10 Maximum Minimum Average -2 -2 -6 -4 -4 -12 -6 -6 -18","type":"Table"},{"left":80,"top":210,"width":267,"height":12,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Source: Provision of Ministry of Environmental no. 115/2003","type":"Text"},{"left":44,"top":234,"width":247,"height":86,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Water quality measurement was carried out in situ and ex situ (BTKL laboratory Palembang). Physical parameters being determined were temperature whereas chemical parameters were pH, salinity, DO, BOD, COD, TSS, ammonia, phosphate and Fe. Coliform was the only biological parameter being identified. All measurements were done twice at low and high tide events.","type":"Text"},{"left":44,"top":321,"width":246,"height":148,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Conclusion on water quality status was confirmed according to Storet method by comparing water quality data with quality standard threshold provisioned by Ministry of Environmental no. 115/2003 and South Sumatera Governor no. 16/2005. Class of water quality status was determined based on classification system by US-EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). According to the system, water quality was divided into 4 classes (Table 2). Scoring on water quality was made based on measurement results on physical, chemical and biological properties as depicted in Table 3.","type":"Text"},{"left":44,"top":482,"width":145,"height":12,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"RESULT AND DISCUSSION","type":"Section header"},{"left":44,"top":494,"width":247,"height":37,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Water quality concern with its properties, organisms contained and other components confined. Water quality determine quantitatively using several","type":"Text"},{"left":309,"top":234,"width":246,"height":62,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"parameters including temperature, pH, salinity, DO, OD, COD, TSS, ammonia, phosphate, Fe and Coliform . Result of samples measurement compare with water quality threshold for water taken from river provisioned by authority was displayed on figures below.","type":"Text"},{"left":309,"top":308,"width":104,"height":12,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Average Temperature","type":"Section header"},{"left":309,"top":327,"width":246,"height":139,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Average temperature detected on the water during high tide was between 30.25 - 32.55 ° C whereas during low tide was between 30.55 - 33.2 ° C. Aquatic organism is able to survive only within certain temperature range. If water temperature goes too far from forbearance range, it can compromise the ability of organism to survive. Sunlight radiation is the main factor that influence water temperature. Significant contribution also provided by rock, sand and mud condition at the tidal zone. Temperature in 7 locations of research at high and low tide are represent on Figure 2.","type":"Text"},{"left":309,"top":466,"width":246,"height":51,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"According to quality threshold provided by Governor’s provision no. 16/2005, water temperature on high and low tide at Muliasari Village still fulfill temperature range between 25 ° C - 35 ° C as required.","type":"Text"},{"left":65,"top":666,"width":487,"height":12,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Figure 2. Result of water temperature measurement on high and low tide atMuliasariVillage Tanjung Lago District","type":"Text"},{"left":49,"top":55,"width":41,"height":13,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Article","type":"Page header"},{"left":437,"top":55,"width":113,"height":13,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"http://ijfac.unsri.ac.id","type":"Page header"},{"left":44,"top":782,"width":126,"height":12,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"DOI: 10.24845/ijfac.v2.i2.39","type":"Page footer"},{"left":542,"top":782,"width":13,"height":12,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"42","type":"Page footer"},{"left":179,"top":212,"width":241,"height":12,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Figure 3. TSSanalysis result on soils at high and low tide","type":"Text"},{"left":128,"top":359,"width":361,"height":12,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Figure 4. Result of pH measurement on water at high and low tide, Muliasari Village","type":"Caption"},{"left":95,"top":505,"width":426,"height":12,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Figure 5. Salinity measurement result at high and low tide of Muliasari VillageTanjung Lago District","type":"Text"},{"left":76,"top":652,"width":447,"height":12,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Figure 6. Laboratory analysis result of DOat high and low tide of Muliasari VillageTanjung Lago District","type":"Text"},{"left":49,"top":55,"width":41,"height":13,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Article","type":"Page header"},{"left":437,"top":55,"width":113,"height":13,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"http://ijfac.unsri.ac.id","type":"Page header"},{"left":44,"top":782,"width":126,"height":12,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"DOI: 10.24845/ijfac.v2.i2.39","type":"Page footer"},{"left":542,"top":782,"width":13,"height":12,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"43","type":"Page footer"},{"left":104,"top":212,"width":392,"height":12,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Figure 7. BOD analysis result at high and low tide of MuliasariVillageTanjung Lago District","type":"Text"},{"left":102,"top":371,"width":395,"height":12,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Figure 8. COD analysis result at high and low tide of Muliasari VillageTanjung Lago District","type":"Text"},{"left":96,"top":530,"width":408,"height":12,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Figure 9. Result ofammonia analysis at high and low tideMuliasariVillage Tanjung Lago District","type":"Text"},{"left":103,"top":665,"width":393,"height":12,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Figure 10. Result on Phosphate analysis of water from Muliasari Village at high and low tide","type":"Text"},{"left":49,"top":55,"width":41,"height":13,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Article","type":"Page header"},{"left":437,"top":55,"width":113,"height":13,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"http://ijfac.unsri.ac.id","type":"Page header"},{"left":44,"top":782,"width":126,"height":12,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"DOI: 10.24845/ijfac.v2.i2.39","type":"Page footer"},{"left":542,"top":782,"width":13,"height":12,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"44","type":"Page footer"},{"left":140,"top":212,"width":318,"height":12,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Figure 11. Fe analysis result of water at high and low tide Muliasari Village","type":"Text"},{"left":101,"top":361,"width":396,"height":12,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Figure 12. Coliformresult of analysis on water samples at high and low tide, Muliasari Village","type":"Text"},{"left":44,"top":386,"width":105,"height":12,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Total Suspended Solid","type":"Section header"},{"left":44,"top":404,"width":249,"height":127,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Total suspended solid related to water turbidity which comprise of mud, fine sand and microorganism. Result of TSS measurement is display on Figure 3. Average value obtained for this parameter is 30 - 130 mg/L at high tide and 20 - 170 mg/L at low tide. Highest value of TSS at high tide was found at station 2 (SPD canal at Tertiary 2) and lowest value was detected at station 1 (Primary channel). At low tide, highest TSS value was found at station 1 (Primary channel) whereas lowest TSS was found out at station 5 (SPD canal at Tertiary 6).","type":"Text"},{"left":44,"top":531,"width":249,"height":152,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"High TSS value correspond to human activities such as farming, livestock, toilet and bathing. Increase of turbidity in water are directly influenced by high TSS contained. Suspended matters contaminated causedturbid water [3]. Suspended matters can be organic such as biomass, microorganism and inorganic such as clay and dust [4]. Turbidity due to high TSS might hampered sunlight penetration which is important for metabolism of organisms. Result of TSS measurement also appears that at high tide, station 2 - 5 does not meet quality threshold approved as well as station 1 - 3 at low tide. The allowed threshold approved according to authority is 50 mg/L.","type":"Text"},{"left":44,"top":695,"width":62,"height":12,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Acidity (pH)","type":"Section header"},{"left":44,"top":714,"width":248,"height":36,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Average value of pH measured at tidal zone is 3.15- 3.52 at high tide and 3.15-3.55 at low tide. The result shows no significance different of pH during high and low tide.","type":"Text"},{"left":306,"top":386,"width":249,"height":99,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"pH value obtained both at high and low tide show water in this area is acid. The existence of dissolved carbon dioxide and carbonate ions create acid condition in the body of water [5]. Carbon dioxide and carbonate ions are well known as acid forming chemical species. It chemical interaction with water could create acid compound such as H 2 CO 3 . Acidity of water can be decreased if the amount of these species in water is reduced.","type":"Text"},{"left":306,"top":485,"width":249,"height":75,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Threshold value for pH of water according to governor’s provision is between 6 - 9. By this rule, water at all station where samples acquired does not meet acidity allowed. Environmental management certainly needed to overcome this situation and make water in the area can be used safely.","type":"Text"},{"left":306,"top":573,"width":35,"height":12,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Salinity","type":"Section header"},{"left":306,"top":592,"width":249,"height":50,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Salinity is a measure of salt content in water. Samples taken from station 1 through 7 shows salinity as depicted on Figure 5. Average value of salinity found at 1.3 - 2.","type":"Text"},{"left":306,"top":643,"width":249,"height":73,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Salinity shows a slight different between high and low tide. Salinity increase when salt water from ocean approaches land at high tide. At low tide, sea water was pulled and caused to decrease salinity. Water pool in pond at TC 2 and TC 6 shows same value of salinity. This certainly due to no sea water influence affect salinity.","type":"Text"},{"left":306,"top":729,"width":113,"height":12,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Dissolved Oxygen (DO)","type":"Text"},{"left":49,"top":55,"width":41,"height":13,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Article","type":"Page header"},{"left":437,"top":55,"width":113,"height":13,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"http://ijfac.unsri.ac.id","type":"Page header"},{"left":44,"top":782,"width":126,"height":12,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"DOI: 10.24845/ijfac.v2.i2.39","type":"Page footer"},{"left":542,"top":782,"width":13,"height":12,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"45","type":"Page footer"},{"left":44,"top":90,"width":249,"height":51,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Figure 6 shows laboratory analysis result of dissolve oxygen (DO) water samples from all station. At high tide, DO has average 4.15 - 5.5 mg/L whereas at low tide it has between 3.65 to 5.35 mg/L.","type":"Text"},{"left":44,"top":141,"width":249,"height":148,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Samples water from high tide shows slightly higher DO than at low tide. Water circulation from ocean at high tide contribute to increase DO of water. Lower DO at low tide might cause by addition of organic and inorganic materials from shore whilst water amount is decrease. Dry season also gave contribution to lowering DO at low tide. Fallen leaf and branches from plant certainly increase contamination of water by organic matters hence decrease dissolved oxygen [1]. Dissolved oxygen is important for organism metabolism. Minimum requirement according to Governor’s provision no 16/2005 is 6. According to this rule, all station has DO value below threshold approved.","type":"Text"},{"left":44,"top":302,"width":168,"height":12,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)","type":"Section header"},{"left":44,"top":320,"width":249,"height":62,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Result from laboratory analysis on BOD shows that at high tide samples has value between 1.95 to 58.2 mg/L whereas at low tide 1.89 to 40.25 mg/L. It appears from Figure 7 that samples from high tide has higher BOD than from low tide.","type":"Text"},{"left":44,"top":382,"width":249,"height":152,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Organic materials decompose biologically in water by microorganism in the present of oxygen supply. Large amount of BOD concentration means high amount of organic wastes need to be decomposed by microorganism [6]. Some samples show higher than other on its BOD indicate the existence ofhighly decomposition process by bacteria while other is relatively low. According to data displayed at high tide, station 2 - 7 has BOD value higher than threshold approved by authority while at low tide station 1 - 3 shows same result. The threshold value maximum for biological oxygen demand according to Governor’s provision is 2 mg/L.","type":"Text"},{"left":44,"top":546,"width":165,"height":12,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)","type":"Section header"},{"left":44,"top":565,"width":249,"height":86,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Chemical oxygen demand (COD) is a measure of the capacity of water to use up oxygen during decomposition of organic matter and oxidation of inorganic substances such as ammonia and nitrite. COD value obtained from laboratory analysis at high tide is between 7 to 172.5 mg/L while at low tide between 6 to 127.5 mg/L.","type":"Text"},{"left":44,"top":651,"width":249,"height":113,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"High COD value indicate large amount of waste water with organic content from settlement has been discharged into the tidal zone. This domestic waste usually discarded via drainage which flow to the river and eventually came to the shore. Agricultural activity in addition to settlement also gave contribution to highly COD detected [7].As can be seen on Figure 8, High COD value which proved do not meet standard assigned by Governor’s provision are station 2 - 7 at high tide and","type":"Text"},{"left":306,"top":90,"width":249,"height":26,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"station 1 - 3 at low tide. COD according to the provision should have maximum value at 10 mg/L.","type":"Text"},{"left":306,"top":129,"width":46,"height":12,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Ammonia","type":"Section header"},{"left":306,"top":147,"width":249,"height":99,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Average value of ammonia content in the water samples as depicted on Figure 9 are 0.155 to 0.4 mg/L at high tide and 0.16 to 0.45 mg/L at low tide. The highest sources of ammonia are nature origin; from decomposing biomass and from the excreta of humans and animals. Man-made sources also available and give contribution such as the use of fertilizers and waste disposal sites or industrial processes.","type":"Text"},{"left":306,"top":246,"width":249,"height":173,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Environment assessment at the location confirmed that excessive use of fertilizer and domestic waste from near-by settlement influenced ammonia concentration in the water. Linier correlation between high concentration of ammonia and intense activity from agriculture using fertilizers and settlement without waste management had been reported [5]. Poor drainage and sanitation is also give rise of ammonia in water environment. Standard quality threshold for ammonia according to the rule is 0.5 mg/L maximum, hence the water still meet the criteria required. Fertilizer and domestic waste although gave rise on ammonia level, still can be tolerate by environment. Caution certainly must be applied due to ammonia level just slightly below maximum level approved by authority.","type":"Text"},{"left":306,"top":432,"width":49,"height":12,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Phosphate","type":"Section header"},{"left":306,"top":450,"width":249,"height":62,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Analysis of Phosphate on the water samples conducted at laboratory gave average result 0.1605 to 0.1935 mg/L at high tide and 0.1575 to 0.183 mg/L at low tide. The result as displayed on Figure 10 is slightly different between one sample’s station to another.","type":"Text"},{"left":306,"top":512,"width":249,"height":99,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Phosphate is ions form of phosphorus, an element largely found naturally in rock and other mineral deposits. There are three different form of Phosphate: orthophosphate, metaphosphate and organically bound Phosphate. Orthophosphate in addition to natural processes also can be produced from man-influenced sources such as sewage treatment, agricultural sites and application of particular fertilizer [8].","type":"Text"},{"left":306,"top":611,"width":249,"height":111,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Phosphate is ionic compound which practically soluble in water environment. It is harmless except if it exists in very high level. At high concentration Phosphate can caused digestive problem to human and animal. Water quality threshold approved for Phosphate content is 0.2 mg/L maximum. Result from samples analysis shows maximum for high tide is 0.1935 and low tide 0.183 mg/L. By this condition, all station still fulfill requirement as class I water for daily utilization.","type":"Text"},{"left":306,"top":735,"width":42,"height":12,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Iron (Fe)","type":"Text"},{"left":49,"top":55,"width":41,"height":13,"page_number":8,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Article","type":"Page header"},{"left":437,"top":55,"width":113,"height":13,"page_number":8,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"http://ijfac.unsri.ac.id","type":"Page header"},{"left":44,"top":782,"width":126,"height":12,"page_number":8,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"DOI: 10.24845/ijfac.v2.i2.39","type":"Page footer"},{"left":542,"top":782,"width":13,"height":12,"page_number":8,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"46","type":"Page footer"},{"left":44,"top":90,"width":249,"height":74,"page_number":8,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Laboratory analysis carried out to determine Fe obtained 0.155 to 0.325 mg/L at high tide and 0.185 to 0.31 mg/L at low tide. Iron dissolved in water in two different ion form: Fe 2+ and Fe 3+ or commonly known as Ferro and Ferri ions. Its form depends on acidity of water and availability of oxygen.","type":"Text"},{"left":44,"top":164,"width":249,"height":114,"page_number":8,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"` At pH 7.5 - 7.7, Ferri ions is oxidized and form chemical bond with hydroxide to produced Fe(OH) 3 which is insoluble and precipitated at the bottom in reddish color. Insoluble iron deuce can only be found in anaerobic and acid water [5]. Iron content > 1.0 mg/L in water environment is hazardous for aquatic organism live [5]. Water quality threshold for iron in water is 0.3 mg/L which is not fulfill by sample water from station 1 at high tide and station 4 and 5 at low tide.","type":"Text"},{"left":44,"top":291,"width":41,"height":12,"page_number":8,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Coliform","type":"Section header"},{"left":44,"top":310,"width":249,"height":61,"page_number":8,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Coliform bacteria are indicator organism for the presence of pathogens in the water sample. According to laboratory resultobtained, maximum content of Coliform in the water samples are 1.1 at high tide and 2.25 at low tide per 100 mL water.","type":"Text"},{"left":44,"top":372,"width":249,"height":160,"page_number":8,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Most of stations where samples were taken showed no Coliform found in the water. Samples which were detected Coliform is Station 3, 4 and 5 in a very small number. Generally, Coliform is settled in the bottom of water. Affected by water flow in and out at tidal event, the bacteria appeared to be hard to grow optimally hence almost none was found. Coliforms are always present in the digestive tracts of animals, including humans, and are found in their wastes. They come into the water via runoff from poor drainage through river and increase especially at dry season [9]. Maximum 100 per mL water is still tolerate according to Governor’s provision no 16/2005 for class I water.","type":"Text"},{"left":44,"top":545,"width":248,"height":24,"page_number":8,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Water quality status at Muliasari Village according to Storet method","type":"Section header"},{"left":44,"top":576,"width":249,"height":86,"page_number":8,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Status on water quality at Muliasari village was determined according to Storet method. The method is carried out by comparing analysis result and quality threshold approved by Governor’s provision no 16/2005. Score acquired by Storet method is -27 for high tide and 27 for low tide indicate water is moderately polluted and categorized as class C water.","type":"Text"},{"left":44,"top":674,"width":79,"height":12,"page_number":8,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"CONCLUSION","type":"Section header"},{"left":44,"top":687,"width":248,"height":24,"page_number":8,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Based on the findings of this study the following conclusions can be drawn:","type":"Text"},{"left":44,"top":712,"width":249,"height":36,"page_number":8,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"1. Water quality status at Muliasari Village according to The Governor’s provision no 16/2005 is moderately polluted and can be classified into C class.","type":"List item"},{"left":306,"top":90,"width":248,"height":61,"page_number":8,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"2. Several parameters do not meet threshold allowed i.e. pH, DO, BOD and COD while others such as ammonia, Fe, Phosphate and Coliform has value slightly below maximum value allowed by the authority.","type":"List item"},{"left":306,"top":152,"width":249,"height":49,"page_number":8,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"3. It is necessary for residents in the research location to increase their awareness on waste domestic management as well as agricultural to maintain and monitor water quality.","type":"List item"},{"left":306,"top":214,"width":78,"height":12,"page_number":8,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"REFERENCES","type":"Section header"},{"left":306,"top":226,"width":249,"height":25,"page_number":8,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"[1] W.A. Wardhana, DampakPencemaranLingkungan , Penerbit Andi, Yogyakarta, 2004.","type":"List item"},{"left":306,"top":251,"width":249,"height":51,"page_number":8,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"[2] A. Chinyama, Sustainable Sanitation Systems for Low Income Urban Areas-A Case of the City of Bulowayo, Zimbabwe. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth ,50-52:233 - 238, 2012.","type":"List item"},{"left":306,"top":302,"width":248,"height":49,"page_number":8,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"[3] Fisesa. E.D., I. Setyobudiandi dan M. Krisanti. 2014. Kondisi Perairan dan Struktur Komunitas Makrozoobenthos di Sungai Belumai, Kabupaten Deli Serdang, Provinsi Sumatera Utara. Depik. 3 (1):","type":"List item"},{"left":306,"top":352,"width":249,"height":36,"page_number":8,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"1-9. [4] Manik, Karden Eddy Sontang. PengelolaanLingkunganHidup. Djambatan. 2009.","type":"Table"},{"left":306,"top":389,"width":248,"height":36,"page_number":8,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"[5] H. Effendi, Telaahkualitas air: Bagi Pengelolaan Sumber Daya dan Lingkungan Perairan. Kanisius. Yogyakarta, 2003.","type":"List item"},{"left":306,"top":426,"width":248,"height":37,"page_number":8,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"[6] Yuliastuti, E. 2011. Kajian Kualitas Air Sungai Nginro dalam Upaya Pengendalian Pencemaran Air. Tesis. Universitas Diponegoro. Semarang.","type":"List item"},{"left":306,"top":463,"width":249,"height":75,"page_number":8,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"[7] A.B. Supangat, PengaruhberbagaiPenggunaanLahanTerhadapKuali tas Air Sungai dikawasanHutanPinus di Gombong, Kebumen, Jawa Tengah. JurnalPenelitianHutandanKonservasiAlam. Vol.5. No.3. pp 267 - 276, 2008.","type":"Table"},{"left":306,"top":539,"width":248,"height":75,"page_number":8,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"[8] J.R. Casali, J.Gimenez, J.Diez, J.D.C. Alvarez- Moros, M. de Lersundi, M.A.Goni, Y.Campo, R. Chahor, J. Gastesi, Lopez,Sediment production and water quality of watersheds with contrasting land use in Navarre (Spain) . Agricultural Water Management, 97 pp.1683 - 1694, 2010.","type":"Text"},{"left":306,"top":614,"width":249,"height":64,"page_number":8,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"[9] Feliatra, Sebaran Bakteri Eschericia coli di PerairanMuara Sungai Bantan Tengah Bengkalis Riau. FakultasPerikanandanKelautan, Universitas Riau, Pekanbaru. JurusanBiogen. Vol 1, hal 178 - 181, 2002.","type":"Text"},{"left":306,"top":678,"width":249,"height":37,"page_number":8,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"10. Peraturan Gubernur Sumatera Selatan Nomor 16 Tahun 2005 Tentang Peruntukan Air dan Baku Mutu Air Sungai.","type":"List item"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"left\": 329,\n \"top\": 50,\n \"width\": 227,\n \"height\": 33,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Indonesian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Chemistry\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 49,\n \"top\": 88,\n \"width\": 41,\n \"height\": 13,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Article\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 437,\n \"top\": 88,\n \"width\": 113,\n \"height\": 13,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"http://ijfac.unsri.ac.id\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 44,\n \"top\": 782,\n \"width\": 126,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"DOI: 10.24845/ijfac.v2.i2.39\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 542,\n \"top\": 782,\n \"width\": 13,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"39\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 44,\n \"top\": 118,\n \"width\": 499,\n \"height\": 27,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Study on Quality of Water from Various Resources of Tidal Zonetaken on Dry Season at Muliasari Village Tanjung Lago District\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 44,\n \"top\": 157,\n \"width\": 317,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Indah Hamida 1 , Robiyanto Hendro Susanto 2 , PoedjiLoekitowati Hariani 3 *\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 44,\n \"top\": 181,\n \"width\": 476,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"1 Student at Environmental Management Program, Graduate Program, UniversitasSriwijaya, Padang Selasa, Bukit Besar Palembang, 30139\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 44,\n \"top\": 193,\n \"width\": 335,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"2 Soil Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, UniversitasSriwijaya, InderalayaOganIlir, 30662\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 44,\n \"top\": 204,\n \"width\": 348,\n \"height\": 23,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"3 Chemistry Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science,UniversitasSriwijaya,Inderalaya, OganIlir, 30662\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 44,\n \"top\": 237,\n \"width\": 175,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"* Corresponding Author: pujilukitowati@yahoo.com\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 49,\n \"top\": 262,\n \"width\": 45,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Abstract\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 49,\n \"top\": 288,\n \"width\": 519,\n \"height\": 151,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Contamination by organic matters, nutrient, pathogenic bacteria, micro pollutant and detergent/surfactant caused quality decrease of water in tidal zone. This study was aimed to evaluate quality of various water resources and to elaborate correlation between tidal environment condition and water resources quality at Muliasari village district of Tanjung Lago. Water sample was taken by purposive sampling method. Analysis result using Storet method showed average value of several parameters at high tide are: temperature 31.37 ° C;TSS 74.28 mg/L;pH 3.38; salinity 1.82; DO 5.05 mg/L; BOD 32.51 mg/L; COD 98.5 mg/L; ammonia 0.29 mg/L; phosphate 0.1690 mg/L; Fe 0.272 mg/L and Coliform 0.31/100 mg/L. At low tide these parameters had values for temperature 27.13 ° C; TSS 67.14 mg/L; pH 3.38; salinity 1.7; DO 4.86 mg/L; BOD 14.13 mg/L; COD 43.71; ammonia 0.244 mg/L; phosphate 0.1695 mg/L; Fe 0.232 mg/L and Coliform 0.32/100 mg/L. According to Governor’s provision no.16/2005 on water quality standard, water from various resources of Muliasari village were moderately polluted. Domestic waste water management is needed at this area followed by training and enhance occupant’s awareness to maintain hygiene and environment quality. Monitoring effort is also necessary on water resources quality for at least once every 6 months.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 49,\n \"top\": 451,\n \"width\": 192,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Keywords: Water quality, tidal zone, domestic waste\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 49,\n \"top\": 476,\n \"width\": 111,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Abstrak (Indonesian)\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 466,\n \"top\": 476,\n \"width\": 61,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Article Info\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 49,\n \"top\": 501,\n \"width\": 395,\n \"height\": 148,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Air yang terkontaminasibahanorganik, nutrient, bakteripatogen, mikro polutan dan detergen/ surfaktan menyebabkan menurunnya kualitas suatu perairan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji kualitas berbagai sumber air, mengkaji hubungan kualitas lingkungan daerah pasang surut terhadap kualitas berbagai sumber air di desa Muliasari Kecamatan Tanjung Lago. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian survei. Pengambilan sampel air dilakukan dengan metode purposive sampling . Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kualitas air di desa Muliasari berdasarkan analisis dengan menggunakan metode storetmaka diperoleh nilai rata-rata suhu pasang (31,37 0 C) surut (27,13 0 C). TSS pasang (74,28 mg/L) surut (67,14 mg/L). pH pasang (3,38) surut (3,38). Salinitas pasang (1,82) surut (1,7). DO pasang (5,05 mg/L) surut (4,86 mg/L). BOD pasang (32,51 mg/L) surut (14,13 mg/L). COD pasang (98,5 mg/L) surut (43,71 mg/L). Amonia pasang (0,29 mg/L) surut (0,244 mg/L). Fosfat pasang (0,1690 mg/L) surut (0,1695 mg/L). Fe pasang (0,272 mg/L) surut (0,232 mg/L). Coliform pasang (0,31/100\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 49,\n \"top\": 650,\n \"width\": 394,\n \"height\": 61,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"mg/L) surut (0,32/100 mg/L). Status mutu air di desa Muliasari berdasarkanPeraturanGubernurSumsel No.16 Th. 2005 tentang baku mutu air masuk dalam kategori cemar sedang. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut maka perlu adanya pengelolaan limbah domestic, sosialisasi dan pelatihan kesadaran masyarakat untuk menjaga kebersihan, dan upaya pemantauan kualitas air sungai paling sedikit 1 kali dalamsetiap 6 bulan.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 49,\n \"top\": 724,\n \"width\": 185,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Keywords: kualitas air, pasangsurut, limbahdomestik\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 466,\n \"top\": 501,\n \"width\": 101,\n \"height\": 74,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Received 4 March 2017 Received in revised 19 May 2017 Accepted 2 June 2017 Available online 15 June 2017\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 49,\n \"top\": 55,\n \"width\": 41,\n \"height\": 13,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Article\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 437,\n \"top\": 55,\n \"width\": 113,\n \"height\": 13,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"http://ijfac.unsri.ac.id\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 44,\n \"top\": 782,\n \"width\": 126,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"DOI: 10.24845/ijfac.v2.i2.39\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 542,\n \"top\": 782,\n \"width\": 13,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"40\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 44,\n \"top\": 90,\n \"width\": 95,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"INTRODUCTION\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 44,\n \"top\": 103,\n \"width\": 239,\n \"height\": 110,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Water is the most important environmental component for human life. It is needed by mostly living organism on its living process on earth [1]. Poor quality of water can trigger many problems to human. Clean and provide in enough quantity of water on the other hand are something to be expected by community to fulfill daily needed and other activities. Among the activities need enough clean water are manufactures, city sanitation and crops fields.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 44,\n \"top\": 214,\n \"width\": 240,\n \"height\": 210,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Low quality of water caused decrease in life support of environment and ecosystem to human and other creatures in the area. It will affect directly to the safety and healthstatus especially for human being. Low quality of water also reduced productivity, decrease its capacity to provide resources and eventually decrease the ability of natural to provide resources. Contamination by organic matters, nutrient, pathogenic bacteria, micro pollutant and detergent/surfactant came from domestic waste are believe to be responsible for dropping quality of water [2]. In order to evaluate the quality of water from various resources and its correlation to tidal zone environmental condition, research was conducted at Muliasari village of Tanjung Lago district. This study was aimed to provide insight and new approach of environmental management in the area to fulfill domestic needed on water.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 44,\n \"top\": 437,\n \"width\": 156,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"MATERIALS AND METHODS\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 44,\n \"top\": 449,\n \"width\": 239,\n \"height\": 37,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Research was conducted on May until July 2016 at Primary channels, Secondary channel SPD, Tertiary channel and pond located at Muliasari Village. Samples\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 316,\n \"top\": 90,\n \"width\": 239,\n \"height\": 74,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"were taken from 7 different stations at the village namely; station 1 (primary channel), station 2 (SPD canal at tertiary channel 2), station 3 (tertiary channel 2), station 4 (pond at tertiary channel 2), station 5 (SPD canal at tertiary channel 6), station 6 (tertiary channel 6) and station (pond at tertiary channel 6).\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 318,\n \"top\": 365,\n \"width\": 235,\n \"height\": 37,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Figure 1. Research location maps at Muliasari Village Tanjung Lago District (Source:Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Bureau, Banyuasin Districts, 2014)\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 316,\n \"top\": 410,\n \"width\": 239,\n \"height\": 74,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Data was gathered by using survey method combined with chemical analysis in laboratory. Water sample was taken by purposing sampling method i.e. sample location was picked up intentionally. Research station and location coordinate point were depicted on Table 1:\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 93,\n \"top\": 511,\n \"width\": 413,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Tabel 1 Stations and research location coordinate point at Muliasari village Tanjung Lago district\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 105,\n \"top\": 530,\n \"width\": 374,\n \"height\": 225,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Station Position Latitude (South) Longitude (East) Station 1(Primary channel) 2 0 39’59.3” 104 0 44’08.6” Station 2(SPD canal at TC 2) 2 0 38’37.3” 104 0 44’32.9” Station 3(Tertiary channel 2) 2 0 38’22.4” 104 0 44’31.1” Station 4(Pond at TC 2) 2 0 38’36.9” 104 0 44’35.4” Station 5(SPD canal at TC 6) 2 0 38’07.1” 104 0 44’29.2” Station 6(Tertiary channel 6) 2 0 38’14.3” 104 0 44’30.5” Station 7(Pond at TC 6) 2 0 38’11.2” 104 0 44.30.1” Table 2. Classification of water quality according to Storet method No Class Score Status Remark 1 Class A 0 Very good Fulfill threshold 2 Class B -1 s/d -10 Good Lightly polluted 3 Class C -11 s/d -30 Moderate Moderately polluted 4 Class D ≥ -30 Bad Heavily polluted Source: Provision of Ministry of Environmental no. 115/2003\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 49,\n \"top\": 55,\n \"width\": 41,\n \"height\": 13,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Article\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 437,\n \"top\": 55,\n \"width\": 113,\n \"height\": 13,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"http://ijfac.unsri.ac.id\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 44,\n \"top\": 782,\n \"width\": 126,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"DOI: 10.24845/ijfac.v2.i2.39\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 542,\n \"top\": 782,\n \"width\": 13,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"41\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 115,\n \"top\": 90,\n \"width\": 357,\n \"height\": 119,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Table 3Scoring system to determined water quality status Sample amount Score Parameter physic chemistry biology < 10 Maximum Minimum Average -1 -1 -3 -2 -2 -6 -3 -3 -9 >10 Maximum Minimum Average -2 -2 -6 -4 -4 -12 -6 -6 -18\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 80,\n \"top\": 210,\n \"width\": 267,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Source: Provision of Ministry of Environmental no. 115/2003\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 44,\n \"top\": 234,\n \"width\": 247,\n \"height\": 86,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Water quality measurement was carried out in situ and ex situ (BTKL laboratory Palembang). Physical parameters being determined were temperature whereas chemical parameters were pH, salinity, DO, BOD, COD, TSS, ammonia, phosphate and Fe. Coliform was the only biological parameter being identified. All measurements were done twice at low and high tide events.