of Russia (reigned 1682–1725). Having left Scotland, which was torn by religious and political strife, Gordon went to Danzig (now Gdańsk) in Poland and studied at the Jesuit College at Braniewo (Braunsberg) for two years (1651–53). When a Polish-Swedish war broke out in 1655, he became a mercenary and fought on different occasions for both sides. In 1661 Gordon entered the Russian army as a major, and, after suppressing the Moscow riots of 1663, he was promoted to the rank of colonel. In 1666 Tsar Alexis sent him as an envoy to England, but he failed to complete his mission satisfactorily and lost the tsar’s favour. Despite his efforts to leave the Russian service, his position improved with succeeding regimes, particularly after he heroically defended Chigirin (located in Ukraine), which was besieged by the Turks in 1678. After Sophia Alekseyevna became regent for Peter I and Ivan V (1682), Gordon again went on a diplomatic mission to England (1686–87). Upon his return he warned Sophia and her chief adviser, Prince Vasily Golitsyn, against joining an anti-Turk European alliance and waging war against the Turks’ vassals, the Crimean Tatars. He was overruled, however, and in 1687 he joined Golitsyn in his first unsuccessful Crimean expedition. Promoted to the rank of general, Gordon served as quartermaster general in the second Crimean campaign (1689) and supplied Golitsyn with strategic advice. But when that campaign also failed and a political crisis developed, Gordon, commanding troops trained in the western European style, helped Peter I overthrow Sophia (1689). Subsequently, Gordon became a close collaborator of the young tsar, entertaining him, teaching him ballistic science, and also supervising the war-game maneuvers of Peter’s specially trained troops. As a reward, Peter made Gordon a rear admiral (1694) and his chief military counselor. In 1698, when the streltsy (household troops) rebelled, hoping to restore Sophia to the throne while Peter was traveling in western Europe, Gordon crushed them in June of that year. What made you want to look up "Patrick Gordon"? Please share what surprised you most...

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Spain and the World. Vol. 2, no. 44 |Previous||1 of 4||Next| small (250x250 max) medium (500x500 max) large ( > 500x500) Loading content ... SPAIN AND THE WORLD Vol. II. No. 44. LONDON, NOVEMBER 12th, 1938. PRICE 2d.—U.S.A. 5 cents The State rests on the slavery of labour. If labour becomes free, the State is lost. - MAX STIRNER (The Ego and his Own) The State is always a conservative power that authorizes, regulates and organizes the conquests of progress; but never does it inaugurate them - SYSMONDI. (History of the Italian Republics) CHAMBERLAIN THE UNREADY by F. A. RIDLEY In the year 991 England was invaded by an army of pure-blooded "Nordics," Viking bandits of the true "Ayran" breed. The Anglo-Saxon king, Ethelred, unable to withstand these international brigands, bought them off with a tribute of hard cash known as "Danegelt." On account of this military unpreparedness King Ethelred is known to historians as the "redeless" — i.e., who refuses to take advice — or, more generally, as "the Unready." In 1938 Neville Chamberlain, British Prime Minister, buys off, in intention if not in fact, another assault from international bandits of pure "Aryan" stock. Like Ethelred, his political prototype, he pays tribute to the Vikings. And, more obsequious than his predecessor who sent the money, Chamberlain delivers the goods in person. He is Chamberlain the Unready. "The Unready." But not necessarily "the man who would not take advice." For it would be to reason in the most superficial manner to assume that the "sudden decision" of the political director of British Imperialism to "square the circle" and avoid a war by hook or crook, was not a deliberate premeditated decision to avoid a world-war at all costs. Undoubtedly Mr. Chamberlain's apparently surprising decision represents the deepest and most fundamental needs of British Imperialism: above all, the need to survive in a world which becomes ever more inimical to the power, and, indeed, to the very existence, of the British Empire. An International crisis, and, above all, such a crisis in its sharpest form, the imminent threat of world-war, acts like a flash of lightning in the physical sphere; it lights up the murky terrain and brings the whole situation into the political searchlight. In the dazzling light that is shed upon the world situation of British Imperialism by the Hitler-Chamberlain conversations, the elemental landscape is now revealed as never before. Both British Imperialism and its critics of yesterday stand clearly revealed. That historical landscape will repay a moment's attention. The British Empire now exists on sufferance. Britannia holds her empire by permission: her trident is now permanently in pawn. Such is the final political lesson that emerges from the Anglo-German Conversations of September 15th, 1938. The British Empire, flamboyant with Disraeli, insolent with Kipling, on a circumspect defensive with Baldwin, is now on its knees with Chamberlain, begging for permission to survive. And in all this there is no accident: the contemporary phase of its historic development is adequately expressed. Neville Chamberlain represents British Imperialism in its decline as accurately as his father "Joe" Chamberlain of glorious memory represented it in its heyday. Chamberlain pere fought Britain's last aggressive war, the Boer war; ruthlessly he trampled on the weak — Britain's hands were, of Imperialism fears it, particularly in course, clean: there was no "Kellogg Pact" to outlaw the "aggressor!" Chamberlain fils cringes to the strong! "Peace, and again Peace," that is his sole cry. Is it that Imperialism "red in tooth and claw," has at long last submitted to "the evolution of morals?" Or is it merely that the ravenous beast is old and tired; that his claws are blunted with age: that his teeth are falling out? Both views have their supporters. The writer of these lines does not subscribe to either of these conflicting opinions. Morality and Imperialism inhabit widely sundered worlds; they have as much to do with each other as, shall are say, Lenin, the author of "Imperialism," and his present ci devant Russian disciples tumbling over each other to mount the Imperialist band-waggon! As for German Imperialism, no one could take it lightly as an opponent after its proven military efficiency in the last war; none the less, it can hardly be supposed that British view of its vast economic superiority, and of the innumerable allies, ranging from "Communist" Russia to Fascist Portugal, all palpitating with ardour to die for Democracy; and, of course, in defence therefore of "the mother of Parliaments." No! Chamberlain (and his allies) have no cause to fear the bankrupt and divided Germany of to-day. If Britain, etc., etc., fights Germany again, Britain, etc., etc., will win. As the British Secret Service has not got the reputation of consisting exclusively of Morons, Chamberlain must know all this as well as anyone. If Chamberlain fears, as he obviously does, to fight Germany this cannot be because he is "yellow," at any rate in the ordinary sense of the term. (Pace the "News-Chronicle" the British Foreign Office knows its job; and while the "Daily Herald" and the "Daily Worker" may foam at the mouth and demand Chamberlain's impeachment for his refusal "to look the Fascist danger firmly in the face," yet, after all, the British ruling class, and its political instrument, the Tory party, have been in the Imperialist game for four centuries: not four years, like the the Labour Party, or four months, like the Communist Party! They know all the ropes by this time). Why then will not Chamberlain Continued on page 2 HAVE YOU SENT A CONTRIBUTION TO OUR PRESS FUND? We need £200 by the end of the year! NATIONAL SERVICE The Government plans to introduce conscription. The workers must make no mistake. This would place a tremendous weapon in the hands of reaction — a weapon which the ruling class would not be hesitant to use. Already the signs begin to appear. "Defense of Factories" is only a cover for attacks against the freedom of workers. Speed-up is increasing everywhere. Under the cover of National Service the Government hopes to manoeuvre the dupes and hired bullies of privilege into disorganising and intimidating the working-class. War is being used as a method of blackmail. It is not the Fascist blackmail of the "democracies", but the co-ordinated blackmail of Hitler, Chamberlain, Mussolini and Daladier, using the people's natural horror of warfare to intimidate them into accepting tyranny under the cover of defence. While Communists, Liberals and Labourites stand ready to betray the workers into a new Imperialist slaughter, Anarchism upholds the true tradition of their class — the tradition based on the fact that the workers have no country, for they are the wage-slaves of capitalist exploitation and the enemies of their exploiters. On the eleventh of November millions of sincere British "subjects" remain in silence to respect the dead. Those are not the feelings of the organisers of the ceremony — for according to their ruling class beliefs, have they not betrayed the cause for which those people died? Have they not, by their own standards, assured us that those men died in vain? For the ruling classes it is nothing more than an excuse for using the frailty of human sentiment to cultivate the psychology of mass-hysteria and servitude. Do not accept the usual pro-militarist ballyhoo. They will tell you about the so-called peace they have gained, and will urge the need for preparing for war. Don't be fooled by politicians, bosses, warmongers or state officials. Use the opportunity to build a movement for workers' direct action, workers' direct control, and freedom, while their is still time. (Issued by The Anarchist Federation of Britain) The Internationals who were not present By Federica Montseny Barcelona gave a rousing send-off to the volunteers of the International Brigade. Along the streets of Barcelona men of all races and from every corner of the earth who came to offer their all for the cause for which the Spanish people is fighting, marched past upright and sad. And alongside those who marched past, I remembered those who were not among them. The "Internationals" who were not present ... those whom no one remembered. Those who were not present ... I think of Albert Brachet the young Belgium socialist professor, killed on the Madrid front. I think of Fosco Falaschi, a symbolic figure, the incarnation of the heroic sentiment in life, drawn to anarchism, who fell on the Aragon front ... A great writer, a man of great culture who came to give his errant Italian life for the cause of the Spanish people against fascism which has enslaved all Italy. I think of Rosselli, murdered in Paris by Fascism after having escaped death a thousand times in Aragon. Rosselli ideal figure of Italian Socialism, genuine Idealist... And I think of Camillo Berneri, of our Berneri ... Yet another of the Internationals who was not present! Yet another of the Internationals who did not march through the streets of Barcelona. In some hidden corner there is yet a man or some men who, if they read these lines, will feel a cold shudder run through their veins. And they will recall the man, that almost child-like eyes, that open smile, that gentle voice, that ever qustioning look upon his face. And they will see Berneri stiff, covered in blood dead ... (6 lines censored)* . . . Berneri! Poor Berneri! A beautiful personality, all goodness, all frankness, all idealism. When the black history is written, the black history runs current with the glorious history, the world will contemplate the figure of Berneri as to-day it looks upon those of Anarchasis Clootz, Engheim, Lacy and Duval. And the others. Those unknown men. The workers who came from Poland and Bulgaria, Roumania, England and Sweden, from the most distant corners of America, from the depths of Africa, from the frontiers of the Orient . . . I have seen unforgettable men I have listened to the most unbelievable stories. And nevertheless, true. Because sometimes reality is more vivid than our imaginations. Men of all political ideas. Communists, Socialists, Anarchist, Liberals and Democrats . . . And angry proletarians, their feelings dominated by the class struggle, who came here to fight the common enemy, to share our bread and wine. I remember them. And on their innumerable graves, the tombs in which rest men without families, the tombs in which sleep sons mourned by many mothers of many races; above all the earth covered with bodies I cast a sad glance and a broken heart . . . Tomorrow bards will sing your praises! There will rise a poet — and who knows from what womb will be born and from what far off land will come he — who will write this new and glorious Legend of the Centuries. (Solidaridad Obrera) (* These lines must refer to the responsible elements amongst the Communists who assassinated Berneri during the May Days, 1937 — Ed.) TOM MOONEY TO BE FREED? The victory of the Democrat Cuthbert Olson as Governor of California reminds one that amongst his promises if he were elected was that he would liberate the Labour Leader Tom Mooney who for the past 21 years has been in St. Quentin prison in company with Warren Billings. As far back as 1928 Judge Franklin Griffen wrote to the Governor of California: "The trial judge (myself), the foreman of the jury, 11 members of the jury, the present District Attorney, and every other official, except District Attorney Kickert, the prosecutor, now dead — to-day believe the convicted men were innocent, and are sincere advocates of their pardon." Since then, appeal after appeal have been in vain. Will the Governor of California now keep his word and free Tom Mooney and Warren Billings? Public opinion must force him to do so if now that he has obtained "power" he forgets his promises! Tom Mooney had been for many years a member of Moulder's Union Local 164 and was known throughout California as an energetic fighter in the cause of the workers. For many years he had been an effective factor in various strikes. Because of his incorruptibility he was cordially hated by every employer and labour politician of the Coast. The United Railways had tried, a few years previously, to put Mooney behind the bars but even the farmer jury have refused to credit the frame-up against him. Ed. |Archive collection||Publications from the archive of Henry Sara and Frank Maitland| |Archive folder||Journal of the Anarcho-Syndicalist Union : Spain and the World| |Document title||Spain and the World. Vol. 2, no. 44| |Issuing organisation||Anarcho-Syndicalist-Union (Shepherd's Bush (London, England))| |Author||Ridley, Francis A., 1897-| |Document date||12 November 1938| |Copyright status||Copyright expired. With the exception of the articles by F.A. Ridley, Federica Montseny, Harry Kelly, Herbert Read and Albert Meltzer: current copyright holders unknown.| |Contributors||Montseny, Federica; Kelly, Harry, 1871-1953 ; Read, Herbert, 1893-1968 ; Meltzer, Albert, 1920-|

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This article was originally published in the January/February 1996 issue of Home Energy Magazine. Some formatting inconsistencies may be evident in older archive content. | Back to Contents Page | Home Energy Index | About Home Energy | Home Energy Magazine Online January/February 1996 Figure 1. Since most new houses are built with only one return grille, pressure imbalances often occur between bedrooms with closed doors and the rest of the house. Pressure relief should be built into these rooms, and this can be done in many ways. This diagram shows a ducted ceiling bypass into the hallway. With this type of bypass, the duct limits noise transfer. A less expensive option would be a direct vent through the wall into the hallway , or simply cutting the bottom off the door. One source of inefficiency in forced-air systems is differential house pressures caused by not having returns in all rooms. Closed rooms with supplies only have positive air pressures, while rooms with returns have negative pressures. For pressure relief, RCDP contractors either added returns or installed pass-through grilles or ducts between bedrooms and the main body of the house (see Figure 1). Pressure relief grilles worked when they had at least 1 square inch of open (net free) area for each CFM of supply air delivered to the room. Grilles sized significantly below this did not reduce room pressures adequately. Some builders were able to install these grilles for under $200 for a typical three-bedroom house. Pressure relief serves several purposes: - It prevents depressurization of combustion zones. - It reduces heat loss due to air leakage driven by the heating system. - It reduces moisture loading of building cavities caused by air leakage. Locate as much of the system inside as possible. When all ducts and the air handler are located inside heated spaces, distribution systems are much more efficient-sometimes over 95% total useful heat delivered. This requires early cooperation among the HVAC contractor, the general contractor, and the designer. It also requires space in the living area, which many builders are unwilling to provide (See Researchers Approach Builders on Duct Location, HE Nov/Dec '95, p. 6). Plan ahead for access to ducts. Leaks are often not sealed because it's hard to reach them. This is especially true near the air handler. Leave enough space to get to critical leaks. Provide a pressure-balanced system. In rooms with no returns, provide pass-through grilles or other means of allowing air to get back to returns. Grilles should have free area equal to at least 1 square inch per CFM of supply to room. Use high-quality sealing materials. Water-based mastics and tape-applied mastics (foil tape with at least a 15-mil sealant) appear to work best. For leaks wider than 18 inch, reinforce mastic with mesh tape. Figure 2. The proper procedure for making flex duct connections. Don't confuse sealing with mechanical fastening. Tapes and sealants are not designed to hold connections together. Solid mechanical connections are crucial to effective duct sealing. Use sheet metal screws for metal-to-metal connections. Use compression straps for flex duct (see Figure 2). Plastic compression straps require a special tool to achieve adequate tightness. Use a duct tester. A duct tester (such as a Duct Blaster) makes it easier to evaluate progress and to identify the techniques that work best. It also helps to prevent backsliding or loss of quality as new employees are brought on board. Finally, it is one of the few ways to demonstrate the quality of the job to customers.Recommendations to Utilities The RCDP demonstration showed the importance of getting new forced-air systems tight. The systems were made twice as tight for two-thirds of the cost of the retrofit program. Regardless of how contractors are encouraged to build tight systems (approved contractor status, exemplary home programs, financial incentives, and so on), the utility will need to set program standards and provide some training in how to meet those standards. System tightness. Set a performance target verified by testing. Testing duct leakage is also good training-contractors get better at sealing ducts when they can see and measure what's working. The target for RCDP was no more than 50 CFM50 leakage to outside or 0.02 CFM50 per square foot of living space, whichever was greater. The average leakage rate was 80 CFM50. This average included some notable failures-most systems actually came close to the target. Unfortunately, duct leakage to outside is probably not a very practical test for a new construction program. It requires the use of both a blower door and a duct tester, and house construction must be completed. Instead, utilities could base their standards on total duct leakage, which requires only the use of a duct tester (the system must be complete, with the air handler hooked up, but the house can be at any stage of completion). This leakage rate averaged twice the duct leakage to outside in RCDP. Based on this study, a standard of 150 CFM50 or 0.06 CFM50 per ft2 of conditioned space would be a good starting point for a utility program. Materials. Requiring the use of sealants that meet Underwriter's Laboratory (UL) standards would be a good starting point. (The State of Florida now requires duct sealants to satisfy UL requirements.) Another option would be to require the use of duct mastics or tapes manufactured for sealing the type of duct material being used. Require the use of reinforcing mesh tape for gaps over 18 inch or where joints are under stress. Sealants for flex duct should be those approved by the duct manufacturer. Application of sealants. Sealants should be applied according to the manufacturer's instructions. These instructions may include surface cleaning and preparation, temperature and pressure requirements, and other details. When sealing a flex-to-metal connection, the inner liner must be sealed to the metal. Mechanical fasteners. Require sheet metal screws for metal-to-metal joints. Flex connections require compression straps on both the inner liner and the outer liner. Plastic compression straps must be tightened using the appropriate tool. House Operating Pressures Rooms with supplies only should be pressure relieved so that they are not pressurized more than 3 Pa with reference to the main body of the house. Pressure relief openings (pass-through grilles, door undercuts, passive ducts, or combinations) should total 1 square inch of net free area for each CFM delivered to the room. The effectiveness of pressure relief should be tested after the house is completed, using a digital micromanometer, with all doors closed.Findings in Retrofit Houses Retrofit duct sealing was done primarily by weatherization contractors. The procedure was for state energy office researchers to test the system in the morning, direct the contractors' sealing efforts, and then retest the system to measure any reductions in leakiness. Sealing the right leaks, and sealing them the right way, is crucial. Here, the air-handler-to-plenum and plenum-to-ducts connections are the center of attention, and mastic is the sealant of choice. Sealing reduced the average leakiness from 340 CFM50 to 160 CFM50. Because supply leaks tend to be more costly than return leaks, it was important to know which side of the system the leakage reductions were coming from. In the 15 houses where the supply and returns were measured separately, on average half of the leakage was on the supply side. The percentage varied a great deal from house to house. Retrofit duct sealing costs averaged $335 per house, with a range of $120 to $630. A more interesting figure is the cost per CFM50 in leakiness reductions. The average cost per CFM50 was $3, but the range was extreme: from 50 to $11. Some houses already have relatively tight distribution systems, so it might not make much sense to spend time and money sealing them. The fastest test for screening houses is the pressure pan test, which requires a blower door and a digital manometer. It's an easy screening procedure in programs where a blower door is already in use. John Tooley of Natural Florida Retrofit has developed pressure pan screening criteria whereby systems are categorized as tight, gray, or loose. When the RCDP retrofit systems are categorized using these criteria, it becomes clear that systems categorized as loose were sealed more cost-effectively. The loose systems averaged 450 CFM50 leakiness before sealing, and 190 CFM50 after sealing. This was roughly five times the reduction in the houses that were categorized as tight or gray. Furthermore, the average cost per CFM50 of leakage reduction for loose systems was only $1.60, while the average for the gray and tight systems was over $5. Know your enemy-the panned floor joist. A joist cavity makes a very poor duct, as it is extremely difficult to make airtight. Screen using the pressure pan test. This establishes whether the duct system is leaky, and it helps to locate leaks. This test requires a blower door rather than a duct tester. Screen houses for safety. Before ducts are sealed, the house should be tested for combustion zone depressurization under typical and worst-case operating conditions (combinations of furnace blower, exhaust fans, and door closure) to make sure that combustion devices are not backdrafting. Duct sealing may worsen backdrafting under some conditions, posing health and safety risks to the occupants. Homes with safety problems should not have work done on them unless the occupants are willing to have pressure relief measures installed. Screen houses for other cost-effectiveness factors. Some systems may not be cost-effective to seal even if they're leaky. Examples include homes with inaccessible ducts (the definition of inaccessible changes with experience) and homes with low heating bills (very small homes or homes with wood stoves). Prioritize sealing efforts. Besides using the pressure pan test to locate leaks, there are a couple of other general rules that will increase the effectiveness of duct sealing: - Start with the leaks that are closest to the air handler, where the pressure difference between the duct and outside is highest. - Prioritize supplies, since these leaks are more costly. Set tightness targets. In every job, there's a point of diminishing returns where extra effort saves so little energy that it's no longer worthwhile. Unfortunately, RCDP and other research has not yet provided us with a simple description of this point. Until this information is available, contractors should watch their pressure pan test numbers as they work, and stop working when the numbers change very little. With experience, pressure pan targets can be set for various house types.Recommendations to Utilities Specifications for materials, mechanical fasteners, and application should be essentially the same as in new construction. However, unlike new homes, where duct systems should all be built tight, retrofit homes need to be selected for utility programs. Safety. Houses that haven't been screened for combustion safety should not be part of a utility-sponsored program. Houses should be tested for existing carbon monoxide problems, existing backdrafting, worst-case combustion zone depressurization, and the impact of any duct or house sealing. When homeowners are unwilling to have these problems corrected, no further work should be done. Pressure pan test. This test is to determine whether the ducts are leaky enough to justify utility expenditures. Houses with fewer than three pressure pan readings above 2 Pa are unlikely to be cost-effective to seal. Heating and cooling bills. Even if the ducts test leaky, it doesn't make economic sense to seal them if the utility bills are low. This may be the case when there's a wood stove in use. Accessibility. When ducts are difficult to get to, sealing costs go up and effectiveness goes down. Start with simple houses where the ducts are accessible. Performance specifications are more difficult to set for retrofit. Some systems just can't be made as tight as others, through no fault of the retrofit contractor. Here are some considerations for setting targets: Tightness targets by house type. The RCDP experience indicates that 125-150 CFM50 leakage to outside is a reasonable target for simple houses. For complex houses, doubling this target may be appropriate. Measuring leakage to outside requires both a duct tester and a blower door, which may be too time-consuming for utility programs. Using pressure pan targets would require only the blower door. For simple houses, pressure pan readings should mostly be brought below 1 Pa, with a few at 1.5 Pa. Fleet averages. Not all systems will be able to meet the target. To avoid contractor frustration, targets should be fleet averages. Some houses should be brought below the target to make up for those that can't. Leakage reduction per hour. It can be tough deciding when to quit work on a system that won't meet the tightness target. By testing periodically, contractors can track leakage reductions per hour (either CFM50 or Pascals). For these houses, set a target for leakage reductions per hour of labor invested. When the reductions get too small, work should stop. Key safety tests should be repeated after completing work. Specifically, combustion appliance zone depressurization should be tested under worst-case conditions. If combustion appliance zones exceed depressurization limits, they must be pressure relieved. Begin with New Houses It's easier to get tight ducts in new construction. There are fewer technical problems and it gives everyone involved a chance to learn about materials, suppliers, and techniques. Getting Started in Retrofit Start with a pilot project. Retrofitting is more complex than new construction. Start the program with only one or two contractors. Make sure each contractor will have enough work to make it worth the initial investment in time and money. Start with simple houses. Start with single-story houses where the ducts and the air handler are in crawlspaces, attics, or garages. Most of the ducts are accessible, and most leak to the outside. Sealing is simpler and more likely to bring savings. Collect data for future decision making. We're often asked by utilities for more detail on how much energy duct programs will save. Unfortunately there's not much data out there-utilities need to collect their own data on their pilot programs. For most utilities, analyzing heating and cooling bills with PRISM will provide valuable information (see Advancing the Art of PRISM Analysis, HE July/Aug '95, p. 19). Train contractors in the field. Trainers in all four states in RCDP felt that the most valuable training took place on the job site. Classroom training is valuable in getting the support of company owners, but to get to the workers, you've got to get on site. Use field measurement to make training more effective. Duct testers and blower doors give instant feedback on what's working and what isn't. This feedback quickly focuses contractors and workers on key points, and it helps get new employees up to speed. | Back to Contents Page | Home Energy Index | About Home Energy | | Home Energy Home Page | Back Issues of Home Energy | EREN Home Page | Home Energy can be reached at: email@example.com Home Energy magazine -- Please read our Copyright Notice - FIRST PAGE - PREVIOUS PAGE

