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[ { "id": "1", "type": "document", "text": [ "[ Triple therapy regimens involving H2 blockaders for therapy of Helicobacter pylori infections ] . Comparison of ranitidine and lansoprazole in short-term low-dose triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori infection . To evaluate the efficacy and safety of two 1-week low-dose triple-therapy drug regimens involving antisecretory drugs for Helicobacter pylori infection , 99 patients with H. pylori infection were treated with either lansoprazole ( LPZ ) or ranitidine ( RNT ) used together with clarithromycin ( CAM ) and metrinidazole ( MTZ ) . The drug combination and administration periods in the PPI group were LPZ 30 mg , CAM 400 mg , MTZ 500 mg ( LCM group ) . The ranitidine group received RNT 300 mg , CAM 400 mg , MTZ 500 mg ( RCM group ) . The cure rate of H. pylori infection was 88 % in the LCM group ; 95 % CI 79-97 and 92 % in the RCM group ; 95 % CI 84-99 ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 872 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "2", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "H2 blockaders" ], "offsets": [ [ 36, 49 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "3", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ranitidine" ], "offsets": [ [ 114, 124 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "4", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "lansoprazole" ], "offsets": [ [ 129, 141 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "5", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "antisecretory drugs" ], "offsets": [ [ 314, 333 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "6", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "lansoprazole" ], "offsets": [ [ 129, 141 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "7", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ranitidine" ], "offsets": [ [ 114, 124 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "8", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "clarithromycin ( CAM )" ], "offsets": [ [ 494, 516 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "9", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "metrinidazole ( MTZ )" ], "offsets": [ [ 521, 542 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "10", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "LPZ" ], "offsets": [ [ 447, 450 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "11", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "CAM" ], "offsets": [ [ 511, 514 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "12", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "MTZ" ], "offsets": [ [ 537, 540 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "13", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ranitidine" ], "offsets": [ [ 114, 124 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "14", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "RNT" ], "offsets": [ [ 469, 472 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "15", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "CAM" ], "offsets": [ [ 511, 514 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "16", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "MTZ" ], "offsets": [ [ 537, 540 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "17", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "LCM" ], "offsets": [ [ 653, 656 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "18", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "RCM" ], "offsets": [ [ 736, 739 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "19", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Helicobacter pylori infections ]" ], "offsets": [ [ 65, 97 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Comparison" ], "offsets": [ [ 100, 110 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "efficacy and safety" ], "offsets": [ [ 232, 251 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "cure rate of H." ], "offsets": [ [ 754, 769 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "pylori infection" ], "offsets": [ [ 78, 94 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "99" ], "offsets": [ [ 370, 372 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "H. pylori infection" ], "offsets": [ [ 387, 406 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "27", "type": "document", "text": [ "Xylitol for prevention of acute otitis media ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 46 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "28", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Xylitol" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 7 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "29", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "acute otitis media ." ], "offsets": [ [ 26, 46 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "31", "type": "document", "text": [ "Pre-operative short-term pulmonary rehabilitation for patients of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery . The role of pre-operative short-term pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who undergo coronary artery bypass graft surgery has been assessed for the first time prospectively . Forty-five patients posted for coronary artery bypass graft surgery were randomised to receive either short-term pulmonary rehabilitation ( group I ) or no such programme ( group II ) . Patients of both the groups were evenly matched with respect to age , sex , body surface area , duration and severity of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and coronary artery disease . Normal individuals who evenly matched with the study group were assessed for normal respiratory function parameters . Pre-operative and post-operative peak expiratory flow rate , inspiratory capacity , post-operative ventilation time , post-operative pulmonary complication and hospital stay were determined in both the groups . Peak expiratory flow rate ( 220.0 +/- 12.9 and 324.3 +/- 84.3 in group I , 218.0 +/- 16.4 and 260.5 +/- 35.2 in group II ) and inspiratory capacity ( 844.0 +/- 147.4 and 1100.0 +/- 158.1 in group I , 830.0 +/- 117.4 and 1090 +/- 137 in group II ) were significantly lower before and after surgery respectively in both groups compared to normal values . Even though both groups showed a significant rise in post-operative peak expiratory flow rate and inspiratory capacity after surgery , the post-operative peak expiratory flow rate and inspiratory capacity in group I was significantly higher than in group II . In group I , the post-operative ventilation time ( 24.5 +/- 6.00 hours ) , post-operative complications ( n = 4 ) and hospital stay ( 12.4 +/- 3.6 days ) were significantly lower than in group II ( 35.2 +/- 22.3 hours , n = 11 , 18.8 +/- 6.6 days respectively ) . These data suggest that short-term pulmonary rehabilitation is feasible and effective in improving pulmonary functions before and after surgery and in reducing surgical morbidity and cost of medical care significantly ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2173 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "32", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "Pre-operative short-term pulmonary rehabilitation for" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 53 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "33", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "coronary artery bypass graft surgery" ], "offsets": [ [ 115, 151 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "34", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "pre-operative short-term pulmonary rehabilitation" ], "offsets": [ [ 166, 215 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "35", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "coronary artery" ], "offsets": [ [ 115, 130 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "36", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "short-term pulmonary rehabilitation" ], "offsets": [ [ 14, 49 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "37", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "no such programme" ], "offsets": [ [ 526, 543 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "38", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Pre-operative and post-operative peak expiratory flow rate" ], "offsets": [ [ 866, 924 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "39", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "inspiratory capacity" ], "offsets": [ [ 927, 947 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "40", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "post-operative ventilation time" ], "offsets": [ [ 950, 981 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "41", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "post-operative pulmonary complication" ], "offsets": [ [ 984, 1021 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "42", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "hospital stay" ], "offsets": [ [ 1026, 1039 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "43", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Peak expiratory flow rate" ], "offsets": [ [ 1077, 1102 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "44", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "inspiratory capacity" ], "offsets": [ [ 927, 947 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "45", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "rise in post-operative peak expiratory flow rate" ], "offsets": [ [ 1475, 1523 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "46", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "inspiratory capacity after surgery" ], "offsets": [ [ 1528, 1562 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "47", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "post-operative peak expiratory flow rate" ], "offsets": [ [ 884, 924 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "48", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "inspiratory capacity" ], "offsets": [ [ 927, 947 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "49", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "post-operative ventilation time" ], "offsets": [ [ 950, 981 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "50", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "post-operative complications" ], "offsets": [ [ 1765, 1793 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "51", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "hospital stay" ], "offsets": [ [ 1026, 1039 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "52", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "feasible" ], "offsets": [ [ 2017, 2025 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "53", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "effective" ], "offsets": [ [ 2030, 2039 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "54", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "surgical morbidity" ], "offsets": [ [ 2114, 2132 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "55", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "cost of medical care" ], "offsets": [ [ 2137, 2157 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "56", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "Forty-five" ], "offsets": [ [ 373, 383 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "58", "type": "document", "text": [ "Anesthesia for in vitro fertilization : the addition of fentanyl to 1.5 % lidocaine . UNLABELLED Ultrasonically guided transvaginal oocyte retrieval is relatively short procedure that is performed on an out-patient basis . The optimal anesthetic technique should allow good surgical anesthesia with minimal side effects , a short recovery time , and , if possible , a high rate of successful pregnancy . Spinal anesthesia is often used in this institution , as well as many others , for this procedure . The addition of fentanyl may be effective for both intraoperative and postoperative pain relief . We assessed the effect of adding fentanyl to 1.5 % lidocaine in women undergoing ultrasonically guided oocyte retrieval . Seventy-eight women were randomized to receive 45 mg of hyperbaric 1.5 % lidocaine with or without 10 microg of fentanyl . Visual analog scale ( VAS ) pain scores were lower in the operating room ( OR ) ( P < 0.05 ) and postanesthesia care unit ( PACU ) ( P < 0.0005 ) for the group that received fentanyl . In addition , the amount of narcotic required in the PACU was less in the fentanyl group ( P < 0.005 ) . There was no difference in VAS scores the evening of or 24 h after the procedure . The amount of analgesics and narcotics required after discharge was the same for both groups . Timed variables , such as time to urination , ambulation , and discharge , were the same for both groups of women . The addition of fentanyl to lidocaine for transvaginal oocyte retrieval results in a more comfortable patient in the OR and PACU . IMPLICATIONS This study demonstrates that when fentanyl is added to a local anesthetic , lidocaine , with spinal anesthesia for egg retrieval procedures , patients are more comfortable during the procedure compared with those who receive lidocaine alone . In addition , the narcotic requirements of patients are less in the postanesthesia care unit ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1912 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "59", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "fentanyl" ], "offsets": [ [ 56, 64 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "60", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "lidocaine ." ], "offsets": [ [ 74, 85 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "61", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Spinal anesthesia" ], "offsets": [ [ 404, 421 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "62", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "45 mg of hyperbaric 1.5 % lidocaine with or without 10 microg of fentanyl ." ], "offsets": [ [ 771, 846 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "63", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Visual analog scale ( VAS ) pain scores" ], "offsets": [ [ 847, 886 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "64", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "amount of narcotic required" ], "offsets": [ [ 1050, 1077 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "65", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "VAS scores" ], "offsets": [ [ 1164, 1174 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "66", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "amount of analgesics and narcotics required after discharge" ], "offsets": [ [ 1224, 1283 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "67", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Timed variables , such as" ], "offsets": [ [ 1315, 1340 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "68", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "time to urination" ], "offsets": [ [ 1341, 1358 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "69", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "," ], "offsets": [ [ 320, 321 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "70", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "ambulation" ], "offsets": [ [ 1361, 1371 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "71", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ ", and discharge" ], "offsets": [ [ 1372, 1387 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "72", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "in vitro fertilization :" ], "offsets": [ [ 15, 39 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "73", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "women" ], "offsets": [ [ 666, 671 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "74", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "ultrasonically guided oocyte retrieval" ], "offsets": [ [ 683, 721 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "75", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "Seventy-eight" ], "offsets": [ [ 724, 737 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "76", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "women" ], "offsets": [ [ 666, 671 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "78", "type": "document", "text": [ "Fertility outcome after systemic methotrexate and laparoscopic salpingostomy for tubal pregnancy ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 98 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "79", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "systemic methotrexate" ], "offsets": [ [ 24, 45 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "80", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "laparoscopic salpingostomy" ], "offsets": [ [ 50, 76 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "81", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "tubal pregnancy ." ], "offsets": [ [ 81, 98 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "83", "type": "document", "text": [ "Effects of insufficient sleep on blood pressure in hypertensive patients : a 24-h study . The influence of acute sleep deprivation during the first part of the night on 24-h blood pressure monitoring ( ABPM ) was studied in 36 never-treated mild to moderate hypertensive patients . According to a crossover design , they were randomized to have either sleep deprivation or a full night 's sleep 1 week apart , during which they were monitored with ABPM . Urine samples for analysis of nocturnal urinary excretion of norepinephrine were collected . During the sleep-deprivation day , both mean 24-h blood pressure and mean 24-h heart rate were higher in comparison with those recorded during the routine workday , the difference being more pronounced during the nighttime ( P < .01 ) . Urinary excretion of norepinephrine showed a significant increase at night during sleep deprivation ( P < .05 ) . Blood pressure and heart rate significantly increased in the morning after a sleep-insufficient night ( P < .05 ) . These data suggest that lack of sleep in hypertensive patients may increase sympathetic nervous activity during the night and the following morning , leading to increased blood pressure and heart rate . This situation might represent an increased risk for both target organ damage and acute cardiovascular diseases ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1331 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "84", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "insufficient sleep" ], "offsets": [ [ 11, 29 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "85", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "24-h blood pressure monitoring" ], "offsets": [ [ 169, 199 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "86", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "sleep deprivation" ], "offsets": [ [ 113, 130 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "87", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "full night 's sleep" ], "offsets": [ [ 375, 394 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "88", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "sleep-deprivation" ], "offsets": [ [ 559, 576 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "89", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "sleep deprivation" ], "offsets": [ [ 113, 130 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "90", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "sleep-insufficient" ], "offsets": [ [ 976, 994 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "91", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "blood pressure" ], "offsets": [ [ 33, 47 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "92", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "blood pressure" ], "offsets": [ [ 33, 47 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "93", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "excretion of norepinephrine" ], "offsets": [ [ 503, 530 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "94", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "blood pressure" ], "offsets": [ [ 33, 47 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "95", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Urinary excretion of norepinephrine" ], "offsets": [ [ 785, 820 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "96", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Blood pressure" ], "offsets": [ [ 899, 913 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "97", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "heart rate" ], "offsets": [ [ 627, 637 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "98", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "sympathetic nervous activity" ], "offsets": [ [ 1091, 1119 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "99", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "blood pressure" ], "offsets": [ [ 33, 47 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "100", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "heart rate" ], "offsets": [ [ 627, 637 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "101", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "risk for both target organ damage and acute cardiovascular diseases" ], "offsets": [ [ 1262, 1329 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "102", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "hypertensive patients :" ], "offsets": [ [ 51, 74 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "103", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "36 never-treated mild to moderate hypertensive patients ." ], "offsets": [ [ 224, 281 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "105", "type": "document", "text": [ "Switching patients with asthma from chlorofluorocarbon ( CFC ) albuterol to hydrofluoroalkane-134a ( HFA ) albuterol . Chlorofluorocarbon ( CFC ) propellants deplete stratospheric ozone . Production and use of CFCs , except for certain critical exemptions , has been prohibited by the Montreal Protocol . Use of CFCs as propellants in metered-dose inhalers ( MDIs ) is still allowed , but the U.S. Food and Drug Administration is planning the transition to alternative propellants for use in MDIs . Hydrofluoroalkane-134a ( HFA ) , a non-ozone-depleting propellant , has been used to reformulate albuterol ( HFA albuterol ) . This study evaluates whether comparable safety and efficacy continues for 12 weeks after patients with asthma are switched from CFC albuterol to HFA albuterol . Patients with asthma stabilized on CFC albuterol during a 12-week safety and efficacy trial were randomized to either continue receiving CFC albuterol or to be switched to receive HFA albuterol in a yearlong safety and efficacy trial . Safety and efficacy were compared over the first 12 weeks of the yearlong trial between patients who had remained on CFC albuterol and those who had been switched to HFA albuterol . Bronchodilator efficacy was evaluated by serial spirometry for 6 hr after the patients self-administered the study drug in the clinic . Safety was assessed by measuring changes in pulse rate , blood pressure , and electrocardiogram ( ECG ) intervals after dosing with study drug , monitoring adverse events , and performing prestudy and poststudy laboratory testing and physical examinations . No significant differences in bronchodilator efficacy between the patients continuing to receive CFC albuterol and those switched to HFA albuterol were found in the 12 weeks after the switch . No differences between the two products were found for changes in pulse rate , blood pressure , and ECG intervals . Adverse event profiles were similar for the two products , except the patients remaining on CFC albuterol reported increased asthma symptoms and rhinitis significantly more often than the patients switched to HFA albuterol . No clinically meaningful changes in laboratory tests or physical examinations were found in either treatment group . Patients with asthma switched from CFC albuterol to HFA albuterol receive comparable bronchodilation with a similar safety profile as those continuing to receive CFC albuterol ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2427 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "106", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "hydrofluoroalkane-134a ( HFA ) albuterol ." ], "offsets": [ [ 76, 118 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "107", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Hydrofluoroalkane-134a ( HFA )" ], "offsets": [ [ 499, 529 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "108", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "switched from CFC albuterol to HFA albuterol" ], "offsets": [ [ 740, 784 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "109", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "either continue receiving" ], "offsets": [ [ 898, 923 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "110", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "CFC albuterol" ], "offsets": [ [ 754, 767 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "111", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "to be switched to receive" ], "offsets": [ [ 941, 966 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "112", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "HFA albuterol" ], "offsets": [ [ 608, 621 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "113", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "in a yearlong safety and efficacy trial" ], "offsets": [ [ 981, 1020 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "114", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "HFA albuterol" ], "offsets": [ [ 608, 621 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "115", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "HFA albuterol" ], "offsets": [ [ 608, 621 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "116", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Safety and efficacy" ], "offsets": [ [ 1023, 1042 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "117", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Bronchodilator efficacy" ], "offsets": [ [ 1205, 1228 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "118", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "serial spirometry" ], "offsets": [ [ 1246, 1263 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "119", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Safety" ], "offsets": [ [ 1023, 1029 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "120", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "changes in" ], "offsets": [ [ 1374, 1384 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "121", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "pulse rate" ], "offsets": [ [ 1385, 1395 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "122", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "," ], "offsets": [ [ 215, 216 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "123", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "blood pressure" ], "offsets": [ [ 1398, 1412 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "124", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ ", and" ], "offsets": [ [ 1413, 1418 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "125", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "electrocardiogram ( ECG )" ], "offsets": [ [ 1419, 1444 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "126", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "intervals" ], "offsets": [ [ 1445, 1454 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "127", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "monitoring adverse events" ], "offsets": [ [ 1486, 1511 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "128", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "laboratory testing and physical examinations" ], "offsets": [ [ 1552, 1596 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "129", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "." ], "offsets": [ [ 117, 118 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "130", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "bronchodilator efficacy" ], "offsets": [ [ 1629, 1652 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "131", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "pulse rate" ], "offsets": [ [ 1385, 1395 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "132", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "," ], "offsets": [ [ 215, 216 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "133", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "blood pressure" ], "offsets": [ [ 1398, 1412 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "134", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ ", and" ], "offsets": [ [ 1413, 1418 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "135", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "ECG intervals" ], "offsets": [ [ 1892, 1905 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "136", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ ". Adverse event profiles" ], "offsets": [ [ 1906, 1930 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "137", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "changes" ], "offsets": [ [ 1374, 1381 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "139", "type": "document", "text": [ "Behavioral and physiological effects of remifentanil and alfentanil in healthy volunteers . BACKGROUND The subjective and psychomotor effects of remifentanil have not been evaluated . Accordingly , the authors used mood inventories and psychomotor tests to characterize the effects of remifentanil in healthy , non-drug-abusing volunteers . Alfentanil was used as a comparator drug . METHODS Ten healthy volunteers were enrolled in a randomized , double-blinded , placebo-controlled , crossover trial in which they received an infusion of saline , remifentanil , or alfentanil for 120 min . The age- and weight-adjusted infusions ( determined with STANPUMP , a computer modeling software package ) were given to achieve three predicted constant plasma levels for 40 min each of remifentanil ( 0.75 , 1.5 , and 3 ng/ml ) and alfentanil ( 16 , 32 , and 64 ng/ml ) . Mood forms and psychomotor tests were completed , and miosis was assessed , during and after the infusions . In addition , analgesia was tested at each dose level using a cold-pressor test . RESULTS Remifentanil had prototypic micro-like opioid subjective effects , impaired psychomotor performance , and produced analgesia . Alfentanil at the dose range tested had more mild effects on these measures , and the analgesia data indicated that a 40:1 potency ratio , rather than the 20:1 ratio we used , may exist between remifentanil and alfentanil . A psychomotor test administered 60 min after the remifentanil infusion was discontinued showed that the volunteers were still impaired , although they reported feeling no drug effects . CONCLUSIONS The notion that the pharmacodynamic effects of remifentanil are extremely short-lived after the drug is no longer administered must be questioned given our findings that psychomotor effects were still apparent 1 h after the infusion was discontinued ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1863 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "140", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "remifentanil" ], "offsets": [ [ 40, 52 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "141", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "alfentanil" ], "offsets": [ [ 57, 67 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "142", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "remifentanil" ], "offsets": [ [ 40, 52 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "143", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "remifentanil" ], "offsets": [ [ 40, 52 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "144", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo-controlled" ], "offsets": [ [ 464, 482 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "145", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "saline" ], "offsets": [ [ 539, 545 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "146", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "remifentanil" ], "offsets": [ [ 40, 52 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "147", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "alfentanil" ], "offsets": [ [ 57, 67 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "148", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "STANPUMP" ], "offsets": [ [ 648, 656 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "149", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "computer modeling software package" ], "offsets": [ [ 661, 695 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "150", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "remifentanil" ], "offsets": [ [ 40, 52 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "151", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Remifentanil" ], "offsets": [ [ 1063, 1075 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "152", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "remifentanil" ], "offsets": [ [ 40, 52 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "153", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "Behavioral and physiological effects" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 36 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "154", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "subjective and psychomotor effects" ], "offsets": [ [ 107, 141 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "155", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "prototypic micro-like opioid subjective effects , impaired psychomotor performance , and produced analgesia" ], "offsets": [ [ 1080, 1187 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "156", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "analgesia" ], "offsets": [ [ 987, 996 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "157", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "pharmacodynamic effects" ], "offsets": [ [ 1632, 1655 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "158", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "psychomotor effects" ], "offsets": [ [ 122, 141 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "159", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "healthy" ], "offsets": [ [ 71, 78 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "160", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "non-drug-abusing" ], "offsets": [ [ 311, 327 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "161", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "Ten" ], "offsets": [ [ 392, 395 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "163", "type": "document", "text": [ "Comparison of three solutions of ropivacaine/fentanyl for postoperative patient-controlled epidural analgesia . BACKGROUND Ropivacaine , 0.2 % , is a new local anesthetic approved for epidural analgesia . The addition of 4 microg/ml fentanyl improves analgesia from epidural ropivacaine . Use of a lower concentration of ropivacaine-fentanyl may further improve analgesia or decrease side effects . METHODS Thirty patients undergoing lower abdominal surgery were randomized in a double-blinded manner to receive one of three solutions : 0.2 % ropivacaine-4 microg fentanyl 0.1 % ropivacaine-2 microg fentanyl , or 0.05 % ropivacaine-1 microg fentanyl for patient-controlled epidural analgesia after standardized combined epidural and general anesthesia . Patient-controlled epidural analgesia settings and adjustments for the three solutions were standardized to deliver equivalent drug doses . Pain scores ( rest , cough , and ambulation ) , side effects ( nausea , pruritus , sedation , motor block , hypotension , and orthostasis ) , and patient-controlled epidural analgesia consumption were measured for 48 h. RESULTS All three solutions produced equivalent analgesia . Motor block was significantly more common ( 30 vs. 0 % ) and more intense with the 0.2 % ropivacaine-4 microg fentanyl solution . Other side effects were equivalent between solutions and mild in severity . A significantly smaller volume of 0.2 % ropivacaine-4 microg fentanyl solution was used , whereas the 0.1 % ropivacaine-2 microg fentanyl group used a significantly greater amount of ropivacaine and fentanyl . CONCLUSIONS Lesser concentrations of ropivacaine and fentanyl provide comparable analgesia with less motor block despite the use of similar amounts of ropivacaine and fentanyl . This finding suggests that concentration of local anesthetic solution at low doses is a primary determinant of motor block with patient-controlled epidural analgesia after lower abdominal surgery ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1966 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "164", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ropivacaine/fentanyl" ], "offsets": [ [ 33, 53 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "165", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Ropivacaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 123, 134 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "166", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "fentanyl" ], "offsets": [ [ 45, 53 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "167", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ropivacaine-fentanyl" ], "offsets": [ [ 321, 341 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "168", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "0.2 % ropivacaine-4 microg fentanyl 0.1 % ropivacaine-2 microg fentanyl" ], "offsets": [ [ 537, 608 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "169", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "0.05 % ropivacaine-1 microg fentanyl" ], "offsets": [ [ 614, 650 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "170", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ropivacaine-4" ], "offsets": [ [ 543, 556 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "171", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ropivacaine-4" ], "offsets": [ [ 543, 556 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "172", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ropivacaine-2" ], "offsets": [ [ 579, 592 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "173", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ropivacaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 33, 44 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "174", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "fentanyl" ], "offsets": [ [ 45, 53 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "175", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ropivacaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 33, 44 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "176", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "fentanyl" ], "offsets": [ [ 45, 53 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "177", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "side effects ." ], "offsets": [ [ 384, 398 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "178", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "Pain scores ( rest , cough , and ambulation ) , side effects ( nausea , pruritus , sedation , motor block , hypotension , and orthostasis ) , and patient-controlled epidural analgesia consumption" ], "offsets": [ [ 895, 1090 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "179", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Motor block" ], "offsets": [ [ 1175, 1186 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "180", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "severity ." ], "offsets": [ [ 1370, 1380 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "181", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "motor block" ], "offsets": [ [ 989, 1000 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "182", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "determinant of motor block" ], "offsets": [ [ 1865, 1891 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "183", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "postoperative patient-controlled epidural analgesia ." ], "offsets": [ [ 58, 111 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "184", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "Thirty patients undergoing lower abdominal surgery were randomized" ], "offsets": [ [ 407, 473 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "186", "type": "document", "text": [ "Masticatory performance and chewing experience with implant-retained mandibular overdentures . The relationship between masticatory performance and chewing experience has not yet been explored for patients with implant-retained overdentures . Although many relationships have been found between parameters of objective and subjective oral function , the structure of these relationships remain unclear . Therefore , we studied in a randomized clinical trial the relationship between the comminution of an artificial test food , i.e . masticatory performance , and the subjective chewing experience . The trial involved a comparison between two groups receiving implant treatment and one group receiving conventional complete dentures ( CD ) . The implant treatment involved either a mainly implant-supported mandibular overdenture on a transmandibular implant ( TMI ) or an implant-tissue-supported mandibular overdenture on two IMZ implants ( IMZ ) . Masticatory performance as well as chewing experience were substantially better for the implant-retained overdentures compared with the complete denture group . No significant differences emerged between the TMI and the IMZ group . A multiple regression analysis did not provide any comprehensibility in the relationship between masticatory performance and the variables of chewing experience . In the linear structural relation analysis ( LISREL ) no direct relationship was found between masticatory performance and functional complaints mandibular denture . The results show that an improvement in masticatory performance does not imply the same improvement in chewing experience and vice versa ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1651 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "187", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "implant-retained overdentures" ], "offsets": [ [ 211, 240 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "188", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "masticatory performance , and the subjective chewing experience" ], "offsets": [ [ 534, 597 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "189", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "implant-supported mandibular overdenture" ], "offsets": [ [ 790, 830 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "190", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "transmandibular implant ( TMI )" ], "offsets": [ [ 836, 867 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "191", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "masticatory performance , and the subjective chewing experience ." ], "offsets": [ [ 534, 599 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "192", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Masticatory performance as well as chewing experience" ], "offsets": [ [ 952, 1005 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "193", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "masticatory performance and the variables of chewing experience ." ], "offsets": [ [ 1281, 1346 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "194", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "masticatory performance and" ], "offsets": [ [ 120, 147 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "195", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "functional complaints mandibular denture" ], "offsets": [ [ 1470, 1510 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "196", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "." ], "offsets": [ [ 93, 94 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "197", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "implant-retained mandibular overdentures ." ], "offsets": [ [ 52, 94 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "198", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "implant-retained overdentures" ], "offsets": [ [ 211, 240 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "200", "type": "document", "text": [ "Genotyping of CYP21 , linked chromosome 6p markers , and a sex-specific gene in neonatal screening for congenital adrenal hyperplasia . We investigated the feasibility and diagnostic utility of genotyping 9 CYP21 mutations , linked chromosome 6p markers , and a dimorphic X-Y marker from neonatal screening samples . Blood-impregnated filter papers ( Guthrie cards ) from 603 randomly chosen New Zealand neonates were genotyped blind to 17-hydroxyprogesterone ( 17-OHP ) levels . Another 50 samples from Swiss and North American infants with correlative hormonal data were also genotyped . DNA was extracted , and gene-specific PCR was performed . CYP21 PCR products were subjected to ligase detection reaction , simultaneously analyzing 9 CYP21 mutations ; PCR products of other genes were subjected to direct gel analysis . CYP21 genotyping indicated a heterozygote rate of 2.8 % for classic mutations ( excluding CYP21 deletions ) , and 2.0 % for nonclassic mutations in New Zealanders . Ten full-term affected neonates showed a wide range of 17-OHP levels ( 15-1400 nmol/L ) . Sick or preterm infants or infants screened on the first day of life with high 17-OHP proved genetically unaffected . Genetic linkage disequilibrium was found between two CYP21 mutations and chromosome 6p markers . Guthrie cards can be used to accurately genotype CYP21 and other relevant markers , potentially enhancing the specificity and sensitivity of congenital adrenal hyperplasia screening . CYP21 heterozygote frequency for classic mutations is higher than expected based on genotype compared with that predicted by hormonal newborn screening ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1633 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "201", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "Genotyping of CYP21" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 19 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "202", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "genotyping 9 CYP21" ], "offsets": [ [ 194, 212 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "203", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "Blood-impregnated filter papers" ], "offsets": [ [ 317, 348 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "204", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "17-hydroxyprogesterone" ], "offsets": [ [ 437, 459 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "205", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "CYP21 PCR" ], "offsets": [ [ 648, 657 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "206", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "CYP21" ], "offsets": [ [ 14, 19 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "207", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "CYP21" ], "offsets": [ [ 14, 19 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "208", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "feasibility" ], "offsets": [ [ 156, 167 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "209", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "diagnostic utility" ], "offsets": [ [ 172, 190 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "210", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "heterozygote rate" ], "offsets": [ [ 855, 872 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "211", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "17-OHP levels" ], "offsets": [ [ 1046, 1059 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "212", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "17-OHP" ], "offsets": [ [ 462, 468 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "213", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Genetic linkage disequilibrium" ], "offsets": [ [ 1199, 1229 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "214", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "CYP21" ], "offsets": [ [ 14, 19 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "215", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "specificity" ], "offsets": [ [ 1406, 1417 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "216", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "sensitivity" ], "offsets": [ [ 1422, 1433 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "217", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "CYP21 heterozygote frequency for classic mutations" ], "offsets": [ [ 1480, 1530 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "218", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "neonatal" ], "offsets": [ [ 80, 88 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "219", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "congenital adrenal hyperplasia" ], "offsets": [ [ 103, 133 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "220", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "neonatal" ], "offsets": [ [ 80, 88 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "221", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "neonates" ], "offsets": [ [ 404, 412 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "222", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "Another 50 samples" ], "offsets": [ [ 480, 498 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "223", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "newborn" ], "offsets": [ [ 1614, 1621 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "225", "type": "document", "text": [ "Piperacillin/tazobactam plus tobramycin versus ceftazidime plus tobramycin as empiric therapy for fever in severely neutropenic patients . The objective of this trial was to evaluate the potential advantages of the combination of piperacillin and tazobactam in the control of fever in neutropenic patients . In this single-center study , patients who experienced a total of 247 febrile episodes were prospectively randomized to receive either our standard regimen , ceftazidime 3 g/day ( 1 g t.i.d . ) plus tobramycin 3 mg/kg per day ( 1.5 mg/kg b.i.d . ) , or piperacillin 12 g/day plus tazobactam 1.5 g/day ( 4 g+0.5 g t.i.d . ) plus tobramycin 3 mg/kg per day ( 1.5 mg/kg b.i.d. ) . Vancomycin was added in all cases of persistent fever in the ceftazidime arm , but only when there was microbiologically documented resistance in the piperacillin/tazobactam arm . All 247 episodes were evaluable by \" intent-to-treat \" analysis . The two populations were well matched in terms of age , gender , underlying disease , chemotherapy received , oral decontamination , clinical and bacterial documentation , and severity and duration of neutropenia . Initial antibacterial therapy was successful ( apyrexia at 72 h , without antibiotic change ) more frequently ( P = 0.008 ) with the regimen containing piperacillin/tazobactam ( 54.4 % ) than with the one including ceftazidime ( 37.6 % ) . Fewer ( P = 0.02 ) major infectious events ( infectious death or delay in treatment of underlying disease due to infection ) were observed during piperacillin/ tazobactam treatment ( 2.6 % ) than with the ceftazidime regimen ( 11.3 % ) , despite a lower frequency of glycopeptide addition when piperacillin/tazobactam was used ( 54.4 % versus 77.4 % ) according to the rules adopted . This trial confirmed the efficacy of the piperacillin/tazobactam combination for empirical treatment of febrile neutropenic patients . This antibiotic combination permitted a dramatic decrease in empiric glycopeptide antibiotic administration in such patients ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2033 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "226", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Piperacillin/tazobactam" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 23 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "227", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "tobramycin" ], "offsets": [ [ 29, 39 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "228", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ceftazidime plus tobramycin" ], "offsets": [ [ 47, 74 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "229", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "piperacillin and tazobactam" ], "offsets": [ [ 230, 257 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "230", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ceftazidime" ], "offsets": [ [ 47, 58 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "231", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "tobramycin" ], "offsets": [ [ 29, 39 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "232", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "piperacillin" ], "offsets": [ [ 230, 242 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "233", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "tazobactam" ], "offsets": [ [ 13, 23 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "234", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "tobramycin" ], "offsets": [ [ 29, 39 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "235", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Vancomycin" ], "offsets": [ [ 686, 696 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "236", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ceftazidime" ], "offsets": [ [ 47, 58 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "237", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "piperacillin/tazobactam" ], "offsets": [ [ 836, 859 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "238", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "antibacterial therapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 1155, 1176 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "239", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "piperacillin/tazobactam" ], "offsets": [ [ 836, 859 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "240", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ceftazidime" ], "offsets": [ [ 47, 58 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "241", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "piperacillin/ tazobactam" ], "offsets": [ [ 1533, 1557 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "242", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ceftazidime" ], "offsets": [ [ 47, 58 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "243", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "glycopeptide" ], "offsets": [ [ 1654, 1666 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "244", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "piperacillin/tazobactam" ], "offsets": [ [ 836, 859 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "245", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "piperacillin/tazobactam" ], "offsets": [ [ 836, 859 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "246", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "empiric glycopeptide antibiotic" ], "offsets": [ [ 1968, 1999 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "247", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "fever" ], "offsets": [ [ 98, 103 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "248", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "fever" ], "offsets": [ [ 98, 103 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "249", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "successful" ], "offsets": [ [ 1181, 1191 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "250", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "infectious death or delay in treatment of underlying disease due to infection" ], "offsets": [ [ 1432, 1509 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "251", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "glycopeptide addition" ], "offsets": [ [ 1654, 1675 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "252", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "efficacy" ], "offsets": [ [ 1797, 1805 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "253", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "empiric glycopeptide antibiotic administration" ], "offsets": [ [ 1968, 2014 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "254", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "fever in neutropenic patients ." ], "offsets": [ [ 276, 307 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "256", "type": "document", "text": [ "Independent prognostic information provided by sphygmomanometrically determined pulse pressure and mean arterial pressure in patients with left ventricular dysfunction . OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship of baseline pulse pressure and mean arterial pressure to mortality in patients with left ventricular dysfunction . BACKGROUND Increased conduit vessel stiffness increases pulse pressure and pulsatile load , potentially contributing to adverse outcomes in patients with left ventricular dysfunction . METHODS Pulse and mean arterial pressure were analyzed for their effect on mortality , adjusting for other modifiers of risk , using Cox proportional hazards regression analysis of data collected from 6,781 patients randomized into the Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction trials . RESULTS Pulse and mean arterial pressure were related positively to each other , age , ejection fraction and prevalence of diabetes and hypertension and inversely to prior myocardial infarction and beta-adrenergic blocking agent use . Higher pulse pressure was associated with increased prevalence of female gender , greater calcium channel blocking agent , digoxin and diuretic use , lower heart rate and a higher rate of reported smoking history . Higher mean arterial pressure was associated with higher heart rate , lower calcium channel blocker and digoxin use and lower New York Heart Association functional class . Over a 61-month follow-up 1,582 deaths ( 1,397 cardiovascular ) occurred . In a multivariate analysis adjusting for the above covariates and treatment assignment , higher pulse pressure remained an independent predictor of total and cardiovascular mortality ( total mortality relative risk , 1.05 per 10 mm Hg increment ; 95 % confidence interval , 1.01 to 1.10 ; p = 0.02 ) . Mean arterial pressure was inversely related to total and cardiovascular mortality ( total mortality relative risk , 0.89 ; 95 % confidence interval , 0.85 to 0.94 ; p < 0.0001 ) . CONCLUSIONS One noninvasive blood pressure measurement provides two independent prognostic factors for survival . Increased conduit vessel stiffness , as assessed by pulse pressure , may contribute to increased mortality in patients with left ventricular dysfunction , independent of mean arterial pressure ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2313 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "257", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "sphygmomanometrically determined pulse pressure and mean arterial pressure" ], "offsets": [ [ 47, 121 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "258", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "calcium channel blocking agent" ], "offsets": [ [ 1150, 1180 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "259", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "," ], "offsets": [ [ 445, 446 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "260", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "digoxin" ], "offsets": [ [ 1183, 1190 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "261", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "diuretic" ], "offsets": [ [ 1195, 1203 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "262", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "calcium channel blocker" ], "offsets": [ [ 1351, 1374 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "263", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "digoxin" ], "offsets": [ [ 1183, 1190 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "264", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "noninvasive blood pressure measurement" ], "offsets": [ [ 2021, 2059 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "265", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "pulse pressure" ], "offsets": [ [ 80, 94 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "266", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "arterial pressure" ], "offsets": [ [ 104, 121 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "267", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "mortality" ], "offsets": [ [ 297, 306 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "268", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Pulse and mean arterial pressure" ], "offsets": [ [ 548, 580 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "269", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Higher pulse pressure" ], "offsets": [ [ 1060, 1081 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "270", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Higher mean arterial pressure" ], "offsets": [ [ 1275, 1304 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "271", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "deaths" ], "offsets": [ [ 1479, 1485 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "272", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "pulse pressure" ], "offsets": [ [ 80, 94 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "273", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "total and cardiovascular mortality" ], "offsets": [ [ 1670, 1704 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "274", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Mean arterial pressure" ], "offsets": [ [ 1824, 1846 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "275", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "total and cardiovascular mortality" ], "offsets": [ [ 1670, 1704 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "276", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "survival" ], "offsets": [ [ 2108, 2116 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "277", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Increased conduit vessel stiffness" ], "offsets": [ [ 366, 400 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "278", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "mortality" ], "offsets": [ [ 297, 306 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "279", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "left ventricular dysfunction" ], "offsets": [ [ 139, 167 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "280", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "6,781" ], "offsets": [ [ 741, 746 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "282", "type": "document", "text": [ "A comparative study of ofloxacin and cefixime for treatment of typhoid fever in children . The Dong Nai Pediatric Center Typhoid Study Group . BACKGROUND Despite concerns about safety in children , fluoroquinolone antibiotics have become the treatment of choice in patients with multidrug-resistant typhoid fever in Vietnam . However , quinolone-resistant strains of Salmonella typhi have recently been reported from Vietnam ; and if quinolone resistance becomes established , alternative oral treatment options will be needed . OBJECTIVE Cefixime , an orally administered third generation cephalosporin , was compared with ofloxacin for the treatment of uncomplicated typhoid fever in children . METHODS In an open trial children with suspected typhoid fever were randomized to receive either ofloxacin ( 10 mg/kg/day in two divided doses ) for 5 days or cefixime ( 20 mg/kg/day in two divided doses ) for 7 days . RESULTS S. typhi was isolated from 82 patients ( 44 in the cefixime group , 38 in the ofloxacin group ) and 70 ( 85 % ) of the isolates were multidrug-resistant . Median ( 95 % confidence interval , range ) fever clearance times were 4.4 ( 4 to 5.2 , 0.2 to 9.9 ) days for ofloxacin recipients and 8.5 ( 4.2 to 9 , 1.8 to 15.2 ) days for cefixime-treated patients ( P < 0.0001 ) . There were 11 treatment failures ( 10 acute and one relapse ) in the cefixime group and 1 acute treatment failure in the ofloxacin group ( mean difference , 22 % ; 95 % confidence interval , 9 to 36 % ) . CONCLUSION Short course treatment with cefixime may provide a useful alternative treatment in cases of uncomplicated typhoid fever in children , but it is less effective than short course treatment with ofloxacin ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1716 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "283", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ofloxacin" ], "offsets": [ [ 23, 32 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "284", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "cefixime" ], "offsets": [ [ 37, 45 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "285", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "fluoroquinolone antibiotics" ], "offsets": [ [ 198, 225 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "286", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Cefixime" ], "offsets": [ [ 539, 547 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "287", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "cephalosporin" ], "offsets": [ [ 590, 603 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "288", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ofloxacin" ], "offsets": [ [ 23, 32 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "289", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ofloxacin" ], "offsets": [ [ 23, 32 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "290", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "cefixime" ], "offsets": [ [ 37, 45 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "291", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "cefixime" ], "offsets": [ [ 37, 45 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "292", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ofloxacin" ], "offsets": [ [ 23, 32 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "293", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ofloxacin" ], "offsets": [ [ 23, 32 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "294", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "cefixime-treated" ], "offsets": [ [ 1254, 1270 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "295", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "cefixime" ], "offsets": [ [ 37, 45 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "296", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ofloxacin" ], "offsets": [ [ 23, 32 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "297", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "cefixime" ], "offsets": [ [ 37, 45 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "298", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ofloxacin" ], "offsets": [ [ 23, 32 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "299", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "fever clearance times" ], "offsets": [ [ 1123, 1144 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "300", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "treatment failures" ], "offsets": [ [ 1311, 1329 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "301", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "acute treatment failure" ], "offsets": [ [ 1387, 1410 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "302", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "typhoid fever" ], "offsets": [ [ 63, 76 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "303", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "children" ], "offsets": [ [ 80, 88 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "304", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "multidrug-resistant typhoid fever" ], "offsets": [ [ 279, 312 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "305", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "children" ], "offsets": [ [ 80, 88 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "306", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "typhoid fever" ], "offsets": [ [ 63, 76 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "307", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "82" ], "offsets": [ [ 951, 953 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "308", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "70" ], "offsets": [ [ 1024, 1026 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "309", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "uncomplicated typhoid fever" ], "offsets": [ [ 655, 682 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "310", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "children" ], "offsets": [ [ 80, 88 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "312", "type": "document", "text": [ "Epinephrine-induced panic attacks and hyperventilation . To assess the effects of epinephrine on ventilation in patients with panic disorder and in social phobics , analyses were performed on pooled data from two previous infusion studies . Throughout the infusion , changes in transcutaneous PCO2 ( tcPCO2 ) , subjective anxiety , heart rate and blood pressure were recorded continuously . Twenty-nine patients received epinephrine , ten patients received placebo . Thirteen patients ( 45 % ) had a panic attack during epinephrine . The fall in tcPCO2 and the cardiovascular response was greater in panicking patients than patients who did not panic . Although the fall in tcPCO2 associated with panic was not substantial and did not indicate clinically significant acute hyperventilation , it appears to be a sensitive index for epinephrine-induced panic . The fall in tcPCO2 was predicted rather by the frequency of occurrence of anxiety-related somatic symptoms than by the fear of these symptoms . These findings further reduce a role for fear of bodily sensations in epinephrine-induced panic attacks and favor a biological sensitivity to sympathetic stimulation ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1170 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "313", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "epinephrine" ], "offsets": [ [ 82, 93 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "314", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "epinephrine" ], "offsets": [ [ 82, 93 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "315", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo ." ], "offsets": [ [ 457, 466 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "316", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "epinephrine" ], "offsets": [ [ 82, 93 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "317", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "epinephrine-induced" ], "offsets": [ [ 831, 850 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "318", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "changes in transcutaneous PCO2 ( tcPCO2 )" ], "offsets": [ [ 267, 308 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "319", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "subjective anxiety" ], "offsets": [ [ 311, 329 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "320", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "heart rate" ], "offsets": [ [ 332, 342 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "321", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "blood pressure" ], "offsets": [ [ 347, 361 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "322", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "fall in tcPCO2" ], "offsets": [ [ 538, 552 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "323", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "the cardiovascular response" ], "offsets": [ [ 557, 584 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "324", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "tcPCO2" ], "offsets": [ [ 300, 306 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "325", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "acute hyperventilation" ], "offsets": [ [ 767, 789 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "326", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "fall in tcPCO2" ], "offsets": [ [ 538, 552 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "327", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "occurrence of anxiety-related somatic symptoms" ], "offsets": [ [ 919, 965 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "328", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "panic disorder" ], "offsets": [ [ 126, 140 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "329", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "social phobics" ], "offsets": [ [ 148, 162 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "330", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "Twenty-nine patients" ], "offsets": [ [ 391, 411 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "331", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "ten patients" ], "offsets": [ [ 435, 447 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "333", "type": "document", "text": [ "The TOM test : a new instrument for assessing theory of mind in normal children and children with pervasive developmental disorders . This article describes a first attempt to investigate the reliability and validity of the TOM test , a new instrument for assessing theory of mind ability in normal children and children with pervasive developmental disorders ( PDDs ) . In Study 1 , TOM test scores of normal children ( n = 70 ) correlated positively with their performance on other theory of mind tasks . Furthermore , young children only succeeded on TOM items that tap the basic domains of theory of mind ( e.g. , emotion recognition ) , whereas older children also passed items that measure the more mature areas of theory of mind ( e.g. , understanding of humor , understanding of second-order beliefs ) . Taken together , the findings of Study 1 suggest that the TOM test is a valid measure . Study 2 showed for a separate sample of normal children ( n = 12 ) that the TOM test possesses sufficient test-retest stability . Study 3 demonstrated for a sample of children with PDDs ( n = 10 ) that the interrater reliability of the TOM test is good . Study 4 found that children with PDDs ( n = 20 ) had significantly lower TOM test scores than children with other psychiatric disorders ( e.g. , children with Attention-deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ; n = 32 ) , a finding that underlines the discriminant validity of the TOM test . Furthermore , Study 4 showed that intelligence as indexed by the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children was positively associated with TOM test scores . Finally , in all studies , the TOM test was found to be reliable in terms of internal consistency . Altogether , results indicate that the TOM test is a reliable and valid instrument that can be employed to measure various aspects of theory of mind ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1843 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "334", "type": "Intervention_Other", "text": [ "TOM test" ], "offsets": [ [ 4, 12 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "335", "type": "Intervention_Other", "text": [ "TOM test" ], "offsets": [ [ 4, 12 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "336", "type": "Intervention_Other", "text": [ "TOM test" ], "offsets": [ [ 4, 12 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "337", "type": "Intervention_Other", "text": [ "TOM test" ], "offsets": [ [ 4, 12 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "338", "type": "Intervention_Other", "text": [ "TOM test" ], "offsets": [ [ 4, 12 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "339", "type": "Intervention_Other", "text": [ "TOM test" ], "offsets": [ [ 4, 12 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "340", "type": "Intervention_Other", "text": [ "TOM test" ], "offsets": [ [ 4, 12 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "341", "type": "Intervention_Other", "text": [ "TOM test" ], "offsets": [ [ 4, 12 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "342", "type": "Intervention_Other", "text": [ "TOM test" ], "offsets": [ [ 4, 12 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "343", "type": "Intervention_Other", "text": [ "TOM test" ], "offsets": [ [ 4, 12 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "344", "type": "Intervention_Other", "text": [ "TOM test" ], "offsets": [ [ 4, 12 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "345", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "TOM test" ], "offsets": [ [ 4, 12 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "346", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "TOM test" ], "offsets": [ [ 4, 12 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "347", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "TOM test" ], "offsets": [ [ 4, 12 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "348", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "interrater reliability" ], "offsets": [ [ 1106, 1128 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "349", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "TOM test" ], "offsets": [ [ 4, 12 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "350", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "TOM test scores" ], "offsets": [ [ 384, 399 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "351", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "intelligence" ], "offsets": [ [ 1472, 1484 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "352", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children" ], "offsets": [ [ 1503, 1543 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "353", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "TOM test scores" ], "offsets": [ [ 384, 399 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "354", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "TOM test" ], "offsets": [ [ 4, 12 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "355", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "pervasive developmental disorders" ], "offsets": [ [ 98, 131 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "356", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "pervasive developmental disorders ( PDDs ) ." ], "offsets": [ [ 326, 370 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "357", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "70" ], "offsets": [ [ 425, 427 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "358", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "young children" ], "offsets": [ [ 521, 535 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "359", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "older children" ], "offsets": [ [ 650, 664 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "360", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "children" ], "offsets": [ [ 71, 79 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "361", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "12" ], "offsets": [ [ 962, 964 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "362", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "children" ], "offsets": [ [ 71, 79 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "363", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "PDDs" ], "offsets": [ [ 362, 366 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "364", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "10" ], "offsets": [ [ 1092, 1094 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "365", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "children" ], "offsets": [ [ 71, 79 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "366", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "PDDs" ], "offsets": [ [ 362, 366 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "367", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "20" ], "offsets": [ [ 1199, 1201 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "368", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "children" ], "offsets": [ [ 71, 79 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "369", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "psychiatric disorders" ], "offsets": [ [ 1269, 1290 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "370", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "children" ], "offsets": [ [ 71, 79 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "371", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "Attention-deficit Hyperactivity Disorder" ], "offsets": [ [ 1314, 1354 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "372", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "32" ], "offsets": [ [ 1361, 1363 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "374", "type": "document", "text": [ "A comparative study of administration methods of granisetron injection used to treat nausea/vomiting induced by cancer chemotherapy without cisplatin in tumors of hematopoietic organs . Keihanshin Study Group of Hematological Malignancies . PURPOSE The antiemetic effect of granisetron injection at a dose of 40 microg/kg used in the treatment of nausea/vomiting induced by multidrug combined cancer chemotherapy excluding cisplatin in patients with tumors of hematopoietic organs was evaluated by comparing a 30-min infusion and a slow intravenous injection given over 30 s. METHODS A two-group random-allocation comparative study was performed with the cooperation of multiple institutions using a central registration system . RESULTS In the treatment of acute clinical symptoms , appetite was described as \" similar to that during good health \" by 61.1 % of patients ( 55/93 ) in the instillation group and by 47.3 % ( 44/93 ) in the slow injection group , a significant advantage in the infusion group . However , no significant differences in the number of episodes of vomiting , the severity of nausea or clinical efficacy were found . In the final clinical evaluation and assessment of usefulness based on the subjective judgement of physicians throughout the entire therapeutic period , no differences were discernible . No side effects were reported for either method and there was no indication of a sex difference concerning efficacy . However , the efficacy in patients with an anemic tendency was slightly inferior . CONCLUSIONS The maintenance of appetite during the administration of anticancer drugs is very important to maintain patients ' daily activities and quality of life . The present results support the usefulness of infusion of granisetron as an administration method during chemotherapy for malignant hemopathy ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1840 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "375", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "granisetron injection" ], "offsets": [ [ 49, 70 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "376", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "granisetron injection" ], "offsets": [ [ 49, 70 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "377", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "multidrug combined cancer chemotherapy excluding cisplatin" ], "offsets": [ [ 374, 432 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "378", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "granisetron" ], "offsets": [ [ 49, 60 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "379", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "appetite" ], "offsets": [ [ 784, 792 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "380", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "number of episodes of vomiting , the severity of nausea" ], "offsets": [ [ 1053, 1108 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "381", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "clinical efficacy" ], "offsets": [ [ 1112, 1129 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "382", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "efficacy in patients" ], "offsets": [ [ 1462, 1482 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "383", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "tumors of hematopoietic organs ." ], "offsets": [ [ 153, 185 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "384", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "patients with tumors of hematopoietic organs" ], "offsets": [ [ 436, 480 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "385", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "multiple institutions using a central registration system" ], "offsets": [ [ 670, 727 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "387", "type": "document", "text": [ "Comparison of patient-controlled and nurse-administered analgesia using intravenous fentanyl during labor . Preliminary observations have shown that fentanyl citrate , a potent narcotic , is helpful during labor without undue side effects . This randomized prospective investigation compared the patient-controlled administration of fentanyl with that of administration by nurses on request . Eighty healthy women beginning active labor ( cervical dilation 4 cm ) at term were assigned to receive fentanyl intravenously by either patient-controlled administration ( n=37 ) or nurse administration on demand ( n=43 ) . Pain intensity measurements during early and late labor revealed the degree of analgesia to be the same in both groups . The delay in setting up the infusion system and the short time between requesting analgesia and vaginal delivery were limitations with self-administration . Maternal oversedation and vomiting did not occur . Neonatal naloxone therapy was used infrequently , umbilical serum levels of fentanyl were the same in both groups , and postnatal neuroadaptive testing revealed comparable results in both groups . Despite the usefulness of fentanyl during labor , administration by the patient had no advantages over administration by the nurses in significantly reducing drug use , improving pain relief , or avoiding drowsiness ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1361 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "388", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "patient-controlled and nurse-administered analgesia" ], "offsets": [ [ 14, 65 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "389", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "fentanyl citrate" ], "offsets": [ [ 149, 165 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "390", "type": "Intervention_Other", "text": [ "patient-controlled administration of fentanyl" ], "offsets": [ [ 296, 341 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "391", "type": "Intervention_Other", "text": [ "administration by nurses on request" ], "offsets": [ [ 355, 390 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "392", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "fentanyl" ], "offsets": [ [ 84, 92 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "393", "type": "Intervention_Other", "text": [ "patient-controlled administration" ], "offsets": [ [ 296, 329 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "394", "type": "Intervention_Other", "text": [ "nurse administration on demand" ], "offsets": [ [ 576, 606 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "395", "type": "Intervention_Other", "text": [ "administration by the patient" ], "offsets": [ [ 1194, 1223 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "396", "type": "Intervention_Other", "text": [ "administration by the nurses" ], "offsets": [ [ 1247, 1275 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "397", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "Pain intensity measurements" ], "offsets": [ [ 618, 645 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "398", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "degree of analgesia" ], "offsets": [ [ 687, 706 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "399", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "time between requesting analgesia and vaginal delivery" ], "offsets": [ [ 797, 851 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "400", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "Maternal oversedation and vomiting" ], "offsets": [ [ 896, 930 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "401", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Neonatal naloxone therapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 947, 972 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "402", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "umbilical serum levels of fentanyl" ], "offsets": [ [ 997, 1031 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "403", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "postnatal neuroadaptive testing" ], "offsets": [ [ 1067, 1098 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "404", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "drug use" ], "offsets": [ [ 1302, 1310 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "405", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "improving pain relief" ], "offsets": [ [ 1313, 1334 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "406", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "avoiding drowsiness" ], "offsets": [ [ 1340, 1359 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "407", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "during labor ." ], "offsets": [ [ 93, 107 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "408", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "Eighty healthy women beginning active labor ( cervical dilation 4 cm ) at term were assigned to receive fentanyl intravenously by either patient-controlled administration ( n=37 ) or nurse administration on demand ( n=43 )" ], "offsets": [ [ 393, 615 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "410", "type": "document", "text": [ "Treatment of polyarteritis nodosa and Churg-Strauss syndrome : indications of plasma exchanges . To define the most effective treatment for polyarteritis nodosa ( PAN ) and Churg-Strauss syndrome ( CSS ) , we undertook 4 consecutive prospective therapeutic trials including 236 patients and tried to answer several important questions : Should cyclophosphamide ( CYC ) be given as the first-line treatment ? What is the place of plasma exchanges ( PE ) in the treatment of systemic vasculitis ? and does hepatitis B virus ( HBV ) related PAN require treatment ? Our first randomized trial in 71 patients ( 1981-1983 ) compared the association of CYC with corticosteroids ( CS ) and PE to CS and PE , in order to evaluate the efficacy of CYC given as the first-line treatment to control disease activity and subsequent survival of PAN and CSS patients . Between December 1983 and December 1988 , we conducted two trials simultaneously : one aimed at patients without HBV markers and the second at patients with HBV markers . In 78 patients without HBV markers , we compared prednisone and PE to prednisone alone as the initial therapeutic regimen . In 33 patients with PAN related to HBV , a new therapeutic strategy was applied as an alternative to long-term steroid and immunosuppressive therapy : short-term steroid therapy and PE were used to control the evolution of PAN and anti-viral therapy was administered to suppress the etiological agent of the vasculitis . In the last protocol including 56 patients and addressed to severe PAN without HBV markers or CSS we have shown that PE did not improve the prognosis and control of the disease . Twelve years after the beginning of the trials on PAN and CSS patients , we think that the therapeutic strategy should be as follows : In PAN without HBV and CSS : prednisone in association with CYC improves the control of the disease despite infectious side effects which may be reduced by better CYC dose adaptation . In PAN related to HBV : The first-line treatment should be the association of anti-viral agents and PE . This treatment was effective and cured a majority of patients within 2 to 3 months ; half of them seroconverted . The length of HBV infection before its diagnosis , delay before initiation of treatment and previous immunosuppressive therapy led to a poor seroconversion rate . The role of PE in the treatment of systemic necrotizing vasculitis : PE are obviously useful in PAN related to HBV where immune complex deposition has been demonstrated . When PAN is not related to HBV and in CSS , even in severe cases , there is presently no argument supporting systematic administration of PE at the time of diagnosis ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2688 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "411", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "cyclophosphamide" ], "offsets": [ [ 344, 360 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "412", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "plasma exchanges" ], "offsets": [ [ 78, 94 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "413", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "prednisone and PE" ], "offsets": [ [ 1073, 1090 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "414", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "prednisone" ], "offsets": [ [ 1073, 1083 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "415", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "steroid and immunosuppressive therapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 1259, 1296 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "416", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "short-term steroid therapy and PE" ], "offsets": [ [ 1299, 1332 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "417", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "anti-viral therapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 1379, 1397 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "418", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "prednisone in association with CYC" ], "offsets": [ [ 1812, 1846 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "419", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "anti-viral agents and PE" ], "offsets": [ [ 2046, 2070 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "420", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "PE" ], "offsets": [ [ 448, 450 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "421", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "PE" ], "offsets": [ [ 448, 450 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "422", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "PE" ], "offsets": [ [ 448, 450 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "423", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "efficacy" ], "offsets": [ [ 725, 733 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "424", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "subsequent survival" ], "offsets": [ [ 807, 826 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "425", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "evolution of PAN" ], "offsets": [ [ 1358, 1374 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "426", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "etiological agent of the vasculitis ." ], "offsets": [ [ 1431, 1468 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "427", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "prognosis" ], "offsets": [ [ 1609, 1618 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "428", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "control of the disease" ], "offsets": [ [ 1623, 1645 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "429", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "control of the disease" ], "offsets": [ [ 1623, 1645 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "430", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "infectious side effects" ], "offsets": [ [ 1891, 1914 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "431", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "effective" ], "offsets": [ [ 116, 125 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "432", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "length of HBV infection" ], "offsets": [ [ 2191, 2214 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "433", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "seroconversion rate ." ], "offsets": [ [ 2328, 2349 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "434", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "polyarteritis nodosa" ], "offsets": [ [ 13, 33 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "435", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "Churg-Strauss syndrome" ], "offsets": [ [ 38, 60 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "436", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "polyarteritis nodosa" ], "offsets": [ [ 13, 33 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "437", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "PAN" ], "offsets": [ [ 163, 166 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "438", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "Churg-Strauss syndrome" ], "offsets": [ [ 38, 60 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "439", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "CSS" ], "offsets": [ [ 198, 201 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "440", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "236" ], "offsets": [ [ 274, 277 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "441", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "71" ], "offsets": [ [ 592, 594 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "442", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "without HBV markers" ], "offsets": [ [ 958, 977 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "443", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "with HBV markers" ], "offsets": [ [ 1005, 1021 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "444", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "78" ], "offsets": [ [ 1027, 1029 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "445", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "without HBV markers" ], "offsets": [ [ 958, 977 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "446", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "33" ], "offsets": [ [ 1151, 1153 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "447", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "PAN" ], "offsets": [ [ 163, 166 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "448", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "HBV" ], "offsets": [ [ 524, 527 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "449", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "56" ], "offsets": [ [ 1500, 1502 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "450", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "severe PAN without HBV markers" ], "offsets": [ [ 1529, 1559 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "451", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "PAN" ], "offsets": [ [ 163, 166 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "453", "type": "document", "text": [ "Protocol for the Multicenter Acute Stroke Trial -- thrombolysis study . The rationale for the Multicenter Acute Stroke Trial ( MAST ) is presented in a companion article appearing in this issue . Acute ischaemic stroke is the third major cause of death in developed countries , and a major cause of disability . Despite a very poor prognosis , no treatment has demonstrated an efficacy in lowering the mortality and disability resulting from stroke events . Thrombolysis has been proven to reduce mortality in myocardial infarction , and it has been shown able to induce recanalisation when administered to acute stroke patients . A recent meta analysis of small-sized studies suggests that thrombolysis could offer some benefit to stroke patients , by reducing the mortality and severe invalidity by 56 % ; these results need to be confirmed in adequately designed and sized studies ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 885 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "454", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Thrombolysis" ], "offsets": [ [ 458, 470 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "455", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "thrombolysis" ], "offsets": [ [ 51, 63 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "456", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "death" ], "offsets": [ [ 247, 252 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "457", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "disability" ], "offsets": [ [ 299, 309 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "458", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "mortality" ], "offsets": [ [ 402, 411 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "459", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "disability" ], "offsets": [ [ 299, 309 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "460", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "mortality in myocardial infarction" ], "offsets": [ [ 497, 531 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "461", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "recanalisation" ], "offsets": [ [ 571, 585 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "462", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "mortality" ], "offsets": [ [ 402, 411 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "463", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "severe invalidity" ], "offsets": [ [ 780, 797 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "464", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "acute stroke" ], "offsets": [ [ 607, 619 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "465", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "stroke" ], "offsets": [ [ 212, 218 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "467", "type": "document", "text": [ "Efficacy and safety of mizolastine 10 mg in a placebo-controlled comparison with loratadine in chronic idiopathic urticaria : results of the MILOR Study . BACKGROUND Mizolastine is a novel histamine H1-antagonist registered in Europe for the management of allergic rhinitis and urticaria . OBJECTIVES To compare the clinical efficacy and safety of mizolastine with loratadine and placebo in patients with chronic idiopathic urticaria ( CIU ) . METHODS A multicentre , double-blind , parallel group study was designed in which 247 patients with CIU were randomised after a 1-week placebo run-in period to 10 mg daily mizolastine ( n = 88 ) , 10 mg daily loratadine ( n = 79 ) , or placebo ( n = 80 ) for a 4-week treatment period . RESULTS Mizolastine and loratadine both relieved symptoms of CIU . After 2 weeks ' treatment , the severity of pruritus ( visual analogue score ( VAS ) assessed by patients ) decreased significantly in both the mizolastine and loratadine groups compared with placebo ( mizolastine : -36.7 mm , P = 0.0001 ; loratadine : -29.8 , P = 0.0071 ; placebo : -16.3 ) ; this improvement with both active treatments was maintained throughout the treatment period , the difference being significant only for the mizolastine group ( P = 0.0090 ) . Both active treatments were also associated with reduced weekly episodes of urticaria compared with placebo , which was significant after 2 weeks ' treatment ( mizolastine : 7.9 episodes , P = 0.0061 ; loratadine : 8.3 , P = 0.0221 ; placebo : 13.3 ) . Angioedema was improved to a clinically significant extent with mizolastine , and loratadine compared with placebo in those patients who had this symptom before treatment . Overall tolerability of both treatments was similar to placebo , and there were no clinically relevant effects on cardiac repolarisation with either mizolastine or loratadine . CONCLUSION Mizolastine ( 10 mg daily ) is confirmed as an effective and well tolerated agent , comparable to loratadine and superior to placebo , for the management of CIU . Mizolastine acted as rapidly as loratadine in improving urticarial symptoms from the first day of treatment ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2153 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "468", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "mizolastine" ], "offsets": [ [ 23, 34 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "469", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo-controlled" ], "offsets": [ [ 46, 64 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "470", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "loratadine" ], "offsets": [ [ 81, 91 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "471", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Mizolastine" ], "offsets": [ [ 166, 177 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "472", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "mizolastine with loratadine" ], "offsets": [ [ 348, 375 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "473", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 46, 53 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "474", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 46, 53 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "475", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "mizolastine" ], "offsets": [ [ 23, 34 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "476", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "loratadine" ], "offsets": [ [ 81, 91 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "477", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 46, 53 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "478", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Mizolastine" ], "offsets": [ [ 166, 177 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "479", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "loratadine" ], "offsets": [ [ 81, 91 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "480", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "mizolastine and loratadine" ], "offsets": [ [ 942, 968 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "481", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 46, 53 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "482", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "mizolastine" ], "offsets": [ [ 23, 34 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "483", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "loratadine" ], "offsets": [ [ 81, 91 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "484", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 46, 53 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "485", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 46, 53 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "486", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "mizolastine" ], "offsets": [ [ 23, 34 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "487", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "loratadine" ], "offsets": [ [ 81, 91 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "488", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 46, 53 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "489", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "mizolastine" ], "offsets": [ [ 23, 34 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "490", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "loratadine" ], "offsets": [ [ 81, 91 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "491", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 46, 53 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "492", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 46, 53 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "493", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "mizolastine or loratadine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1842, 1867 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "494", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Mizolastine" ], "offsets": [ [ 166, 177 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "495", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 46, 53 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "496", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Mizolastine" ], "offsets": [ [ 166, 177 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "497", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "loratadine" ], "offsets": [ [ 81, 91 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "498", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Efficacy and safety" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 19 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "499", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "relieved symptoms of CIU" ], "offsets": [ [ 771, 795 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "500", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "severity of pruritus ( visual analogue score ( VAS ) assessed by patients )" ], "offsets": [ [ 830, 905 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "501", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "episodes of urticaria" ], "offsets": [ [ 1331, 1352 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "502", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Angioedema" ], "offsets": [ [ 1520, 1530 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "503", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Overall tolerability" ], "offsets": [ [ 1693, 1713 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "504", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "effects on cardiac repolarisation" ], "offsets": [ [ 1796, 1829 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "505", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "effective and well tolerated" ], "offsets": [ [ 1928, 1956 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "506", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "urticarial symptoms" ], "offsets": [ [ 2100, 2119 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "507", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "chronic idiopathic urticaria" ], "offsets": [ [ 95, 123 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "508", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "chronic idiopathic urticaria ( CIU )" ], "offsets": [ [ 405, 441 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "509", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "247" ], "offsets": [ [ 526, 529 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "510", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "CIU" ], "offsets": [ [ 436, 439 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "512", "type": "document", "text": [ "Rett syndrome : randomized controlled trial of L-carnitine . Rett syndrome is a severe neurodevelopmental disorder of unknown etiology , occurring almost exclusively in female patients . The etiology and functional significance of plasma carnitine deficiency seen in some patients with Rett syndrome is unknown . To investigate whether L-carnitine might be of benefit in Rett syndrome , a randomized , placebo-controlled , double-blind crossover trial of L-carnitine has been completed in 35 subjects . Eight-week treatment phases were completed for both a placebo and L-carnitine . Outcome was measured by parents/caregivers and at medical follow-up using three established tools : the Rett Syndrome Motor Behavioral Assessment , the Hand Apraxia Scale , and the Patient Well-Being Index . Analysis comparing change between baseline and week 8 of treatment for L-carnitine and the placebo showed that both parents/caregivers and medical follow-up detected improvements in the subjects ' well-being . In addition , medical review showed an improvement on the Hand Apraxia Scale for a higher proportion of girls on L-carnitine . Identification of predictors of clinical improvement has been limited by the power of the study . These findings suggest that L-carnitine is of benefit in some patients with Rett syndrome . While L-carnitine did not lead to major functional changes in ability , the type of changes reported could still have a substantial impact on the girls and their families . Information is still needed , however , to determine if only subgroups of girls with the disorder are responsive to L-carnitine and the appropriate duration of therapy ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1660 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "513", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "L-carnitine" ], "offsets": [ [ 47, 58 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "514", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "L-carnitine" ], "offsets": [ [ 47, 58 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "515", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo-controlled" ], "offsets": [ [ 402, 420 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "516", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "L-carnitine" ], "offsets": [ [ 47, 58 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "517", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 402, 409 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "518", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "L-carnitine" ], "offsets": [ [ 47, 58 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "519", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "L-carnitine" ], "offsets": [ [ 47, 58 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "520", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 402, 409 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "521", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "L-carnitine" ], "offsets": [ [ 47, 58 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "522", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "L-carnitine" ], "offsets": [ [ 47, 58 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "523", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "L-carnitine" ], "offsets": [ [ 47, 58 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "524", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "the Rett Syndrome Motor Behavioral Assessment" ], "offsets": [ [ 683, 728 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "525", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "the Hand Apraxia Scale" ], "offsets": [ [ 731, 753 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "526", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "the" ], "offsets": [ [ 331, 334 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "527", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "Patient Well-Being Index" ], "offsets": [ [ 764, 788 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "528", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "well-being" ], "offsets": [ [ 988, 998 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "529", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "Hand Apraxia Scale" ], "offsets": [ [ 735, 753 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "530", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "Rett syndrome :" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 15 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "531", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "female patients ." ], "offsets": [ [ 169, 186 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "533", "type": "document", "text": [ "High-pressure , rapid-inflation pneumatic compression improves venous hemodynamics in healthy volunteers and patients who are post-thrombotic . PURPOSE Deep vein thrombosis ( DVT ) is a preventable cause of morbidity and mortality in patients who are hospitalized . An important part of the mechanism of DVT prophylaxis with intermittent pneumatic compression ( IPC ) is reduced venous stasis with increased velocity of venous return . The conventional methods of IPC use low pressure and slow inflation of the air bladder on the leg to augment venous return . Recently , compression devices have been designed that produce high pressure and rapid inflation of air cuffs on the plantar plexus of the foot and the calf . The purpose of this study is to evaluate the venous velocity response to high-pressure , rapid-inflation compression devices versus standard , low-pressure , slow-inflation compression devices in healthy volunteers and patients with severe post-thrombotic venous disease . METHOD Twenty-two lower extremities from healthy volunteers and 11 lower extremities from patients with class 4 to class 6 post-thrombotic chronic venous insufficiency were studied . With duplex ultrasound scanning ( ATL-Ultramark 9 , Advanced Tech Laboratory , Bothell , Wash ) , acute DVT was excluded before subject evaluation . Venous velocities were monitored after the application of each of five IPC devices , with all the patients in the supine position . Three high-pressure , rapid-compression devices and two standard , low-pressure , slow-inflation compression devices were applied in a random sequence . Maximal venous velocities were obtained at the common femoral vein and the popliteal vein for all the devices and were recorded as the mean peak velocity of three compression cycles and compared with baseline velocities . RESULTS The baseline venous velocities were higher in the femoral veins than in the popliteal veins in both the volunteers and the post-thrombotic subjects . Standard and high-pressure , rapid-inflation compression significantly increased the popliteal and femoral vein velocities in healthy and post-thrombotic subjects . High-pressure , rapid-inflation compression produced significantly higher maximal venous velocities in the popliteal and femoral veins in both healthy volunteers and patients who were post-thrombotic as compared with standard compression . Compared with the healthy volunteers , the patients who were post-thrombotic had a significantly attenuated velocity response at both the popliteal and the femoral vein levels . CONCLUSION High-pressure , rapid-inflation pneumatic compression increases popliteal and femoral vein velocity as compared with standard , low-pressure , slow-inflation pneumatic compression . Patients with post-thrombotic venous disease have a compromised hemodynamic response to all IPC devices . However , an increased velocity response to the high-pressure , rapid-inflation compression device is preserved . High-pressure , rapid-inflation pneumatic compression may offer additional protection from thrombotic complications on the basis of an improved hemodynamic response , both in healthy volunteers and in patients who were post-thrombotic ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 3222 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "534", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "High-pressure , rapid-inflation pneumatic compression" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 53 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "535", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "duplex ultrasound scanning" ], "offsets": [ [ 1181, 1207 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "536", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "Three high-pressure , rapid-compression devices and two standard , low-pressure" ], "offsets": [ [ 1457, 1536 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "537", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "slow-inflation compression devices" ], "offsets": [ [ 878, 912 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "538", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Standard and high-pressure" ], "offsets": [ [ 1990, 2016 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "539", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "rapid-inflation compression" ], "offsets": [ [ 809, 836 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "540", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "popliteal and femoral vein velocities" ], "offsets": [ [ 2075, 2112 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "541", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "maximal venous velocities" ], "offsets": [ [ 2229, 2254 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "542", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "popliteal and femoral veins" ], "offsets": [ [ 2262, 2289 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "543", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "velocity response" ], "offsets": [ [ 772, 789 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "544", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "popliteal and femoral vein velocity" ], "offsets": [ [ 2648, 2683 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "545", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "hemodynamic response" ], "offsets": [ [ 2830, 2850 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "546", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "healthy volunteers and patients who are post-thrombotic ." ], "offsets": [ [ 86, 143 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "548", "type": "document", "text": [ "A comparison of a non-ionic dimer , iodixanol with a non-ionic monomer , iohexol in low dose intravenous urography . A prospective , double-blind study of 392 patients randomized into four groups was performed to establish whether diagnostic intravenous urograms could be obtained with a lower dose of iodine when using the dimeric , non-ionic contrast medium iodixanol compared with the monomeric , non-ionic iohexol . Patients received iodixanol or iohexol containing either 9 or 12 g of iodine ( gI ) . The primary parameter was the diagnostic quality of the 6 min film , assessed in a blinded fashion , by consensus , by four radiologists . Iodixanol at both doses was diagnostic in over 90 % of cases . Iohexol was only diagnostic in 74 % ( 9 gI ) and 81.8 % ( 12 gI ) . Pairwise comparisons revealed that iodixanol 9 gI was significantly better than both iohexol 9 gI ( p = 0.0005 ) and 12 gI ( p = 0.014 ) . No significant difference was present for different doses within the same contrast medium group . Iodixanol resulted in poorer bladder distension than iohexol . Iodixanol caused significantly less discomfort than iohexol ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1137 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "549", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "non-ionic dimer" ], "offsets": [ [ 18, 33 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "550", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "iodixanol" ], "offsets": [ [ 36, 45 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "551", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "a non-ionic monomer , iohexol" ], "offsets": [ [ 51, 80 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "552", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "non-ionic contrast medium iodixanol" ], "offsets": [ [ 334, 369 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "553", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "monomeric , non-ionic iohexol" ], "offsets": [ [ 388, 417 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "554", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "iodixanol or iohexol" ], "offsets": [ [ 438, 458 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "555", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "iodine" ], "offsets": [ [ 302, 308 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "556", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Iodixanol" ], "offsets": [ [ 645, 654 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "557", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Iohexol" ], "offsets": [ [ 708, 715 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "558", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "iohexol" ], "offsets": [ [ 73, 80 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "559", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Iodixanol" ], "offsets": [ [ 645, 654 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "560", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "iohexol . Iodixanol" ], "offsets": [ [ 1066, 1085 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "561", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "iohexol ." ], "offsets": [ [ 410, 419 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "562", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "diagnostic quality" ], "offsets": [ [ 536, 554 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "563", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "diagnostic" ], "offsets": [ [ 231, 241 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "564", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "diagnostic" ], "offsets": [ [ 231, 241 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "565", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "poorer bladder distension" ], "offsets": [ [ 1035, 1060 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "566", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "significantly less discomfort" ], "offsets": [ [ 1093, 1122 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "567", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "low dose intravenous urography" ], "offsets": [ [ 84, 114 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "569", "type": "document", "text": [ "Isoniazid prophylaxis for tuberculosis in HIV infection : a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials . OBJECTIVES To evaluate the efficacy of isoniazid for the prevention of tuberculosis in tuberculin skin test-positive and negative individuals with HIV