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 44,\n \"top\": 321,\n \"width\": 246,\n \"height\": 148,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Conclusion on water quality status was confirmed according to Storet method by comparing water quality data with quality standard threshold provisioned by Ministry of Environmental no. 115/2003 and South Sumatera Governor no. 16/2005. Class of water quality status was determined based on classification system by US-EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). According to the system, water quality was divided into 4 classes (Table 2). Scoring on water quality was made based on measurement results on physical, chemical and biological properties as depicted in Table 3.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 44,\n \"top\": 482,\n \"width\": 145,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"RESULT AND DISCUSSION\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 44,\n \"top\": 494,\n \"width\": 247,\n \"height\": 37,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Water quality concern with its properties, organisms contained and other components confined. Water quality determine quantitatively using several\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 309,\n \"top\": 234,\n \"width\": 246,\n \"height\": 62,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"parameters including temperature, pH, salinity, DO, OD, COD, TSS, ammonia, phosphate, Fe and Coliform . Result of samples measurement compare with water quality threshold for water taken from river provisioned by authority was displayed on figures below.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 309,\n \"top\": 308,\n \"width\": 104,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Average Temperature\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 309,\n \"top\": 327,\n \"width\": 246,\n \"height\": 139,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Average temperature detected on the water during high tide was between 30.25 - 32.55 ° C whereas during low tide was between 30.55 - 33.2 ° C. Aquatic organism is able to survive only within certain temperature range. If water temperature goes too far from forbearance range, it can compromise the ability of organism to survive. Sunlight radiation is the main factor that influence water temperature. Significant contribution also provided by rock, sand and mud condition at the tidal zone. Temperature in 7 locations of research at high and low tide are represent on Figure 2.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 309,\n \"top\": 466,\n \"width\": 246,\n \"height\": 51,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"According to quality threshold provided by Governor’s provision no. 16/2005, water temperature on high and low tide at Muliasari Village still fulfill temperature range between 25 ° C - 35 ° C as required.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 65,\n \"top\": 666,\n \"width\": 487,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Figure 2. Result of water temperature measurement on high and low tide atMuliasariVillage Tanjung Lago District\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 49,\n \"top\": 55,\n \"width\": 41,\n \"height\": 13,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Article\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 437,\n \"top\": 55,\n \"width\": 113,\n \"height\": 13,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"http://ijfac.unsri.ac.id\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 44,\n \"top\": 782,\n \"width\": 126,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"DOI: 10.24845/ijfac.v2.i2.39\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 542,\n \"top\": 782,\n \"width\": 13,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"42\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 179,\n \"top\": 212,\n \"width\": 241,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Figure 3. TSSanalysis result on soils at high and low tide\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 128,\n \"top\": 359,\n \"width\": 361,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Figure 4. Result of pH measurement on water at high and low tide, Muliasari Village\",\n \"type\": \"Caption\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 95,\n \"top\": 505,\n \"width\": 426,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Figure 5. Salinity measurement result at high and low tide of Muliasari VillageTanjung Lago District\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 76,\n \"top\": 652,\n \"width\": 447,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Figure 6. Laboratory analysis result of DOat high and low tide of Muliasari VillageTanjung Lago District\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 49,\n \"top\": 55,\n \"width\": 41,\n \"height\": 13,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Article\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 437,\n \"top\": 55,\n \"width\": 113,\n \"height\": 13,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"http://ijfac.unsri.ac.id\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 44,\n \"top\": 782,\n \"width\": 126,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"DOI: 10.24845/ijfac.v2.i2.39\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 542,\n \"top\": 782,\n \"width\": 13,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"43\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 104,\n \"top\": 212,\n \"width\": 392,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Figure 7. BOD analysis result at high and low tide of MuliasariVillageTanjung Lago District\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 102,\n \"top\": 371,\n \"width\": 395,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Figure 8. COD analysis result at high and low tide of Muliasari VillageTanjung Lago District\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 96,\n \"top\": 530,\n \"width\": 408,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Figure 9. Result ofammonia analysis at high and low tideMuliasariVillage Tanjung Lago District\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 103,\n \"top\": 665,\n \"width\": 393,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Figure 10. Result on Phosphate analysis of water from Muliasari Village at high and low tide\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 49,\n \"top\": 55,\n \"width\": 41,\n \"height\": 13,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Article\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 437,\n \"top\": 55,\n \"width\": 113,\n \"height\": 13,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"http://ijfac.unsri.ac.id\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 44,\n \"top\": 782,\n \"width\": 126,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"DOI: 10.24845/ijfac.v2.i2.39\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 542,\n \"top\": 782,\n \"width\": 13,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"44\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 140,\n \"top\": 212,\n \"width\": 318,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Figure 11. Fe analysis result of water at high and low tide Muliasari Village\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 101,\n \"top\": 361,\n \"width\": 396,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Figure 12. Coliformresult of analysis on water samples at high and low tide, Muliasari Village\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 44,\n \"top\": 386,\n \"width\": 105,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Total Suspended Solid\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 44,\n \"top\": 404,\n \"width\": 249,\n \"height\": 127,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Total suspended solid related to water turbidity which comprise of mud, fine sand and microorganism. Result of TSS measurement is display on Figure 3. Average value obtained for this parameter is 30 - 130 mg/L at high tide and 20 - 170 mg/L at low tide. Highest value of TSS at high tide was found at station 2 (SPD canal at Tertiary 2) and lowest value was detected at station 1 (Primary channel). At low tide, highest TSS value was found at station 1 (Primary channel) whereas lowest TSS was found out at station 5 (SPD canal at Tertiary 6).\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 44,\n \"top\": 531,\n \"width\": 249,\n \"height\": 152,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"High TSS value correspond to human activities such as farming, livestock, toilet and bathing. Increase of turbidity in water are directly influenced by high TSS contained. Suspended matters contaminated causedturbid water [3]. Suspended matters can be organic such as biomass, microorganism and inorganic such as clay and dust [4]. Turbidity due to high TSS might hampered sunlight penetration which is important for metabolism of organisms. Result of TSS measurement also appears that at high tide, station 2 - 5 does not meet quality threshold approved as well as station 1 - 3 at low tide. The allowed threshold approved according to authority is 50 mg/L.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 44,\n \"top\": 695,\n \"width\": 62,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Acidity (pH)\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 44,\n \"top\": 714,\n \"width\": 248,\n \"height\": 36,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Average value of pH measured at tidal zone is 3.15- 3.52 at high tide and 3.15-3.55 at low tide. The result shows no significance different of pH during high and low tide.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 306,\n \"top\": 386,\n \"width\": 249,\n \"height\": 99,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"pH value obtained both at high and low tide show water in this area is acid. The existence of dissolved carbon dioxide and carbonate ions create acid condition in the body of water [5]. Carbon dioxide and carbonate ions are well known as acid forming chemical species. It chemical interaction with water could create acid compound such as H 2 CO 3 . Acidity of water can be decreased if the amount of these species in water is reduced.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 306,\n \"top\": 485,\n \"width\": 249,\n \"height\": 75,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Threshold value for pH of water according to governor’s provision is between 6 - 9. By this rule, water at all station where samples acquired does not meet acidity allowed. Environmental management certainly needed to overcome this situation and make water in the area can be used safely.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 306,\n \"top\": 573,\n \"width\": 35,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Salinity\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 306,\n \"top\": 592,\n \"width\": 249,\n \"height\": 50,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Salinity is a measure of salt content in water. Samples taken from station 1 through 7 shows salinity as depicted on Figure 5. Average value of salinity found at 1.3 - 2.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 306,\n \"top\": 643,\n \"width\": 249,\n \"height\": 73,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Salinity shows a slight different between high and low tide. Salinity increase when salt water from ocean approaches land at high tide. At low tide, sea water was pulled and caused to decrease salinity. Water pool in pond at TC 2 and TC 6 shows same value of salinity. This certainly due to no sea water influence affect salinity.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 306,\n \"top\": 729,\n \"width\": 113,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Dissolved Oxygen (DO)\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 49,\n \"top\": 55,\n \"width\": 41,\n \"height\": 13,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Article\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 437,\n \"top\": 55,\n \"width\": 113,\n \"height\": 13,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"http://ijfac.unsri.ac.id\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 44,\n \"top\": 782,\n \"width\": 126,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"DOI: 10.24845/ijfac.v2.i2.39\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 542,\n \"top\": 782,\n \"width\": 13,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"45\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 44,\n \"top\": 90,\n \"width\": 249,\n \"height\": 51,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Figure 6 shows laboratory analysis result of dissolve oxygen (DO) water samples from all station. At high tide, DO has average 4.15 - 5.5 mg/L whereas at low tide it has between 3.65 to 5.35 mg/L.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 44,\n \"top\": 141,\n \"width\": 249,\n \"height\": 148,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Samples water from high tide shows slightly higher DO than at low tide. Water circulation from ocean at high tide contribute to increase DO of water. Lower DO at low tide might cause by addition of organic and inorganic materials from shore whilst water amount is decrease. Dry season also gave contribution to lowering DO at low tide. Fallen leaf and branches from plant certainly increase contamination of water by organic matters hence decrease dissolved oxygen [1]. Dissolved oxygen is important for organism metabolism. Minimum requirement according to Governor’s provision no 16/2005 is 6. According to this rule, all station has DO value below threshold approved.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 44,\n \"top\": 302,\n \"width\": 168,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 44,\n \"top\": 320,\n \"width\": 249,\n \"height\": 62,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Result from laboratory analysis on BOD shows that at high tide samples has value between 1.95 to 58.2 mg/L whereas at low tide 1.89 to 40.25 mg/L. It appears from Figure 7 that samples from high tide has higher BOD than from low tide.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 44,\n \"top\": 382,\n \"width\": 249,\n \"height\": 152,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Organic materials decompose biologically in water by microorganism in the present of oxygen supply. Large amount of BOD concentration means high amount of organic wastes need to be decomposed by microorganism [6]. Some samples show higher than other on its BOD indicate the existence ofhighly decomposition process by bacteria while other is relatively low. According to data displayed at high tide, station 2 - 7 has BOD value higher than threshold approved by authority while at low tide station 1 - 3 shows same result. The threshold value maximum for biological oxygen demand according to Governor’s provision is 2 mg/L.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 44,\n \"top\": 546,\n \"width\": 165,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 44,\n \"top\": 565,\n \"width\": 249,\n \"height\": 86,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Chemical oxygen demand (COD) is a measure of the capacity of water to use up oxygen during decomposition of organic matter and oxidation of inorganic substances such as ammonia and nitrite. COD value obtained from laboratory analysis at high tide is between 7 to 172.5 mg/L while at low tide between 6 to 127.5 mg/L.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 44,\n \"top\": 651,\n \"width\": 249,\n \"height\": 113,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"High COD value indicate large amount of waste water with organic content from settlement has been discharged into the tidal zone. This domestic waste usually discarded via drainage which flow to the river and eventually came to the shore. Agricultural activity in addition to settlement also gave contribution to highly COD detected [7].As can be seen on Figure 8, High COD value which proved do not meet standard assigned by Governor’s provision are station 2 - 7 at high tide and\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 306,\n \"top\": 90,\n \"width\": 249,\n \"height\": 26,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"station 1 - 3 at low tide. COD according to the provision should have maximum value at 10 mg/L.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 306,\n \"top\": 129,\n \"width\": 46,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Ammonia\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 306,\n \"top\": 147,\n \"width\": 249,\n \"height\": 99,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Average value of ammonia content in the water samples as depicted on Figure 9 are 0.155 to 0.4 mg/L at high tide and 0.16 to 0.45 mg/L at low tide. The highest sources of ammonia are nature origin; from decomposing biomass and from the excreta of humans and animals. Man-made sources also available and give contribution such as the use of fertilizers and waste disposal sites or industrial processes.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 306,\n \"top\": 246,\n \"width\": 249,\n \"height\": 173,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Environment assessment at the location confirmed that excessive use of fertilizer and domestic waste from near-by settlement influenced ammonia concentration in the water. Linier correlation between high concentration of ammonia and intense activity from agriculture using fertilizers and settlement without waste management had been reported [5]. Poor drainage and sanitation is also give rise of ammonia in water environment. Standard quality threshold for ammonia according to the rule is 0.5 mg/L maximum, hence the water still meet the criteria required. Fertilizer and domestic waste although gave rise on ammonia level, still can be tolerate by environment. Caution certainly must be applied due to ammonia level just slightly below maximum level approved by authority.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 306,\n \"top\": 432,\n \"width\": 49,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Phosphate\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 306,\n \"top\": 450,\n \"width\": 249,\n \"height\": 62,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Analysis of Phosphate on the water samples conducted at laboratory gave average result 0.1605 to 0.1935 mg/L at high tide and 0.1575 to 0.183 mg/L at low tide. The result as displayed on Figure 10 is slightly different between one sample’s station to another.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 306,\n \"top\": 512,\n \"width\": 249,\n \"height\": 99,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Phosphate is ions form of phosphorus, an element largely found naturally in rock and other mineral deposits. There are three different form of Phosphate: orthophosphate, metaphosphate and organically bound Phosphate. Orthophosphate in addition to natural processes also can be produced from man-influenced sources such as sewage treatment, agricultural sites and application of particular fertilizer [8].\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 306,\n \"top\": 611,\n \"width\": 249,\n \"height\": 111,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Phosphate is ionic compound which practically soluble in water environment. It is harmless except if it exists in very high level. At high concentration Phosphate can caused digestive problem to human and animal. Water quality threshold approved for Phosphate content is 0.2 mg/L maximum. Result from samples analysis shows maximum for high tide is 0.1935 and low tide 0.183 mg/L. By this condition, all station still fulfill requirement as class I water for daily utilization.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 306,\n \"top\": 735,\n \"width\": 42,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Iron (Fe)\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 49,\n \"top\": 55,\n \"width\": 41,\n \"height\": 13,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Article\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 437,\n \"top\": 55,\n \"width\": 113,\n \"height\": 13,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"http://ijfac.unsri.ac.id\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 44,\n \"top\": 782,\n \"width\": 126,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"DOI: 10.24845/ijfac.v2.i2.39\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 542,\n \"top\": 782,\n \"width\": 13,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"46\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 44,\n \"top\": 90,\n \"width\": 249,\n \"height\": 74,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Laboratory analysis carried out to determine Fe obtained 0.155 to 0.325 mg/L at high tide and 0.185 to 0.31 mg/L at low tide. Iron dissolved in water in two different ion form: Fe 2+ and Fe 3+ or commonly known as Ferro and Ferri ions. Its form depends on acidity of water and availability of oxygen.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 44,\n \"top\": 164,\n \"width\": 249,\n \"height\": 114,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"` At pH 7.5 - 7.7, Ferri ions is oxidized and form chemical bond with hydroxide to produced Fe(OH) 3 which is insoluble and precipitated at the bottom in reddish color. Insoluble iron deuce can only be found in anaerobic and acid water [5]. Iron content > 1.0 mg/L in water environment is hazardous for aquatic organism live [5]. Water quality threshold for iron in water is 0.3 mg/L which is not fulfill by sample water from station 1 at high tide and station 4 and 5 at low tide.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 44,\n \"top\": 291,\n \"width\": 41,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Coliform\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 44,\n \"top\": 310,\n \"width\": 249,\n \"height\": 61,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Coliform bacteria are indicator organism for the presence of pathogens in the water sample. According to laboratory resultobtained, maximum content of Coliform in the water samples are 1.1 at high tide and 2.25 at low tide per 100 mL water.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 44,\n \"top\": 372,\n \"width\": 249,\n \"height\": 160,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Most of stations where samples were taken showed no Coliform found in the water. Samples which were detected Coliform is Station 3, 4 and 5 in a very small number. Generally, Coliform is settled in the bottom of water. Affected by water flow in and out at tidal event, the bacteria appeared to be hard to grow optimally hence almost none was found. Coliforms are always present in the digestive tracts of animals, including humans, and are found in their wastes. They come into the water via runoff from poor drainage through river and increase especially at dry season [9]. Maximum 100 per mL water is still tolerate according to Governor’s provision no 16/2005 for class I water.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 44,\n \"top\": 545,\n \"width\": 248,\n \"height\": 24,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Water quality status at Muliasari Village according to Storet method\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 44,\n \"top\": 576,\n \"width\": 249,\n \"height\": 86,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Status on water quality at Muliasari village was determined according to Storet method. The method is carried out by comparing analysis result and quality threshold approved by Governor’s provision no 16/2005. Score acquired by Storet method is -27 for high tide and 27 for low tide indicate water is moderately polluted and categorized as class C water.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 44,\n \"top\": 674,\n \"width\": 79,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"CONCLUSION\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 44,\n \"top\": 687,\n \"width\": 248,\n \"height\": 24,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Based on the findings of this study the following conclusions can be drawn:\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 44,\n \"top\": 712,\n \"width\": 249,\n \"height\": 36,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"1. Water quality status at Muliasari Village according to The Governor’s provision no 16/2005 is moderately polluted and can be classified into C class.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 306,\n \"top\": 90,\n \"width\": 248,\n \"height\": 61,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"2. Several parameters do not meet threshold allowed i.e. pH, DO, BOD and COD while others such as ammonia, Fe, Phosphate and Coliform has value slightly below maximum value allowed by the authority.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 306,\n \"top\": 152,\n \"width\": 249,\n \"height\": 49,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"3. It is necessary for residents in the research location to increase their awareness on waste domestic management as well as agricultural to maintain and monitor water quality.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 306,\n \"top\": 214,\n \"width\": 78,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"REFERENCES\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 306,\n \"top\": 226,\n \"width\": 249,\n \"height\": 25,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"[1] W.A. Wardhana, DampakPencemaranLingkungan , Penerbit Andi, Yogyakarta, 2004.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 306,\n \"top\": 251,\n \"width\": 249,\n \"height\": 51,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"[2] A. Chinyama, Sustainable Sanitation Systems for Low Income Urban Areas-A Case of the City of Bulowayo, Zimbabwe. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth ,50-52:233 - 238, 2012.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 306,\n \"top\": 302,\n \"width\": 248,\n \"height\": 49,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"[3] Fisesa. E.D., I. Setyobudiandi dan M. Krisanti. 2014. Kondisi Perairan dan Struktur Komunitas Makrozoobenthos di Sungai Belumai, Kabupaten Deli Serdang, Provinsi Sumatera Utara. Depik. 3 (1):\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 306,\n \"top\": 352,\n \"width\": 249,\n \"height\": 36,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"1-9. [4] Manik, Karden Eddy Sontang. PengelolaanLingkunganHidup. Djambatan. 2009.\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 306,\n \"top\": 389,\n \"width\": 248,\n \"height\": 36,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"[5] H. Effendi, Telaahkualitas air: Bagi Pengelolaan Sumber Daya dan Lingkungan Perairan. Kanisius. Yogyakarta, 2003.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 306,\n \"top\": 426,\n \"width\": 248,\n \"height\": 37,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"[6] Yuliastuti, E. 2011. Kajian Kualitas Air Sungai Nginro dalam Upaya Pengendalian Pencemaran Air. Tesis. Universitas Diponegoro. Semarang.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 306,\n \"top\": 463,\n \"width\": 249,\n \"height\": 75,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"[7] A.B. Supangat, PengaruhberbagaiPenggunaanLahanTerhadapKuali tas Air Sungai dikawasanHutanPinus di Gombong, Kebumen, Jawa Tengah. JurnalPenelitianHutandanKonservasiAlam. Vol.5. No.3. pp 267 - 276, 2008.\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 306,\n \"top\": 539,\n \"width\": 248,\n \"height\": 75,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"[8] J.R. Casali, J.Gimenez, J.Diez, J.D.C. Alvarez- Moros, M. de Lersundi, M.A.Goni, Y.Campo, R. Chahor, J. Gastesi, Lopez,Sediment production and water quality of watersheds with contrasting land use in Navarre (Spain) . Agricultural Water Management, 97 pp.1683 - 1694, 2010.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 306,\n \"top\": 614,\n \"width\": 249,\n \"height\": 64,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"[9] Feliatra, Sebaran Bakteri Eschericia coli di PerairanMuara Sungai Bantan Tengah Bengkalis Riau. FakultasPerikanandanKelautan, Universitas Riau, Pekanbaru. JurusanBiogen. Vol 1, hal 178 - 181, 2002.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 306,\n \"top\": 678,\n \"width\": 249,\n \"height\": 37,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"10. Peraturan Gubernur Sumatera Selatan Nomor 16 Tahun 2005 Tentang Peruntukan Air dan Baku Mutu Air Sungai.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n }\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":192,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"string","value":"088e147a-70f2-dbb9-dea3-5438aaaa6d09"},"url":{"kind":"string","value":"https://lpppipublishing.com/index.php/ijessm/article/download/200/178"},"data":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"left":176,"top":40,"width":296,"height":28,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"International Journal of Education, Social Studies, And Management (IJESSM)","type":"Title"},{"left":229,"top":68,"width":188,"height":26,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"e-ISSN : 2775-4154 Volume 3, Issue 3, November 2023","type":"Text"},{"left":142,"top":94,"width":362,"height":28,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"The International Journal of Education, Social Studies, and Management (IJESSM) is published 3 times a year ( February, Juny, November ).","type":"Text"},{"left":141,"top":124,"width":325,"height":13,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Focus : Education, Social, Economy, Management, And Culture.","type":"List item"},{"left":141,"top":139,"width":292,"height":13,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"LINK : http://lpppipublishing.com/index.php/ijessm","type":"Text"},{"left":533,"top":761,"width":45,"height":28,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"106","type":"Page footer"},{"left":104,"top":179,"width":391,"height":34,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Analysis Of The Application Of The Full Costing Method In Calculating The Cost Of Goods Produced (Cogs) Caftan","type":"Text"},{"left":147,"top":213,"width":309,"height":34,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"For Determining Selling Prices (Case Study On Caftan Production At Viahijab Store)","type":"Text"},{"left":195,"top":260,"width":209,"height":28,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Dwi Candrika 1 , Iskandar Ali Alam 2 1,2 Bandar Lampung University, Indonesia","type":"Text"},{"left":98,"top":334,"width":76,"height":12,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"ARTICLE INFO","type":"Section header"},{"left":104,"top":346,"width":64,"height":25,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Article history: Received","type":"Text"},{"left":95,"top":371,"width":82,"height":62,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"22 December 2023 Revised 07 January 2024 Accepted 20 January 2024","type":"Table"},{"left":316,"top":290,"width":64,"height":13,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"ABSTRACT","type":"Section header"},{"left":100,"top":304,"width":408,"height":225,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"This research was carried out to analyze the application of the full costing method in calculating the cost of produced (COGS) of caftans for determining selling prices. This research was carried out at the Viahijab Store using qualitative analysis techniques, where data has collected through interviews, observations, and literature studies. From the results of research that has carried out, the calculation of the cost of produced (COGS) and selling price using company calculations produces lower prices when compared to using the full costing method. Where the results of selling price calculations using the company method produce Rp. 186,540.3 per Caftan, while the calculation results from full costing are Rp. 200,040.3 per piece, this shows a difference of Rp. 13,500 per piece of Caftan. This is due to the difference in cost between the company method and the full costing method. Keywords Cost of Goods Produced, Full Costing, Selling Price Doi 10.52121/ijessm.v3i3.200 Corresponding Author :","type":"Table"},{"left":190,"top":511,"width":141,"height":12,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"dwi.20011204@student.ubl.ac.id","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":546,"width":105,"height":14,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"INTRODUCTION","type":"Section header"},{"left":85,"top":563,"width":429,"height":100,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Caftan products are an important part of the clothing industry that has unique characteristics and aesthetic values. Caftan products have gained significant popularity among consumers looking for a comfortable and exclusive style. In the context of increasingly fierce competition in the clothing market, determining selling prices accurately is a critical element that has a significant impact on the success of companies in this sector.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":666,"width":428,"height":83,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Determining the right selling price involves a deep understanding of the cost of producing caftans. Selling price has a key role in influencing consumer purchasing decisions. Factors such as product quality, brand perception, and price balance are the main determinants in choosing or not a product by consumers. This is because accurate selling price calculations are very","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":36,"width":362,"height":36,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"International Journal of Education, Social Studies, And Management (IJESSM) Volume 3, Issue 3, November 2023 Page 106-116","type":"Page header"},{"left":533,"top":761,"width":45,"height":28,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"107","type":"Page footer"},{"left":85,"top":86,"width":428,"height":65,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"important to achieve optimal profits and maintain competitiveness in the market. Based on Mulyadi's (2012) narrative, as quoted by (Siregar, 2020), determining the method of calculating production costs is a method to identify cost components and combine them into overall production costs.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":154,"width":429,"height":151,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Calculating production costs is an important task for enterprises to dig up the overall costs required in the process of producing goods or providing services. Operational effectiveness is key to competing in a competitive market. For this reason, setting a balanced COGS and fair selling price, which is not below or above market standards, is a strategic step. The calculation of this production cost involves several elements, including the cost of raw materials, workers' salaries, and other indirect costs (Lestari et al., 2019). Based on Haryono's (2005) narration, as quoted by (Cahyani, 2019), production costs involve all expenses needed to create manufactured products.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":308,"width":428,"height":152,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"The determination of the sales price of a product is closely related to how accurately the COGS calculation is carried out to identify errors that can have an impact on the sales price itself (Bintang Komara, 2016). Selling prices and production costs that are set too expensive or cheap can have significant consequences, especially on large-scale production. Inaccuracies in the calculation of production costs and pricing for sales can cause adverse financial impacts and the potential loss of clients becomes a risk, given that production costs directly affect the determination of the selling price of products. (Nadia Astuti et al., 2020).","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":463,"width":429,"height":151,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"In an effort to calculate and minimize potential errors when estimating COGS, it is better for the company to implement a comprehensive cost calculation system, especially by applying the full costing method. Based on quotes (Fadli & Rizka ramayanti, 2020) according to V. Wiratna Sujarweni (2019), the full costing method refers to the calculation strategy used to determine the cost of goods products. This approach involves the inclusion of all production costs, both variable and fixed, into the calculation of costs for the goods being produced. This procedure involves allocating all production costs to a product, including variable costs as well as fixed costs.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":617,"width":428,"height":117,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Based on the description above, the focus of this research is focused on 3 main questions, namely: first, How does Viahijab Store carry out COGS calculations and determine product selling prices? Second, How does Viahijab Store calculate COGS by utilizing the full costing method? Third, how does the comparison occur between the COGS calculation applied by Viahijab Store when using the method /company approach and calculation using full costing method/approach?.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":36,"width":362,"height":36,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"International Journal of Education, Social Studies, And Management (IJESSM) Volume 3, Issue 3, November 2023 Page 106-116","type":"Page header"},{"left":533,"top":761,"width":45,"height":28,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"108","type":"Page footer"},{"left":85,"top":86,"width":429,"height":99,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"The objectives of this research are: (1) To understand how Viahijab Store calculates COGS and determines the selling price of its products. (2) To understand how to determine COGS of Viahijab Store when applying a full costing approach. (3) To analyze the comparison that occurs between the COGS calculation applied by Viahijab Store using the company's method and the calculation using the full costing method.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":205,"width":138,"height":14,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"RESEARCH METHODE","type":"Section header"},{"left":85,"top":222,"width":429,"height":117,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"This study was conducted at Viahijab Store located in Bandar Lampung, using a qualitative approach. In accordance with the view (Sugiyono, 2018), qualitative methods are rooted in the philosophy of postpositivism to examine the natural conditions of the object of study, with researchers trying to describe in detail the actual situation based on collected data and in-depth analysis of the object under study. And this research is sourced from primary data and secondary data.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":342,"width":429,"height":186,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Primary data is information obtained directly from the source by conducting direct interaction between researchers and informants. The primary data applied to this study was by conducting direct interviews with the owner of ViahijabStore. Conversely, secondary data is indirect information obtained through intermediaries such as the internet, books, journals, and other media. Secondary data are used to provide additional information and context regarding the problem in the study. Caftans were sampled in this study. The duration of the data in this study is one year, where the focus is on calculating the cost of goods produced by the Viahijab Store during the period. To collect data on this study, the techniques chosen include observation, interviews, and literature studies.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":531,"width":429,"height":100,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"The data analysis method consists of pre-field, during field, and post-field analysis, which is carried out in three stages. The initial stage involves reducing data to facilitate accurate and detailed data collection and recording. The second stage involves presenting the data in the form of an essential and informative short narrative. The final stage is to draw conclusions and verify the data that has been collected with existing data from the field.