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Savia, S.B. and Parker, E.A. (1999) Current distribution across-curved ring element FSS. In: IEE National Conference on Antennas and Propagation. IEE Conference Publications, 461. Inst Electrical Engineers Inspec Inc pp. 332-335. ISBN 0-85296-713-6. |The full text of this publication is not available from this repository. (Contact us about this Publication)| Planar frequency selective surfaces (FSS) are usually modelled using the Floquet modal technique or the semi-empirical equivalent circuit method. Arbitrarily curved or finite surfaces present greater problems because it becomes necessary to perform computations for groups of elements or for individual elements in the array. The currents induced in individual elements on finite plane and curved lattices are computed in this paper, to study the influence of curvature on the distribution of current in the elements, and hence the amount of curvature that might be tolerated before the locally plane assumption breaks down. In constructing a doubly curved lattice, symmetry suggests placing an element at the apex and surrounding it with successive circles of additional elements. The elements are free standing single rings, which are commonly used in FSS This element-by-element approach to the analysis of FSS enables the properties of arrays on arbitrary lattices to be studied, including 3-dimensional ones. In this paper, the arrays are doubly curved. A requirement is an expression for the scattering by a single element, as is provided for these dual polarised rings. The rings do not have to be identical: finite arrays of concentric ring elements could be simulated using the same method. |Item Type:||Conference or workshop item (Paper)| |Additional information:||Proceedings Paper| |Subjects:||T Technology > TK Electrical engineering. Electronics Nuclear engineering > TK5101 Telecommunications T Technology > TK Electrical engineering. Electronics Nuclear engineering T Technology > TA Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) T Technology > TK Electrical engineering. Electronics Nuclear engineering > TK7800 Electronics (see also: telecommunications) |Divisions:||Faculties > Science Technology and Medical Studies > School of Engineering and Digital Arts| |Depositing User:||F.D. Zabet| |Date Deposited:||26 Mar 2009 17:08| |Last Modified:||26 Mar 2009 17:08| |Resource URI:||http://kar.kent.ac.uk/id/eprint/16599 (The current URI for this page, for reference purposes)| - Depositors only (login required):

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The Cherokee Nation and the Trail of Tears ISBN 9780143113676 | 208 pages | 24 Jun 2008 | Penguin | 8.26 x 5.23in | 18 - AND UP Summary of The Cherokee Nation and the Trail of Tears Summary of The Cherokee Nation and the Trail of Tears Reviews for The Cherokee Nation and the Trail of Tears An Excerpt from The Cherokee Nation and the Trail of Tears In the early nineteenth century, the U.S. government shifted its policy from trying to assimilate American Indians to relocating them, and proceeded to forcibly drive seventeen thousand Cherokees from their homelands. This journey of exile became known as the Trail of Tears.“ With a rich sense of Cherokee culture and history . . . the authors . . . recount a human story, not only tragic but also unbelievably heroic.”—Los Angeles Times Historians Perdue and Green reveal the government’s betrayals and the divisions within the Cherokee Nation, follow the exiles along the Trail of Tears, and chronicle the hardships found in the West. In its trauma and tragedy, the Cherokee diaspora has come to represent the irreparable injustice done to Native Americans in the name of nation building—and in their determined survival, it represents the resilience of the Native American spirit. To keep up-to-date, input your email address, and we will contact you on publication Please alert me via email when:

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Fall 2008 Issue Tulsa (OK) Technology Center’s Innovative Approach to Training Future Engineers Tulsa Technology Center designed and built balloon sats for launch by Oklahoma State University’s ASTRO balloon-launch program. discusses his technical and sats to their launch. Photo 3. OSU Professor Dr. Andy Arena surrounded by student assistants inflating the sounding balloon. Over the past few years there has much concern has been voiced over the dwindling number of engineers and high-tech technicians in this country. Many of us believe that the roots of this dilemma are found at the high school level. Whether it is because of a lack in preparation or a lack of interest, our young adults are not competing in the engineering curriculums at our country’s major research universities. Various national initiatives have been under way for the past two decades to recruit and develop aspiring young pre-engineers at the high school level, with the hope of refreshing our aging high-tech work force. Recently, these initiatives are being taken more seriously due to increased indications that the United States is losing its role as the world’s leader in innovation and technology. Here in Tulsa, Oklahoma, bridges are being built to span the academic gap between our teenage talent and our engineering colleges. Under the mentorship of Professor Andy Arena, KE5CAB, and PhD candidate Joe Conner, W2OSU, both of Oklahoma State University (OSU), as well as Mr. Harry Mueller, KC5TRB, of Oklahoma Research Balloons, Tulsa Technology Center’s “Introduction to Aerospace Engineering” class built payloads to fly on OSU’s ASTRO-08 balloon-sat mission, which was successfully flown on February 22, 2008. The mission objective was to carry student payloads and experiments to the near-space altitude of 100,000 feet MSL, to track and recover the payloads, and then to download and process the data. Student payloads consisted of cameras and temperature data-acquisition equipment. The experimental payloads, built by Joe Conner, consisted of two video cameras, with a third experiment to test a Dual-Tone Multi-Frequency (DTMF) activated cut-down device. This article will focus primarily on the educational aspects of this project, from the perspective of the Tulsa Tech students and their instructor, The class objectives for the payloads were to develop reliable and inexpensive technologies for: (1) photographing the Earth at near-space altitudes; (2) gathering atmospheric data; and (3) processing Automatic Position Reporting System (APRS) packets and tracking the payload. Objectives 1 and 2 were reasonably successful, while objective 3 needs further development within the Tulsa Tech class. Based on feedback from multiple sources, we chose the adjustable Interval Timer kit, manufactured by Velleman, to trigger an Aiptek PocketCam on a 20- to 30-second cycle. We found the timer kits easy to assemble, convenient for school purchasing, and inexpensive. At room temperatures the 12-volt kits worked fine. However, we had problems with our kits when they were exposed to even moderate drops in temperature. Specifically, while at room temperature the timer kit was set for a 1-second pulse and a 30-second pause. Then after the temperature dropped to around zero degrees Celsius, the pulse would extend to over 2 minutes with the pause remaining at the original 30 seconds. This drastic increase in the cycle time would, in turn, cause the cameras to go into sleep mode prematurely and cause battery life to decrease.A fix was incorporated by placing a transistor on the output pin of the 555 timing chip to drive the relay (see figure 1). With this change in place, the timer kit functioned properly at and below zero degrees Celsius. I observed this modified circuit working fine for over an hour in a freezer without insulation or supplemental heat. Next year’s class will use a different, smaller timing circuit. A transistor will be used to switch the camera’s trigger, as opposed to a relay switching the camera’s trigger. © Copyright 2008, CQ Communications, Inc. All rights reserved. This material may not be reproduced or republished, including posting to a website, in part or in whole, by any means, without the express written permission of the publisher, CQ Communications, Inc. Hyperlinks to this page are permitted.

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The book is called A NEW THEORY CLARIFYING THE IDENTITY OF CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS: A BYZANTINE PRINCE FROM CHIOS, GREECE. It was written by Ruth G Durlacher-Wolper, the founder and the director of the New World Museum and the New World Foundation in San Salvador, Bahamas, where Columbus' ships first landed in 1492. There has been more written about Christopher Columbus than about any person with the exception of Jesus Christ, and yet his past has been shrouded in mystery. We all have been told that he came from Genoa, a city in Italy and sailed for Isabella and Ferdinand, the king and queen of Spain, after many years of trying to convince them that the world was round, a belief that was uncommon despite the fact that Aristotle had said it over a thousand years before. But most of what we know about Columbus is conjecture and much of his history was written by people who never knew him or had reasons of their own for rewriting or presenting as truth something that was just a theory. The story of his being the son of a woolworker from Genoa for example only came from the fact that there was someone named Columbus from Genoa who was a wool worker and is a legend attributed to Peter Martyr de Anghiera. Go to Genoa and you will see that there are monuments and a show of pride in it being the birthplace of Columbus. But I am convinced Columbus was from Chios. The book is carefully researched and after reading it even if you are not convinced you will certainly be less sure that all you knew before was the truth. For those of you who remember your Byzantine history, you may recall that the Paleologos Dynasty were the Byzantine Emperors who traced their descendants to the Royal House of David and fled to the west after the fall of Constantinople. According to the book, Columbus and his kinsman Colon-the-Younger came to France with the Paleologi and mixed with the royalty of the period, which would make sense. Why would the King and Queen of Spain would give him three ships and a lot of money if he was the son of a Genovese woolworker? Columbus never said he was from Genoa. He said he was from the Republic of Genoa, something much different. The island of Chios was part of the Republic of Genoa. The name Columbus is carved above many doors in the villages of Pirgi and Cimbori and a priest with that last name traces his ancestry on the island back over 600 years. There are also many Genovese families who trace their ancestry back to Chios. Columbus also wrote about the gum-mastic called mastika which comes only from Chios. The book presents many convincing arguments and in the end summarizes them with 22 FACTS CONTRIBUTING TO THE CLARIFICATION OF COLUMBUS IDENTITY. Among the most interesting: Columbus signature "Xro-Ferens" Christophoros is Greek-Latin or Byzantine. Columbus spelled Chios with a Greek 'X'. Columbus named Cape Maysi in Cuba using Greek words, Alpha and Omega. Columbus never asked Italy for ships or aid for food and shelter when he needed help. If he was from Genoa than why not? Nor does he ever mention the Columbo family of Genoa to whom history says he was related. He neither spoke or read Italian. Yet in his favorite book Imago Mundi by Cardinal Pierre d'Ailly he wrote in the margins in Greek. Columbus was called Genovese because he dressed in Genovese fashion from Chios. He signed his name "Columbus de terra Rubra" which means of the red earth. The Mastic areas of Chios was known for the red color of the earth. He banked at St. George in Genoa which took care of the colonies like Chios. Columbus kept two logs on his journey, one real and one false. The true log used the measurements in Greek leagues and the false in Roman. The author used the real logs and measurements to reconstruct Columbus discovery of the island of San Salvador and cleared up many discrepancies in the geography of the area. The Colombo family of Genoa were illiterate and the Genovese Christophoro was a woolweaver. For this person to acquire the learning, experience and spirituality that Columbus had that could convince a foreign king and queen to entrust a small navy and a fortune to him doesn't seem probable. Maybe in twentieth century America a poor son of a common garment worker can grow up to become president but in the Europe of the 15th century it is unlikely he could make Captain, much less Admiral in command of a fleet. It is more likely that for Columbus to have received an audience with a king and queen he would have to be royal himself or have some pretty good connections. Columbus' son Ferdinand wrote that his ancestors have always followed the sea. Unless the Columbo family of Genoa had a long history of being ships tailors or official shearers of sea-sheep then they were not related. In fact even though they were living in Genoa at the time that Ferdinand was writing about his father, they are not mentioned. Nor are they mentioned in the Will of Columbus. Columbus was not a wool-worker struck by God like Joan of Arc and instantly filled with knowledge of navigation, philosophy, astronomy, psychology, languages and the power to convince kings to give him whatever he wanted. This was a man with a lifetime of education, culture, experience and inspiration who had a sense of his own destiny and the drive to fulfill it. In the book we discover that not only was Columbus connected with the Paleologos family but many of his buddies were Greek too. Perhaps this is the most convincing argument for me. Anyone knowing Greeks in exile is aware that they are a tight group that trust each other and spend all their time together, bound by that thread of Hellenism. As convincing as all the other arguments, (and there are many in this small book), the fact that his 'parea' was Greek, (in other words his group of friends and associates), proved to me that Christopher Columbus was not the son of an itinerant Genovese wool-worker, but a Byzantine prince from Chios who came from a life of enlightened education and spiritual aspirations, and as an islander, combined it with a love of the sea. The islanders from Chios are known for their skill on the sea and for the number of sea-captains and ship owners from there. If Columbus was Greek then Chios is the most likely island he would be from. With its Genovese architecture and sea-faring history, the heroic exploits of the people of Chios and also the evidence that Chios was the birthplace of Homer, where else would he be from? Maybe you aren't convinced. But I am. Columbus was Greek. To buy this book without jumping off the ferry in Chios write to: John Perikos - Kallimassia - Chios 8210 - Greece

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Kylix. Athlete with discus; c. 500 BCE, Greek, Attic red-figure Credit: ©Kathleen Cohen , Athens. Greece. If television had existed in the time of the ancient Greek athletes Milo of Kroton, Diagoras of Rhodes, Melankomas of Caria, Polydamas of Skotoussa, and Theagenes of Thasos, no doubt their triumphs in the ancient Olympic Games would have been the subject of numerous live broadcast interviews. In this lesson, students will have an opportunity to develop such "live interviews" with ancient athletes; working in small groups, they will produce a script based on the results of their research and they will perform the interview for other students in the class. To prepare meaningful scripts of questions and responses for their interviewers and athletes, student groups will draw upon resources of an online exhibit, "The Ancient Olympics" , developed for the EDSITEment-reviewed Perseus Project. Designed especially for students, this exhibit includes sections on ancient and modern sports, the site of Olympia as it looks today, the cultural and historical context of the Games, and athletes who were famous in ancient times. Whether they access the site themselves or are provided with reprints by their teacher, students will find ample resources on "The Ancient Olympics" with which to construct interviews that reflect their understanding of some of the values and beliefs underlying the ancient Olympic Games. This lesson can be taught either by itself or in conjunction with the more extensive lesson unit, "It Came From Greek Mythology" , which offers several activities for teaching about the mythology of ancient Greece and Rome, as well as the ancient concept of the hero. Although designed for students in grades 3 through 5, much of "It Came From Greek Mythology" is adaptable for older students, and serves as a useful compendium of EDSITEment resources on Greek mythology and culture. What beliefs and values are reflected in stories about famous athletes at the ancient Olympic Games? Introduce students to the cultural context of the ancient Olympic Games. Point out that the ancient, unlike the modern, Olympiad was a religious festival. Draw on the online essay, "The Greek City-States and the Religious Festival," for images and text that will help you introduce students to the religious aspects of the ancient Olympics (the essay is part of "The Ancient Olympics" exhibit). Tell students how Olympia, the setting of the ancient Games, was home to the Altis, the great Sanctuary of Zeus, and how the worship of the gods was an integral part of the ancient Olympic Games. You can make such details more vivid by showing students photographs of the physical remains of ancient Olympia, which is permeated by reminders of the gods; these images can be viewed as part of "Tour Olympia," also part of the online Olympics exhibit at the Perseus Project. You can find links to illustrations of and texts about Greek gods and goddesses, including Zeus, listed in the lesson plan "It Came From Greek Mythology." As you present new material on the ancient Olympics, ask students to discuss differences or similarities with the modern Olympic games (a discussion which is aided by the general emphasis of the exhibit on comparing the ancient and modern Games). For example, you will read that champions received a crown of wild olive leaves that honored them, their family, and their city. Ask students how such prizes and compare with the rewards for Olympic athletes today. You can find a section devoted to modern-day Olympic Heroes on the official site of the International Olympic Committee (IOC), a link from the EDSITEment-reviewed Internet Public Library. Divide the class into small groups, providing each group with copies of one of the "Athletes' stories" from the Perseus Project exhibit. Tell students that each group will designate one student to play the part of their assigned athlete, and another to play an imaginary journalist who will interview that athlete for a "live television audience." As a group, they will write a brief script telling other students who that athlete is and what his* experience can tell us about the beliefs and values reflected in the ancient Olympics (designate a third student, someone other than the athlete and the interviewer, to transcribe the groups' ideas). At the end of the class period, each pair (interviewer and athlete) will perform their scripted interview for the rest of the class. A prize--perhaps the nearest equivalent of a crown of wild olive--will be awarded according to the vote of the entire polis (the whole class). (*Only men competed in the ancient Olympics.) Also at the outset of this activity, tell students that interviews should be brief, no more than five minutes, and should reflect what they have learned about the values and beliefs that were important to the ancient Olympic Games. While students cannot change the basic facts of an athlete's life (invent medals or honors or change the dates of birth and death, etc.), they may invent minor personal details that are consistent with the circumstances of ancient Greece and with what we know about the athlete's life. Note: As always, you should thoroughly review all material before distributing it to classes or sending students to websites. Ancient Greek athletes competed in the nude, as is reflected in some of the illustrations on the online Olympics exhibit of the Perseus Project. Give each group time to read through its assigned story. Next, provide students with "Write a Script!", a handout of questions and guidelines, available here as a downloadable .pdf file. If each student group has access to the online exhibit, it will be able to research answers on its own. If this is not the case, students will need to be provided with reprints. (For example, to answer question #1, students will need to be familiar with some of the images provided in the "Tour of Olympia.") The questions on the handout are just a guide, and students may, when they write their scripts, invent questions besides those suggested in the handout. They may also ask the questions in any order they like. The idea here is to be creative and to develop a portrait of an ancient athlete that reflects some of the values and beliefs of the ancient Olympic Games. Students may need additional help to answer some of the items, especially if they do not have direct online access to the Perseus exhibit. Some resources you may wish to share with them are Have each student group perform its interview for the class. To help students remember them, write the names of athletes being interviewed on the board (use the resources of Perseus for help in coming up with imagined names for interviewers. After each group's interview is over, have the interviewer say, "Now let's take some questions from our audience." At this stage, anyone in the group, not just the person playing the athlete, can answer questions from other students. After all the interviews are over, return to the subject of ancient versus modern Olympic Games, and discuss with students some of the differences that emerged in this exercise. Did anyone, for example, treat the aspect of religious worship that was so much a part of the ancient Games? You might want to create two columns on the board, juxtaposing ancient and modern Olympic elements. Further background for you and your students is available on "The Context of the Games and the Olympic Spirit." 2 class periods