infection . DESIGN Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials . SETTING Seven trials from Mexico , Haiti , the United States , Zambia , Uganda and Kenya . PATIENTS Individuals free from tuberculosis , 2367 persons in the intervention and 2162 in the control groups . INTERVENTION Comparison of isoniazid with placebo or no prophylaxis . METHODS A systematic search of the literature was carried out from 1985 to October 1997 for randomized controlled trials of isoniazid prophylaxis in HIV-infected persons . Two reviewers evaluated the relevance of each candidate study and the validity of eligible trials . Studies were pooled using a random effect model , conducting secondary analyses for tuberculin skin test-positive and negative persons . RESULTS Mean follow-up in trials varied between 0.4 and 3.2 years . Pooling all seven trials , a risk ratio was found for persons treated with isoniazid for developing tuberculosis of 0.58 [ 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) , 0.43-0.80 ] and 0.94 ( 95 % CI , 0.83-1.07 ) for death . In groups of tuberculin skin test-positive and negative persons , the risk ratio of tuberculosis was 0.40 ( 95 % CI , 0.24-0.65 ) and 0.84 ( 95 % CI , 0.54-1.30 ) , respectively , and the difference in the effectiveness of isoniazid versus placebo between these groups was statistically significant ( P = 0.03 , for the difference of summary estimates ) . Consistency of results was found across trials ( P > 0.10 , heterogeneity value ) for all comparisons . CONCLUSIONS Prophylaxis with isoniazid reduces the risk of tuberculosis in persons with HIV infection . The effect is restricted to tuberculin skin test-positive persons ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1921 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "570", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "isoniazid" ], "offsets": [ [ 147, 156 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "571", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "isoniazid" ], "offsets": [ [ 147, 156 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "572", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 571, 578 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "573", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "isoniazid" ], "offsets": [ [ 147, 156 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "574", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "isoniazid" ], "offsets": [ [ 147, 156 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "575", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "isoniazid" ], "offsets": [ [ 147, 156 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "576", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 571, 578 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "577", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "isoniazid" ], "offsets": [ [ 147, 156 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "578", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "risk ratio" ], "offsets": [ [ 1105, 1115 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "579", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "death" ], "offsets": [ [ 1282, 1287 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "580", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "risk ratio of tuberculosis" ], "offsets": [ [ 1360, 1386 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "581", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "difference in the effectiveness" ], "offsets": [ [ 1478, 1509 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "582", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "tuberculosis in HIV infection :" ], "offsets": [ [ 26, 57 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "584", "type": "document", "text": [ "Behavioral and physiological effects of deep pressure on children with autism : a pilot study evaluating the efficacy of Grandin 's Hug Machine . OBJECTIVE One symptom common to many persons with autism is a high arousal or anxiety level . This study investigated the effects of deep pressure on arousal and anxiety reduction in autism with Grandin 's Hug Machine , a device that allows self-administration of lateral body pressure . METHOD Twelve children with autism were randomly assigned to either an experimental group ( receiving deep pressure ) or a placebo group ( not receiving deep pressure but in the disengaged Hug Machine ) . All children received two 20-min sessions a week over a 6-week period . Arousal was measured behaviorally with the Conners Parent Rating Scale and physiologically with galvanic skin response ( GSR ) readings . RESULTS Behavioral results indicated a significant reduction in tension and a marginally significant reduction in anxiety for children who received the deep pressure compared with the children who did not . Additionally , children in the experimental group , whose GSR measures decreased , on average , after deep pressure , were somewhat more likely to have higher GSR arousal a priori . CONCLUSION These preliminary findings support the hypothesis that deep pressure may have a calming effect for persons with autism , especially those with high levels of arousal or anxiety ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1427 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "585", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "deep pressure" ], "offsets": [ [ 40, 53 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "586", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "Grandin 's Hug Machine ." ], "offsets": [ [ 121, 145 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "587", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "deep pressure" ], "offsets": [ [ 40, 53 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "588", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "Grandin 's Hug Machine" ], "offsets": [ [ 121, 143 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "589", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "( receiving deep pressure )" ], "offsets": [ [ 524, 551 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "590", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 557, 564 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "591", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "( not receiving deep pressure but in the disengaged Hug Machine )" ], "offsets": [ [ 571, 636 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "592", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "deep pressure" ], "offsets": [ [ 40, 53 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "593", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "Arousal" ], "offsets": [ [ 711, 718 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "594", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "Conners Parent Rating Scale and physiologically with galvanic skin response ( GSR ) readings" ], "offsets": [ [ 754, 846 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "595", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "significant reduction in tension" ], "offsets": [ [ 888, 920 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "596", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "marginally significant reduction in anxiety" ], "offsets": [ [ 927, 970 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "597", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "GSR measures" ], "offsets": [ [ 1114, 1126 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "598", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "GSR arousal" ], "offsets": [ [ 1215, 1226 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "599", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "children with autism :" ], "offsets": [ [ 57, 79 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "601", "type": "document", "text": [ "Reduction of stimulus overselectivity with nonverbal differential observing responses . Three individuals with mental retardation exhibited stimulus overselectivity in a delayed matching-to-sample task in which two sample stimuli were displayed on each trial . Intermediate accuracy scores indicated that participants could match one of the samples but not both of them . Accuracy in a baseline condition was compared to accuracy with a differential observing response procedure . This procedure prompted participants to make simultaneous identity-matching responses that required observation and discrimination of both sample stimuli . These observing responses were never followed by differential consequences . When observing responses were prompted , participants ' accuracy scores improved . In a return to the baseline condition , when differential observing responses were no longer prompted , accuracy returned to intermediate levels . The results show that stimulus overselectivity can be greatly reduced by a behavioral intervention that controls observing behavior and verifies discrimination , but that exposure to such procedures alone may be insufficient for lasting benefits ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1191 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "602", "type": "Intervention_Psychological", "text": [ "nonverbal differential observing responses" ], "offsets": [ [ 43, 85 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "603", "type": "Intervention_Psychological", "text": [ "two sample stimuli" ], "offsets": [ [ 211, 229 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "604", "type": "Intervention_Psychological", "text": [ "differential observing responses" ], "offsets": [ [ 53, 85 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "605", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "stimulus overselectivity" ], "offsets": [ [ 13, 37 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "606", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "accuracy scores" ], "offsets": [ [ 274, 289 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "607", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Accuracy" ], "offsets": [ [ 372, 380 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "608", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "accuracy" ], "offsets": [ [ 274, 282 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "609", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "accuracy scores" ], "offsets": [ [ 274, 289 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "610", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "accuracy" ], "offsets": [ [ 274, 282 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "611", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "lasting benefits" ], "offsets": [ [ 1173, 1189 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "612", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "Three" ], "offsets": [ [ 88, 93 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "613", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "mental retardation" ], "offsets": [ [ 111, 129 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "615", "type": "document", "text": [ "Predictors of survival and eradication of Mycobacterium avium complex bacteremia ( MAC ) in AIDS patients in the Canadian randomized MAC treatment trial . Canadian HIV Trials Network Protocol 010 Study Group . OBJECTIVE To assess the importance of baseline characteristics including medical history , indicators of current disease status , therapeutic drug use , in vitro drug susceptibility , immune status and mycobacterial load on bacteriologic response and survival in HIV-positive patients with Mycobacterium avium complex ( MAC ) bacteremia . DESIGN An observational substudy of an open-label randomized controlled trial of two alternative therapeutic regimens for MAC . SETTING Twenty-four hospital-based HIV clinics in 16 Canadian cities . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The main outcome measures were survival and bacteriologic response , defined by consecutive negative blood cultures for MAC at least 2 weeks apart within 16 weeks of study entry . RESULTS Prior AIDS diagnosis , low Karnofsky score , active unstable AIDS-related conditions , absence of antiretroviral therapy and absence of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia prophylaxis were associated with shorter survival by univariate regression using the proportional hazards model . On multivariate analysis , antiretroviral therapy was not an independent predictor of mortality , and previous rifabutin prophylaxis was independently associated with poor survival outcomes , a result consistent across study treatment . Using a logistic regression model , baseline quantitative mycobacterial load [ relative odds of clearing , 1.97 for a decrease of 1 log10 colony forming count ; 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) , 1.36-2.87 ; P < 0.001 ] and Karnofsky score were the only statistically significant univariate predictors of clearance , although previous prophylaxis with rifabutin was also a significant predictor in a multivariate model ( relative odds of clearing , 0.39 ; 95 % CI , 0.17-0.88 ; P < 0.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that although the level of MAC bacteremia is an important predictor of clearance , it is not associated with survival ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2118 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "616", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "therapeutic regimens" ], "offsets": [ [ 646, 666 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "617", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "indicators of current disease status" ], "offsets": [ [ 301, 337 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "618", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "therapeutic drug use" ], "offsets": [ [ 340, 360 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "619", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "in vitro drug susceptibility" ], "offsets": [ [ 363, 391 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "620", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "immune status" ], "offsets": [ [ 394, 407 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "621", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "mycobacterial load" ], "offsets": [ [ 412, 430 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "622", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "bacteriologic response" ], "offsets": [ [ 434, 456 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "623", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "survival" ], "offsets": [ [ 14, 22 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "624", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "survival" ], "offsets": [ [ 14, 22 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "625", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "bacteriologic response" ], "offsets": [ [ 434, 456 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "626", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "survival" ], "offsets": [ [ 14, 22 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "627", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "mortality" ], "offsets": [ [ 1325, 1334 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "628", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "baseline quantitative mycobacterial load" ], "offsets": [ [ 1512, 1552 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "629", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Karnofsky score" ], "offsets": [ [ 985, 1000 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "630", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "AIDS" ], "offsets": [ [ 92, 96 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "631", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "HIV-positive" ], "offsets": [ [ 473, 485 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "632", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "Mycobacterium avium complex ( MAC ) bacteremia" ], "offsets": [ [ 500, 546 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "633", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "Twenty-four" ], "offsets": [ [ 685, 696 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "635", "type": "document", "text": [ "Couple-responsible therapy process : positive proximal outcomes . Therapist-couple struggle vs. cooperation is linked to clinical outcome . This research conceptualizes and investigates treatment process as it relates to the occurrence of struggle versus cooperation . Models of couple-responsible and therapist-responsible process in couple therapy were developed . Couple-responsible process consists of enactments , accommodation , and inductive process . Therapist-responsible process consists of primary therapist-couple interaction , therapist interpretation , and direct instruction . In counterbalanced order , 25 couples were exposed to couple-responsible and therapist-responsible episodes during one therapy session . Couples reviewed videotapes of the episodes and completed measures of responsibility , struggle , and cooperation . Perceived responsibility was higher and struggle was lower during couple-responsible episodes . No difference in cooperation was found . Presence or absence of a contrast condition , where couples reported on one therapist process after already experiencing its opposite , led to main effects for responsibility and struggle , and mediated effects of struggle and cooperation . Generally speaking , responsibility was even higher during couple-responsible episodes and even lower during therapist-responsible episodes when contrast was present . Similarly , struggle was even lower during couple-responsible episodes and even higher during therapist-responsible episodes when contrast was present . For both couple-responsible and therapist-responsible episodes , cooperation was negatively affected by a shift from the prior , opposite therapist process . Significant proportions of the variance in responsibility , struggle , and cooperation , however , were not accounted for by therapist process alone ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1852 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "636", "type": "Intervention_Psychological", "text": [ "Couple-responsible therapy process :" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 36 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "637", "type": "Intervention_Psychological", "text": [ "couple-responsible and therapist-responsible process" ], "offsets": [ [ 279, 331 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "638", "type": "Intervention_Psychological", "text": [ "couple therapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 335, 349 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "639", "type": "Intervention_Psychological", "text": [ "Couple-responsible process consists of enactments , accommodation , and inductive process . Therapist-responsible process consists of primary therapist-couple interaction , therapist interpretation , and direct instruction ." ], "offsets": [ [ 367, 591 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "640", "type": "Intervention_Psychological", "text": [ "couple-responsible and therapist-responsible episodes" ], "offsets": [ [ 646, 699 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "641", "type": "Intervention_Psychological", "text": [ "couple-responsible episodes ." ], "offsets": [ [ 911, 940 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "642", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "therapist process" ], "offsets": [ [ 1058, 1075 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "643", "type": "Intervention_Psychological", "text": [ "couple-responsible episodes" ], "offsets": [ [ 911, 938 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "644", "type": "Intervention_Psychological", "text": [ "therapist-responsible episodes" ], "offsets": [ [ 669, 699 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "645", "type": "Intervention_Psychological", "text": [ "couple-responsible episodes" ], "offsets": [ [ 911, 938 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "646", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "therapist-responsible episodes" ], "offsets": [ [ 669, 699 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "647", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "positive proximal outcomes" ], "offsets": [ [ 37, 63 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "648", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Perceived responsibility" ], "offsets": [ [ 845, 869 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "649", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "struggle" ], "offsets": [ [ 83, 91 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "650", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "cooperation" ], "offsets": [ [ 96, 107 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "651", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "responsibility" ], "offsets": [ [ 799, 813 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "652", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "struggle" ], "offsets": [ [ 83, 91 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "653", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "cooperation" ], "offsets": [ [ 96, 107 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "654", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "responsibility , struggle , and cooperation" ], "offsets": [ [ 799, 842 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "655", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "couples" ], "offsets": [ [ 622, 629 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "657", "type": "document", "text": [ "Clinical hypnosis versus cognitive behavioral training for pain management with pediatric cancer patients undergoing bone marrow aspirations . A randomized controlled trial was conducted to compare the efficacy of clinical hypnosis versus cognitive behavioral ( CB ) coping skills training in alleviating the pain and distress of 30 pediatric cancer patients ( age 5 to 15 years ) undergoing bone marrow aspirations . Patients were randomized to one of three groups : hypnosis , a package of CB coping skills , and no intervention . Patients who received either hypnosis or CB reported less pain and pain-related anxiety than did control patients and less pain and anxiety than at their own baseline . Hypnosis and CB were similarly effective in the relief of pain . Results also indicated that children reported more anxiety and exhibited more behavioral distress in the CB group than in the hypnosis group . It is concluded that hypnosis and CB coping skills are effective in preparing pediatric oncology patients for bone marrow aspiration ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1044 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "658", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "Clinical hypnosis versus cognitive behavioral training" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 54 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "659", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "clinical hypnosis versus cognitive behavioral ( CB ) coping skills training" ], "offsets": [ [ 214, 289 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "660", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "hypnosis , a package of CB coping skills , and no intervention" ], "offsets": [ [ 468, 530 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "661", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "pain management" ], "offsets": [ [ 59, 74 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "662", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "pain and distress" ], "offsets": [ [ 309, 326 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "663", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "pain" ], "offsets": [ [ 59, 63 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "664", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "pain-related anxiety" ], "offsets": [ [ 600, 620 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "665", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "pain" ], "offsets": [ [ 59, 63 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "666", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "anxiety" ], "offsets": [ [ 613, 620 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "667", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "relief of pain" ], "offsets": [ [ 750, 764 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "668", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "anxiety" ], "offsets": [ [ 613, 620 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "669", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "behavioral distress" ], "offsets": [ [ 845, 864 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "670", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "effective" ], "offsets": [ [ 733, 742 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "671", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "pediatric" ], "offsets": [ [ 80, 89 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "672", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "cancer patients undergoing bone marrow aspirations ." ], "offsets": [ [ 90, 142 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "673", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "30" ], "offsets": [ [ 330, 332 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "674", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "cancer" ], "offsets": [ [ 90, 96 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "675", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "age 5 to 15 years" ], "offsets": [ [ 361, 378 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "677", "type": "document", "text": [ "Effects of oral brovincamine on visual field damage in patients with normal-tension glaucoma with low-normal intraocular pressure . PURPOSE To prospectively study the effect of oral brovincamine , a relatively selective cerebral vasodilator , on further deterioration of visual field in patients with normal-tension glaucoma ( NTG ) with low-normal intraocular pressure ( IOP ) . METHODS Fifty-two patients with NTG ( average age 57.7 years ) with an IOP that was consistently less than 15 mmHg were randomly assigned to receive oral brovincamine ( 20 mg three times daily ) or to an untreated control group . The groups were prospectively followed for 2 years with visual field examinations every 4 months , using the 30-2 Humphrey perimeter program . Changes in mean deviation ( MD ) , corrected pattern standard deviation ( CPSD ) , and total deviation ( TD ) at 74 test points were analyzed using regression analysis with linear mixed model . Data from one eye without media opacity of each subject were analyzed . RESULTS There were no differences between groups in age ; sex distribution ; refraction ; blood pressure ; baseline IOP ; MD , CPSD , or TD at each point . Changes in MD ( standard error [ SE ] ) during the study period were -0.778 ( 0.178 ) and -0.071 ( 0.195 ) dB/year in the control and brovincamine groups , respectively ; change in the control group was significantly more negative than in the brovincamine group . Change in CPSD ( SE ) was 0.032 ( 0.015 ) and 0.004 ( 0.016 ) dB/year in the control and brovincamine groups , respectively . Change in the control group was significantly positive , but the intergroup difference was not significant . Change in TD was significantly negative at six test points in the control group , whereas no points showed a significant trend in the brovincamine group ; the intergroup difference was significant . The average IOP was 13.2 mmHg and 13.1 mmHg in the control and brovincamine groups , respectively , and there was no significant intergroup difference . CONCLUSION Oral brovincamine may retard further visual field deterioration in patients with NTG who have low-normal IOP ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2147 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "678", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "brovincamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 16, 28 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "679", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "oral brovincamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 11, 28 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "680", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "cerebral vasodilator" ], "offsets": [ [ 220, 240 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "681", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "oral brovincamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 11, 28 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "682", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "untreated control group ." ], "offsets": [ [ 584, 609 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "683", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "visual field examinations" ], "offsets": [ [ 666, 691 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "684", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "brovincamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 16, 28 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "685", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "brovincamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 16, 28 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "686", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "brovincamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 16, 28 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "687", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "brovincamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 16, 28 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "688", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "brovincamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 16, 28 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "689", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Oral brovincamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 2037, 2054 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "690", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Effects" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 7 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "691", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "effect" ], "offsets": [ [ 167, 173 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "692", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Changes in mean deviation ( MD )" ], "offsets": [ [ 753, 785 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "693", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "corrected pattern standard deviation ( CPSD )" ], "offsets": [ [ 788, 833 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "694", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "total deviation ( TD )" ], "offsets": [ [ 840, 862 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "695", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "refraction" ], "offsets": [ [ 1096, 1106 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "696", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "blood pressure" ], "offsets": [ [ 1109, 1123 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "697", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "baseline IOP" ], "offsets": [ [ 1126, 1138 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "698", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "MD" ], "offsets": [ [ 781, 783 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "699", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "CPSD" ], "offsets": [ [ 827, 831 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "700", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "TD" ], "offsets": [ [ 858, 860 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "701", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Changes in MD" ], "offsets": [ [ 1175, 1188 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "702", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Change in CPSD ( SE )" ], "offsets": [ [ 1439, 1460 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "703", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Change in TD" ], "offsets": [ [ 1674, 1686 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "704", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "average IOP" ], "offsets": [ [ 1877, 1888 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "705", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "normal-tension glaucoma" ], "offsets": [ [ 69, 92 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "706", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "low-normal intraocular pressure" ], "offsets": [ [ 98, 129 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "707", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "normal-tension glaucoma ( NTG )" ], "offsets": [ [ 301, 332 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "708", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "low-normal intraocular pressure" ], "offsets": [ [ 98, 129 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "709", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "Fifty-two" ], "offsets": [ [ 388, 397 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "710", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "NTG" ], "offsets": [ [ 327, 330 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "711", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "57.7" ], "offsets": [ [ 430, 434 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "712", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "NTG" ], "offsets": [ [ 327, 330 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "714", "type": "document", "text": [ "Local injection of bupivacaine after rubber band ligation of hemorrhoids : prospective , randomized study . PURPOSE The aim of this study was to determine if local injection of bupivacaine after hemorrhoidal banding causes a decrease in pain and in the incidence of associated symptoms . METHODS After hemorrhoidal banding , patients were randomly assigned to receive a local injection of bupivacaine with 1:200,000 epinephrine , an injection of normal saline , or no injection , just superior to each band . Pain was graded by the patient and by the study nurse within 30 minutes , and any associated symptoms were recorded . At intervals 6 , 24 , and 48 hours postbanding , the patient recorded pain , limitation of activities , and analgesic requirements . Associated symptoms while at home were recorded . RESULTS Of 115 patients studied , 42 received bupivacaine injection , 42 received normal saline injection , and 31 received no injection . In patients receiving bupivacaine compared with no injection , within 30 minutes postbanding there was a significant reduction in pain graded by the patient ( P = 0.000002 ) and by the nurse ( P = 0.000005 ) and a significant reduction in incidence of nausea ( P = 0.01 ) and shaking ( P = 0.008 ) . However , in the bupivacaine group compared with the other two groups , at the intervals of 6 , 24 , and 48 hours postbanding there was no sustained reduction in the severity of pain and no reduction in analgesic requirements or limitation of normal activities . In the week after banding , there was no difference between groups in symptoms of nausea , shaking , lightheadedness , urinary retention , or bleeding . CONCLUSIONS Bupivacaine injection may be useful for reducing pain and associated symptoms long enough to tolerate a trip home from the outpatient department but does not show a sustained effect ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1860 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "715", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "bupivacaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 19, 30 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "716", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "bupivacaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 19, 30 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "717", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "local injection of bupivacaine with 1:200,000 epinephrine" ], "offsets": [ [ 370, 427 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "718", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "injection of normal saline" ], "offsets": [ [ 433, 459 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "719", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "no injection , just" ], "offsets": [ [ 465, 484 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "720", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "bupivacaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 19, 30 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "721", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "normal saline" ], "offsets": [ [ 446, 459 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "722", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "no injection" ], "offsets": [ [ 465, 477 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "723", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "bupivacaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 19, 30 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "724", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "bupivacaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 19, 30 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "725", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Bupivacaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1677, 1688 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "726", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "decrease in pain and in the incidence of associated symptoms ." ], "offsets": [ [ 225, 287 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "727", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "Pain" ], "offsets": [ [ 509, 513 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "728", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "associated symptoms" ], "offsets": [ [ 266, 285 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "729", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "pain , limitation of activities , and analgesic requirements ." ], "offsets": [ [ 697, 759 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "730", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Associated symptoms" ], "offsets": [ [ 760, 779 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "731", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "reduction in pain" ], "offsets": [ [ 1066, 1083 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "732", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "incidence of nausea" ], "offsets": [ [ 1188, 1207 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "733", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "severity of pain" ], "offsets": [ [ 1415, 1431 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "734", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "analgesic requirements or limitation of normal activities ." ], "offsets": [ [ 1452, 1511 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "735", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "nausea , shaking , lightheadedness , urinary retention , or bleeding ." ], "offsets": [ [ 1594, 1664 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "736", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "hemorrhoids" ], "offsets": [ [ 61, 72 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "737", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "hemorrhoidal banding" ], "offsets": [ [ 195, 215 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "738", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "115" ], "offsets": [ [ 821, 824 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "740", "type": "document", "text": [ "Microbiologic yields and complication rates of vitreous needle aspiration versus mechanized vitreous biopsy in the Endophthalmitis Vitrectomy Study . PURPOSE To compare the microbiologic yields and complication rates associated with vitreous needle tap and vitreous biopsy in the Endophthalmitis Vitrectomy Study ( EVS ) . METHODS Of 420 EVS patients with postoperative endophthalmitis , 201 received immediate vitreous tap or biopsy ( without pars plana vitrectomy ) by random assignment and 193 completed 9-12 months of follow-up . Vitreous specimens were obtained by biopsy with a 20-gauge vitrectomy cutting instrument or by needle tap with a 22-27-gauge needle . If resistance to aspiration by needle tap was noted , a vitreous biopsy was performed . RESULTS Of 201 patients undergoing tap or biopsy , 70 ( 35 % ) had needle tap , 127 ( 63 % ) had mechanized biopsy , and 4 ( 2 % ) had initial needle tap that was aborted to mechanized biopsy ( \" abort \" eyes ) . Intraoperative hyphema occurred in 2 tap eyes ( 3 % ) , 3 biopsy eyes ( 2 % ) , and 0 ( 0 % ) abort eyes . Postoperative retinal detachment developed in 8 ( 11 % ) tap eyes , 10 ( 8 % ) biopsy eyes , and 0 ( 0 % ) abort eyes ( not significant ) . Respective rates of culture and gram stain positivity were 69 % and 42 % in tap eyes and 66 % and 41 % in biopsy eyes ( not significant ) . The rate of severe visual loss ( final acuity < 5/200 ) was significantly higher in tap eyes ( 16 eyes , 24 % ) compared with biopsy eyes ( 13 eyes , 11 % ) and abort eyes ( 0 eyes , 0 % ; P = 0.043 ) . The difference was largely explained by the greater proportion of virulent organisms in the tap eyes compared with biopsy eyes . When visual acuity outcome was defined by other thresholds ( 20/40 and 20/100 ) , the difference was not significant . CONCLUSIONS This study showed no significant differences between mechanized vitreous biopsy and needle tap with respect to microbiologic yield , operative complications , short-term ( 9-12 months ) retinal detachment risk , or visual outcome . Choice of vitreous sampling procedure must depend on the clinical judgment of the surgeon ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2142 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "741", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "vitreous needle aspiration" ], "offsets": [ [ 47, 73 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "742", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "mechanized vitreous biopsy" ], "offsets": [ [ 81, 107 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "743", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "vitreous needle tap" ], "offsets": [ [ 233, 252 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "744", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "vitreous biopsy" ], "offsets": [ [ 92, 107 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "745", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "vitreous tap or biopsy ( without pars plana vitrectomy )" ], "offsets": [ [ 411, 467 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "746", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "20-gauge vitrectomy" ], "offsets": [ [ 584, 603 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "747", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Intraoperative hyphema" ], "offsets": [ [ 969, 991 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "748", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Postoperative retinal detachment" ], "offsets": [ [ 1076, 1108 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "749", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Respective rates of culture and gram stain positivity" ], "offsets": [ [ 1216, 1269 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "750", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "rate of severe visual loss" ], "offsets": [ [ 1360, 1386 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "751", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "proportion of virulent organisms in the tap eyes" ], "offsets": [ [ 1611, 1659 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "752", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "visual acuity outcome" ], "offsets": [ [ 1693, 1714 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "753", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "Endophthalmitis Vitrectomy" ], "offsets": [ [ 115, 141 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "754", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "420" ], "offsets": [ [ 334, 337 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "755", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "EVS" ], "offsets": [ [ 315, 318 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "756", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "postoperative endophthalmitis" ], "offsets": [ [ 356, 385 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "757", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "201" ], "offsets": [ [ 388, 391 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "758", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "immediate vitreous tap" ], "offsets": [ [ 401, 423 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "759", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "biopsy" ], "offsets": [ [ 101, 107 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "760", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "193" ], "offsets": [ [ 493, 496 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "761", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "201" ], "offsets": [ [ 388, 391 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "762", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "tap" ], "offsets": [ [ 249, 252 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "763", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "biopsy" ], "offsets": [ [ 101, 107 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "764", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "70" ], "offsets": [ [ 807, 809 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "765", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "needle tap" ], "offsets": [ [ 242, 252 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "766", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "127" ], "offsets": [ [ 836, 839 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "767", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "mechanized biopsy" ], "offsets": [ [ 853, 870 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "768", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "4" ], "offsets": [ [ 334, 335 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "769", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "needle tap" ], "offsets": [ [ 242, 252 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "771", "type": "document", "text": [ "Isradipine , raised glycosylated haemoglobin , and risk of cardiovascular events ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 82 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "772", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Isradipine" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 10 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "773", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "cardiovascular events ." ], "offsets": [ [ 59, 82 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "774", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "risk of cardiovascular events ." ], "offsets": [ [ 51, 82 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "776", "type": "document", "text": [ "Allelic imbalance in the clonal evolution of prostate carcinoma . BACKGROUND To understand better the genetic basis of the clonal evolution of prostate carcinoma , the authors analyzed the pattern of allelic loss in 25 matched primary and metastatic prostate tumors . METHODS Twenty-five cases were selected from the surgical pathology files of the Mayo Clinic from patients who had undergone radical retropubic prostatectomy and bilateral lymphadenectomy between 1987-1991 . All patients had regional lymph node metastases at the time of surgery . DNA samples for the analysis of allelic loss pattern were prepared from primary tumors and matched synchronous lymph node metastases by tissue microdissection . The oligonucleotide primer pairs for the microsatellite DNA markers were D8S133 , D8S136 , D8S137 , ANK1 on chromosome 8p12-21 , LPLTET on chromosome 8p22 , and D17S855 ( intragenic to the BRCA1 gene ) on chromosome 17q21 . One case was not informative at any of the loci tested and was excluded from further analysis . RESULTS The overall frequency of allelic imbalance was 79 % in primary tumors and 88 % in paired metastases . Of 24 informative cases , 14 patients ( 58 % ) showed the same pattern of allelic loss or retention in matched primary and metastatic tumors at all marker locus ; discordant allelic loss was observed in the remaining 10 patients ( 42 % ) . Four patients showed loss of the same allele at one or more marker loci in both primary and metastatic tumors , but discordant allelic loss was observed at other marker loci . Five patients showed allelic loss in at least one genetic marker in the metastatic tumor but not in its matched primary tumor . Five patients displayed loss of one allele at one or more marker loci in a primary tumor but not in the matched metastases . There was no significant difference in the frequency of allelic imbalance between primary and metastatic tumors at any marker analyzed ( P > 0.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that different patterns of allelic deletion may be acquired during cancer progression to metastases . The differences in genetic composition between primary prostate carcinoma and its metastases may be related to intrinsic cancer heterogeneity , overall genetic instability , and clonal divergence ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2289 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "777", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "radical retropubic prostatectomy" ], "offsets": [ [ 393, 425 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "778", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "bilateral lymphadenectomy" ], "offsets": [ [ 430, 455 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "779", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Allelic imbalance" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 17 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "780", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "allelic loss" ], "offsets": [ [ 200, 212 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "781", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "allelic loss" ], "offsets": [ [ 200, 212 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "782", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "overall frequency of allelic imbalance" ], "offsets": [ [ 1042, 1080 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "783", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "allelic loss" ], "offsets": [ [ 200, 212 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "784", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "allelic loss" ], "offsets": [ [ 200, 212 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "785", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "allele" ], "offsets": [ [ 1418, 1424 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "786", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "allelic loss" ], "offsets": [ [ 200, 212 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "787", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "allelic loss" ], "offsets": [ [ 200, 212 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "788", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "loss of one allele" ], "offsets": [ [ 1708, 1726 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "789", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "frequency of allelic imbalance" ], "offsets": [ [ 1050, 1080 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "790", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "allelic deletion" ], "offsets": [ [ 2017, 2033 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "791", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "prostate carcinoma" ], "offsets": [ [ 45, 63 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "792", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "25" ], "offsets": [ [ 216, 218 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "793", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "primary and metastatic prostate tumors ." ], "offsets": [ [ 227, 267 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "794", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "Twenty-five" ], "offsets": [ [ 276, 287 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "795", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "regional lymph node metastases" ], "offsets": [ [ 493, 523 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "796", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "24" ], "offsets": [ [ 1143, 1145 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "798", "type": "document", "text": [ "Thrombolysis is superior to heparin for non-obstructive mitral mechanical valve thrombosis . BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE STUDY Non-obstructive prosthetic valve thrombosis ( PVT ) is a unique subset that features clinical presentation without heart failure , and may be asymptomatic . Thrombolysis has been accepted for obstructive PVT , but treatment strategies of non-obstructive PVT are controversial . This study compared the efficacy and safety of thrombolysis and heparin treatment in these patients . METHODS Between 1993 and 1998 , 20 consecutive patients were found by multiplane transesophageal echocardiography ( TEE ) to have non-obstructive PVT . TEE was performed for peripheral embolism in two patients , stroke or transient ischemic attack in six , stroke and fever in two , fever in one patient , as a routine postoperative examination in two patients , and for other reasons in seven . Patients were allocated to two groups : group I ( n = 8 ) received streptokinase-mediated fibrinolysis ; group II ( n = 12 ) received intravenous heparin by infusion . Treatment was monitored using TEE . RESULTS There was no difference between patient groups with regard to sex , age , type of prosthesis and time since operation , though anticoagulant status was more often inadequate in group II . By TEE , valve motion was normal in all patients . In group I , all thrombi were mobile and 5-13 mm in diameter ; in group II , all thrombi but three were mobile and 3-18 mm in diameter . In group I , thrombolysis was successful in all patients , without complications , within 6-72 h. In group II , heparin treatment was successful in six patients in 3-32 days . In one patient , seven days ' of unsuccessful heparin was followed by two months ' successful coumarin therapy . Among five unsuccessful cases , the thrombus size increased in four ( three became obstructive in 7-35 days ) ; all four patients were switched to fibrinolysis , which was successful without complications in 12-60 h. The fifth patient developed a stroke after nine days of heparin treatment and was subsequently operated on . CONCLUSIONS Non-obstructive PVT may be asymptomatic in one-third of patients . Thrombolysis is an efficient and safe treatment , and may be first-line therapy if there is no contraindication . Heparin treatment was successful in about one-half of our cases in the presence of sessile or small thrombi and inadequate anticoagulant status . In unsuccessful cases , thrombi became obstructive or caused stroke during heparin therapy , the adequate duration of which remains unclear ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2584 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "799", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "transesophageal echocardiography" ], "offsets": [ [ 586, 618 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "800", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "streptokinase-mediated fibrinolysis ;" ], "offsets": [ [ 968, 1005 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "801", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "intravenous heparin by infusion ." ], "offsets": [ [ 1035, 1068 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "802", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "heparin" ], "offsets": [ [ 28, 35 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "803", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Heparin" ], "offsets": [ [ 2297, 2304 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "804", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "efficacy and safety" ], "offsets": [ [ 427, 446 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "805", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "valve motion" ], "offsets": [ [ 1310, 1322 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "806", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "thrombi" ], "offsets": [ [ 1369, 1376 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "807", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "complications" ], "offsets": [ [ 1556, 1569 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "808", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "thrombus size" ], "offsets": [ [ 1814, 1827 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "809", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "stroke" ], "offsets": [ [ 717, 723 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "810", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "efficient and safe" ], "offsets": [ [ 2202, 2220 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "811", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "stroke" ], "offsets": [ [ 717, 723 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "812", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "prosthetic valve thrombosis ( PVT )" ], "offsets": [ [ 141, 176 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "813", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "20" ], "offsets": [ [ 537, 539 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "814", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "non-obstructive PVT ." ], "offsets": [ [ 635, 656 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "816", "type": "document", "text": [ "Blood purification for critical care medicine : endotoxin adsorption . Many kinds of blood purifying technologies have been applied to the treatment of critically ill patients since 1979 when plasma exchange with hollow-fiber membranes was developed . These technologies have been applied not only to the removal of toxic substances , but also to the treatment of objective diseases and the removal of the factors relating to the associated inflammation . This article summarizes these methods and their efficacies for critically ill patients , especially those with severe sepsis . Attempts have been made to remove endotoxin , the main cause of sepsis , from the circulation using polymyxin B immobilized fiber , charcoal hemoperfusion , and plasma or whole blood exchange . Attempts have also been made to remove proinflammatory cytokines , eicosanoides , and coagulative factors from the circulation in the human body . Continuous hemofiltration or hemodiafiltration is the representative technology . The efficacy of these methods has been established , but several issues remain unresolved . All methods of the treatment of severe sepsis are discussed with reference to treatment indications , efficacy , and outcome parameters . In particular , the clinical results of endotoxin removal with polymyxin B immobilized fiber are summarized in this article ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1361 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "817", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "Blood purification" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 18 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "818", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "blood purifying technologies" ], "offsets": [ [ 85, 113 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "819", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "polymyxin B immobilized fiber" ], "offsets": [ [ 683, 712 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "820", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "charcoal hemoperfusion" ], "offsets": [ [ 715, 737 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "821", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "plasma or whole blood exchange" ], "offsets": [ [ 744, 774 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "822", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "polymyxin B immobilized fiber" ], "offsets": [ [ 683, 712 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "823", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Blood purification" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 18 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "824", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "efficacy" ], "offsets": [ [ 1010, 1018 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "825", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "indications" ], "offsets": [ [ 1186, 1197 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "826", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "efficacy" ], "offsets": [ [ 1010, 1018 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "827", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "critically ill patients , especially those with severe sepsis ." ], "offsets": [ [ 519, 582 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "829", "type": "document", "text": [ "Naltrexone and communication skills in young children with autism . OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of naltrexone on communication skills of young children with autism . METHOD Twenty-four children with autism , 3.0 to 8.3 years old ( mean 5.1 ) who were living at home and attending appropriate school programs , participated in a randomized , double-blind , placebo-controlled , crossover trial . Naltrexone , 1.0 mg/kg , or placebo was administered daily for 2 weeks . Communication was evaluated from videotaped samples of seminaturalistic parent-child interaction . Child and parent language were assessed using similar measures . RESULTS In this heterogeneous sample , the median number of words the child produced on placebo was 9.5 ( range 0-124 ) . The median proportion of utterances with echolalia was 0.16 . No differences were found between the naltrexone and placebo conditions in any of the measures of children or parents ' communication . Significant correlations were found between the child 's number of words and developmental quotient ( Spearman rho = 0.58 , p = .003 ) and between the child 's and parent 's number of words ( rho = 0.55 , p = .005 ) . CONCLUSIONS Previous studies showed that naltrexone