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":650,"width":166,"height":14,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"RESULT AND DISCUSSION","type":"Section header"},{"left":85,"top":667,"width":309,"height":14,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Calculation of Cost of Goods Produced \"Viahijab Store\"","type":"Text"},{"left":114,"top":684,"width":385,"height":14,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"The costs incurred by Viahijab Store in producing caftans are as follows:","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":701,"width":125,"height":14,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Cost of Raw Materials","type":"Section header"},{"left":85,"top":717,"width":429,"height":32,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"The cost of raw materials is a crucial element in the calculation of COGS. It covers the entire cost associated with the acquisition of materials necessary for","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":36,"width":362,"height":36,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"International Journal of Education, Social Studies, And Management (IJESSM) Volume 3, Issue 3, November 2023 Page 106-116","type":"Page header"},{"left":533,"top":761,"width":45,"height":28,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"109","type":"Page footer"},{"left":85,"top":86,"width":428,"height":65,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"production, which includes logistical costs such as shipping and storage, taxes associated with purchasing, and all other costs directly related to the purchase of such raw materials. The following are the details of the Cost of Raw Materials obtained from Viahijab Store:","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":154,"width":428,"height":121,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Table 1. Production Raw Material Cost of 8,000 Pcs Caftan for a Year No. Description Necessity Price(Rp)/Unit Total (Rp) 1 Fabric (2,5 Cm) 8.000 Pcs 29.000 580.000 2 Bead 8.000 Pcs 25.000 200.000 3 Zipper 8.000 Pcs 5.000 40.000 4 Yarn 8.000 Pcs 3.000 24.000 Total Amount 844.000","type":"Table"},{"left":85,"top":276,"width":282,"height":14,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Source: processed based on primary data of Viahijab Store","type":"Section header"},{"left":85,"top":302,"width":428,"height":32,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"By referring to table 1 Raw Material Costs, the total cost obtained is Rp.844,000,000","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":337,"width":108,"height":14,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Direct Labor Costs","type":"Section header"},{"left":85,"top":353,"width":428,"height":117,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"These direct labor costs generally include wages or salaries paid to workers whose duties are specific to the production process, such as machine operators, assembly workers, and sewing workers in the case of textile production. Effective management of these direct labor costs is important for companies to maintain operational efficiency and product price competitiveness. Here is a breakdown of direct labor costs obtained from Viahijab Store:","type":"Text"},{"left":93,"top":473,"width":407,"height":59,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Table 2. Direct Labor Costs No. Description Unit Price (Rp) Total 1 Direct Labor Cost 8.000 35.000 280.000.000","type":"Table"},{"left":85,"top":547,"width":254,"height":14,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Source: processed from primary data Viahijab Store","type":"Section header"},{"left":85,"top":574,"width":429,"height":31,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Based on the table of Direct Labor Costs, the total cost obtained is Rp.280,000,000.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":608,"width":164,"height":14,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Factory Overhead Cost (FOC)","type":"Section header"},{"left":85,"top":624,"width":429,"height":117,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"FOC typically covers costs such as building rent or amortization, utilities such as electricity and water, equipment and machine maintenance, and salaries of support staff not directly involved in the manufacture of the product. These costs contribute to the company's ability to maintain production capacity and product quality, as well as support functions such as managing, research and development, and plant safety. Below is a breakdown of Factory Overhead Costs obtained from Viahijab Store:","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":36,"width":362,"height":36,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"International Journal of Education, Social Studies, And Management (IJESSM) Volume 3, Issue 3, November 2023 Page 106-116","type":"Page header"},{"left":533,"top":761,"width":45,"height":28,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"110","type":"Page footer"},{"left":276,"top":85,"width":49,"height":14,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Table 3.","type":"Section header"},{"left":198,"top":100,"width":203,"height":14,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Factory Overhaed Cost For One Year","type":"Caption"},{"left":88,"top":115,"width":414,"height":153,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"No. Description Total (Rp) 1 Factory Rent 60.000.000 2 Machine Depreciation 9.702.000 3 Freight Cost 600.000 4 Packaging 2.400.000 5 Label 2.400.000 6 Utilities (electricity, Water) 8.000.000 7 Indirect Labor Cost 36.000.000 8 Auxiliary Materials 500.000 Total Amount 119.602.000","type":"Table"},{"left":85,"top":269,"width":261,"height":14,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"source: processed from primary data of Viahijab Store","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":296,"width":428,"height":31,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Based on the Factory Overhead Cost table, the total cost obtained is Rp.119,602,000.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":330,"width":261,"height":14,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Calculation of Cost of Goods Produced (COGS)","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":346,"width":428,"height":152,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Bastian Bustami and Nurlela (2010), with reference to research (Wardoyo, 2016), explained that COGS involves the entire cost of production, including factory overhead, direct labor costs, and direct costs of raw materials. COGS is an important metric that helps companies to set appropriate selling prices, monitor production efficiency, and manage profit margins. Precise calculation of cost of goods produced allows companies to identify potential cost savings, evaluate product performance, and make strategic decisions based on accurate cost information. The following are the details of the calculation of cost of goods produced:","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":501,"width":417,"height":136,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Table 4. Cost of Goods Produced Calculation According to Viahijab Store Description Total (Rp) Direct Labor Cost 280.000.000 Factory Overhead Cost 119.602.000 Raw Material Cost 844.000.000 Total Cost 1.243.602.000 Production Amount 8.000 Average Cost of Goods Produced/Caftan 155.450,25","type":"Table"},{"left":85,"top":638,"width":282,"height":14,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Source: processed based on primary data of Viahijab Store","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":665,"width":428,"height":48,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"From the COGS calculation table above, the total cost recorded was Rp.1,243,602,000 for the production of 8000 pcs of caftan. Therefore, the average cost of goods produced per caftan can be calculated as Rp.155,450.25.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":36,"width":362,"height":36,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"International Journal of Education, Social Studies, And Management (IJESSM) Volume 3, Issue 3, November 2023 Page 106-116","type":"Page header"},{"left":533,"top":761,"width":45,"height":28,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"111","type":"Page footer"},{"left":85,"top":85,"width":428,"height":31,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Calculation of Cost of Goods Produced (COGS) using the Full Costing Method","type":"Section header"},{"left":85,"top":119,"width":428,"height":168,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Mulyadi (2005), as quoted in (Maghfirah & BZ, 2016), elaborated on the production costing approach known as full costing involving the allocation of overall production costs, including direct labor costs, raw material costs, and factory overhead costs consisting of variable and fixed elements. The full costing method is an accounting method that allocates all product costs, both direct and indirect costs, into product costs consisting of direct raw material costs, direct labor costs, and factory overhead costs, both fixed and variable. In other words, this method takes into account the entire cost of production in setting the selling price of a product. The elements of calculating COGS Kaftan at Viahijab Store include:","type":"Text"},{"left":276,"top":290,"width":49,"height":14,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Table 5.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":304,"width":430,"height":368,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Calculation of Cost of Goods Produced by Caftan at Viahijab Store using Full Costing Method in 2023 No Description Necessity Price(Rp)/Unit Total (Rp) Cost of Production Raw Materials 1. Fabric(2.5 cm) 8.000 pcs 29.000 580.000.000 2. Bead 8.000 pcs 25.000 200.000.000 3. Zipper 8.000 pcs 5.000 40.000.000 Total Cost of Production Raw Materials 820.000.000 Direct Labor Costs 1. Direct Labor 8.000 35.000 280.000.000 Factory Overhead Costs 1. Factory Rent 60.000.000 2. Depreciation Machine 9.702.000 3. Freight Cost 600.000 4. Packaging 2.400.000 5. Label 2.400.000 6. Machine Maintenance 10.000.000 7. Helper Materials 24.500.000 8. Utilities (water,electricity) 8.000.000 9. Labor (Store Employees) 36.000.000 Total Number of FOC 233.602.000 Production Quantity (pcs) 8.000 Average Cost of Goods Produced/Caftan 166.700,25","type":"Table"},{"left":85,"top":673,"width":263,"height":14,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Source: processed from primary data of Viahijab Store","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":700,"width":429,"height":48,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Based on the table 5, the calculation of the cost of raw materials for making 8,000 pcs of caftans is Rp.820,000,000 where to make caftans only cloth, mote, and zippers while yarn will later be classified into auxiliary costs. Then,","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":36,"width":362,"height":36,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"International Journal of Education, Social Studies, And Management (IJESSM) Volume 3, Issue 3, November 2023 Page 106-116","type":"Page header"},{"left":533,"top":761,"width":45,"height":28,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"112","type":"Page footer"},{"left":85,"top":86,"width":428,"height":99,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"the total cost for direct labor is Rp.280,000,000. For direct labor calculations, there is no difference between calculations made by Viahijab Store and the full costing method. Furthermore, from the calculation of overhead costs above amounted to Rp.233,602,000.The total costs accumulated in the table above reached Rp.1,243,602,000 for the manufacture of 8000 pcs of caftans. Thus, the average production cost per caftan can be calculated at Rp.155,450.25.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":188,"width":428,"height":31,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Analysis of Cost of Goods Produced between Company Calculation and Calculation using Full Costing method","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":222,"width":429,"height":48,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Below is explained the comparison in calculating the cost of goods produced by caftans between Viahijab Store and the company, and based on the use of the full costing method:","type":"Text"},{"left":276,"top":273,"width":49,"height":14,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Table 6.","type":"Text"},{"left":97,"top":290,"width":405,"height":30,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Comparison of Cost of Goods Produced According to Viahijab Store with Calculation of Cost of Goods Produced based on Full Costing method","type":"Text"},{"left":115,"top":324,"width":380,"height":59,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Sort Type of Cost of Goods Produced per Pcs Difference (Rp) UMKM Full Costing Metodh Caftan 155.450,25 . 166.700,25 11.250","type":"Table"},{"left":85,"top":384,"width":282,"height":14,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Source: processed based on primary data of Viahijab Store","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":409,"width":429,"height":117,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"The table provided shows that the application of the full costing method by \"Viahijab Store\" leads to a higher calculation of cost of goods produced. This happens because the cost of maintaining the machine is included in the calculation of the plant's overhead costs. Although it causes COGS calculated by the full costing method to be higher than the company's calculation, the full costing method provides a more comprehensive and accurate picture of all production costs involved during the production cycle.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":529,"width":429,"height":66,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Inaccuracy in allocating factory overhead costs has a direct impact on the accuracy of COGS calculations. COGS calculated by the company's internal methods is lower than it should be because not all machine maintenance costs are included in factory overhead costs.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":598,"width":429,"height":134,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"In the full costing method, every cost associated with the production of caftans is taken into account in detail. Although this method may result in a higher cost of goods figure, the resulting calculation is considered more accurate because it covers all cost components, including the cost of maintaining the machine. Full costing involves all activities related to the production process into the calculation of cost of goods produced, inaccurate allocation of factory overhead costs in the company's method results in lower COGS, due to lack of calculation of machine maintenance costs.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":735,"width":240,"height":14,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Calculation in Selling Price Determination","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":36,"width":362,"height":36,"page_number":8,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"International Journal of Education, Social Studies, And Management (IJESSM) Volume 3, Issue 3, November 2023 Page 106-116","type":"Page header"},{"left":533,"top":761,"width":45,"height":28,"page_number":8,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"113","type":"Page footer"},{"left":85,"top":86,"width":429,"height":65,"page_number":8,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Halim and Supomo (2005) as quoted in (Putro & Roni, 2022), which states that selling price refers to total costs, involving production costs, marketing costs, and administrative and general costs, plus the profit (markup) desired by the company.","type":"Text"},{"left":276,"top":154,"width":49,"height":14,"page_number":8,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Table 7.","type":"Text"},{"left":96,"top":171,"width":406,"height":170,"page_number":8,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Calculation of Viahijab Store Selling Price with Company Method and Full Costing Method Description Price (Rp) Company Method Full Costing Metodh Production Cost (COGS/Year) 1.243.602.000 1.333.602.000 Expected Percentage 20% 20% 248.720.400 266.720.400 Total Sale Price 1.492.322.400 1.600.322.400 Total Production 8.000 8.000 Selling Price/Pcs 186.540,3 200.040,3","type":"Table"},{"left":85,"top":342,"width":263,"height":14,"page_number":8,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Source: processed from primary data of Viahijab Store","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":367,"width":429,"height":134,"page_number":8,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"From the information presented in the table 7, it can be seen that the total revenue from Caftan sales using the company's internal method reached Rp. 1,492,322,400, with a sales value per unit of caftan of Rp. 186,540.3.While the total value of Caftan sales calculated by applying the full costing method is Rp. 1,600,322,400, with the price per unit for each Caftan set at Rp. 200,040.3. The price of each unit is generated by adding a profit margin of 20%, according to the profit target set by the company, into the total cost of production, and then dividing this amount by the total units produced.","type":"Text"},{"left":276,"top":504,"width":49,"height":14,"page_number":8,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Table 8.","type":"Text"},{"left":97,"top":521,"width":404,"height":79,"page_number":8,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Comparison of selling prices between the company's method and the full costing method Sort Type of Cost of Goods Produced per Pcs Difference (Rp) Company Metodh Full Costing Metodh Caftan Rp.186.540,3 Rp. 200.040,3 Rp.13.500","type":"Table"},{"left":85,"top":601,"width":155,"height":14,"page_number":8,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Source: processed by the author","type":"Section header"},{"left":85,"top":630,"width":428,"height":117,"page_number":8,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Based on the information presented in the table 8, it can be seen that the figure resulting from the calculation of the company's method for the cost of goods produced shows a lower value compared to the figure produced from the full costing method. The reason for this difference is that the full costing method incorporates all cost elements, including direct and indirect costs, into its calculations. Based on the full costing method, the total cost of production for 8,000 pieces of Caftan is Rp. 1,333,602,000. Conversely, with the company's","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":36,"width":362,"height":36,"page_number":9,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"International Journal of Education, Social Studies, And Management (IJESSM) Volume 3, Issue 3, November 2023 Page 106-116","type":"Page header"},{"left":533,"top":761,"width":45,"height":28,"page_number":9,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"114","type":"Page footer"},{"left":85,"top":86,"width":428,"height":31,"page_number":9,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"method, the cost of goods produced for the same amount is calculated to be Rp. 1,243,602,000.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":120,"width":428,"height":100,"page_number":9,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"The difference that appears in the calculation of cost of goods produced between the method used by the company and the full costing method comes from the allocation of BOP. In the application of the full costing method, all factory overhead costs, including machine maintenance costs, are calculated in detail. Meanwhile, the calculations made by the company do not include the cost of maintaining the machine in the calculation of their overhead costs.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":223,"width":429,"height":151,"page_number":9,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"The difference in calculating the cost of goods produced between the approach taken by the company and that taken by the full costing method affects the determination of selling prices. This is illustrated in Table 12. which shows a comparison of selling prices. The table shows that the price per unit of Caftan calculated by the company's method is around Rp. 186,540.3, while the full costing method gives a figure of Rp. 200,040.3 per unit, with a difference of around Rp. 13,500. This significant difference indicates that the application of calculating the cost of goods produced with the full costing method can contribute to improving the company's business performance.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":393,"width":92,"height":14,"page_number":9,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"CONCLUSION","type":"Section header"},{"left":85,"top":410,"width":428,"height":340,"page_number":9,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Based on the results of the Analysis of the Application of the Full Costing Method in the Calculation of Cost of Goods Produced by Caftan for Determining Selling Prices at the Viahijab Store, the researcher concluded among others: 1. Viahijab Store calculates production costs and sets its selling price with a simple approach. Production costs taken in the calculation include raw material costs, direct labor costs, and factory overhead costs. Despite this, the company has not fully complied with the principles of cost accounting in calculating factory overhead costs. 2. The use of the full costing method in calculating COGS by Viahijab Store can contribute to optimizing company profits. This is because the full costing method is more accurate and thorough so that it reflects the actual cost of calculating production costs. 3. The application of the full costing method in calculating COGS results in higher production costs compared to the company method caused by differences in factory overhead costs. In the full costing method, all components of factory overhead costs are included in the calculation of cost of goods produced. Meanwhile, in the method applied by the company, there is no accuracy in calculating factory overhead costs. Therefore, there are differences in the calculation results that arise due to differences in the distribution of factory overhead costs. According to the calculation of the full costing method, the cost of goods produced by 8,000 pcs of Caftan is Rp. 200,040.3, while with the","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":36,"width":362,"height":36,"page_number":10,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"International Journal of Education, Social Studies, And Management (IJESSM) Volume 3, Issue 3, November 2023 Page 106-116","type":"Page header"},{"left":533,"top":761,"width":45,"height":28,"page_number":10,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"115","type":"Page footer"},{"left":85,"top":86,"width":428,"height":31,"page_number":10,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"method carried out by the company, the cost of goods produced of 8,000 pcs of caftans is Rp. 186,540.3.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":137,"width":82,"height":14,"page_number":10,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"REFERENCES","type":"Section header"},{"left":85,"top":154,"width":422,"height":82,"page_number":10,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Bintang Komara, A. S. (2016). Analisis Penentuan Harga Pokok Produksi Dengan Metode Full Costing Sebagai Dasar Penetapan Harga Jual Pada Cv Salwa Meubel. Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Ekonomi, 5. Https://Doi.Org/10.1023/A:1024787231063 Cahyani, G. F. N. (2019). Analisis Perhitungan Harga Pokok Produksi Pada","type":"Text"},{"left":113,"top":239,"width":394,"height":14,"page_number":10,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Pabrik Tahu “Sari Langgeng” Kutoarjo Dengan Metode Full Costing.","type":"List item"},{"left":113,"top":256,"width":81,"height":14,"page_number":10,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Akuntansi , 2 , 6.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":274,"width":423,"height":48,"page_number":10,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Fadli, I., & Rizka ramayanti. (2020). Analisis Perhitungan Harga Pokok Produksi Berdasarkan Metode Full Costing ( Studi Kasus Pada UKM Digital Printing Prabu ). Jurnal Akuntansi Kajian Ilmiah Akuntansi (JAK) ,","type":"List item"},{"left":113,"top":325,"width":286,"height":14,"page_number":10,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"7 (2), 148 – 161. https://doi.org/10.30656/jak.v7i2.2211","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":342,"width":423,"height":66,"page_number":10,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Lestari, A., Rosita, S. I., & Marlina, T. (2019). Analisis Penerapan Metode Full Costing Dalam Perhitungan Harga Pokok Produksi Untuk Penetapan Harga Jual. Jurnal Ilmiah Manajemen Kesatuan , 7 (1), 173 – 178. https://doi.org/10.37641/jimkes.v7i1.210.","type":"List item"},{"left":85,"top":411,"width":423,"height":48,"page_number":10,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Maghfirah, M., & BZ, F. S. (2016). Analysis of the calculation of cost of goods produced by applying the full costing method to MSMEs in Banda Aceh City. Scientific Journal of Accounting Economics Students (JIMEKA), 1(2),","type":"List item"},{"left":114,"top":462,"width":12,"height":14,"page_number":10,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"1.","type":"List item"},{"left":85,"top":479,"width":428,"height":49,"page_number":10,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Nadia Astuti, Suherman, A., & Eriswanto, E. (2020). Analisis Penerapan Metode Full Costing Dalam Menentukan Harga Pokok Produksi. Jurnal Akuntansi Dan Ekonomika, 10(2), 214 – 220.","type":"List item"},{"left":114,"top":531,"width":229,"height":14,"page_number":10,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Https://Doi.Org/10.37859/Jae.V10i2.2058","type":"List item"},{"left":85,"top":548,"width":423,"height":65,"page_number":10,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Putro, H. K., & Roni, M. (2022). Penentuan Harga Jual Khusus dengan Menggunakan Metode Full Costing (Studi Kasus pada Pabrik Tahu Sumberejo). Musyarakah: Journal of Sharia Economic (MJSE) , 2 (1), 54 – 61. https://doi.org/10.24269/mjse.v2i1.5669","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":617,"width":423,"height":48,"page_number":10,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Siregar, R. C. (2020). Analisis Harga Pokok Produksi Menggunakan Metode Full Costing Dalam Penentuan Harga Jual Kotak (Studi Kasus PT. Citra Prima Lestari).","type":"List item"},{"left":85,"top":668,"width":393,"height":14,"page_number":10,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Sugiyono. (2018). Prof. Dr. Sugiyono. 2018. Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif,","type":"Text"},{"left":114,"top":685,"width":398,"height":31,"page_number":10,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Kualitatif, Dan R&D. Bandung: Alfabeta. Prof. Dr. Sugiyono. 2018. Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif, Dan R&D. Bandung: Alfabeta.","type":"List item"},{"left":85,"top":719,"width":429,"height":32,"page_number":10,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Wardoyo, D. U. (2016). Analisis Perhitungan Harga Pokok Produksi Dan Penentuan Harga Jual Atas Produk (Studi Kasus Pada PT Dasa Windu","type":"List item"},{"left":85,"top":36,"width":362,"height":36,"page_number":11,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"International Journal of Education, Social Studies, And Management (IJESSM) Volume 3, Issue 3, November 2023 Page 106-116","type":"Page header"},{"left":533,"top":761,"width":45,"height":28,"page_number":11,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"116","type":"Page footer"},{"left":114,"top":86,"width":399,"height":14,"page_number":11,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Agung). Jurnal Riset Manajemen Dan Bisnis (JRMB) Fakultas Ekonomi UNIAT ,","type":"Text"},{"left":114,"top":103,"width":285,"height":14,"page_number":11,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"1 (2), 183 – 190. https://doi.org/10.36226/jrmb.v1i2.23","type":"Text"},{"left":246,"top":133,"width":106,"height":29,"page_number":11,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Copyright Holder : © Dwi. (2023).","type":"Text"},{"left":160,"top":163,"width":279,"height":43,"page_number":11,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"First Publication Right : © International Journal of Education, Social Studies, and Management (IJESSM)This article","type":"Text"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"left\": 176,\n \"top\": 40,\n \"width\": 296,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"International Journal of Education, Social Studies, And Management (IJESSM)\",\n \"type\": \"Title\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 229,\n \"top\": 68,\n \"width\": 188,\n \"height\": 26,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"e-ISSN : 2775-4154 Volume 3, Issue 3, November 2023\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 142,\n \"top\": 94,\n \"width\": 362,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"The International Journal of Education, Social Studies, and Management (IJESSM) is published 3 times a year ( February, Juny, November ).\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 141,\n \"top\": 124,\n \"width\": 325,\n \"height\": 13,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Focus : Education, Social, Economy, Management, And Culture.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 141,\n \"top\": 139,\n \"width\": 292,\n \"height\": 13,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"LINK : http://lpppipublishing.com/index.php/ijessm\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 533,\n \"top\": 761,\n \"width\": 45,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"106\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 104,\n \"top\": 179,\n \"width\": 391,\n \"height\": 34,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Analysis Of The Application Of The Full Costing Method In Calculating The Cost Of Goods Produced (Cogs) Caftan\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 147,\n \"top\": 213,\n \"width\": 309,\n \"height\": 34,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"For Determining Selling Prices (Case Study On Caftan Production At Viahijab Store)\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 195,\n \"top\": 260,\n \"width\": 209,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Dwi Candrika 1 , Iskandar Ali Alam 2 1,2 Bandar Lampung University, Indonesia\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 98,\n \"top\": 334,\n \"width\": 76,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"ARTICLE INFO\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 104,\n \"top\": 346,\n \"width\": 64,\n \"height\": 25,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Article history: Received\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 95,\n \"top\": 371,\n \"width\": 82,\n \"height\": 62,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"22 December 2023 Revised 07 January 2024 Accepted 20 January 2024\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 316,\n \"top\": 290,\n \"width\": 64,\n \"height\": 13,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"ABSTRACT\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 100,\n \"top\": 304,\n \"width\": 408,\n \"height\": 225,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"This research was carried out to analyze the application of the full costing method in calculating the cost of produced (COGS) of caftans for determining selling prices. This research was carried out at the Viahijab Store using qualitative analysis techniques, where data has collected through interviews, observations, and literature studies. From the results of research that has carried out, the calculation of the cost of produced (COGS) and selling price using company calculations produces lower prices when compared to using the full costing method. Where the results of selling price calculations using the company method produce Rp. 186,540.3 per Caftan, while the calculation results from full costing are Rp. 200,040.3 per piece, this shows a difference of Rp. 13,500 per piece of Caftan. This is due to the difference in cost between the company method and the full costing method. Keywords Cost of Goods Produced, Full Costing, Selling Price Doi 10.52121/ijessm.v3i3.200 Corresponding Author :\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 190,\n \"top\": 511,\n \"width\": 141,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"dwi.20011204@student.ubl.ac.id\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 546,\n \"width\": 105,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"INTRODUCTION\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 563,\n \"width\": 429,\n \"height\": 100,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Caftan products are an important part of the clothing industry that has unique characteristics and aesthetic values. Caftan products have gained significant popularity among consumers looking for a comfortable and exclusive style. In the context of increasingly fierce competition in the clothing market, determining selling prices accurately is a critical element that has a significant impact on the success of companies in this sector.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 666,\n \"width\": 428,\n \"height\": 83,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Determining the right selling price involves a deep understanding of the cost of producing caftans. Selling price has a key role in influencing consumer purchasing decisions. Factors such as product quality, brand perception, and price balance are the main determinants in choosing or not a product by consumers. This is because accurate selling price calculations are very\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 36,\n \"width\": 362,\n \"height\": 36,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"International Journal of Education, Social Studies, And Management (IJESSM) Volume 3, Issue 3, November 2023 Page 106-116\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 533,\n \"top\": 761,\n \"width\": 45,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"107\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 86,\n \"width\": 428,\n \"height\": 65,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"important to achieve optimal profits and maintain competitiveness in the market. Based on Mulyadi's (2012) narrative, as quoted by (Siregar, 2020), determining the method of calculating production costs is a method to identify cost components and combine them into overall production costs.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 154,\n \"width\": 429,\n \"height\": 151,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Calculating production costs is an important task for enterprises to dig up the overall costs required in the process of producing goods or providing services. Operational effectiveness is key to competing in a competitive market. For this reason, setting a balanced COGS and fair selling price, which is not below or above market standards, is a strategic step. The calculation of this production cost involves several elements, including the cost of raw materials, workers' salaries, and other indirect costs (Lestari et al., 2019). Based on Haryono's (2005) narration, as quoted by (Cahyani, 2019), production costs involve all expenses needed to create manufactured products.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 308,\n \"width\": 428,\n \"height\": 152,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"The determination of the sales price of a product is closely related to how accurately the COGS calculation is carried out to identify errors that can have an impact on the sales price itself (Bintang Komara, 2016). Selling prices and production costs that are set too expensive or cheap can have significant consequences, especially on large-scale production. Inaccuracies in the calculation of production costs and pricing for sales can cause adverse financial impacts and the potential loss of clients becomes a risk, given that production costs directly affect the determination of the selling price of products. (Nadia Astuti et al., 2020).\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 463,\n \"width\": 429,\n \"height\": 151,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"In an effort to calculate and minimize potential errors when estimating COGS, it is better for the company to implement a comprehensive cost calculation system, especially by applying the full costing method. Based on quotes (Fadli & Rizka ramayanti, 2020) according to V. Wiratna Sujarweni (2019), the full costing method refers to the calculation strategy used to determine the cost of goods products. This approach involves the inclusion of all production costs, both variable and fixed, into the calculation of costs for the goods being produced. This procedure involves allocating all production costs to a product, including variable costs as well as fixed costs.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 617,\n \"width\": 428,\n \"height\": 117,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Based on the description above, the focus of this research is focused on 3 main questions, namely: first, How does Viahijab Store carry out COGS calculations and determine product selling prices? Second, How does Viahijab Store calculate COGS by utilizing the full costing method? Third, how does the comparison occur between the COGS calculation applied by Viahijab Store when using the method /company approach and calculation using full costing method/approach?.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 36,\n \"width\": 362,\n \"height\": 36,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"International Journal of Education, Social Studies, And Management (IJESSM) Volume 3, Issue 3, November 2023 Page 106-116\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 533,\n \"top\": 761,\n \"width\": 45,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"108\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 86,\n \"width\": 429,\n \"height\": 99,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"The objectives of this research are: (1) To understand how Viahijab Store calculates COGS and determines the selling price of its products. (2) To understand how to determine COGS of Viahijab Store when applying a full costing approach. (3) To analyze the comparison that occurs between the COGS calculation applied by Viahijab Store using the company's method and the calculation using the full costing method.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 205,\n \"width\": 138,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"RESEARCH METHODE\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 222,\n \"width\": 429,\n \"height\": 117,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"This study was conducted at Viahijab Store located in Bandar Lampung, using a qualitative approach. In accordance with the view (Sugiyono, 2018), qualitative methods are rooted in the philosophy of postpositivism to examine the natural conditions of the object of study, with researchers trying to describe in detail the actual situation based on collected data and in-depth analysis of the object under study. And this research is sourced from primary data and secondary data.