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1.0 ARTISTIC PERCEPTION Processing, Analyzing, and Responding to Sensory Information Through the Language and Skills Unique to Dance Students perceive and respond, using the elements of dance. They demonstrate movement skills, process sensory information, and describe movement, using the vocabulary of dance. Development of Motor Skills and Technical Expertise - 1.1 Build the range and capacity to move in a variety of ways. - 1.2 Perform basic loco motor skills (e.g., walk, run, gallop, jump, hop, and balance). Comprehension and Analysis of Dance Elements - 1.3 Understand and respond to a wide range of opposites (e.g., high/low, forward/backward, wiggle/freeze). Development of Dance Vocabulary - 1.4 Perform simple movements in response to oral instructions (e.g., walk, turn, reach). 2.0 CREATIVE EXPRESSION Creating, Performing, and Participating in Dance Students apply choreographic principles, processes, and skills to create and communicate meaning through the improvisation, composition, and performance of dance. Creation/Invention of Dance Movements - 2.1 Create movements that reflect a variety of personal experiences (e.g., recall feeling happy, sad, angry, excited). - 2.2 Respond to a variety of stimuli (e.g., sounds, words, songs, props, and images) with original movements. - 2.3 Respond spontaneously to different types of music, rhythms, and sounds. 3.0 HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL CONTEXT Understanding the Historical Contributions and Cultural Dimensions of Dance Students analyze the function and development of dance in past and present cultures throughout the world, noting human diversity as it relates to dance and dancers. Development of Dance - 3.1 Name and perform folk/traditional dances from the United States and other countries. 4.0 AESTHETIC VALUING Responding to, Analyzing, and Making Judgments About Works of Dance Students critically assess and derive meaning from works of dance, performance of dancers, and original works according to the elements of dance and aesthetic qualities. Description, Analysis, and Criticism of Dance - 4.1 Explain basic features that distinguish one kind of dance from another (e.g., speed, force/energy use, costume, setting, music). 5.0 CONNECTIONS, RELATIONSHIPS, APPLICATIONS Connecting and Applying What Is Learned in Dance to Learning in Other Art Forms and Subject Areas and to Careers Students apply what they learn in dance to learning across subject areas. They develop competencies and creative skills in problem solving, communication, and management of time and resources that contribute to lifelong learning and career skills. They also learn about careers in and related to dance. Connections and Applications Across Disciplines - 5.1 Give examples of the relationship between everyday movement in school and dance movement.

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Polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) is associated with muscle pain and stiffness in the neck, shoulders, and hips. The exact cause of this disorder is unknown, but is believed to possibly be linked to the aging process. Common symptoms include weakness, flu-like symptoms, and muscle pain and stiffness. The most common treatment is a corticosteroid medication, usually prednisone. Polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) is a rheumatic disorder that is associated with moderate to severe muscle pain and stiffness in the neck, shoulder, and hip area. Stiffness is most noticeable in the morning. The condition may develop rapidly -- in some people, it can occur overnight. In other people, polymyalgia rheumatica develops more gradually. Polymyalgia rheumatica is quite common. In the United States, it is estimated that 700 out of every 100,000 people over the age of 50 develop this disorder (see Polymyalgia Rheumatica and Who It Affects). The cause of polymyalgia rheumatica is not known; however, possibilities include immune system abnormalities and genetic factors. The fact that the condition is rare in people under the age of 50 suggests that it may be linked to the aging process. Also, about half of the people affected by temporal arteritis (swelling of the arteries in the head, neck, and arms) also have polymyalgia rheumatica. At this point, though, researchers are not sure there is a direct connection between the two.

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[an error occurred while processing this directive] [an error occurred while processing this directive] Utah has become the first US state to designate an official state firearm. The Browning M1911 joins the state fossil (allosaurus), fruit (cherry), gem (topaz), bird (sea gull) and other symbols with official designation. The gun was designed by Utah native John Browning. The law's sponsor said it symbolised freedom and empowerment. Opponents said it was inappropriate to glorify a firearm, citing the January mass shooting at a congresswoman's constituent event in nearby Arizona. The .45-calibre semi-automatic pistol was designed by Browning, who was born in Utah in 1855, to fill the US military's need for a pistol with stopping power - the ability to fell an enemy with a single shot. It was adopted by the US Army in 1911, and first saw action in combat with Mexican rebel leader Pancho Villa in 1916, according to the Browning Arms Company. It was later used in World War I and beyond. Democratic Utah State Representative Brian King opposed the bill. "When we are talking about a state symbol we would do well to come up with one that is more unifying than divisive and this is a very divisive symbol for obvious reasons," he told Reuters. "This is just a poor choice for a state symbol."

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|Scarlet Macaws occur in the humid tropical lowlands of southern Mexico. The macaws were moved in two distinct trips of 300-700 miles each. The first leg was from deep in Mesoamerica to Paquimé, Mimbres Valley or perhaps even Chaco and took less than eight weeks. The second leg of the journey was from the Mimbres/Paquimé trade center to Kiet Siel and Wupatki in northern Arizona. Young macaws, which hatch in March, must be removed from the nest at seven weeks old, carried in baskets, protected from chilling, and fed chewed hominy, often directly from the keeper’s mouth, every few hours, day and night, Once fledged, they can eat about anything a human can eat and have a moderate tolerance for cold. This early feeding relationship results in human-imprinted birds that are attached to their keeper, but often vicious to strangers. It is easier to capture new young birds than to breed adult macaws, because human-imprinted birds seldom recognize other parrots as potential mates. By the late 900s, Scarlet Macaws were being imported along a different trade route, running through the Mimbres River Valley to Chaco’s sphere of influence (34 macaws). Mimbres pottery motifs and the age of skeletal remains suggest that juvenile macaws were carried to the Mimbres sites, raised there for almost a year, and then traded north just in time for religious ceremonies at the spring equinox, which is March 21-22. From 1150 to about 1200 the trade in Scarlet Macaws branched west, probably at Zuni, to the Sinagua area (53 macaws). More Scarlet Macaws were recovered at Wupatki than at any other site north of Mexico. This sudden shift of ceremonial activity probably was precipitated by the repeated eruptions of Sunset Crater. The Scarlet Macaw trade became inactive in 1200 and did not resume until the Pueblo Katsina Cult arose around 1275. By this time, the Mimbres Villages were vacated and Paquimé had been built taking advantage of an already existing trade route. Paquimé specialized in raising juvenile Scarlet Macaws to a marketable size for trade to the later Rio Grande (9), Salado (5) and Mogollon (76). At least one Scarlet Macaw was hatched at Paquimé, but there is no evidence of a commercially successful breeding program at any site. Of the 504 macaws recovered from Paquimé, only 96 were the locally available Military Macaws. The only Military Macaw sacrifice found north of Paquimé was buried wrapped in turquoise beads under a green stone by the fire pit of a kiva in the Mimbres Valley Gatlin Ranch Site. The Scarlet Macaw produces feathers of vivid red, yellow, and blue, all of which were and are used in religious paraphernalia. Osteology indicates that the residents of Point of Pines (28 macaws) in east central Arizona traded large Indian domestic turkeys to Paquimé in return for Scarlet Macaws in the early 1300s. Charmion R. McKusick

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December 13, 2012 Elementary Students Create Robots For Senior Solutions Nearly 200 elementary and middle school students will be at the University of Victoria this Saturday, working on ways robotic technology might help seniors overcome daily challenges. UVic’s Faculties of Education and Engineering are sponsoring the Vancouver Island First LEGO League regional competition for the first time. Students from around the Island will compete after researching, designing and creating robots—using LEGO MINDSTORMS NXT kits—to meet challenges intended to explore how technology might complement or enhance the lives of senior citizens. Organizer Michael Hammond-Todd, a UVic doctoral student, says teams will create and program their robots to face 10 to 12 different challenges, such as fixing a broken chair and placing it under a table, scanning medications to select the correct one, walking a guide or activity dog, gardening and bowling. They’ll program for two or three challenges at a time, then reprogram to face another set. “These little challenges are actually quite complex, and represent some of the real challenges seniors face in their daily lives,” says Hammond-Todd. Another challenge, the “seniors pitstop” is an innovative first-step solution that addresses some of the major issues of concern to older drivers such as glare and good visibility when backing up. “How fitting that the challenge theme for the first lego league event happening on the UVic campus is ‘Senior Solutions’—solving problems faced by seniors as they age,” says Holly Tuokko, director of UVic’s Centre on Aging, whose research program is looking to find a way to extend the length of time that older drivers can drive safely. Although created from standard kits, each robot can be built in a different way and teams can take various approaches to tackling the challenges. More than a dozen teams are expected to participate in UVic’s MacLaurin Building between 8 a.m. and 4 p.m. The event, an effort to get more children interested in the STEM areas (science, technology, engineering and math), is open to the public. Qualifying teams move on to a provincial competition. The Centre on Aging, Science Venture program, and UVic’s mechanical engineering department will also be represented at the event. Follow us on Twitter at http://twitter.com/uvicnews UVic is celebrating its 50th anniversary from Sept. 2012 to June 2013. Visit www.uvic.ca/anniversary for more info.

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May the word of Christ dwell in us richly as we enter-into the story of his childhood. It is a story of growing in wisdom and stature, and in favour with God and with human beings (v 52), who are also human becomings, in that we grow into ourselves. And at first glance, it may appear that Jesus’ parents do not appear in a good light, but we need to look again. This story reveals to us that God made a very good decision when he chose to give away his only begotten son to these particular parents. And, following God’s example, choosing to give away those we love is the only way in which they – and we – will grow to maturity, from the total dependency of babies to the mutual dependency of adults. The first thing that Jesus’ parents give him away to is the story of their people, their enacted tradition, and in particular the enacted story of the Passover. This is the story of a God who comes to set his people free. And freedom from external oppression is only the beginning. At Mount Sinai, God invites his people into a conversation about being truly free – and they are terrified; for the thought of freedom is terrifying. The conversation begins with the Ten Words: God comes as a friend – as he was known in Eden – in the hope that the people might experience freedom from anything or one who would set themselves over them to oppress them; might live in freedom even from their own conceptions of God, which are always inadequate, and, though necessary, when we hold them too tightly become idols; might live in freedom from invoking God to ensnare others; might live in freedom from the tyranny of endless work; might live in the freedom of belonging to others: might live in freedom from setting ourselves over others in judgement or envy or possession or greed or accusation or ingratitude. This is the story Jesus’ parents had given him away to. It necessarily comes to us first as law, as rules, because children need a framework: need to know security in a big world. That is why it is tragic when parents say, “I’m not going to bring my child up within a particular tradition; they can decide for themselves when they are older.”: without a framework to give us security, a framework to kick against in time, we are overwhelmed by freedom and end up, ironically, enslaved. But these words are an invitation to listen to God as a friend, and so the truly free person is not enslaved by rules. This freedom is what the Pharisees were so afraid of, protecting the words with other rules; upset that Jesus’ disciples did the work of plucking and ‘milling’ grain on a Sabbath, while Jesus knew that the Sabbath word is given as an invitation to freedom, not another form of slavery. The other thing Jesus’ parents gave him away to was wider company, relatives and friends. That is why they were, at first, and for a whole day, unaware that he was not with them. Part of being a parent is coming to several points where you have to share this precious gift you have been given: with their choice of friends, you may or may not approve of; perhaps with their choice of a life-partner you may or may not approve of...Even before that, part of being a parent is recognising that we have been given this gift for the very purpose of giving it away, by degrees, in order to become themselves; of recognising that, after the pattern of the Trinity, family love was never meant to be self-contained: and that, in part, is why one of the first things we do for our children is choose godparents, a first step – along with relatives – into wider community. This being given away to others is a necessary part of becoming ourselves, of growing into maturity: and the fear we have over that in our own society is one of the most tragic consequences of our having forgotten how to receive other peoples’ children: that out of right concern that no child should be abused in certain ways, all children are abused in another. The church needs to be a wider community that models trust and enables freedom. Jesus, having been raised in this way – given away – has come to a moment when he can give himself away: can stay behind in his Father’s house, without his parents, relatives and friends. Now we come into the present story. Jesus’ parents have travelled away from Jerusalem a day’s journey. As their company sets up camp for the night, they discover that Jesus is not among them – has not been among them: everyone has assumed that he was with someone else. And so they head back to Jerusalem. Most likely, they are travelling along the road between Jerusalem and Jericho: the steep road they have gone down by day in company, they now climb up alone in darkness: a long and difficult journey. Who knows what hour of the night they reached Jerusalem; perhaps the city gates were locked and they could not enter; perhaps they camped at the foot of the Mount of Olives, where within a few years so many Passover pilgrims would camp; perhaps even in the Garden of Gethsemane, a camp-site that had become habitual to Jesus by his adulthood. Perhaps, as they made their way, their thoughts returned to a decade earlier when, with their toddler, they had fled along the Negev road to Egypt by night: to a time when they had had to give themselves and their son away, into the hands of God, into the hands of strangers, to be kept safe. After three days of searching, they will be – increasingly – anxious. But perhaps the night holds them in creative tension, between chaos and trust: that night we always find ourselves in when we give someone we love away, when we give ourselves away, not knowing what will become of us, but knowing the One who holds us (in the words of the Doctor, “I never know how, I only know who.” Dr Who Christmas Special 2012). The night stretches out over three days. We might recall the three days Jonah spent inside the big fish. We will recall – as Mary might, with much later hindsight – the three days between Good Friday and Easter Sunday. Three days symbolise God at work in the hidden place, forming something new that transforms chaos, that will turn our lament into joy, that will turn loss into gain, defeat into victory, death into life. And as this is going on around Jesus, he is in the eye of the storm. Mary says, “Son, why have you treated us like this? Your father and I have been anxiously searching for you.” The irony is that they have prepared Jesus for this very moment, by faithfully giving him away; and when he gives himself away, they are at a loss. In our culture, that does not honour father and mother, it would be easy to dismiss them: to point out that Joseph is not Jesus’ father, whatever rights he might believe he is entitled to. But that would be to misunderstand the story, to misunderstand God. In this record, we see family honoured: Jesus is their son, son of Mary, son of David’s line; and they have searched for him patiently and carefully for far more years than the days they have searched for him anxiously. And now he is revealed, a little more, to them: but still not yet fully – the process will continue. Then Jesus returns to Nazareth with them, and was obedient to them. Obedience in Scripture does not mean what it means today, doing what you are told by someone over you. It means to listen attentively. To listen, and ask questions; to enter into conversation: just as Jesus had done in the temple; just as God had invited his people to do at Mount Sinai...to continue to grow into freedom, learning the spirit of the law, and when to break the letter of the law in order to live as God hopes for his friend. What, then, is the word of Christ to you through this Gospel – good news! – story; the word you are invited to let dwell within you richly (Colossians 3:16), to make his home more fully in your life? With Jesus’ parents, is the good news to you an affirmation that you have done a better job of giving someone you love away than you have realised; that God does not regret his choosing you for that task? Or perhaps the good news to you is that word that calms our anxious fear: love, the love of our heavenly Father for the one you have given away into his care. With Jesus, the good news to you may be an invitation to respond to the freedom God created you to live in, more fully than you have done up till now – regardless of how young or old you are, how much or little freedom you already know. Whatever the word, it is Jesus’ intention that you, like him, should grow in wisdom and stature, and in favour with God and with other people. So welcome his word to you, and, like his mother, treasure it within your heart.

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Solving Absolute Value Inequalities Solving an Absolute Value Inequality of the Form | x| < a Solving an absolute value inequality is similar to solving an absolute value First, let’s solve the equation |x| = 5. The solution is all numbers 5 units from 0 on the number line. So, the solutions are x = 5 and x = -5. Now, let’s solve the inequality |x| = 5. The solution is all numbers that are less than 5 units from 0. We can show this on a number line by shading between -5 and 5. We use an open circle, o, at -5 and 5 to indicate that they are not part of The solution of |x| < 5 can be written as a compound inequality: -5 < x < 5 The inequality |x| < 5 has infinitely many solutions. Let’s check three of |Check x = -3 Is |-3| < 5 ? Is 3 < 5? Yes |Check x = 0 Is |0| < 5 ? Is 0 < 5? Yes |Check x = 4.5 Is |4.5| < 5 ? Is 4.5 < 5? Yes Here is the general principle for absolute value inequalities. Absolute Value Inequalities of the Form | x| < a and | x| ≤ a Let a represent a positive real number. |• If |x| < a, then -a < x < a. |• If |x| ≤ a, then -a ≤ x ≤ • If |x| < 0, then there is no solution. If |x| ≤ 0, then the solution is x = 0. • If |x| < -a, then there is no solution. If |x| ≤ -a, then there is no solution. The absolute value of a number or an expression cannot be

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Atmospheric Visualization Collection From Cutting Edge The intended use of this web page is for collaborative development of lesson plans. Several atmospheric science lesson plans and visualizations are available from this site. Examples of some of the topics are a snowflake model, weather balloons, a radiation budget model, and drawing contour plots. Many of the visualizations are interactive, so the user may vary the conditions and observe the results. These applets serve as useful introductions to the concept of modeling. The lesson plans receive continuous input and editing by the instructors that use them, so the quality is always improving. Intended for grade levels: Type of resource: No specific technical requirements, just a browser required Cost / Copyright: Copyright 1999-2001 VA Software Corp. All rights reserved. DLESE Catalog ID: SERC-NAGT-000-000-000-324 This resource is part of 'Atmospheric Visualization Collection' Resource contact / Creator / Publisher: Publisher: National Science Digital Library

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The History of Building the Titanic In the early 1900’s there was fierce competition between transatlantic shipping companies for the lucrative business of passenger’s transportation. The two big players were the Liverpool based White Star Line The White Star Line and the Cunard Cunard had already set the bar in terms of speed with liners like Mauretania and Lusitania. They were setting speed records for the Southampton to New York crossing. White Star decided to fight back, not in terms of speed, but by building liners of the highest standards of luxury and bigger than anything on the seas. In this way, they could take more fare paying passengers per run and could charge top dollar for the large suites designed to take families and staff. Competition at Sea There is a certain irony in the fact that these two fierce competitors, White Star and Cunard, ended up merging together to form one company in the economic downturn of the 1930’s. The transatlantic route was an extremely lucrative one so it was important to White Star to have the lion’s share of the business. The technical innovations of the time in terms of engine design, vision and construction technique meant that shipbuilding could take giant leaps forward from the old timber and iron ships which had previously carried passengers. The Victorian industrial revolution led to a greater demand for modernisation. Everything had to be bigger, faster, more efficient and better in order to compete in this new capitalist world. By the early 1900’s there was a hunger for new innovation, new inventions. In stark contrast to the ship they were building, many of Titanic’s workers lived in homes with only basic facilities. While Titanic used electricity to power everything from lights to lifts, shipyard men lit their kitchen houses by candlelight and later with town gas. From this vision of progress and innovation, Olympic and Titanic were born. Watch our video on how the White Star Line and Cunard competed for passenger trade across the Atlantic- click here for video