was associated with modest reduction in hyperactivity and restlessness in this group of children with autism . In this short-term study , the medication did not lead to improvement in communication , a core deficit of autism ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1453 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "830", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Naltrexone" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 10 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "831", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "naltrexone" ], "offsets": [ [ 104, 114 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "832", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Naltrexone" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 10 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "833", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 361, 368 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "834", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "videotaped samples of seminaturalistic parent-child interaction" ], "offsets": [ [ 506, 569 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "835", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "naltrexone" ], "offsets": [ [ 104, 114 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "836", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 361, 368 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "837", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "naltrexone" ], "offsets": [ [ 104, 114 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "838", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "median number of words the child produced" ], "offsets": [ [ 680, 721 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "839", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "median proportion of utterances with echolalia" ], "offsets": [ [ 763, 809 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "840", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "children or parents ' communication" ], "offsets": [ [ 919, 954 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "841", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "child 's number of words" ], "offsets": [ [ 1005, 1029 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "842", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "developmental quotient" ], "offsets": [ [ 1034, 1056 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "843", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "autism" ], "offsets": [ [ 59, 65 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "844", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "young children" ], "offsets": [ [ 39, 53 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "845", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "with autism ." ], "offsets": [ [ 54, 67 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "846", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "Twenty-four" ], "offsets": [ [ 178, 189 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "847", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "autism" ], "offsets": [ [ 59, 65 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "849", "type": "document", "text": [ "Long term response to therapy of chronic anti-HBe-positive hepatitis B is poor independent of type and schedule of interferon . OBJECTIVE The response rate to alpha interferon ( IFN ) of chronic anti-HBe-positive hepatitis B is variable . We studied whether type , dose , and schedule of IFN , and type and frequency of posttreatment monitoring , influence the response rate . METHODS Seventy-two consecutive anti-HBe-positive chronic hepatitis B patients ( 59 male and 13 female , median age 41 yr ) stratified by sex and histology were randomly allocated to three treatment arms . Twenty-seven patients ( A ) received 10 million units alpha-N1 IFN i.m . t.w . for 24 wk ( total dose : 720 million units ) ; 21 ( B ) received 9 million units alpha-2a IFN i.m . t.w . for 4 wk , followed by 18 million units for 12 wk and 9 million units for 8 wk ( 972 million units ) ; 24 ( C ) received 2 alpha-2a IFN courses ( 9 million units i.m . t.w . for 16 and 12 wk separated by a 6-month interval [ 756 million units ] ) . Primary response was defined by normal ALT and serum HBV-DNA levels below 10 pg/ml at the end of therapy and sustained response by normal ALT ( tested monthly ) , undetectable HBV-DNA and IgM anti-HBc ( < 7 I.U . Paul Ehrlich Institute ) ( tested every 3 months ) during the posttreatment follow-up . RESULTS At the end of treatment , 12 , 8 , and 13 patients from groups A , B , and C , respectively , were responders . At the 18-month follow-up , two patients in group A and only one in groups B and C maintained the response . Overall , after 34 months ( median posttreatment follow-up ) , three patients were long term responders , whereas three showed a sustained remission after relapse . CONCLUSIONS The rate of long term response to interferon of anti-HBe-positive chronic hepatitis B is poor , independent of IFN type , dose , or schedule ; the more stringent the monitoring , the higher the relapse rate ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1932 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "850", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "alpha interferon ( IFN )" ], "offsets": [ [ 159, 183 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "851", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "IFN" ], "offsets": [ [ 178, 181 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "852", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "alpha-N1 IFN i.m ." ], "offsets": [ [ 637, 655 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "853", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "alpha-2a IFN i.m ." ], "offsets": [ [ 743, 761 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "854", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "2 alpha-2a IFN" ], "offsets": [ [ 889, 903 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "855", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "response rate to alpha interferon ( IFN )" ], "offsets": [ [ 142, 183 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "856", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "normal ALT" ], "offsets": [ [ 1049, 1059 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "857", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "serum HBV-DNA levels" ], "offsets": [ [ 1064, 1084 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "858", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "normal ALT" ], "offsets": [ [ 1049, 1059 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "859", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "undetectable HBV-DNA" ], "offsets": [ [ 1180, 1200 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "860", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "remission" ], "offsets": [ [ 1686, 1695 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "861", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "rate of long term response" ], "offsets": [ [ 1728, 1754 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "862", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "chronic anti-HBe-positive hepatitis B" ], "offsets": [ [ 33, 70 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "863", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "Seventy-two" ], "offsets": [ [ 385, 396 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "864", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "59" ], "offsets": [ [ 458, 460 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "865", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "male" ], "offsets": [ [ 461, 465 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "866", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "13" ], "offsets": [ [ 470, 472 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "867", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "female" ], "offsets": [ [ 473, 479 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "868", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "41 yr" ], "offsets": [ [ 493, 498 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "870", "type": "document", "text": [ "Getting a high response rate of sexual behavior survey among the general population in Japan : three different methods of survey on sexual behavior . The purpose of this study was to specify the most accurate , reliable and valid technique for a general sexual behavioral survey in Japan . This pilot study was conducted to assure a high response rate and to keep respondents ' privacy confidential by using an anonymous questionnaire survey technique . The sample ( 360 potential respondents ) was selected randomly from basic resident registers in two geographically different areas . From the registries , 90 residents , aged 20 to 49 years old , were randomly selected to represent each sex from each area . The subjects were randomly assigned to three groups each having a different procedure of requesting the completion of the survey and providing the questionnaires : ( 1 ) Postal Group , ( 2 ) Telephone Group , and ( 3 ) Face-to-face Group . The survey was carried out from October 1995 to February 1996 . Effective response rates for the above mentioned three groups were 69.2 % , 69.2 % and 55.8 % , respectively . It is difficult to determine the best method when only considering the effective response rates . However , judging from our effort and expense , the mail survey is the best possible procedure and would be a reasonable method for a national sexual behavior survey ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1392 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "871", "type": "Intervention_Other", "text": [ "Postal Group" ], "offsets": [ [ 882, 894 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "872", "type": "Intervention_Other", "text": [ "Telephone Group" ], "offsets": [ [ 903, 918 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "873", "type": "Intervention_Other", "text": [ "Face-to-face Group" ], "offsets": [ [ 931, 949 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "874", "type": "Intervention_Other", "text": [ "mail survey" ], "offsets": [ [ 1277, 1288 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "875", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Effective response rates" ], "offsets": [ [ 1016, 1040 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "876", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "effective response rates" ], "offsets": [ [ 1198, 1222 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "877", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "." ], "offsets": [ [ 148, 149 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "878", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "360 potential respondents" ], "offsets": [ [ 467, 492 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "879", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "90 residents" ], "offsets": [ [ 609, 621 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "881", "type": "document", "text": [ "Comparative evaluation of olopatadine ophthalmic solution ( 0.1 % ) versus ketorolac ophthalmic solution ( 0.5 % ) using the provocative antigen challenge model . OBJECTIVE This study was conducted to compare the efficacy and safety of olopatadine ophthalmic solution ( 0.1 % ) with ketorolac ophthalmic solution ( 0.5 % ) in a clinical model of acute allergic conjunctivitis . Olopatadine is a dual acting H1 histamine receptor antagonist and a mast cell stabilizer , shown to be effective in treating allergic conjunctivitis . Ketorolac is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug approved in the United States for the relief of ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis . METHODS The provocative antigen challenge model was used in this randomized , double-blind , single-center , crossover study . The allergen and concentration that consistently elicited a positive allergic reaction was used for challenge . After at least 14 days , subjects were randomized to receive either olopatadine in one eye and placebo in the contralateral eye , or ketorolac in one eye and placebo in the contralateral eye . Twenty-seven minutes after drug instillation subjects were challenged with allergen . At 3 , 10 , and 20 minutes following allergen challenge , subjects graded ocular itching and were assessed for hyperemia in conjunctival , ciliary , and episcleral vessel beds . Approximately 14 days later , subjects received the alternate treatment in one eye and placebo in the contralateral eye . They were again challenged with allergen and their responses were rated in the same manner . RESULTS Olopatadine significantly ( p < 0.0001 ) reduced both ocular itching and hyperemia in all three vessel beds compared to placebo at all time points tested following allergen challenge . Ketorolac did not significantly reduce itching and showed a trend of increased hyperemia compared to placebo . Olopatadine was significantly ( p < 0.001 ) more effective than ketorolac in reducing hyperemia and ocular itching at all time points and was also significantly ( p < 0.05 ) more comfortable than ketorolac as reported by subjects immediately following drug instillation . CONCLUSION The study demonstrated that olopatadine is effective and safe in preventing and treating ocular itching and hyperemia associated with acute allergic conjunctivitis and is more effective and more comfortable than ketorolac ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2416 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "882", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "olopatadine ophthalmic solution" ], "offsets": [ [ 26, 57 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "883", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ketorolac ophthalmic solution" ], "offsets": [ [ 75, 104 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "884", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "olopatadine ophthalmic solution" ], "offsets": [ [ 26, 57 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "885", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ketorolac ophthalmic solution" ], "offsets": [ [ 75, 104 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "886", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Olopatadine" ], "offsets": [ [ 378, 389 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "887", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Ketorolac" ], "offsets": [ [ 529, 538 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "888", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "olopatadine" ], "offsets": [ [ 26, 37 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "889", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 1029, 1036 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "890", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ketorolac" ], "offsets": [ [ 75, 84 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "891", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 1029, 1036 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "892", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 1029, 1036 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "893", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Olopatadine" ], "offsets": [ [ 378, 389 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "894", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 1029, 1036 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "895", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Ketorolac" ], "offsets": [ [ 529, 538 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "896", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 1029, 1036 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "897", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Olopatadine" ], "offsets": [ [ 378, 389 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "898", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ketorolac" ], "offsets": [ [ 75, 84 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "899", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ketorolac" ], "offsets": [ [ 75, 84 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "900", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "olopatadine" ], "offsets": [ [ 26, 37 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "901", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ketorolac" ], "offsets": [ [ 75, 84 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "902", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "efficacy and safety" ], "offsets": [ [ 213, 232 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "903", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "graded ocular itching" ], "offsets": [ [ 1280, 1301 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "904", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "hyperemia in conjunctival , ciliary , and episcleral vessel beds ." ], "offsets": [ [ 1324, 1390 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "905", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "ocular itching" ], "offsets": [ [ 629, 643 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "906", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "hyperemia" ], "offsets": [ [ 1324, 1333 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "907", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "itching" ], "offsets": [ [ 636, 643 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "908", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "effective" ], "offsets": [ [ 481, 490 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "909", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "hyperemia" ], "offsets": [ [ 1324, 1333 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "910", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "ocular itching" ], "offsets": [ [ 629, 643 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "911", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "comfortable" ], "offsets": [ [ 2089, 2100 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "912", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "ocular itching" ], "offsets": [ [ 629, 643 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "913", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "hyperemia" ], "offsets": [ [ 1324, 1333 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "914", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "acute allergic conjunctivitis ." ], "offsets": [ [ 346, 377 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "915", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "allergic conjunctivitis ." ], "offsets": [ [ 352, 377 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "917", "type": "document", "text": [ "Effect of total androgen ablation on pathologic stage and resection limit status of prostate cancer . Initial results of the Italian PROSIT study . The likelihood of finding organ-confined untreated prostate cancer ( PCa ) by pathological examination at the time of radical prostatectomy ( RP ) is only 50 % in patients with clinically organ-confined disease . In addition , tumour is present at the resection margin in approximately 30 % of clinical T2 ( clinical stage B ) cases . The issue of clinical \" understaging \" and of resection limit positivity have led to the development of novel management practices , including \" neoadjuvant \" hormonal therapy ( NHT ) . The optimal duration of NHT is unknown . We undertook the present analysis to evaluate the effect of NHT on pathologic stage of PCa and resection limit status in patients with prostate cancer and treated with total androgen ablation either for three or six months before RP . Between January 1996 and February 1998 , 259 men with prostate cancer underwent radical retropubic prostatectomy and bilateral pelvic node dissection in the 26 centres participating in the Italian randomised prospective PROSIT study . Whole mount sectioning of the complete RP specimens was adopted in each centre for accurately evaluating the pathologic stage and resection limit status . By February 1998 , haematoxylin and eosin stained sections from 155 RP specimens had been received and evaluated by the reviewing pathologist ( RM ) . 64 cases had not been treated with total androgen ablation ( e.g . NHT ) before RP was performed , whereas 58 and 33 had been treated for three and six months , respectively . 114 patients were clinical stage B whereas 41 were clinical stage C. After three months of total androgen ablation , pathological stage B was more prevalent among patients with clinical B tumours , compared with untreated patients ( 57 % in treated patients vs. 36 % in untreated ) . The percentage of cancers with negative margins was statistically significantly greater in patients treated with neoadjuvant therapy than those treated with immediate surgery alone ( 69 % vs. 42 % , respectively ) . After six months of NHT therapy the proportion of patients with pathological stage B ( 67 % vs. 36 % , respectively ) and negative margins was greater than after 3 months ( 92 % vs. 42 % , respectively ) . For clinical C tumours , the prevalence of pathological stage B and negative margins in the patients treated for either 3 or 6 months was not as high as in the clinical B tumours , when compared with the untreated group ( pathological stage B : 31 % and 33 % vs. 6 % in the clinical C cases , respectively . Negative margins : 56 % and 67 % vs. 31 % , respectively ) . The initial results of this study suggest that total androgen ablation before RP is beneficial in men with clinical stage B because of the significant pathological downstaging and decrease in the number of positive margins in the RP specimens . These two effects are more pronounced after six months of NHT than after three months of therapy . The same degree of beneficial effects are not observed in clinical C tumours ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 3159 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "918", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "total androgen ablation" ], "offsets": [ [ 10, 33 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "919", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "radical prostatectomy ( RP )" ], "offsets": [ [ 266, 294 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "920", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "\" neoadjuvant \" hormonal therapy ( NHT )" ], "offsets": [ [ 626, 666 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "921", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "total androgen ablation" ], "offsets": [ [ 10, 33 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "922", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "radical retropubic prostatectomy and bilateral pelvic node dissection" ], "offsets": [ [ 1025, 1094 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "923", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "total androgen ablation" ], "offsets": [ [ 10, 33 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "924", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "NHT" ], "offsets": [ [ 661, 664 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "925", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "total androgen ablation" ], "offsets": [ [ 10, 33 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "926", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "neoadjuvant therapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 2059, 2078 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "927", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "immediate surgery alone" ], "offsets": [ [ 2103, 2126 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "928", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "total androgen ablation before" ], "offsets": [ [ 2784, 2814 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "929", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "RP" ], "offsets": [ [ 290, 292 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "930", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "NHT" ], "offsets": [ [ 661, 664 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "931", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "pathologic stage and resection limit status of prostate cancer" ], "offsets": [ [ 37, 99 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "932", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "effect of NHT on pathologic stage of PCa and resection limit status" ], "offsets": [ [ 760, 827 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "933", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "pathologic stage and resection limit status" ], "offsets": [ [ 37, 80 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "934", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "pathological stage B" ], "offsets": [ [ 1779, 1799 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "935", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "percentage of cancers with negative margins" ], "offsets": [ [ 1950, 1993 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "936", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "proportion of patients with pathological stage B" ], "offsets": [ [ 2198, 2246 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "937", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "negative margins" ], "offsets": [ [ 1977, 1993 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "938", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "pathological stage B and negative margins" ], "offsets": [ [ 2411, 2452 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "939", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "pathological downstaging" ], "offsets": [ [ 2888, 2912 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "940", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "positive margins in the RP specimens" ], "offsets": [ [ 2943, 2979 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "941", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "beneficial effects" ], "offsets": [ [ 3100, 3118 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "942", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "prostate cancer" ], "offsets": [ [ 84, 99 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "944", "type": "document", "text": [ "Problem-solving counseling for caregivers of the cognitively impaired : effective for whom ? BACKGROUND Individualized problem-solving counseling for caregivers of cognitively impaired relatives is thought to help caregivers cope with the stress and burden of caregiving . Few studies have shown the effectiveness of counseling for these caregivers . OBJECTIVES To determine the effectiveness of individualized problem-solving counseling by nurses for caregivers and the expenditures of health care utilization . METHOD Caregivers ( n = 77 ) of the cognitively impaired living at home were randomized to receive nurse counseling or not . Psychosocial adjustment to their relative 's illness , psychological distress , burden , coping skills , and expenditures were measured after 6 months and 1 year . RESULTS Although on average , all caregivers receiving nurse counseling indicated no improvement in psychosocial adjustment to their relative 's illness , psychological distress , or caregiver burden , they found counseling very helpful and it was effective for a subgroup of caregivers . Those with poor logical analysis coping skills at baseline had decreased psychological distress ( F ( 1,53 ) = 9.7 , p = .003 ) and improved psychosocial adjustment ( F ( 1,53 ) = 4.7 , p = .035 ) after 1 year . Caregivers in control and counseling groups whose relatives entered a nursing home improved their psychosocial adjustment 23 % on average whereas those continuing to live in the community decreased by 8 % . Almost half as many relatives entered nursing homes in the counseling group ( n = 9 vs. n = 5 ) but these compared to control group relatives had greater annualized per person expenditures for health and social services ( Cdn $ 23,437 vs. Cdn $ 15,151 ) . CONCLUSIONS Caregivers found nurse counseling most helpful . Those indicating infrequent use of logical analysis coping skills showed benefits ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1910 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "945", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "Problem-solving counseling" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 26 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "946", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "problem-solving counseling" ], "offsets": [ [ 119, 145 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "947", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "individualized problem-solving counseling by nurses" ], "offsets": [ [ 396, 447 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "948", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "nurse counseling or" ], "offsets": [ [ 612, 631 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "949", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "not" ], "offsets": [ [ 632, 635 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "950", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "nurse counseling" ], "offsets": [ [ 612, 628 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "951", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "control" ], "offsets": [ [ 1317, 1324 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "952", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "counseling" ], "offsets": [ [ 16, 26 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "953", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "counseling" ], "offsets": [ [ 16, 26 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "954", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "control" ], "offsets": [ [ 1317, 1324 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "955", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "nurse counseling" ], "offsets": [ [ 612, 628 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "956", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "relative 's illness" ], "offsets": [ [ 671, 690 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "957", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "psychological distress" ], "offsets": [ [ 693, 715 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "958", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "burden" ], "offsets": [ [ 250, 256 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "959", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "coping skills" ], "offsets": [ [ 727, 740 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "960", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "expenditures" ], "offsets": [ [ 471, 483 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "961", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "improvement" ], "offsets": [ [ 887, 898 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "962", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "relative 's illness" ], "offsets": [ [ 671, 690 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "963", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "psychological distress" ], "offsets": [ [ 693, 715 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "964", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "caregiver burden" ], "offsets": [ [ 985, 1001 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "965", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "psychological distress" ], "offsets": [ [ 693, 715 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "966", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "psychosocial adjustment" ], "offsets": [ [ 902, 925 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "967", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "psychosocial adjustment" ], "offsets": [ [ 902, 925 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "968", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "health and social services" ], "offsets": [ [ 1703, 1729 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "969", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "77 )" ], "offsets": [ [ 537, 541 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "970", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "cognitively impaired" ], "offsets": [ [ 49, 69 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "972", "type": "document", "text": [ "Oral and parenteral glutamine in bone marrow transplantation : a randomized , double-blind study . BACKGROUND Total parenteral nutrition ( TPN ) supplemented with glutamine ( GLN ) has been reported to be effective for patients with bone marrow transplantation ( BMT ) . Our aim was to evaluate enteral and parenteral glutamine in patients undergoing BMT . METHODS For evaluation of GLN in BMT , 66 patients with 43 hematologic and 23 solid malignancies ( 21 breast carcinomas ) , were randomized , double-blinded , to either oral GLN ( n = 35 ) or glycine-control ( GLY ) ( n = 31 ) , 10 g three times daily . When TPN became necessary , patients who received GLN orally were given TPN with GLN ( 0.57 g/kg ) . Those who received GLY received standard TPN , isocaloric and isonitrogenous . Patients with hematologic malignancies received high-dose chemotherapy , total body irradiation , and either allogeneic ( ALLO ) BMT ( n = 18 ) or autologous ( AUTO ) stem cell transplantation ( n = 25 ) . Patients with solid malignancies ( n = 23 ) received AUTO . RESULTS There were 14 in-hospital deaths without relationship to GLN administration . For respective comparisons of ALLO and AUTO transplants in the GLN and GLY hematologic groups and AUTO in the solid tumor groups , there were no significant differences in hospital stay , duration of stay after BMT , TPN days , neutrophil recovery > 500/mm3 , incidence of positive blood cultures , sepsis , mucositis , and diarrhea . Acute graft us host disease occurred in 1 of 10 hematologic patients receiving GLN and in 3 of 8 patients receiving GLY placebo ( p > .05 ) . Possible reduction in need for TPN and a suggestion of improved long-term survival were associated with GLN . CONCLUSIONS Oral and parenteral GLN seemed to be of limited benefit for patients having AUTO or ALLO BMT for hematologic or solid malignancies . Further study of long-term effects of GLN in BMT seems warranted ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1941 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "973", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "glutamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 20, 29 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "974", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Total parenteral nutrition ( TPN ) supplemented with glutamine ( GLN )" ], "offsets": [ [ 110, 180 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "975", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "oral GLN" ], "offsets": [ [ 526, 534 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "976", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "glycine-control" ], "offsets": [ [ 549, 564 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "977", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "TPN" ], "offsets": [ [ 139, 142 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "978", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "GLN" ], "offsets": [ [ 175, 178 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "979", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "TPN" ], "offsets": [ [ 139, 142 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "980", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "GLN" ], "offsets": [ [ 175, 178 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "981", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "TPN" ], "offsets": [ [ 139, 142 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "982", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "high-dose chemotherapy , total body irradiation , and either allogeneic ( ALLO ) BMT" ], "offsets": [ [ 839, 923 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "983", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "stem cell transplantation" ], "offsets": [ [ 958, 983 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "984", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "AUTO" ], "offsets": [ [ 951, 955 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "985", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "GLN" ], "offsets": [ [ 175, 178 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "986", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "hospital stay , duration of stay after BMT , TPN days" ], "offsets": [ [ 1315, 1368 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "987", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "neutrophil recovery > 500/mm3 , incidence of positive blood cultures" ], "offsets": [ [ 1371, 1439 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "988", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "sepsis , mucositis , and diarrhea" ], "offsets": [ [ 1442, 1475 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "989", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "Acute graft us host disease" ], "offsets": [ [ 1478, 1505 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "990", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "improved long-term survival" ], "offsets": [ [ 1675, 1702 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "991", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "patients with bone marrow transplantation ( BMT )" ], "offsets": [ [ 219, 268 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "992", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "patients undergoing BMT" ], "offsets": [ [ 331, 354 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "993", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "66 patients" ], "offsets": [ [ 396, 407 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "994", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "43" ], "offsets": [ [ 413, 415 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "995", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "23" ], "offsets": [ [ 432, 434 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "996", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "21" ], "offsets": [ [ 456, 458 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "997", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "Patients with hematologic malignancies" ], "offsets": [ [ 791, 829 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "998", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "14" ], "offsets": [ [ 1076, 1078 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "999", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "relationship to GLN administration ." ], "offsets": [ [ 1106, 1142 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1000", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "1 of 10" ], "offsets": [ [ 1518, 1525 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "1002", "type": "document", "text": [ "Gender differences in response to nicotine replacement therapy : objective and subjective indexes of tobacco withdrawal . K. A. Perkins ( 1996 ) recently proposed that nicotine reinforcement controls smoking to a greater degree among men than women and that consequently , nicotine replacement therapy ( NRT ) during smoking cessation should benefit men more than women . The authors tested this hypothesis . Polysomnographic measures of sleep and self-report indexes of tobacco withdrawal were collected pre- and postcessation from an active nicotine patch group and a placebo patch group in a randomized , double-blind clinical trial ( N = 34 ) . Objective sleep parameters supported Perkins 's hypothesis and indicated that among women , NRT may be less effective at suppressing certain withdrawal responses compared with men and may produce some iatrogenic effects . Valid and reliable self-report measures of withdrawal did not reveal gender differences in response to NRT ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 979 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "1003", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "nicotine replacement therapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 34, 62 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1004", "type": "Intervention_Other", "text": [ "nicotine reinforcement" ], "offsets": [ [ 168, 190 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1005", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "nicotine replacement therapy ( NRT )" ], "offsets": [ [ 273, 309 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1006", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "nicotine patch" ], "offsets": [ [ 543, 557 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1007", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo patch" ], "offsets": [ [ 570, 583 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1008", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "NRT" ], "offsets": [ [ 304, 307 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1009", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "NRT" ], "offsets": [ [ 304, 307 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1010", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "sleep and self-report indexes" ], "offsets": [ [ 438, 467 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1011", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "suppressing certain withdrawal responses" ], "offsets": [ [ 770, 810 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1012", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "may produce some iatrogenic effects" ], "offsets": [ [ 833, 868 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1013", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "withdrawal did not reveal gender differences in response to NRT ." ], "offsets": [ [ 914, 979 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "1015", "type": "document", "text": [ "Amphotericin B in children with malignant disease : a comparison of the toxicities and pharmacokinetics of amphotericin B administered in dextrose versus lipid emulsion . In a prospective , randomized clinical trial , the toxicity of 1 mg of amphotericin B ( AmB ) per kg of body weight per day infused in 5 % dextrose was compared with that of AmB infused in lipid emulsion in children with malignant disease . In an analysis of 82 children who received a full course of 6 days or more of AmB ( 117 courses ) , it was shown that there were significant increases in plasma urea and creatinine concentrations and in potassium requirement after 6 days of therapy with both AmB infused in dextrose and AmB infused in lipid emulsion , with there being no difference between the two methods of AmB administration . An intent-to-treat comparison of the numbers of courses affected by acute toxicity ( fever , rigors ) and chronic toxicity ( nephrotoxicity ) also indicated that there was no significant difference between AmB infused in dextrose ( 78 courses ) and AmB infused in lipid emulsion ( 84 courses ) . The pharmacokinetics of AmB were investigated in 20 children who received AmB in dextrose and 15 children who received AmB in lipid emulsion . Blood samples were collected up to 24 h after administration of the first dose , and the concentration of AmB in plasma was analyzed by a high-performance liquid chromatography assay . The clearance ( CL ) of AmB in dextrose ( 0.039 +/- 0.016 liter . h-1 . kg-1 ) was significantly lower ( P < 0.005 ) than the CL of AmB in lipid emulsion ( 0.062 +/- 0 . 024 liter . h-1 . kg-1 ) . The steady-state volume of distribution for AmB in dextrose ( 0.83 +/- 0.33 liter . kg-1 ) was also significantly lower ( P < 0.005 ) than that for AmB in lipid emulsion ( 1.47 +/- 0.77 liter . kg-1 ) . Although AmB in lipid emulsion is apparently cleared faster and distributes more widely than AmB in dextrose , this study did not reveal any significant advantage with respect to safety and tolerance in the administration of AmB in lipid emulsion compared to its administration in dextrose in children with malignant disease ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2160 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "1016", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Amphotericin B" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 14 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1017", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "amphotericin B administered in dextrose" ], "offsets": [ [ 107, 146 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1018", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "lipid emulsion" ], "offsets": [ [ 154, 168 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1019", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "amphotericin B ( AmB )" ], "offsets": [ [ 242, 264 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1020", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "dextrose" ], "offsets": [ [ 138, 146 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1021", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "AmB infused in lipid emulsion" ], "offsets": [ [ 345, 374 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1022", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "AmB" ], "offsets": [ [ 259, 262 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1023", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "AmB" ], "offsets": [ [ 259, 262 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1024", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "dextrose" ], "offsets": [ [ 138, 146 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1025", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "AmB" ], "offsets": [ [ 259, 262 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1026", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "lipid emulsion" ], "offsets": [ [ 154, 168 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1027", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "AmB" ], "offsets": [ [ 259, 262 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1028", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "AmB" ], "offsets": [ [ 259, 262 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1029", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "dextrose" ], "offsets": [ [ 138, 146 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1030", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "AmB infused in lipid emulsion" ], "offsets": [ [ 345, 374 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1031", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "AmB" ], "offsets": [ [ 259, 262 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1032", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "AmB" ], "offsets": [ [ 259, 262 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1033", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "dextrose" ], "offsets": [ [ 138, 146 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1034", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "AmB in lipid emulsion" ], "offsets": [ [ 1225, 1246 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1035", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "AmB" ], "offsets": [ [ 259, 262 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1036", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "AmB in dextrose" ], "offsets": [ [ 1180, 1195 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1037", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "AmB in lipid emulsion" ], "offsets": [ [ 1225, 1246 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1038", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "AmB in lipid emulsion" ], "offsets": [ [ 1225, 1246 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1039", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "AmB in lipid emulsion" ], "offsets": [ [ 1225, 1246 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1040", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "AmB in dextrose" ], "offsets": [ [ 1180, 1195 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1041", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "AmB" ], "offsets": [ [ 259, 262 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1042", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "dextrose" ], "offsets": [ [ 138, 146 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1043", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "pharmacokinetics of AmB" ], "offsets": [ [ 1110, 1133 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1044", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "concentration of AmB in plasma" ], "offsets": [ [ 1338, 1368 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1045", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "clearance ( CL ) of AmB in dextrose" ], "offsets": [ [ 1438, 1473 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1046", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "steady-state volume of distribution for AmB" ], "offsets": [ [ 1635, 1678 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1047", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "AmB in lipid emulsion" ], "offsets": [ [ 1225, 1246 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1048", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "AmB in dextrose" ], "offsets": [ [ 1180, 1195 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1049", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "safety and tolerance" ], "offsets": [ [ 2013, 2033 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1050", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "children" ], "offsets": [ [ 18, 26 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1051", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "malignant disease :" ], "offsets": [ [ 32, 51 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1052", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "children" ], "offsets": [ [ 18, 26 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1053", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "malignant disease" ], "offsets": [ [ 32, 49 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1054", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "82" ], "offsets": [ [ 430, 432 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1055", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "children" ], "offsets": [ [ 18, 26 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1056", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "malignant disease" ], "offsets": [ [ 32, 49 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "1058", "type": "document", "text": [ "Effect of granulocyte/colony-stimulating factor on the onset of the adult respiratory distress syndrome . To evaluate the effect of granulocyte/colony-stimulating factor ( G-CSF ) on the onset of the adult respiratory distress syndrome ( ARDS ) , we investigated whether the incidence of ARDS due to pulmonary infection differed between the G-CSF group which received chemotherapy with G-CSF and historical controls without G-CSF . We evaluated 132 patients with hematological malignancy in complete remission without any main organ dysfunction who had been treated between April 1983 and December 1997 . We compared the incidence of ARDS due to pulmonary infection between those who received G-CSF and those who did not . There was no remarkable difference in the number of patients , gender , age , or distribution of primary diseases between the two groups . The intensity of chemotherapy was not considered to significantly differ between the two groups , though the chemotherapy regimens administered differed slightly . In the G-CSF group , the duration of neutropenia was significantly shorter and the frequency of documented infection was significantly decreased . We could not find any relationship between ARDS due to pulmonary infection and any anticancer agent or antibiotics . There was no relationship between the kind of G-CSF and the incidence of ARDS due to pulmonary infection ( per chemotherapy session ; p > 0.10 , per case ; p > 0.30 , chi2 test ) . The incidence of ARDS due to pulmonary infection per chemotherapy session was 4.21 % , and showed a higher tendency in the G-CSF group ( p < 0.100 , chi2 test ) . The incidence of ARDS due to pulmonary infection per case was 25.4 % and was significantly higher in the G-CSF group ( p < 0.025 , chi2 test ) . The incidence of ARDS due to pulmonary infection was higher in the G-CSF group than in the controls , suggesting that G-CSF promotes the development of ARDS due to pulmonary infection ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1964 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "1059", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "granulocyte/colony-stimulating factor" ], "offsets": [ [ 10, 47 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1060", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "granulocyte/colony-stimulating factor ( G-CSF )" ], "offsets": [ [ 132, 179 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1061", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "chemotherapy with G-CSF" ], "offsets": [ [ 368, 391 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1062", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "historical controls without G-CSF" ], "offsets": [ [ 396, 429 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1063", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "G-CSF" ], "offsets": [ [ 172, 177 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1064", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "G-CSF" ], "offsets": [ [ 172, 177 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1065", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "G-CSF" ], "offsets": [ [ 172, 177 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1066", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "G-CSF" ], "offsets": [ [ 172, 177 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1067", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "G-CSF" ], "offsets": [ [ 172, 177 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1068", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "G-CSF" ], "offsets": [ [ 172, 177 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1069", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "G-CSF" ], "offsets": [ [ 172, 177 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1070", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "intensity of chemotherapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 866, 891 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1071", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "duration of neutropenia" ], "offsets": [ [ 1051, 1074 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1072", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "pulmonary infection" ], "offsets": [ [ 300, 319 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1073", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "pulmonary infection" ], "offsets": [ [ 300, 319 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1074", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "incidence of ARDS due to pulmonary infection per chemotherapy session" ], "offsets": [ [ 1475, 1544 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1075", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "incidence of ARDS due to pulmonary infection was higher in the G-CSF group" ], "offsets": [ [ 1783, 1857 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1076", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "respiratory distress syndrome" ], "offsets": [ [ 74, 103 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1077", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "G-CSF group which received chemotherapy with G-CSF" ], "offsets": [ [ 341, 391 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1078", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "historical controls without G-CSF" ], "offsets": [ [ 396, 429 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1079", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "132" ], "offsets": [ [ 445, 448 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1080", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "patients with hematological malignancy in complete remission without any main organ dysfunction who had been treated between April 1983 and December 1997 ." ], "offsets": [ [ 449, 604 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1081", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "no remarkable difference in the number of patients , gender , age , or distribution of primary diseases between the two groups" ], "offsets": [ [ 733, 859 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "1083", "type": "document", "text": [ "Low-dose growth hormone treatment with diet restriction accelerates body fat loss , exerts anabolic effect and improves growth hormone secretory dysfunction in obese adults . Growth hormone ( GH ) can induce an accelerated lipolysis . Impaired secretion of GH in obesity results in the consequent loss of the lipolytic effect of GH . Dietary restriction as a basic treatment for obesity is complicated by poor compliance , protein catabolism , and slow rates or weight loss . GH has an anabolic effect by increasing insulin-like growth factor ( IGF ) -I . We investigated the effects of GH treatment and dietary restriction on lipolytic and anabolic actions , as well as the consequent changes in insulin and GH secretion in obesity . 