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 342,\n \"width\": 429,\n \"height\": 186,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Primary data is information obtained directly from the source by conducting direct interaction between researchers and informants. The primary data applied to this study was by conducting direct interviews with the owner of ViahijabStore. Conversely, secondary data is indirect information obtained through intermediaries such as the internet, books, journals, and other media. Secondary data are used to provide additional information and context regarding the problem in the study. Caftans were sampled in this study. The duration of the data in this study is one year, where the focus is on calculating the cost of goods produced by the Viahijab Store during the period. To collect data on this study, the techniques chosen include observation, interviews, and literature studies.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 531,\n \"width\": 429,\n \"height\": 100,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"The data analysis method consists of pre-field, during field, and post-field analysis, which is carried out in three stages. The initial stage involves reducing data to facilitate accurate and detailed data collection and recording. The second stage involves presenting the data in the form of an essential and informative short narrative. The final stage is to draw conclusions and verify the data that has been collected with existing data from the field.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 650,\n \"width\": 166,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"RESULT AND DISCUSSION\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 667,\n \"width\": 309,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Calculation of Cost of Goods Produced \\\"Viahijab Store\\\"\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 114,\n \"top\": 684,\n \"width\": 385,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"The costs incurred by Viahijab Store in producing caftans are as follows:\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 701,\n \"width\": 125,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Cost of Raw Materials\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 717,\n \"width\": 429,\n \"height\": 32,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"The cost of raw materials is a crucial element in the calculation of COGS. It covers the entire cost associated with the acquisition of materials necessary for\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 36,\n \"width\": 362,\n \"height\": 36,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"International Journal of Education, Social Studies, And Management (IJESSM) Volume 3, Issue 3, November 2023 Page 106-116\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 533,\n \"top\": 761,\n \"width\": 45,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"109\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 86,\n \"width\": 428,\n \"height\": 65,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"production, which includes logistical costs such as shipping and storage, taxes associated with purchasing, and all other costs directly related to the purchase of such raw materials. The following are the details of the Cost of Raw Materials obtained from Viahijab Store:\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 154,\n \"width\": 428,\n \"height\": 121,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Table 1. Production Raw Material Cost of 8,000 Pcs Caftan for a Year No. Description Necessity Price(Rp)/Unit Total (Rp) 1 Fabric (2,5 Cm) 8.000 Pcs 29.000 580.000 2 Bead 8.000 Pcs 25.000 200.000 3 Zipper 8.000 Pcs 5.000 40.000 4 Yarn 8.000 Pcs 3.000 24.000 Total Amount 844.000\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 276,\n \"width\": 282,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Source: processed based on primary data of Viahijab Store\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 302,\n \"width\": 428,\n \"height\": 32,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"By referring to table 1 Raw Material Costs, the total cost obtained is Rp.844,000,000\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 337,\n \"width\": 108,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Direct Labor Costs\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 353,\n \"width\": 428,\n \"height\": 117,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"These direct labor costs generally include wages or salaries paid to workers whose duties are specific to the production process, such as machine operators, assembly workers, and sewing workers in the case of textile production. Effective management of these direct labor costs is important for companies to maintain operational efficiency and product price competitiveness. Here is a breakdown of direct labor costs obtained from Viahijab Store:\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 93,\n \"top\": 473,\n \"width\": 407,\n \"height\": 59,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Table 2. Direct Labor Costs No. Description Unit Price (Rp) Total 1 Direct Labor Cost 8.000 35.000 280.000.000\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 547,\n \"width\": 254,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Source: processed from primary data Viahijab Store\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 574,\n \"width\": 429,\n \"height\": 31,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Based on the table of Direct Labor Costs, the total cost obtained is Rp.280,000,000.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 608,\n \"width\": 164,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Factory Overhead Cost (FOC)\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 624,\n \"width\": 429,\n \"height\": 117,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"FOC typically covers costs such as building rent or amortization, utilities such as electricity and water, equipment and machine maintenance, and salaries of support staff not directly involved in the manufacture of the product. These costs contribute to the company's ability to maintain production capacity and product quality, as well as support functions such as managing, research and development, and plant safety. Below is a breakdown of Factory Overhead Costs obtained from Viahijab Store:\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 36,\n \"width\": 362,\n \"height\": 36,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"International Journal of Education, Social Studies, And Management (IJESSM) Volume 3, Issue 3, November 2023 Page 106-116\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 533,\n \"top\": 761,\n \"width\": 45,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"110\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 276,\n \"top\": 85,\n \"width\": 49,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Table 3.\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 198,\n \"top\": 100,\n \"width\": 203,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Factory Overhaed Cost For One Year\",\n \"type\": \"Caption\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 88,\n \"top\": 115,\n \"width\": 414,\n \"height\": 153,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"No. Description Total (Rp) 1 Factory Rent 60.000.000 2 Machine Depreciation 9.702.000 3 Freight Cost 600.000 4 Packaging 2.400.000 5 Label 2.400.000 6 Utilities (electricity, Water) 8.000.000 7 Indirect Labor Cost 36.000.000 8 Auxiliary Materials 500.000 Total Amount 119.602.000\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 269,\n \"width\": 261,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"source: processed from primary data of Viahijab Store\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 296,\n \"width\": 428,\n \"height\": 31,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Based on the Factory Overhead Cost table, the total cost obtained is Rp.119,602,000.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 330,\n \"width\": 261,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Calculation of Cost of Goods Produced (COGS)\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 346,\n \"width\": 428,\n \"height\": 152,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Bastian Bustami and Nurlela (2010), with reference to research (Wardoyo, 2016), explained that COGS involves the entire cost of production, including factory overhead, direct labor costs, and direct costs of raw materials. COGS is an important metric that helps companies to set appropriate selling prices, monitor production efficiency, and manage profit margins. Precise calculation of cost of goods produced allows companies to identify potential cost savings, evaluate product performance, and make strategic decisions based on accurate cost information. The following are the details of the calculation of cost of goods produced:\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 501,\n \"width\": 417,\n \"height\": 136,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Table 4. Cost of Goods Produced Calculation According to Viahijab Store Description Total (Rp) Direct Labor Cost 280.000.000 Factory Overhead Cost 119.602.000 Raw Material Cost 844.000.000 Total Cost 1.243.602.000 Production Amount 8.000 Average Cost of Goods Produced/Caftan 155.450,25\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 638,\n \"width\": 282,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Source: processed based on primary data of Viahijab Store\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 665,\n \"width\": 428,\n \"height\": 48,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"From the COGS calculation table above, the total cost recorded was Rp.1,243,602,000 for the production of 8000 pcs of caftan. Therefore, the average cost of goods produced per caftan can be calculated as Rp.155,450.25.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 36,\n \"width\": 362,\n \"height\": 36,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"International Journal of Education, Social Studies, And Management (IJESSM) Volume 3, Issue 3, November 2023 Page 106-116\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 533,\n \"top\": 761,\n \"width\": 45,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"111\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 85,\n \"width\": 428,\n \"height\": 31,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Calculation of Cost of Goods Produced (COGS) using the Full Costing Method\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 119,\n \"width\": 428,\n \"height\": 168,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Mulyadi (2005), as quoted in (Maghfirah & BZ, 2016), elaborated on the production costing approach known as full costing involving the allocation of overall production costs, including direct labor costs, raw material costs, and factory overhead costs consisting of variable and fixed elements. The full costing method is an accounting method that allocates all product costs, both direct and indirect costs, into product costs consisting of direct raw material costs, direct labor costs, and factory overhead costs, both fixed and variable. In other words, this method takes into account the entire cost of production in setting the selling price of a product. The elements of calculating COGS Kaftan at Viahijab Store include:\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 276,\n \"top\": 290,\n \"width\": 49,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Table 5.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 304,\n \"width\": 430,\n \"height\": 368,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Calculation of Cost of Goods Produced by Caftan at Viahijab Store using Full Costing Method in 2023 No Description Necessity Price(Rp)/Unit Total (Rp) Cost of Production Raw Materials 1. Fabric(2.5 cm) 8.000 pcs 29.000 580.000.000 2. Bead 8.000 pcs 25.000 200.000.000 3. Zipper 8.000 pcs 5.000 40.000.000 Total Cost of Production Raw Materials 820.000.000 Direct Labor Costs 1. Direct Labor 8.000 35.000 280.000.000 Factory Overhead Costs 1. Factory Rent 60.000.000 2. Depreciation Machine 9.702.000 3. Freight Cost 600.000 4. Packaging 2.400.000 5. Label 2.400.000 6. Machine Maintenance 10.000.000 7. Helper Materials 24.500.000 8. Utilities (water,electricity) 8.000.000 9. Labor (Store Employees) 36.000.000 Total Number of FOC 233.602.000 Production Quantity (pcs) 8.000 Average Cost of Goods Produced/Caftan 166.700,25\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 673,\n \"width\": 263,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Source: processed from primary data of Viahijab Store\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 700,\n \"width\": 429,\n \"height\": 48,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Based on the table 5, the calculation of the cost of raw materials for making 8,000 pcs of caftans is Rp.820,000,000 where to make caftans only cloth, mote, and zippers while yarn will later be classified into auxiliary costs. Then,\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 36,\n \"width\": 362,\n \"height\": 36,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"International Journal of Education, Social Studies, And Management (IJESSM) Volume 3, Issue 3, November 2023 Page 106-116\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 533,\n \"top\": 761,\n \"width\": 45,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"112\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 86,\n \"width\": 428,\n \"height\": 99,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"the total cost for direct labor is Rp.280,000,000. For direct labor calculations, there is no difference between calculations made by Viahijab Store and the full costing method. Furthermore, from the calculation of overhead costs above amounted to Rp.233,602,000.The total costs accumulated in the table above reached Rp.1,243,602,000 for the manufacture of 8000 pcs of caftans. Thus, the average production cost per caftan can be calculated at Rp.155,450.25.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 188,\n \"width\": 428,\n \"height\": 31,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Analysis of Cost of Goods Produced between Company Calculation and Calculation using Full Costing method\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 222,\n \"width\": 429,\n \"height\": 48,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Below is explained the comparison in calculating the cost of goods produced by caftans between Viahijab Store and the company, and based on the use of the full costing method:\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 276,\n \"top\": 273,\n \"width\": 49,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Table 6.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 97,\n \"top\": 290,\n \"width\": 405,\n \"height\": 30,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Comparison of Cost of Goods Produced According to Viahijab Store with Calculation of Cost of Goods Produced based on Full Costing method\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 115,\n \"top\": 324,\n \"width\": 380,\n \"height\": 59,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Sort Type of Cost of Goods Produced per Pcs Difference (Rp) UMKM Full Costing Metodh Caftan 155.450,25 . 166.700,25 11.250\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 384,\n \"width\": 282,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Source: processed based on primary data of Viahijab Store\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 409,\n \"width\": 429,\n \"height\": 117,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"The table provided shows that the application of the full costing method by \\\"Viahijab Store\\\" leads to a higher calculation of cost of goods produced. This happens because the cost of maintaining the machine is included in the calculation of the plant's overhead costs. Although it causes COGS calculated by the full costing method to be higher than the company's calculation, the full costing method provides a more comprehensive and accurate picture of all production costs involved during the production cycle.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 529,\n \"width\": 429,\n \"height\": 66,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Inaccuracy in allocating factory overhead costs has a direct impact on the accuracy of COGS calculations. COGS calculated by the company's internal methods is lower than it should be because not all machine maintenance costs are included in factory overhead costs.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 598,\n \"width\": 429,\n \"height\": 134,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"In the full costing method, every cost associated with the production of caftans is taken into account in detail. Although this method may result in a higher cost of goods figure, the resulting calculation is considered more accurate because it covers all cost components, including the cost of maintaining the machine. Full costing involves all activities related to the production process into the calculation of cost of goods produced, inaccurate allocation of factory overhead costs in the company's method results in lower COGS, due to lack of calculation of machine maintenance costs.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 735,\n \"width\": 240,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Calculation in Selling Price Determination\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 36,\n \"width\": 362,\n \"height\": 36,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"International Journal of Education, Social Studies, And Management (IJESSM) Volume 3, Issue 3, November 2023 Page 106-116\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 533,\n \"top\": 761,\n \"width\": 45,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"113\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 86,\n \"width\": 429,\n \"height\": 65,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Halim and Supomo (2005) as quoted in (Putro & Roni, 2022), which states that selling price refers to total costs, involving production costs, marketing costs, and administrative and general costs, plus the profit (markup) desired by the company.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 276,\n \"top\": 154,\n \"width\": 49,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Table 7.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 96,\n \"top\": 171,\n \"width\": 406,\n \"height\": 170,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Calculation of Viahijab Store Selling Price with Company Method and Full Costing Method Description Price (Rp) Company Method Full Costing Metodh Production Cost (COGS/Year) 1.243.602.000 1.333.602.000 Expected Percentage 20% 20% 248.720.400 266.720.400 Total Sale Price 1.492.322.400 1.600.322.400 Total Production 8.000 8.000 Selling Price/Pcs 186.540,3 200.040,3\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 342,\n \"width\": 263,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Source: processed from primary data of Viahijab Store\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 367,\n \"width\": 429,\n \"height\": 134,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"From the information presented in the table 7, it can be seen that the total revenue from Caftan sales using the company's internal method reached Rp. 1,492,322,400, with a sales value per unit of caftan of Rp. 186,540.3.While the total value of Caftan sales calculated by applying the full costing method is Rp. 1,600,322,400, with the price per unit for each Caftan set at Rp. 200,040.3. The price of each unit is generated by adding a profit margin of 20%, according to the profit target set by the company, into the total cost of production, and then dividing this amount by the total units produced.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 276,\n \"top\": 504,\n \"width\": 49,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Table 8.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 97,\n \"top\": 521,\n \"width\": 404,\n \"height\": 79,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Comparison of selling prices between the company's method and the full costing method Sort Type of Cost of Goods Produced per Pcs Difference (Rp) Company Metodh Full Costing Metodh Caftan Rp.186.540,3 Rp. 200.040,3 Rp.13.500\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 601,\n \"width\": 155,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Source: processed by the author\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 630,\n \"width\": 428,\n \"height\": 117,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Based on the information presented in the table 8, it can be seen that the figure resulting from the calculation of the company's method for the cost of goods produced shows a lower value compared to the figure produced from the full costing method. The reason for this difference is that the full costing method incorporates all cost elements, including direct and indirect costs, into its calculations. Based on the full costing method, the total cost of production for 8,000 pieces of Caftan is Rp. 1,333,602,000. Conversely, with the company's\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 36,\n \"width\": 362,\n \"height\": 36,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"International Journal of Education, Social Studies, And Management (IJESSM) Volume 3, Issue 3, November 2023 Page 106-116\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 533,\n \"top\": 761,\n \"width\": 45,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"114\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 86,\n \"width\": 428,\n \"height\": 31,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"method, the cost of goods produced for the same amount is calculated to be Rp. 1,243,602,000.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 120,\n \"width\": 428,\n \"height\": 100,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"The difference that appears in the calculation of cost of goods produced between the method used by the company and the full costing method comes from the allocation of BOP. In the application of the full costing method, all factory overhead costs, including machine maintenance costs, are calculated in detail. Meanwhile, the calculations made by the company do not include the cost of maintaining the machine in the calculation of their overhead costs.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 223,\n \"width\": 429,\n \"height\": 151,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"The difference in calculating the cost of goods produced between the approach taken by the company and that taken by the full costing method affects the determination of selling prices. This is illustrated in Table 12. which shows a comparison of selling prices. The table shows that the price per unit of Caftan calculated by the company's method is around Rp. 186,540.3, while the full costing method gives a figure of Rp. 200,040.3 per unit, with a difference of around Rp. 13,500. This significant difference indicates that the application of calculating the cost of goods produced with the full costing method can contribute to improving the company's business performance.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 393,\n \"width\": 92,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"CONCLUSION\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 410,\n \"width\": 428,\n \"height\": 340,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Based on the results of the Analysis of the Application of the Full Costing Method in the Calculation of Cost of Goods Produced by Caftan for Determining Selling Prices at the Viahijab Store, the researcher concluded among others: 1. Viahijab Store calculates production costs and sets its selling price with a simple approach. Production costs taken in the calculation include raw material costs, direct labor costs, and factory overhead costs. Despite this, the company has not fully complied with the principles of cost accounting in calculating factory overhead costs. 2. The use of the full costing method in calculating COGS by Viahijab Store can contribute to optimizing company profits. This is because the full costing method is more accurate and thorough so that it reflects the actual cost of calculating production costs. 3. The application of the full costing method in calculating COGS results in higher production costs compared to the company method caused by differences in factory overhead costs. In the full costing method, all components of factory overhead costs are included in the calculation of cost of goods produced. Meanwhile, in the method applied by the company, there is no accuracy in calculating factory overhead costs. Therefore, there are differences in the calculation results that arise due to differences in the distribution of factory overhead costs. According to the calculation of the full costing method, the cost of goods produced by 8,000 pcs of Caftan is Rp. 200,040.3, while with the\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 36,\n \"width\": 362,\n \"height\": 36,\n \"page_number\": 10,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"International Journal of Education, Social Studies, And Management (IJESSM) Volume 3, Issue 3, November 2023 Page 106-116\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 533,\n \"top\": 761,\n \"width\": 45,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 10,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"115\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 86,\n \"width\": 428,\n \"height\": 31,\n \"page_number\": 10,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"method carried out by the company, the cost of goods produced of 8,000 pcs of caftans is Rp. 186,540.3.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 137,\n \"width\": 82,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 10,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"REFERENCES\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 154,\n \"width\": 422,\n \"height\": 82,\n \"page_number\": 10,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Bintang Komara, A. S. (2016). Analisis Penentuan Harga Pokok Produksi Dengan Metode Full Costing Sebagai Dasar Penetapan Harga Jual Pada Cv Salwa Meubel. Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Ekonomi, 5. Https://Doi.Org/10.1023/A:1024787231063 Cahyani, G. F. N. (2019). Analisis Perhitungan Harga Pokok Produksi Pada\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 113,\n \"top\": 239,\n \"width\": 394,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 10,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Pabrik Tahu “Sari Langgeng” Kutoarjo Dengan Metode Full Costing.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 113,\n \"top\": 256,\n \"width\": 81,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 10,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Akuntansi , 2 , 6.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 274,\n \"width\": 423,\n \"height\": 48,\n \"page_number\": 10,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Fadli, I., & Rizka ramayanti. (2020). Analisis Perhitungan Harga Pokok Produksi Berdasarkan Metode Full Costing ( Studi Kasus Pada UKM Digital Printing Prabu ). Jurnal Akuntansi Kajian Ilmiah Akuntansi (JAK) ,\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 113,\n \"top\": 325,\n \"width\": 286,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 10,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"7 (2), 148 – 161. https://doi.org/10.30656/jak.v7i2.2211\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 342,\n \"width\": 423,\n \"height\": 66,\n \"page_number\": 10,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Lestari, A., Rosita, S. I., & Marlina, T. (2019). Analisis Penerapan Metode Full Costing Dalam Perhitungan Harga Pokok Produksi Untuk Penetapan Harga Jual. Jurnal Ilmiah Manajemen Kesatuan , 7 (1), 173 – 178. https://doi.org/10.37641/jimkes.v7i1.210.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 411,\n \"width\": 423,\n \"height\": 48,\n \"page_number\": 10,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Maghfirah, M., & BZ, F. S. (2016). Analysis of the calculation of cost of goods produced by applying the full costing method to MSMEs in Banda Aceh City. Scientific Journal of Accounting Economics Students (JIMEKA), 1(2),\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 114,\n \"top\": 462,\n \"width\": 12,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 10,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"1.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 479,\n \"width\": 428,\n \"height\": 49,\n \"page_number\": 10,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Nadia Astuti, Suherman, A., & Eriswanto, E. (2020). Analisis Penerapan Metode Full Costing Dalam Menentukan Harga Pokok Produksi. Jurnal Akuntansi Dan Ekonomika, 10(2), 214 – 220.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 114,\n \"top\": 531,\n \"width\": 229,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 10,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Https://Doi.Org/10.37859/Jae.V10i2.2058\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 548,\n \"width\": 423,\n \"height\": 65,\n \"page_number\": 10,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Putro, H. K., & Roni, M. (2022). Penentuan Harga Jual Khusus dengan Menggunakan Metode Full Costing (Studi Kasus pada Pabrik Tahu Sumberejo). Musyarakah: Journal of Sharia Economic (MJSE) , 2 (1), 54 – 61. https://doi.org/10.24269/mjse.v2i1.5669\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 617,\n \"width\": 423,\n \"height\": 48,\n \"page_number\": 10,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Siregar, R. C. (2020). Analisis Harga Pokok Produksi Menggunakan Metode Full Costing Dalam Penentuan Harga Jual Kotak (Studi Kasus PT. Citra Prima Lestari).\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 668,\n \"width\": 393,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 10,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Sugiyono. (2018). Prof. Dr. Sugiyono. 2018. Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif,\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 114,\n \"top\": 685,\n \"width\": 398,\n \"height\": 31,\n \"page_number\": 10,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Kualitatif, Dan R&D. Bandung: Alfabeta. Prof. Dr. Sugiyono. 2018. Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif, Dan R&D. Bandung: Alfabeta.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 719,\n \"width\": 429,\n \"height\": 32,\n \"page_number\": 10,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Wardoyo, D. U. (2016). Analisis Perhitungan Harga Pokok Produksi Dan Penentuan Harga Jual Atas Produk (Studi Kasus Pada PT Dasa Windu\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 36,\n \"width\": 362,\n \"height\": 36,\n \"page_number\": 11,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"International Journal of Education, Social Studies, And Management (IJESSM) Volume 3, Issue 3, November 2023 Page 106-116\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 533,\n \"top\": 761,\n \"width\": 45,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 11,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"116\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 114,\n \"top\": 86,\n \"width\": 399,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 11,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Agung). Jurnal Riset Manajemen Dan Bisnis (JRMB) Fakultas Ekonomi UNIAT ,\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 114,\n \"top\": 103,\n \"width\": 285,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 11,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"1 (2), 183 – 190. https://doi.org/10.36226/jrmb.v1i2.23\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 246,\n \"top\": 133,\n \"width\": 106,\n \"height\": 29,\n \"page_number\": 11,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Copyright Holder : © Dwi. (2023).\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 160,\n \"top\": 163,\n \"width\": 279,\n \"height\": 43,\n \"page_number\": 11,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"First Publication Right : © International Journal of Education, Social Studies, and Management (IJESSM)This article\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n }\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":193,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"string","value":"a7e60bba-1448-6d69-2bf4-02764f1f25a2"},"url":{"kind":"string","value":"https://journals.unihaz.ac.id/index.php/edu-ling/article/download/2200/1074"},"data":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"left":77,"top":778,"width":460,"height":11,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"P-ISSN 2614- 7343 │E -ISSN 2621-5128 │ No.5 (1) Dec 2021 │ https://journals.unihaz.ac.id/index.php/edu-ling Page | 73","type":"Page footer"},{"left":108,"top":125,"width":407,"height":27,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"An Analysis of Students’ Comprehension in Pronouncing English Words by Using Song","type":"List item"},{"left":130,"top":168,"width":362,"height":12,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"1 Yuneva Syukur, 2 Melati, 3 Elva Utami, 4 Siti Masitah and 5 Febrilia Syarayani","type":"Text"},{"left":87,"top":195,"width":446,"height":23,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"English Language Education Department Faculty Of Teacher Training And Education University Of Prof. Dr. Hazairin, SH Bengkulu","type":"Text"},{"left":203,"top":221,"width":211,"height":10,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Corresponding author: mamyuneva@gmail.com","type":"Text"},{"left":97,"top":246,"width":423,"height":11,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Received on October 27 th , Revised on November 8 th , will be published on December, 30 th 2021","type":"Text"},{"left":275,"top":276,"width":68,"height":11,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"ABSTRACT","type":"Section header"},{"left":99,"top":304,"width":414,"height":149,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"The aim of this research was to know the causes of pronunciation errors made by the students and whether the method of learning English pronunciation using song can improve the student’s pronouncing English words at SMAN 8 Bengkulu. The method used in this research is qualitative descriptive. The informants in this research were students from X IPS 1 Data collection is done by interview and questionnaire. The data obtained were analyzed by reduction of data, presentation of data, and drawing conclusions. The research results show that most of the students of X IPS 1 are more interested and understanding if learning English pronunciation using songs because they can follow a native speaker to say English words correctly. The cause error of their English pronunciation is a lack of their confidence when they speak English and the media can also be an easy or difficult factor for students to learn English pronunciation. It can be concluded that is the right media for students English pronunciation.","type":"Text"},{"left":99,"top":469,"width":216,"height":10,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Keywords: Pronunciation, English words, Song","type":"Text"},{"left":84,"top":494,"width":5,"height":9,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":".","type":"Text"},{"left":281,"top":506,"width":57,"height":11,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"ABSTRAK","type":"Section header"},{"left":99,"top":531,"width":414,"height":174,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui penyebab kesalahan pengucapan yang dilakukan oleh siswa dan apakah metode pembelajaran pengucapan bahasa Inggris dengan menggunakan lagu dapat meningkatkan pengucapan kata-kata bahasa Inggris siswa di SMAN 8 Bengkulu. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah deskriptif kualitatif. Subjek dalam penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas X IPS 1. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan wawancara dan kuesioner. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis dengan reduksi data, penyajian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar siswa kelas X IPS 1 lebih tertarik dan memahami jika belajar pengucapan bahasa Inggris menggunakan lagu karena mereka dapat mengikuti penutur asli untuk mengucapkan kata-kata bahasa Inggris dengan benar. Penyebab kesalahan pengucapan bahasa Inggris mereka adalah kurangnya kepercayaan diri mereka ketika mereka berbicara bahasa Inggris dan media juga dapat menjadi faktor mudah atau sulitnya siswa untuk belajar pengucapan bahasa Inggris. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa media yang tepat untuk pengucapan bahasa Inggris siswa.","type":"Text"},{"left":99,"top":721,"width":237,"height":10,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Kata kunci : Pengucapan, kata bahasa Inggris, Lagu","type":"Text"},{"left":71,"top":42,"width":461,"height":22,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Yuneva, Melati, Elva Utami, Siti Masitah and Febrilia Syarayani SINTA 4 An Analysis of Students’ Comprehension in Pronouncing English Words by Using Song …","type":"Page header"},{"left":71,"top":784,"width":460,"height":15,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Vol 5 (1) Dec, 2021 Edu-Ling Journal: https://journals.unihaz.ac.id/index.php/edu-ling Page | 74 |","type":"Page footer"},{"left":71,"top":82,"width":102,"height":11,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"INTRODUCTION","type":"Section header"},{"left":71,"top":96,"width":462,"height":93,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"When we speak a foreign language, our muscles may not be well developed for that language, and we will find pronunciation more difficult. By practicing the foreign language pronunciation, our muscles develop and pronunciation increases. As well as creating correct vowel and consonant sounds using the muscles of our mouth, tongue and lips, there are other important aspects of pronunciation, including : Word stress is the emphasis on certain syllables in a word, Sentence stress is the emphasis on certain words in a sentence, link is combining certain words, and Intonation is up and down of our voices as we speak.","type":"Text"},{"left":71,"top":192,"width":462,"height":121,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Wibowo (2001) states language is a meaningful and articulated sound symbol system ( produced by utterance ) which is arbitrary and conventional in nature, which used as a tool to communicate by a group of people to produce feelings and thoughts. Scientific studies of language are called linguistics. English is one of foreign languages used by many countries and English has become an international language. English is taught from elementary to university and also is one of the compulsory subjects. Therefore the goverment provides a curriculum as a guide for English teachers in the teaching and learning process. Pronunciation is the way in which a language is spoken, if pronounce is to make the sound of a word. Speakers of different languages tend to develop different muscles of the mouth for pronunciation.","type":"Text"},{"left":71,"top":316,"width":462,"height":122,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"The song is an excellent ‘tool’ to help students learning English pronunciation, more specifically song can motivate students during learning English pronunciation. It can also be said that songs are an important part of learning English because the song can make students more sensitive with sound and the song also can make the class more interesting and lively. When students like song, they will be happy and enthusiastic to learn English pronunciation. There is almost no time limit in using the song as a medium to learning English pronunciation, that students can use song in learning English pronunciation whenever they want, both in the classroom and outside the classroom. Naturally, they are accustomed to saying English words by singing.","type":"Text"},{"left":71,"top":438,"width":465,"height":165,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"As the researcher’s experience and observation in teaching experience at SMAN 8 Bengkulu English lessons are subjects that are not liked by most students. Because students not understand what the meaning of many vocabularies in English and most of students in X IIS 1 SMAN 8 are difficult to pronounce English words correctly. When they took practice score of speaking with me, almost of them got the score under the KKM (75). So, the pronunciation of students' English words not optimal. The researcher choose song in the research because songs and music almost always contain lots of vocabulary, phrases, and expressions. And also the English singer is a native speaker of English. From the background of the research, the problems can be arranged as follows a) What type of song can make students’ pronounce English words better by using song of X IIS 1 SMAN 8 BENGKULU?, b) What causes pronunciation errors made by students in English pronunciation skills by using song of X IIS 1 SMAN 8 BENGKULU?”","type":"Text"},{"left":71,"top":606,"width":462,"height":80,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Pronunciation is a person's ability about how one understands the sound system and has an impact on one's speech which will directly affect meaning or meaning if in the context of the English language. In English, different sounds will mean different meanings, moreover different writing, and will greatly affect oral communication (Oxford Dictionary 2008). In this case, teacher decides what alternative strategy he or she chooses in teaching English Pronunciation to get a maximum result.","type":"Text"},{"left":71,"top":689,"width":462,"height":80,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Moreover, the most important thing of the teaching and learning process is the understanding of the students about the lesson. Cameron (2001) says that “it is a crucial thing for teacher to take the responsibility for checking whether their pupils understand the language being used and the purpose of activities being carried out”. In this case, the teacher should let the students know that they are studying about pronunciation and they are expected to be able to pronounce English words correctly","type":"Text"},{"left":71,"top":42,"width":460,"height":22,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Yuneva, Melati, Elva Utami, Siti Masitah and Febrilia Syarayani SINTA 4 An Analysis of Students’ Comprehension in Pronouncing English Words by Using Song …","type":"Page header"},{"left":71,"top":784,"width":460,"height":15,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Vol 5 (1) Dec, 2021 Edu-Ling Journal: https://journals.unihaz.ac.id/index.php/edu-ling Page | 75 |","type":"Page footer"},{"left":71,"top":82,"width":462,"height":94,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"surrounded by songs. From these songs we can learn many things, for example we can get more new words, and we can also learn how words are spoken. Songs are a good source for teaching English because students will be easier to learn English words English teachers can be using the song as a medium to teach English. A song containing authentic language is easily obtainable, provides vocabulary, grammar, and cultural aspects and is fun for the students. They can provide valuable speaking, listening, and language practice in and out of the classroom.","type":"Text"},{"left":71,"top":178,"width":462,"height":122,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"There are many reasons why teenagers’ songs are good for English pronunciation. It has many contributions in pronunciation teaching. For example; 1) Kramer states that songs are good for English teaching because songs are funny. They promote mimics, gestures, etc, and are associated with meaning. They are good to introduce suprasegmental phonetics. Students play a participative role. They can be applied to comprehension stages (listening) or production (singing). There are songs for all ages and levels. Students can learn English very easily through echoic memory; 2)Songs can add feeling and rhythm to language practice that might otherwise be flat. “they also help and remember things more easily and draw more deeply into a lesson.","type":"Text"},{"left":71,"top":302,"width":465,"height":108,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"From the statements above, we know that song is interesting and funny. As we see, most teenagers like something funny. The song will make them interested in the process of learning English pronunciation. Indonesian has some differences from English in pronunciation. In our language, there is no difference between writing and sound. But we find it different in English. Sometimes we sound differently from the writing. For example, the word here is pronounced / hi:∂ /; however, in Indonesian, we pronounce / here /. It is not denied that students often make mistakes in learning foreign language; however, doing such mistakes is a part of learning the language itself.","type":"Text"},{"left":71,"top":413,"width":462,"height":52,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Interference could come from the lack of experience in the certain speech sound of the target language that does not exist in the first language and the speech sound itself is specifically different in term of sound production. That is why in an attempt to pronounce the target language.","type":"Text"},{"left":71,"top":482,"width":102,"height":11,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"METHODOLOGY","type":"Section header"},{"left":71,"top":496,"width":462,"height":38,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"The method applied in this research is descriptive qualitative method. This research used descriptive qualitative method to answer the objective of study that is to describe what song can make pronunciation students better.","type":"Text"},{"left":71,"top":537,"width":462,"height":52,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Qualitative descriptive research is one of the types of research included in the type of qualitative research. While the purpose of this study is to reveal events or facts, circumstances, phenomena, variables and circumstances that occur during the research by presenting what actually happened.","type":"Text"},{"left":71,"top":592,"width":462,"height":25,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"In this qualitative research, the subject in this research are students class X IIS 1 of SMAN 8 Bengkulu. The researcher took 20 from 35 students as a respondents.","type":"Text"},{"left":71,"top":620,"width":462,"height":93,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"The most important data source in this research are the result of interview with students class X IIS 1 of SMAN 8 Bengkulu and questionnaires about students’ pronunciation lesson. Data collection techniques in this research are interview, questionnaires, and documentation. Interview According to Zuldafrial and Muhammad Born (2012) interview are conversation with a specific purpose. Interview were conducted in detail to obtain data related to the students’ English pronunciation lesson. Interview were conducted with students class X IIS 1 of SMAN 8 Bengkulu.","type":"Text"},{"left":71,"top":716,"width":462,"height":53,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"According to Sugiyono (2011) questionnaire is a data collection technique that is done by giving a set of questions or written statements to the respondent to be answered. This method is used to get answers to a number of questions or statements that will be filled by respondents.","type":"Text"},{"left":71,"top":42,"width":460,"height":22,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Yuneva, Melati, Elva Utami, Siti Masitah and Febrilia Syarayani SINTA 4 An Analysis of Students’ Comprehension in Pronouncing English Words by Using Song …","type":"Page header"},{"left":71,"top":784,"width":460,"height":15,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Vol 5 (1) Dec, 2021 Edu-Ling Journal: https://journals.unihaz.ac.id/index.php/edu-ling Page | 76 |","type":"Page footer"},{"left":71,"top":82,"width":166,"height":11,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION","type":"Section header"},{"left":71,"top":96,"width":462,"height":31,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"The questionnaire used to obtain data related to the students’ English pronunciation lesson. The following table was specification of questionnaire.","type":"Text"},{"left":204,"top":137,"width":200,"height":11,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Table 1. Specification of Questionnaire","type":"Text"},{"left":175,"top":177,"width":269,"height":116,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"No Indicator Item no 1. Stress 15, 19 2. Intonation 14, 20 3. Accuracy 2,17 4. Fluency 16, 19 5. Type of song 5, 6, 7 6. Causes pronunciation errors 8, 9,12, 13 7. Song media 1, 3, 4, 10, 16","type":"Table"},{"left":128,"top":301,"width":9,"height":11,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":".","type":"Text"},{"left":71,"top":322,"width":462,"height":39,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Data analysis in this research was conducted interactively and take place continuously until finished. That is, in data analysis researcher are directly involved inexplaining and concluding the data obtained by linking the theories used.","type":"Text"},{"left":71,"top":363,"width":462,"height":79,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"The last stage which contains the decision making process that leads to the answers of the research questions raised and reveals the “what” and “how” of the research findings. R esearcher analyzed the data to get percentage of the how much students learning english pronounciation using song.This study collected data with a variety of techniques, including interview and questionnaire. Interview were conducted to obtain data directly from the object. Meanwhile, the questionnaire was conducted in this study as a data reinforcement.","type":"Text"},{"left":71,"top":445,"width":464,"height":39,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"The interview technique is carried out by first determining the sources in accordance with the research questions. In this research the respondents were students of X IIS 1 SMAN8. The total respondents taken by the interview technique in this study were 20 respondents.","type":"Text"},{"left":231,"top":507,"width":142,"height":11,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Table 2. Results of Interview","type":"Caption"},{"left":117,"top":528,"width":356,"height":98,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"No Questions Total Respondents 1 Is learning English pronunciation difficult for you ? 20 Is it important that we can speak English? 20 3 How much your confidence to speak an English words? 20 4 How you do to make it easier to learn English pronunciation? 20 5 Do you think that the song can make you easier to learn English pronunciation? 20","type":"Table"},{"left":71,"top":651,"width":462,"height":52,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"In this research the respondents in the interview data collection were students of X IIS 1. The total number of respondents taken by the interview technique in this research were 20 respondents. Based on table 2 above, the result of the interview about pronunciation are 10 of 20 the students think that learning English pronunciation is not difficult to learn,","type":"Text"},{"left":71,"top":706,"width":368,"height":11,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"4 students think it is difficult thing and 6 others think it is not too difficult.","type":"Text"},{"left":71,"top":720,"width":462,"height":52,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Then 9 of 20 the students stated that listening English songs can make it easier to learn English pronunciation, 3 students thought listening English songs and watching English movies was the easiest way, while others were playing games, singing while reading the lyrics, and study diligently. Therefore 90% of the students agree that the song can make","type":"Text"},{"left":71,"top":42,"width":460,"height":22,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Yuneva, Melati, Elva Utami, Siti Masitah and Febrilia Syarayani SINTA 4 An Analysis of Students’ Comprehension in Pronouncing English Words by Using Song …","type":"Page header"},{"left":71,"top":784,"width":460,"height":15,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Vol 5 (1) Dec, 2021 Edu-Ling Journal: https://journals.unihaz.ac.id/index.php/edu-ling Page | 77 |","type":"Page footer"},{"left":71,"top":82,"width":462,"height":52,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"learning English pronunciation more easy.When they were interviewed about self-confidence to speak English only 10% of the students had great confidence, 25% felt confidence, 30% felt quite confidence and 35% a little confidence. So, about the importance of learning English pronunciation then can speak English 75% felt important and 25% felt very important.","type":"Text"},{"left":71,"top":137,"width":462,"height":94,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"The population in this study totaled 35 students of X IIS 1, while the number of respondents taken into the sample were 20 respondents, consisting of 5 boys and 15 girls.Questionnaire are also used to collect data during the research. The questionnaire consisted of 20 questions and was given to students through Google forms. Researcher used this technique to determine student’ responses to the use of song in learning English pronunciation. The following summarizes the result of the questionnaire based on the Table 3. specification of questionnaire is as follows :","type":"Text"},{"left":223,"top":247,"width":179,"height":11,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Table 3. Result from Questionnaires","type":"Caption"},{"left":157,"top":281,"width":279,"height":245,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"No Indicator Item no Frequency 1. Elements of pronunciation Stress 15 19 18 18 Intonation 14 20 19 17 Accuracy 2 17 15 19 Fluency 16 19 18 18 2 Type of Song Pop 5 18 Jazz 6 9 Rock 7 7 3 Cause pronunciation errors 8 9 12 13 6 3 18 12 4 Use of Song media 1 3 4 10 11 20 16 17 18 18","type":"Table"},{"left":71,"top":544,"width":462,"height":25,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"After analyzing those data, to know the frequency of data it is calculated using percentage formula.","type":"Text"},{"left":146,"top":572,"width":289,"height":169,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Table 4. Percentage No Indicator Item Percentage 1. Elements of pronunciation Stress 15 19 90% 90% Intonation 14 20 95% 85% Accuracy 2 17 75% 95% Fluency 16 19 90% 90% 2 Type of Song Pop 5 90% Jazz 6 45% Rock 7 35%","type":"Table"},{"left":71,"top":42,"width":460,"height":22,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Yuneva, Melati, Elva Utami, Siti Masitah and Febrilia Syarayani SINTA 4 An Analysis of Students’ Comprehension in Pronouncing English Words by Using Song …","type":"Page header"},{"left":71,"top":784,"width":460,"height":15,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Vol 5 (1) Dec, 2021 Edu-Ling Journal: https://journals.unihaz.ac.id/index.php/edu-ling Page | 78 |","type":"Page footer"},{"left":149,"top":82,"width":274,"height":107,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"3 Cause pronunciation errors 8 9 12 13 30% 15% 90% 60% 4 Use of Song media 1 3 4 10 11 100% 80% 85% 90% 90%","type":"Table"},{"left":71,"top":214,"width":462,"height":80,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"The highest answers which is contained 100% percentage in the number 1 with the “yes” answer of the statement, and then all students agree that they listen the English song to improve their English pronunciation.The lowest percentage of “yes” answer of the statement contained in the number 9 which is 15% with the statement “i feel learning English pronunciation is too difficult” its mean learning English pronunciation is not difficult for them especially with a fun method.","type":"Text"},{"left":71,"top":297,"width":462,"height":135,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Most of students read the lyrics when they listen to English song at 75%, so can make them easier and more interested in learning English pronunciation using song media. They want to have the accuracy of speaking English like a native speaker but they feel insecure when they have to speak English in front of their friends. So, song is the right media for them to learn English pronunciation because in the statements they agree that learning English pronunciation through songs can clarify the intonation, stress, and fluency of their English pronunciation. Students actually like pronunciation lessons with using song because students can speak English correctly like a native speaker to say word by word. The percentage of songs as can increase their pronunciation to is 90%, so it can be explained by the results of the quistionnaires that the song is the right media for learning English pronunciation.","type":"Text"},{"left":71,"top":432,"width":462,"height":97,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"This research is about using song media to improve the students’ pronunciation of English words. This research used descriptive qualitative research. This section is intended to analyze the results based on related theories. All data collected from research instruments provide information about research findings. Type of song can make students’ pronouncing English words better When asked about. the type of song, 90% of them like the pop genre of a song than jazz and rock genres. So 18 of 20 students are more interested to listen and sing a pop song than jazz and rock. Just 9 students like jazz songs and 7 students like rock songs.","type":"Text"},{"left":71,"top":531,"width":462,"height":67,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"The main cause of students having difficulty speaking English is they like or do not learn English pronunciation with 90% percentage. And then the lack of confidence when speaking English in front of their friends. 31,6% of students think that their mother tongue is the cause of their English pronunciation not being good and 15% of students felt that learning English pronunciation is too difficult for them.","type":"Text"},{"left":227,"top":768,"width":150,"height":11,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Chart 1. Pronunciation Errors","type":"Page footer"},{"left":71,"top":42,"width":460,"height":22,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Yuneva, Melati, Elva Utami, Siti Masitah and Febrilia Syarayani SINTA 4 An Analysis of Students’ Comprehension in Pronouncing English Words by Using Song …","type":"Page header"},{"left":71,"top":784,"width":460,"height":15,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Vol 5 (1) Dec, 2021 Edu-Ling Journal: https://journals.unihaz.ac.id/index.php/edu-ling Page | 79 |","type":"Page footer"},{"left":71,"top":82,"width":462,"height":80,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"The song as a media can attract students’ interest in learning English pronunciation, based on number 1 of quistionnaires that students listen to English song to increase their English pronunciation with 100% percentage. What makes this research different from the previous research is using the song., Muawanah (2017) used Drama Performance to know what the vowels mispronounced, and Yun (2016) used recorded tape to know pronunciation errors made in pronouncing the consonant, vowel, and diphthong.","type":"Text"},{"left":71,"top":165,"width":462,"height":66,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"The main cause of students having difficulty speaking English is they like or do not learn English pronunciation with 90% percentage. And then the lack of confidence when speaking English in front of their friends. 31,6% of students think that their mother tongue is the cause of their English pronunciation not being good and 15% of students felt that learning English pronunciation is too difficult for them.","type":"Text"},{"left":71,"top":247,"width":88,"height":11,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"CONCLUSION","type":"Section header"},{"left":71,"top":268,"width":462,"height":39,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"This strategy can help the students easier, more enjoyable, and faster ways to improve their English pronunciation better. It can be concluded that song is the right media for students learn how to pronounce English.","type":"Text"},{"left":71,"top":337,"width":84,"height":11,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"REFERENCES","type":"Section header"},{"left":71,"top":365,"width":456,"height":38,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Alex Sudrajat. 2016. An Analysis of English Pronunciation based on Student Speech Community at English Study Program. Final Project of English Education Department in University of lampung.","type":"List item"},{"left":71,"top":406,"width":457,"height":94,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Ali Mustadi. 2013. Communicative Competence Based Language Teaching: An English Course Design for Primary Teacher Education . Yogyakarta: UNY Press. Aries Hadi Sutopo. 2003. Multimedia Interaktif dengan Flash. Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu. Arikunto, S 2003. Procedure Penelitian , Jakarta: Rineka Cipta Arsyad, Azhar. 2006. Media Pembelajaran . Jakarta: PT Rja Grafindo Persada. Cameron, Lyne. 2001. Teaching languages to young Learners . London: Cambridge University Press. GroupLtd.","type":"List item"},{"left":71,"top":503,"width":459,"height":24,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Celce-Murcia, M. 2006. Teaching English asa Second or Foreign Language . 3rd ed. Singapore: Heinle& Heinle.","type":"List item"},{"left":71,"top":530,"width":457,"height":25,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Fraser, H. 2001. Teaching pronunciation: A handbook for teachers and trainers. Canberra: Departemen of Education Training and Youth Affairs.","type":"List item"},{"left":71,"top":558,"width":395,"height":25,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Harmer, J. 2000. The Practice of English language Teaching. London:Longman Mukhtar. 2013. Metode Praktis Penelitian Deskriptif Kualitatif . Jakarta: Referensi","type":"Text"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"left\": 77,\n \"top\": 778,\n \"width\": 460,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"P-ISSN 2614- 7343 │E -ISSN 2621-5128 │ No.5 (1) Dec 2021 │ https://journals.unihaz.ac.id/index.php/edu-ling Page | 73\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 108,\n \"top\": 125,\n \"width\": 407,\n \"height\": 27,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"An Analysis of Students’ Comprehension in Pronouncing English Words by Using Song\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 130,\n \"top\": 168,\n \"width\": 362,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"1 Yuneva Syukur, 2 Melati, 3 Elva Utami, 4 Siti Masitah and 5 Febrilia Syarayani\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 87,\n \"top\": 195,\n \"width\": 446,\n \"height\": 23,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"English Language Education Department Faculty Of Teacher Training And Education University Of Prof. Dr. Hazairin, SH Bengkulu\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 203,\n \"top\": 221,\n \"width\": 211,\n \"height\": 10,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Corresponding author: mamyuneva@gmail.com\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 97,\n \"top\": 246,\n \"width\": 423,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Received on October 27 th , Revised on November 8 th , will be published on December, 30 th 2021\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 275,\n \"top\": 276,\n \"width\": 68,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"ABSTRACT\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 99,\n \"top\": 304,\n \"width\": 414,\n \"height\": 149,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"The aim of this research was to know the causes of pronunciation errors made by the students and whether the method of learning English pronunciation using song can improve the student’s pronouncing English words at SMAN 8 Bengkulu. The method used in this research is qualitative descriptive. The informants in this research were students from X IPS 1 Data collection is done by interview and questionnaire. The data obtained were analyzed by reduction of data, presentation of data, and drawing conclusions. The research results show that most of the students of X IPS 1 are more interested and understanding if learning English pronunciation using songs because they can follow a native speaker to say English words correctly. The cause error of their English pronunciation is a lack of their confidence when they speak English and the media can also be an easy or difficult factor for students to learn English pronunciation. It can be concluded that is the right media for students English pronunciation.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 99,\n \"top\": 469,\n \"width\": 216,\n \"height\": 10,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Keywords: Pronunciation, English words, Song\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 84,\n \"top\": 494,\n \"width\": 5,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \".\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 281,\n \"top\": 506,\n \"width\": 57,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"ABSTRAK\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 99,\n \"top\": 531,\n \"width\": 414,\n \"height\": 174,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui penyebab kesalahan pengucapan yang dilakukan oleh siswa dan apakah metode pembelajaran pengucapan bahasa Inggris dengan menggunakan lagu dapat meningkatkan pengucapan kata-kata bahasa Inggris siswa di SMAN 8 Bengkulu. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah deskriptif kualitatif. Subjek dalam penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas X IPS 1. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan wawancara dan kuesioner. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis dengan reduksi data, penyajian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar siswa kelas X IPS 1 lebih tertarik dan memahami jika belajar pengucapan bahasa Inggris menggunakan lagu karena mereka dapat mengikuti penutur asli untuk mengucapkan kata-kata bahasa Inggris dengan benar. Penyebab kesalahan pengucapan bahasa Inggris mereka adalah kurangnya kepercayaan diri mereka ketika mereka berbicara bahasa Inggris dan media juga dapat menjadi faktor mudah atau sulitnya siswa untuk belajar pengucapan bahasa Inggris. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa media yang tepat untuk pengucapan bahasa Inggris siswa.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 99,\n \"top\": 721,\n \"width\": 237,\n \"height\": 10,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Kata kunci : Pengucapan, kata bahasa Inggris, Lagu\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 42,\n \"width\": 461,\n \"height\": 22,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Yuneva, Melati, Elva Utami, Siti Masitah and Febrilia Syarayani SINTA 4 An Analysis of Students’ Comprehension in Pronouncing English Words by Using Song …\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 784,\n \"width\": 460,\n \"height\": 15,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Vol 5 (1) Dec, 2021 Edu-Ling Journal: https://journals.unihaz.ac.id/index.php/edu-ling Page | 74 |\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 82,\n \"width\": 102,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"INTRODUCTION\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 96,\n \"width\": 462,\n \"height\": 93,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"When we speak a foreign language, our muscles may not be well developed for that language, and we will find pronunciation more difficult. By practicing the foreign language pronunciation, our muscles develop and pronunciation increases. As well as creating correct vowel and consonant sounds using the muscles of our mouth, tongue and lips, there are other important aspects of pronunciation, including : Word stress is the emphasis on certain syllables in a word, Sentence stress is the emphasis on certain words in a sentence, link is combining certain words, and Intonation is up and down of our voices as we speak.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 192,\n \"width\": 462,\n \"height\": 121,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Wibowo (2001) states language is a meaningful and articulated sound symbol system ( produced by utterance ) which is arbitrary and conventional in nature, which used as a tool to communicate by a group of people to produce feelings and thoughts. Scientific studies of language are called linguistics. English is one of foreign languages used by many countries and English has become an international language. English is taught from elementary to university and also is one of the compulsory subjects. Therefore the goverment provides a curriculum as a guide for English teachers in the teaching and learning process. Pronunciation is the way in which a language is spoken, if pronounce is to make the sound of a word. Speakers of different languages tend to develop different muscles of the mouth for pronunciation.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 316,\n \"width\": 462,\n \"height\": 122,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"The song is an excellent ‘tool’ to help students learning English pronunciation, more specifically song can motivate students during learning English pronunciation. It can also be said that songs are an important part of learning English because the song can make students more sensitive with sound and the song also can make the class more interesting and lively. When students like song, they will be happy and enthusiastic to learn English pronunciation. There is almost no time limit in using the song as a medium to learning English pronunciation, that students can use song in learning English pronunciation whenever they want, both in the classroom and outside the classroom. Naturally, they are accustomed to saying English words by singing.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 438,\n \"width\": 465,\n \"height\": 165,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"As the researcher’s experience and observation in teaching experience at SMAN 8 Bengkulu English lessons are subjects that are not liked by most students. Because students not understand what the meaning of many vocabularies in English and most of students in X IIS 1 SMAN 8 are difficult to pronounce English words correctly. When they took practice score of speaking with me, almost of them got the score under the KKM (75). So, the pronunciation of students' English words not optimal. The researcher choose song in the research because songs and music almost always contain lots of vocabulary, phrases, and expressions. And also the English singer is a native speaker of English. From the background of the research, the problems can be arranged as follows a) What type of song can make students’ pronounce English words better by using song of X IIS 1 SMAN 8 BENGKULU?, b) What causes pronunciation errors made by students in English pronunciation skills by using song of X IIS 1 SMAN 8 BENGKULU?”\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 606,\n \"width\": 462,\n \"height\": 80,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Pronunciation is a person's ability about how one understands the sound system and has an impact on one's speech which will directly affect meaning or meaning if in the context of the English language. In English, different sounds will mean different meanings, moreover different writing, and will greatly affect oral communication (Oxford Dictionary 2008). In this case, teacher decides what alternative strategy he or she chooses in teaching English Pronunciation to get a maximum result.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 689,\n \"width\": 462,\n \"height\": 80,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Moreover, the most important thing of the teaching and learning process is the understanding of the students about the lesson. Cameron (2001) says that “it is a crucial thing for teacher to take the responsibility for checking whether their pupils understand the language being used and the purpose of activities being carried out”. In this case, the teacher should let the students know that they are studying about pronunciation and they are expected to be able to pronounce English words correctly\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 42,\n \"width\": 460,\n \"height\": 22,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Yuneva, Melati, Elva Utami, Siti Masitah and Febrilia Syarayani SINTA 4 An Analysis of Students’ Comprehension in Pronouncing English Words by Using Song …\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 784,\n \"width\": 460,\n \"height\": 15,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Vol 5 (1) Dec, 2021 Edu-Ling Journal: https://journals.unihaz.ac.id/index.php/edu-ling Page | 75 |\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 82,\n \"width\": 462,\n \"height\": 94,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"surrounded by songs. From these songs we can learn many things, for example we can get more new words, and we can also learn how words are spoken. Songs are a good source for teaching English because students will be easier to learn English words English teachers can be using the song as a medium to teach English. A song containing authentic language is easily obtainable, provides vocabulary, grammar, and cultural aspects and is fun for the students. They can provide valuable speaking, listening, and language practice in and out of the classroom.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 178,\n \"width\": 462,\n \"height\": 122,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"There are many reasons why teenagers’ songs are good for English pronunciation. It has many contributions in pronunciation teaching. For example; 1) Kramer states that songs are good for English teaching because songs are funny. They promote mimics, gestures, etc, and are associated with meaning. They are good to introduce suprasegmental phonetics. Students play a participative role. They can be applied to comprehension stages (listening) or production (singing). There are songs for all ages and levels. Students can learn English very easily through echoic memory; 2)Songs can add feeling and rhythm to language practice that might otherwise be flat. “they also help and remember things more easily and draw more deeply into a lesson.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 302,\n \"width\": 465,\n \"height\": 108,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"From the statements above, we know that song is interesting and funny. As we see, most teenagers like something funny. The song will make them interested in the process of learning English pronunciation. Indonesian has some differences from English in pronunciation. In our language, there is no difference between writing and sound. But we find it different in English. Sometimes we sound differently from the writing. For example, the word here is pronounced / hi:∂ /; however, in Indonesian, we pronounce / here /. It is not denied that students often make mistakes in learning foreign language; however, doing such mistakes is a part of learning the language itself.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 413,\n \"width\": 462,\n \"height\": 52,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Interference could come from the lack of experience in the certain speech sound of the target language that does not exist in the first language and the speech sound itself is specifically different in term of sound production. That is why in an attempt to pronounce the target language.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 482,\n \"width\": 102,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"METHODOLOGY\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 496,\n \"width\": 462,\n \"height\": 38,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"The method applied in this research is descriptive qualitative method. This research used descriptive qualitative method to answer the objective of study that is to describe what song can make pronunciation students better.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 537,\n \"width\": 462,\n \"height\": 52,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Qualitative descriptive research is one of the types of research included in the type of qualitative research. While the purpose of this study is to reveal events or facts, circumstances, phenomena, variables and circumstances that occur during the research by presenting what actually happened.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 592,\n \"width\": 462,\n \"height\": 25,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"In this qualitative research, the subject in this research are students class X IIS 1 of SMAN 8 Bengkulu. The researcher took 20 from 35 students as a respondents.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 620,\n \"width\": 462,\n \"height\": 93,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"The most important data source in this research are the result of interview with students class X IIS 1 of SMAN 8 Bengkulu and questionnaires about students’ pronunciation lesson. Data collection techniques in this research are interview, questionnaires, and documentation. Interview According to Zuldafrial and Muhammad Born (2012) interview are conversation with a specific purpose. Interview were conducted in detail to obtain data related to the students’ English pronunciation lesson. Interview were conducted with students class X IIS 1 of SMAN 8 Bengkulu.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 716,\n \"width\": 462,\n \"height\": 53,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"According to Sugiyono (2011) questionnaire is a data collection technique that is done by giving a set of questions or written statements to the respondent to be answered. This method is used to get answers to a number of questions or statements that will be filled by respondents.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 42,\n \"width\": 460,\n \"height\": 22,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Yuneva, Melati, Elva Utami, Siti Masitah and Febrilia Syarayani SINTA 4 An Analysis of Students’ Comprehension in Pronouncing English Words by Using Song …\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 784,\n \"width\": 460,\n \"height\": 15,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Vol 5 (1) Dec, 2021 Edu-Ling Journal: https://journals.unihaz.ac.id/index.php/edu-ling Page | 76 |\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 82,\n \"width\": 166,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 96,\n \"width\": 462,\n \"height\": 31,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"The questionnaire used to obtain data related to the students’ English pronunciation lesson. The following table was specification of questionnaire.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 204,\n \"top\": 137,\n \"width\": 200,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Table 1. Specification of Questionnaire\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 175,\n \"top\": 177,\n \"width\": 269,\n \"height\": 116,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"No Indicator Item no 1. Stress 15, 19 2. Intonation 14, 20 3. Accuracy 2,17 4. Fluency 16, 19 5. Type of song 5, 6, 7 6. Causes pronunciation errors 8, 9,12, 13 7. Song media 1, 3, 4, 10, 16\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 128,\n \"top\": 301,\n \"width\": 9,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \".\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 322,\n \"width\": 462,\n \"height\": 39,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Data analysis in this research was conducted interactively and take place continuously until finished. That is, in data analysis researcher are directly involved inexplaining and concluding the data obtained by linking the theories used.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 363,\n \"width\": 462,\n \"height\": 79,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"The last stage which contains the decision making process that leads to the answers of the research questions raised and reveals the “what” and “how” of the research findings. R esearcher analyzed the data to get percentage of the how much students learning english pronounciation using song.This study collected data with a variety of techniques, including interview and questionnaire. Interview were conducted to obtain data directly from the object. Meanwhile, the questionnaire was conducted in this study as a data reinforcement.