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A great deal of effort goes into the design and manufacture of rudders because they are such an important part of a vessel. If a rudder is not given the proper protection against cavitation and the resulting erosion and corrosion damage, the financial consequences can be substantial for the owner. Prevention of damage can start in the newbuild phase In itself cavitation, if it is monitored correctly and kept under control, presents no serious danger. But in the long term, cavitation erosion appears. The effect is comparable to a steel tipped hammer that is repeatedly hit against a steel surface at exactly the same location; after a while damage will occur. If the surface of a rudder has been damaged by cavitation, the protective coating will have worn away, leaving bare steel. Large eroded areas can thus appear. . Besides the mechanical damage caused directly by the cavitation process, it also opens the door for corrosion damage. The cavities created will then grow deeper and deeper and in the end can eat right through the rudder. Ships losing large pieces steel or even entire rudders are unfortunately not uncommon. Instead of the damaged rudders being repaired, they are often replaced every year or two. This recurring cost is unnecessary and can easily be avoided by choosing a coating that can offer permanent protection for rudders. What needs to be done is either prevent the cavitation or make sure that it has no damaging effect. Ecospeed has been designed to give a very thorough and lasting defense against cavitation and corrosion for a vessel’s entire service life. The coating provides the rudder with an impenetrable protective layer while its flexibility enables absorption of the forces that are produced by cavitation, thereby preventing the damage normally caused by this phenomenon. If the cavitation cannot pierce the coating then no erosion or corrosion can occur. Tests conducted in a flow channel have confirmed that Ecospeed performs extremely well under severe cavitation. These tests were divided into six stages during which the coating was exposed to an increasing pressure drop, creating a growing cavitation force. Even after the last stage no erosion was present on the test patch coated with Ecospeed. These tests were organized by the French Ministry of Defense and were carried out in Grenoble. If a vessel with a damaged rudder comes into drydock, maintenance of the vessel’s stern area, especially cavitation damage repair, can be very time consuming. Because of the close proximity of the rudder, the propeller and the stern area, along with the strict procedures concerning blasting, painting, welding and propeller and stern tube seal work, most of the repairs that need to be done in these areas cannot be performed concurrently. Painting is then usually assigned to the end of the schedule and as a consequence may be brushed off or not get done at all or else prolongs the stay in drydock. Taking into account the tight drydock schedule of most vessels this is often problematic. With an Ecospeed application one can avoid these problems from day one because no full repaint will be needed during drydocking. Ecospeed will remain intact for the lifetime of the vessel and is guaranteed for ten years. At the most, touch-ups amounting to less than 1% of the surface area will be required. Planning the maintenance of the vessel’s stern area therefore becomes much easier. Ecospeed also the best solution for an existing vessel The newbuild phase is the perfect time to apply Ecospeed, but the coating can also be used to protect vessels that are already facing cavitation and corrosion damage. After the required welding repairs are performed and surface treatment has been carried out, the cavitation pitting that is present on the rudders can be filled to regain a smooth surface. Once this is done the required two layers of Ecospeed can easily be applied, effectively providing the rudders with an impenetrable protective layer. Ecospeed’s flexibility makes it easy to adapt the application schedule to the shipyard or drydock instead of the other way round. The minimum overcoating time is three hours, which means that for smaller surfaces such as rudders, propellers or bow thrusters the two coats required can usually be applied in one single day. By removing the existing paint layers and applying Ecospeed on the rudder we can break the never ending cycle of painting, suffering damage, having to perform extensive repairs or full replacement in drydock followed by a full repainting, again and again. If you want our team to create a tailor-made quotation or if you need more information on Ecospeed, please contact us 24/7. For a free subscription to our monthly magazine, please click on this link. Contact us directly about Rudders

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The MET Listening, Reading, and Grammar Test The MET that tests listening, reading, and grammar is a paper-and-pencil test that contains 135 multiple-choice questions in two sections. Section I: Listening (approximately 45 minutes) - 60 questions assessing the ability to understand conversations and talks in social, educational, and workplace contexts Section II: Reading and Grammar (90 minutes) - 25 questions testing a variety of grammar structures - 50 reading questions assessing the ability to understand a variety of texts in social, educational, and workplace contexts - vocabulary is assessed within the listening and reading sections The MET Speaking Test measures an individual’s ability to produce comprehensible speech in response to a range of tasks and topics. It is a structured, one-on-one interaction between examiner and test taker that includes five distinct tasks. The tasks require test takers to convey information about a picture and about themselves, give a supported opinion, and state the advantages and disadvantages of a particular proposal. The five tasks are designed to give test takers the opportunity to speak on a number of different topics. - Task 1: The test taker describes a picture. - Task 2: The test taker talks about a personal experience on a topic related to what is seen in the picture. - Task 3: The test taker gives a personal opinion about a topic related to the picture. - Task 4: The test taker is presented with a situation and will have to explain some advantages and disadvantages related to that situation. - Task 5: The test taker is asked to give an opinion on a new topic and to try to convince the examiner to agree with the idea. The MET Speaking Test takes approximately ten minutes to complete. Ratings will take into account the fluency, accuracy, and clarity of speech in addition to the ability to effectively complete each task. The final rating is based on answers to all five parts of the test. A sample speaking prompt is available in the MET Resources section. For more information or if you have questions about the speaking test, please contact email@example.com.

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Air Quality Planning, CEQA and Climate Change National Association of Clean Air Agencies, July 2011 - Primer on Climate Science Change - This brochure provides a summary of the most important information on climate change science in one document. Health Risk Assessments for Proposed Land Use Projects, July 2009 - California Air Pollution Control Officers Association (CAPCOA) has released a new guidance document for assessing proposed land use projects and potential health risk assessments. This document is available via download on the CAPCOA website. Model Policies for GHG's in General Plan, June 2009 - CAPCOA has released a resource for local government to incorporate General Plan Policies to Reduce Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions, "Model Policies for GHGs in General Plans". This document is available via download on the CAPCOA website. CEQA and Climate Change, January 2, 2008 - CAPCOA has released a resource guide to address greenhouse gas emission (GHG) from projects subject to the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA). The resource guide has been prepared to support local governments as they develop their programs and policies around climate change issues. This document is available via download on the CAPCOA website. Quantifying Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Measures - A resource for local government to assess emission reducitons from greenhouse gas mitigation measures August, 2010. Clean Air Plan The 2009 Air Quality Attainment Plan was created by the air districts within the Northern Sacramento Valley. The purpose of the plan is to achieve and maintain healthy air quality throughout the northern air basin. The plan addresses the progress made in implementing the original plan submitted to the California Air Resources Board in 1991 and has been updated every three years, most recently in 2009. The plan includes the proposed control strategies necessary to attain the California ozone standard at the earliest practicable date. CEQA (California Environmental Quality Act) Throughout the Northern Sacramento Valley Air Basin the major contributor to air pollution is the motor vehicle. The CEQA Air Quality Handbook seeks to reduce emission resulting from vehicular activity. This includes measures to reduce dependency on the automobile for mobility and mitigate the air quality impacts of new development. The mitigation measures in these guidelines encourage walking, bicycling, transit use and other alternative travel modes by making them more convenient and safe to use. The Butte County Air District, as a Responsible/Concerned agency under CEQA, reviews proposed projects and provides comments to the lead agencies. Project review will include suggested mitigation measures from those listed in Section V and Appendix C of the CEQA Air Quality Handbook and from additional Responsible/Concerned Agency responses. The lead agency will either accept or reject District recommendations. If accepted, the applicant shall initiate mitigation measures by Land Use Permit application. If the recommendations are rejected, the local land use authority must identify the basis for rejection. Following a review of the final mitigation measures, the District may elect to appeal the final decision before the local land use authority (Public Resources Code §21167). Senate Bill 656 In 2003, the California Legislature enacted Senate Bill 656 (SB 656, Sher), codified as Health and Safety Code (H&SC) section 39614, to reduce public exposure to particulate matter. The goal is to make progress toward attainment of federal and state respirable particulate matter (PM10) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) standards. As the first step, SB 656 requires the California Air Resource Board (CARB), in consultation with local air districts, to develop a list of the most readily available, feasible, and cost-effective control measures that could be employed by CARB and local air districts to reduce PM10 and PM2.5 (collectively referred to as PM) emissions. To meet this requirement, CARB staff developed a list of control measures based on rules, regulations, and programs existing in California as of January 1, 2004. The CARB adopted this list of measures in November 2004. The Bill also requires each local air district to adopt an implementation schedule and appropriate control measures to reduce particulate matter pollution. In developing the implementation schedule, H&SC section 39614 (d)(2) specifically requires each air district to prioritize measures that the air district is considering from the CARB list based on the effect individual measures will have on public health, air quality, emission reductions, and cost-effectiveness. Air districts must adopt an implementation schedule for applicable measures at a noticed public meeting and after at least one public workshop. The implementation schedule should identify the selected subset of measures, and the dates for final adoption, implementation, and sequencing of selected control measures. Finally, no later than January 1, 2009, the CARB must prepare a report describing the actions taken to fulfill the requirements of the legislation as well as recommendations for further actions to assist in achieving the State PM standards. The bill requirements sunset on January 1, 2011, unless extended. Following a public hearing on August 25, 2005, the BCAQMD Governing Board approved the District Implementation Schedule Under SB656. The approved schedule includes control measures for wood burning devices, residential burning, fugitive dust, composting and related operations and coating operations. Butte County Air Quality Management District SB656 Implementation Schedule.

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Flowback and produced water are considered hazardous waste and must be disposed of safely. According to the EPA, produced waters are typically disposed of in deep wells or “non-potable coastal waters.” Flowback and produced water can contain salt, industrial chemicals, hydrocarbons, and radioactive materials. - Salt. Flowback and produced water are highly salty. This is because salts are added to the fracturing fluid and also released from the geologic formation. Produced water is so famous for salinity that the hydrocarbon industry often refers to it simply as “saltwater” or “brine.” In the Marcellus Shale, flowback water has been measured to contain 32,300 mg per liter of sodium. For comparison, EPA guidelines call for a maximum of 20 mg/L in drinking water, although the agency is considering increasing that somewhat. Industrial chemicals. Flowback and produced water contain chemicals that have been injected into the well to facilitate drilling. For example, in the Marcellus Shale, flowback water contains high concentrations of sodium, magnesium, iron, barium, strontium, manganese, methanol, chloride, sulfate and other substances. Hydrocarbons. Produced water can contain hydrocarbons – including the toxics benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene – which can be freed during the drilling process. Radioactive materials. Water returned to the surface during drilling can carry naturally occurring radioactive materials, referred to by the industry as “NORM.” Flowback and produced water from several large U.S. shale formations has been found to contain the radioactive element radium. When produced water is salty and rich in chlorides, radium tends to be present in higher concentrations. The EPA allows a maximum of 5 picocuries of radium per liter of drinking water. Produced water has been found to contain radium levels as high as 9,000 picocuries per liter [pCi/g].

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On the whole, people don’t generally like to kill one another. Most wars throughout history are often more about the agendas of the state’s leaders than the soldiers on the field actually inherently feeling any real malice towards those they are asked to try to kill or otherwise defeat. Few events in history illustrate this as well as a remarkable episode that took place during WWI when, despite the orders of their commanding officers and leaders, the soldiers threw aside their weapons, got out of the trenches and had a make-shift Christmas party with those that just hours before they’d been trying to kill. This momentous event has become known as The Christmas Truce. Leading up to this impromptu truce in 1914, Pope Benedict XV had asked that the various governments participating in the war would negotiate a truce for one day, so that “the guns may fall silent at least upon the night the angels sang.” There was also an “Open Christmas Letter” sent out by British women’s suffragists to the women of Germany and Austria, asking for peace. (The German women’s suffragists responded in kind and an exchange of letters ensued where they discussed peace and the horror of “modern” war.) In the United States, a resolution was submitted in the Senate attempting to get the warring countries to stop fighting for 20 days leading up to and including Christmas “with the hope that the cessation of hostilities at the said time may stimulate reflection upon the part of the nations at war as to the meaning and spirit of Christmas time.” The leaders of the warring nations paid little attentions to these attempts at peace. The American weekly, The New Republic, noted just before Christmas of 1914, If men must hate, it is perhaps just as well that they make no Christmas truce… The stench of the battle should rise above the churches where they preach good-will to men. A few carols, a little incense and some tinsel will heal no wounds… [A truce would be] so empty that it jeers at us. But a somewhat alarming (to the commanding officers and leaders of the nations) trend had already started occurring amongst the troops on both sides leading up to the truce. Stuck knee deep in their muddy trenches along lines so close together, the soldiers on both sides, who’d commonly thrown insults back and forth, started adopting a slightly more apathetic view of the war, more of a “live and let live” policy. In some cases, they even started tossing newspapers and other things back and forth, bartering for supplies like cigarettes, rations and the like, and holding conversations across the trenches. As one Royal Engineer, Andrew Todd said, Perhaps it will surprise you to learn that the soldiers in both lines of trenches have become very ‘pally’ with each other. The trenches are only 60 yards apart at one place, and every morning about breakfast time one of the soldiers sticks a board in the air. As soon as this board goes up all firing ceases, and men from either side draw their water and rations. All through the breakfast hour, and so long as this board is up, silence reigns supreme, but whenever the board comes down, the first unlucky devil who shows even so much as a hand gets a bullet through it. Another such temporary truce instance occurred on December 19, (recounted by Lieutenant Geoffrey Heinekey): …a most extraordinary thing happened… Some Germans came out and held up their hands and began to take in some of their wounded and so we ourselves immediately got out of our trenches and began bringing in our wounded also. The Germans then beckoned to us and a lot of us went over and talked to them and they helped us to bury our dead. This lasted the whole morning and I talked to several of them and I must say they seemed extraordinarily fine men… It seems too ironical for words. There, the night before we had been having a terrific battle and the morning after, there we were smoking their cigarettes and they smoking ours. This type of behavior, perhaps inherent in any war where the two sides have to live and fight in such close proprieties and for such a long duration, began popping up more and more in sections of the line, prompting the army leaders to issue strict orders forbidding any fraternization with the “enemy”. (Interesting to think that today something like this likely could never happen as our weapons and technology has become so advanced that we needn’t actually see our enemy up close, or even at all, to attack and kill them.) These incidents of temporary peace along the line typically didn’t last very long and were never wide spread, happening in very small pockets. This changed on Christmas Eve of 1914 beginning along the trenches near Ypres, Belgium. It is reported that it started with the Germans setting up Christmas trees, singing carols, and lighting candles. The British and French then responded in kind, singing along, and soon the two sides in various places along the line were wishing each other happy holidays. Even more surprising between these two groups that were previously exchanging shots and explosives was that they now began exchanging Christmas gifts, handshakes, hugs, playing games, drinking, and generally having a good time with one another. There are even reports of prayer circles formed with members of both sides taking part. In a letter home, one British soldier wrote, “Just you think, that while you were eating your turkey…, I was out talking and shaking hands with the very men I had been trying to kill a few hours before! It was astounding!” Another soldier, Bruce Barinsfather noted, I wouldn’t have missed that unique and weird Christmas Day for anything. … I spotted a German officer, some sort of lieutenant I should think, and being a bit of a collector, I intimated to him that I had taken a fancy to some of his buttons. … I brought out my wire clippers and, with a few deft snips, removed a couple of his buttons and put them in my pocket. I then gave him two of mine in exchange. … The last I saw was one of my machine gunners, who was a bit of an amateur hairdresser in civil life, cutting the unnaturally long hair of a docile Boche (German), who was patiently kneeling on the ground whilst the automatic clippers crept up the back of his neck. Those who were less enthusiastic about being friendly with their enemy also took advantage of this time, burying the dead and fortifying their trenches without fear of being shot. However, even then the spirit of friendliness seemed to be prevalent. As one solder noted in a letter home, “I honestly believe, that if I called on the Saxons for fatigue parties to help with our barbed wire, they would have come over and done so.” Many soldiers wrote similar accounts in letters sent back home about the truce, but as this sort of behavior went against the massive propaganda campaigns going on at home, trying to stir the general populace up against the “enemy”, the governments on both sides suppressed these letters and kept them out of the media for a short time. This ended when the New York Times published a story on the event on December 31st. On January 1, 1915, The South Wales Echo also published an account of the event, stating When the history of the war is written, one of the episodes which chroniclers will seize upon as one of its most surprising features will undoubtedly be the manner in which the foes celebrated Christmas. How they fraternized in each other’s trenches, played football, rode races, held sing-songs, and scrupulously adhered to their unofficial truce will certainly go down as one of the greatest surprises of a surprising war. The next day the Daily Mirror even went so far as to say that the only real wartime hostilities that didn’t need to be forced were those going on at home thanks to a “gospel of hate” spread by the nation’s leaders (who incidentally, once the cat was out of the bag, tried extremely hard to downplay the extent of the Christmas truce, in direct contradiction to many of the soldier’s letters). An excerpt from The Daily Mirror‘s article: The soldier’s heart rarely has any hatred in it. He goes out to fight because that is his job. What came before- the causes of the war and the why and wherefore- bother him little. He fights for his country and against his country’s enemies. Collectively, they are to be condemned and blown to pieces. Individually, he knows they’re not bad sorts… The soldier has other things to think about… Consequently, he has not time for rage, and blind furies only overwhelm him when the blood is up over fierce tussles in the heat of the thing. At other times, the childishness is apparent to him… But now an end to the truce. The news, bad and good, begins again. 1915 darkens over. Again we who watch have to mourn many of our finest men. The lull is finished. The absurdity and the tragedy renew themselves. If you liked this article and the Bonus Facts below, you might also like: - What Started WWI - A Japanese Solider Who Continued Fighting WWII for 29 Years After it Ended, Because He Didn’t Know - From 1860-1916, the Uniform Regulations for the British Army Required Every Soldier to Have a Moustache - During WWI, Alvin York Captured 132 German Soldiers Pretty Much Single Handed - “White Death” Who Sniped Over 542 Soviet Soldiers During WWII - While in most cases the Christmas truce only lasted from Christmas Eve through most of Christmas Day, there are reports that in a few segments of the line, it lasted as long as New Year’s day. - The Christmas Truce did not repeat the following year nor after as the fighting had become more intense and commanding officers were being more strict about fraternization. (They also went so far as to plan artillery barrages on Christmas day in many areas, to make sure the soldiers listened this time.) However, there are a few reports of very isolated, temporary truces that did happen the Christmas of 1915, but it wasn’t common like the one in 1914 and even the reported “truces” were little more than ceasefires, rather than actually having something of a party with the opposing soldiers. Even where there wasn’t a temporary ceasefire, there were reports that many of the soldiers ordered to keep the artillery going throughout Christmas purposefully fired over the opposing trench, such that nobody in the trench they were supposed to be aiming at would be hurt. - Just as the Christmas truce was something of an impromptu event, so was the monument that stands to this day commemorating it. In December of 1999, nine people from Britain traveled to Ploegsteert Wood in Belgium, wearing uniforms they’d made in an attempt to mimic those worn by the soldiers in 1914. They dug trenches, setup sandbags and the like, and for a few days acted as if they were in WWI, eating rations and trying not to sink into the mud. After commemorating the Christmas Truce, they filled in the trenches and left a wooden cross where they’d done all this. They had not meant to setup any sort of official memorial and the wooden cross was supposed to be temporary, but people living nearby treated the cross so it would last in the weather, set it in a concrete base, and planted flowers around this sole monument to the time when, against all odds and orders, men from different warring nations stopped trying to kill one another and instead, for one day at least, became friends. - To get an idea of just what WWI was like to be in, the first grand-scale “modern” war, German Expressionist Otto Dx described it as “lice, rats, barbed wire, fleas, shells, bombs, underground caves, corpses, blood, liquor, mice, cats, artillery, filth, bullets, mortars, fire, steel: that’s what war is. It is the work of the devil.” - Yet another description: “It had been pouring, and mud lay deep in the trenches; they were caked from head to foot, and I have never seen anything like their rifles! Not one would work, and they were just lying about the trenches getting stiff and cold. One fellow had got both feet jammed in the clay, and when told to get up by an officer, had to get on all fours; he then got his hands stuck in too, and was caught like a fly on a flypaper; all he could do was look round and say to his pals, ‘For Gawd’s sake, shoot me!’ I laughed till I cried.” - It is estimated that around 15 million people died during WWI. All total, around 70 million soldiers fought in that horrific war. Expand for References

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Alice Henry (1857–1943) "Italian Woman Home Finisher," illustration, in Alice Henry, A Trade Union Woman, New York: D. Appleton and Co., 1915. As an Australian immigrant to the United States, Alice Henry personfied the nexus between immigration and early-20th-century progressive politics by serving as a feminist journalist and labor activist for the Women's Trade Union League (WTUL). Born in a suburb of Melbourne, Australia, to Scottish immigrant parents, she attended the Swedenborgian Church, completed a high-school education, and taught briefly. In the mid-1880s, Henry became a feature reporter for the Melbourne Argus and its magazine, the Australian, where she worked for nearly 20 years. She also lectured on various reform topics, such as women's rights, prohibition, and labor. In the 1890s, she became involved with Australian politics, and toward the end of the decade became an anti-imperialist in reaction to the Boer War. In 1905 she represented the Melbourne Charities Organization at a conference in Britain and used that opportunity to leave Australia. Unable to find work in England, she came to the United States, arriving in January 1906. Henry soon became involved with a group of feminists and reformers and became the office secretary of the Chicago branch of the Women's Trade Union League. She was an active participant in the Progressive Movement of the early 1900s, whose politics blended Marxism and Unitarian humanitarianism. She added a unique dimension to the Progressive labor movement by encouraging an understanding of the British and Australian reform movements. In 1908, she began to edit the women's section of the Chicago Union Labor Advocate, and in January 1911 became the founding editor of the WTUL's monthly Life and Labor, where she remained as editor (working with Stella Miles Franklin, who later became one of Australia's leading novelists) until 1915. She served in a variety of ways and positions at the WTUL, including investigating the conditions of woman brewery workers (1910), authoring The Trade Union Woman (1915), serving as a field organizer (1918–1920), serving as the director of the education department (1920–1922), and publishing an update of Women and the Labor Movement in 1923. She returned to Britain for a lecture and investigation tour in 1924 when she was 67, and retired to Santa Barbara, California, in 1928. She returned to Melbourne in 1933 and died there ten years later. Immigration to the US Resources Listed below are digital resources from the Immigration to the US collection about, or related to, Alice Henry. These resources represent only a selection of Harvard's materials by or about this individual. The Economic Position of Women. New York: Academy of Political Science, Columbia University, 1910. Chapter: "Women and the Trade-Union Movement in the United States." Henry, Alice. The Trade Union Woman. New York, D. Appleton and Co., 1915. Women and the Labor Movement. New York : G.H. Doran Co., 1923.