24 obese subjects ( 22 women and 2 men ; 22-46 years old ) were fed a diet of 25 kcal/kg ideal body weight ( IBW ) with 1.2 g protein/kg IBW daily and were treated with recombinant human GH ( n = 12 , 0.18 U/kg IBW/week ) or placebo ( n = 12 , vehicle injection ) in a 12-week randomized , double-blind and placebo-controlled trial . GH treatment caused a 1.6-fold increase in the fraction of body weight lost as fat and a greater loss of visceral fat area than placebo treatment ( 35.3 vs. 28.5 % , p < 0.05 ) . In the placebo group , there was a loss in lean body mass ( -2.62 +/- 1.51 kg ) and a negative nitrogen balance ( -4.52 +/- 3.51 g/day ) . By contrast , the GH group increased in lean body mass ( 1.13 +/- 1.04 kg ) and had a positive nitrogen balance ( 1.81 +/- 2.06 g/day ) . GH injections caused a 1.6-fold increase in IGF-I , despite caloric restriction . GH response to L-dopa stimulation was blunted in all subjects and it was increased after treatment in both groups . GH treatment did not induce a further increase in insulin levels during an oral glucose tolerance test ( OGTT ) but significantly decreased free fatty acid ( FFA ) levels during OGTT . The decrease in FFA area under the curve during OGTT was positively correlated with visceral fat loss . This study demonstrates that in obese subjects given a hypocaloric diet , GH accelerates body fat loss , exerts anabolic effects and improves GH secretion . These findings suggest a possible therapeutic role of low-dose GH with caloric restriction for obesity ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2273 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "1084", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Low-dose growth hormone treatment with diet restriction" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 55 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1085", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Growth hormone" ], "offsets": [ [ 175, 189 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1086", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "diet" ], "offsets": [ [ 39, 43 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1087", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "recombinant human GH" ], "offsets": [ [ 904, 924 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1088", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 960, 967 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1089", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "GH" ], "offsets": [ [ 192, 194 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1090", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "GH" ], "offsets": [ [ 192, 194 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1091", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "GH injections" ], "offsets": [ [ 1525, 1538 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1092", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "GH" ], "offsets": [ [ 192, 194 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1093", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "GH" ], "offsets": [ [ 192, 194 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1094", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "accelerates body fat loss , exerts anabolic effect and improves growth hormone secretory dysfunction" ], "offsets": [ [ 56, 156 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1095", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "accelerated lipolysis" ], "offsets": [ [ 211, 232 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1096", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "lipolytic effect of GH" ], "offsets": [ [ 309, 331 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1097", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "insulin-like growth factor ( IGF ) -I" ], "offsets": [ [ 516, 553 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1098", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "lipolytic and anabolic actions" ], "offsets": [ [ 627, 657 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1099", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "insulin" ], "offsets": [ [ 516, 523 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1100", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "GH secretion" ], "offsets": [ [ 709, 721 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1101", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "fraction of body weight lost as fat and a greater loss of visceral fat area" ], "offsets": [ [ 1116, 1191 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1102", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "lean body mass" ], "offsets": [ [ 1291, 1305 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1103", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "negative nitrogen balance" ], "offsets": [ [ 1334, 1359 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1104", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "lean body mass" ], "offsets": [ [ 1291, 1305 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1105", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "positive nitrogen balance" ], "offsets": [ [ 1473, 1498 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1106", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "increase in IGF-I" ], "offsets": [ [ 1557, 1574 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1107", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "GH response to L-dopa stimulation" ], "offsets": [ [ 1607, 1640 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1108", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "insulin levels" ], "offsets": [ [ 1773, 1787 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1109", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "free fatty acid ( FFA ) levels" ], "offsets": [ [ 1863, 1893 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1110", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "FFA area" ], "offsets": [ [ 1924, 1932 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1111", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "visceral fat loss" ], "offsets": [ [ 1992, 2009 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1112", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "body fat loss" ], "offsets": [ [ 68, 81 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1113", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "exerts anabolic effects" ], "offsets": [ [ 2117, 2140 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1114", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "GH secretion" ], "offsets": [ [ 709, 721 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1115", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "obese" ], "offsets": [ [ 160, 165 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1116", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "adults" ], "offsets": [ [ 166, 172 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1117", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "obesity" ], "offsets": [ [ 263, 270 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1118", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "24" ], "offsets": [ [ 735, 737 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1119", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "obese" ], "offsets": [ [ 160, 165 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1120", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "22" ], "offsets": [ [ 755, 757 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1121", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "women" ], "offsets": [ [ 758, 763 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1122", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "2" ], "offsets": [ [ 735, 736 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1123", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "men" ], "offsets": [ [ 29, 32 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1124", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "22-46 years" ], "offsets": [ [ 776, 787 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1125", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "obese" ], "offsets": [ [ 160, 165 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "1127", "type": "document", "text": [ "A prospective randomized trial of Duraflo II heparin-coated circuits in cardiac reoperations . BACKGROUND Heparin-coated circuits in cardiopulmonary bypass have been shown to decrease the systemic inflammatory responses associated with cardiopulmonary bypass . Previous clinical studies on low-risk patients who had coronary artery bypass grafting ( CABG ) and received full-dose systemic heparin did not have clearly improved clinical outcomes . We hypothesized that the beneficial effects of heparin-coated circuits might be seen in patients who had cardiac reoperations . METHODS Three hundred fifty patients who had reoperation with CABG only ( 58 % ) , or with valve operations ( 42 % ) were randomly assigned to receive either a heparin-coated ( Duraflo II ; study group ) or uncoated ( control group ) circuit . Clinical outcomes were compared and the variables were analyzed using the following three groups : entire populations of study group and control group , subgroup of patients who had CABG reoperation only , and a subgroup who had valve reoperation or combined valve and CABG reoperation . RESULTS Preoperative variables were the same in both groups . No difference in clinical outcomes could be demonstrated except that the percentage of patients with major bleeding episodes was significantly lower in the study group ( 1.2 % versus 5.4 % , p = 0.035 ) . In the subgroup analysis of patients who had valve reoperations , lower blood transfusion requirements in the intensive care unit ( p = 0.013 ) were found in the study group . When the subgroup of patients who had CABG reoperations was analyzed separately , there was a trend toward less reoperation for bleeding in the study group ( 0 % versus 4.0 % , p = 0.058 ) . CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the use of heparin-coated circuits was safe and imparted protection from reoperations for bleeding and major bleeding episodes . Material-independent blood activation ( eg , blood-air interface and cardiotomy suction ) blunted the total effect of the heparin-coated surface ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2045 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "1128", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Duraflo II heparin-coated circuits" ], "offsets": [ [ 34, 68 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1129", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Heparin-coated circuits" ], "offsets": [ [ 106, 129 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1130", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "heparin" ], "offsets": [ [ 45, 52 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1131", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "heparin-coated circuits" ], "offsets": [ [ 45, 68 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1132", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "heparin-coated ( Duraflo II" ], "offsets": [ [ 735, 762 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1133", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "uncoated" ], "offsets": [ [ 782, 790 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1134", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "percentage of patients with major bleeding episodes" ], "offsets": [ [ 1242, 1293 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1135", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "valve reoperations" ], "offsets": [ [ 1419, 1437 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1136", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "blood transfusion requirements" ], "offsets": [ [ 1446, 1476 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1137", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "reoperation for bleeding" ], "offsets": [ [ 1662, 1686 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1138", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "cardiac reoperations ." ], "offsets": [ [ 72, 94 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1139", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "low-risk patients who had coronary artery bypass grafting ( CABG )" ], "offsets": [ [ 290, 356 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1140", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "Three hundred fifty" ], "offsets": [ [ 583, 602 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1141", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "subgroup" ], "offsets": [ [ 972, 980 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1142", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "study group" ], "offsets": [ [ 765, 776 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "1144", "type": "document", "text": [ "Event-related potential indices of auditory selective attention in dependent amphetamine users . BACKGROUND The aim of the present study was to further investigate a previously reported attention-related impairment in dependent amphetamine users using event-related potential ( ERP ) indices of selective attention . METHODS ERPs were recorded during an auditory selective attention task ( SAT ) that involved detecting infrequent long-duration target tones presented among short-duration tones that varied in location ( left vs. right ear ) and pitch ( low vs. high ) . Amphetamine users ( n = 19 ) were divided into two groups , high dependence ( n = 10 ) and low dependence ( n = 10 ) , based on amphetamine Severity of Dependence Scale scores , and compared to an age-matched control group ( n = 9 ) . RESULTS The high-dependence group showed slowed reaction time and reduced early processing negativity and peak N1 amplitude to location-relevant nontarget stimuli . Poor performance on the SAT was highly correlated with deficits in early processing , which were also related to poor performance on the Wechsler Memory Scale Attention/Concentration index . CONCLUSIONS It is suggested that severely dependent users suffer an inability to selectively enhance the sensory processing of relevant auditory information . This may produce poor automatic preferential processing of relevant information and increase load on limited attentional resources ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1453 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "1145", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "auditory selective attention task ( SAT )" ], "offsets": [ [ 354, 395 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1146", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "event-related potential ( ERP ) indices" ], "offsets": [ [ 252, 291 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1147", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "slowed reaction time" ], "offsets": [ [ 847, 867 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1148", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "reduced early processing negativity" ], "offsets": [ [ 872, 907 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1149", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "peak N1 amplitude" ], "offsets": [ [ 912, 929 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1150", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "Wechsler Memory Scale Attention/Concentration index" ], "offsets": [ [ 1108, 1159 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1151", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "dependent amphetamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 67, 88 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1152", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "dependent amphetamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 67, 88 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1153", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "19" ], "offsets": [ [ 595, 597 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1154", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "10" ], "offsets": [ [ 653, 655 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1155", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "10" ], "offsets": [ [ 653, 655 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1156", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "9" ], "offsets": [ [ 596, 597 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "1158", "type": "document", "text": [ "A randomized phase II trial of 5-fluorouracil , with or without human interferon-beta , for advanced colorectal cancer . This study compared the efficacy and safety of 5-fluorouracil ( 5-FU ) monotherapy to that of 5-FU combined with natural human interferon-beta ( IFN-beta ) in patients with unresectable , advanced colorectal carcinoma . Forty-nine chemotherapy-naive patients were randomized to 5-FU alone or to the combination . All patients received 750 mg m ( -2 ) day ( -1 ) 5-FU for 5 days by continuous intravenous ( i.v . ) infusion , followed after day 15 by a weekly i.v . bolus of 750 mg m ( -2 ) . IFN-beta was injected intramuscularly three times weekly at 9 M IU . Treatment continued for 52 weeks , or until disease progression or intolerable toxicity . Clinical endpoints were tumor response , time to progression , survival and toxicity . The addition of IFN-3 to 5-FU significantly improved response rate ( 33.3 % vs 4.5 % for evaluable patients ; P = 0.021 ) , time to progression ( median 7.2 vs 4.2 months ; P = 0.0435 ) , and survival time ( median 15.9 vs 7.2 months ; P = 0.038 ) without significantly increasing toxicity compared to 5-FU alone . Cumulative 5-FU dose was higher with combined therapy ( P < 0.001 ) : more patients receiving monotherapy discontinued treatment because of disease progression . Fever was more frequent with combined therapy ( P = 0.008 ) ; there were no other differences in toxicity . The only grade IV toxicity observed was neutropenia ( two patients per group ) . A randomized phase III trial has been initiated to confirm the synergy between 5-FU and IFN-beta ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1623 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "1159", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "5-fluorouracil" ], "offsets": [ [ 31, 45 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1160", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "human interferon-beta" ], "offsets": [ [ 64, 85 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1161", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "5-fluorouracil ( 5-FU ) monotherapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 168, 203 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1162", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "5-FU combined with natural human interferon-beta ( IFN-beta )" ], "offsets": [ [ 215, 276 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1163", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "IFN-beta" ], "offsets": [ [ 266, 274 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1164", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "IFN-3 to 5-FU" ], "offsets": [ [ 875, 888 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1165", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "5-FU" ], "offsets": [ [ 185, 189 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1166", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "5-FU" ], "offsets": [ [ 185, 189 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1167", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "IFN-beta" ], "offsets": [ [ 266, 274 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1168", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "efficacy and safety" ], "offsets": [ [ 145, 164 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1169", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "disease progression" ], "offsets": [ [ 726, 745 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1170", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "intolerable toxicity" ], "offsets": [ [ 749, 769 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1171", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "tumor response" ], "offsets": [ [ 796, 810 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1172", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "time to progression" ], "offsets": [ [ 813, 832 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1173", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "survival and toxicity" ], "offsets": [ [ 835, 856 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1174", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "improved response rate" ], "offsets": [ [ 903, 925 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1175", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "time to progression" ], "offsets": [ [ 813, 832 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1176", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "survival time" ], "offsets": [ [ 1051, 1064 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1177", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "toxicity" ], "offsets": [ [ 761, 769 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1178", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Cumulative 5-FU dose" ], "offsets": [ [ 1174, 1194 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1179", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "disease progression" ], "offsets": [ [ 726, 745 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1180", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Fever" ], "offsets": [ [ 1336, 1341 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1181", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "toxicity" ], "offsets": [ [ 761, 769 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1182", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "grade IV toxicity" ], "offsets": [ [ 1453, 1470 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1183", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "advanced colorectal cancer" ], "offsets": [ [ 92, 118 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1184", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "advanced colorectal carcinoma" ], "offsets": [ [ 309, 338 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1185", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "Forty-nine" ], "offsets": [ [ 341, 351 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1186", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "chemotherapy-naive" ], "offsets": [ [ 352, 370 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "1188", "type": "document", "text": [ "Effects of pyridostigmine and naloxone on the abnormal TSH response to TRH during starvation in humans . BACKGROUND Starvation is associated with a blunted TSH response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone ( TRH ) ( peak minus baseline < 5 mIU/L ) , despite basal TSH and thyroid hormone levels within the normal range . In light of the inhibitory effect of somatostatin on TSH secretion , we examined whether this condition is caused by an increased hypothalamic somatostatinergic tone in starving subjects . The possible involvement of endogenous opioids in the mechanism underlying the abnormal TSH response to TRH was also evaluated . METHODS The TSH response to TRH ( 25 micrograms in an intravenous bolus ) , serum total and free T4 and T3 levels , and 24-hour urinary-free cortisol levels were measured in 28 normal men ( age 27-35 years ) within 10 % of their ideal body weight . They were randomly divided into 4 groups of 7 . In 21 subjects ( groups 1 , 2 , and 3 ) , TRH tests were performed after an overnight ( 8 hours ) fast , placebo administrations ( control test ) , and after prolonged ( 56 hours ) starvation . TRH tests after prolonged starvation were performed either after placebos ( in all subjects ) or the administration of pyridostigmine ( 180 mg orally ) ( in 7 subjects , group 1 ) ; naloxone ( 0.8 mg in an i.v . bolus injection ) ( in 7 subjects , group 2 ) ; or the combination of pyridostigmine and naloxone ( in 7 subjects , group 3 ) . The remaining 7 subjects ( group 4 ) were tested at weekly intervals with TRH plus placebo , TRH plus naloxone , TRH plus pyridostigmine , and TRH plus naloxone plus pyridostigmine after a fasting period of 8 hours . RESULTS In all subjects of groups 1 , 2 , and 3 , TRH-induced TSH rise was significantly lower after prolonged starvation than after overnight fast . Neither pyridostigmine nor naloxone , given alone , changed the basal levels of TSH and the TSH response to TRH after prolonged starvation . In contrast , the concomitant administration of naloxone and pyridostigmine significantly enhanced the TRH-induced TSH rise . After overnight fasting , naloxone administration in group 4 subjects did not change the TSH response to TRH , whereas pyridostigmine significantly enhanced the TSH response to TRH . When naloxone was given together with pyridostigmine and TRH the TSH response was similar to that observed in the TRH plus pyridostigmine test . CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that naloxone-sensitive endogenous opioids exert an inhibitory effect on the cholinergic stimulatory control of TSH secretion during prolonged starvation . This suggests that an enhanced hypothalamic somatostatinergic activity is involved in the mechanism underlying the reduced TSH response to TRH ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2760 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "1189", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "pyridostigmine" ], "offsets": [ [ 11, 25 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1190", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "naloxone" ], "offsets": [ [ 30, 38 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1191", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "TRH" ], "offsets": [ [ 71, 74 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1192", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 1037, 1044 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1193", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebos" ], "offsets": [ [ 1191, 1199 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1194", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "pyridostigmine" ], "offsets": [ [ 11, 25 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1195", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "naloxone" ], "offsets": [ [ 30, 38 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1196", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "pyridostigmine and naloxone" ], "offsets": [ [ 11, 38 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1197", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "TRH" ], "offsets": [ [ 71, 74 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1198", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 1037, 1044 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1199", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "TRH plus naloxone" ], "offsets": [ [ 1559, 1576 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1200", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "TRH plus pyridostigmine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1579, 1602 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1201", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "TRH" ], "offsets": [ [ 71, 74 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1202", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "naloxone" ], "offsets": [ [ 30, 38 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1203", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "pyridostigmine" ], "offsets": [ [ 11, 25 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1204", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "pyridostigmine" ], "offsets": [ [ 11, 25 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1205", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "naloxone" ], "offsets": [ [ 30, 38 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1206", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "pyridostigmine" ], "offsets": [ [ 11, 25 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1207", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "TRH" ], "offsets": [ [ 71, 74 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1208", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "abnormal TSH response to TRH during starvation" ], "offsets": [ [ 46, 92 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1209", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "blunted TSH response" ], "offsets": [ [ 148, 168 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1210", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "thyrotropin-releasing hormone ( TRH )" ], "offsets": [ [ 172, 209 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1211", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "hypothalamic somatostatinergic tone" ], "offsets": [ [ 447, 482 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1212", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "abnormal TSH response to TRH" ], "offsets": [ [ 46, 74 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1213", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "TSH response to TRH" ], "offsets": [ [ 55, 74 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1214", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "serum total and free T4 and T3 levels" ], "offsets": [ [ 711, 748 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1215", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "24-hour urinary-free cortisol levels" ], "offsets": [ [ 755, 791 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1216", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "TRH tests after prolonged starvation" ], "offsets": [ [ 1126, 1162 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1217", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "TRH-induced TSH rise" ], "offsets": [ [ 1733, 1753 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1218", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "basal levels of TSH" ], "offsets": [ [ 1897, 1916 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1219", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "TSH response to TRH after prolonged starvation" ], "offsets": [ [ 1925, 1971 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1220", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "cholinergic stimulatory control of TSH secretion" ], "offsets": [ [ 2537, 2585 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1221", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "during starvation in humans ." ], "offsets": [ [ 75, 104 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1222", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "starving subjects" ], "offsets": [ [ 486, 503 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1223", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "28" ], "offsets": [ [ 809, 811 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1224", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "normal" ], "offsets": [ [ 48, 54 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1225", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "age 27-35 years" ], "offsets": [ [ 825, 840 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "1227", "type": "document", "text": [ "Effects of a videotape information intervention at discharge on diet and exercise compliance after coronary bypass surgery . BACKGROUND This study evaluated the relative effects on compliance with recommended lifestyle changes of two experimental videotapes that involved different approaches for preparing coronary artery bypass graft ( CABG ) patients for the posthospital recovery period . The tapes differed in the extent to which they portrayed the recovery period as a steady , forward progression versus a series of \" ups and downs . \" METHODS Two hundred sixteen male and female CABG patients were assigned randomly either to view one of the two videotapes before discharge from the hospital or to receive only the standard discharge preparation provided by the hospital . All patients completed measures of anxiety and self-efficacy at discharge , 1 month and 3 months after discharge from the hospital . Patients also completed measures of dietary fat consumption and activity level 1 and 3 months after discharge . RESULTS Relative to controls , patients who viewed either of the videotapes before hospital release reported higher self-efficacy for adhering to the recommended low-fat diet both at discharge and 1 month after surgery . Viewing either of the videotapes also resulted in significantly less dietary fat intake 1 month after hospital release compared with controls . Patients who viewed the tape that portrayed the recovery period as consisting of ups and downs also reported significantly more frequent moderate exercise at 1 month and more frequent strenuous exercise 3 months after discharge . CONCLUSIONS The experimental videotapes proved to be an effective method for increasing dietary and exercise compliance during the first 3 months after CABG ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1779 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "1228", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "videotape information intervention" ], "offsets": [ [ 13, 47 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1229", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "experimental videotapes" ], "offsets": [ [ 234, 257 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1230", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "one of the two videotapes before discharge from the hospital" ], "offsets": [ [ 639, 699 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1231", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "to receive only the standard discharge preparation" ], "offsets": [ [ 703, 753 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1232", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "videotapes" ], "offsets": [ [ 247, 257 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1233", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "videotapes" ], "offsets": [ [ 247, 257 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1234", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "measures of anxiety and self-efficacy" ], "offsets": [ [ 804, 841 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1235", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "dietary fat consumption" ], "offsets": [ [ 950, 973 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1236", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "activity level 1 and 3" ], "offsets": [ [ 978, 1000 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1237", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "self-efficacy for adhering to the recommended low-fat diet" ], "offsets": [ [ 1142, 1200 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1238", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "significantly less dietary fat intake 1 month after hospital release" ], "offsets": [ [ 1297, 1365 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1239", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "moderate exercise at 1 month" ], "offsets": [ [ 1528, 1556 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1240", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "strenuous exercise" ], "offsets": [ [ 1575, 1593 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1241", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "dietary and exercise compliance" ], "offsets": [ [ 1709, 1740 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1242", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "coronary artery bypass graft ( CABG ) patients" ], "offsets": [ [ 307, 353 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1243", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "Two hundred sixteen" ], "offsets": [ [ 551, 570 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1244", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "male" ], "offsets": [ [ 571, 575 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1245", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "female" ], "offsets": [ [ 580, 586 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "1247", "type": "document", "text": [ "Emerging treatment of acute coronary syndromes with platelet glycoprotein IIB/IIIA inhibitors ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 95 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "1248", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "platelet glycoprotein IIB/IIIA inhibitors ." ], "offsets": [ [ 52, 95 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1249", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "acute coronary syndromes" ], "offsets": [ [ 22, 46 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "1251", "type": "document", "text": [ "Primary capsulectomy , anterior vitrectomy , lensectomy , and posterior chamber lens implantation in children : limbal versus pars plana . PURPOSE To compare the results of a limbal versus a pars plana approach for primary posterior capsulectomy and anterior vitrectomy in the management of childhood cataract . SETTING Department of Ophthalmology , Labbafinejad Medical Center , Tehran , Iran . METHODS A randomized , controlled , double-masked clinical trial of 45 eyes was conducted . After being matched , 38 eyes were included in the study and were divided into 2 equal groups for data analysis . All eyes had lensectomy and posterior chamber intraocular lens ( PC IOL ) implantation . Primary posterior capsulectomy and anterior vitrectomy were performed through the limbus in half of the eyes and the pars plana in the other half . Main outcome measures included visual acuity , estimated red reflex , postsurgical inflammatory reaction , corneal clarity , posterior synechias , iris capture , IOL position , capsulectomy size , glaucoma , cystoid macular edema , retinal tear , and postoperative refraction . RESULTS No statistically significant differences were found between the 2 approaches in the outcome measures . CONCLUSION The anatomic and visual results were encouraging when posterior capsulectomy and anterior vitrectomy , using a limbal or pars plana approach , were combined with lensectomy and PC IOL implantation in children . The application of these techniques depends on surgeon experience and skill ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1527 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "1252", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "Primary capsulectomy , anterior vitrectomy , lensectomy , and posterior chamber lens implantation" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 97 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1253", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "primary posterior capsulectomy" ], "offsets": [ [ 215, 245 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1254", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "anterior vitrectomy" ], "offsets": [ [ 23, 42 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1255", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "lensectomy" ], "offsets": [ [ 45, 55 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1256", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "posterior chamber intraocular lens ( PC IOL ) implantation" ], "offsets": [ [ 630, 688 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1257", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "Primary posterior capsulectomy" ], "offsets": [ [ 691, 721 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1258", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "anterior vitrectomy" ], "offsets": [ [ 23, 42 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1259", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "posterior capsulectomy" ], "offsets": [ [ 223, 245 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1260", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "anterior vitrectomy" ], "offsets": [ [ 23, 42 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1261", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "lensectomy and PC IOL implantation" ], "offsets": [ [ 1401, 1435 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1262", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "childhood cataract" ], "offsets": [ [ 291, 309 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1263", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "visual acuity , estimated red reflex , postsurgical inflammatory reaction , corneal clarity , posterior synechias , iris capture , IOL position , capsulectomy size , glaucoma , cystoid macular edema , retinal tear , and postoperative refraction" ], "offsets": [ [ 870, 1114 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1264", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "children" ], "offsets": [ [ 101, 109 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1265", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "childhood" ], "offsets": [ [ 291, 300 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1266", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "cataract" ], "offsets": [ [ 301, 309 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1267", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "children" ], "offsets": [ [ 101, 109 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "1269", "type": "document", "text": [ "Vitamin A supplementation for extremely-low-birth-weight infants . National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network . BACKGROUND Vitamin A supplementation may reduce the risk of chronic lung disease and sepsis in extremely-low-birth-weight infants . The results of our pilot study suggested that a dose of 5000 IU administered intramuscularly three times per week for four weeks was more effective than the lower doses given in past trials . METHODS We performed a multicenter , blinded , randomized trial to assess the effectiveness and safety of this regimen as compared with sham treatment in 807 infants in need of respiratory support 24 hours after birth . The mean birth weight was 770 g in the vitamin A group and 769 g in the control group , and the respective gestational ages were 26.8 and 26.7 weeks . RESULTS By 36 weeks ' postmenstrual age , 59 of the 405 infants ( 15 percent ) in the vitamin A group and 55 of the 402 infants ( 14 percent ) in the control group had died . The primary outcome - death or chronic lung disease at 36 weeks ' postmenstrual age - occurred in significantly fewer infants in the vitamin A group than in the control group ( 55 percent vs. 62 percent ; relative risk , 0.89 ; 95 percent confidence interval , 0.80 to 0.99 ) . Overall , 1 additional infant survived without chronic lung disease for every 14 to 15 infants who received vitamin A supplements . The proportions of infants in the vitamin A group and the control group who had signs of potential vitamin A toxicity were similar . The proportion of infants with serum retinol values below 20 microg per deciliter ( 0.70 micromol per liter ) was lower in the vitamin A group than in the control group ( 25 percent vs. 54 percent , P < 0.001 ) . CONCLUSIONS Intramuscular administration of 5000 IU of vitamin A three times per week for four weeks reduced biochemical evidence of vitamin A deficiency and slightly decreased the risk of chronic lung disease in extremely-low-birth-weight infants ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2027 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "1270", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Vitamin A supplementation" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 25 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1271", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Vitamin A supplementation" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 25 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1272", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "sham treatment" ], "offsets": [ [ 612, 626 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1273", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "vitamin A" ], "offsets": [ [ 735, 744 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1274", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "control group" ], "offsets": [ [ 768, 781 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1275", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "effectiveness and safety" ], "offsets": [ [ 554, 578 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1276", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "birth weight" ], "offsets": [ [ 705, 717 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1277", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "death" ], "offsets": [ [ 1044, 1049 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1278", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "chronic lung disease" ], "offsets": [ [ 212, 232 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1279", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "potential vitamin A toxicity" ], "offsets": [ [ 1521, 1549 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1280", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "proportion of infants with serum retinol values" ], "offsets": [ [ 1569, 1616 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1281", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "extremely-low-birth-weight" ], "offsets": [ [ 30, 56 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1282", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "infants" ], "offsets": [ [ 57, 64 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1283", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "807" ], "offsets": [ [ 630, 633 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "1285", "type": "document", "text": [ "Inflammatory response in humans exposed to 2.0 ppm nitrogen dioxide . Nitrogen dioxide ( NO2 ) is a common indoor air pollutant , especially in homes with unvented combustion appliances . Epidemiological studies suggest that children living in homes with unvented heating sources are more prone to respiratory infections than children living in homes with lower levels of NO2 . However , experimental studies in which human volunteers were exposed acutely to moderate levels of NO2 ( 0.5-2.0 ppm ) have shown little evidence of lung inflammation or decreased host resistance capacity . In the study reported here , 8 healthy volunteers were exposed to 2.0 ppm NO2 and to filtered air for 4 h while undergoing intermittent moderate exercise . Bronchoalveolar lavage was performed the following morning . The lavage was divided into a predominantly bronchial washing ( first 20 ml of lavage ; BL ) and a predominantly alveolar washing ( BAL ) . In the BL , NO2 exposure caused increases in polymorphonuclear neutrophils ( PMNs ) , interleukin 6 ( IL-6 ) , IL-8 , alpha1-antitrypsin , and tissue plasminogen activator , and decreases in epithelial cells . In the BAL , there were no NO2-induced changes in either cell numbers or soluble mediators . On the other hand , alveolar macrophages from BAL showed a decrease in the ability to phagocytose unopsonized Candida albicans and a decrease in superoxide production . No difference in susceptibility to virus infection was found between the NO2- and air-exposed macrophages . No changes in lung function were observed , but the aerosol bolus recovery technique revealed a statistically significant ( p < .05 ) decrease in the fraction of aerosol recovered following nitrogen dioxide exposure , which is suggestive of small obstructive changes induced by NO2 ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1806 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "1286", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "nitrogen dioxide" ], "offsets": [ [ 51, 67 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1287", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Nitrogen dioxide ( NO2 )" ], "offsets": [ [ 70, 94 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1288", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "NO2" ], "offsets": [ [ 89, 92 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1289", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "NO2" ], "offsets": [ [ 89, 92 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1290", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "NO2" ], "offsets": [ [ 89, 92 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1291", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "filtered air" ], "offsets": [ [ 671, 683 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1292", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "undergoing intermittent moderate exercise" ], "offsets": [ [ 698, 739 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1293", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "Bronchoalveolar lavage" ], "offsets": [ [ 742, 764 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1294", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "NO2" ], "offsets": [ [ 89, 92 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1295", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "NO2-" ], "offsets": [ [ 1180, 1184 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1296", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "nitrogen dioxide" ], "offsets": [ [ 51, 67 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1297", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "NO2" ], "offsets": [ [ 89, 92 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1298", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "NO2 exposure" ], "offsets": [ [ 955, 967 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1299", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "polymorphonuclear neutrophils ( PMNs ) , interleukin 6 ( IL-6 ) , IL-8 , alpha1-antitrypsin , and tissue plasminogen activator" ], "offsets": [ [ 988, 1114 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1300", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "epithelial cells ." ], "offsets": [ [ 1134, 1152 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1301", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "cell numbers or soluble mediators ." ], "offsets": [ [ 1210, 1245 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1302", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "phagocytose unopsonized Candida albicans" ], "offsets": [ [ 1332, 1372 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1303", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "superoxide production ." ], "offsets": [ [ 1391, 1414 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1304", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "susceptibility to virus infection" ], "offsets": [ [ 1432, 1465 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1305", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "exposed to 2.0 ppm nitrogen dioxide" ], "offsets": [ [ 32, 67 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1306", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "8" ], "offsets": [ [ 615, 616 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1307", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "exposed to 2.0 ppm NO2 and to filtered air for 4 h" ], "offsets": [ [ 641, 691 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1308", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "intermittent moderate exercise" ], "offsets": [ [ 709, 739 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "1310", "type": "document", "text": [ "Cycle control with oral contraceptives containing 20 micrograms of ethinyl estradiol . A multicenter , randomized comparison of levonorgestrel/ethinyl estradiol ( 100 micrograms/20 micrograms ) and norethindrone/ethinyl estradiol ( 1000 micrograms/20 micrograms ) . A randomized , open-label , multicenter study was undertaken to compare the effects of oral contraceptives ( OC ) containing 100 micrograms levonorgestrel ( LNG ) /20 micrograms ethinyl estradiol ( EE ) ( Aless/Loette ) and 1000 micrograms norethindrone acetate ( NETA ) /20 micrograms EE ( Loestrin Fe 1/20 ) on menstrual cycle control over four cycles of use . A total of 84 evaluable women provided 274 cycles of exposure in the LNG/EE group , and 89 women provided 289 cycles of exposure in the NETA/EE group . Overall , the LNG/EE group achieved a consistently higher percentage of normal menstrual cycles as well as a lower rate of intermenstrual bleeding and amenorrhea than the NETA/EE group . In cycle 4 , 63.8 % of cycles were normal in the LNG/EE group compared with 41.9 % in the NETA/EE group ( p < 0.005 ) . Of the total cycles in the NETA/EE group , 10 % were amenorrheic , compared with 1.1 % in the LNG/EE group . The occurrence of bleeding and/or spotting was significantly lower in cycles 2 and 3 in the LNG/EE group ( 41.7 % and 34.8 % , respectively ) compared with the NETA/EE group ( 62.3 % and 56.3 % ; p < 0.05 ) . Other cycle variables were generally similar between groups , as was the incidence of adverse events . These results demonstrate that good cycle control was achieved with an OC containing 20 micrograms EE and that 100 micrograms LNG/20 micrograms EE produces better cycle control than 1000 micrograms NETA/20 micrograms EE ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1730 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "1311", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "oral contraceptives containing 20 micrograms of ethinyl estradiol ." ], "offsets": [ [ 19, 86 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1312", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "levonorgestrel/ethinyl estradiol" ], "offsets": [ [ 128, 160 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1313", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "norethindrone/ethinyl estradiol" ], "offsets": [ [ 198, 229 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1314", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "oral contraceptives ( OC ) containing 100 micrograms levonorgestrel ( LNG ) /20 micrograms ethinyl estradiol ( EE ) ( Aless/Loette )" ], "offsets": [ [ 353, 485 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1315", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "1000 micrograms norethindrone acetate ( NETA ) /20 micrograms EE ( Loestrin Fe 1/20 )" ], "offsets": [ [ 490, 575 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1316", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "EE" ], "offsets": [ [ 464, 466 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1317", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "LNG/20" ], "offsets": [ [ 1635, 1641 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1318", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "NETA/20" ], "offsets": [ [ 1707, 1714 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1319", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "percentage of normal menstrual cycles" ], "offsets": [ [ 839, 876 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1320", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "rate of intermenstrual bleeding and amenorrhea" ], "offsets": [ [ 896, 942 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1321", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "amenorrheic" ], "offsets": [ [ 1141, 1152 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1322", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "occurrence of bleeding and/or spotting" ], "offsets": [ [ 1201, 1239 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1323", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "adverse events" ], "offsets": [ [ 1492, 1506 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1324", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "84 evaluable" ], "offsets": [ [ 640, 652 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1325", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "women" ], "offsets": [ [ 653, 658 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1326", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "89 women" ], "offsets": [ [ 717, 725 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "1328", "type": "document", "text": [ "Sleep patterns in autistic children . Sleep disturbances are regarded as a common clinical feature in autistic children . This concept is based primarily on informal observations or studies conducted with questionnaires . In this study we compared data obtained by questionnaires to that obtained with actigraphy . Among 22 autistic children , 12 were reported as having sleep problems and 8 patients completed 72 hours actigraphy . While the employment of questionnaires disclosed that autistic children had an earlier morning awakening time and multiple and early night arousals , actigraphic monitoring showed that with the exception of an earlier morning arousal time ( p = .045 ) , sleep patterns of autistic children were similar to that of normal children . Parental oversensitivity to sleep disturbances of the autistic children may explain this phenomenon ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 866 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "1329", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "questionnaires ." ], "offsets": [ [ 205, 221 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1330", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "questionnaires" ], "offsets": [ [ 205, 219 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1331", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "actigraphy ." ], "offsets": [ [ 302, 314 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1332", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "72 hours actigraphy ." ], "offsets": [ [ 411, 432 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1333", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "questionnaires" ], "offsets": [ [ 205, 219 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1334", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "actigraphic" ], "offsets": [ [ 583, 594 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1335", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Sleep patterns" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 14 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1336", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Sleep disturbances" ], "offsets": [ [ 38, 56 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1337", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "earlier morning awakening time" ], "offsets": [ [ 512, 542 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1338", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "multiple and early night arousals" ], "offsets": [ [ 547, 580 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1339", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "earlier morning arousal time" ], "offsets": [ [ 643, 671 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1340", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "sleep patterns" ], "offsets": [ [ 687, 701 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1341", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "sleep disturbances" ], "offsets": [ [ 793, 811 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1342", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "autistic children ." ], "offsets": [ [ 18, 37 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "1344", "type": "document", "text": [ "Calcitriol for bone disease in patients with cirrhosis of the liver . BACKGROUND Osteoporosis is associated with cirrhosis of the liver , but the effects of therapy for osteoporosis associated with cirrhosis are still controversial . METHODS We evaluated the effects of calcitriol ( 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 ) on bone mineral density ( BMD ) in 76 patients ( 26 men and 50 women ) with cirrhosis who were assigned randomly to receive calcitriol ( 0.5 mg twice per day ) or not . The BMD of the lumbar vertebrae was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at least twice , 12-57 months apart . RESULTS For men , the mean annual change in BMD was 1.1 % in the treated group and -0.4 % in the control group . The median ( 25th and 75th percentiles ) annual change in BMD was 0.6 ( -0.1 , 2.1 % ) in the treated group and -1.4 ( -1.9 , 1.6 % ) in the control group . The difference in the median annual change between the two groups was significant ( P = 0.013 ) . For women , the mean annual change in BMD was -0.5 % in the treated group and -2.3 % in the control group . The median ( 25th and 75th percentiles ) annual change in BMD was -0.5 ( -1.8 , 1.3 % ) in the treated group and -1.5 ( -3.8 , -0.7 % ) in the control group . This difference was significant ( P = 0.011 ) . CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that calcitriol can prevent bone loss and , therefore , may be useful for the treatment of bone disease in patients with cirrhosis of the liver ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1463 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "1345", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Calcitriol" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 10 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1346", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "calcitriol ( 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 )" ], "offsets": [ [ 270, 314 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1347", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "calcitriol" ], "offsets": [ [ 270, 280 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1348", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at least twice , 12-57 months apart" ], "offsets": [ [ 520, 600 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1349", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "osteoporosis" ], "offsets": [ [ 169, 181 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1350", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "effects" ], "offsets": [ [ 146, 153 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1351", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "bone mineral density ( BMD )" ], "offsets": [ [ 318, 346 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1352", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "BMD of the lumbar vertebrae" ], "offsets": [ [ 488, 515 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1353", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry" ], "offsets": [ [ 532, 564 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1354", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "change in BMD" ], "offsets": [ [ 637, 650 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1355", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "annual change in BMD" ], "offsets": [ [ 630, 650 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1356", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "change in BMD" ], "offsets": [ [ 637, 650 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1357", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "BMD" ], "offsets": [ [ 341, 344 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1358", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "bone loss" ], "offsets": [ [ 1346, 1355 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1359", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "patients with cirrhosis of the liver ." ], "offsets": [ [ 31, 69 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1360", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "76 patients" ], "offsets": [ [ 350, 361 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1361", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "26" ], "offsets": [ [ 364, 366 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1362", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "men" ], "offsets": [ [ 367, 370 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1363", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "50" ], "offsets": [ [ 375, 377 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1364", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "women" ], "offsets": [ [ 378, 383 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1365", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "men" ], "offsets": [ [ 367, 370 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1366", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "two groups" ], "offsets": [ [ 928, 938 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1367", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "women" ], "offsets": [ [ 378, 383 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1368", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "patients with cirrhosis of the liver" ], "offsets": [ [ 31, 67 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "1370", "type": "document", "text": [ "Comparison of the relative efficacy of formoterol and salmeterol in asthmatic patients . Studies performed on airway smooth muscle in vitro have indicated that salmeterol is a partial agonist on the beta2-receptor in comparison to formoterol . In the present study we evaluated whether these pharmacological differences between salmeterol and formoterol also are applicable to asthmatic patients . The protective effects by increasing cumulative doses of formoterol ( 12 , 60 , 120 micrograms ) and salmeterol ( 50 , 250 , 500 micrograms ) on methacholine-induced bronchoconstriction were evaluated in a double-blind , crossover , placebo-controlled design . Patients were regularly treated with salbutamol 200 micrograms twice daily during the study period , to avoid variability in beta2-adrenoceptor tolerance . S-potassium , heart rate corrected Q-T interval ( Q-Tc ) , and tremor score were followed as measures of systemic effects . Formoterol dose-dependently protected against methacholine responsiveness ( 4.6 doubling doses after 120 micrograms ) . Salmeterol , however , showed a flatter dose-response curve , and a significantly weaker maximal protective effect ( 2.8 doubling doses after 250 micrograms ) . Formoterol caused a significantly higher tremor score and a larger drop in S-potassium than salmeterol at the highest doses . These data show that salmeterol is a partial agonist on the beta2-receptor in relation to formoterol in human airways in vivo . Further studies are required to document the clinical consequences of this finding , for example in severe asthmatic patients ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1601 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "1371", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "formoterol" ], "offsets": [ [ 39, 49 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1372", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "salmeterol" ], "offsets": [ [ 54, 64 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1373", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "S-potassium , heart rate corrected Q-T interval ( Q-Tc ) , and tremor score were followed as measures of systemic effects" ], "offsets": [ [ 815, 936 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1374", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Formoterol" ], "offsets": [ [ 939, 949 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1375", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "methacholine responsiveness ( 4.6 doubling doses after 120 micrograms )" ], "offsets": [ [ 985, 1056 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1376", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "efficacy" ], "offsets": [ [ 27, 35 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1377", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "beta2-adrenoceptor tolerance" ], "offsets": [ [ 784, 812 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1378", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "S-potassium" ], "offsets": [ [ 815, 826 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1379", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "heart