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 445,\n \"width\": 464,\n \"height\": 39,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"The interview technique is carried out by first determining the sources in accordance with the research questions. In this research the respondents were students of X IIS 1 SMAN8. The total respondents taken by the interview technique in this study were 20 respondents.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 231,\n \"top\": 507,\n \"width\": 142,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Table 2. Results of Interview\",\n \"type\": \"Caption\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 117,\n \"top\": 528,\n \"width\": 356,\n \"height\": 98,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"No Questions Total Respondents 1 Is learning English pronunciation difficult for you ? 20 Is it important that we can speak English? 20 3 How much your confidence to speak an English words? 20 4 How you do to make it easier to learn English pronunciation? 20 5 Do you think that the song can make you easier to learn English pronunciation? 20\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 651,\n \"width\": 462,\n \"height\": 52,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"In this research the respondents in the interview data collection were students of X IIS 1. The total number of respondents taken by the interview technique in this research were 20 respondents. Based on table 2 above, the result of the interview about pronunciation are 10 of 20 the students think that learning English pronunciation is not difficult to learn,\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 706,\n \"width\": 368,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"4 students think it is difficult thing and 6 others think it is not too difficult.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 720,\n \"width\": 462,\n \"height\": 52,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Then 9 of 20 the students stated that listening English songs can make it easier to learn English pronunciation, 3 students thought listening English songs and watching English movies was the easiest way, while others were playing games, singing while reading the lyrics, and study diligently. Therefore 90% of the students agree that the song can make\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 42,\n \"width\": 460,\n \"height\": 22,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Yuneva, Melati, Elva Utami, Siti Masitah and Febrilia Syarayani SINTA 4 An Analysis of Students’ Comprehension in Pronouncing English Words by Using Song …\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 784,\n \"width\": 460,\n \"height\": 15,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Vol 5 (1) Dec, 2021 Edu-Ling Journal: https://journals.unihaz.ac.id/index.php/edu-ling Page | 77 |\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 82,\n \"width\": 462,\n \"height\": 52,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"learning English pronunciation more easy.When they were interviewed about self-confidence to speak English only 10% of the students had great confidence, 25% felt confidence, 30% felt quite confidence and 35% a little confidence. So, about the importance of learning English pronunciation then can speak English 75% felt important and 25% felt very important.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 137,\n \"width\": 462,\n \"height\": 94,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"The population in this study totaled 35 students of X IIS 1, while the number of respondents taken into the sample were 20 respondents, consisting of 5 boys and 15 girls.Questionnaire are also used to collect data during the research. The questionnaire consisted of 20 questions and was given to students through Google forms. Researcher used this technique to determine student’ responses to the use of song in learning English pronunciation. The following summarizes the result of the questionnaire based on the Table 3. specification of questionnaire is as follows :\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 223,\n \"top\": 247,\n \"width\": 179,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Table 3. Result from Questionnaires\",\n \"type\": \"Caption\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 157,\n \"top\": 281,\n \"width\": 279,\n \"height\": 245,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"No Indicator Item no Frequency 1. Elements of pronunciation Stress 15 19 18 18 Intonation 14 20 19 17 Accuracy 2 17 15 19 Fluency 16 19 18 18 2 Type of Song Pop 5 18 Jazz 6 9 Rock 7 7 3 Cause pronunciation errors 8 9 12 13 6 3 18 12 4 Use of Song media 1 3 4 10 11 20 16 17 18 18\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 544,\n \"width\": 462,\n \"height\": 25,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"After analyzing those data, to know the frequency of data it is calculated using percentage formula.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 146,\n \"top\": 572,\n \"width\": 289,\n \"height\": 169,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Table 4. Percentage No Indicator Item Percentage 1. Elements of pronunciation Stress 15 19 90% 90% Intonation 14 20 95% 85% Accuracy 2 17 75% 95% Fluency 16 19 90% 90% 2 Type of Song Pop 5 90% Jazz 6 45% Rock 7 35%\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 42,\n \"width\": 460,\n \"height\": 22,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Yuneva, Melati, Elva Utami, Siti Masitah and Febrilia Syarayani SINTA 4 An Analysis of Students’ Comprehension in Pronouncing English Words by Using Song …\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 784,\n \"width\": 460,\n \"height\": 15,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Vol 5 (1) Dec, 2021 Edu-Ling Journal: https://journals.unihaz.ac.id/index.php/edu-ling Page | 78 |\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 149,\n \"top\": 82,\n \"width\": 274,\n \"height\": 107,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"3 Cause pronunciation errors 8 9 12 13 30% 15% 90% 60% 4 Use of Song media 1 3 4 10 11 100% 80% 85% 90% 90%\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 214,\n \"width\": 462,\n \"height\": 80,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"The highest answers which is contained 100% percentage in the number 1 with the “yes” answer of the statement, and then all students agree that they listen the English song to improve their English pronunciation.The lowest percentage of “yes” answer of the statement contained in the number 9 which is 15% with the statement “i feel learning English pronunciation is too difficult” its mean learning English pronunciation is not difficult for them especially with a fun method.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 297,\n \"width\": 462,\n \"height\": 135,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Most of students read the lyrics when they listen to English song at 75%, so can make them easier and more interested in learning English pronunciation using song media. They want to have the accuracy of speaking English like a native speaker but they feel insecure when they have to speak English in front of their friends. So, song is the right media for them to learn English pronunciation because in the statements they agree that learning English pronunciation through songs can clarify the intonation, stress, and fluency of their English pronunciation. Students actually like pronunciation lessons with using song because students can speak English correctly like a native speaker to say word by word. The percentage of songs as can increase their pronunciation to is 90%, so it can be explained by the results of the quistionnaires that the song is the right media for learning English pronunciation.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 432,\n \"width\": 462,\n \"height\": 97,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"This research is about using song media to improve the students’ pronunciation of English words. This research used descriptive qualitative research. This section is intended to analyze the results based on related theories. All data collected from research instruments provide information about research findings. Type of song can make students’ pronouncing English words better When asked about. the type of song, 90% of them like the pop genre of a song than jazz and rock genres. So 18 of 20 students are more interested to listen and sing a pop song than jazz and rock. Just 9 students like jazz songs and 7 students like rock songs.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 531,\n \"width\": 462,\n \"height\": 67,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"The main cause of students having difficulty speaking English is they like or do not learn English pronunciation with 90% percentage. And then the lack of confidence when speaking English in front of their friends. 31,6% of students think that their mother tongue is the cause of their English pronunciation not being good and 15% of students felt that learning English pronunciation is too difficult for them.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 227,\n \"top\": 768,\n \"width\": 150,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Chart 1. Pronunciation Errors\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 42,\n \"width\": 460,\n \"height\": 22,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Yuneva, Melati, Elva Utami, Siti Masitah and Febrilia Syarayani SINTA 4 An Analysis of Students’ Comprehension in Pronouncing English Words by Using Song …\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 784,\n \"width\": 460,\n \"height\": 15,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Vol 5 (1) Dec, 2021 Edu-Ling Journal: https://journals.unihaz.ac.id/index.php/edu-ling Page | 79 |\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 82,\n \"width\": 462,\n \"height\": 80,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"The song as a media can attract students’ interest in learning English pronunciation, based on number 1 of quistionnaires that students listen to English song to increase their English pronunciation with 100% percentage. What makes this research different from the previous research is using the song., Muawanah (2017) used Drama Performance to know what the vowels mispronounced, and Yun (2016) used recorded tape to know pronunciation errors made in pronouncing the consonant, vowel, and diphthong.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 165,\n \"width\": 462,\n \"height\": 66,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"The main cause of students having difficulty speaking English is they like or do not learn English pronunciation with 90% percentage. And then the lack of confidence when speaking English in front of their friends. 31,6% of students think that their mother tongue is the cause of their English pronunciation not being good and 15% of students felt that learning English pronunciation is too difficult for them.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 247,\n \"width\": 88,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"CONCLUSION\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 268,\n \"width\": 462,\n \"height\": 39,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"This strategy can help the students easier, more enjoyable, and faster ways to improve their English pronunciation better. It can be concluded that song is the right media for students learn how to pronounce English.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 337,\n \"width\": 84,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"REFERENCES\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 365,\n \"width\": 456,\n \"height\": 38,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Alex Sudrajat. 2016. An Analysis of English Pronunciation based on Student Speech Community at English Study Program. Final Project of English Education Department in University of lampung.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 406,\n \"width\": 457,\n \"height\": 94,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Ali Mustadi. 2013. Communicative Competence Based Language Teaching: An English Course Design for Primary Teacher Education . Yogyakarta: UNY Press. Aries Hadi Sutopo. 2003. Multimedia Interaktif dengan Flash. Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu. Arikunto, S 2003. Procedure Penelitian , Jakarta: Rineka Cipta Arsyad, Azhar. 2006. Media Pembelajaran . Jakarta: PT Rja Grafindo Persada. Cameron, Lyne. 2001. Teaching languages to young Learners . London: Cambridge University Press. GroupLtd.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 503,\n \"width\": 459,\n \"height\": 24,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Celce-Murcia, M. 2006. Teaching English asa Second or Foreign Language . 3rd ed. Singapore: Heinle& Heinle.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 530,\n \"width\": 457,\n \"height\": 25,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Fraser, H. 2001. Teaching pronunciation: A handbook for teachers and trainers. Canberra: Departemen of Education Training and Youth Affairs.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 71,\n \"top\": 558,\n \"width\": 395,\n \"height\": 25,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Harmer, J. 2000. The Practice of English language Teaching. London:Longman Mukhtar. 2013. Metode Praktis Penelitian Deskriptif Kualitatif . Jakarta: Referensi\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n }\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":194,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"string","value":"5fd4fdba-113f-44c3-6332-f4a53aab77b8"},"url":{"kind":"string","value":"https://riset.unisma.ac.id/index.php/JICE/article/download/19936/15652"},"data":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"left":390,"top":50,"width":131,"height":22,"page_number":1,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 98-108, March 2023 e-ISSN: 2775-5592","type":"Page header"},{"left":307,"top":735,"width":13,"height":11,"page_number":1,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"98","type":"Page footer"},{"left":114,"top":102,"width":400,"height":51,"page_number":1,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"THE EFFECT OF OVERLOAD ON THE DESIGN OF LIFE OF ROAD PAVEMENT (CASE STUDY: KOTI ROAD, JAYAPURA CITY)","type":"Title"},{"left":126,"top":166,"width":369,"height":23,"page_number":1,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Kurnia Hadi Putra 1 , Ita Suhermin Ingsih 2 , Theresia Maria Candra Agusdini 3 , Mila Kusuma Wardani 4 , Felicia Tria Nuciferani 5 , Muhammad Exchel Cakra Putra 6","type":"Text"},{"left":126,"top":195,"width":388,"height":11,"page_number":1,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"1,3,4,5,6 Civil Engineering Department, Adhi Tama Institute of Technology Surabaya, Indonesia","type":"Text"},{"left":126,"top":207,"width":330,"height":34,"page_number":1,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"2 Civil Engineering Department, University of Islam Malang, Malang Indonesia e-mail: kurnia_putra@itats.ac.id","type":"Text"},{"left":126,"top":265,"width":56,"height":11,"page_number":1,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"ABSTRACT","type":"Section header"},{"left":126,"top":277,"width":393,"height":166,"page_number":1,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"The roads hold a vital role in the transportation system in the Province of Papua, especially in the Jayapura area. However, real road conditions often experience a decrease in performance (damage) due to construction failures or deviant utilization. On Koti Road in Jayapura, sometimes vehicles passing it do not match the maximum permissible load. Consequently, excessive loading on the pavement can directly affect the design life of a road section. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the percentages of actual overload on each vehicle class, the increase in the cumulative VDF value, and the decrease in the design life on Koti Road, Jayapura. The research results indicated that the actual overload on Koti Road, Jayapura, obtained 81.06% for group 6a, 43.13% for group 6b, and 40.42% for group 7a. According to the Bina Marga method (1987), the cumulative VDF value increased by 133.8% due to actual excessive load in the field, while based on the NAASRA method (2004), it was 121.2%. In terms of the actual overload effects, the design life decreased by 9,273 years, or 46,365%, from the 20-year design life using the Bina Marga (1987) method, while based on the NAASRA (2004) method, the decrease in design life was 8.7898 years, or 43.949%, from the 20-year life plan.","type":"Text"},{"left":126,"top":456,"width":396,"height":12,"page_number":1,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Keywords: Importance Performance Analysis, Facility Feasibility, Field Show Terminal","type":"Text"},{"left":106,"top":492,"width":79,"height":11,"page_number":1,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"1. Introduction","type":"Section header"},{"left":106,"top":504,"width":416,"height":106,"page_number":1,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Roads are land transportation infrastructure covering all parts of the road, including buildings and equipment intended for modes of transportation, which are on the ground, below the ground, and above the water, except for railroads, lorry roads, and cable roads. Road highway moments often have damage in a relatively very short time (early damage)[1][2] for both newly constructed roads and newly repaired roads (overlays) [3][4][5][6]. Some research results have done the main cause of road damage are execution quality, drainage, and from a vehicle load that exceeds the provisions (overloading) [7][8][9][10]. The ability of a road pavement structure will experience a decrease in the function of the structure and this decrease will be proportional to the increasing age of the pavement and the increasing traffic load that passes on the road.","type":"Text"},{"left":106,"top":611,"width":415,"height":95,"page_number":1,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"At the location under review, the traffic load is quite heavy and allows vehicles to experience overloading [11][12][13] which can result in road damage and reduce the design life of the road. Through this research, it is hoped that the authors will find out the value of the reduced design life [14][15][16] so that they can provide solutions for road damage that occurs. The area under review is Koti Road with a 2/2 UD road type and the function of a Secondary Artery Road which is an important road section in the business and industrial area. This resulted in heavy/large vehicles crossing the road so that the road conditions suffered road damage [17]. Vehicles that pass through Koti Road and are stuck in traffic jams will certainly burden the road.","type":"Text"},{"left":390,"top":50,"width":131,"height":22,"page_number":2,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 98-108, March 2023 e-ISSN: 2775-5592","type":"Page header"},{"left":307,"top":735,"width":13,"height":11,"page_number":2,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"99","type":"Page footer"},{"left":106,"top":90,"width":61,"height":11,"page_number":2,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"2. Methods","type":"Section header"},{"left":106,"top":101,"width":415,"height":24,"page_number":2,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Steps in analyzing the Effect of Overload on the Planned Life of Road Paving on Jl. Koti Kota Jayapura is as follows:","type":"List item"},{"left":256,"top":466,"width":115,"height":11,"page_number":2,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Figure 1 . Step of Research","type":"Section header"},{"left":106,"top":495,"width":85,"height":11,"page_number":2,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"2.1. Research sites","type":"Section header"},{"left":106,"top":507,"width":416,"height":77,"page_number":2,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"The location of the study area is needed to collect some information about the area and environment where or the location of the research. For this reason, data collection is made directly or indirectly. What is meant by direct data collection is observation and direct measurement carried out in the field. And what is meant indirect data collection is data collection from agencies or officials related to the procurement of data to help fulfill and complete the data. Data collection at the location on Jalan Koti, Jayapura City.","type":"Text"},{"left":390,"top":50,"width":131,"height":22,"page_number":3,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 98-108, March 2023 e-ISSN: 2775-5592","type":"Page header"},{"left":305,"top":735,"width":18,"height":11,"page_number":3,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"100","type":"Page footer"},{"left":242,"top":248,"width":143,"height":11,"page_number":3,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Figure 2. Research Location Map","type":"Caption"},{"left":106,"top":272,"width":134,"height":11,"page_number":3,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"2.2. Data collection technique","type":"Section header"},{"left":106,"top":284,"width":415,"height":34,"page_number":3,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"A study requires several sources of data to be used as material for analysis in completing a study. In this study, there were 2 sources of data, namely primary data and secondary data. For the primary data itself in the form of:","type":"Text"},{"left":126,"top":319,"width":395,"height":24,"page_number":3,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":" Road width and length data. The results of observations in the field obtained a road length of 1400 m and a width of 8 m (2/2 UD).","type":"List item"},{"left":126,"top":343,"width":316,"height":13,"page_number":3,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":" LHR survey at the study site with an interval of 15 minutes for 24 hours.","type":"List item"},{"left":126,"top":356,"width":157,"height":13,"page_number":3,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":" Damaged Road Condition Survey.","type":"List item"},{"left":126,"top":369,"width":395,"height":24,"page_number":3,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":" Documentation of the area that is reviewed when large vehicles pass and when there is a traffic jam caused by an anchored ship.","type":"List item"},{"left":126,"top":394,"width":156,"height":11,"page_number":3,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"As for secondary data in the form of:","type":"List item"},{"left":126,"top":405,"width":258,"height":13,"page_number":3,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":" Vehicle weight data obtained from PT. Pelindo 4 Jayapura.","type":"List item"},{"left":126,"top":418,"width":327,"height":13,"page_number":3,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":" Location images obtained via the internet or more details via Google maps.","type":"List item"},{"left":106,"top":431,"width":127,"height":11,"page_number":3,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"2.3. Data analysis technique","type":"Section header"},{"left":106,"top":443,"width":416,"height":51,"page_number":3,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Data processing for this research is the analytical method using the 1987 Bina Marga method. Data analysis is one of the factors that influence the success of research. Correct data analysis, using a method of calculating the correct data, will produce results that can be accounted for. The stages of data analysis for this study are as follows:","type":"Text"},{"left":133,"top":494,"width":382,"height":14,"page_number":3,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":" Calculating the percentage of actual overload on each vehicle using the equation:","type":"List item"},{"left":166,"top":511,"width":298,"height":12,"page_number":3,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Persentase 𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = x 100% ..................(1)","type":"Table"},{"left":133,"top":537,"width":389,"height":26,"page_number":3,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":" Calculating the increase in the value of VDF due to overloading uses the equation from Highways:","type":"List item"},{"left":166,"top":567,"width":296,"height":66,"page_number":3,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Single Axis = ( ) ........................................................................ (2) Double Axis = 0,086 ( ) ...........................................................(3) Triple Axis = 0,031 ( ) ...............................................................(4)","type":"Table"},{"left":146,"top":646,"width":376,"height":25,"page_number":3,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Calculating the magnitude of the increase in the VDF value due to overloading using the equation from NAASRA[5]:","type":"Text"},{"left":165,"top":684,"width":312,"height":39,"page_number":3,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Single Axis, Single Wheel = ( ) ...................................................(5) Single Axis, Double Wheel = ( ) ......................................................(6)","type":"Table"},{"left":390,"top":50,"width":131,"height":22,"page_number":4,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 98-108, March 2023 e-ISSN: 2775-5592","type":"Page header"},{"left":305,"top":735,"width":18,"height":11,"page_number":4,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"101","type":"Page footer"},{"left":165,"top":93,"width":324,"height":11,"page_number":4,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Double Axis, Double Wheel = ( ) .......................................................(7)","type":"Table"},{"left":106,"top":117,"width":415,"height":23,"page_number":4,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"After the normal VDF and VDF values due to overload are obtained, proceed with finding the cumulative VDF value using the following equation.","type":"Text"},{"left":161,"top":150,"width":310,"height":12,"page_number":4,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"VDF Cumulative = Total 𝑛 per Yearx 𝑉𝐷𝐹 n ...........................................(8)","type":"Text"},{"left":133,"top":171,"width":315,"height":13,"page_number":4,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":" Calculating the value of the decline in the design life using the equation:","type":"List item"},{"left":166,"top":188,"width":323,"height":16,"page_number":4,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"𝑅𝑙 = 100[1 − , ] .....................................................................................(9)","type":"Table"},{"left":106,"top":252,"width":119,"height":11,"page_number":4,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"3. Result and Discussion","type":"Section header"},{"left":106,"top":264,"width":415,"height":37,"page_number":4,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"3.1 Daily Traffic Volume and Traffic Growth Factor Daily traffic volume uses data in 2022 obtained from survey results and for daily traffic volume in 2022 as follows.","type":"List item"},{"left":145,"top":311,"width":329,"height":189,"page_number":4,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Table 1. Traffic Volumes No Vehicle Class LHR 2022 (Vehicle/day) Number of Vehicles Per Year (2022) 1 Type 1 17979 6562335 2 Type 2 5314 1939610 3 Type 3 1509 550785 4 Type 4 334 121910 5 Type 5a 12 4380 6 Type 5b 10 3650 7 Type 6a 429 156585 8 Type 6b 205 74825 9 Type 7a 240 87600 10 Type 7b 0 0 11 Type 7c 0 0 Total 26032 9953010","type":"Table"},{"left":106,"top":521,"width":415,"height":25,"page_number":4,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"The traffic growth factor for Jalan Koti, Jayapura is taken from the 2017 Pavement Design Manual, which is equal to 4.75%.","type":"Text"},{"left":106,"top":560,"width":200,"height":11,"page_number":4,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"3.2 Data on Number of Overloaded Vehicles","type":"Section header"},{"left":106,"top":572,"width":415,"height":23,"page_number":4,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Vehicle weight data were obtained from PT. Pelindo 4, Jayapura City, Papua Province. The number of overloaded vehicles can be seen as follows.","type":"Text"},{"left":106,"top":601,"width":365,"height":128,"page_number":4,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Table 2. Number of Overloaded Vehicles No. Vehicle Number of Overloaded Vehicles per day (2022) Number of Overloaded Vehicles per year (2022) 1 Type 6a 351 128115 2 Type 6b 91 33215 3 Type 7a 97 35405 3.3 Vehicle Damage Factor (VDF) 3.3.1 Bina Marga Method 1987","type":"Table"},{"left":390,"top":50,"width":131,"height":22,"page_number":5,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 98-108, March 2023 e-ISSN: 2775-5592","type":"Page header"},{"left":305,"top":735,"width":18,"height":11,"page_number":5,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"102","type":"Page footer"},{"left":106,"top":90,"width":412,"height":22,"page_number":5,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"The cumulative VDF calculation recapitulation under normal conditions based on Bina Marga (1987) can be seen in Table 3 as follows.","type":"Text"},{"left":136,"top":125,"width":356,"height":11,"page_number":5,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Table 3. Analysis VDF Cumulative Normal Conditions Based on Bina Marga (1987)","type":"Table"},{"left":149,"top":149,"width":336,"height":188,"page_number":5,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"No. Vehicle Number of Vehicles per Year Normal VDF Normal Cumulative VDF 1 Type 2 1939610 0.0005 969,805 2 Type 3 550785 0.2177 119905,8945 3 Type 4 121910 0.2177 26539,807 4 Type 5a 4380 0.2177 953,526 5 Type 5b 3650 0.3006 1097,19 6 Type 6a 156585 0.2177 34088,5545 7 Type 6b 74825 24.141 1.806.350.325 8 Type 7a 87600 27.416 240164,16 9 Type 7b 0 39.088 0 10 Type 7c 0 41.479 0 Total 604353,9695","type":"Table"},{"left":106,"top":351,"width":415,"height":23,"page_number":5,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"The recapitulation of the cumulative VDF calculation results due to actual overloading based on Highways (1987) can be seen in Table 5 as follows.","type":"Text"},{"left":150,"top":387,"width":327,"height":11,"page_number":5,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Table 5 VDF Cumulative Due to Actual Overload Based on Bina Marga (1987)","type":"Text"},{"left":141,"top":405,"width":349,"height":159,"page_number":5,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"No. Vehicle Number of Vehicles per Year VDF overload VDF Cumulative overload 1 Type 2 1939610 0.0005 969,805 2 Type 3 550785 0.2177 119905,8945 3 Type 4 121910 0.2177 26539,807 4 Type 5a 4380 0.2177 953,526 5 Type 5b 3650 0.3006 1097,19 6 Type 6a 156585 2.3379 305717,9775 7 Type 6b 74825 10.1233 436696,1105 8 Type 7a 87600 10.6772 521124,078 9 Type 7b 0 3.9088 0 10 Type 7c 0 4.1479 0 Total 1413004,389","type":"Table"},{"left":126,"top":577,"width":359,"height":11,"page_number":5,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"From the previous calculations Table 4 and Table 5 the following results are obtained.","type":"Text"},{"left":146,"top":597,"width":267,"height":23,"page_number":5,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Cumulative VDF under normal conditions = 604353,9695 VDF cumulative condition due to overload = 1413004,389","type":"Table"},{"left":126,"top":630,"width":275,"height":11,"page_number":5,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Based on the analysis, the increase in VDF is obtained as follows.","type":"Text"},{"left":146,"top":650,"width":340,"height":35,"page_number":5,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"VDF upgrade = Total VDF cumulative overload – Total VDF normal cumulative = 1413004,389 - 604353,9695 = 808650,4195","type":"Text"},{"left":126,"top":695,"width":300,"height":11,"page_number":5,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"The percentage of cumulative VDF due to actual overload is as follows.","type":"Text"},{"left":390,"top":50,"width":131,"height":22,"page_number":6,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 98-108, March 2023 e-ISSN: 2775-5592","type":"Page header"},{"left":305,"top":735,"width":18,"height":11,"page_number":6,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"103","type":"Page footer"},{"left":152,"top":90,"width":340,"height":54,"page_number":6,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Cumulative VDF percentage increase = Increasing in VDF Total VDF normal cumulative x100% = , , 𝑥100% = 133,8%","type":"Table"},{"left":106,"top":155,"width":415,"height":47,"page_number":6,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Based on the calculation above, the percentage increase is obtained VDF cumulative due to actual overloading of 133.8%, meaning that overloading on heavy vehicles can affect the cumulative VDF. This is because the more the load increases, the total weight of the vehicle increases which causes an increase in the VDF value.","type":"Text"},{"left":106,"top":227,"width":139,"height":11,"page_number":6,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"3.3.2 NAASRA (2004) Method","type":"Section header"},{"left":126,"top":239,"width":372,"height":11,"page_number":6,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Analysis of the cumulative VDF calculation under normal conditions based on NAASRA","type":"List item"},{"left":106,"top":250,"width":171,"height":11,"page_number":6,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"(2004) can be seen in Table 6 as follows.","type":"List item"},{"left":159,"top":271,"width":306,"height":11,"page_number":6,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Table 6. VDF Cumulative Normal Conditions Based on NAASRA (2004)","type":"Text"},{"left":147,"top":294,"width":337,"height":163,"page_number":6,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"No. Vehicle Number of Vehicles per Year Normal VDF Normal Cumulative VDF 1 Type 2 1939610 0.0024 4655,064 2 Type 3 550785 0.2738 150804,933 3 Type 4 121910 0.2738 26539,807 4 Type 5a 4380 0.2738 1199,244 5 Type 5b 3650 0.3785 1381,525 6 Type 6a 156585 0.2738 42872,973 7 Type 6b 74825 3.0391 227400,657 8 Type 7a 87600 5.4073 473679.48 9 Type 7b 0 4.8062 0 10 Type 7c 0 8.8394 0 Total 928533,683","type":"Table"},{"left":106,"top":471,"width":415,"height":22,"page_number":6,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Analysis of the cumulative VDF calculation results due to actual overloading based on NAASRA (2004) can be seen in Table 7 on the following page.","type":"Text"},{"left":150,"top":503,"width":325,"height":11,"page_number":6,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Table 7. VDF Cumulative Due to Actual Overload Based on NAASRA (2004)","type":"Text"},{"left":146,"top":525,"width":338,"height":200,"page_number":6,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"No. Vehicle Number of Vehicles per Year Normal VDF Normal Cumulative VDF 1 Type 2 1939610 0.0024 4655,064 2 Type 3 550785 0.2738 150804,933 3 Type 4 121910 0.2738 26539,807 4 Type 5a 4380 0.2738 1199,244 5 Type 5b 3650 0.3785 1381,525 6 Type 6a 156585 2.2163 291736,3605 7 Type 6b 74825 12.7444 549762.197 8 Type 7a 87600 21.0592 1027835 9 Type 7b 0 4.8062 0 10 Type 7c 0 8.8394 0 Total 2053914,131 From the previous calculations, the following results were obtained. Cumulative VDF under normal conditions = 928533,683","type":"Table"},{"left":390,"top":50,"width":131,"height":22,"page_number":7,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 98-108, March 2023 e-ISSN: 2775-5592","type":"Page header"},{"left":305,"top":735,"width":18,"height":11,"page_number":7,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"104","type":"Page footer"},{"left":146,"top":90,"width":180,"height":11,"page_number":7,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"VDF cumulative condition due to overload","type":"Text"},{"left":343,"top":90,"width":70,"height":11,"page_number":7,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"= 2053914,131","type":"Table"},{"left":146,"top":101,"width":340,"height":35,"page_number":7,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"The analysis obtained an increase in VDF as follows VDF upgrade = Total VDF cumulative overload – Total VDF normal cumulative = 2053914,131 – 928533,683 = 1125380,448","type":"Text"},{"left":146,"top":149,"width":310,"height":11,"page_number":7,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"So the percentage of cumulative VDF due to actual overload is as follows.","type":"Text"},{"left":152,"top":173,"width":340,"height":54,"page_number":7,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Cumulative VDF percentage increase = Increasing in VDF Total VDF normal cumulative x100% = , , x100% = 121,2%","type":"Table"},{"left":106,"top":227,"width":415,"height":46,"page_number":7,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Based on the calculation above, the percentage increase is obtained VDF cumulative due to actual overloading of 121.2%, meaning that overloading on heavy vehicles can affect the cumulative VDF. This is because the more the load increases, the total weight of the vehicle increases which causes an increase in the VDF value.","type":"Text"},{"left":106,"top":287,"width":114,"height":11,"page_number":7,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"4. Decreasing Plan Age","type":"Section header"},{"left":106,"top":299,"width":139,"height":11,"page_number":7,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"4.1 Bina Marga 1987 Method","type":"List item"},{"left":106,"top":311,"width":415,"height":23,"page_number":7,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"The plan age used is 20 years, before calculating the percentage of plan age in the 1st to 20th years, the cumulative ESAL is calculated first at the end of the plan life.","type":"Text"},{"left":132,"top":347,"width":363,"height":11,"page_number":7,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Table 8. Percentage of Planned Age in Normal Condition Based on Bina Marga (1987)","type":"Text"},{"left":181,"top":366,"width":270,"height":317,"page_number":7,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"YEAR UR N1.5 (ESAL) NP (ESAL) RL (%) 1 9479721,941 302176,9848 96,812 2 9479721,941 617951,9338 93,481 3 9479721,941 947936,7556 90 4 9479721,941 1292770,894 86,363 5 9479721,941 1653122,569 82,561 6 9479721,941 2029690.07 78,589 7 9479721,941 2423203,108 74,438 8 9479721,941 2834424,232 70,1 9 9479721,941 3264150,307 65,567 10 9479721,941 3713214,056 60,83 11 9479721,941 4182485,673 55,88 12 9479721,941 4672874,513 50,707 13 9479721,941 5185330,851 45.301 14 9479721,941 5720847,724 39,652 15 9479721,941 6280462,857 33,748 16 9479721,941 6865260.67 27.58 17 9479721,941 7476374,385 21.133 18 9479721,941 8114988,217 14,396 19 9479721,941 8782339,671 7.3566 20 9479721,941 9479721,941 0","type":"Table"},{"left":141,"top":703,"width":342,"height":11,"page_number":7,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Table 9. Percentage of Planned Lifetime of Overload Based on Bina Marga (1987)","type":"Caption"},{"left":390,"top":50,"width":131,"height":22,"page_number":8,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 98-108, March 2023 e-ISSN: 2775-5592","type":"Page header"},{"left":305,"top":735,"width":18,"height":11,"page_number":8,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"105","type":"Page footer"},{"left":162,"top":91,"width":311,"height":317,"page_number":8,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"YEAR UR N1.5 (ESAL) NP (ESAL) RL (%) 1 9479721,941 706502,1945 92,547 2 9479721,941 1444796,988 84,759 3 9479721,941 2216315,047 76,62 4 9479721,941 3022551,418 68,116 5 9479721,941 3865068,427 59,228 6 9479721,941 4745498,7 49,941 7 9479721,941 5665548,336 40,235 8 9479721,941 6627000,206 30,093 9 9479721,941 7631717,41 19,494 10 9479721,941 