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Science is a cumulative and collaborative process, even when it’s put to the job of killing people. Thus, writes popular historian/biographer Preston (A Pirate of Exquisite Mind, 2004, etc.), “the destructive flash that seared Hiroshima into history was the culmination of fifty years of scientific creativity and more than fifty years of political and military turmoil.” Many of the best scientific minds from many countries had been engaged in coaxing out the secret of the atom ever since Marie and Pierre Curie coined the word radioactivity in 1898. Shortly after the news escaped in 1939—despite Niels Bohr’s efforts to keep it quiet—that expatriate German scientists had discovered how to split an atom’s nucleus, more than a dozen laboratories around the world succeeded in producing nuclear fission. Some classically trained scientists could scarcely believe such reports; Robert Oppenheimer, for instance, protested that fission was an impossibility; all the same, writes Preston, “within days he had changed his mind and was speculating that this ‘could make bombs.’” Preston ably shows the like evolution of thought across the worldwide community of science, as nuclear programs sprang up in the Soviet Union, Japan, Britain, and Nazi Germany. Some failed, she suggests, for political reasons, and some of those for reasons of mere expediency; the Soviet Union could conceivably have had a uranium bomb in WWII, but a leading scientist there argued that while the nuclear bomb was theoretically possible, “the Soviet Union was not ready for such a step; an atom bomb was not a weapon for the war with Germany but a matter for the future.” Whence, of course, the arms race that defined the nascent Cold War, with which Preston closes her narrative, giving readers a where-are-they-now view of some of the high clergy in the church of mutually assured destruction. A touch narrower than Gerard DeGroot’s indispensable The Bomb: A Life (p. 31), but still a useful, very accessible summary of things atomic.

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Kansas Historical Quarterly - Ships in World War II Bearing Kansas Names May 1947 (Vol. 15, No. 2), pages 113 to 126 Transcription and HTML composition by Tod Roberts; digitized with permission of the Kansas Historical Society. AT LEAST fifty-four vessels in World War II were named for Kansans, or for cities, counties and rivers of the state. They included twenty-one navy ships and thirty-three cargo vessels of the U. S. Maritime Commission. Of these 54 vessels five were named for war heroes, 29 for other individuals associated with Kansas, nine for cities of the state, eight for counties and three for rivers. The five vessels named for war heroes were navy fighting ships, honoring native Kansans who met death in enemy action. Five other navy ships carried the names of Kansas cities, and eleven navy ships bore the names of counties and rivers in the state. Four Victory cargo vessels of the U. S. Maritime Commission also were named for cities of the state and 29 Liberty cargo ships for individual Kansans. The number of navy vessels bearing names of Kansas heroes or names associated with Kansas, by type, were: Two cruisers, one heavy (CA) and one light (CL); two destroyers (DD); three destroyer escorts (DE); three frigates (PF); two cargo, attack vessels (AKA); five transport, attack vessels (APA); one barrack ship, self-propelled (APB), and three oilers (AO). The cruisers named for Kansas cities were the U. S. S. Wichita and U. S. S. Topeka. Two destroyers, U. S. S. Hawkins and U. S. S. Timmerman, were named for marine corps heroes born in Kansas, who lost their lives in enemy action in the Pacific and who posthumously received the Congressional Medal of Honor. Three destroyer escorts bore the names of navy heroes, two of them airplane pilots. These vessels were: U. S. S. Kendall C. Campbell, U. S. S. Tabberer and U. S. S. Wintle. Frigates were named for three Kansas cities: Emporia, Hutchinson and Abilene. Kansas counties for which the navy named cargo, transport and barrack ships were: Clay, Haskell, Kingman, Logan, Ottawa, Rawlins, Sheridan and Trego. Ships were named for these Kansas rivers: Caney, Chikaskia and Neosho. Names of Liberty ships were chosen from more than 60 categories. Liberty vessels were named for 29 individuals associated with Kansas, who held the following posts or practiced these professions: Agriculturist, American Legion national commander, aviator, builders who developed various natural resources, cabinet member, missionary, educators, engineers, explorers, governors, editors, jurists, pioneers and regional heroes, scientist, railroad men, senators, nurses, women noted in American history and writers. Four cities after which Victory ships were named were selected as being representative of Kansas communities. The selection was made by the naming committee of the U. S. Maritime Commission, with the navy's approval. The first launching of a Liberty ship named in honor of a Kansan was the David J. Brewer. Brewer was a Leavenworth jurist who served on both the state supreme court and federal circuit bench prior to more than 20 years' service as an associate justice of the U. S. supreme court. The David J. Brewer went down the ways November 26, 1942, followed in less than a month by the Jim Bridger and Amelia Earhart. The first Victory ship named for a Kansas city was the Atchison Victory which was launched on April 22, 1944. Other Victory vessels bearing the names of cities within the state were: Chanute Victory, Coffeyville Victory and Salina Victory. While Liberty and Victory ships are both cargo vessels, identical in carrying capacity, the Liberty is somewhat easier and faster to build and was turned out in great numbers early in the war. It was later superseded by the Victory ship, a vessel of more refined hull lines and 50 to 75 per cent faster than the Liberty, whose speed of 10 to 12 knots was ideal for mixed convoy work. However, the Victory ship's additional speed, ranging from 15 to 20 knots, enabled the vessel to move cargo considerably faster. The Liberty vessel is a steel, full scantling type vessel with a raked stem and cruiser stern. The propelling machinery consists of a reciprocating steam engine directly connected to a single screw. The Victory cargo vessel is a steel, shelter deck type vessel with a raked stem and cruiser stern. The propelling machinery consists of cross compound turbines geared to a single screw. Information concerning ship names, places of construction and launching and commissioning dates used in this article was obtained through correspondence with the bureau of naval personnel, Navy department; director of public information, United States Maritime Commission, and the Historical Society's newspaper clippings. II. UNITED STATES NAVAL VESSELS Following is a list of navy ships in World War II named for native Kansans and for cities, counties and rivers of the state: U. S. S. Wichita (CA-45), launched November 16, 1937; commissioned February 16, 1939; Navy Yard, Philadelphia, Pa., shipbuilder; named for city of Wichita. U. S. S. Topeka (CL-67), launched August 19,1944; commissioned December 23, 1944; Bethlehem Steel Company, Fore River, Mass., shipbuilder; named for city of Topeka. U. S. S. Timmerman (DD-828), under construction; Bath Iron Works Corporation, Bath, Maine, shipbuilder; named in honor of Sgt. Grant Frederick Timmerman (1919-1944), of the marine corps, a native of Americus, Lyon county. He was killed in action July 8, 1944, on Saipan, Marianas Islands. Sergeant Timmerman was awarded the Medal of Honor, Bronze Star Medal, Purple Heart with Gold Star, Presidential Unit Citation, 1943, Tarawa, Gilbert Islands; Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal, American Defense Service Medal and China Service Medal. The Medal of Honor was awarded posthumously to Sergeant Timmerman with the following citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty as Tank Commander serving with the Second Battalion, Sixth Marines, Second Marine Division, during action against enemy Japanese forces on Saipan, Marianas Islands, on 8 July 1944. Advancing with his tank a few yards ahead of the infantry in support of a vigorous attack on hostile positions, Sergeant Timmerman maintained steady fire from his anti-aircraft sky mount machine gun until progress was impeded by a series of enemy trenches and pillboxes. Observing a target of opportunity, he immediately ordered the tank stopped and, mindful of the danger from the muzzle blast as he prepared to open fire with the 75-mm., fearlessly stood up in the exposed turret and ordered the infantry to hit the deck. Quick to act as a grenade, hurled by the Japanese, was about to drop into the open turret hatch, Sergeant Timmerman unhesitatingly blocked the opening with his body, holding the grenade against his chest and taking the brunt of the explosion. His exceptional valor and loyalty in saving his men at the cost of his own life reflect the highest credit upon Sergeant Timmerman and the United States Naval Service. He gallantly gave his life in the service of his country. U. S. S. Hawkins (DD-873), launched October 7, 1944; commissioned February 10, 1945; Consolidated Steel Corporation, Orange, Tex., shipbuilder; named in honor of First Lt. William Deane Hawkins (1914-1943) of the marine corps, a native of Fort Scott. He was killed in action November 21, 1943, at Tarawa Atoll, in the Gilbert Islands, and was posthumously awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor. Other awards received by Lieutenant Hawkins, included: Purple Heart, 1943, Gilbert Islands; Presidential Unit Citation, 1942, Solomon Islands; and Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal, 1942-1943, Asiatic Pacific area. The award of the Congressional Medal of Honor to the marine lieutenant was for service as set forth in the following citation: For valorous and gallant conduct above and beyond the call of duty as Commanding Officer of a Scout Sniper Platoon attached to the Second Marines, Second Marine Division, in action against Japanese-held Tarawa in the Gilbert Islands, November 20 and 21, 1943. The first to disembark from the jeep lighter, First Lieutenant Hawkins unhesitatingly moved forward under heavy enemy fire at the end of the Betio pier, neutralizing emplacements in coverage of troops assaulting the main beach positions. Fearlessly leading his men on to join the forces fighting desperately to gain a beachhead, he repeatedly risked his life throughout the day and night to direct, and lead attacks on pill boxes and installations with grenades and demolitions. At dawn on the following day, First Lieutenant Hawkins returned to the dangerous mission of clearing the limited beachhead of Japanese resistance, personally initiating an assault on a hostile position fortified by five enemy machine guns and, crawling forward in the face of withering fire, boldly fired point blank into the loopholes and completed the destruction with grenades. Refusing to withdraw after being seriously wounded in the chest during this skirmish, First Lieutenant Hawkins steadfastly carried the fight to the enemy, destroying three more pill boxes before be was caught in a burst of Japanese shell fire and mortally wounded. His relentless fighting spirit in the face of formidable opposition and his exceptionally daring tactics were an inspiration to his comrades during the most crucial phase of the battle and reflect the highest credit upon the United States Naval Service. He gallantly gave his life for his country. U. S. S. Wintle (DE-25), launched February 18, 1943; commissioned July 10, 1943; Navy Yard, Mare Island, Cal., shipbuilder; named in honor of Lt. Comdr. Jack William Wintle (1908-1942), native of Pittsburg. He died November 13, 1942, in enemy action in the Pacific area. Commander Wintle received the American Defense Medal -- Fleet Clasp, 1939-1941, and the posthumous award of the Navy Cross with the following citation: For extraordinary heroism in the line of his profession during action with enemy forces on the night of November 12-13, 1942, on which occasion the force to which he was attached engaged at, close quarters and defeated a superior enemy force. His daring and determination contributed materially to the victory which prevented the enemy from accomplishing their purposes. He was assigned on April 29, 1942, as aide and flag lieutenant, South Pacific and South Pacific Force. He was advanced to lieutenant commander on June 15, 1942. U. S. S. Tabberer (DE-418), launched February 18, 1944; commissioned May 23, 1944; Brown Shipbuilding Company, Houston, Tex., shipbuilder; named in honor of Lt. (jg) Charles Arthur Tabberer (1915-1943), native of Kansas City. He died as a result of enemy action in the Pacific area, the presumptive date of his death being August 8, 1943. He was officially reported missing in action as of August 7, 1942, having been attached to a fighting squadron when the plane he was piloting was lost in the Pacific area. Lieutenant Tabberer was awarded the American Defense Service Medal, Asiatic-Pacific Area Campaign Medal, and the Distinguished Flying Cross with the following citation: For heroism and extraordinary achievement during action against enemy Japanese forces in the Solomon Islands on August 7, 1942. Leading a two-plane section of his squadron against a hostile force of 27 twin-engined bombers, Lieutenant (junior grade) Tabberer, although viciously intercepted by Zero fighters, gallantly pressed home his attacks until his plane was shot down. His courageous fighting spirit and resolute devotion to duty contributed to the destruction of at least five enemy bombers and undoubtedly played a major role in disrupting the Japanese attack. U. S. S. Kendall C. Campbell (DE-443), launched March 19 1944; commissioned July 31, 1944; Federal Shipbuilding & D. D. Company, Newark, N. J., shipbuilder; named in honor of Ens. Kendall Carl Campbell (1917-1943), a native of Garden City. He died as a result of enemy action in the Asiatic area, the presumptive date of his death being May 9, 1943. Ensign Kendall was officially reported missing in action May 8, 1942, when the plane in which he was flying failed to return from the Battle of the Coral Sea. He was awarded the American Defense Service Medal, 1939-1941, the Navy Cross and the Gold Star in lieu of the second Navy Cross. The Navy Cross was awarded with the following citation: For extraordinary heroism and extreme disregard of his own personal safety as pilot of an airplane of a Scouting Squadron in attacks against enemy Japanese forces during the period of May 4-8, 1942. Participating in offensive action against the enemy with aggressive skill and courageous determination, in the face of tremendous anti-aircraft barrage, Ensign Campbell contributed materially to the sinking or damaging of eight enemy vessels in the Tulagi Harbor on May 4 and to the sinking of an enemy aircraft carrier in the Coral Sea on May 7. Again, on May 8, while on anti-torpedo plane patrol, he fiercely engaged the combined attack of enemy bombing and torpedo planes and their heavy fighter support. His conscientious devotion to duty and gallant self-command against formidable odds were in keeping with the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service. U. S. S. Emporia (PF-28), launched August 30, 1943; commissioned June 12, 1944; Walter Butler Shipbuilders Inc., Superior, Wis., shipbuilder; named for city of Emporia. U. S. S. Hutchinson (PF-45), launched August 27, 1943; commissioned February 3, 1944; Consolidated Steel Company, Los Angeles, Cal., shipbuilder; named for city of Hutchinson. U. S. S. Abilene (PF-58), launched August 21, 1943; commissioned October 28, 1944; Globe Shipbuilding Company, Superior, Wis., shipbuilder; named for city of Abilene. U. S. S. Trego, (AKA-78), acquired by the navy July 4, 1944; commissioned December 21, 1944; North Carolina Shipbuilding Company, Wilmington, N. C., shipbuilder; named for Trego county. U. S. S. Ottawa (AKA-101), acquired by navy January 9, 1945; commissioned February 8, 1945; North Carolina Shipbuilding Company, Wilmington, N. C., shipbuilder; named for Ottawa county and also for counties of the same name in three other states. U. S. S. Neosho (AO-48), acquired by navy August 4, 1942; commissioned September 12, 1942; Bethlehem Steel Company, Sparrows Point, Md., shipbuilder; named for Neosho river. U. S. S. Chikaskia (AO-58), acquired by navy January 10, 1943; commissioned November 10, 1943; Bethlehem Steel Company, Sparrows Point, Md., shipbuilder; named for Chikaskia river. U. S. S. Caney (AO-95), acquired by navy March 25, 1945; commissioned March 25, 1945; Marinship Corporation, Sausilito, Cal., shipbuilder; named for Caney river. U. S. S. Clay (APA-39), acquired by navy June 29, 1943; commissioned June 29, 1943; Western Pipe & Steel Company, San Francisco, shipbuilder; named for Clay county and also for counties of the same name in 17 other states. U. S. S. Sheridan (APA-51), acquired by navy July 31, 1943; commissioned July 31, 1943; Moore Shipbuilding Company, Oakland, Cal., shipbuilder; named for Sheridan county and also for counties of the same name in four other states. U. S. S. Haskell (APA-117), acquired by navy September 9, 1944; commissioned September 11, 1944; California Shipbuilding Corporation, Wilmington, Cal., shipbuilder; named for Haskell county and also for counties of the same name in two other states. U. S. S. Logan (APA-196), acquired by navy October 14, 1944; commissioned October 14, 1944; Kaiser Company, Vancouver, Wash., shipbuilder; named for Logan county and also for counties of the same name in nine other states. U. S. S. Rawlins (APA-266), acquired by navy November 11, 1944; commissioned November 11, 1944; Kaiser Company, Vancouver, Wash., shipbuilder; named for Rawlins county. U. S. S. Kingman (APB-47), launched April 17, 1945.; commissioned June 16, 1945; Missouri Valley Bridge & Iron Company, Evansville, Ind., shipbuilder; named for Kingman, county. III. SHIPS OF THE UNITED STATES MARITIME COMMISSION Following are the 29 Liberty ships named for individuals associated with Kansas and the four Victory cargo vessels named for cities of the state: Mary Bickerdyke, launched at Permanente Metals Corporation, shipyard No. 1, Richmond, Cal., October 27, 1943; named in honor of Mrs. Mary Bickerdyke (1817-1901), best known as "Mother Bickerdyke," who achieved fame as one of the most capable and beloved women who ministered to the sick and wounded during the Civil War. She made enlisted men her special care and was a champion of their rights. In 1867 she initiated a movement to get ex-soldiers to go West and the migration of 300 families to Kansas is attributed to her influence. David J. Brewer, launched at Permanente Metals Corporation, shipyard No. 1, Richmond, Cal., November 26, 1942; named in honor of David J. Brewer (1837-1910), an, associate justice of the United States supreme court for more than 20 years. He settled at Leavenworth shortly after being admitted to the New York bar in 1858. In 1870, at the age of 33, Judge Brewer was elected to the Kansas supreme court. His elevation to the United States supreme court came in 1889 after service on the federal circuit court of the eighth circuit. Jim Bridger, launched at Oregon Shipbuilding Corporation shipyard, Portland, Ore., December 17, 1942; named in honor of James Bridger (1804-1881), frontiersman. and scout, who was the first white man to visit the Great Salt Lake. He established a station, Fort Bridger, on the Oregon trail in southwestern Wyoming in 1843. Prior to becoming a government scout in the 1850's, he purchased a farm near Kansas City. He retired from the plains and mountains in 1868 and died at his home near Kansas City in 1881. William H. Carruth, launched at California Shipbuilding Corporation shipyard, Wilmington, Cal., October 31, 1943; named in honor of William H. Carruth (1859-1924), author and one of the leading linguistic scholars of the West. He served the University of Kansas, from which he was graduated, as professor of modern languages, head of the department of German language and literature, and from 1887 to 1913 as vice-chancellor. "Each in His Own Tongue," a poem, was, his best known work. Arthur P. Davis, launched at California Shipbuilding Corporation shipyard, Wilmington, Cal., July 23, 1943; named in honor of Arthur P. Davis (1861-1933), director of the U. S. Reclamation Service from 1914 to 1923 and known as the father of Boulder or Hoover dam. He was hydrographer in charge of hydrographic examination of the Panama canal route, 1898-1901, and planned and supervised construction of more than 100 dams including Roosevelt dam and the large reservoir on the Mokelumne river, source of water for the San Francisco bay area. Davis was reared at Junction City and was graduated from the Kansas State Normal School at Emporia. Lewis L. Dyche, launched at Oregon Shipbuilding Corporation shipyard, Portland, Ore., November 26, 1943; named in honor of Lewis L. Dyche (1857-1915), naturalist. He made 23 scientific expeditions and hunted over North America from Mexico to Alaska and Greenland, securing for the University of Kansas its extensive collection of North American vertebrates. He was professor of anatomy and taxidermist and curator of mammals, birds and fishes at the university. The fish hatchery at Pratt was expanded by him. Destroyer U. S. S. Hawkins, named in honor of Marine First Lt. William Deane Hawkins (1914-1943), native of Fort Scott, as it appeared on the day it was commissioned, February 10, 1945. Destroyer Escort U. S. S. Kendall C. Campbell, named in honor of Ens. Kendall Carl Campbell (1917-1943), a native of Garden City. These ships are among several named for native-born Kansans who were honored as heroes of the navy and marine corps. The U. S. S. Ottawa, a cargo, attack vessel, was named for Ottawa county and counties of the same name in three other states. This picture was taken February 13, 1945, at the U. S. navy yard, South Carolina, five days after the ship was commissioned. Launching of the U. S. S. Topeka, a light cruiser named for the capital city of Kansas, at the Fore River yard, Quincy, Mass., August 19, 1944. The cruisers Wichita and Topeka are the heaviest Kansas ships afloat. The U. S. S. Kansas, a battleship, was scrapped in 1924. Amelia Earhart, launched at Houston Shipbuilding Corporation shipyard, Houston, Tex., December 18, 1942; named in honor of Amelia Earhart (Mrs. George P.) Putnam (1898-1937), the first woman to make a solo flight across the Atlantic and the second person to make that flight alone. The famous aviatrix was a native of Atchison. She was voted the Distinguished Flying Cross by congress and was the first woman to receive the gold medal of the National Geographic Society, the highest award of the society. Wyatt Earp, launched at California Shipbuilding Corporation shipyard, Wilmington, Cal., July 25, 1943; named in honor of Wyatt Earp (1848-1929), frontier marshal. Earp was a hunter for a railroad surveying party and later a professional buffalo hunter. He gained fame for his courageous exploits as a peace officer at Wichita, Dodge City and Tombstone, Ariz., where he encountered some of the most notorious gunmen of the frontier. Carl R. Gray, launched at California Shipbuilding Corporation shipyard, Wilmington, Cal., November 9, 1943; named in honor of Carl R. Gray (1867-1939), president of the Union Pacific Railroad for 17 years and director of the division of operations of the United States Railroad Administration in World War I. Successive promotions in the Frisco railroad's freight department at Wichita, marked the early path of his career which began as telegraph operator for that railroad at Oswego. He served as president of the Great Northern and Western, Maryland railroads and chairman of the board of the Wheeling and Lake Erie prior to becoming president of the Union Pacific in 1920. James B. Hickok, launched at Permanente Metals Corporation, shipyard No. 2, Richmond, Cal., February 26, 1943; named in honor of James B. Hickok (1837-1876), popularly known as Wild Bill, frontier marshal at Hays and Abilene as well as Union scout and spy in the Civil War. Captured and sentenced to be shot as a spy more than once, he was successful in escapes from his Confederate captors. He was marshal of Hays in the late 1860's and became marshal of Abilene in 1871, when it was a shipping point for Texas cattle. Cyrus K. Holliday, launched at California Shipbuilding Corporation shipyard, Wilmington, Cal., November 4, 1943; named in honor of Cyrus K. Holliday (1826-1900), father of the Santa Fe railroad. He was with the party which selected the Topeka townsite and was the first president of the town company. In 1859, while a member of the territorial council, Holliday secured enactment of a bill chartering the Atchison & Topeka Railroad Company, which later became the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe railroad. He was an adjutant-general of Kansas in the Civil War. Richard J. Hopkins, launched at Houston Shipbuilding Corporation shipyard, Houston, Tex., October 2, 1944; named in honor of Richard J. Hopkins (1873-1943), judge of the United States district court for Kansas for more than 13 years. He served in all three branches of the Kansas state government -- executive, legislative and judicial. He was speaker pro tem of the house of representatives in 1909, lieutenant governor in 1911-1912, attorney general from 1919 to 1923 and associate justice of the state supreme court from 1923 to 1929. John J. Ingalls, launched at California Shipbuilding Corporation shipyard, Wilmington, Cal., July 8, 1943; named in honor of John James Ingalls (1833-1900) of Atchison, United States senator from 1873 to 1891. Ingalls achieved a national reputation as an author and orator. His sonnet, "Opportunity," is ranked among the best American poems. He was a member of the Wyandotte constitutional convention and judge advocate of the Kansas militia in the Civil War. Martin Johnson, launched at California Shipbuilding Corporation shipyard, Wilmington, Cal., April 12, 1944; named in honor of Martin Johnson (1884-1937), famous motion-picture explorer, was educated in the Independence schools. He and his wife, Osa Leighty Johnson, were in the South Sea islands 12 years, Australia one year, Borneo two years, and Africa five years. They made a film record of the vanishing wild life in Africa and a sound film of the life of the pygmies. Vernon L. Kellogg, launched at California Shipbuilding Corporation shipyard, Wilmington, Cal., July 15, 1943; named in honor of Vernon L. Kellogg (1867-1937), one of Kansas' most distinguished scientists and a native of Emporia. He served on the faculty at the University of Kansas from 1890 to 1894. He was director in Brussels of the American Commission for Relief in Belgium in 1915 and 1916 and from 1917 to 1919 was assistant to the United States food administrator. From 1919 to 1931 he was secretary of the National Research Council. John Chester Kendall, launched at New England Shipbuilding Corporation shipyard, South Portland, Maine, May 9, 1944; named in honor of John Chester Kendall (1877-1941), state dairy commissioner of Kansas in 1907-1908. He subsequently served as professor of dairy husbandry at Kansas State Agricultural College until 1910. James Lane, launched at Oregon Shipbuilding Corporation shipyard, Portland, Ore., October 30, 1943; named in honor of James Henry Lane (1814-1866), Free-State leader and one of the first two United States senators elected from Kansas. He was president of the Topeka constitutional convention. In the Civil War he was appointed a brigadier-general of volunteers by President Lincoln with authority to raise two regiments. These troops operated in western Missouri in 1861. He obtained enactment of congressional measures granting lands to Kansas to aid in the construction of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe and the Leavenworth, Lawrence & Fort Gibson railroads. Isaac McCoy, launched at Oregon Shipbuilding Corporation shipyard, Portland, Ore., December 2, 1943; named in honor of Isaac McCoy (1784-1846), pioneer Baptist missionary to the Indians. In the 1820's he advocated a plan to remove the Indians living east of the Mississippi to new reservations in the West. He was appointed by the secretary of war in 1830 as surveyor and agent to assist the Indians in this removal. He surveyed or arranged for the survey of most of the Indian reservations in Kansas and the Cherokee outlet in Oklahoma and also devoted his efforts to establishing and sustaining missions for the Indians. Enos A. Mills, launched at Oregon Shipbuilding Corporation shipyard, Portland, Ore., December 6, 1943; named in honor of Enos A. Mills (1870-1922), naturalist, lecturer and author, who was a native of Linn county. He was a guide on Long's Peak, which he climbed more than 250 times. Mills extensively explored the Rocky Mountains on foot and was the father of Rocky Mountain National Park, which was created after several years of almost single-handed campaigning on his part. He was an exponent of forest conservation and served as federal lecturer on forestry, from 1907 to 1909, being appointed by President Theodore Roosevelt. Among his books were In Beaver World and The Story of a Thousand Year Pine. Ralph T. O'Neil, launched at the Permanente Metals Corporation, shipyard No. 2, Richmond, Cal., May 19, 1944; named in honor of Ralph T. O'Neil (1888-1940), attorney and national commander of the American Legion in 1930-1931. He was a native of Osage City and a graduate of Baker University. In World War I, he served with the 11th U. S. infantry, advancing to captain. He was a member of the state board of regents from 1932 to 1940 and chairman of the board in 1938-1939. Vernon L. Parrington, launched at Permanente, Metals Corporation, shipyard No. 2, Richmond, Cal., October 21, 1943; named in honor of Vernon L. Parrington (1871-1929), author and historian. He was reared in Emporia and attended the College of Emporia where he was later an instructor from 1893 to 1897. Parrington gained renown as the author of Main Currents in American Thought, published in 1927 when he was professor of English at the University of Washington. William Peffer, launched at Permanente Metals Corporation, shipyard No. 2, Richmond, Cal., January 7, 1944; named in honor of William Alfred Peffer (1831-1912), United States senator from 1891 to 1897. He was a pioneer lawyer and newspaper editor and became a leading Populist writer and speaker. In 1881 he assumed the editorship of the Kansas Farmer. When the Farmer's Alliance entered the state, the Farmer became the official paper for one branch of the organization. Albert A. Robinson, launched at Permanente Metals Corporation, shipyard No. 2, Richmond, Cal., November 29, 1943; named in honor of Albert A. Robinson (1844-1918), railroad builder and a leading figure in the construction of much of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe railroad system. He served as chief engineer and second vice-president and general manager in his 22-year span of service. More than half of the 9,000 miles comprising the system when he left it in 1893, was built under his direction as chief engineer, and his skill was credited with playing a vital part in the rapid extension of the Santa Fe. He also helped in the construction of the St. Joseph & Denver City railroad. Charles Robinson, launched at Permanente Metals Corporation, shipyard No. 2, Richmond, Cal., June 28, 1943; named in honor of Charles Robinson (1818-1894), first governor of the state of Kansas. A physician and editor, he came to Kansas in 1854 as resident agent of the New England Emigrant Aid Company. He conducted two groups of emigrants who began the settlement of Lawrence. Robinson was elected governor in 1859 under the provisions of the Wyandotte constitution but did not take office until Kansas was admitted as a state in 1861. Edmund G. Ross, launched at Oregon Shipbuilding Corporation shipyard, Portland, Ore., October 22, 1943; named in honor of Edmund G. Ross (1826-1907), United States senator from 1866 to 1871. He was a Free-State leader and member of the Wyandotte constitutional convention. Ross edited newspapers at Topeka and Lawrence before entering the senate and afterwards edited papers at Coffeyville and Lawrence. He was appointed governor of the New Mexico territory in 1885. Samuel Vernon Stewart, launched at Oregon Shipbuilding Corporation shipyard, Portland, Ore., January 7, 1944; named in honor of Samuel Vernon Stewart (1872-1939), who was reared in Coffey county and served as governor of Montana from 1913 to 1921. He attended Kansas State Normal School at Emporia two years and received an LL. B. degree from the University of Kansas in 1898. Stewart served as associate justice of the Montana supreme court from 1933 until the year of his death. Robert J. Walker, launched at Oregon Shipbuilding Corporation shipyard, Portland, Ore., February 2, 1943; named for Robert J. Walker (1801-1869), territorial governor of Kansas in 1857. Prior to the governorship he had served as senator from Mississippi and was secretary of the treasury in President Polk's cabinet. It was Governor Walker's rejection of fraudulent returns in Oxford precinct, Johnson county, which enabled the Free-State majority to gain control of the legislature in 1858. William Allen White, launched at the Permanente Metals Corporation, shipyard No. 2, Richmond, Cal., May 8, 1944; named in honor of William Allen White (1868-1944), newspaper editor and author. He was sent to France in 1917 as an observer by the American Red Cross. White in 1940 was founder and chairman of the Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies. Among his best known books are: The Court of Boyville, Stratagems and Spoils, In Our Town, A Certain Rich Man, The Old Order Changeth and In The Heart of a Fool. Samuel W. Williston, launched at Permanente Metals Corporation, shipyard No. 2, Richmond, Cal., October 6, 1943; named in honor of Samuel W. Williston (1852-1918), paleontologist and physician, and also one of the world authorities on diptera. He was reared in Manhattan and was graduated from Kansas State Agricultural College, after which he was employed by Othniel C. Marsh of Yale University as a collector in Cretaceous chalk beds of western Kansas. He became professor of anatomy at Yale and later served at the University of Kansas as professor of geology and vertebrate anatomy and dean of the medical school. He was the author of Manual of North American Diptera, which has been widely used in Europe. Atchison Victory, launched at California Shipbuilding Corporation shipyard, Wilmington, Cal., April 22, 1944; named for city of Atchison. Chanute Victory, launched at California Shipbuilding Corporation shipyard, Wilmington, Cal., January 19, 1945; named for city of Chanute. Coffeyville Victory, launched at Oregon Shipbuilding Corporation shipyard, Portland, Ore., July 3, 1945; named for city of Coffeyville. Salina Victory, launched at Permanente Metals Corporation, shipyard, Richmond, Cal., November 24, 1944; named for city of Salina. HAROLD J. HENDERSON is research director of the Kansas Historical Society.