rate corrected Q-T interval ( Q-Tc )" ], "offsets": [ [ 829, 871 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1380", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "tremor score" ], "offsets": [ [ 878, 890 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1381", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "tremor score" ], "offsets": [ [ 878, 890 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1382", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "S-potassium" ], "offsets": [ [ 815, 826 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1383", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "asthmatic" ], "offsets": [ [ 68, 77 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1384", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "asthmatic" ], "offsets": [ [ 68, 77 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1385", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "asthmatic" ], "offsets": [ [ 68, 77 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "1387", "type": "document", "text": [ "Adjuvant L-arginine treatment for in-vitro fertilization in poor responder patients . The objective of the present study was prospectively and randomly to evaluate the role of L-arginine in improving uterine and follicular Doppler flow and in improving ovarian response to gonadotrophin in poor responder women . A total of 34 patients undergoing assisted reproduction was divided in two groups according to different ovarian stimulation protocols : ( i ) flare-up gonadotrophin-releasing hormone analogue ( GnRHa ) plus elevated pure follicle stimulating hormone ( pFSH ) ( n = 17 ) ; and ( ii ) flare-up GnRHa plus elevated pFSH plus oral L-arginine ( n = 17 ) . During the ovarian stimulation regimen , the patients were submitted to hormonal ( oestradiol and growth hormone ) , ultrasonographic ( follicular number and diameter , endometrial thickness ) and Doppler ( uterine and perifollicular arteries ) evaluations . Furthermore , the plasma and follicular fluid concentrations of arginine , citrulline , nitrite/nitrate ( NO2-/NO3- ) , and insulin-like growth factor-1 ( IGF-1 ) were assayed . All 34 patients completed the study . In the L-arginine treated group a lower cancellation rate , an increased number of oocytes collected , and embryos transferred were observed . In the same group , increased plasma and follicular fluid concentrations of arginine , citrulline , NO2-/NO3- , and IGF-1 was observed . Significant Doppler flow improvement was obtained in the L-arginine supplemented group . Three pregnancies were registered in these patients . No pregnancies were observed in the other group . It was concluded that oral L-arginine supplementation in poor responder patients may improve ovarian response , endometrial receptivity and pregnancy rate ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1769 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "1388", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "L-arginine" ], "offsets": [ [ 9, 19 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1389", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "L-arginine" ], "offsets": [ [ 9, 19 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1390", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "flare-up gonadotrophin-releasing hormone analogue ( GnRHa ) plus elevated pure follicle stimulating hormone ( pFSH )" ], "offsets": [ [ 456, 572 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1391", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "flare-up GnRHa plus elevated pFSH plus oral L-arginine" ], "offsets": [ [ 597, 651 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1392", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "ultrasonographic" ], "offsets": [ [ 782, 798 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1393", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "L-arginine" ], "offsets": [ [ 9, 19 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1394", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "L-arginine" ], "offsets": [ [ 9, 19 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1395", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "L-arginine" ], "offsets": [ [ 9, 19 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1396", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "uterine and follicular Doppler flow" ], "offsets": [ [ 200, 235 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1397", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "ovarian response to gonadotrophin" ], "offsets": [ [ 253, 286 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1398", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "lower cancellation rate" ], "offsets": [ [ 1174, 1197 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1399", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ ", an increased number of oocytes collected" ], "offsets": [ [ 1198, 1240 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1400", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "embryos transferred" ], "offsets": [ [ 1247, 1266 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1401", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "increased plasma and follicular fluid concentrations of arginine , citrulline , NO2-/NO3- , and IGF-1" ], "offsets": [ [ 1303, 1404 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1402", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Significant Doppler flow improvement" ], "offsets": [ [ 1420, 1456 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1403", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "pregnancies" ], "offsets": [ [ 1515, 1526 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1404", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "pregnancies" ], "offsets": [ [ 1515, 1526 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1405", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "ovarian response" ], "offsets": [ [ 253, 269 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1406", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "endometrial receptivity and pregnancy rate" ], "offsets": [ [ 1725, 1767 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "1408", "type": "document", "text": [ "Asthma : communication between hospital and general practitioners . OBJECTIVE To assess whether efforts to actively involve General Practitioners ( GPs ) in the postdischarge care of their paediatric asthma patients improved their satisfaction with communication with hospital staff . METHODOLOGY Randomized controlled trial involving 60 patients admitted to the Royal Children 's Hospital , Melbourne , with acute asthma and an identifiable GP . The GPs of the intervention patients were telephoned during the admission . Intervention patients and their GPs received printed information detailing the care the patient received in hospital and the recommended postdischarge care , as well as standardized educational booklets about asthma . Follow-up appointments were made for intervention patients to attend their GPs . RESULTS The GPs of intervention patients were more satisfied when compared to the GPs receiving a standard level of communication ( 96.4 % vs 48.3 % of the intervention and control GPs , respectively , described the communication as good or extremely good , P = 0.0001 ) . The intervention group GPs believed they were more involved after discharge ( 75.0 % vs 44.8 % , P = 0.005 ) and had greater understanding of their patient 's hospitalisation ( 96.4 % vs 62.1 % , P = 0.005 ) . These differences were noted despite there being no difference in the rate of follow-up attendance with GPs for intervention and control patients ( 85.7 % vs 72.4 % , P = 0.2 ) . Qualitative data supported these findings with GPs expressing approval of the intervention used . CONCLUSION Efforts to actively involve GPs in the postdischarge care of their paediatric patients with asthma resulted in a marked improvement in their satisfaction with the communication with medical staff at the Royal Children 's Hospital , Melbourne . The study had insufficient power to demonstrate a difference in morbidity ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1912 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "1409", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "printed information detailing the care the patient received in hospital and the recommended postdischarge care , as well as standardized educational booklets about asthma" ], "offsets": [ [ 568, 738 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1410", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "Follow-up appointments" ], "offsets": [ [ 741, 763 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1411", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "intervention" ], "offsets": [ [ 462, 474 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1412", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "satisfaction with communication with hospital staff" ], "offsets": [ [ 231, 282 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1413", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "satisfied" ], "offsets": [ [ 873, 882 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1414", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "believed they were more involved after discharge" ], "offsets": [ [ 1122, 1170 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1415", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "understanding of their patient 's hospitalisation" ], "offsets": [ [ 1220, 1269 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1416", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "rate of follow-up attendance" ], "offsets": [ [ 1375, 1403 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1417", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "approval of the intervention used" ], "offsets": [ [ 1546, 1579 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1418", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "satisfaction with the communication with medical staff" ], "offsets": [ [ 1734, 1788 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1419", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "general practitioners ." ], "offsets": [ [ 44, 67 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1420", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "paediatric" ], "offsets": [ [ 189, 199 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1421", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "acute asthma" ], "offsets": [ [ 409, 421 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1422", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "paediatric" ], "offsets": [ [ 189, 199 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "1424", "type": "document", "text": [ "[ Validity of cardiotocography in the detection of umbilical cord complications ] . OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate the validity of cardiotocography for the detection of cord complications . MATERIAL AND METHODS A low-risk population of 4196 cases was selected in which cord complications have been recognized in 34.3 % . Cases with cord complications and controls were paired by parity , gestational age , maternal age and mode of delivery . 25 pairs were randomly selected . 50 tracings were presented twice to 4 obstetricians in a double-blind manner . As parameters for the determination of the validity of fetal monitoring the reliability , positive ( ppv ) and negative predictive value ( npv ) , sensitivity and specificity were used . Inter- and intra-observer variability were also examined . RESULTS Reliability 52 % , ppv 52 % , npv 52 % , sensitivity 46 % , specificity 58 % . Interobserver variability : All 4 obstetricians agreed in 47 of 100 evaluations . The level of agreement was higher in the controls ( 63 % ) than in the cord complication group ( 56 % ) . The intraobserver variability was 25 % . CONCLUSIONS Cardiotocography is not useful for the detection of cord complications . The range of possibilities has not been exploited yet , even for the evaluation of the fetal state ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1326 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "1425", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "cardiotocography" ], "offsets": [ [ 14, 30 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1426", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "cardiotocography" ], "offsets": [ [ 14, 30 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1427", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "Cardiotocography" ], "offsets": [ [ 1153, 1169 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1428", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "umbilical cord complications" ], "offsets": [ [ 51, 79 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1429", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "cord complications ." ], "offsets": [ [ 193, 213 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1430", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Reliability" ], "offsets": [ [ 833, 844 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1431", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "sensitivity" ], "offsets": [ [ 726, 737 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1432", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "specificity" ], "offsets": [ [ 742, 753 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1433", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "level of agreement" ], "offsets": [ [ 998, 1016 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1434", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "intraobserver variability" ], "offsets": [ [ 1104, 1129 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1435", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "detection of cord complications ." ], "offsets": [ [ 180, 213 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1436", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "umbilical cord complications ]" ], "offsets": [ [ 51, 81 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1437", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "Cases with cord complications and controls were paired" ], "offsets": [ [ 345, 399 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "1439", "type": "document", "text": [ "[ Efficacy of combination with granisetron and methylprednisolone for nausea , vomiting and appetite loss in remission induction chemotherapy of acute myeloid leukemia -- a randomized comparative trial between granisetron alone and granisetron plus methylprednisolone ] . The prevention of nausea , vomiting and appetite loss induced by remission induction chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia was compared by randomization between granisetron alone and combination with granisetron plus methylprednisolone . Granisetron was administered at 40 micrograms/kg during chemotherapy , and methylprednisolone was administered concomitantly at 125 mg/body for 3 days or more in the combination group . The single and combination groups comprised 14 and 13 patients , respectively , and there was no significant difference between the background of both groups . To evaluate the effect they were scored according to 4 grades , and evaluated every 24 hours from the start of chemotherapy to 5 days after its completion . The complete inhibition rate of vomiting was as high as 71.4 % and 92.3 % in the single and combination groups , respectively , showing no significant difference . The grade of vomiting was mild in both groups . Nausea was noted in 71.4 % and 46.2 % , respectively , and the inhibitory effect tended to be higher in the combination group . Appetite loss developed in 92.9 % and 41.7 % , respectively , and the prevention effect was clearly higher in the combination group . The prevention effects on nausea 7 , 8 and 10 days after the start of chemotherapy , on appetite loss 2-10 days after it , and 2-5 days after its completion , were higher in the combination group . Granisetron revealed an excellent inhibitory effect on vomiting induced by remission induction chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia , but combination with granisetron and methylprednisolone was considered useful for nausea in the latter half of the treatment period and for appetite loss during the whole period ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2003 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "1440", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "granisetron and methylprednisolone" ], "offsets": [ [ 31, 65 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1441", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "granisetron alone" ], "offsets": [ [ 210, 227 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1442", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "granisetron plus methylprednisolone" ], "offsets": [ [ 232, 267 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1443", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "granisetron alone" ], "offsets": [ [ 210, 227 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1444", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "granisetron" ], "offsets": [ [ 31, 42 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1445", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "methylprednisolone" ], "offsets": [ [ 47, 65 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1446", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Granisetron" ], "offsets": [ [ 512, 523 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1447", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "40 micrograms/kg during chemotherapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 544, 580 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1448", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "methylprednisolone" ], "offsets": [ [ 47, 65 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1449", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Granisetron" ], "offsets": [ [ 512, 523 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1450", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "granisetron and methylprednisolone" ], "offsets": [ [ 31, 65 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1451", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "nausea" ], "offsets": [ [ 70, 76 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1452", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "vomiting" ], "offsets": [ [ 79, 87 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1453", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "appetite loss" ], "offsets": [ [ 92, 105 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1454", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "nausea" ], "offsets": [ [ 70, 76 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1455", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "vomiting" ], "offsets": [ [ 79, 87 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1456", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "appetite loss" ], "offsets": [ [ 92, 105 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1457", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "complete inhibition rate of vomiting" ], "offsets": [ [ 1019, 1055 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1458", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "grade of vomiting" ], "offsets": [ [ 1183, 1200 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1459", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Nausea" ], "offsets": [ [ 1227, 1233 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1460", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Appetite loss" ], "offsets": [ [ 1355, 1368 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1461", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "nausea" ], "offsets": [ [ 70, 76 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1462", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "on appetite loss" ], "offsets": [ [ 1574, 1590 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1463", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "inhibitory effect on vomiting" ], "offsets": [ [ 1721, 1750 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1464", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "nausea" ], "offsets": [ [ 70, 76 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1465", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "appetite loss" ], "offsets": [ [ 92, 105 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1466", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "nausea , vomiting and appetite loss in remission induction chemotherapy of acute myeloid leukemia -- a" ], "offsets": [ [ 70, 172 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1467", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "acute myeloid leukemia" ], "offsets": [ [ 145, 167 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "1469", "type": "document", "text": [ "Moderate-intensity exercise training with elements of step aerobics in patients with severe chronic heart failure . OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether a specific program of moderate-intensity step aerobics training may be sufficient to improve the exercise tolerance of patients with severe chronic heart failure . PATIENTS Twenty-six patients ( 22 men , 4 women ; mean +/- SD age , 54 +/- 9yrs ) with a history of severe chronic heart failure ( left ventricular ejection fraction of 18 % +/- 8 % ) . STUDY DESIGN Prospective , randomized , controlled trial . Patients were randomized into exercise and control groups . All patients underwent a clinical examination and a ramp pattern cycle exercise test before and after the observation period . The exercise group underwent a moderate-intensity ( 50 % of peak oxygen uptake ) 12-week training program , progressing to 100 minutes per week of step aerobics and 50 minutes per week of cycling . The control group did not perform a training program . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Peak oxygen uptake , peak workload , percent of predicted power ability . RESULTS Significant increases in peak oxygen uptake ( 15 +/- 3.4 to 18.5 +/- 2.9mL/kg/min ; p = .001 ) , peak workload ( 77 +/- 26 to 99 +/- 31 watts ; p = .000 ) , and percent of predicted power ability ( 43 % +/- 10 % to 56 % +/- 13 % ; p = .000 ) were observed in the exercise group . No significant changes in baseline parameters occurred in the control group . There were no critical changes in heart rate or blood pressure in either group . CONCLUSION Moderate-intensity step aerobics training significantly increases peak oxygen uptake and peak workloads in patients with severe chronic heart failure ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1700 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "1470", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "Moderate-intensity exercise training" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 36 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1471", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "moderate-intensity step aerobics training" ], "offsets": [ [ 168, 209 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1472", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "moderate-intensity ( 50 % of peak oxygen uptake ) 12-week training program" ], "offsets": [ [ 773, 847 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1473", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "progressing to 100 minutes per week of step aerobics and 50 minutes per week of cycling" ], "offsets": [ [ 850, 937 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1474", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "perform a training program" ], "offsets": [ [ 966, 992 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1475", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Peak oxygen uptake" ], "offsets": [ [ 1017, 1035 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1476", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "peak workload" ], "offsets": [ [ 1038, 1051 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1477", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "percent of predicted power ability" ], "offsets": [ [ 1054, 1088 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1478", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "peak oxygen uptake" ], "offsets": [ [ 802, 820 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1479", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "peak workload" ], "offsets": [ [ 1038, 1051 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1480", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "percent of predicted power ability" ], "offsets": [ [ 1054, 1088 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1481", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "heart rate" ], "offsets": [ [ 1491, 1501 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1482", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "blood pressure" ], "offsets": [ [ 1505, 1519 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1483", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "peak oxygen uptake" ], "offsets": [ [ 802, 820 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1484", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "peak workloads" ], "offsets": [ [ 1638, 1652 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1485", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "patients with severe chronic heart failure ." ], "offsets": [ [ 71, 115 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1486", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "patients with severe chronic heart failure ." ], "offsets": [ [ 71, 115 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "1488", "type": "document", "text": [ "Effects of captopril and enalapril on electroencephalogram and cognitive performance in healthy volunteers . OBJECTIVE Captopril and enalapril have been reported to influence cognitive functions and quality of life in hypertensive patients . METHODS The effects of captopril ( 12.5 mg and 25 mg ) and enalapril ( 5 mg and 10 mg ) administered during 7-day periods on electroencephalogram ( EEG ) , cognitive functions , and subjective assessments were investigated in healthy males . RESULTS Neither captopril nor enalapril influenced EEG and cognitive functions compared with placebo . Captopril 12.5 mg decreased subjective activity compared with placebo . Enalapril did not alter subjective ratings . Both systolic and diastolic blood pressure were significantly lower after administration of captopril 25 mg , whereas blood pressure was unaffected by enalapril compared with placebo . CONCLUSION Our results suggest that central effects of captopril and enalapril were minor and not constant in young healthy men ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1018 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "1489", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "captopril" ], "offsets": [ [ 11, 20 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1490", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "enalapril" ], "offsets": [ [ 25, 34 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1491", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Captopril" ], "offsets": [ [ 119, 128 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1492", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "enalapril" ], "offsets": [ [ 25, 34 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1493", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "captopril" ], "offsets": [ [ 11, 20 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1494", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "enalapril" ], "offsets": [ [ 25, 34 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1495", "type": "Intervention_Other", "text": [ "electroencephalogram" ], "offsets": [ [ 38, 58 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1496", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Captopril" ], "offsets": [ [ 119, 128 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1497", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 577, 584 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1498", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Enalapril" ], "offsets": [ [ 659, 668 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1499", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "captopril" ], "offsets": [ [ 11, 20 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1500", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "enalapril" ], "offsets": [ [ 25, 34 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1501", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "captopril" ], "offsets": [ [ 11, 20 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1502", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "enalapril" ], "offsets": [ [ 25, 34 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1503", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "electroencephalogram and cognitive performance" ], "offsets": [ [ 38, 84 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1504", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "cognitive functions" ], "offsets": [ [ 175, 194 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1505", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "quality of life" ], "offsets": [ [ 199, 214 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1506", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "electroencephalogram ( EEG )" ], "offsets": [ [ 367, 395 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1507", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "cognitive functions" ], "offsets": [ [ 175, 194 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1508", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "subjective assessments" ], "offsets": [ [ 424, 446 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1509", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "EEG" ], "offsets": [ [ 390, 393 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1510", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "cognitive functions" ], "offsets": [ [ 175, 194 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1511", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "subjective activity" ], "offsets": [ [ 615, 634 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1512", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "subjective ratings" ], "offsets": [ [ 683, 701 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1513", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "systolic and diastolic blood pressure" ], "offsets": [ [ 709, 746 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1514", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "blood pressure" ], "offsets": [ [ 732, 746 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1515", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "healthy" ], "offsets": [ [ 88, 95 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1516", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "hypertensive" ], "offsets": [ [ 218, 230 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1517", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "healthy" ], "offsets": [ [ 88, 95 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1518", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "males" ], "offsets": [ [ 476, 481 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1519", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "young" ], "offsets": [ [ 999, 1004 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1520", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "healthy" ], "offsets": [ [ 88, 95 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1521", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "men" ], "offsets": [ [ 441, 444 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "1523", "type": "document", "text": [ "Why the prone position is a risk factor for sudden infant death syndrome . INTRODUCTION The laryngeal chemoreflex may explain why prone sleeping increases the risk of sudden infant death syndrome ( SIDS ) . Swallowing and arousal are crucial to prevent laryngeal chemoreflex stimulation . Our aim was to examine these reflexes and breathing responses in healthy neonates after pharyngeal infusion of water in the supine versus the prone position , controlling for sleep state . METHODS A total of 10 term infants were recruited after parental consent and ethics approval . Polygraphic recordings included sleep state ( active and quiet sleep by electroencephalogram , eye movements , breathing , and behavior ) , cardiorespiratory measurements ( nasal airflow , chest wall movements , heart rate , and oxygen saturation ) , swallowing , and esophageal activity ( solid state pressure catheter ) . Initial sleeping position was assigned randomly . Measurements were made for 1 minute before and after 0.4 mL of water was instilled into the oropharynx . To detect a 30 % decrease in swallowing , power analysis indicated that > /=10 babies were required . Analysis , blinded to position , was made using nonparametric statistics . RESULTS Of the 164 infusions , the most commonly evoked airway protective responses to pharyngeal infusion were swallowing ( 95 % ) and arousal ( 54 % ) . After infusion in active sleep , there was a significant reduction in swallowing and breathing when the prone position was compared with the supine position ( prone : 21.3 [ 1.0 ] swallows/min and -9.6 [ 2.1 ] breaths/min ; and supine : 32 ( 2.2 ) and -2 . 9 ( 1.5 ) , respectively ) . However , there was no difference in the occurrence of arousal after water infusion . CONCLUSION These data suggest that airway protection is compromised in the prone sleeping position during active sleep , even in healthy infants exposed to minute pharyngeal fluid volumes of 0.4 mL . This is because swallowing rate is reduced significantly , and there is no compensatory increase in arousal . The reduction in airway protective reflexes when in the prone position and in active sleep may be the mechanism for the increased risk of SIDS in the prone position ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2232 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "1524", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "prone position" ], "offsets": [ [ 8, 22 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1525", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "Initial sleeping position was assigned randomly" ], "offsets": [ [ 897, 944 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1526", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "1 minute before and after 0.4 mL of water was instilled into the oropharynx" ], "offsets": [ [ 974, 1049 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1527", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "reflexes and breathing responses" ], "offsets": [ [ 318, 350 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1528", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "sleep state ( active and quiet sleep by electroencephalogram , eye movements , breathing , and" ], "offsets": [ [ 605, 699 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1529", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "behavior" ], "offsets": [ [ 700, 708 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1530", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ ") , cardiorespiratory measurements ( nasal airflow , chest wall movements , heart rate , and oxygen saturation ) , swallowing , and esophageal activity ( solid state pressure catheter )" ], "offsets": [ [ 709, 894 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1531", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "swallowing" ], "offsets": [ [ 824, 834 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1532", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "swallowing" ], "offsets": [ [ 824, 834 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1533", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "arousal" ], "offsets": [ [ 222, 229 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1534", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "swallowing and breathing" ], "offsets": [ [ 1454, 1478 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1535", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "swallows/min" ], "offsets": [ [ 1564, 1576 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1536", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "breaths/min" ], "offsets": [ [ 1594, 1605 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1537", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "arousal" ], "offsets": [ [ 222, 229 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1538", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "swallowing rate" ], "offsets": [ [ 1972, 1987 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1539", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "arousal" ], "offsets": [ [ 222, 229 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1540", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "airway protective reflexes" ], "offsets": [ [ 2083, 2109 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1541", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "healthy" ], "offsets": [ [ 354, 361 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1542", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "neonates" ], "offsets": [ [ 362, 370 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1543", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "10" ], "offsets": [ [ 497, 499 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1544", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "infants" ], "offsets": [ [ 505, 512 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "1546", "type": "document", "text": [ "Treatment of hypertensive and hypercholesterolaemic patients in general practice . The effect of captopril , atenolol and pravastatin combined with life style intervention . OBJECTIVE To elucidate the effect on blood pressure and blood lipids of an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor ( captopril ) , and a beta-receptor blocking agent ( atenolol ) , given alone or in combination with a cholesterol reducing drug , the beta-hydroxy-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitor pravastatin , in patients who were also encouraged to improve their lifestyle . DESIGN A longitudinal study consisting of three phases . I : Lifestyle intervention alone . II : Continued lifestyle intervention combined with captopril or atenolol . III : Continued lifestyle intervention combined with the same drugs as in phase II and in addition pravastatin or placebo . SETTING Fifty-four general practice surgeries in Norway . PARTICIPANTS Hypertensive patients , 210 females and 160 males , treated or untreated with antihypertensive drugs with a sitting diastolic blood pressure between 95 and 115 mmHg and a serum total cholesterol between 6.5 mmol/l ( 7.0 for those age 60-67 years ) and 9.0 mmol/l . RESULTS The antihypertensive effect of captopril and atenolol was not influenced by concurrent administration of pravastatin . The effect of pravastatin was not limited by concurrent medication with captopril or atenolol . Improvement in lifestyle seemed to reduce the need for supplementary treatment with diuretics . CONCLUSION Pravastatin can be used in combination with captopril or atenolol in the treatment of hypertensive and hypercholesterolaemic patients ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1656 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "1547", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "captopril" ], "offsets": [ [ 97, 106 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1548", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "atenolol" ], "offsets": [ [ 109, 117 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1549", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "pravastatin combined with life style intervention" ], "offsets": [ [ 122, 171 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1550", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor ( captopril )" ], "offsets": [ [ 249, 302 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1551", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "beta-receptor blocking agent ( atenolol )" ], "offsets": [ [ 311, 352 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1552", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "cholesterol reducing drug" ], "offsets": [ [ 392, 417 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1553", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "beta-hydroxy-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitor pravastatin" ], "offsets": [ [ 424, 494 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1554", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "were also encouraged to improve their lifestyle" ], "offsets": [ [ 513, 560 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1555", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "Lifestyle intervention alone" ], "offsets": [ [ 624, 652 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1556", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Continued lifestyle intervention combined with captopril or atenolol" ], "offsets": [ [ 660, 728 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1557", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Continued" ], "offsets": [ [ 660, 669 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1558", "type": "Intervention_Other", "text": [ "lifestyle intervention combined with the same drugs as in phase II" ], "offsets": [ [ 747, 813 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1559", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "pravastatin" ], "offsets": [ [ 122, 133 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1560", "type": "Intervention_Other", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 845, 852 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1561", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "captopril" ], "offsets": [ [ 97, 106 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1562", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "atenolol" ], "offsets": [ [ 109, 117 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1563", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "pravastatin" ], "offsets": [ [ 122, 133 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1564", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "pravastatin" ], "offsets": [ [ 122, 133 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1565", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "captopril" ], "offsets": [ [ 97, 106 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1566", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "atenolol" ], "offsets": [ [ 109, 117 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1567", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "diuretics" ], "offsets": [ [ 1498, 1507 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1568", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Pravastatin" ], "offsets": [ [ 1521, 1532 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1569", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "captopril" ], "offsets": [ [ 97, 106 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1570", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "atenolol" ], "offsets": [ [ 109, 117 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1571", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "Improvement in lifestyle" ], "offsets": [ [ 1414, 1438 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1572", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "supplementary treatment with diuretics" ], "offsets": [ [ 1469, 1507 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "1574", "type": "document", "text": [ "Preoperative small-dose ketamine has no preemptive analgesic effect in patients undergoing total mastectomy . UNLABELLED We evaluated the preemptive analgesic effect of a small dose of ketamine given before or immediately after surgery in a randomized , double-blinded study performed in 128 women undergoing total mastectomy . Group 1 patients received ketamine 0.15 mg/kg as a 5-mL i.v . injection 5 min before surgery and isotonic saline 5 mL i.v . at the time of skin closure . Group 2 received 5 mL i.v . of isotonic saline , then 0.15 mg/kg i.v . ketamine . A standard general anesthesia procedure including sufentanil was used . In the recovery room , patient-controlled analgesia i.v . morphine was used for postoperative analgesia . Postoperative pain was assessed by measuring morphine consumption and visual analog scale pain scores . No significant intergroup differences were seen in the pain scores . Patient-controlled analgesia morphine consumption was lower during the first 2 h after surgery in patients given ketamine at the time of skin closure . No patient complained of hallucinations or nightmares . The incidence of adverse effects was not different between the two groups . In conclusion , administering ketamine at the end of surgery is more effective in reducing morphine consumption than it is when given before surgery . IMPLICATIONS We administered the same small dose of ketamine before or after surgery . The preoperative administration of 0.15 mg/kg ketamine in patients undergoing total mastectomy did not elicit a preemptive analgesic effect . Ketamine given at closure reduced the patient-controlled analgesia morphine requirement in the first 2 h after surgery ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1699 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "1575", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ketamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 24, 32 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1576", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ketamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 24, 32 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1577", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ketamine 0.15 mg/kg as a 5-mL i.v ." ], "offsets": [ [ 354, 389 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1578", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "injection 5 min before surgery" ], "offsets": [ [ 390, 420 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1579", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "isotonic saline 5 mL i.v ." ], "offsets": [ [ 425, 451 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1580", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "5 mL i.v . of isotonic saline ," ], "offsets": [ [ 499, 530 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1581", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "0.15 mg/kg i.v . ketamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 536, 561 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1582", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ketamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 24, 32 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1583", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ketamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 24, 32 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1584", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ketamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 24, 32 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1585", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ketamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 24, 32 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1586", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Ketamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1579, 1587 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1587", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "morphine consumption and visual analog scale pain scores ." ], "offsets": [ [ 787, 845 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1588", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "Patient-controlled analgesia" ], "offsets": [ [ 915, 943 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1589", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "hallucinations" ], "offsets": [ [ 1092, 1106 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1590", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "nightmares ." ], "offsets": [ [ 1110, 1122 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1591", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "incidence of adverse effects" ], "offsets": [ [ 1127, 1155 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1592", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "128" ], "offsets": [ [ 288, 291 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1593", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "women" ], "offsets": [ [ 292, 297 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1594", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "undergoing total mastectomy" ], "offsets": [ [ 80, 107 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1595", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "undergoing total mastectomy" ], "offsets": [ [ 80, 107 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "1597", "type": "document", "text": [ "Phenobarbital compared with phenytoin for the treatment of neonatal seizures . BACKGROUND Seizures occur in 1 to 2 percent of neonates admitted to an intensive care unit . The treatment is usually with either phenobarbital or phenytoin , but the efficacy of the two drugs has not been compared directly . METHODS From 1990 to 1995 , we studied 59 neonates with seizures that were confirmed by electroencephalography . The neonates were randomly assigned to receive either phenobarbital or phenytoin intravenously , at doses sufficient to achieve free plasma concentrations of 25 microg per milliliter for phenobarbital and 3 microg per milliliter for phenytoin . Neonates whose seizures were not controlled by the assigned drug were then treated with both drugs . Seizure control was assessed by electroencephalographic criteria . RESULTS Seizures were controlled in 13 of the 30 neonates assigned to receive phenobarbital ( 43 percent ) and 13 of the 29 neonates assigned to receive phenytoin ( 45 percent ; P=1.00 ) . When combined treatment is considered , seizure control was achieved in 17 ( 57 percent ) of the neonates assigned to receive phenobarbital first and 18 ( 62 percent ) of those assigned to receive phenytoin first ( P=0.67 ) . The severity of the seizures was a stronger predictor of the success of treatment than was the assigned agent . Neonates with mild seizures or with seizures that were decreasing in severity before treatment were more likely to have their seizures end , regardless of the treatment assignment . CONCLUSIONS Phenobarbital and phenytoin are equally but incompletely effective as anticonvulsants in neonates . With either drug given alone , the seizures were controlled in fewer than half of the neonates ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1748 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "1598", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Phenobarbital" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 13 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1599", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "phenytoin" ], "offsets": [ [ 28, 37 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1600", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "phenobarbital" ], "offsets": [ [ 209, 222 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1601", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "phenytoin" ], "offsets": [ [ 28, 37 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1602", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "phenobarbital" ], "offsets": [ [ 209, 222 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1603", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "phenytoin" ], "offsets": [ [ 28, 37 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1604", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Phenobarbital" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 13 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1605", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "phenytoin" ], "offsets": [ [ 28, 37 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1606", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "efficacy" ], "offsets": [ [ 246, 254 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1607", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Seizure control" ], "offsets": [ [ 764, 779 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1608", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Seizures" ], "offsets": [ [ 90, 98 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1609", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "seizure control" ], "offsets": [ [ 1060, 1075 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1610", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "severity of the seizures" ], "offsets": [ [ 1250, 1274 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1611", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "mild seizures" ], "offsets": [ [ 1372, 1385 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1612", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "seizures" ], "offsets": [ [ 68, 76 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1613", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "seizures" ], "offsets": [ [ 68, 76 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1614", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "anticonvulsants" ], "offsets": [ [ 1622, 1637 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1615", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "seizures" ], "offsets": [ [ 68, 76 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1616", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "controlled" ], "offsets": [ [ 696, 706 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1617", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "neonatal seizures ." ], "offsets": [ [ 59, 78 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "1619", "type": "document", "text": [ "Effects of amlodipine and enalapril on platelet function in patients with mild to moderate hypertension . OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to compare the effect of amlodipine and enalapril on platelet aggregation , and platelet production of malondialdehyde in patients with mild to moderate arterial hypertension . PATIENTS AND METHODS A parallel , double-blind , placebo-controlled study was carried out in 24 patients ( 2 groups of 12 patients each ) . Initially all patients received placebo for four weeks ; then amlodipine , 5 mg daily or enalapril 20 mg daily taken once a day at 7 am . Dosage was doubled after 4 weeks when diastolic blood pressure was > 90 mmHg in sitting position , the treatment was continued for 12 weeks . At the end of placebo and active phases a platelet aggregation test , using adenosine diphosphate , collagen and adrenaline , and a platelet malondialdehyde production test , either in basal conditions ( MDA-basal ) and after the stimulation of arachidonic acid pathway by adding ethylmaleimide ( MDA-activated ) were carried out . RESULTS Blood pressure was reduced by both agents , enalapril and amlodipine . Enalapril controlled 58.3 % of hypertensive patients with an average dosage of 31.7 mg/daily . Amlodipine controlled 75 % of patients with a dosage of 7.1 mg/daily . Platelet aggregation was reduced by amlodipine in 15.9 % for ADP ( 10 microM ) ; 17.4 % for collagen ( 2 microg/ml ) and 19.9 % for adrenaline ( 2 microM ) ( p < 0.025 ) . Meanwhile enalapril slightly increased platelet aggregation by 6.7 % , 1.3 % and 5.6 % for the three agents , respectively ( p > 0.05 , ns ) . Malondialdehyde was reduced by amlodipine in 45.33 % ( p < 0.05 ) for MDA-basal ; 3.76 % ( p > 0.05 ) for MDA-activated ; and the ratio MDA-basal : MDA-activated in 36.79 % ( p < 0.005 ) . Meanwhile enalapril increased MDA-basal in 2.89 % ; MDA-activated in 3.58 % and reduced the ratio MDA-basal : MDA-activated , in 10.34 % ( p > 0.05 ) . CONCLUSION Both agents , enalapril and amlodipine , reduced blood pressure , but only amlodipine reduced platelet aggregation and platelet production of malondialdehyde , indicating its action on the arachidonic acid metabolic pathway ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2208 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "1620", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "amlodipine" ], "offsets": [ [ 11, 21 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1621", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "enalapril" ], "offsets": [ [ 26, 35 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1622", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "amlodipine and enalapril" ], "offsets": [ [ 11, 35 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1623", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo-controlled" ], "offsets": [ [ 368, 386 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1624", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 368, 375 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1625", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "amlodipine" ], "offsets": [ [ 11, 21 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1626", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "or enalapril" ], "offsets": [ [ 545, 557 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1627", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "enalapril" ], "offsets": [ [ 26, 35 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1628", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "amlodipine" ], "offsets": [ [ 11, 21 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1629", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Enalapril" ], "offsets": [ [ 1150, 1159 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1630", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Amlodipine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1245, 1255 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1631", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "amlodipine" ], "offsets": [ [ 11, 21 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1632", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "enalapril" ], "offsets": [ [ 26, 35 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1633", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "amlodipine" ], "offsets": [ [ 11, 21 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1634", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "enalapril" ], "offsets": [ [ 26, 35 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1635", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "enalapril" ], "offsets": [ [ 26, 35 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1636", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "amlodipine" ], "offsets": [ [ 11, 21 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1637", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "amlodipine" ], "offsets": [ [ 11, 21 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1638", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "platelet function" ], "offsets": [ [ 39, 56 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1639", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "platelet aggregation" ], "offsets": [ [ 195, 215 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1640", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "platelet production of malondialdehyde" ], "offsets": [ [ 222, 260 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1641", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "diastolic blood pressure" ], "offsets": [ [ 635, 659 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1642", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Blood pressure" ], "offsets": [ [ 1079, 1093 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1643", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Platelet aggregation" ], "offsets": [ [ 1316, 1336 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1644", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "platelet aggregation" ], "offsets": [ [ 195, 215 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1645", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Malondialdehyde" ], "offsets": [ [ 1631, 1646 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1646", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "MDA-basal" ], "offsets": [ [ 943, 952 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1647", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "MDA-activated" ], "offsets": [ [ 1036, 1049 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1648", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "MDA-basal" ], "offsets": [ [ 943, 952 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1649", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "MDA-activated" ], "offsets": [ [ 1036, 1049 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1650", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "ratio MDA-basal : MDA-activated" ], "offsets": [ [ 1761, 1792 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1651", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "blood pressure" ], "offsets": [ [ 645, 659 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1652", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "platelet aggregation" ], "offsets": [ [ 195, 215 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1653", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "platelet production of malondialdehyde" ], "offsets": [ [ 222, 260 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1654", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "hypertension" ], "offsets": [ [ 91, 103 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1655", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "arterial hypertension" ], "offsets": [ [ 295, 316 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1656", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "24" ], "offsets": [ [ 412, 414 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1657", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "12" ], "offsets": [ [ 438, 440 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1658", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "hypertensive" ], "offsets": [ [ 1181, 1193 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "1660", "type": "document", "text": [ "Continued improvement in pressure-flow parameters in men receiving finasteride for 2 years . Finasteride Urodynamics Study Group . OBJECTIVES To assess the long-term effects of finasteride on pressure-flow parameters in men with urodynamically documented bladder outflow obstruction ( BOO ) . METHODS One hundred twenty-one men with benign prostatic enlargement ( BPE ) and lower urinary tract symptoms ( LUTS ) underwent a pressure-flow study ( PFS ) at 1 of 11 clinical centers . The PFS technique was standardized , and all tracings were read by a single reader unaware of the treatment group . Patients who were obstructed according to a modified Abrams-Griffiths nomogram were randomized to 5 mg finasteride ( n = 81 ) or placebo ( n = 40 ) for 12 months ; all patients continuing into an open extension received finasteride during the second 12 months of therapy . Results of the initial 12-month study demonstrated the benefit of finasteride treatment on PFS parameters . To examine the continuing effects over time , an analysis of the data from 54 patients who completed 24 months of treatment with finasteride is provided . RESULTS Detrusor pressure at maximum flow ( PdetQmax ) continued to decrease during the second 12 months of therapy ( decreases of 5.3 and 11.7 cm H2O at months 12 and 24 , respectively ) . The percentage of patients obstructed by Abrams-Griffiths classification decreased from 76.2 % at baseline to 66.7 % at month 12 and 59.6 % at month 24 . An intention-to-treat analysis yielded similar results . CONCLUSIONS Finasteride improves urodynamic measures of obstruction in men with BPE and LUTS , with continued improvement during the second 12 months of therapy ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1697 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "1661", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "5 mg finasteride" ], "offsets": [ [ 696, 712 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1662", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 727, 734 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1663", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "finasteride" ], "offsets": [ [ 67, 78 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1664", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "pressure-flow parameters" ], "offsets": [ [ 25, 49 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1665", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "pressure-flow parameters" ], "offsets": [ [ 25, 49 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1666", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "modified Abrams-Griffiths nomogram" ], "offsets": [ [ 642, 676 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1667", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "PFS parameters" ], "offsets": [ [ 962, 976 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1668", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Detrusor pressure" ], "offsets": [ [ 1142, 1159 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1669", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "PdetQmax" ], "offsets": [ [ 1178, 1186 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1670", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Abrams-Griffiths classification" ], "offsets": [ [ 1365, 1396 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1671", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "men" ], "offsets": [ [ 17, 20 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1672", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "receiving finasteride for 2 years ." ], "offsets": [ [ 57, 92 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1673", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "with urodynamically documented bladder outflow obstruction ( BOO )" ], "offsets": [ [ 224, 290 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1674", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "One hundred twenty-one" ], "offsets": [ [ 301, 323 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1675", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "benign prostatic enlargement" ], "offsets": [ [ 333, 361 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1676", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "lower urinary tract symptoms" ], "offsets": [ [ 374, 402 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "1678", "type": "document", "text": [ "Befriending as an intervention for chronic depression among women in an inner city . 