8681646,888 8.4188 11 9479721,941 9778823,192 -3.1552 12 9479721,941 10925372,43 -15.25 13 9479721,941 12123516,38 -27,889 14 9479721,941 13375576,82 -41,097 15 9479721,941 14683979.97 -54,899 16 9479721,941 16051261,26 -69,322 17 9479721,941 17480070,21 -84,394 18 9479721,941 18973175,57 -100.14 19 9479721,941 20533470,66 -116.6 20 9479721,941 22163979.03 -133.8","type":"Table"},{"left":106,"top":424,"width":415,"height":23,"page_number":8,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"The following is a comparison of the percentage of settlement under normal conditions with conditions due to actual overloading based on Highways (1987), can be seen in Figure 2 as follows.","type":"Text"},{"left":151,"top":646,"width":352,"height":11,"page_number":8,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Figure 2. Comparison of Depreciation of Planned Age Based on Bina Marga (1987)","type":"Caption"},{"left":106,"top":675,"width":130,"height":11,"page_number":8,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"4.2 NAASRA (2004) Method","type":"Section header"},{"left":106,"top":687,"width":415,"height":47,"page_number":8,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"The design life used is 20 years, before calculating the percentage of the design life in years 1 to 20, the cumulative ESAL at the end of the design life is calculated with a DD value of 0.5 as suggested by AASHTO (1993), which is between 0.3 -0.7 and the DL value is used 1 according to the number of lanes for each lane so the calculation is as follows.","type":"Text"},{"left":185,"top":461,"width":279,"height":171,"page_number":8,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"-150 -125 -100 -75 -50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 P er ce nt ag e of P la nn ed L if et im e % year Kondisi Normal Normal Condition","type":"Picture"},{"left":390,"top":50,"width":131,"height":22,"page_number":9,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 98-108, March 2023 e-ISSN: 2775-5592","type":"Page header"},{"left":305,"top":735,"width":18,"height":11,"page_number":9,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"106","type":"Page footer"},{"left":138,"top":102,"width":348,"height":11,"page_number":9,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Table 10. Percentage of Planned Age Normal Condition Based on NAASRA (2004)","type":"Text"},{"left":148,"top":121,"width":332,"height":610,"page_number":9,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"YEAR UR N1.5 (ESAL) NP (ESAL) RL (%) 1 14564711.36 464266,8415 96.81239 2 14564711.36 949425,6909 93.48133 3 14564711.36 1456416,688 90.00037 4 14564711.36 1986222,281 86.36278 5 14564711.36 2539869,125 82.56149 6 14564711.36 3118430,077 78.58914 7 14564711.36 3723026,272 74.43804 8 14564711.36 4354829,296 70.10013 9 14564711.36 5015063,456 65.56702 10 14564711.36 5705008,153 60.82993 11 14564711.36 6426000,361 55.87966 12 14564711.36 7179437,219 50.70663 13 14564711.36 7966778,735 45.30081 14 14564711.36 8789550,62 39.65173 15 14564711.36 9649347,239 33.74845 16 14564711.36 10547834,71 27.57951 17 14564711.36 11486754,11 21.13298 18 14564711.36 12467924.89 14.39635 19 14564711.36 13493248,35 7.356569 20 14564711.36 14564711.36 0 Table 11. Percentage of Design Life Due to Actual Overload NAASRA (2004) YEAR UR N1.5 (ESAL) NP (ESAL) RL (%) 1 14564711.36 1026957,066 92,949 2 14564711.36 2100127,199 855.807 3 14564711.36 3221589,988 778.809 4 14564711.36 4393518,603 698.345 5 14564711.36 5618184,006 614.261 6 14564711.36 6897959,352 526.392 7 14564711.36 8235324,588 43,457 8 14564711.36 9632871.26 338.616 9 14564711.36 11093307,53 238.343 10 14564711.36 12619463,44 133.559 11 14564711.36 14214296,36 240.592 12 14564711.36 15880896,76 -903.681 13 14564711.36 17622494,18 -209.945 14 14564711.36 19442463,48 -334.902 15 14564711.36 21344331,4 -465.483 16 14564711.36 23331783,38 -60,1939 17 14564711.36 25408670,7 -744.537","type":"Table"},{"left":390,"top":50,"width":131,"height":22,"page_number":10,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 98-108, March 2023 e-ISSN: 2775-5592","type":"Page header"},{"left":305,"top":735,"width":18,"height":11,"page_number":10,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"107","type":"Page footer"},{"left":162,"top":91,"width":304,"height":55,"page_number":10,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"YEAR UR N1.5 (ESAL) NP (ESAL) RL (%) 18 14564711.36 27579017,95 -893.551 19 14564711.36 29847030,82 -104,927 20 14564711.36 32217104,27 -121.2","type":"Table"},{"left":106,"top":160,"width":415,"height":23,"page_number":10,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"The following is a comparison of the percentage of settlement under normal conditions with conditions due to actual overloading based on NAASRA (2004), can be seen in Figure 3 as follows.","type":"Text"},{"left":163,"top":403,"width":325,"height":11,"page_number":10,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Figure 3. Comparison of Decrease in Planned Age Based on NAASRA (2004)","type":"Caption"},{"left":106,"top":426,"width":76,"height":11,"page_number":10,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"5. Conclusions","type":"Section header"},{"left":127,"top":438,"width":394,"height":106,"page_number":10,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"The actual percentage of overload on the Koti road, Jayapura was obtained for class 6a of 81.06%, class 6b of 43.13%, and class 7a of 40.42%. Actual overload in the field can result in an increase in the cumulative VDF value, based on the Bina Marga (1987) method, an increase in cumulative VDF due to actual overload in the field is 133.8%, while based on the NAASRA method (2004) it is 121.2%. Decreasing of the design life due to actual overload in the field, based on the method of Highways (1987) obtained a decrease in the design life of 9.273 years or a decrease of 46.365% from the design life of 20 years, while based on the NAASRA method (2004) a decrease in the design life of 8.7898 years was obtained. decreased by 43.949% from the planned age of 20 years.","type":"Text"},{"left":106,"top":569,"width":51,"height":11,"page_number":10,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"References","type":"Section header"},{"left":106,"top":587,"width":415,"height":25,"page_number":10,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"[1] S. P. Hadiwardoyo, “Evaluation of the addition of short coconut fibers on the characteristics of asphalt mixtures,” vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 63–74, 2013.","type":"List item"},{"left":106,"top":613,"width":415,"height":38,"page_number":10,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"[2] S. Bhandari, X. Luo, and F. 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Samad, “Overdimensi Dan Overloading Lalu Lintas Kendaraan Angkutan Barang Melalui Suatu Uji Penimbangan Kendaraan Bermotor Di Maccopa Kabupaten Maros Overdimension,” 2019.","type":"List item"},{"left":106,"top":440,"width":415,"height":38,"page_number":11,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"[13] Y. Chen et al. , “Investigating factors affecting road freight overloading through the integrated use of BLR and CART: A case study in China,” Transport , vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 236–246, 2020, doi: 10.3846/transport.2020.12635.","type":"List item"},{"left":106,"top":479,"width":416,"height":77,"page_number":11,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"[14] A. Sandhyavitri, I. Talha, M. Fauzi, and ..., “Managing construction risks of the toll road project in Indonesia,” International Journal on … . researchgate.net, 2017. [Online]. 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Jiao, “Development of polyurethane-based solid-solid phase change materials for cooling asphalt pavements,” Energy Build. , vol. 259, p. 111873, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2022.111873.","type":"List item"},{"left":106,"top":622,"width":416,"height":50,"page_number":11,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"[17] O. E. Gungor and I. L. Al-Qadi, “All for one: Centralized optimization of truck platoons to improve roadway infrastructure sustainability,” Transp. Res. Part C Emerg. Technol. , vol. 114, no. January, pp. 84–98, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.trc.2020.02.002.","type":"List item"},{"left":390,"top":50,"width":131,"height":22,"page_number":12,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 98-108, March 2023 e-ISSN: 2775-5592","type":"Page header"},{"left":305,"top":735,"width":18,"height":11,"page_number":12,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"109","type":"Page footer"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"left\": 390,\n \"top\": 50,\n \"width\": 131,\n \"height\": 22,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 98-108, March 2023 e-ISSN: 2775-5592\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 307,\n \"top\": 735,\n \"width\": 13,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"98\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 114,\n \"top\": 102,\n \"width\": 400,\n \"height\": 51,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"THE EFFECT OF OVERLOAD ON THE DESIGN OF LIFE OF ROAD PAVEMENT (CASE STUDY: KOTI ROAD, JAYAPURA CITY)\",\n \"type\": \"Title\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 126,\n \"top\": 166,\n \"width\": 369,\n \"height\": 23,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Kurnia Hadi Putra 1 , Ita Suhermin Ingsih 2 , Theresia Maria Candra Agusdini 3 , Mila Kusuma Wardani 4 , Felicia Tria Nuciferani 5 , Muhammad Exchel Cakra Putra 6\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 126,\n \"top\": 195,\n \"width\": 388,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"1,3,4,5,6 Civil Engineering Department, Adhi Tama Institute of Technology Surabaya, Indonesia\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 126,\n \"top\": 207,\n \"width\": 330,\n \"height\": 34,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"2 Civil Engineering Department, University of Islam Malang, Malang Indonesia e-mail: kurnia_putra@itats.ac.id\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 126,\n \"top\": 265,\n \"width\": 56,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"ABSTRACT\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 126,\n \"top\": 277,\n \"width\": 393,\n \"height\": 166,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"The roads hold a vital role in the transportation system in the Province of Papua, especially in the Jayapura area. However, real road conditions often experience a decrease in performance (damage) due to construction failures or deviant utilization. On Koti Road in Jayapura, sometimes vehicles passing it do not match the maximum permissible load. Consequently, excessive loading on the pavement can directly affect the design life of a road section. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the percentages of actual overload on each vehicle class, the increase in the cumulative VDF value, and the decrease in the design life on Koti Road, Jayapura. The research results indicated that the actual overload on Koti Road, Jayapura, obtained 81.06% for group 6a, 43.13% for group 6b, and 40.42% for group 7a. According to the Bina Marga method (1987), the cumulative VDF value increased by 133.8% due to actual excessive load in the field, while based on the NAASRA method (2004), it was 121.2%. In terms of the actual overload effects, the design life decreased by 9,273 years, or 46,365%, from the 20-year design life using the Bina Marga (1987) method, while based on the NAASRA (2004) method, the decrease in design life was 8.7898 years, or 43.949%, from the 20-year life plan.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 126,\n \"top\": 456,\n \"width\": 396,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Keywords: Importance Performance Analysis, Facility Feasibility, Field Show Terminal\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 492,\n \"width\": 79,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"1. Introduction\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 504,\n \"width\": 416,\n \"height\": 106,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Roads are land transportation infrastructure covering all parts of the road, including buildings and equipment intended for modes of transportation, which are on the ground, below the ground, and above the water, except for railroads, lorry roads, and cable roads. Road highway moments often have damage in a relatively very short time (early damage)[1][2] for both newly constructed roads and newly repaired roads (overlays) [3][4][5][6]. Some research results have done the main cause of road damage are execution quality, drainage, and from a vehicle load that exceeds the provisions (overloading) [7][8][9][10]. The ability of a road pavement structure will experience a decrease in the function of the structure and this decrease will be proportional to the increasing age of the pavement and the increasing traffic load that passes on the road.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 611,\n \"width\": 415,\n \"height\": 95,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"At the location under review, the traffic load is quite heavy and allows vehicles to experience overloading [11][12][13] which can result in road damage and reduce the design life of the road. Through this research, it is hoped that the authors will find out the value of the reduced design life [14][15][16] so that they can provide solutions for road damage that occurs. The area under review is Koti Road with a 2/2 UD road type and the function of a Secondary Artery Road which is an important road section in the business and industrial area. This resulted in heavy/large vehicles crossing the road so that the road conditions suffered road damage [17]. Vehicles that pass through Koti Road and are stuck in traffic jams will certainly burden the road.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 390,\n \"top\": 50,\n \"width\": 131,\n \"height\": 22,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 98-108, March 2023 e-ISSN: 2775-5592\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 307,\n \"top\": 735,\n \"width\": 13,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"99\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 90,\n \"width\": 61,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"2. Methods\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 101,\n \"width\": 415,\n \"height\": 24,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Steps in analyzing the Effect of Overload on the Planned Life of Road Paving on Jl. Koti Kota Jayapura is as follows:\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 256,\n \"top\": 466,\n \"width\": 115,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Figure 1 . Step of Research\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 495,\n \"width\": 85,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"2.1. Research sites\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 507,\n \"width\": 416,\n \"height\": 77,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"The location of the study area is needed to collect some information about the area and environment where or the location of the research. For this reason, data collection is made directly or indirectly. What is meant by direct data collection is observation and direct measurement carried out in the field. And what is meant indirect data collection is data collection from agencies or officials related to the procurement of data to help fulfill and complete the data. Data collection at the location on Jalan Koti, Jayapura City.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 390,\n \"top\": 50,\n \"width\": 131,\n \"height\": 22,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 98-108, March 2023 e-ISSN: 2775-5592\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 305,\n \"top\": 735,\n \"width\": 18,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"100\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 242,\n \"top\": 248,\n \"width\": 143,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Figure 2. Research Location Map\",\n \"type\": \"Caption\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 272,\n \"width\": 134,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"2.2. Data collection technique\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 284,\n \"width\": 415,\n \"height\": 34,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"A study requires several sources of data to be used as material for analysis in completing a study. In this study, there were 2 sources of data, namely primary data and secondary data. For the primary data itself in the form of:\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 126,\n \"top\": 319,\n \"width\": 395,\n \"height\": 24,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \" Road width and length data. The results of observations in the field obtained a road length of 1400 m and a width of 8 m (2/2 UD).\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 126,\n \"top\": 343,\n \"width\": 316,\n \"height\": 13,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \" LHR survey at the study site with an interval of 15 minutes for 24 hours.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 126,\n \"top\": 356,\n \"width\": 157,\n \"height\": 13,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \" Damaged Road Condition Survey.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 126,\n \"top\": 369,\n \"width\": 395,\n \"height\": 24,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \" Documentation of the area that is reviewed when large vehicles pass and when there is a traffic jam caused by an anchored ship.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 126,\n \"top\": 394,\n \"width\": 156,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"As for secondary data in the form of:\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 126,\n \"top\": 405,\n \"width\": 258,\n \"height\": 13,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \" Vehicle weight data obtained from PT. Pelindo 4 Jayapura.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 126,\n \"top\": 418,\n \"width\": 327,\n \"height\": 13,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \" Location images obtained via the internet or more details via Google maps.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 431,\n \"width\": 127,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"2.3. Data analysis technique\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 443,\n \"width\": 416,\n \"height\": 51,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Data processing for this research is the analytical method using the 1987 Bina Marga method. Data analysis is one of the factors that influence the success of research. Correct data analysis, using a method of calculating the correct data, will produce results that can be accounted for. The stages of data analysis for this study are as follows:\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 133,\n \"top\": 494,\n \"width\": 382,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \" Calculating the percentage of actual overload on each vehicle using the equation:\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 166,\n \"top\": 511,\n \"width\": 298,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Persentase 𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = x 100% ..................(1)\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 133,\n \"top\": 537,\n \"width\": 389,\n \"height\": 26,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \" Calculating the increase in the value of VDF due to overloading uses the equation from Highways:\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 166,\n \"top\": 567,\n \"width\": 296,\n \"height\": 66,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Single Axis = ( ) ........................................................................ (2) Double Axis = 0,086 ( ) ...........................................................(3) Triple Axis = 0,031 ( ) ...............................................................(4)\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 146,\n \"top\": 646,\n \"width\": 376,\n \"height\": 25,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Calculating the magnitude of the increase in the VDF value due to overloading using the equation from NAASRA[5]:\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 165,\n \"top\": 684,\n \"width\": 312,\n \"height\": 39,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Single Axis, Single Wheel = ( ) ...................................................(5) Single Axis, Double Wheel = ( ) ......................................................(6)\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 390,\n \"top\": 50,\n \"width\": 131,\n \"height\": 22,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 98-108, March 2023 e-ISSN: 2775-5592\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 305,\n \"top\": 735,\n \"width\": 18,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"101\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 165,\n \"top\": 93,\n \"width\": 324,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Double Axis, Double Wheel = ( ) .......................................................(7)\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 117,\n \"width\": 415,\n \"height\": 23,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"After the normal VDF and VDF values due to overload are obtained, proceed with finding the cumulative VDF value using the following equation.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 161,\n \"top\": 150,\n \"width\": 310,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"VDF Cumulative = Total 𝑛 per Yearx 𝑉𝐷𝐹 n ...........................................(8)\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 133,\n \"top\": 171,\n \"width\": 315,\n \"height\": 13,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \" Calculating the value of the decline in the design life using the equation:\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 166,\n \"top\": 188,\n \"width\": 323,\n \"height\": 16,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"𝑅𝑙 = 100[1 − , ] .....................................................................................(9)\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 252,\n \"width\": 119,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"3. Result and Discussion\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 264,\n \"width\": 415,\n \"height\": 37,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"3.1 Daily Traffic Volume and Traffic Growth Factor Daily traffic volume uses data in 2022 obtained from survey results and for daily traffic volume in 2022 as follows.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 145,\n \"top\": 311,\n \"width\": 329,\n \"height\": 189,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Table 1. Traffic Volumes No Vehicle Class LHR 2022 (Vehicle/day) Number of Vehicles Per Year (2022) 1 Type 1 17979 6562335 2 Type 2 5314 1939610 3 Type 3 1509 550785 4 Type 4 334 121910 5 Type 5a 12 4380 6 Type 5b 10 3650 7 Type 6a 429 156585 8 Type 6b 205 74825 9 Type 7a 240 87600 10 Type 7b 0 0 11 Type 7c 0 0 Total 26032 9953010\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 521,\n \"width\": 415,\n \"height\": 25,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"The traffic growth factor for Jalan Koti, Jayapura is taken from the 2017 Pavement Design Manual, which is equal to 4.75%.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 560,\n \"width\": 200,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"3.2 Data on Number of Overloaded Vehicles\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 572,\n \"width\": 415,\n \"height\": 23,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Vehicle weight data were obtained from PT. Pelindo 4, Jayapura City, Papua Province. The number of overloaded vehicles can be seen as follows.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 601,\n \"width\": 365,\n \"height\": 128,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Table 2. Number of Overloaded Vehicles No. Vehicle Number of Overloaded Vehicles per day (2022) Number of Overloaded Vehicles per year (2022) 1 Type 6a 351 128115 2 Type 6b 91 33215 3 Type 7a 97 35405 3.3 Vehicle Damage Factor (VDF) 3.3.1 Bina Marga Method 1987\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 390,\n \"top\": 50,\n \"width\": 131,\n \"height\": 22,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 98-108, March 2023 e-ISSN: 2775-5592\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 305,\n \"top\": 735,\n \"width\": 18,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"102\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 90,\n \"width\": 412,\n \"height\": 22,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"The cumulative VDF calculation recapitulation under normal conditions based on Bina Marga (1987) can be seen in Table 3 as follows.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 136,\n \"top\": 125,\n \"width\": 356,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Table 3. Analysis VDF Cumulative Normal Conditions Based on Bina Marga (1987)\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 149,\n \"top\": 149,\n \"width\": 336,\n \"height\": 188,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"No. Vehicle Number of Vehicles per Year Normal VDF Normal Cumulative VDF 1 Type 2 1939610 0.0005 969,805 2 Type 3 550785 0.2177 119905,8945 3 Type 4 121910 0.2177 26539,807 4 Type 5a 4380 0.2177 953,526 5 Type 5b 3650 0.3006 1097,19 6 Type 6a 156585 0.2177 34088,5545 7 Type 6b 74825 24.141 1.806.350.325 8 Type 7a 87600 27.416 240164,16 9 Type 7b 0 39.088 0 10 Type 7c 0 41.479 0 Total 604353,9695\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 351,\n \"width\": 415,\n \"height\": 23,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"The recapitulation of the cumulative VDF calculation results due to actual overloading based on Highways (1987) can be seen in Table 5 as follows.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 150,\n \"top\": 387,\n \"width\": 327,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Table 5 VDF Cumulative Due to Actual Overload Based on Bina Marga (1987)\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 141,\n \"top\": 405,\n \"width\": 349,\n \"height\": 159,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"No. Vehicle Number of Vehicles per Year VDF overload VDF Cumulative overload 1 Type 2 1939610 0.0005 969,805 2 Type 3 550785 0.2177 119905,8945 3 Type 4 121910 0.2177 26539,807 4 Type 5a 4380 0.2177 953,526 5 Type 5b 3650 0.3006 1097,19 6 Type 6a 156585 2.3379 305717,9775 7 Type 6b 74825 10.1233 436696,1105 8 Type 7a 87600 10.6772 521124,078 9 Type 7b 0 3.9088 0 10 Type 7c 0 4.1479 0 Total 1413004,389\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 126,\n \"top\": 577,\n \"width\": 359,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"From the previous calculations Table 4 and Table 5 the following results are obtained.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 146,\n \"top\": 597,\n \"width\": 267,\n \"height\": 23,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Cumulative VDF under normal conditions = 604353,9695 VDF cumulative condition due to overload = 1413004,389\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 126,\n \"top\": 630,\n \"width\": 275,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Based on the analysis, the increase in VDF is obtained as follows.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 146,\n \"top\": 650,\n \"width\": 340,\n \"height\": 35,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"VDF upgrade = Total VDF cumulative overload – Total VDF normal cumulative = 1413004,389 - 604353,9695 = 808650,4195\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 126,\n \"top\": 695,\n \"width\": 300,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"The percentage of cumulative VDF due to actual overload is as follows.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 390,\n \"top\": 50,\n \"width\": 131,\n \"height\": 22,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 98-108, March 2023 e-ISSN: 2775-5592\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 305,\n \"top\": 735,\n \"width\": 18,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"103\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 152,\n \"top\": 90,\n \"width\": 340,\n \"height\": 54,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Cumulative VDF percentage increase = Increasing in VDF Total VDF normal cumulative x100% = , , 𝑥100% = 133,8%\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 155,\n \"width\": 415,\n \"height\": 47,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Based on the calculation above, the percentage increase is obtained VDF cumulative due to actual overloading of 133.8%, meaning that overloading on heavy vehicles can affect the cumulative VDF. This is because the more the load increases, the total weight of the vehicle increases which causes an increase in the VDF value.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 227,\n \"width\": 139,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"3.3.2 NAASRA (2004) Method\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 126,\n \"top\": 239,\n \"width\": 372,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Analysis of the cumulative VDF calculation under normal conditions based on NAASRA\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 250,\n \"width\": 171,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"(2004) can be seen in Table 6 as follows.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 159,\n \"top\": 271,\n \"width\": 306,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Table 6. VDF Cumulative Normal Conditions Based on NAASRA (2004)\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 147,\n \"top\": 294,\n \"width\": 337,\n \"height\": 163,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"No. Vehicle Number of Vehicles per Year Normal VDF Normal Cumulative VDF 1 Type 2 1939610 0.0024 4655,064 2 Type 3 550785 0.2738 150804,933 3 Type 4 121910 0.2738 26539,807 4 Type 5a 4380 0.2738 1199,244 5 Type 5b 3650 0.3785 1381,525 6 Type 6a 156585 0.2738 42872,973 7 Type 6b 74825 3.0391 227400,657 8 Type 7a 87600 5.4073 473679.48 9 Type 7b 0 4.8062 0 10 Type 7c 0 8.8394 0 Total 928533,683\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 471,\n \"width\": 415,\n \"height\": 22,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Analysis of the cumulative VDF calculation results due to actual overloading based on NAASRA (2004) can be seen in Table 7 on the following page.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 150,\n \"top\": 503,\n \"width\": 325,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Table 7. VDF Cumulative Due to Actual Overload Based on NAASRA (2004)\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 146,\n \"top\": 525,\n \"width\": 338,\n \"height\": 200,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"No. Vehicle Number of Vehicles per Year Normal VDF Normal Cumulative VDF 1 Type 2 1939610 0.0024 4655,064 2 Type 3 550785 0.2738 150804,933 3 Type 4 121910 0.2738 26539,807 4 Type 5a 4380 0.2738 1199,244 5 Type 5b 3650 0.3785 1381,525 6 Type 6a 156585 2.2163 291736,3605 7 Type 6b 74825 12.7444 549762.197 8 Type 7a 87600 21.0592 1027835 9 Type 7b 0 4.8062 0 10 Type 7c 0 8.8394 0 Total 2053914,131 From the previous calculations, the following results were obtained. Cumulative VDF under normal conditions = 928533,683\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 390,\n \"top\": 50,\n \"width\": 131,\n \"height\": 22,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 98-108, March 2023 e-ISSN: 2775-5592\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 305,\n \"top\": 735,\n \"width\": 18,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"104\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 146,\n \"top\": 90,\n \"width\": 180,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"VDF cumulative condition due to overload\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 343,\n \"top\": 90,\n \"width\": 70,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"= 2053914,131\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 146,\n \"top\": 101,\n \"width\": 340,\n \"height\": 35,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"The analysis obtained an increase in VDF as follows VDF upgrade = Total VDF cumulative overload – Total VDF normal cumulative = 2053914,131 – 928533,683 = 1125380,448\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 146,\n \"top\": 149,\n \"width\": 310,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"So the percentage of cumulative VDF due to actual overload is as follows.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 152,\n \"top\": 173,\n \"width\": 340,\n \"height\": 54,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Cumulative VDF percentage increase = Increasing in VDF Total VDF normal cumulative x100% = , , x100% = 121,2%\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 227,\n \"width\": 415,\n \"height\": 46,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Based on the calculation above, the percentage increase is obtained VDF cumulative due to actual overloading of 121.2%, meaning that overloading on heavy vehicles can affect the cumulative VDF. This is because the more the load increases, the total weight of the vehicle increases which causes an increase in the VDF value.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 287,\n \"width\": 114,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"4. Decreasing Plan Age\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 299,\n \"width\": 139,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"4.1 Bina Marga 1987 Method\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 311,\n \"width\": 415,\n \"height\": 23,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"The plan age used is 20 years, before calculating the percentage of plan age in the 1st to 20th years, the cumulative ESAL is calculated first at the end of the plan life.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 132,\n \"top\": 347,\n \"width\": 363,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Table 8. Percentage of Planned Age in Normal Condition Based on Bina Marga (1987)\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 181,\n \"top\": 366,\n \"width\": 270,\n \"height\": 317,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"YEAR UR N1.5 (ESAL) NP (ESAL) RL (%) 1 9479721,941 302176,9848 96,812 2 9479721,941 617951,9338 93,481 3 9479721,941 947936,7556 90 4 9479721,941 1292770,894 86,363 5 9479721,941 1653122,569 82,561 6 9479721,941 2029690.07 78,589 7 9479721,941 2423203,108 74,438 8 9479721,941 2834424,232 70,1 9 9479721,941 3264150,307 65,567 10 9479721,941 3713214,056 60,83 11 9479721,941 4182485,673 55,88 12 9479721,941 4672874,513 50,707 13 9479721,941 5185330,851 45.301 14 9479721,941 5720847,724 39,652 15 9479721,941 6280462,857 33,748 16 9479721,941 6865260.67 27.58 17 9479721,941 7476374,385 21.133 18 9479721,941 8114988,217 14,396 19 9479721,941 8782339,671 7.3566 20 9479721,941 9479721,941 0\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 141,\n \"top\": 703,\n \"width\": 342,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Table 9. Percentage of Planned Lifetime of Overload Based on Bina Marga (1987)\",\n \"type\": \"Caption\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 390,\n \"top\": 50,\n \"width\": 131,\n \"height\": 22,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 98-108, March 2023 e-ISSN: 2775-5592\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 305,\n \"top\": 735,\n \"width\": 18,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"105\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 162,\n \"top\": 91,\n \"width\": 311,\n \"height\": 317,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"YEAR UR N1.5 (ESAL) NP (ESAL) RL (%) 1 9479721,941 706502,1945 92,547 2 9479721,941 1444796,988 84,759 3 9479721,941 2216315,047 76,62 4 9479721,941 3022551,418 68,116 5 9479721,941 3865068,427 59,228 6 9479721,941 4745498,7 49,941 7 9479721,941 5665548,336 40,235 8 9479721,941 6627000,206 30,093 9 9479721,941 7631717,41 19,494 10 9479721,941 8681646,888 8.4188 11 9479721,941 9778823,192 -3.1552 12 9479721,941 10925372,43 -15.25 13 9479721,941 12123516,38 -27,889 14 9479721,941 13375576,82 -41,097 15 9479721,941 14683979.97 -54,899 16 9479721,941 16051261,26 -69,322 17 9479721,941 17480070,21 -84,394 18 9479721,941 18973175,57 -100.14 19 9479721,941 20533470,66 -116.6 20 9479721,941 22163979.03 -133.8\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 424,\n \"width\": 415,\n \"height\": 23,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"The following is a comparison of the percentage of settlement under normal conditions with conditions due to actual overloading based on Highways (1987), can be seen in Figure 2 as follows.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 151,\n \"top\": 646,\n \"width\": 352,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Figure 2. Comparison of Depreciation of Planned Age Based on Bina Marga (1987)\",\n \"type\": \"Caption\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 675,\n \"width\": 130,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"4.2 NAASRA (2004) Method\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 687,\n \"width\": 415,\n \"height\": 47,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"The design life used is 20 years, before calculating the percentage of the design life in years 1 to 20, the cumulative ESAL at the end of the design life is calculated with a DD value of 0.5 as suggested by AASHTO (1993), which is between 0.3 -0.7 and the DL value is used 1 according to the number of lanes for each lane so the calculation is as follows.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 185,\n \"top\": 461,\n \"width\": 279,\n \"height\": 171,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"-150 -125 -100 -75 -50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 P er ce nt ag e of P la nn ed L if et im e % year Kondisi Normal Normal Condition\",\n \"type\": \"Picture\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 390,\n \"top\": 50,\n \"width\": 131,\n \"height\": 22,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 98-108, March 2023 e-ISSN: 2775-5592\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 305,\n \"top\": 735,\n \"width\": 18,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"106\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 138,\n \"top\": 102,\n \"width\": 348,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Table 10. Percentage of Planned Age Normal Condition Based on NAASRA (2004)\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 148,\n \"top\": 121,\n \"width\": 332,\n \"height\": 610,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"YEAR UR N1.5 (ESAL) NP (ESAL) RL (%) 1 14564711.36 464266,8415 96.81239 2 14564711.36 949425,6909 93.48133 3 14564711.36 1456416,688 90.00037 4 14564711.36 1986222,281 86.36278 5 14564711.36 2539869,125 82.56149 6 14564711.36 3118430,077 78.58914 7 14564711.36 3723026,272 74.43804 8 14564711.36 4354829,296 70.10013 9 14564711.36 5015063,456 65.56702 10 14564711.36 5705008,153 60.82993 11 14564711.36 6426000,361 55.87966 12 14564711.36 7179437,219 50.70663 13 14564711.36 7966778,735 45.30081 14 14564711.36 8789550,62 39.65173 15 14564711.36 9649347,239 33.74845 16 14564711.36 10547834,71 27.57951 17 14564711.36 11486754,11 21.13298 18 14564711.36 12467924.89 14.39635 19 14564711.36 13493248,35 7.356569 20 14564711.36 14564711.36 0 Table 11. Percentage of Design Life Due to Actual Overload NAASRA (2004) YEAR UR N1.5 (ESAL) NP (ESAL) RL (%) 1 14564711.36 1026957,066 92,949 2 14564711.36 2100127,199 855.807 3 14564711.36 3221589,988 778.809 4 14564711.36 4393518,603 698.345 5 14564711.36 5618184,006 614.261 6 14564711.36 6897959,352 526.392 7 14564711.36 8235324,588 43,457 8 14564711.36 9632871.26 338.616 9 14564711.36 11093307,53 238.343 10 14564711.36 12619463,44 133.559 11 14564711.36 14214296,36 240.592 12 14564711.36 15880896,76 -903.681 13 14564711.36 17622494,18 -209.945 14 14564711.36 19442463,48 -334.902 15 14564711.36 21344331,4 -465.483 16 14564711.36 23331783,38 -60,1939 17 14564711.36 25408670,7 -744.537\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 390,\n \"top\": 50,\n \"width\": 131,\n \"height\": 22,\n \"page_number\": 10,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 98-108, March 2023 e-ISSN: 2775-5592\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 305,\n \"top\": 735,\n \"width\": 18,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 10,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"107\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 162,\n \"top\": 91,\n \"width\": 304,\n \"height\": 55,\n \"page_number\": 10,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"YEAR UR N1.5 (ESAL) NP (ESAL) RL (%) 18 14564711.36 27579017,95 -893.551 19 14564711.36 29847030,82 -104,927 20 14564711.36 32217104,27 -121.2\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 160,\n \"width\": 415,\n \"height\": 23,\n \"page_number\": 10,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"The following is a comparison of the percentage of settlement under normal conditions with conditions due to actual overloading based on NAASRA (2004), can be seen in Figure 3 as follows.