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Why Is Plastic A Problem: Plastic is one of the worst polluters as it doesn’t easily degrade and remains in the environment for a very long time. Plastic bags cause a great deal of problems as they are given away with just about every purchase we make. An estimated 1million marine animals are killed each year by plastic bags. The best solution is to buy a reusable “bag for life”, available at most supermarkets, you can take these with you every time you shop. Most household plastic bottles (with only a few exceptions) can potentially be collected for recycling. However the difficulty with recycling plastic is that the large number of polymer types make separation of items difficult. This leads to high levels of contamination, meaning the end product is of less value and cant be used in as many products. Another problem is because they are light yet bulky, the weight to volume ratio means they become uneconomical to transport them long distances. What happens to plastic when it is recycled? Plastic bottles are deposited in the recycling banks. Stage 2 - Plastic bottles are collected from the recycling banks and transported to a ‘materials reclamation facility’ (MRF). Stage 3 - The bottles are sorted into different types of plastic. Stage 4 - Bottles are squashed into tightly packed blocks. Stage 5 - Powerful bailing machines squash the air out of the bottles to make them easier to transport. Stage 6 - The plastic is then transported to a reprocessing factory where it is granulated. Stage 7 - The granulated flakes of plastic are then made into new products such as garden furniture, fleeces, pipes and coat hangers. Why recycle plastics? Cuts waste disposal costs. Less waste is sent to landfill sites. Saves finite oil reserves. If plastic bags are made from recycled rather than virgin polythene energy consumption is cut by about a third. Before you bin it: Wash the bottles. Squash them flat so they do not take up as much room. Look for the triangle symbol which indicates the type of plastic (see over) and check that this material is accepted.

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Maybe Stevie Wonder had it right when he sang: Very superstitious, writing’s on the wall, Very superstitious, ladders bout’ to fall, Thirteen month old baby, broke the lookin’ glass Seven years of bad luck, the good things in your past. When you believe in things that you don’t understand, Then you suffer, Superstition ain’t the way Well, if you’re going to fret about today anyway, at least read the history of triskaidekaphobia. Find out why superstitious people get upset and suffer from the heebie-jeebies when they think about this day. Find out how stuff like this “bad day” superstition works. I mean, what’s so important about the number thirteen, right? Attaching any importance to an ordinary number like thirteen is a prime example of superstitious thinking. Like Archimedes, the famous Greek philosopher, a fellow who favored reason, we should look for solid examples of rational thought.

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Why not learn how to make model spaceships? I'm sure you have seen pictures of spaceships or rockets in books or on television. They are huge and very loud when they are taking off. You can build a model of a real spaceship that you may have seen or make up your own just by using your imagination-you can create a spaceship model that will look great and can sit silently in your room. 1. Paper towel roll 2. Paint (any color) 3. Small piece of oak tag or light flexible cardboard 4. Construction paper (any color) 6. Markers, pencil and scissors 7. Heavy piece of cardboard-about 6 inches square 8. Old newspaper 9. Glue and tape To begin, lay the newspaper over the table that you will be working on to protect it, and then paint the paper towel tube with any color paint you may have around. Set it aside to dry while you work on the other pieces of your spaceship model. To make the pointed cone shape for the top of the rocket, you'll need to draw a circle that's larger than the circle on top of the paper towel tube. I used the cover of a jar to trace my circle. Cut out the circle and then cut one slit halfway into the circle, from the edge to the center. You can now overlap the edges of the slit to form a pointed cone shape-the tighter you overlap it, the pointier the nose cone will be. Check it against the top of the tube to make sure it will sit on the top, and then tape it closed. Next you need to make the legs or fins for the spaceship to stand on. Cut three right-angle triangular shapes from the oak tag, I made my right triangles 3" x 2" x 3". You will end up with three legs to form a tripod-style stand. To attach the legs fold one of the 3" straight sides over for about a quarter of an inch and crease it. This will give you a flat section that you can tape to the body of the spaceship tube. Once the paint on the tube is dry and the legs are attached, you can tape on the top cone point as well. Decorate the spaceship in any way you want. Happy landings! Article provided by Homesteader Creating fun dog crafts for kids has never been easier. These 3-dimensional bouncing paper dogs are sure to make you feel like running and jumping! Children love to make simple crafts. They also love engaging in dramatic, creative play. A perfect way to combine these two loves is by letting your kids craft fun felt finger puppets. Easy to create and fun to play with, these finger puppets will provide hours of entertainment.

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|Uploaded:||February 17, 2013| |Updated:||February 17, 2013| So today I thought it would be very educational if I made a lesson on something out of Egypt. Up next, we will learn "how to draw the Pyramids of Giza", step by step. These pyramids are also called or known as Pyramid of Khufu, and the Pyramid of Cheops. These triangular shaped structures are located on the border of El Giza located in Egypt. People who study Ancient Egyptian history think that the Great Pyramid was built to be a tomb for Pharaoh Khufu around 2560 BCE. When you first see one of these pyramids you stand in amazement and awe of their structural beauty and complexity. It is said that each brick laid is about three feet high or up to an average persons waist. Just looking up towards the point of the pyramid makes one think how in the world did people of those days have the type of technology to make such massive, uniformed buildings using only rope, wood, and hands. Of course we all know that it wasn't slaves who worked and built the structures as historians believed, it was in fact paid labor workers that most likely did the buildings. Did you know that the Great Pyramid of Giza is the oldest and biggest of the three pyramids in Giza Necropolis? It’s also true that almost all of the Egyptian pyramids are found by the west banks of the Nile. I also heard that the Great Pyramids of Giza align perfectly with the three stars located in the middle of the consolation Orion. I don’t know how true that is, but if it’s a fact, how cool would that be? Anyways, drawing the Pyramids of Giza will be fun and very educational. So go ahead and grab your rulers because you are going to need them. Adios people and enjoy!