2 : Role of fresh-start experiences and baseline psychosocial factors in remission from depression . BACKGROUND Volunteer befriending promoted remission of chronic depression when clinical and other treatment variables were controlled . AIMS To examine the role of other psychosocial factors relevant for outcome . METHOD Factors measured at baseline interview were examined in multivariate analyses along with psychosocial factors occurring during follow-up , such as 'fresh-start ' experiences and new severe events and difficulties . RESULTS Fresh-start experiences and a standard attachment style were found to enhance chances of remission , with new severe stressors and markedly poor coping strategies liable to prevent it , with volunteer befriending continuing to play a role . CONCLUSIONS The positive result reported in the preceding paper is unlikely to be an artefact . However , fresh-start experiences , absence of new severe stressors and standard attachment style were more important predictors of remission . This knowledge might profitably be incorporated into the evaluation of existing treatments ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1203 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "1679", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "Befriending" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 11 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1680", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "Volunteer befriending" ], "offsets": [ [ 197, 218 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1681", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "'fresh-start ' experiences" ], "offsets": [ [ 554, 580 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1682", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "befriending" ], "offsets": [ [ 207, 218 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1683", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "'fresh-start ' experiences" ], "offsets": [ [ 554, 580 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1684", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "new severe events" ], "offsets": [ [ 585, 602 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1685", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "and" ], "offsets": [ [ 121, 124 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1686", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "difficulties" ], "offsets": [ [ 607, 619 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1687", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "Fresh-start experiences" ], "offsets": [ [ 630, 653 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1688", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "standard attachment style" ], "offsets": [ [ 660, 685 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "1690", "type": "document", "text": [ "Delineation of cryptogenic Lennox-Gastaut syndrome and myoclonic astatic epilepsy using multiple correspondence analysis . PURPOSE To distinguish various types of childhood severe cryptogenic/idiopathic generalised epilepsy on the basis of reproducible diagnostic criteria , using multiple correspondence analysis ( MCA ) . METHODS We applied MCA to a series of 72 children with no evidence of brain damage , starting epilepsy between 1 and 10 years , with two or more types of generalised seizures . We excluded patients with infantile spasms or typical absences . MCA was performed on all clinical and EEG parameters , first throughout follow-up , then restricted to the first year of the disease . RESULTS When including all follow-up variables , there were three groups : ( 1 ) Thirty-seven children with male predominance , familial history of epilepsy , simple febrile convulsions , massive myoclonus , tonic-clonic fits . Outcome was favourable , with no seizures and mildly affected cognitive functions . Interictal EEG showed short sequences of irregular 3-Hz spike-waves . ( 2 ) In 18 children , clinical characteristics were similar to those of the first group at the early stage , but 95 % exhibited myoclonic status and vibratory tonic seizures , with persisting seizures on follow-up . EEG showed long sequences of generalised irregular spike and slow waves . Those two groups meet the characteristics of childhood onset myoclonic-astatic epilepsy ( MAE ) with respectively , favourable and unfavourable outcome . ( 3 ) Eleven children had later onset , atypical absences , tonic and partial seizures , and no myoclonus , or vibratory tonic seizures . All had mental retardation and persisting seizures . EEG showed long sequences of slow spike-wave activity and half the patients had spike and slow wave foci . These patients met the major characteristics of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome . Initial parameters failed to distinguish the first two groups , but Lennox-Gastaut syndrome ( the third group ) was distinct from both groups of myoclonic astatic epilepsy from the onset . Within MAE groups combined , clinical and EEG risk factors for mental retardation could be identified . CONCLUSION It is possible to validate statistically the distinction between discrete epileptic syndromes . Myoclonic astatic epilepsy is therefore distinct from Lennox-Gastaut syndrome , and the distinction appears from the first year of the disorder ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2445 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "1691", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "multiple correspondence analysis" ], "offsets": [ [ 88, 120 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1692", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "multiple correspondence analysis ( MCA )" ], "offsets": [ [ 281, 321 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1693", "type": "Intervention_Educational", "text": [ "MCA" ], "offsets": [ [ 316, 319 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1694", "type": "Intervention_Other", "text": [ "EEG" ], "offsets": [ [ 604, 607 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1695", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "no seizures and mildly affected cognitive functions" ], "offsets": [ [ 959, 1010 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1696", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "short sequences of irregular 3-Hz spike-waves" ], "offsets": [ [ 1035, 1080 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1697", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "clinical characteristics" ], "offsets": [ [ 1106, 1130 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1698", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "myoclonic status" ], "offsets": [ [ 1212, 1228 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1699", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "vibratory tonic seizures" ], "offsets": [ [ 1233, 1257 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1700", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "persisting seizures" ], "offsets": [ [ 1265, 1284 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1701", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "long sequences of generalised irregular spike and slow waves" ], "offsets": [ [ 1311, 1371 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1702", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "atypical absences" ], "offsets": [ [ 1568, 1585 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1703", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "tonic and partial seizures" ], "offsets": [ [ 1588, 1614 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1704", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "mental retardation and persisting seizures" ], "offsets": [ [ 1674, 1716 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1705", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "long sequences of slow spike-wave activity and half the patients had spike and slow wave foci" ], "offsets": [ [ 1730, 1823 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1706", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "childhood severe cryptogenic/idiopathic generalised epilepsy" ], "offsets": [ [ 163, 223 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "1708", "type": "document", "text": [ "Effect of spinal versus general anesthesia on bladder compliance and intraabdominal pressure during transurethral procedures . STUDY OBJECTIVE To evaluate the influence of spinal versus general anesthesia on bladder compliance and intraabdominal pressure in elderly males undergoing elective transurethral resection of the prostate . DESIGN Prospective , randomized , open-label study . SETTING Teaching hospital . PATIENTS 21 ASA physical status I , II , and III patients at least 18 years of age , undergoing transurethral surgery . INTERVENTIONS According to a computer-generated randomization schedule , patients were allocated to one of two groups . In Group Spinal ( S ) , 10 mg of hyperbaric tetracaine was administered intrathecally . In Group General Anesthesia ( GA ) , patients received , fentanyl intravenous ( i.v . 1 to 2 micrograms/kg and propofol i.v . 1.0 to 2.0 mg/kg for induction of anesthesia . Thereafter , a laryngeal mask airway was inserted and , with spontaneous ventilation , anesthesia was maintained by administering isoflurane ( end-tidal 0.7 % to 1.2 % ) and 70 % nitrous oxide ( N2O ) in oxygen . Intraabdominal pressure and bladder compliance were recorded prior to the induction of anesthesia and immediately before the onset of the surgical procedure . MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The two groups were demographically comparable . In Group S , mean bladder compliance was significantly ( p = 0.003 ) higher and mean intraabdominal pressure significantly lower ( p = 0.007 ) when compared to baseline preanesthetic values . In Group GA , mean intraabdominal pressure significantly ( p = 0.006 ) decreased when compared to baseline preanesthetic recordings . Following the induction of general anesthesia , a small change in bladder compliance was noted . However , statistical significance was not reached . Data were analyzed and compared using Student 's t-test ( p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant ) . CONCLUSION Both spinal and general anesthesia induced a significant decrease in intraabdominal pressure . While both techniques were associated with an increase in bladder compliance , statistical significance was demonstrated only in the spinal anesthesia treatment group ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2229 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "1709", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "spinal versus general anesthesia" ], "offsets": [ [ 10, 42 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1710", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "spinal versus general anesthesia" ], "offsets": [ [ 10, 42 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1711", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "transurethral surgery ." ], "offsets": [ [ 511, 534 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1712", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "hyperbaric tetracaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 688, 709 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1713", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "General Anesthesia ( GA )" ], "offsets": [ [ 752, 777 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1714", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "fentanyl intravenous" ], "offsets": [ [ 800, 820 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1715", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "anesthesia" ], "offsets": [ [ 32, 42 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1716", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "anesthesia" ], "offsets": [ [ 32, 42 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1717", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "isoflurane" ], "offsets": [ [ 1046, 1056 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1718", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "nitrous oxide ( N2O ) in oxygen" ], "offsets": [ [ 1095, 1126 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1719", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "anesthesia" ], "offsets": [ [ 32, 42 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1720", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "spinal and general anesthesia" ], "offsets": [ [ 1971, 2000 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1721", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "spinal anesthesia" ], "offsets": [ [ 2194, 2211 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1722", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "bladder compliance" ], "offsets": [ [ 46, 64 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1723", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "intraabdominal pressure" ], "offsets": [ [ 69, 92 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1724", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "bladder compliance" ], "offsets": [ [ 46, 64 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1725", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "intraabdominal pressure" ], "offsets": [ [ 69, 92 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1726", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "intraabdominal pressure" ], "offsets": [ [ 69, 92 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1727", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "mean intraabdominal pressure" ], "offsets": [ [ 1447, 1475 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1728", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "bladder compliance" ], "offsets": [ [ 46, 64 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1729", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "elderly" ], "offsets": [ [ 258, 265 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1730", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "males" ], "offsets": [ [ 266, 271 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1731", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "undergoing elective transurethral resection of the prostate" ], "offsets": [ [ 272, 331 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1732", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "21" ], "offsets": [ [ 424, 426 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1733", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "ASA physical status I , II , and III patients" ], "offsets": [ [ 427, 472 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1734", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "at least 18" ], "offsets": [ [ 473, 484 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "1736", "type": "document", "text": [ "Trial of prophylactic administration of TXA2 synthetase inhibitor , ozagrel hydrochloride , for preeclampsia . OBJECTIVE In an attempt to investigate the prophylactic effect of a thromboxane A2 ( TXA2 ) synthetase inhibitor on pregnant women with a high risk of preeclampsia , the following clinical study was undertaken . METHODS Forty pregnant women were randomly allocated to control or treatment groups . Ozagrel Hydrochloride ( 400 mg/day , orally ) and placebo were started at 20 weeks of gestation and continued until delivery . RESULTS Seventeen of 20 ( 85 % ) women in the control group developed preeclampsia , whereas 9 of 20 ( 45 % ) in the treatment group developed preeclampsia . Ozagrel Hydrochloride significantly ( p < 0.01 ) reduced the occurrence of preeclampsia , and the incidence of both hypertension ( p < 0.05 ) and proteinuria ( p < 0.01 ) was significantly less in the treatment group compared with the control group . One month after administration , the mean plasma concentration of TXB2 , a metabolite of TXA2 , was significantly decreased ( p < 0.01 ) to 62.4 +/- 13.6 % , whereas that of 6-keto prostaglandin F1 alpha , a metabolite of PGI2 , was significantly increased ( p < 0.01 ) to 206.7 +/- 52.8 % . There were no maternal or fetal side effects observed . CONCLUSIONS It seems likely that Ozagrel Hydrochloride could be used for the prevention of preeclampsia in high-risk pregnant women ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1426 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "1737", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "TXA2 synthetase inhibitor , ozagrel hydrochloride" ], "offsets": [ [ 40, 89 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1738", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "thromboxane A2 ( TXA2 ) synthetase inhibitor" ], "offsets": [ [ 179, 223 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1739", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Ozagrel Hydrochloride" ], "offsets": [ [ 409, 430 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1740", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 459, 466 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1741", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Ozagrel Hydrochloride" ], "offsets": [ [ 409, 430 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1742", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "preeclampsia" ], "offsets": [ [ 96, 108 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1743", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "preeclampsia" ], "offsets": [ [ 96, 108 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1744", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "occurrence of preeclampsia" ], "offsets": [ [ 755, 781 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1745", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "hypertension" ], "offsets": [ [ 810, 822 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1746", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "proteinuria" ], "offsets": [ [ 840, 851 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1747", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "mean plasma concentration of TXB2" ], "offsets": [ [ 982, 1015 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1748", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "a metabolite of TXA2" ], "offsets": [ [ 1018, 1038 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1749", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "6-keto prostaglandin F1 alpha" ], "offsets": [ [ 1119, 1148 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1750", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "a metabolite of PGI2" ], "offsets": [ [ 1151, 1171 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1751", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "maternal or fetal side effects observed" ], "offsets": [ [ 1251, 1290 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1752", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "prevention of preeclampsia" ], "offsets": [ [ 1370, 1396 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1753", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "preeclampsia" ], "offsets": [ [ 96, 108 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1754", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "pregnant" ], "offsets": [ [ 227, 235 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1755", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "women" ], "offsets": [ [ 236, 241 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1756", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "preeclampsia" ], "offsets": [ [ 96, 108 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1757", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "Forty" ], "offsets": [ [ 331, 336 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1758", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "pregnant" ], "offsets": [ [ 227, 235 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1759", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "women" ], "offsets": [ [ 236, 241 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1760", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "preeclampsia" ], "offsets": [ [ 96, 108 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "1762", "type": "document", "text": [ "Inhibition of the seasonal IgE increase to Dactylis glomerata by daily sodium chloride nasal-sinus irrigation during the grass pollen season ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 142 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "1763", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "daily sodium chloride nasal-sinus irrigation" ], "offsets": [ [ 65, 109 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1764", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Inhibition of the seasonal IgE" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 30 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1765", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "Inhibition of the seasonal IgE increase to Dactylis glomerata" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 61 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "1767", "type": "document", "text": [ "Assessment of the pain of blood-sugar testing : a randomised controlled trial . Lancet puncture to the side of the thumb resulted in less pain than lancet puncture to the finger or venepuncture at the elbow . Success rates were the same ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 238 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "1768", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "Lancet puncture to the side of the thumb" ], "offsets": [ [ 80, 120 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1769", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "lancet puncture to the finger or venepuncture at the elbow ." ], "offsets": [ [ 148, 208 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1770", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "less pain" ], "offsets": [ [ 133, 142 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1771", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "Assessment of the pain of blood-sugar testing : a randomised controlled trial ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 79 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "1773", "type": "document", "text": [ "Chemotherapy for operable gastric cancer : results of the Dutch randomised FAMTX trial . The Dutch Gastric Cancer Group ( DGCG ) . The aim of this trial was to investigate whether pre-operative chemotherapy leads to a 15 % higher curative resectability rate in patients with operable gastric cancer . In this randomised trial , patients were allocated to receive either four courses of chemotherapy using 5-fluorouracil , doxorubicin and methotrexate ( FAMTX ) prior to surgery or to undergo surgery only . Patients younger than 75 years of age with a good physical and mental condition and a histologically proven adenocarcinoma of the stomach without clinical or radiographic ( computed tomography scan ) evidence of distant metastases were eligible for this trial . Early gastric cancer or cardia carcinoma were excluded . The response to chemotherapy was evaluated after two and four courses . In case of progressive disease ( PD ) after two courses , patients were operated upon as soon as possible . Otherwise complete response ( CR ) partial response ( PR ) or stable disease ( SD ) , two more courses were scheduled . The standard surgical procedure was a limited lymphadenectomy ( D1 ) with staging biopsy of the para-aortic lymph nodes . Between September 1993 and February 1996 , 56 eligible and evaluable patients were entered : 27 were randomised to receive FAMTX before surgery and 29 to undergo surgery only . In the FAMTX + surgery treatment group , 15/27 ( 56 % ) had curative resections versus 18/29 ( 62 % ) in the surgery only arm . There was no difference in the frequency of TNM stages I + II in both treatment arms : 15/27 versus 15/29 . Due to PD and/or toxicity , 12 patients ( 44 % ) could not complete the planned four courses of FAMTX . Response evaluation after chemotherapy was possible in 25 patients : 2 CR , 6 PR , 8 SD and 9 PD . The difference in curative resectability rate was 6.5 % ( 95 % confidence interval -32 to +19 % ) in favour of surgery only . Downstaging for stages I + II did not occur . PD was more often the reason for not completing the planned four courses than toxicity . More active regimens than FAMTX are required for future randomised trials ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2200 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "1774", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Chemotherapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 12 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1775", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "chemotherapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 194, 206 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1776", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "5-fluorouracil , doxorubicin and methotrexate ( FAMTX ) prior to surgery" ], "offsets": [ [ 405, 477 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1777", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "surgery only" ], "offsets": [ [ 492, 504 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1778", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "chemotherapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 194, 206 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1779", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "FAMTX" ], "offsets": [ [ 75, 80 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1780", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "curative resectability rate" ], "offsets": [ [ 230, 257 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1781", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "curative resections" ], "offsets": [ [ 1485, 1504 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1782", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "frequency of TNM stages I + II" ], "offsets": [ [ 1584, 1614 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1783", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "toxicity" ], "offsets": [ [ 1678, 1686 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1784", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "curative resectability" ], "offsets": [ [ 230, 252 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1785", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "operable gastric cancer :" ], "offsets": [ [ 17, 42 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1786", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "Dutch" ], "offsets": [ [ 58, 63 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "1788", "type": "document", "text": [ "Gabexate mesilate and antithrombin III for intraoperative anticoagulation in heparin pretreated patients . Thirty patients scheduled for elective myocardial revascularization and having undergone preoperative heparin treatment have been admitted to this prospective , randomized study . The aim of the study was to test two different strategies for preserving circulating antithrombin III ( AT-III ) during cardiopulmonary bypass . Patients in the control group ( group C , n = 10 ) were treated with a standard heparinization ( 300 IU/kg ) . Patients in group A ( n = 10 ) received the same management plus two doses of purified antithrombin III ( 1000 IU each ) . Patients in group GA received 200 IU/kg heparin and a continuous infusion of heparin ( 100 IU/kg/h ) and gabexate mesilate ( 2 mg/kg/h ) plus the same dose of antithrombin III as group A . Both group A and group GA demonstrated a preservation of circulating AT-III when compared to group C ; this effect was more pronounced in group GA . The total heparin dosage was less in group GA than in groups A and C. Purified AT-III administration is recommended in heparin pretreated patients ; the addition of gabexate mesilate to this protocol decreases the heparin requirement and increases the AT-III preservation ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1277 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "1789", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Gabexate mesilate" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 17 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1790", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "antithrombin III" ], "offsets": [ [ 22, 38 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1791", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "standard heparinization" ], "offsets": [ [ 503, 526 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1792", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "antithrombin III" ], "offsets": [ [ 22, 38 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1793", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "200 IU/kg heparin" ], "offsets": [ [ 696, 713 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1794", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "continuous infusion of heparin ( 100 IU/kg/h )" ], "offsets": [ [ 720, 766 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1795", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "gabexate mesilate" ], "offsets": [ [ 771, 788 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1796", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "antithrombin III" ], "offsets": [ [ 22, 38 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1797", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "circulating antithrombin III ( AT-III )" ], "offsets": [ [ 360, 399 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1798", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "preservation of circulating AT-III" ], "offsets": [ [ 896, 930 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1799", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "total heparin dosage" ], "offsets": [ [ 1008, 1028 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1800", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "heparin requirement" ], "offsets": [ [ 1218, 1237 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1801", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "AT-III preservation ." ], "offsets": [ [ 1256, 1277 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1802", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "heparin pretreated" ], "offsets": [ [ 77, 95 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1803", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "Thirty" ], "offsets": [ [ 107, 113 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1804", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "elective myocardial revascularization" ], "offsets": [ [ 137, 174 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1805", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "preoperative heparin treatment" ], "offsets": [ [ 196, 226 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1806", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "heparin pretreated" ], "offsets": [ [ 77, 95 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "1808", "type": "document", "text": [ "One-year results from the phase III investigation of the KeraVision Intacs . BACKGROUND Limitations of the surgical correction for myopia include inaccuracy , instability , treatment of the central optical zone , and lack of reversibility . KeraVision Intacs offer an alternative that addresses these shortcomings . METHODS We present 1 year of follow-up information on 95 subjects enrolled in the United States Food and Drug Administration Phase III clinical trials . RESULTS At 1 year , 99 % of patients ( 89 of 90 ) had 20/40 uncorrected vision or better . Ninety-two percent of eyes ( 83 of 90 ) were within 1.00 D of intended correction and 76 % of eyes ( 68 of 90 ) were within 0.50 D of intended correction . Stability was achieved at 3 months , with 96 % of subjects ( 86 of 90 ) having less than 1.00 D of change from their previous examination . In a substudy , 89 % eyes ( 58 of 65 ) varied within +/- 0.50 D over the course of a day . Corneal curvature changed as predicted , resulting in a prolate aspheric shape within the central optical zone . Most complications or adverse events experienced were managed with additional medication or surgical intervention , resulting in a favorable outcome for subjects . CONCLUSIONS KeraVision Intacs are effective , predictable , stable , and safe . This additive technique may also offer reversibility ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1358 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "1809", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "investigation of the KeraVision Intacs" ], "offsets": [ [ 36, 74 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1810", "type": "Intervention_Other", "text": [ "KeraVision Intacs" ], "offsets": [ [ 57, 74 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1811", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Stability" ], "offsets": [ [ 716, 725 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1812", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Corneal curvature" ], "offsets": [ [ 947, 964 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1813", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "complications or adverse events" ], "offsets": [ [ 1065, 1096 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1814", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "effective , predictable , stable , and safe" ], "offsets": [ [ 1258, 1301 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1815", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "myopia" ], "offsets": [ [ 131, 137 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1816", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "95" ], "offsets": [ [ 370, 372 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1817", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "89" ], "offsets": [ [ 508, 510 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1818", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "90" ], "offsets": [ [ 514, 516 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1819", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "20/40 uncorrected vision or better" ], "offsets": [ [ 523, 557 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "1821", "type": "document", "text": [ "Tactile feedback is present during minimally invasive surgery . BACKGROUND The applications of minimally invasive surgery ( MIS ) and laparoscopy are rapidly expanding . Despite this expansion , our understanding of the importance of haptic feedback during laparoscopic surgery is incomplete . Although many surgeons believe that the use of minimally invasive techniques eliminates force feedback and tactile sensation ( haptics ) , the importance of haptics in MIS has not been fully evaluated . There is considerable interest in the development of simulators for MIS even though the importance of force feedback remains poorly understood . This study was designed to determine the ability of experienced surgeons to interpret haptic feedback with respect to texture , shape , and consistency of an object . STUDY DESIGN A randomized , single-blinded study was designed . Twenty surgeons were presented objects in a random order , with participants blinded as to their identity . Inspection by direct palpation , conventional instruments , and laparoscopic instruments was performed on all objects . Statistic analysis of the data was performed using chi-square analysis and , when appropriate , a Fischer exact probability test . RESULTS Direct palpation was associated with the highest accuracy for shape identification and was superior to both conventional instruments ( p < 0.001 ) and laparoscopic instruments ( p < 0.001 ) . Fine texture analysis with either a conventional instrument or a laparoscopic instrument was superior to direct palpation ( p < 0.05 ) . Finally , the three methods of analysis were comparable for consistency analysis . CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that laparoscopic instruments do , in fact , provide surgeons with haptic feedback . Interpretation of the texture , shape , and consistency of objects can be performed . In some situations , laparoscopic instruments appear to amplify the haptic information available . Our ongoing work is directed at further defining force interactions ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2023 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "1822", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "minimally invasive surgery" ], "offsets": [ [ 35, 61 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1823", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "minimally invasive surgery ( MIS )" ], "offsets": [ [ 95, 129 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1824", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "laparoscopy" ], "offsets": [ [ 134, 145 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1825", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "laparoscopic surgery" ], "offsets": [ [ 257, 277 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1826", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "minimally invasive techniques" ], "offsets": [ [ 341, 370 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1827", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "Inspection by direct palpation" ], "offsets": [ [ 981, 1011 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1828", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "conventional instruments" ], "offsets": [ [ 1014, 1038 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1829", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "laparoscopic instruments" ], "offsets": [ [ 1045, 1069 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1830", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "conventional instrument" ], "offsets": [ [ 1014, 1037 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1831", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "laparoscopic instrument" ], "offsets": [ [ 1045, 1068 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1832", "type": "Intervention_Surgical", "text": [ "laparoscopic instruments" ], "offsets": [ [ 1045, 1069 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1833", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Tactile feedback" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 16 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1834", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "force feedback" ], "offsets": [ [ 382, 396 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1835", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "tactile sensation ( haptics )" ], "offsets": [ [ 401, 430 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1836", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "force feedback" ], "offsets": [ [ 382, 396 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1837", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "haptic feedback" ], "offsets": [ [ 234, 249 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1838", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "texture" ], "offsets": [ [ 760, 767 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1839", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "shape" ], "offsets": [ [ 770, 775 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1840", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "consistency of an object" ], "offsets": [ [ 782, 806 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1841", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Inspection by direct palpation" ], "offsets": [ [ 981, 1011 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1842", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "conventional instruments" ], "offsets": [ [ 1014, 1038 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1843", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "laparoscopic instruments" ], "offsets": [ [ 1045, 1069 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1844", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Direct palpation" ], "offsets": [ [ 1240, 1256 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1845", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "haptic feedback" ], "offsets": [ [ 234, 249 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1846", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "Twenty" ], "offsets": [ [ 873, 879 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "1848", "type": "document", "text": [ "Ciprofloxacin and rifampicin versus doxycycline and rifampicin in the treatment of brucellosis . The present study was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy , safety , and patient tolerability of two antibiotic regimens for the treatment of brucellosis : rifampicin 600 mg/day and doxycycline 200 mg/day for 45 days ( group 1 ) , versus rifampicin 600 mg/day and ciprofloxacin 1 g/day for 30 days ( group 2 ) . Forty patients were diagnosed with brucellosis based on clinical and microbiological findings . The two groups were comparable regarding age and sex distribution . The average number of days without fever and symptoms was lower in group 2 patients than in group 1 patients ( mean+/-SD : 3.85+/-1.98 for group 1 vs. 2.78+/-1.03 for group 2 , P=0.044 ) . During the 1-year follow-up period , three ( 15 % ) patients in group 2 and two ( 10 % ) patients in group 1 had clinical relapses ; these rates were not significantly different . Ciprofloxacin and rifampicin treatment for brucellosis is as effective as the standard regimen of doxycycline and rifampicin and offers the advantage of a shorter duration of treatment ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1128 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "1849", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Ciprofloxacin and rifampicin" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 28 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1850", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "doxycycline and rifampicin" ], "offsets": [ [ 36, 62 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1851", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "rifampicin 600 mg/day and doxycycline 200 mg/day" ], "offsets": [ [ 253, 301 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1852", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "rifampicin 600 mg/day and ciprofloxacin 1 g/day for 30 days" ], "offsets": [ [ 335, 394 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1853", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Ciprofloxacin and rifampicin" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 28 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1854", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "doxycycline and rifampicin" ], "offsets": [ [ 36, 62 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1855", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "brucellosis" ], "offsets": [ [ 83, 94 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1856", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "efficacy , safety , and patient tolerability" ], "offsets": [ [ 146, 190 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1857", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "brucellosis" ], "offsets": [ [ 83, 94 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1858", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "average number of days without fever and symptoms" ], "offsets": [ [ 577, 626 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1859", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "relapses" ], "offsets": [ [ 884, 892 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1860", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "brucellosis" ], "offsets": [ [ 83, 94 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "1862", "type": "document", "text": [ "Use of the oral neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir in experimental human influenza : randomized controlled trials for prevention and treatment . CONTEXT Influenza virus neuraminidase is thought to be essential for virus replication in humans ; however , to date , available neuraminidase inhibitors are limited to zanamivir , which is topically administered . OBJECTIVE To determine the safety , tolerability , and antiviral activity of oral neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir ( GS4104/Ro64-0796 ) for prevention and the early treatment of influenza in experimentally infected humans . DESIGN Two randomized , double-blind , placebo-controlled trials conducted between June and July 1997 . SETTING Individual hotel rooms ; 2 large US university medical schools . PARTICIPANTS A total of 117 healthy adult volunteers ( aged 18-40 years ; median age , 21 years ) who were susceptible ( hemagglutination-inhibition antibody titer < or =1:8 ) . INTERVENTIONS All subjects were inoculated intranasally with influenza A/Texas/36/91 ( H1N1 ) virus . For the prophylaxis study , oral oseltamivir ( 100 mg once daily [ n = 12 ] , 100 mg twice daily [ n = 12 ] , or matching placebo [ n = 13 ] , starting 26 hours before virus inoculation ) was administered . For the treatment study , the same drug was given ( 20 mg , 100 mg , or 200 mg twice daily , 200 mg once daily , or matching placebo [ n = 16 ] , in each group starting 28 hours after inoculation ) . All regimens were continued for 5 days . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Comparing placebo groups with pooled treatment groups , for prophylaxis , outcomes included frequency of infection and viral shedding ; for treatment , viral shedding in titers . RESULTS In the prophylaxis study , 8 ( 67 % ) of 12 placebo and 8 ( 38 % ) of 21 oseltamivir recipients became infected ( P = .16 ; efficacy , 61 % ) ; 6 ( 50 % ) placebo compared with 0 oseltamivir recipients shed virus ( P < .001 ; efficacy , 100 % ) , and 33 % of placebo but no oseltamivir recipient had infection-related respiratory illness ( P < .01 ) . Among infected subjects in the treatment study ( n = 69 ) , the viral titer area under the curve of the combined oseltamivir groups ( n = 56 ) was lower ( median [ interquartile range [ IQR ] ] , 80 [ 23-151 ] vs 273 [ 79-306 ] log10 tissue culture-infective doses50 per milliliter x hour ; P = .02 ) than the placebo group ( n = 13 ) , and the median ( IQR ) duration of viral shedding with therapy was reduced from 107 ( 83-131 ) to 58 ( 35-59 ) hours ( P = .003 ) . Oseltamivir treatment also reduced symptom scores ( median [ IQR ] score-hours , 225 [ 97-349 ] vs 400 [ 189-645 ] ; P = .05 ) , and nasal proinflammatory cytokine levels . Transient mild to moderate nausea after dosing was observed in 15 ( 17 % ) of 88 oseltamivir and 2 ( 7 % ) of 29 placebo recipients ( 95 % confidence interval for difference , -11 % to 68 % ) , which was largely prevented by ingestion with food . CONCLUSIONS In these trials , prophylaxis and early treatment with oral oseltamivir were both associated with significant antiviral and clinical effects in experimental human influenza ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 3129 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "1863", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir" ], "offsets": [ [ 16, 51 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1864", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo-controlled" ], "offsets": [ [ 627, 645 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1865", "type": "Intervention_Other", "text": [ "inoculated intranasally with influenza A/Texas/36/91 ( H1N1 ) virus" ], "offsets": [ [ 975, 1042 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1866", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "oral oseltamivir" ], "offsets": [ [ 1073, 1089 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1867", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "matching placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 1158, 1174 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1868", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 627, 634 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1869", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "safety , tolerability , and antiviral activity" ], "offsets": [ [ 388, 434 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1870", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "frequency of infection and viral shedding" ], "offsets": [ [ 1607, 1648 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1871", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "infected" ], "offsets": [ [ 570, 578 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1872", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "viral titer area under the curve" ], "offsets": [ [ 2118, 2150 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1873", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "median ( IQR ) duration of viral shedding" ], "offsets": [ [ 2399, 2440 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1874", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "symptom scores" ], "offsets": [ [ 2558, 2572 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1875", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "nasal proinflammatory cytokine levels" ], "offsets": [ [ 2656, 2693 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1876", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "mild to moderate nausea" ], "offsets": [ [ 2706, 2729 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1877", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "influenza" ], "offsets": [ [ 74, 83 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1878", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "117" ], "offsets": [ [ 789, 792 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1879", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "aged 18-40 years ; median age , 21 years" ], "offsets": [ [ 820, 860 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1880", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "influenza" ], "offsets": [ [ 74, 83 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "1882", "type": "document", "text": [ "An empirical comparison of the St George 's Respiratory Questionnaire ( SGRQ ) and the Chronic Respiratory Disease Questionnaire ( CRQ ) in a clinical trial setting . BACKGROUND The Chronic Respiratory Questionnaire ( CRQ ) and the St George 's Respiratory Questionnaire ( SGRQ ) are the two most widely used quality of life questionnaires in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD ) . A study was undertaken to compare directly the self-administered version of the CRQ and the SGRQ with respect to feasibility , internal consistency , validity , and sensitivity to changes resulting from bronchodilator therapy . METHODS One hundred and forty four patients with moderate or severe COPD were randomly assigned to receive three months of treatment with either salmeterol , salmeterol + ipratropium bromide , or placebo . Quality of life was measured at baseline and after 12 weeks of treatment . RESULTS The proportions of missing values per patient were low for both questionnaires ( 0.54 % for the CRQ and 2 % for the SGRQ ) . The internal consistency was good for both questionnaires ( Cronbach 's alpha coefficients > /= 0.84 for the CRQ and > /= 0.76 for the SGRQ ) . Factor analysis confirmed the original domain structure of the CRQ but not of the SGRQ . Correlations with forced expiratory volume in one second ( FEV ( 1 ) ) % predicted and peak expiratory flow rate ( PEFR ) were low for both questionnaires but better for the SGRQ than for the CRQ . The ability to discriminate between subjects with different levels of FEV ( 1 ) was somewhat better for the SGRQ . The correlations with symptom scores were comparable for both questionnaires . Cross sectionally , the scores of the two questionnaires were moderately to highly correlated ( coefficients ranged from 0.35 to 0.72 ) . Longitudinally , these correlations were lower ( coefficients ranged from 0.17 to 0.54 ) but were still significant . The CRQ total and emotions score and the SGRQ symptoms score were the most responsive to change . The SGRQ symptoms domain was the only domain where the improvement in patients receiving combination treatment crossed the threshold for clinical relevance . CONCLUSIONS Since this analysis of reliability , validity , and responsiveness to change did not clearly favour one instrument above the other , the choice between the CRQ and the SGRQ can be based on other considerations such as the required sample size or the availability of reference values ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2467 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "1883", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "salmeterol" ], "offsets": [ [ 765, 775 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1884", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "salmeterol" ], "offsets": [ [ 765, 775 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1885", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ipratropium bromide" ], "offsets": [ [ 791, 810 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1886", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 816, 823 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1887", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Quality of life" ], "offsets": [ [ 826, 841 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1888", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "proportions of missing values" ], "offsets": [ [ 913, 942 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1889", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "internal consistency" ], "offsets": [ [ 519, 539 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1890", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "( FEV ( 1 ) ) %" ], "offsets": [ [ 1324, 1339 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1891", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "peak expiratory flow rate ( PEFR )" ], "offsets": [ [ 1354, 1388 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1892", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "FEV ( 1 )" ], "offsets": [ [ 1326, 1335 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1893", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "CRQ total and emotions score" ], "offsets": [ [ 1919, 1947 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1894", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "and the" ], "offsets": [ [ 79, 86 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1895", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "SGRQ symptoms score" ], "offsets": [ [ 1956, 1975 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1896", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "SGRQ symptoms domain" ], "offsets": [ [ 2017, 2037 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1897", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "( COPD ) ." ], "offsets": [ [ 381, 391 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1898", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "One hundred and forty four patients with moderate or severe COPD" ], "offsets": [ [ 628, 692 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "1900", "type": "document", "text": [ "The impact of schizophrenic patient functionality on service utilization and cost . Based on a presentation by Sandra L. Tunis , PhD . With the advent of atypical agents in the treatment of schizophrenia , physicians and policy makers must consider the costs that may accompany greater clinical efficacy . Analyses reveal that olanzapine shows a greater clinical cost effectiveness , as well as a greater functional cost effectiveness , than haloperidol , and that functional outcomes , in particular , show promise as important measures of effectiveness . Functional outcomes can help differentiate medications and can be used to help demonstrate the cost effectiveness of atypical agents . Mental health and physical health functioning , as well as work status , are all measures of functioning that have been used to evaluate treatment strategies . When comparing olanzapine with haloperidol , cost savings are seen throughout the treatment period ( 1 year ) , with physical functioning most highly affected over time . Functional outcomes can therefore serve 2 purposes : to enhance compliance by improving health-related quality of life and to assist in making both treatment and formulary decisions ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1206 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "1901", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "olanzapine" ], "offsets": [ [ 327, 337 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1902", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "haloperidol" ], "offsets": [ [ 442, 453 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1903", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "olanzapine" ], "offsets": [ [ 327, 337 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1904", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "haloperidol" ], "offsets": [ [ 442, 453 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1905", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "service utilization and cost" ], "offsets": [ [ 53, 81 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1906", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "clinical cost effectiveness" ], "offsets": [ [ 354, 381 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1907", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "functional cost effectiveness" ], "offsets": [ [ 405, 434 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1908", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "cost effectiveness" ], "offsets": [ [ 363, 381 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1909", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "Mental health" ], "offsets": [ [ 692, 705 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1910", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "physical health functioning" ], "offsets": [ [ 710, 737 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1911", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "work status" ], "offsets": [ [ 751, 762 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1912", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "cost savings" ], "offsets": [ [ 897, 909 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1913", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "physical functioning" ], "offsets": [ [ 969, 989 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1914", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "health-related quality of life" ], "offsets": [ [ 1111, 1141 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1915", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "schizophrenic" ], "offsets": [ [ 14, 27 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "1917", "type": "document", "text": [ "Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor treatment before doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide chemotherapy priming in women with early-stage breast cancer . PURPOSE To determine if inhibition of stem-cell activity induced by granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor ( [ GM-CSF ] ; Sargramostim ; Immunex Corporation , Seattle , WA ) withdrawal or priming protects hematopoietic stem cells from the cytotoxic effects of adjuvant chemotherapy for early-stage breast cancer . PATIENTS AND METHODS Serial blood counts were performed in 20 women with early-stage breast cancer receiving four courses of cyclophosphamide and doxorubicin chemotherapy . By a double-blind , placebo-controlled , balanced randomization , subjects received GM-CSF priming on days 5 to 1 for courses 1 and 3 or courses 2 and 4 . RESULTS Compared with before priming , after priming the times to neutrophil nadir ( 12.8 +/- 2.5 days v 14.8 +/- 1.5 days , respectively ; P =.0001 ) and platelet nadir ( mean +/- SD , 10.1 +/- 1.9 days v 11.1 +/- 2.2 days , P < .05 ) were shorter , indicating a shift of cytotoxicity to later progenitors . The neutrophil nadir was similar with and without priming ( mean +/- SD , 490 +/- 310/microL v 550 +/- 350/microL , respectively ; P =.2 ) ; however , on day 16 the mean neutrophil count was higher ( mean +/- SD , 1030 +/- 580/microL v 690 +/- 370/microL , P =.004 ) , and the proportion of patients with a neutrophil count less than 500/microL was lower after priming than before ( six of 35 or 17 . 