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It might be said that the county's history began when a dime's worth of gold flakes was dipped up in a shovel full of dirt from the South Platte River at the confluence of the South Platte and Cherry Creek in Arapahoe County, Kansas Territory, on June 23, 1858, by William Green Russell of Georgia. The historic event was commemorated annually for many years with a Pioneer's Picnic. Auraria, later known as Denver City, was named after Russell's home town in Georgia. Reports of other gold discoveries spread, and four or five hundred dollars of gold ore, the biggest find of the year, was discovered later in 1858 on Cherry Creek, a little south of what is now Englewood. Thousands of prospectors rushed to the region, and the Pike's Peak Gold Rush was on. Nebraska Territory and Kansas Territory had been created on May 30, 1854, by the Kansas-Nebraska Act. Present-day Weld County lay in the southwestern portion of Nebraska Territory, bordering Kansas Territory. Because the mining residents felt too far removed from the Kansas and Nebraska territorial governments, they formed the Provisional Government of the Territory of Jefferson on Oct. 24, 1859. Jefferson Territory was an extralegal U.S. territory that was never sanctioned by the federal government but operated with relatively little intervention for 16 months. It was composed of land that was officially part of Kansas, Nebraska, New Mexico, Utah, and Washington territories. In November 1859, the unrecognized but democratically elected Jefferson Territorial Legislature organized 12 counties for the new territory, including St. Vrain County (named after French trader Ceran St. Vrain), which included much of present-day Weld County. Colorado Territory was signed into existence on Feb. 28, 1861, by President James Buchanan. The matter of a name for the new territory had been hotly contested. Territorial Governor William Gilpin proposed "Colorado" (meaning "colored red" in Spanish). Other suggestions included "Arapahoe," "Colona," "Columbus," "Franklin," "Idaho," "Lafayette," "Lula," "Nemara," "Tahosa," "Tampa," and "Weappollao." Many of the laws that had been enacted by the provisional government of the Territory of Jefferson were reenacted and given official sanction by the new Colorado General Assembly but new geographic boundaries were established. On Nov. 1, 1861, the Colorado General Assembly organized the Weld County was named after Lewis Ledyard Weld (born March 13, 1833). Following his graduation from Yale University in 1854, he lived variously in Hartford, Conn., Burlington, N.J., and Cleveland, Ohio, before he completed his law studies in New York City and ventured west to open a law firm in the lawlessness that was Kansas Territory in the late 1850s. Lewis Weld's uncle was Theodore Weld, a member of the American Anti-Slavery Society. A prominent and ardent abolitionist, he lectured against slavery in Kansas Territory and then remained to work towards making Kansas a free state. Lewis Weld likely came west to assist his uncle and to introduce some legal order to the region; however, when the law firm of Weld, Pendry, and Bailey failed after a brief duration, the public notice stated, "...without organized courts, of either Kansas Territory, or other types of Government, our services are worse than useless. Our professional services cease until regular and constitutional tribunals of Justice are established..." Due to poor health, Lewis Weld traveled further west to the milder climate of Denver City and opened a new law practice in the spring of 1860. In 1861, once Colorado Territory had been formed, Lewis Weld applied to Washington, D.C. in person for a government position in the new territory. President Abraham Lincoln appointed William Gilpin as the 1st Territorial Governor and Lewis Weld as the 1st Territorial Secretary, and they returned to Denver together to assume their duties following their approval by the U.S. Senate. The federal government had allocated $300,000 to Colorado Territory; however, its use was contingent upon prior approval from Washington. After the Civil War broke out in 1861, Governor Gilpin received word that Texas troops were moving towards Denver to take over the gold and silver mines in order to help fund Confederate operations. The governor, an ardent Union supporter and a graduate of the United States Military Academy, believed that emergency measures were necessary. Without prior authorization, he established Camp Weld to outfit 1,300 Colorado Volunteers, issuing drafts on the national treasury in payment. The First Regiment of Colorado Volunteers (Infantry) was derisively nicknamed "Gilpin's Pet Lambs." Governor Gilpin's concerns were not without merit, however, and the Colorado Volunteers were summoned to Fort Union where they burned the Confederate supply wagons, successfully repelling the Confederate advance at Glorieta Pass, southeast of Santa Fe, N.M., in a battle dubbed the "Gettysburg of the West" by many historians. Major John Chivington, of Sand Creek notoriety, was hailed by some as a hero for his role in the Battle of Glorieta Pass. Despite the victory, Gilpin was called to Washington to explain his actions to President Lincoln. The drafts he had issued were not honored at that time despite the critical win at Glorieta Pass, and Gilpin was recalled when disgruntled citizens of Colorado Territory circulated a petition for his removal from office. Although John Evans was appointed the second Governor of Colorado Territory by his friend Abraham Lincoln, Lewis Weld served for four months as the acting governor while Evans honored a prior commitment. Once John Evans arrived in Colorado Territory, Lewis Weld resigned as Secretary and applied for a commission in the Union Army. He was appointed Captain of the 7th Regiment, Colored (Black) Troops and was eventually promoted to major and assigned to the 41st Colored Infantry of Maryland. Lewis Weld, formerly acting territorial governor died at Appomattox, Va., in January 1865, of illness and other hardships suffered on the battlefield. Weld County, the parent county to Logan County, was named in his honor. In a couple of side notes, William Gilpin, the recalled first territorial governor of Colorado, died in Denver in 1894 after being run over by a horse and buggy. John Evans, the second territorial governor, was asked to resign by newly sworn-in United States President Andrew Johnson, due to his involvement in efforts to conceal the Sand Creek Massacre and to protect his good friend, John Chivington, whom he had appointed as Colonel of the Colorado Volunteers and sent to "quiet" the Indians. As one of seven counties carved from Weld County in 1887, Logan County was named for General John Alexander Logan. General Logan served in the Union Army in the American Civil War. He was an Illinois state senator, congressman, and senator as well an unsuccessful vice presidential candidate in the 1884 election. Logan ran with presidential candidate James G. Blaine; they were defeated by Grover Cleveland and Thomas A. Hendricks. As Memorial Day approaches, it is worth remembering that General Logan is considered the single most influential personage responsible for instituting Memorial Day as the official holiday as it is celebrated today. In 1868, General Logan was commander-in-chief of the Grand Army of the Republic, an organization for northern civil war veterans. As such, he issued a proclamation that "Decoration Day" should be observed nationwide to commemorate the lives of fallen soldiers, and it was observed on May 30 that year. The date was selected specifically because it did not fall on the anniversary of any battle.

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New species of bird found in Koshi Tappu [NepalNews 2008-02-04] [Photo] Nepal Rufous-vented Prinia, Prinia burnesii nipalensis. Photo Courtesy: BCN Nepali scientists have recorded a new subspecies of bird – Nepal Rufous-vented Prinia – at Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve (KTWR) recently. According to Bird Conservation Nepal, the bird first recorded by chairperson of Nepal Rare Birds Committee (NRBC) Suchit Basnet and ornithologist Badri Chaudhary on April 1, 2005 at Koshi Tappu. The birds have now been identified as Rufous-vented Prinia, bringing Nepal's total bird list to 862 species. Belonging to Prinia burnesii species, the new bird has been named Nepal Rufous-vented Prinia or Prinia burnesii nipalensis scientifically. Basnet said, "This must have been the most exciting bird record reviewed by the Nepal Rare Birds Committee since its establishment in 2001." According to Dr Hem Sagar Baral of BCN, this subspecies of bird is currently found only in Nepal and expressed hope of finding more species of birds in Koshi Tappu, the most popular site for bird watching in winter. "We must put extra resources for understanding birds and their conservation needs in future," he said. Ornithologists call this as a groundbreaking research work and most significant on the taxonomy of Nepal's birds after the discovery of Nepal Wren Babbler or Pnoepyga immaculata nearly 17 years ago. Rufous-vented Prinia's other two species are identified. One Prinia burnesii burnesii is found in Pakistan along the tributaries of Indus River and adjacent Punjab in India, and the other Prinia burnesii cinerascens is found in Assam, India along the Bramhaputra river systems and adjoining states of India and Bangladesh. The new bird recorded in Koshi Tappu shows somewhat intermediate characters between these two subspecies and appears to form a link between them. BCN further said the adult of this newly found subspecies has overall olive-grey to light brown plumage. The head and nape are greyer compared to the browner back, wings and tail. In most individuals, there is faint whitish supercilium which reaches behind the eye. The head is densely streaked compared to back and n the back, the streakings are bolder compared to the ones in head. The juveniles are similar to adults but slightly less marked on the head and body. Light rufous under-tail coverts were visible in one young bird caught. They were located on grassland patches on small islands of the Koshi River but absent in heavily disturbed grasslands adjacent to villages indicating their preference for less disturbed grasslands. nepalnews.com ia Feb 04 08

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MODERN ART AND IDEAS SEVEN: 1950–1969 SETTING THE SCENE In the years following World War II, the United States enjoyed an unprecedented period of economic and political growth. Many middle class Americans moved to the suburbs, spurred by the availability of inexpensive, mass-produced homes. Elvis Presley led the emergence of rock and roll and television replaced radio as the dominant media outlet. Many artists and intellectuals had emigrated in the years during and after the war from Europe to the United States, bringing with them their own traditions and ideas. It is in this climate that a group of artists that came to be known as the Abstract Expressionists came of age. These artists, including Jackson Pollock, Willem de Kooning, Barnett Newman, and Mark Rothko, created diverse bodies of work. They explored new ways of painting, reinvigorating and reinventing the medium. They sought to express emotions, individual feelings, and personal experiences in their work. They were considered to signify or embody a distinctly "American" element of space, confidence, and creativity. Franz Kline, another such artist who worked in New York City in the 1950s, was known for his large paintings with bold lines that exude a sense of movement and energy. - Begin by asking your students to define "painting." Ask them what kinds of paintings they have created. Have them spend a few minutes writing down some of the choices artists make when they paint. They may come up with ideas such as style, technique, setting, material, subject, and use of color. Ask them to share their ideas with the class. Franz Kline: Chief, oil on canvas, 1.48×1.87 m, 1950 (New York, Museum of Modern Art); © 2007 The Franz Kline Estate/Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York, courtesy of The Museum of Modern Art, New York - Ask students to spend some time looking at this image and then to describe what they see. Ask them to pay particular attention to the lines. How might they describe these lines? - Ask students to consider what choices Kline is making with regard to painting. In this painting, Kline used commercial paint and housepainter’s brushes to create thick black lines on a white background. Kline’s painting has been described as looking like tar smeared on slabs of concrete or steel girders twisted around canvas. It is evocative of shapes and structures found in the city, such as bridges, buildings, tunnels, engines, and roads. - Ask students if they agree with this description. Why or why not? It may look like Kline created this painting quickly. Actually, he took a long time to make his work. Before he painted, he often created drawings, which he then projected onto a wall. He got this idea from his friend, the artist Willem de Kooning, whom we will discuss later in this guide. He found that the drawn lines, when magnified, became more forceful and abstract. Thus, many of his painted canvases reproduce a drawing on a much larger scale, combining the improvised and the deliberate, the miniature and the monumental. - Give students one minute to create a small pencil drawing. Ask them to think about what parts of their drawing they would turn into a painting. Why? What is it about their lines that would look interesting or compelling? - The name of this painting is Chief. Kline loved trains as a child, and "Chief" is the name of a locomotive he remembered. Ask students if this reminds them of a train. Why or why not? - Ask students to define positive and negative space. What positive and negative spaces do they see in Chief? - Kline said, "I paint the white as well as the black, and the white is just as important." [Franz Kline, quoted in MoMA Highlights: 350 Works from The Museum of Modern Art, rev. ed. (New York: The Museum of Modern Art, 2004), p. 205.] Ask students to reflect upon this statement. What do they think it means? Why is the white as important as the black? During the 1950s, painters such as Jackson Pollock and Helen Frankenthaler also created large-scale abstract paintings. Lesson One of this guide will examine how Pollock and Frankenthaler created their work. The growing political and economic stability in the United States in the 1950s led to experimentation and the rethinking of the social order in the 1960s. This so-called "cultural revolution" promoted antiauthoritarian education, women’s liberation, new career structures, and an increased climate of intellectual and sexual freedom. The Vietnam War incited mass protests and the Civil Rights Movement sought equality for African-Americans. In this climate, a new generation of artists rejected some of the ideas of the Abstract Expressionists and began to represent items from consumer culture and everyday life. Whereas the Abstract Expressionists were interested in abstraction and in representing emotional states, Pop artists favored realism and impersonal expression. Artists such as Andy Warhol and Roy Lichtenstein wanted to connect traditions of fine art with the images of popular culture offered through television, advertising, and film. As Warhol stated, "Pop artists did images that anyone walking down the street would recognize in a split second—comics, picnic tables, men’s pants, celebrities, refrigerators, Coke bottles." [Andy Warhol, quoted in Popism (New York: Harper and Row Publishers, 1980), p. 3.] Artists made collages, prints, paintings, sculptures, and drawings. Their subjects were diverse, including representations of celebrities, political events, and consumer products. In contrast to the work done by artists in the 1950s, much of Pop imagery combines the painterly and photographic as well as the handmade and the readymade. The American artist James Rosenquist was working in this time of turbulence, experimentation, and consumerism. His work responds to popular imagery, advertising, and politics. James Rosenquist: F-111, oil on canvas with aluminum, twenty-three sections, 3.05×26.21 m, 1964–5 (New York, Museum of Modern Art); courtesy of The Museum of Modern Art, New York - Show students this work. Include details of the many different panels. Ask students to work in pairs and to pick one panel to observe closely. Ask them to look carefully and then write down their observations about that panel. Ask them to back up their ideas with evidence from the painting. Have them share their observations with the rest of the class. Ask them how the various parts contribute to an understanding of the entire piece. - Tell students the title of this work is F-111, which is the name of an American bomber plane that was being planned when this painting was created. Although this plane was designed for war, Rosenquist felt that the mission of the F-111 should be economic, rather than military, designed to provide jobs to Americans. [Kirk Varnedoe, High and Low: Modern Art Popular Culture (New York: The Museum of Modern Art, 1990), pp. 365–67.] - Ask students to compare and contrast some of the images they see in this large work. Ask them to consider why Rosenquist might have juxtaposed images of war with emblems of entertainment and leisure. Ask students to discuss how Rosenquist addresses the Vietnam War and the politics of the time. Where does he draw his inspiration from? What do the students think his message or messages might be? Before he created this painting, Rosenquist worked as a billboard painter in New York City. This work influenced the style, scale, and content of his paintings. He designed F-111 to have twenty-three panels, which wrap around all four walls of a gallery, surrounding the viewer. The entire work measures 10 feet high by 86 feet long. The artist was inspired by Claude Monet’s Water Lilies paintings, Jackson Pollock’s large paintings, and Barnett Newman’s colorful paintings (see www.moma.org/collection). Pollock’s and Newman’s work will be discussed later in this guide. - Ask students to imagine standing in the middle of a room surrounded by F-111. How would this experience be different from viewing the work in reproduction? The years following World War II brought about many changes in American life. The artists included in this guide represent two major trajectories at this time. The first is the idea of freedom, space, and personal expression, as shown by the large, expansive, painterly work of the Abstract Expressionists. The other is a celebration of material culture, commercialism, and the everyday, as represented by Pop artists. Grove Art Online: Suggested Reading Below is a list of selected articles which provide more information on the specific topics discussed in this lesson.

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The Danzig Corridor The large portion in Brown is Germany. The smaller portion in brown on the right is East Prussia which was inhabited by Germans and ruled by Germany, as was West Prussia the Danzig corridor. At the signing of the Treaty of Versailles in 1918 after World War I, 80% of those attending the signing were Jews. Germany was forced to give the Danzig corridor to Poland, a country that was controlled by the Jewish Bolsheviks, who 1939 began to slaughter the now isolated Germans living in East Prussia. After almost 60,000 Germans were murdered by the Jewish Communists, Hitler sent forces into Poland to save as many remaining Germans as possible. Hitler did not want war to expand his borders or to build an empire. He wanted to save his German people from a massacre by the Jewish Communists in the land that had been stolen from Germany. On the maps below, you can see how the German citizens living in East Prussia were isolated from Germany by the Polish Bolsheviks.