1 % v 12 of 34 or 35.3 % , respectively ; P =.04 ) . The platelet nadir was higher ( mean +/- SD , 166,000 +/- 51,000/microL after priming v 151,000 +/- 45,000/microL before priming , P =.007 ) , and the duration of thrombocytopenia , ie , a platelet count less than 150,000/microL , was shorter ( 1.5 +/- 2.1 days v 2.8 +/- 2.9 days , P =.0025 ) after priming . Episodes of fever and neutropenia were not observed . CONCLUSIONS GM-CSF priming from days 5 to 1 before doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide chemotherapy was associated with an earlier neutrophil and platelet nadir . On day 16 , a higher mean neutrophil count and a lower proportion of patients with severe ( < 500/microL ) neutropenia were observed . Beneficial effects on the severity and duration of thrombocytopenia were also noted . These observations support the hypothesis that GM-CSF priming protects hematopoietic progenitors from the cytotoxic effects of chemotherapy ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2463 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "1918", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor treatment" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 58 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1919", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor" ], "offsets": [ [ 230, 278 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1920", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "four courses of cyclophosphamide and doxorubicin chemotherapy ." ], "offsets": [ [ 595, 658 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1921", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "subjects received GM-CSF priming on days 5 to 1 for courses 1 and 3 or courses 2 and 4" ], "offsets": [ [ 725, 811 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1922", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "chemotherapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 99, 111 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1923", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "times to neutrophil nadir" ], "offsets": [ [ 871, 896 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1924", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "platelet nadir" ], "offsets": [ [ 969, 983 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1925", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "neutrophil nadir" ], "offsets": [ [ 880, 896 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1926", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "neutrophil count" ], "offsets": [ [ 1293, 1309 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1927", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "neutrophil count" ], "offsets": [ [ 1293, 1309 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1928", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "platelet nadir" ], "offsets": [ [ 969, 983 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1929", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "duration of thrombocytopenia" ], "offsets": [ [ 1728, 1756 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1930", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "fever and neutropenia" ], "offsets": [ [ 1899, 1920 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1931", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "neutrophil" ], "offsets": [ [ 880, 890 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1932", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "platelet nadir" ], "offsets": [ [ 969, 983 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1933", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "neutrophil count" ], "offsets": [ [ 1293, 1309 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1934", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "neutropenia" ], "offsets": [ [ 1909, 1920 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1935", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "thrombocytopenia" ], "offsets": [ [ 1740, 1756 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1936", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "women with early-stage breast cancer ." ], "offsets": [ [ 123, 161 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1937", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "early-stage breast cancer ." ], "offsets": [ [ 134, 161 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "1939", "type": "document", "text": [ "Comparison of nasal deposition and clearance of aerosol generated by nebulizer and an aqueous spray pump ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 106 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "1940", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "nebulizer and an aqueous spray pump ." ], "offsets": [ [ 69, 106 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "1942", "type": "document", "text": [ "A randomized controlled trial of itraconazole versus fluconazole for the prevention of fungal infections in patients with haematological malignancies . U.K. Multicentre Antifungal Prophylaxis Study Group . Fluconazole is widely used as antifungal prophylaxis but it is ineffective against Aspergillus . Itraconazole has a broader spectrum of activity but the capsules give erratic bioavailability in neutropenic patients . We compared itraconazole oral solution ( which has an improved pharmacokinetic profile ) with fluconazole for antifungal prophylaxis . Adults with haematological malignancies receiving chemotherapy or bone marrow transplants were randomly allocated 5 mg/kg/d itraconazole ( itra ) solution ( 288 episodes ) or 100 mg fluconazole suspension ( flu ) ( 293 episodes ) from before the onset of neutropenia until neutrophil recovery or suspected fungal infection . Outcomes were assessed by independent reviewers unaware of the prophylaxis allocation . More proven systemic fungal infections occurred in flu ( Aspergillus four , Candida tropicalis one , C. krusei one ) than itra ( C. albicans one ) and more of these were fatal ( four versus nil ) . This difference reached statistical significance when first study episodes were considered separately ( six flu versus nil itra , P = 0.03 ) . Significantly more deaths of presumed fungal origin occurred in flu than itra ( seven versus nil , P = 0.024 ) . There were significantly more cases of proven aspergillosis in flu than itra ( six versus nil , P = 0.038 , 5/6 cases were fatal ) if those occurring outside the study period are included . Significantly more patients receiving flu required amphotericin B ( 58 v 39 , P = 0.043 ) but this may have been affected by the fact that the study was not blinded . There were 11 proven mucosal candidal infections in flu and four in itra . Itraconazole solution and fluconazole provide effective prophylaxis against Candida but itraconazole affords greater protection against fatal aspergillosis ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2014 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "1943", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "itraconazole" ], "offsets": [ [ 33, 45 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1944", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "fluconazole" ], "offsets": [ [ 53, 64 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1945", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Fluconazole" ], "offsets": [ [ 206, 217 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1946", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Itraconazole" ], "offsets": [ [ 303, 315 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1947", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "itraconazole oral solution" ], "offsets": [ [ 435, 461 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1948", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "fluconazole" ], "offsets": [ [ 53, 64 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1949", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "itraconazole ( itra )" ], "offsets": [ [ 682, 703 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1950", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "fluconazole suspension ( flu )" ], "offsets": [ [ 740, 770 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1951", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Itraconazole" ], "offsets": [ [ 303, 315 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1952", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "fluconazole" ], "offsets": [ [ 53, 64 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1953", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "prevention of fungal infections" ], "offsets": [ [ 73, 104 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1954", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "antifungal prophylaxis" ], "offsets": [ [ 236, 258 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1955", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "proven systemic fungal infections" ], "offsets": [ [ 976, 1009 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1956", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "deaths of presumed fungal origin" ], "offsets": [ [ 1331, 1363 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1957", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "aspergillosis" ], "offsets": [ [ 1471, 1484 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1958", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "mucosal candidal infections" ], "offsets": [ [ 1803, 1830 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1959", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "aspergillosis ." ], "offsets": [ [ 1999, 2014 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1960", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "haematological malignancies" ], "offsets": [ [ 122, 149 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1961", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "Adults" ], "offsets": [ [ 558, 564 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "1963", "type": "document", "text": [ "The effect of Cys LT1 receptor blockade on airway responses to allergen . STUDY OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of a potent experimental leukotriene receptor antagonist , MK-571 , on airway responses to inhaled allergen . DESIGN Randomized , double-blind , placebo-controlled , crossover trial . SETTING Clinical research center . SUBJECTS Eight male volunteers with allergic asthma . INTERVENTIONS An intravenous loading dose was followed by an 8-hour infusion of MK-571 or placebo , with a 7- to 14-day washout between treatments . Allergen challenge was performed after the loading dose and a histamine challenge was performed before and 24 hours after allergen . MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Forced expiratory volume in 1 second was measured serially . MK-571 provided about 50 % protection during maximum early and late responses compared with placebo ( p=0.005 ) , but airway obstruction persisted 8-24 hours after allergen on both treatment days . Airway responsiveness to histamine was not significantly attenuated at 24 hours . CONCLUSION Blocking Cys LT1 receptors for 8 hours attenuated the early and late responses but did not interrupt the cascade of events leading to subsequent allergen-induced airway obstruction and hyperreactivity ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1252 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "1964", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "Cys LT1 receptor blockade" ], "offsets": [ [ 14, 39 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1965", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "leukotriene receptor antagonist , MK-571" ], "offsets": [ [ 138, 178 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1966", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo-controlled" ], "offsets": [ [ 258, 276 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1967", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "8-hour infusion of MK-571" ], "offsets": [ [ 447, 472 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1968", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 258, 265 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1969", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "histamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 597, 606 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1970", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "MK-571" ], "offsets": [ [ 172, 178 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1971", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 258, 265 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1972", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Forced expiratory volume" ], "offsets": [ [ 698, 722 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1973", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "airway obstruction" ], "offsets": [ [ 877, 895 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1974", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "Airway responsiveness" ], "offsets": [ [ 957, 978 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1975", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "to" ], "offsets": [ [ 27, 29 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1976", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "histamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 597, 606 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1977", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "Eight" ], "offsets": [ [ 341, 346 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1978", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "male" ], "offsets": [ [ 347, 351 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1979", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "allergic asthma" ], "offsets": [ [ 368, 383 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "1981", "type": "document", "text": [ "Effect of guided imagery on length of stay , pain and anxiety in cardiac surgery patients ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 91 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "1982", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "guided imagery" ], "offsets": [ [ 10, 24 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1983", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "length of stay" ], "offsets": [ [ 28, 42 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1984", "type": "Outcome_Pain", "text": [ "pain" ], "offsets": [ [ 45, 49 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1985", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "anxiety" ], "offsets": [ [ 54, 61 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1986", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "cardiac surgery patients" ], "offsets": [ [ 65, 89 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "1988", "type": "document", "text": [ "Barriers to hypertension care and control in young urban black men . Barriers to high blood pressure ( HBP ) care and control have been reported in the literature for > 30 years . Few reports on barriers , however , have focused on the young black man with HBP , the age/sex/race group with the highest rates of early severe and complicated HBP and the lowest rates of awareness , treatment , and control . In a randomized clinical trial of comprehensive care for hypertensive young urban black men , factors potentially associated with care and control were assessed at baseline for the 309 enrolled men . A majority of the men encountered a variety of barriers including economic , social , and lifestyle obstacles to adequate BP care and control , including no current HBP care ( 49 % ) , risk of alcoholism ( 62 % ) , use of illicit drugs ( 45 % ) , social isolation ( 47 % ) , unemployment ( 40 % ) , and lack of health insurance ( 51 % ) . Having health insurance ( odds ratio = 7.20 , P = .00 ) and a negative urine drug screen ( odds ratio = .56 , P = .04 ) were significant predictors of being in HBP care . Low alcoholism risk and employment were identified as significant predictors of compliance with HBP medication-taking behavior . Men currently using illicit drugs were 2.64 times less likely to have controlled BP compared with their counterparts who did not use illicit drugs , and men currently taking HBP medication were 63 times more likely have controlled BP compared with men not taking HBP medication . Comprehensive interventions are needed to address socioeconomic and lifestyle issues as well as other barriers to care and treatment , if HBP care is to be salient and effective in this high risk group ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1729 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "1989", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "Comprehensive interventions" ], "offsets": [ [ 1526, 1553 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1990", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "high blood pressure" ], "offsets": [ [ 81, 100 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1991", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "no current HBP care" ], "offsets": [ [ 761, 780 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1992", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "risk of alcoholism" ], "offsets": [ [ 792, 810 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1993", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "use of illicit drugs" ], "offsets": [ [ 822, 842 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1994", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "social isolation" ], "offsets": [ [ 854, 870 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1995", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "unemployment" ], "offsets": [ [ 882, 894 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1996", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "lack of health insurance" ], "offsets": [ [ 910, 934 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1997", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "Having health insurance" ], "offsets": [ [ 946, 969 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1998", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "negative urine drug screen" ], "offsets": [ [ 1008, 1034 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "1999", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "Low alcoholism risk" ], "offsets": [ [ 1117, 1136 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2000", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "employment" ], "offsets": [ [ 884, 894 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2001", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "using illicit drugs" ], "offsets": [ [ 1260, 1279 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2002", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "controlled BP" ], "offsets": [ [ 1316, 1329 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2003", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "taking HBP medication" ], "offsets": [ [ 1413, 1434 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2004", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "controlled BP" ], "offsets": [ [ 1316, 1329 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2005", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "young urban black men ." ], "offsets": [ [ 45, 68 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2006", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "young black man with HBP" ], "offsets": [ [ 236, 260 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "2008", "type": "document", "text": [ "Intra-luminal nicotine reduces smooth muscle tone and contractile activity in the distal large bowel . BACKGROUND Nicotine may be of therapeutic value in ulcerative colitis ( UC ) , although its mechanism of action has not been established . OBJECTIVE To examine the effect of a solution of nicotine on sustained resting pressure ( tone ) and contractile activity in the human colon . METHODS Ten healthy volunteers , and seven with UC in symptomatic remission took part ; all were non-smokers . All 17 subjects were given nicotine or placebo solution on two separate occasions in a randomized sequence . A water-perfused manometry catheter , with openings at 5 , 10 and 15 cm from the tip , was placed by rigid sigmoidoscopy in the recto-sigmoid region . Baseline tone and activity were measured for 15 min prior to instillation of 20 ml of saline alone or with nicotine , 1.2 mg , at pH 4.5 . Observations were made over the subsequent 15-20 min . RESULTS Baseline spontaneous activity in all subjects showed both high- and low-frequency components ; in three patients with UC , the low-frequency activity was of high amplitude . The nicotine reduced both tone and activity in all subjects , with reduction or abolition of the large contractions in UC . Tone in all 17 subjects was reduced significantly at 3 min after nicotine ( P = 0.000015 , sign test ) ; the rate of recovery varied in individuals . Results from normals and UC did not differ significantly from each other . No significant change in tone or activity was observed with the saline solution . CONCLUSION Intra-luminal nicotine significantly reduces both smooth muscle tone and contractile activity in the recto-sigmoid colon in both normal subjects and patients with UC ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1741 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "2009", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "nicotine" ], "offsets": [ [ 14, 22 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2010", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 535, 542 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2011", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "water-perfused manometry catheter" ], "offsets": [ [ 607, 640 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2012", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "sigmoidoscopy" ], "offsets": [ [ 712, 725 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2013", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "sustained resting pressure ( tone )" ], "offsets": [ [ 303, 338 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2014", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "contractile activity" ], "offsets": [ [ 54, 74 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2015", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Baseline tone" ], "offsets": [ [ 756, 769 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2016", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "activity" ], "offsets": [ [ 66, 74 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2017", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "tone" ], "offsets": [ [ 45, 49 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2018", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "activity" ], "offsets": [ [ 66, 74 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2019", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Tone" ], "offsets": [ [ 1256, 1260 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2020", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "rate of recovery" ], "offsets": [ [ 1365, 1381 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2021", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "tone" ], "offsets": [ [ 45, 49 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2022", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "activity" ], "offsets": [ [ 66, 74 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2023", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "ulcerative colitis ( UC )" ], "offsets": [ [ 154, 179 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "2025", "type": "document", "text": [ "A comparison of recombinant human thyrotropin and thyroid hormone withdrawal for the detection of thyroid remnant or cancer . Recombinant human TSH has been developed to facilitate monitoring for thyroid carcinoma recurrence or persistence without the attendant morbidity of hypothyroidism seen after thyroid hormone withdrawal . The objectives of this study were to compare the effect of administered recombinant human TSH with thyroid hormone withdrawal on the results of radioiodine whole body scanning ( WBS ) and serum thyroglobulin ( Tg ) levels . Two hundred and twenty-nine adult patients with differentiated thyroid cancer requiring radioiodine WBS were studied . Radioiodine WBS and serum Tg measurements were performed after administration of recombinant human TSH and again after thyroid hormone withdrawal in each patient . Radioiodine whole body scans were concordant between the recombinant TSH-stimulated and thyroid hormone withdrawal phases in 195 of 220 ( 89 % ) patients . Of the discordant scans , 8 ( 4 % ) had superior scans after recombinant human TSH administration , and 17 ( 8 % ) had superior scans after thyroid hormone withdrawal ( P = 0.108 ) . Based on a serum Tg level of 2 ng/mL or more , thyroid tissue or cancer was detected during thyroid hormone therapy in 22 % , after recombinant human TSH stimulation in 52 % , and after thyroid hormone withdrawal in 56 % of patients with disease or tissue limited to the thyroid bed and in 80 % , 100 % , and 100 % of patients , respectively , with metastatic disease . A combination of radioiodine WBS and serum Tg after recombinant human TSH stimulation detected thyroid tissue or cancer in 93 % of patients with disease or tissue limited to the thyroid bed and 100 % of patients with metastatic disease . In conclusion , recombinant human TSH administration is a safe and effective means of stimulating radioiodine uptake and serum Tg levels in patients undergoing evaluation for thyroid cancer persistence and recurrence ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2002 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "2026", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Recombinant human TSH" ], "offsets": [ [ 126, 147 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2027", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "administered recombinant human TSH" ], "offsets": [ [ 389, 423 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2028", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Radioiodine WBS" ], "offsets": [ [ 673, 688 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2029", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "recombinant human TSH" ], "offsets": [ [ 402, 423 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2030", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "recombinant TSH-stimulated" ], "offsets": [ [ 894, 920 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2031", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "recombinant human TSH administration" ], "offsets": [ [ 1054, 1090 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2032", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "thyroid hormone therapy" ], "offsets": [ [ 1268, 1291 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2033", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "recombinant human TSH" ], "offsets": [ [ 402, 423 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2034", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "thyroid hormone withdrawal" ], "offsets": [ [ 50, 76 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2035", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "recombinant human TSH administration" ], "offsets": [ [ 1054, 1090 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2036", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "recombinant TSH-stimulated" ], "offsets": [ [ 894, 920 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2037", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "thyroid hormone withdrawal phases" ], "offsets": [ [ 925, 958 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2038", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "serum Tg level" ], "offsets": [ [ 1187, 1201 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2039", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "thyroid tissue" ], "offsets": [ [ 1223, 1237 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2040", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "cancer" ], "offsets": [ [ 117, 123 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2041", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "Two hundred and twenty-nine" ], "offsets": [ [ 554, 581 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2042", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "adult" ], "offsets": [ [ 582, 587 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2043", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "patients with differentiated thyroid cancer requiring radioiodine WBS were studied ." ], "offsets": [ [ 588, 672 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2044", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "patients with disease or tissue limited to the thyroid bed" ], "offsets": [ [ 1400, 1458 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "2046", "type": "document", "text": [ "Effect of nitric-oxide-generating system on microcirculatory blood flow in skin of patients with severe Raynaud 's syndrome : a randomised trial . BACKGROUND Patients with Raynaud 's syndrome have abnormal digital vasoconstriction , which may be secondary to impaired synthesis of , or impaired sensitivity to , nitric oxide . We studied the effect on microcirculation of a nitric-oxide-generating system applied topically to the finger and forearm of healthy volunteers and patients with primary Raynaud 's syndrome . METHODS We did a single-blind , randomised , placebo controlled , cross-over study of the microcirculatory response to topical application of a nitric-oxidegenerating gel in 20 patients with severe Raynaud 's syndrome , and ten healthy volunteers . We prepared the nitric-oxide-generating system by mixing a solution of KY jelly and sodium nitrite ( 5 % weight/volume ) , with a solution of KY jelly and ascorbic acid ( 5 % weight/volume ) . About 0.5 mL of each solution was separately applied to the skin of the forearm ( 3 cm2 ) , and then mixed with a sterile cotton bud . A similar procedure was done simultaneously on the other arm with KY jelly only ( placebo ) . The procedure was then repeated on the finger pulps . Changes in skin microcirculatory volume and flux were measured bilaterally by infrared photoplethysmography and laser doppler fluxmetry , respectively . FINDINGS In the forearm , blood flow increased significantly after application of the active gel both in patients with Raynaud 's syndrome ( microcirculatory volume from mean area under the curve 98 [ SE 14 ] to 1024 [ 130 ] ; microcirculatory flux from 5060 [ 462 ] to 74,800 [ 3940 ] ) and in healthy controls ( volume from 85 [ 19 ] to 1020 [ 60 ] ; flux from 4420 [ 435 ] to 84,500 [ 7000 ] ) . In the fingers , although baseline blood flow was lower in patients than in controls , both groups showed increases with application of active gel ( volume from 1100 [ 194 ] to 3280 [ 672 ] and 2380 [ 441 ] to 6160 [ 1160 ] , respectively ; flux from 33,400 [ 4200 ] to 108,000 [ 13,600 ] and 52,000 [ 8950 ] to 185,000 [ 19,500 ] ) . Increases in blood flow with placebo gel were not significant . No adverse effects were reported . INTERPRETATION In primary Raynaud 's syndrome , topical application of a nitric-oxide-generating system can stimulate an increase in both microcirculatory volume and flux ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2402 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "2047", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "nitric-oxide-generating system" ], "offsets": [ [ 10, 40 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2048", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "nitric-oxide-generating system" ], "offsets": [ [ 10, 40 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2049", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "nitric-oxidegenerating gel" ], "offsets": [ [ 663, 689 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2050", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "nitric-oxide-generating system" ], "offsets": [ [ 10, 40 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2051", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "KY jelly and sodium nitrite ( 5 % weight/volume ) , with a solution of KY jelly and ascorbic acid" ], "offsets": [ [ 839, 936 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2052", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "applied to the skin of the forearm" ], "offsets": [ [ 1006, 1040 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2053", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "KY jelly only ( placebo )" ], "offsets": [ [ 1162, 1187 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2054", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "nitric-oxide-generating system" ], "offsets": [ [ 10, 40 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2055", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "microcirculatory blood flow" ], "offsets": [ [ 44, 71 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2056", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "microcirculatory response" ], "offsets": [ [ 609, 634 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2057", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "Changes in skin microcirculatory volume and flux" ], "offsets": [ [ 1244, 1292 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2058", "type": "Outcome_Mortality", "text": [ "blood flow" ], "offsets": [ [ 61, 71 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2059", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "baseline blood flow" ], "offsets": [ [ 1822, 1841 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2060", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "flux" ], "offsets": [ [ 1288, 1292 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2061", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "blood flow" ], "offsets": [ [ 61, 71 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2062", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "microcirculatory volume and flux ." ], "offsets": [ [ 2368, 2402 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "2064", "type": "document", "text": [ "Comparison of antiresorptive activities of ipriflavone , an isoflavone derivative , and elcatonin , an eel carbocalcitonin . Thirty postmenopausal women with reduced bone mineral density were divided randomly into two groups based on the chronological sequence of their first visit to the Osteoporosis Clinic of Katsuragi Hospital . Group I was given 600 mg ipriflavone orally daily and group II was weekly injected intramuscularly with 20 units elcatonin , Asu1-7 eel calcitonin ( carbocalcitonin ) . Lumbar spine BMD was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry , and trabecular bone mineral density at the distal radius , cortical bone density , and relative cortical volume at the radial diaphysis by peripheral computed tomography before the beginning of the study and at the 4th , 8th , and 12th month . Markers of bone metabolism -- serum total alkaline phosphatase , bone-specific alkaline phosphatase , tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase , osteocalcin , intact osteocalcin , PICP and ICTP , and urinary pyridinoline , deoxypyridinoline , and calcium/creatinine ( Ca/Cr ) -- were also measured at the same interval . Plasma parathyroid hormone ( PTH ) and calcitonin ( CT ) were measured at the same time . Radial trabecular bone density showed a significantly higher rate of increase in group I ( ipriflavone group ) than in group II ( elcatonin group ) at the 4th month , whereas lumbar spine BMD showed more pronounced increase in the elcatonin group than in the ipriflavone group throughout the study period . Bone metabolism markers tended to decline in both groups . Total and intact osteocalcin showed a significant fall from the baseline throughout the study period only in the ipriflavone group . Urine pyridinoline and deoxypyridinoline showed a significant fall from the baseline at the 12th month only in the ipriflavone group . On comparing bone gainers with increase of lumbar spine BMD by 2 % or more with bone losers with a decrease by 2 % or more , only urine Ca/Cr was significantly different , lower in the former than in the latter , despite the general tendency for bone resorption markers to decrease in bone gainers and to increase in bone losers ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2184 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "2065", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ipriflavone" ], "offsets": [ [ 43, 54 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2066", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "isoflavone" ], "offsets": [ [ 60, 70 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2067", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "elcatonin" ], "offsets": [ [ 88, 97 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2068", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "eel carbocalcitonin" ], "offsets": [ [ 103, 122 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2069", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "ipriflavone" ], "offsets": [ [ 43, 54 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2070", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "elcatonin , Asu1-7 eel calcitonin ( carbocalcitonin ) ." ], "offsets": [ [ 446, 501 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2071", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Lumbar spine BMD" ], "offsets": [ [ 502, 518 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2072", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "trabecular bone mineral density" ], "offsets": [ [ 574, 605 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2073", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "cortical bone density" ], "offsets": [ [ 629, 650 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2074", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "relative cortical volume" ], "offsets": [ [ 657, 681 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2075", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Markers of bone metabolism -- serum total alkaline phosphatase , bone-specific alkaline phosphatase , tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase , osteocalcin , intact osteocalcin , PICP and ICTP , and urinary pyridinoline , deoxypyridinoline , and calcium/creatinine ( Ca/Cr )" ], "offsets": [ [ 814, 1084 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2076", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Plasma parathyroid hormone ( PTH ) and calcitonin ( CT )" ], "offsets": [ [ 1130, 1186 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2077", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Radial trabecular bone density" ], "offsets": [ [ 1220, 1250 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2078", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "lumbar spine BMD" ], "offsets": [ [ 1395, 1411 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2079", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Bone metabolism markers" ], "offsets": [ [ 1527, 1550 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2080", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Total and intact osteocalcin" ], "offsets": [ [ 1586, 1614 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2081", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Urine pyridinoline and deoxypyridinoline" ], "offsets": [ [ 1719, 1759 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2082", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "lumbar spine BMD" ], "offsets": [ [ 1395, 1411 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2083", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "urine Ca/Cr" ], "offsets": [ [ 1984, 1995 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2084", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "Thirty" ], "offsets": [ [ 125, 131 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2085", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "postmenopausal" ], "offsets": [ [ 132, 146 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2086", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "women" ], "offsets": [ [ 147, 152 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2087", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "reduced bone mineral density" ], "offsets": [ [ 158, 186 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2088", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "Osteoporosis" ], "offsets": [ [ 289, 301 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "2090", "type": "document", "text": [ "Lack of benefit of a single dose of synthetic human secretin in the treatment of autism and pervasive developmental disorder . BACKGROUND Secretin is a peptide hormone that stimulates pancreatic secretion . After recent publicity about a child with autism whose condition markedly improved after a single dose of secretin , thousands of children with autistic disorders may have received secretin injections . METHODS We conducted a double-blind , placebo-controlled trial of a single intravenous dose of synthetic human secretin in 60 children ( age , 3 to 14 years ) with autism or pervasive developmental disorder . The children were randomly assigned to treatment with an intravenous infusion of synthetic human secretin ( 0.4 microg per kilogram of body weight ) or saline placebo . We used standardized behavioral measures of the primary and secondary features of autism , including the Autism Behavior Checklist , to assess the degree of impairment at base line and over the course of a four-week period after treatment . RESULTS Of the 60 children , 4 could not be evaluated - 2 received secretin outside the study , and 2 did not return for follow-up . Thus , 56 children ( 28 in each group ) completed the study . As compared with placebo , secretin treatment was not associated with significant improvements in any of the outcome measures . Among the children in the secretin group , the mean total score on the Autism Behavior Checklist at base line was 59.0 ( range of possible values , 0 to 158 , with a larger value corresponding to greater impairment ) , and among those in the placebo group it was 63.2 . The mean decreases in scores over the four-week period were 8.9 in the secretin group and 17.8 in the placebo group ( mean difference , -8.9 ; 95 percent confidence interval , -19.4 to 1.6 ; P=0.11 ) . None of the children had treatment-limiting adverse effects . After they were told the results , 69 percent of the parents of the children in this study said they remained interested in secretin as a treatment for their children . CONCLUSIONS A single dose of synthetic human secretin is not an effective treatment for autism or pervasive developmental disorder ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2187 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "2091", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "synthetic human secretin" ], "offsets": [ [ 36, 60 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2092", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "Secretin" ], "offsets": [ [ 138, 146 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2093", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "secretin" ], "offsets": [ [ 52, 60 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2094", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "secretin injections" ], "offsets": [ [ 388, 407 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2095", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo-controlled" ], "offsets": [ [ 448, 466 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2096", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "synthetic human secretin" ], "offsets": [ [ 36, 60 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2097", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "saline placebo ." ], "offsets": [ [ 771, 787 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2098", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "secretin" ], "offsets": [ [ 52, 60 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2099", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 448, 455 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2100", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "secretin" ], "offsets": [ [ 52, 60 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2101", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "secretin" ], "offsets": [ [ 52, 60 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2102", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 448, 455 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2103", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "secretin" ], "offsets": [ [ 52, 60 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2104", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "secretin" ], "offsets": [ [ 52, 60 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2105", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "human secretin" ], "offsets": [ [ 46, 60 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2106", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "significant improvements in any of the outcome measures" ], "offsets": [ [ 1294, 1349 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2107", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "mean total score on the Autism Behavior Checklist" ], "offsets": [ [ 1399, 1448 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2108", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "mean decreases in" ], "offsets": [ [ 1626, 1643 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2109", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "scores" ], "offsets": [ [ 1644, 1650 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2110", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "treatment-limiting adverse effects" ], "offsets": [ [ 1849, 1883 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2111", "type": "Outcome_Other", "text": [ "not an effective treatment" ], "offsets": [ [ 2112, 2138 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2112", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "autism" ], "offsets": [ [ 81, 87 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2113", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "pervasive developmental disorder" ], "offsets": [ [ 92, 124 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2114", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "autistic disorders" ], "offsets": [ [ 351, 369 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2115", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "60" ], "offsets": [ [ 533, 535 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2116", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "children" ], "offsets": [ [ 337, 345 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2117", "type": "Participant_Age", "text": [ "3 to 14 years" ], "offsets": [ [ 553, 566 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2118", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "28" ], "offsets": [ [ 1183, 1185 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "2120", "type": "document", "text": [ "A comparative study of the safety and efficacy of FemCap , a new vaginal barrier contraceptive , and the Ortho All-Flex diaphragm . The FemCap Investigators ' Group . The FemCap is a new silicone rubber barrier contraceptive shaped like a sailor 's hat , with a dome that covers the cervix , a rim that fits into the fornices , and a brim that conforms to the vaginal walls around the cervix . It was designed to result in fewer dislodgments and less pressure on the urethra than the cervical cap and diaphragm , respectively , and to require less clinician time for fitting . This was a phase II/III , multicenter , randomized , open-label , parallel group study of 841 women at risk for pregnancy . A subset of 42 women at one site underwent colposcopy . Women were randomized to use the FemCap or Ortho All-Flex contraceptive diaphragm , both with 2 % nonoxynol-9 spermicide , for 28 weeks . The objectives were to compare the two devices with regard to their safety and acceptability and to determine whether the probability of pregnancy among FemCap users was no worse than that of the diaphragm ( meaning not more than 6 percentage points higher ) . The 6-month Kaplan-Meier cumulative unadjusted typical use pregnancy probabilities were 13.5 % among FemCap users and 7.9 % among diaphragm users . The adjusted risk of pregnancy among FemCap users was 1.96 times that among diaphragm users , with an upper 95 % confidence limit of 3.01 . Clinical equivalence ( noninferiority ) of the FemCap compared with the diaphragm , as defined in this study , would mean that the true risk of pregnancy among FemCap users was no more than 1.73 times the pregnancy risk of diaphragm users . Because the observed upper 95 % confidence limit ( and even the point estimate ) exceeded 1.73 , the probability of pregnancy among FemCap users , compared with that among diaphragm users , did not meet the definition of clinical equivalence used in this study . The FemCap was believed to be safe and was associated with significantly fewer urinary tract infections . More women reported problems with the FemCap with regard to insertion , dislodgement , and especially removal , although their general assessments were positive . The two devices were comparable with regard to safety and acceptability , but a 6-point difference in the true 6-month pregnancy probabilities of the two devices could not be ruled out . Further studies are needed to determine whether design modifications can simplify insertion and removal ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2509 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "2121", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "FemCap , a new vaginal barrier contraceptive" ], "offsets": [ [ 50, 94 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2122", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Ortho All-Flex diaphragm" ], "offsets": [ [ 105, 129 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2123", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "FemCap" ], "offsets": [ [ 50, 56 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2124", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "FemCap" ], "offsets": [ [ 50, 56 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2125", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Ortho All-Flex contraceptive diaphragm" ], "offsets": [ [ 800, 838 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2126", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "nonoxynol-9 spermicide" ], "offsets": [ [ 855, 877 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2127", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "FemCap" ], "offsets": [ [ 50, 56 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2128", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "diaphragm" ], "offsets": [ [ 120, 129 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2129", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "FemCap" ], "offsets": [ [ 50, 56 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2130", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "diaphragm" ], "offsets": [ [ 120, 129 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2131", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "FemCap" ], "offsets": [ [ 50, 56 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2132", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "diaphragm" ], "offsets": [ [ 120, 129 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2133", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "FemCap" ], "offsets": [ [ 50, 56 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2134", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "FemCap" ], "offsets": [ [ 50, 56 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2135", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "diaphragm" ], "offsets": [ [ 120, 129 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2136", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "FemCap" ], "offsets": [ [ 50, 56 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2137", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "diaphragm" ], "offsets": [ [ 120, 129 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2138", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "FemCap" ], "offsets": [ [ 50, 56 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2139", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "FemCap" ], "offsets": [ [ 50, 56 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2140", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "probability of pregnancy" ], "offsets": [ [ 1017, 1041 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2141", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "6-month Kaplan-Meier cumulative" ], "offsets": [ [ 1160, 1191 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2142", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "adjusted risk of pregnancy" ], "offsets": [ [ 1308, 1334 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2143", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Clinical equivalence ( noninferiority )" ], "offsets": [ [ 1444, 1483 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2144", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "true risk of pregnancy" ], "offsets": [ [ 1575, 1597 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2145", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "pregnancy risk" ], "offsets": [ [ 1649, 1663 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2146", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "probability of pregnancy among FemCap" ], "offsets": [ [ 1017, 1054 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2147", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "clinical equivalence" ], "offsets": [ [ 1906, 1926 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2148", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "safe" ], "offsets": [ [ 27, 31 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2149", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "urinary tract infections" ], "offsets": [ [ 2027, 2051 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2150", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "safety and acceptability" ], "offsets": [ [ 963, 987 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2151", "type": "Outcome_Mental", "text": [ "6-month pregnancy probabilities" ], "offsets": [ [ 2328, 2359 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2152", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "841" ], "offsets": [ [ 667, 670 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2153", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "women" ], "offsets": [ [ 671, 676 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2154", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "risk for pregnancy" ], "offsets": [ [ 680, 698 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2155", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "42 women" ], "offsets": [ [ 713, 721 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2156", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "colposcopy" ], "offsets": [ [ 744, 754 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "2158", "type": "document", "text": [ "Cholesterol-lowering effect of stanol ester in a US population of mildly hypercholesterolemic men and women : a randomized controlled trial . OBJECTIVE To determine the efficacy of stanol esters in lowering cholesterol in a US population . SUBJECTS AND METHODS After a run-in phase , 318 subjects were randomized to receive one of the following margarine-like spreads containing stanol ester or placebo for 8 weeks : EU 3 G : 1 g of stanol ( ester form ) per 8-g serving of a European formula 3 times a day ; US 3 G : 1 g of stanol ( ester form ) per 8-g serving of a US reformulation 3 times a day ; US 2 G : 0.67 g of stanol ( ester form ) per 8-g serving of a US reformulation 3 times a day ; or placebo spread . RESULTS Mean +/- SD baseline total cholesterol ( TC ) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDL-C ) levels were 233+/-20 and 153+21 mg+/-dL , respectively . In the US 3 G group , 3 g daily of stanol esters lowered TC and LDL-C levels by 6.4 % and 10.1 % , respectively . There was a dose-dependent response compared with 2 g daily ( US 2 G ) . Triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were unchanged . The incidence of adverse effects was not different from placebo . Serum vitamin A and 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were not affected . CONCLUSIONS Stanol esters lowered TC and LDL-C levels in a mildly hypercholesterolemic US population without evidence of adverse effects . It may be a useful dietary adjunct to lower cholesterol ." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1471 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "2159", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "stanol ester" ], "offsets": [ [ 31, 43 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2160", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "stanol esters" ], "offsets": [ [ 181, 194 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2161", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "stanol ester" ], "offsets": [ [ 31, 43 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2162", "type": "Intervention_Physical", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 395, 402 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2163", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "stanol ( ester form )" ], "offsets": [ [ 433, 454 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2164", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "stanol ( ester form )" ], "offsets": [ [ 433, 454 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2165", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "stanol" ], "offsets": [ [ 31, 37 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2166", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 395, 402 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2167", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "stanol esters" ], "offsets": [ [ 181, 194 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2168", "type": "Intervention_Control", "text": [ "placebo" ], "offsets": [ [ 395, 402 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2169", "type": "Intervention_Pharmacological", "text": [ "Stanol esters" ], "offsets": [ [ 1287, 1300 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2170", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Mean +/- SD baseline total cholesterol ( TC )" ], "offsets": [ [ 724, 769 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2171", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDL-C ) levels" ], "offsets": [ [ 774, 826 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2172", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "TC" ], "offsets": [ [ 765, 767 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2173", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "LDL-C levels" ], "offsets": [ [ 941, 953 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2174", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels" ], "offsets": [ [ 1064, 1124 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2175", "type": "Outcome_Adverse-effects", "text": [ "adverse effects" ], "offsets": [ [ 1159, 1174 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2176", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "Serum vitamin A and 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels" ], "offsets": [ [ 1208, 1254 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2177", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "TC" ], "offsets": [ [ 765, 767 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2178", "type": "Outcome_Physical", "text": [ "LDL-C levels" ], "offsets": [ [ 941, 953 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2179", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "mildly hypercholesterolemic" ], "offsets": [ [ 66, 93 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2180", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "men" ], "offsets": [ [ 94, 97 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2181", "type": "Participant_Sex", "text": [ "women" ], "offsets": [ [ 102, 107 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2182", "type": "Participant_Sample-size", "text": [ "318" ], "offsets": [ [ 284, 287 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "2183", "type": "Participant_Condition", "text": [ "mildly hypercholesterolemic" ], "offsets": [ [ 66, 93 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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