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Notes On Giant Ships. ( Originally Published 1917 ) The eye of the imagination sees a world in which there are no fixed dimensions. The hero who has saved us from death becomes as we tell of him a giant of strength and prowess. The fish which we see just eluding our hook appears to be a vast and beautiful creature of untold weight and of strength sufficient to sink our boat. It is natural then that folk literature, engraved upon the very wax of fancy, should bear the distinguishing mark of this wonder spirit which ever seeks to give dimension to its objects. Giants and monsters lurk in the silence of the primeval forests, and to primitive man warring with the material world, size is the constant factor of dread and wonder. It is one of the conventions of folk-narration. Small wonder that the legendary lore of the sea should contain many stories of vast ships. Our story of the giant ship is based upon a sailor's account reported by Jal in his Scènes de la vie maritime (1832) II, p. 89. The Christian Testament brings the best known of these ancient legends is the story of the ark. We read that the earth was filled with violence and wrongdoing and God being angered with men said to Noah (Gen. vii) : "Come thou and all thy house into the ark; for thee have I seen righteous before me in this generation. "And Noah was six hundred years old when the flood of waters was upon the earth. And Noah went in, and his sons, and his wife, and his sons' wives with him, into the ark, because of the waters of the flood. Of clean beasts, and of beasts that are not clean, and of birds, and of everything that creepeth upon the ground, there went in two and two unto Noah into the ark, male and female, as God commanded Noah. And it came to pass after the seven days, that the waters of the flood were upon the earth. In the six hundredth year of Noah's life, in the second month, on the seventeenth day of the month, on the same day were all the fountains of the great deep broken up, and the windows of heaven were opened. And the rain was upon the earth forty days and forty nights... .And the waters prevailed, and increased greatly upon the earth; and the ark went upon the face of the waters. And the waters prevailed exceedingly upon the earth ; and all the high mountains that were under the whole heaven were covered. Fifteen cubits upward did the waters prevail ; and the mountains were covered. And all flesh died that moved upon the earth, both birds, and cattle, and beasts, and every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth, and every man : all in whose nostrils was the breath of the spirit of life, of all that was on the dry land, died. And every living thing was destroyed that was upon the face of the ground, both man and cattle, creeping things, and birds of the heavens; and they were destroyed from the earth; and Noah only was left, and they that were with him in the ark. And the waters prevailed upon the earth a hundred and fifty days. "And God remembered Noah, and all the beasts, and all the cattle that were with him in the ark : and God made a wind to pass over the earth, and the water assuaged ; the fountains also of the deep and the windows of heaven were stopped, and the rain from heaven was restrained ; and the waters returned from off the earth continually: and after the end of a hundred and fifty days the waters decreased. And the ark rested in the seventh month, upon the mountains of Ararat." This great craft was 525 feet in length, 87.6 broad and 52.6 high, which brings it easily within the realm of modern ship-building possibilities. The deluge myth itself is of almost universal dispersion but beyond certain fugitive Tlinket and Peruvian stories, which are plainly adaptations of the Hebrew legend, we find no stories of giant arks far from the shores of the Mediterranean, and the dimensions of the biblical ark are so reasonable and definite that she may almost be omitted from the list of giant ships of legend. Any inquiry into the significance of deluge myths would be a digression, but we note in passing that interesting prototype of the Ark described in the Gilgamesh narrative, or Babylonian Nimrod epic. This narrative was inscribed upon twelve tablets and the existing copy was once part of the library of King Ashurbanipal (668-626 B. C.). The eleventh tablet describes the deluge ship built by Kidin-Marduk. "In its middle part its sides were ten gar high ; In Marco Polo's day the ark was resting upon a mountain in Armenia, whereas today it is asserted that it has been found petrified on the Porcupine river near Rampart, Alaska, by the Yukon River Indians. In North America also we find the remains of a great canoe guarded by a giant, resting upon an island in upper Lake St. John. (Jesuit Relations, LXVIII, p. 45.) The ark was, as its name implies, a place of refuge, and as it is the saviour of the human race, it is the antithesis of the Flying Dutchman and other punishment ships. Noah is the chosen of God, Vanderdecken the accursed, the Ark the symbol of the covenant, the Dutchman the messenger of death. Another reward ship is the Merry Dun of Dover, a veritable sailors' heaven. She is much the same ship as that known in France as "La Grande Chasse Foudre," and her prototype is the old Frisian Manningfual. This great ship was worldwide, and perhaps in the early forms of the story was in reality an allegorical picture of the world. Youths going into her lofty rigging returned old men, and so great were the distances aloft that inns and dining halls, were located in all her blocks. Passing north through the straits of Dover, she found scant passageway and her captain soaped her sides and so she managed to scrape through, leaving the white cliffs of "Albion" as a reminder. (Thorpe, Northern Mythology, III, p. 28.)` Later she found the Baltic Sea too narrow and had to be lightened to get through. The island of Bornholm is the metal ballast she then cast overboard, and Christianco was formed by her ashes and rubbish. (Muellenhoff, Sagen, Marchen und Lieder, p. 235.) It is said that once when she was tacking in the Channel her headbooms swept away a regiment of soldiers drilling at Dover, while, at the same time her spankerboom projected over the Calais forts. This story, however, depicts a ship of definite proportions, whereas the Chasse Foudre, as described by French sailors, is of such intangible size that she takes one hundred years to tack. A great ship that once sailed the northern seas was the Benevender, which was built in Russia half a thousand years ago. She tried to ram the giant Kraken which crossed her course, sprung a leak, and sank. The heads of her masts are the Teufelsfelsen upon which many ships are wrecked every year. (Werner, Buch von der deutschen Flotte, p. 344.) The giant ship of Swedish story is the Refanu ; she is so vast that it is a three weeks' journey from poop to prow, and her orders are transmitted on horseback. Each of her tops is as great as a kingdom, and like the Chasse Foudre she has an inn in every block. (E. Wigstrom in Germania, XXXIII, p. 109.) She is a nautical heaven. A Dutch brig once sailed into her hawsehole and was tossed for three days by the waves in her soup coppers until they were skimmed one day and the brig cast into the sea with the scum of the soup. Bean Island was formed by one day's skimmings, and Oeland and Gotland from jettisoned cargo of the Refanu. Gargantua, the fabled son of Grangousier, built a great boat for whose timbers he felled a whole forest. (Sebillot, Gargantua dans les traditions populaires, p. 18, 1883.) She measured more than ten thousand tons and took seven years to tack. An Irish story, which has often been said to be modern but which I think quite the contrary, is of the "Roth Ramhach," a great ship, which at the end of the world will go equally well over land and sea. She has a thousand beds, each of which will hold a thousand men. (O'Curry, Manuscript Material of Ancient Irish History, p. 401; Melusine, II, 161.) The name means literally "wheel with oars," and has been translated "paddlewheel." We remember that the first automobiles were not designed as self-driven vehicles, but were modifications of the old carriage or drawn vehicle with an engine added. In the same way we find the first attempts to apply steam to the propulsion of vessels were not centered upon the construction of new vessels for this new power, but sought to. reconstruct the old type of vessels driven by sails or oars, with the substitution of steam as the mechanical equivalent for man-power. We are not surprised, therefore, to find that the first steam-propelled vessels used sweeps or paddles attached to a wheel, the roue à aubes or paddlewheel. But the legend goes on to describe the Roth Ramhach as a sailing ship and says that her sails will not be furled until she grounds near the promontory of Cnamchoill. Remembering the source and diffusion of Eddaic stories we cannot avoid seeing the striking similarity to the ship of Balder. His ship Hringhorni is the disk of the sun, whose sails will not be furled till Ragnarok, and we know that the sun was not only figured as a ship but as a wheel among many Aryan peoples. In the festivals of St. John's fires, which in most European countries are the direct descendant of the mourning over "Balder's bale," the rolling of wheels and burning brands is emblematic of the burning ship Hringhorni, the disk of the sun passing over its highest arc. "Wheel with oars" then is an apt description of that majestic orb which appeared to our ancestors as at once a wheel and a ship. An interesting parallel to our story is that of La Patte Luzerne collected by Senequier in the province of Var and reported in La Revue des traditions populaires (XII, 390). According to this story La Patte Luzerne used to haunt the coast of Provence and was so large that when she left Toulon her stern had scarcely left the roads when her bowsprit was already passing the Straits of Gibraltar. Aboard her are fields of wheat, vines, fruit trees of every kind, and vegetables, all these in sufficient quantity to be able to nourish her crew during many a century. The fields are tilled by oxen which are also used for meats, and there are game-birds and animals. The masts are so high that the cabin boys who go aloft to the tops come down the other side gray-bearded old men. Each block contains an inn, a brasserie, or a café. There are even other places of amusement so that the sailors shall not be too much tired of their long journey. During the siege of Rhodes, in which the vessel assisted, the crew fought twenty-four years upon the forward deck, but aft they did not know of the battle and were dancing all the time. The origin of the name Pape Lucerne or Patte Luzerne is not clear, though an extended inquiry into the folktales of these coasts might make it so. During the Middle Ages the church was often figured as a ship riding triumphant over the waves of the world in spite of the storms of disbelief and heresy. Perhaps this is the vast ship of the pope, with its promise of comfort and ease for good sailors, until the end of time. A ship whose name recalls the Patte Luzerne is known in Italian popular story. She is called the "Nave di Pape Lucerna" and is said to date back to the days of Imperial Rome, and to be propelled by great sweeps in the hands of galley rowers. She is great enough to fill the whole sea from Capri to Capo di Minerva, and is often seen off Capri at night. (Gandage, Opera, VII, 69, 1834.) I am inclined to associate this story with the fabled galley of Ptolemy Philopater (224-204 B.C.), which was said to have forty ranks of oars. An obscure Rhodian scribe named Callixenus left a description of this great ship, which was transcribed by Plutarch and Athenaeus, and perhaps by Pliny. It was said to be 280 cubits long, to have about four cubits draught and an elevation of bow and stern of 48 and 53 cubits respectively. The longest oars were of 38 cubits, which was also the extreme beam. The oars were said to be weighted inboard to balance the outboard length. Athenaeus says there were several ships of thirteen banks and less, and that Ptolemy Philadelphos had one of twenty and two of thirty banks. Recent excavation of the temple of Aphrodite at Paphos in Cyprus has brought to light a dedication by Ptolemy to the architect of the thirty-banked ship. (See Journal of Hellenic Studies, IX, 255; Torr, Ancient Ships; Graser, De veterum re navale.) Other accounts say the great ship of Ptolemy Philopater had four thousand rowers and 2850 fighting men, and four rudders each 45 feet long, and a double prow. The descriptions show that this was a great river barge rather than a sea-going ship, and the mention by Diodorus of a sacred barge 280 cubits long prompts the idea that this was the real basis of Callixenus' story. The weighted oars are steering oars which were- commonly weighted inboard. Such a barge was usually without oars but perhaps this had oars arranged in forty groups, whence the story of the forty banks. At all events we are not ready to believe that any forty-banked ship was practicable. Where history magnifies and exaggerates we may expect to find popular tradition idealizing, and perhaps the galley of Ptolemy described by an unknown historian of Rhodes lingers on in folk memory as the giant ship of the Mediterranean which took part in the siege of Rhodes. Accounts of Egyptian and Phoenician ships illuminate our story and recall the proud rivalry for the carrying trade of the Mediterranean. Cargoes of corn and grain are spoken of which we believe to be fabulous, as the size and carrying capacity of the ships of the day was very limited by reason of their mode of construction. It is scarcely to be believed that a ship bound together with wooden cleats and strengthened against strains by circumscribing cables would carry thousands of tons of cargo. Though we look upon the giant ships as in the main allegorical, there may be a discernible background of those contemporary stories which the boastful war captains and merchant kings of Phoenicia and the East related in the trading ports of the great sea. Suetonius in his Lives of the Caesars says of Caligula (12-41 A. D.) ; "He built two ships with two banks of oars after the Liburnian fashion, the poops of which blazed with jewels and the sails were of various parti colors ; they were fitted up with ample baths, galleries and saloons and supplied with a great variety of vines and fruit trees. In these he would sail in the day along the coast of Campania, feasting amid dancing and concerts of music." Two galleys of Caligula's time found in the Lake of Nemi near Rome are fitted with fountains and paved with tiles. They were 200 feet long and 90 feet in beam with bronze fittings and copper sheathing. They were found near the villa of Domitian and presumably therefore were in use up to 81 to 96 A. D. Certain tiles bear the name of Marcius, a Roman brickmaker of that period. A giant ship which is both spectre and soul-bearer is known on the channel coast of France. It was formerly believed in the neighborhood of Morlaix in Finisterre that lost ships returned to haunt the coast with their ghostly crews of the drowned and that they often ran aboard vessels off the cape. These ships are said to have expanded so extraordinarily that a tiny coaster appears after a few years to be as great as a porte geolette. An old sailor tells that he was one of the crew of a brig which was wrecked and of which he was the lone survivor, having been cast miraculously upon the shore. Afterward in distant seas he met her many times and each time she was larger than ever before. "When I see her again," he adds, "she will be a three decker, and instead of dying in my bed, I shall sail forever." It is believed in that province that foundered ships grow from year to year at the bottom of the sea. (Felix Frank, La danse des fous, Paris, 1885, p. 215.) There is no apparent connection between these expanding ships and the magic ships of the Skidbaldnir type, whose ability to hold all the gods or retire into a vest pocket is merely an incident of the omnipotence of the possessor and a proof of his magic powers. Quite different is the Norse ship Naglfar which on the day of world conflicts will be loosed from the island Lyngvi where in chains Loki awaits Ragnarok. Then with Loki as pilot and bearing Fenrer the wolf as a host of souls, this great ship will go out to meet the gods in battle. These must be devils or souls of the damned as they are led by Loki and Fenrer. Naglfar is built of the nails of the neglected dead. The Eddas as well as modern Icelandic folklore show that this great ship is allegorical of the cumulative force of that sort of physical evil which primitive man sees in the neglect of the rites of the dead. (Arnason, Icelandic Legends.) With this ship goes the great ship of the frost giants steered by Hrimnir. This ship is confused with Naglfar in the younger Edda. Another giant ship of Teutonic mythology is Skidbaldnir which was smithied for Frey by the elf sons of Ivalde. This ship was great enough to contain all the gods and their war equipment. She always has a fair wind. When not in use she can by magic be reduced to such form that she may easily be held in one's pocket. A giant ship from the channel is thus reported by Sauvé in the French folklore journal Melusine (Sep. 1884) : "In many localities in Lower Brittany, stories are current of a huge ship manned by giant human forms and dogs. The men are reprobates guilty of horrible crimes ; the dogs, demons set to guard them, and inflict on them a thoùsand tortures. These condemned vessels wander ceaselessly from sea to sea, without entering port or casting anchor, and will do so to the end of the world. No vessel should allow them to fall aboard, for its crew would suddenly disappear. The orders, in this strange craft, are given through huge conch-shells, and, the noise being heard several miles, it is easy to avoid her. Besides, there is nothing to fear if the Ave Maria is repeated, and the saints appealed to, especially St. Anne d'Auray." Greater than all the ships of Norse legend, however, is Hringhorni, which served for the "burning voyage" of Balder. She is the disk of the sun, the vessel of Balder the sun-god, and his death voyage is the sunset when the hull of Hringhorni sinks into the mysterious western ocean. Another Norse sky ship is the ship of Nokve the moon-god. It is called by Grimnersmal Sokvabek, that is the setting or sinking ship. In it as in the moonship of the Rig Veda the liquid of inspiration, the life and strength-giving mead of the sagas and soma of the Vedas, was concealed. Having thus compared the various legendary giant ships we are in a position to inquire into the meaning and origin of this type of story. The student of fairy tales may say at once that size is the fixed attribute of the legendary world and that it signifies power and magic and is to be explained psychologically by its relation to finite human mental and physical vision, and by the natural love of the folk-story teller for superlatives. But is this true in this case? The legends of the deluge ship are everywhere strikingly definite and the Christian legend is the only one in which we find a ship of great size though hardly to be considered one of the giant ships of story. Non-Christian deluge myths usually describe the ark of refuge as a raft (Mueller, Amerikanische Urreligion, p. 515, Teocepactli), a canoe (Schoolcraft, Algic Researches, p. 358. Cherokee), a ball of resin (Bancroft, Native Races, III, 79, Pima), or simply as a big boat. Moreover, we find that these deluge boats were not magic, sentient, or self-impelled, and except in the legend from the Jesuit Relations referred to, we find no giants or guardian spirits. We may, therefore, consider the deluge ship as out of the category of giant ships, the Christian ark being a great ship whose size was suited to her uses. Passing from the arks to the Merry Dun, Chasse Foudre, Manningfual, Refanu, Roth Ramhach and Pape Lucerne, we find here what may be considered the true type of our story. These great ships are so strikingly similar in general attributes that the task of comparison is a light one. They are all intangibly vast in hull and rigging, all as comfortable as royal yachts. Sounds of revelry come from deck, yardarm and top by day and night and there is always a fair wind and plenty to eat. For the interpretation of the legend we must look into the sailor mind. We find that all the crew of these giant ships are happy and contented men with every sailor comfort. They are then sailor pictures of life at sea under the most favorable conditions. The great ship has nothing to fear from the storms which keep the short-handed coaster in terror. The "beneventus" is always abaft her beam and her canvas is never furled. The broils of the forecastle never reach her quarterdeck, and scurvy never vanquishes her truck patch. She is a ship so large that she has nothing to fear from the sea and so well appointed that even Jack can find nothing to grumble about. In fine, she is just such a ship as a sailor would wish to live aboard. She is at once at sea and ashore. She is the idealization of life at sea. The ethical test for her crew serves still more strongly to mark her as a creature of fancy and at the same time to afford a clear contrast to the punishment ships and devil ships of the Flying Dutchman type. The sailor's dream of a life after death unbroken by labor or tempest is voiced by Masefield in his "Port of Many Ships" : "It's a sunny pleasant anchorage, is Kingdom Come, Returning to the question as to whether the size of these legendary ships is to be likened to the giant castles, giant horses and the like of fairy story, we must answer that it is not. It would seem that it is no way comparable, as their size is in no degree in keeping with their men. They have no giants aboard, no magicians, and none of the other people of the giant world, but just plain sailormen. Their size is such an essential part of their nature that it is scarcely incongruous as folk stories run. The same cannot be said, however, of the terrible craft de-scribed in Lower Brittany, which is a demon ship whose vast form adds an element of terror and whose giant crew and ravening dogs constitute a terrible picture. This ship like Naglfar is one of the soul bearers, a floating hell, the antithesis of the Merry Dun and La Grande Chasse Foudre. Hringhorni and the ship of Gargantua are giant ships for giant captains and both are allegorical, the one of the sun, the other of the vast resources of princes. Similar to these is the ship of Hrimnir, king of the frost giants, which at Ragnarok will bear all the frost giants to battle. As to Skidbaldnir, the ship of Frey, it seems probable that this great expanding and contracting self-impelled ship is a vegetation symbol. It was made by the wonderful primeval artists, the elf sons of Ivalde, as a present for Frey and a proof of their powers, and at once suggests the living chariot or chariot ship made by the Vedic artists, the mythic Ribhus, for the Asvin. Today in the age of world commerce we cease to wonder at giant ships. We read without comment of the launch of a seven-masted steel schooner, as mighty as the ships of the gods. We cross the Atlantic or Pacific in vast floating hotels which are kingdoms in themselves, and a hard-fisted skipper of Salem in a ship of his own building follows alone the path of Balder into the vast watery wastes of the lower world. For fisherman and coaster the giant ship of the steam age has all the terrors of its predecessors. For the deep-sea sailor the giant ship of the stories has come, with all its heaven of donkey engines, iceplants and fresh vegetables. Truth is indeed stranger than fiction.

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are individuals who have a history of multiple slayings of individuals usually unknown to them beforehand. A phenomenon which seemed to gain some prominence in the second half of the twentieth century , record of the practice can be found at least as far back as London 's Jack the Ripper ) or Hanover 's Fritz Haarmann Although the terms "serial killer" and "mass murderer" are often used synonymously, criminologists distinguish the two. The following distinctions are commonly made: - A serial killer is one who commits a number of murders over a long period of time, with the killings separated by often long periods of apparent normalcy. - A mass murderer, on the other hand, is an individual who kills several people in a single event. - A spree killer kills in a series of closely connected events. The Bureau of Justice Statistics defines a serial killing as: "[involving] the killing of several victims in three or more separate events." This definition is especially close to that of a spree killer, and perhaps the primary difference between the two is that a serial killer tends to "lure" victims to their death; whereas, a spree killer tends to go "hunting Serial killers are often acting on extreme sadistic urges and are often classified as sociopathic, lacking any ability to empathize with the suffering of others. In many cases, a serial killer will plead not guilty by reason of insanity. This defense is almost universally unsuccessful. The public's fascination with serial killers led to some successful crime novels and films about fictional serial killers, including Helen Zahavi's novel Dirty Weekend, Bret Easton Ellis's American Psycho, and the Academy Award-winning movie Silence of the Lambs. List of Serial Killers - Erzsébet Báthory - (d. 1614) with 600 victims, the recognized female record holder. - Thug Behram - 931 victims in Uttar Pradesh between 1790 and 1830, generally by strangulation - recognized as the world's record holder - David Berkowitz, known as the "Son of Sam" - Paul Bernardo, Canada's most famous serial killer, who killed two teenage school girls, with his wife Karla Homolka, and was also known as the Scarborough Rapist - The Boston Strangler (allegedly Albert DeSalvo) - Ted Bundy - Andrei Chikatilo - Jeffrey Dahmer - Gilles de Rais - (d. 1440), French demonolator and child-killer. - John Wayne Gacy - Ed Gein, also a cannibal who inspired the killers in The Silence of the Lambs, Psycho, and The Texas Chainsaw Massacre - Albert Fish - Fritz Haarmann - Hillside Strangler - actually two men, Kenneth Bianchi and Angelo Buono, Jr - Javed Iqbal, killed 100 boys in Pakistan - Bela Kiss - Peter Kürten - Derrick Todd Lee, aka the Baton Rouge Serial Killer - Eddie Leonski, the Brownout Strangler - Pedro Lopez - Colombia, with 300 victims - Henry Lee Lucas - Henri Désiré Landru - Herman Webster Mudgett, aka Dr. H. H. Holmes, "the serial killer of Murder Castle", active 1890-1894, during Chicago's 1893 World Columbian Exposition. - Earle Leonard Nelson - Earle Nelson- Necrophiliac serial killer dubbed "Gorilla Man" - Jesse Pomeroy - Richard Ramirez - Vera Renczi - The 35 bodies in her cellar may have influenced the writing of Joseph Kesselring's Arsenic and Old Lace - Angel Maturino Resendiz - Killed 9 people in Texas, Kentucky, and Illinois - Dorothea Puente - Gary Ridgway - arrested in November, 2001 for The Green River Killer murders - John Edward Robinson -United States - Danny Rolling - Abdul Latif Sharif - Egyptian alleged to be responsible for dozens of murders in Ciudad Juarez, Mexico - Harold Frederick Shipman - British doctor convicted of 15 murders. A later inquiry stated he had killed at least 215 and possibly upto 457 people over a 25 year period. - Charles Starkweather - Peter Sutcliffe, aka the "Yorkshire Ripper" - Sweeney Todd - Otis Toole - Jane Toppan - Fred and Rose West - Wayne Williams - convicted of the Atlanta Child Murders - Aileen Carol Wuornos - Florida - Anatoly Onoprienko - Ukrainian serial killer known as "the Terminator." Murdered 52 people from 1989 until his capture in 1996. - Myra Hindley and Ian Brady, the Moors Murderers. Currently On Trial - Robert Pickton on trial in British Columbia accused in the deaths of 15 women and suspected in up to 54. Unidentified serial killers For the Unabomber, Theodore Kaczynski, see List of terrorist incidents. - John Douglas and Mark Olshaker; Mind Hunter: Inside the FBI's Elite Serial Crime Unit; Pocket Books; ISBN 0671013750; 1997 - John Douglas and Mark Olshaker; Journey into Darkness, Pocket Books; ISBN 0671003941; 1997 - Robert K. Ressler and Thomas Schachtman; Whoever Fights Monsters; St Martins Mass Market Paper; ISBN 0312950446; 1994 - Harold Schechter: Depraved: The Shocking True Story of America's First Serial Killer

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From Ohio History Central In 1967, Jack Nicklaus began to purchase land north of Dublin, Ohio, with the dream of opening a golf course. Due to financing difficulties, construction did not begin on the course until July 1972. Rain slowed construction, with the builders finishing the course in October 1973. The course became known as Muirfield Village. In May 1976, the first PGA tour event held at the course occurred. It was known as the Memorial Tournament, because every year a different golfer was to be honored for his contributions to the game of golf. Beginning in 2002, both a male and a female golfer have been honored. Roger Maltbie won the first tournament in 1976, with course designer Jack Nicklaus winning the tournament in 1977. The Memorial Tournament has taken place every year since 1976, and it attracts golf's biggest stars.

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Kinder way to knock out kiddies.CHILDREN petrified pet·ri·fy v. pet·ri·fied, pet·ri·fy·ing, pet·ri·fies 1. To convert (wood or other organic matter) into a stony replica by petrifaction. 2. by the prospect of major dental surgery could be offered an alternative to general anaesthetic. Specialists in working with nervous patients hope techniques tested in Teesside could help cut the number of young people admitted to hospital for procedures. All dental general anaesthetics have been administered in hospitals since the government banned their use in surgeries in January 2002, following a spate of patient deaths. But clinical trials involving more than 600 children with extreme dental problems have seen huge successes in the use of new sedation procedures. Government-funded research conducted by the University of Newcastle University of Newcastle can refer to: The results are published in the September issue of the academic journal, Anaesthesia anaesthesia

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The Rainbow by Atkinson Grimshaw. Oil on canvas. Leeds City Art Gallery Commentary by George P. Landow The Leeds City Art Gallery contains a landscape by Atkinson Grimshaw that is especially intriguing to anyone interested in iconology. In particular, Grimshaw's oil painting reveals much about the difficulties nineteenth century artists and writers faced when they attempted to transform facts of nature into paradigmatic images, tropes, or situations. This representation of a mountain stream with rainbow has little to differentiate it visually from other carefully observed nineteenth-century representations of nature in its rougher aspect. Utilizing the sharp declivities of rock-walled valleys on both sides of his canvas, the painter carries our eye into a picture space that has a remarkably conservative — that is, remarkably Claudean or Wilsonian — organization for a work of the latter half of the nineteenth century. Hillsides replace the Claudean (or Turnerian) tree, but the same motifs divide the picture into foreground, middle distance, and distance, while the traditional winding stream serves to unite these spatial zones. Within this rocky world a single shepherd and his small flock provide the only life and the only sense of scale; and this figure's back, perhaps significantly, is turned away from the beautiful rainbow that reaches down from the sky to touch the earth not far from where he stands. This rainbow serves as an important compositional element, creating the second half of an ellipse, the first part of which is formed by the steep hillside on the right. Grimshaw's painting differs from most nineteenth-century portrayals of the rainbow, which most often depict it above either a flat, open plain or a woodland scene, but like them it uses one of nature's more lovely optical phenomena to provide a striking visual motif. It does not, however, seem to have anything that distinguishes it iconsographically from other pictures of the rainbow, such as Constable's Hampstead Heath with a Rainbow (1836, Tate Gallery) or Turner's Buttermere Lake (1798, Tate Gallery). One is thus somewhat jarred to discover that Grimshaw has chosen to call his work The Seal of the Covenant, thereby claiming a religious significance for the scene before us which it does not seem to warrant. In other words, the verbal context this title provides for the visual image does not match our experience of it. The Seal of the Covenant is not unique among nineteenth-century works of art and literature in the problematic uses it makes of this traditional landscape motif. J. T. Linnell's The Rainbow (1863), now in the Forbes Magazine Collection, similarly directs the spectator to perceive an ordinary English landscape existing within the context of biblical events. — "Rainbows: problematic images of problematic nature" in Images of Crisis, pp. 157-58 Landow, George P. Images of Crisis: Literary Iconograophy, 1750 to the Present. London: Routled, 1982. [full text] Last modified 28 May 2007

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