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 163,\n \"top\": 403,\n \"width\": 325,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 10,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Figure 3. Comparison of Decrease in Planned Age Based on NAASRA (2004)\",\n \"type\": \"Caption\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 426,\n \"width\": 76,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 10,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"5. Conclusions\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 127,\n \"top\": 438,\n \"width\": 394,\n \"height\": 106,\n \"page_number\": 10,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"The actual percentage of overload on the Koti road, Jayapura was obtained for class 6a of 81.06%, class 6b of 43.13%, and class 7a of 40.42%. Actual overload in the field can result in an increase in the cumulative VDF value, based on the Bina Marga (1987) method, an increase in cumulative VDF due to actual overload in the field is 133.8%, while based on the NAASRA method (2004) it is 121.2%. Decreasing of the design life due to actual overload in the field, based on the method of Highways (1987) obtained a decrease in the design life of 9.273 years or a decrease of 46.365% from the design life of 20 years, while based on the NAASRA method (2004) a decrease in the design life of 8.7898 years was obtained. decreased by 43.949% from the planned age of 20 years.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 569,\n \"width\": 51,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 10,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"References\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 587,\n \"width\": 415,\n \"height\": 25,\n \"page_number\": 10,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"[1] S. P. 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Available: http://repository.untag- sby.ac.id/id/eprint/10488%0Ahttp://repository.untag-sby.ac.id/10488/3/BAB 2.pdf\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 690,\n \"width\": 416,\n \"height\": 38,\n \"page_number\": 10,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"[4] E. Rizkiawan, A. Setiawan, and S. J. Legowo, “Perencanaan Tebal Lapis Tambah ( Overlay ) Metode Pd T-05-2005-B Dan Metode SDPJL Pada Ruas Jalan,” E-Jurnal MatriksTeknik Sipil. Univ. Sebel. Maret. Surakarta. , pp. 623–631, 2017.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 171,\n \"top\": 199,\n \"width\": 311,\n \"height\": 192,\n \"page_number\": 10,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"-150 -125 -100 -75 -50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 P er se nt as e U m u r R en ca na % Tahun Ke - Kondisi Normal Akibah Muatan Berlebih Aktual Normal Condt. Due to Actual Overload Years To-\",\n \"type\": \"Picture\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 390,\n \"top\": 50,\n \"width\": 131,\n \"height\": 22,\n \"page_number\": 11,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 98-108, March 2023 e-ISSN: 2775-5592\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 305,\n \"top\": 735,\n \"width\": 18,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 11,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"108\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 90,\n \"width\": 415,\n \"height\": 38,\n \"page_number\": 11,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"[5] D. Wahyudi, P. Pratomo, and H. 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Procedia , vol. 50, pp. 86–95, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.trpro.2020.10.011.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 297,\n \"width\": 415,\n \"height\": 38,\n \"page_number\": 11,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"[10] P. Delhomme and A. Gheorghiu, “Perceived stress, mental health, organizational factors, and self-reported risky driving behaviors among truck drivers circulating in France,” J. Safety Res. , vol. 79, pp. 341–351, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.jsr.2021.10.001.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 336,\n \"width\": 415,\n \"height\": 64,\n \"page_number\": 11,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"[11] G. I. Simanjuntak, A. Pramusetyo, B. Riyanto, and Supriyono, “Analisis Pengaruh Muatan Lebih (Overloading) Terhadap Kinerja Jalan dan Umur Rencana Perkerasan Lentur (Studi Kasus Ruas Jalan Raya Pringsurat, Ambarawa-Magelang),” J. Karya Tek. Sipil. Univ. Diponegoro. 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Available: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ari-Sandhyavitri- 3/publication/320748595_Managing_Construction_Risks_of_the_Toll_Road_Projec t_in_Indonesia/links/5a7e8ec1a6fdcc0d4ba834d6/Managing-Construction-Risks-of- the-Toll-Road-Project-in-Indonesia.pdf\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 557,\n \"width\": 416,\n \"height\": 25,\n \"page_number\": 11,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"[15] A. Sha et al. , “Advances and development trends in eco-friendly pavements,” J. Road Eng. , vol. 1, no. October, pp. 1–42, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.jreng.2021.12.002.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 583,\n \"width\": 416,\n \"height\": 38,\n \"page_number\": 11,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"[16] A. Sha, J. Zhang, M. Jia, W. Jiang, and W. Jiao, “Development of polyurethane-based solid-solid phase change materials for cooling asphalt pavements,” Energy Build. , vol. 259, p. 111873, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2022.111873.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 622,\n \"width\": 416,\n \"height\": 50,\n \"page_number\": 11,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"[17] O. E. Gungor and I. L. Al-Qadi, “All for one: Centralized optimization of truck platoons to improve roadway infrastructure sustainability,” Transp. Res. Part C Emerg. Technol. , vol. 114, no. January, pp. 84–98, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.trc.2020.02.002.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 390,\n \"top\": 50,\n \"width\": 131,\n \"height\": 22,\n \"page_number\": 12,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 98-108, March 2023 e-ISSN: 2775-5592\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 305,\n \"top\": 735,\n \"width\": 18,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 12,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"109\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n }\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":195,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"string","value":"8f442cbe-560f-3a2f-a1fe-732fb43dc970"},"url":{"kind":"string","value":"http://journal.unublitar.ac.id/ilkomnika/index.php/ilkomnika/article/download/16/6"},"data":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"left":85,"top":38,"width":254,"height":8,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"ILKOMNIKA: Journal of Computer Science and Applied Informatics","type":"Page header"},{"left":453,"top":38,"width":74,"height":8,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"E-ISSN: 2715-2731","type":"Page header"},{"left":85,"top":50,"width":171,"height":8,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Vol. 1, No. 2, Desember 2019, Halaman 30-38","type":"Page header"},{"left":514,"top":49,"width":11,"height":10,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"30","type":"Page header"},{"left":85,"top":788,"width":213,"height":9,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"https://doi.org/10.28926/ilkomnika.v1i2.16","type":"Page footer"},{"left":366,"top":788,"width":183,"height":9,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"http://journal.unublitar.ac.id/ilkomnika","type":"Page footer"},{"left":85,"top":94,"width":436,"height":34,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Simulasi Pertumbuhan Scalable Business Process Model pada ERP Pondok Pesantren berbasis Production Rule Cellular Automata","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":143,"width":282,"height":12,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Siti Muslihaeny 1,* , Muhammad Ainul Yaqin 2 , Syahiduz Zaman 3","type":"Text"},{"left":87,"top":166,"width":327,"height":8,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Jurusan Teknik Informatika, Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim, Indonesia","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":174,"width":160,"height":10,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"1 heny.rr@yahoo.com, 2 yaqinov@gmail.com","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":186,"width":86,"height":8,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"* corresponding author","type":"Picture"},{"left":267,"top":537,"width":96,"height":11,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"PENDAHULUAN","type":"Section header"},{"left":85,"top":551,"width":443,"height":218,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Proses bisnis merupakan salah satu elemen penting dari sebuah enterprise . Semakin baik proses bisnis maka semakin baik pula enterprise tersebut [1]. Peningkatan kapasitas produksi dalam enterprise dapat menjadi penyebab peningkatan proses produksi dan proses bisnis. Peningkatan kapasistas produksi dan proses bisnis dapat diprediksi menggunakan simulasi pertumbuhan proses bisnis. Namun, simulasi pertumbuhan proses bisnis harus disesuaikan kembali dengan kebutuhan enterprise . Contoh kebutuhan enterprise yang menjadi pemicu tumbuhnya proses bisnis pada studi kasus Pondok Pesantren yaitu pertambahan jumlah santri dan kurikulum, sehingga memicu adanya penambahan kelas, penambahan jam mata pelajaran dan lain sebagainya. Pada penelitian ini, terdapat beberapa rumusan masalah yaitu bagaimana membuat pola dan mensimulasikan pertumbuhan scalable business process model pada ERP Pondok Pesantren menggunakan Production Rule Cellular Automata serta menghitung keakuratan pola pertumbuhan tersebut . Simulasi pertumbuhan proses bisnis dapat dilakukan apabila proses bisnis tersebut scalable , artinya proses bisnis yang memiliki kemampuan untuk tumbuh. Rumus yang digunakan untuk mengukur proses bisnis scalable dengan perhitungan scalability . Nilai scalability sendiri dapat diukur dengan perhitungan kemiripan workflow dan skala model proses bisnis. Nilai","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":232,"width":78,"height":8,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"A R T I K E L I N F O","type":"Picture"},{"left":227,"top":232,"width":54,"height":9,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"A B S T R A K","type":"Section header"},{"left":85,"top":262,"width":45,"height":6,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Article history","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":272,"width":89,"height":26,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Diterima: 15 Oktober 2019 Direvisi: 5 November 2019 Diterbitkan: 30 Desember 2019","type":"Table"},{"left":227,"top":261,"width":294,"height":262,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mensimulasi scalable business process model dari ERP Pondok Pesantren guna mendapatkan variasi proses bisnis yang mungkin terjadi menggunakan teori Production Rule Cellular Automata . Inputan untuk sistem ini adalah model proses bisnis dari empat tipe Pondok Pesantren yang dimodelkan menggunakan Petri net berupa file PNML. Parameter yang digunakan untuk mensimulasikan pertumbuhan proses bisnis adalah scalability . Scalability / skalabilitas adalah potensi proses bisnis untuk tumbuh atau kemampuan pertumbuhan dari proses bisnis. Nilai scalability dapat diukur dengan perhitungan kemiripan workflow dan skala model proses bisnis. Pertumbuhan proses bisnis terjadi pada model A dengan pembanding model B. Syarat untuk dapat terjadi pertumbuhan pada proses bisnis yaitu complexity model A harus lebih kecil daripada model B. Pola pertumbuhan proses bisnis dilakukan secara random dengan dua pembobotan yaitu secara percabangan dan sequence . Pertumbuhan berhenti jika scalabiltiy pada nilai “>=0” dan “<1” Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa sistem mampu melakukan simulasi pertumbuhan pada file PNML yang ditandai dengan nilai recent scalability lebih kecil dibandingkan scalability awal. Kemudian output sistem adalah file PNML hasil dari simulasi pertumbuhan proses bisnis dengan pertumbuhan elemen baru. Berdasarkan hasil pengujian dari segi nilai scalability , penelitian terbukti berhasil dengan fakta penurunan nilai scalability .","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":330,"width":32,"height":6,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Keywords","type":"Section header"},{"left":85,"top":340,"width":103,"height":56,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Proses Bisnis Pondok Pesantren Model Petri Net Control Flow Complexity Scalability, Simulasi Pertumbuhan Proses Bisni Production Rule Cellular Automata.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":40,"width":74,"height":8,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"E-ISSN: 2715-2731","type":"Page header"},{"left":179,"top":40,"width":251,"height":8,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"ILKOMNIKA: Journal of Computer Science and Applied Informatics","type":"Page header"},{"left":514,"top":39,"width":11,"height":10,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"31","type":"Page header"},{"left":206,"top":50,"width":171,"height":8,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Vol. 1, No. 2, Desember 2019, Halaman 30-38","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":73,"width":443,"height":108,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"skala didapatkan dari hasil perhitungan beberapa parameter yaitu jumlah elemen model proses bisnis dan Control Flow Complexity (CFC) [2]. Selanjutnya, model proses yang scalable akan disimulasikan pertumbuhannya menggunakan Production Rule Cellular Automata . Nantinya simulasi pertumbuhan yang dilakukan pada model proses bisnis dimodelkan dengan Petri net, karena pemodelan menggunakan Petri net lebih sederhana dibandingkan dengan pemodelan lain . Tujuan dari simulasi pertumbuhan proses bisnis pada penelitian ini adalah mengetahui variasi proses bisnis mungkin terjadi dari berbagai kemungkinan.","type":"Text"},{"left":270,"top":184,"width":91,"height":11,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"KAJIAN TEORI","type":"Section header"},{"left":85,"top":198,"width":248,"height":11,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Enterprise Resource Planning Pondok Pesantren","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":211,"width":443,"height":163,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Menurut Wijaya dan Darudito, Enterprises Resource Planning (ERP) merupakan singkatan dari tiga elemen kata yaitu Enterprise (Perusahaan), Resource (Sumber Daya) dan Planning (Perencanaan) [3]. Arti luas pengertian ERP sendiri merupakan konsep untuk merencanakan dan mengelola sumber daya perusahaan. Keuntungan dari ERP yaitu paket program terintegrasi dan multifungsi yang dirancang untuk melayani berbagai fungsi di dalam perusahaan sehingga pekerjaan lebih efisien dan menghasilkan nilai tambah bagi semua pihak ( stakeholder ). Pondok pesantren merupakan salah satu lembaga pendidikan Islam subkultural Indonesia. Pondok pesantren dapat dianalogikan sebagai enterprise , oleh karena itu proses bisnis yang terdapat pada pondok pesantren membutuhkan adanya perencanaan yang baik dan tepat sehingga untuk mengelolanya diperlukan ERP. ERP Pondok Pesantren membutuhkan pemodelan yang berguna untuk mendeskripsikan bagaimana alur sistem pada pondok tersebut [4].","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":391,"width":130,"height":11,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Pemodelan Proses Bisnis","type":"Section header"},{"left":85,"top":405,"width":441,"height":204,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Pemodelan proses bisnis atau business process model (BPM) merupakan diagram umum yang mewakili urutan kegiatan. Menurut Puspa Dewi, pemodelan proses bisnis merupakan cara untuk mendesain, menganalisa dan memahami proses bisnis. Hal ini memberikan manfaat untuk enterperise memahami proses bisnis, mengidentifikasi masalah yang mungkin terjadi, mendokumentasi sehingga dapat mengkomunikasikan ke stakeholder [5]. Salah satu pemodelan proses bisnis yang digunakan untuk memodelkan proses bisnis adalah Petri net. Petri net adalah bahasa grafis dan matematis untuk pemodelan dan menganalisis proses bisnis. Menurut Anggrainingsih (2004), Petri net dibuat oleh ilmuan bernama Carl Adam Petri tahun 1962 sebagai alat pemodelan yaitu: place, transition dan arc [6]. Arc sebagai penghubung antara place dan transition. Place digambarkan dengan bentuk bulat yang merepresentasikan kondisi yang harus dipenuhi. Transition digambarkan dengan kotak presegi menggambarkan suatu peristiwa ( event ) atau tindakan. Sebuah transition memiliki input dan output places yang merepresentasikan pre-condition dan post-condition dari event . Place , transition dan arc dinotasikan dalam Gambar 1.","type":"Text"},{"left":251,"top":643,"width":110,"height":9,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Gambar 1 Notasi Petri net","type":"Section header"},{"left":85,"top":669,"width":130,"height":11,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Skalabilitas Proses Bisnis","type":"Section header"},{"left":85,"top":683,"width":441,"height":79,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Skalabilitas proses bisnis atau scalability adalah efisiensi menangani pertumbuhan proses bisnis yang semakin kompleks dengan pertimbangan dapat meminimalisir biaya yang akan dikeluarkan serta meningkatkan kinerja dari hasil analisis proses bisnis. Scalability dapat diukur dengan meibatkan beberapa parameter yaitu: structural similarity , behavioral similarity , skala model, kompleksitas dan jumlah elemen dalam proses bisnis [2].","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":39,"width":11,"height":10,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"32","type":"Page header"},{"left":179,"top":40,"width":252,"height":8,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"ILKOMNIKA: Journal of Computer Science and Applied Informatics","type":"Page header"},{"left":453,"top":40,"width":74,"height":8,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"E-ISSN: 2715-2731","type":"Page header"},{"left":221,"top":50,"width":171,"height":8,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Vol. 1, No. 2, Desember 2019, Halaman 30-38","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":75,"width":191,"height":11,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Simulasi Pertumbuhan Proses Bisnis","type":"Section header"},{"left":85,"top":89,"width":443,"height":232,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Simulasi pertumbuhan proses bisnis membantu enterperise dengan melakukan analisa dan pemahaman lebih lanjut mengenai proses bisnis. Tujuan dari simulasi pertumbuhan proses bisnis adalah optimasi untuk meningkatkan kinerja dan pengurangan biaya selaras dengan semakin kompleksnya proses bisnis. Simulasi terkait dengan scalability yaitu menghitung skala dari proses bisnis yang akan disimulasi. Pertumbuhan proses bisnis digunakan untuk menumbuhkan proses bisnis agar menghasilkan variasi proses bisnis dengan berbagai kemungkinan. Simulasi pertumbuhan membutuhkan beberapa aturan dan kriteria untuk menumbuhkan proses bisnis. Salah satu teori yang sering digunakan oleh beberapa peneliti yaitu L-System untuk simulasi pertumbuhan tanaman [7]. Simulasi pertumbuhan dimungkinkan dapat direpresentasikan ke dalam simulasi pertumbuhan suatu graph. Namun, sebelum adanya teori L-System terdapat teori Automata yang dalam cakupannya terdapat Production Rule Cellular Automata yang nantinya akan digunakan pada penelitian ini. Production Rule Cellular Automata merupakan bagian di dalam Cellular Automata. Cellular Automata adalah model diskrit pada ilmu komputer, matematika, fisika, ilmu kompleksitas, biologi teoritis dan pemodelan Cellular Automata juga disebut runag cellular , tessellation automata , struktur homogen, struktur cellular , struktur tesselation dan array yang berulang-ulang [8].","type":"Text"},{"left":287,"top":337,"width":56,"height":11,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"METODE","type":"Section header"},{"left":85,"top":351,"width":92,"height":11,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Desain Penelitian","type":"Section header"},{"left":85,"top":365,"width":442,"height":52,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Aplikasi yang akan dibangun adalah aplikasi untuk mensimulasikan pertumbuhan scalable business process model yang artinya proses bisnis yang ditumbuhkan harus scalable . Proses bisnis yang scalable artinya proses bisnis yang terukur serta dapat dihitung dengan menggunakan rumus scalability .","type":"Text"},{"left":242,"top":663,"width":125,"height":9,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Gambar 2. Prosedur Penelitian","type":"Caption"},{"left":85,"top":690,"width":443,"height":66,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Kemudian, proses bisnis yang scalable disimulasikan pertumbuhannya yang dapat menghasilkan beberapa variasi proses bisnis dari berbagai kemungkinan. Teori yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Production Rule Cellular Automata . Adapun prosedur penelitian ini menjelaskan bagaimana pelaksanaan penelitian. Prosedur penelitian digambarkan secara umum seperti pada Gambar 2.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":40,"width":74,"height":8,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"E-ISSN: 2715-2731","type":"Page header"},{"left":179,"top":40,"width":251,"height":8,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"ILKOMNIKA: Journal of Computer Science and Applied Informatics","type":"Page header"},{"left":514,"top":39,"width":11,"height":10,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"33","type":"Page header"},{"left":206,"top":50,"width":171,"height":8,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Vol. 1, No. 2, Desember 2019, Halaman 30-38","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":74,"width":190,"height":11,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Model Proses Bisnis dengan Petri net","type":"Section header"},{"left":85,"top":87,"width":435,"height":39,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini berupa data proses bisnis yakni seperti workflow .pnml yang digambarkan dengan Petri net. Berikut salah satu data pemodelan proses bisnis dengan Petri net ditunjukkan seperti pada Gambar 3.","type":"Text"},{"left":217,"top":341,"width":175,"height":9,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Gambar 3. Proses bisnis Akademik Modern","type":"Caption"},{"left":85,"top":367,"width":124,"height":11,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Perhitungan Scalability","type":"Section header"},{"left":85,"top":380,"width":435,"height":39,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Nilai scalability dapat diukur dengan melibatkan beberapa parameter yaitu: structural similarity, behavioral similarity, skala model, kompleksitas dan jumlah elemen model proses bisnis.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":429,"width":191,"height":11,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Simulasi Pertumbuhan Proses Bisnis","type":"Section header"},{"left":85,"top":443,"width":436,"height":66,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Terdapat beberapa syarat yang harus ada dalam mensimulasikan pertumbuhan proses bisnis yaitu proses bisnis yang scalable. Algoritma yang diusulkan untuk simulasikan pertumbuhan proses bisnis. Parameter yang digunakan untuk mensimulasikan adalah proses bisnis awal dan scalability matriks. Algoritma diatas mengadopsi dari Production Rule Cellular Automata [3].","type":"Text"},{"left":202,"top":754,"width":206,"height":9,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Gambar 4. Algoritma Mapping model proses bisnis","type":"Caption"},{"left":85,"top":39,"width":11,"height":10,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"34","type":"Page header"},{"left":179,"top":40,"width":252,"height":8,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"ILKOMNIKA: Journal of Computer Science and Applied Informatics","type":"Page header"},{"left":221,"top":40,"width":306,"height":18,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"E-ISSN: 2715-2731 Vol. 1, No. 2, Desember 2019, Halaman 30-38","type":"Page header"},{"left":85,"top":89,"width":155,"height":11,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Mapping Model Proses Bisnis","type":"Section header"},{"left":85,"top":103,"width":442,"height":52,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Mapping model proses bisnis berguna untuk mengetahui elemen baru setelah simulasi pertumbuhan proses bisnis. Hal ini dapat digunakan sebagai perbandingan proses bisnis awal dengan proses bisnis yang baru. Pemetaan proses bisnis masih dilakukan secara manual, maka diusulkan algoritma seperti Gambar 4.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":172,"width":308,"height":11,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Penamaan Model Proses Bisnis dari Simulasi Pertumbuhan","type":"Section header"},{"left":85,"top":185,"width":442,"height":25,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Penamaan pada model proses bisnis yang dimaksudkan adalah penamaan elemen baru pada model proses bisnis dari hasil simulasi pertumbuhan.","type":"Text"},{"left":271,"top":228,"width":88,"height":11,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"PEMBAHASAN","type":"Section header"},{"left":85,"top":242,"width":250,"height":11,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Perhitungan Structural dan Behavioral Similarity","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":255,"width":443,"height":79,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Model PNML yang digunakan sebagai data uji merupakan proses bisnis dari empat tipe Pondok Pesantren yaitu: Mahasiswa, Modern, Salaf dan Tahfidz. Data tersebut akan dijadikan masukan untuk dilakukan proses perhitungan structural dan behavioral similarity . Perhitungan perhitungan structural maupun behavioral menggunakan empat algoritma yaitu: Jaccard Coefficient Similarity, Overlap Coefficient Similarity, Dice Coefficient Similarity dan Cosine Coefficient Similarity.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":345,"width":130,"height":11,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Skalabilitas Proses Bisnis","type":"Section header"},{"left":85,"top":359,"width":442,"height":107,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Skalabilitas proses bisnis adalah perhitungan dengan mencari nilai scalability daari dua model proses bisnis yang dibandingkan. Nilai scalability diukur dengan beberapa parameter diantaranya: structural similarity, behavioral similarity, skala model, complexity dan jumlah elemen. Sebelum dilakukan perhitungan scalability, dilakukan perhitungan Control Flow Complexity (CFC) pada masing-masing model PNML. Perhitungan CFC adalah menghitung jumlah logika AND- split dan XOR- split yang ada di dalam model PNML. Perhitungan Control Flow Complexity yang mana akan ditunjukkan pada kode program berikut ini:","type":"Text"},{"left":90,"top":476,"width":82,"height":26,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"int xorSplit = 0; int andSplit = 0; int sequence = 0;","type":"Text"},{"left":91,"top":512,"width":269,"height":8,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"for (int i = 0; i < Model[0].length; i++) { int xor = 0;","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":531,"width":365,"height":200,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"int and = 0; for (int j = 0; j < Model[1].length; j++) { if (Model[i][j] == 2) { xor += 1; } if (Model[j][i] == 1) { and += 1; } } if (xor >= 2) { xorSplit += xor; } if (and >= 2) { andSplit += 1; } } if (((xorSplit == 0) & (andSplit == 0))) { sequence = 1; } System.out.println(\"---------------------------- \"); CFC1 = xorSplit + andSplit + sequence; System.out.println(\"CFC = \" + CFC1); System.out.println(\"---------------------------- \");","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":40,"width":74,"height":8,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"E-ISSN: 2715-2731","type":"Page header"},{"left":179,"top":40,"width":251,"height":8,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"ILKOMNIKA: Journal of Computer Science and Applied Informatics","type":"Page header"},{"left":514,"top":39,"width":11,"height":10,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"35","type":"Page header"},{"left":206,"top":50,"width":171,"height":8,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Vol. 1, No. 2, Desember 2019, Halaman 30-38","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":73,"width":446,"height":39,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Perhitungan scalability ditangani oleh method skalability(int A, int B, int CFC11, int CFC22). Berikut kode sumber yang digunakan untuk menghitung nilai scalability pada dua model PNML yang ditunjukkan pada kode program di bawah ini:","type":"Text"},{"left":90,"top":129,"width":422,"height":62,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"public double skalability(int A, int B, int CFC11, int CFC22) { System.out.println(\"Skalabilitas\"); double SkalaA = jumlahNode1 * CFC1; double SkalaB = jumlahNode2 * CFC2; double SkalaFix = SkalaA / SkalaB; double scalability = 1 - (SkalaFix * rata2); System.out.println(\"Scalability of Two Model=\" + scalability); return scalability; }","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":215,"width":191,"height":11,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Simulasi Pertumbuhan Proses Bisnis","type":"Section header"},{"left":85,"top":228,"width":443,"height":218,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Simulasi pertumbuhan proses bisnis pada aplikasi ini menggunakan Production Rule Cellular Automata . Langkah untuk simulasi pertumbuhan proses bisnis pada penelitian ini sebagai berikut: Pertama, meng- input- kan dua data uji dari tipe pondok yang berbeda dengan bagian yang sama. Misal: Proses Bisnis Akademik Modern sebagai input -an A dibandingkan dengan Proses Bisnis Akademik Mahasiswa sebagai input -an B. Kedua, menghitung structural dan behavioral similarity dari kedua model PNML tersebut. Ketiga, menghitung nilai scalability dari kedua input -an model PNML. Jika nilai scalability yang ditemukan pada perhitungan pertama adalah “ >= 0” dan “< 1” maka dilakukan simulasi pertumbuhan. Tetapi penulis membuat syarat tambahan yaitu jika scalability pada iterasi ke-0 atau scalability awal bernilai “<0.1”, maka simulasi pertumbuhan tidak terjadi. Terdapat kriteria dalam menentukan input -an A dan input -an B. Input -an A harus mempunyai nilai complexity yang lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan input -an B. Pertumbuhan proses bisnis yang dimaksud adalah dengan menumbuhkan tiga elemen / node pada model PNML input -an A. Tiga node tersebut yaitu: arc , place dan transisi. Pola pertumbuhan proses bisnis dapat dilakukan dengan dua pembobotan pada proses simulasi pertumbuhan proses bisnis pada penelitian ini yaitu:","type":"Text"},{"left":103,"top":449,"width":419,"height":39,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"1. Pembobotan percabangan Pembobotan percabangan yang dimaksudkan adalah simulasi pertumbuhan elemen pada model Petri net cenderung ke arah percabangan","type":"List item"},{"left":103,"top":490,"width":126,"height":12,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"2. Pembobotan Sequence","type":"List item"},{"left":121,"top":505,"width":401,"height":38,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Pembobotan sequence yang dimaksudkan adalah simulasi pertumbuhan elemen pada model PNML cenderung ke arah sequence / tanpa adanya percabangan dalam penumbuhan elemen baru.","type":"Text"},{"left":204,"top":752,"width":240,"height":9,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Gambar 5. Output dari Simulasi Pertumbuhan Proses Bisnis","type":"Page footer"},{"left":85,"top":39,"width":11,"height":10,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"36","type":"Page header"},{"left":179,"top":40,"width":252,"height":8,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"ILKOMNIKA: Journal of Computer Science and Applied Informatics","type":"Page header"},{"left":453,"top":40,"width":74,"height":8,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"E-ISSN: 2715-2731","type":"Page header"},{"left":221,"top":50,"width":171,"height":8,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Vol. 1, No. 2, Desember 2019, Halaman 30-38","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":75,"width":438,"height":66,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Hasil dari pertumbuhan model proses bisnis dengan adanya elemen baru yaitu place , transisi dan arc yang ditunjukkan pada Gambar 6. Berdasarkan Gambar 6 di atas, file Petri net hasil dari pertumbuhan proses bisnis yang mana terdapat elemen baru setelah dilakukannya simulasi pertumbuhan proses bisnis. Elemen baru pada pemodelan Petri net ditandai dengan penomoran bewarna merah.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":159,"width":264,"height":11,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Pengujian Sistem pada Pertumbuhan Proses Bisnis","type":"Section header"},{"left":85,"top":172,"width":439,"height":39,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Nilai scalability pada bagian Akademik. Berikut ditemukan nilai scalability dari perbandingan model PNML dari bagian Akademik yang ditunjukkan pada Tabel di bawah ini:","type":"Text"},{"left":157,"top":213,"width":301,"height":118,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Tabel 1. Perbandingan Nilai Scalability Akademik Model B Akademik Akademik Akademik Akademik Model A Tahfidz Modern Salaf Mahasiswa Akademik 0.0 0.48605105 0.58109385 0.60040077 Tahfidz 5 8 6 Akademik - 0.0 0.56588114 0.56370029 Modern 7 3 Akademik - - 0.0 0.20896176 Salaf 5 Akademik - - - 0.0","type":"Table"},{"left":85,"top":347,"width":439,"height":135,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Dari Tabel 1 di atas, didapatkan variasi nilai scalability dengan membandingkan dua model PNML dari bagian Akademik. Jika complexity input -an A > input -an B, maka tidak dapat dilakukan simulasi pertumbuhan. Begitu juga sebaliknya, jika complexity input -an A < input -an B, maka dapat dilakukan simulasi pertumbuhan. Namun, jika pada tabel di atas terdapat kolom yang isinya tanda “-” artinya perbandingan antar dua model PNML menghasilkan nilai scalability tetapi tidak dapat dilakukan simulasi pertumbuhan. Jika membandingkan input -an A dan input -an B dengan model PNML yang sama, maka nilai scalability akan otomatis bernilai nol. Berikut ditunjukkan hasil simulasi pertumbuhan dari Akademik Modern sebagai input -an A dan Akademik Mahasiswa sebagai input -an B pada Tabel 2.","type":"Text"},{"left":88,"top":485,"width":440,"height":273,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Menurut Tabel 2, simulasi pertumbuhan percobaan pertama dan kedua pada pembobotan percabangan mendapatkan hasil iterasi yang berbeda. Sedangkan pada pembobotan sequence , percobaan pertama dan kedua mendapatkan hasil iterasi dan nilai minimum scalability yang sama. Dilakukan juga simulasi pertumbuhan dengan pola AND, artinya percabangan yang lebih ke arah logika AND dan mendapatkan hasil iterasi yang berbeda. Seperti yang telah dipaparkan, nilai scalability awal pada perbandingan proses bisnis Akademik Modern dan proses bisnis Akademik Mahasiswa adalah 0.486051055, maka simulasi pertumbuhan dapat terjadi. Simulasi pertumbuhan dilakukan dengan pembobotan pada percabangan dan sequence . Hasil simulasi pertumbuhan pada pembobotan percabangan dan sequence akan mendapatkan iterasi berbeda. Hal ini dikarenakan simulasi pertumbuhan elemen pada proses bisnis dilakukan secara random . Oleh karena itu, hasil simulasi pada percobaan pertama, kedua dan seterusnya akan berbeda. Namun, tidak menutup kemungkinan mendapatkan nilai iterasi yang sama. Nilai scalability terus mengalami penurunan seiring dengan bertambahnya iterasi pertumbuhan pada proses bisnis. Iterasi pertumbuhan menyebabkan scalability bernilai “>=0”, artinya nilai scalability tidak sampai bernilai minus. Namun, pada iterasi terakhir, scalability dapat bernilai minus karena pada iterasi sebelumnya scalability terindentifikasi bernilai “>=0” dan akan berlanjut pertumbuhannya. Hal ini menyebabkan scalability pada iterasi terakhir bernilai minus. Sehingga, nilai scalability minimum terletak pada iterasi sebelum iterasi terakhir.","type":"List item"},{"left":85,"top":40,"width":74,"height":8,"page_number":8,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"E-ISSN: 2715-2731","type":"Page header"},{"left":179,"top":40,"width":251,"height":8,"page_number":8,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"ILKOMNIKA: Journal of Computer Science and Applied Informatics","type":"Page header"},{"left":514,"top":39,"width":11,"height":10,"page_number":8,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"37","type":"Page header"},{"left":206,"top":50,"width":171,"height":8,"page_number":8,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Vol. 1, No. 2, Desember 2019, Halaman 30-38","type":"Page header"},{"left":158,"top":93,"width":306,"height":9,"page_number":8,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Tabel 2. Simulasi Pertumbuhan Akademik Modern & Akademik Mahasiswa","type":"Text"},{"left":264,"top":598,"width":84,"height":11,"page_number":8,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"KESIMPULAN","type":"Section header"},{"left":85,"top":612,"width":442,"height":149,"page_number":8,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Berdasarkan penelitian yang telah dilaksanakan, dapat disimpulkan bahwa Proses perhitungan structural dan behavioral similarity menggunakan empat algoritma yaitu: Jaccard Coefficient Similarity, Overlap Coefficient Similarity, Dice Coefficient Similarity dan Cosine Coefficient Similarity . Terbukti bahwa keempat algoritma tersebut dapat melakukan perhitungan mencari kemiripan model PNML pada proses bisnis Pondok Pesantren Salaf Anwarul Huda Malang (tipe pondok salaf ), Pondok Pesantren Modern Ar- Rifaie 1 Gondanglegi (tipe pondok modern ), Pondok Pesantren Mahasiswa Syai Urrifa’ Malang (tipe pondok mahasiswa) dan Pondok Pesantren Ar-Rohmah Malang (tipe pondok tahfidz ). Selanjutnya, dilakukan perhitungan scalability dengan menggunakan beberapa parameter yaitu: similarity workflow , jumlah elemen proses bisnis, complexity dan skala proses bisnis. Nilai scalability digunakan untuk untuk menentukan pola pertumbuhan","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":39,"width":11,"height":10,"page_number":9,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"38","type":"Page header"},{"left":179,"top":40,"width":252,"height":8,"page_number":9,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"ILKOMNIKA: Journal of Computer Science and Applied Informatics","type":"Page header"},{"left":221,"top":40,"width":306,"height":18,"page_number":9,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"E-ISSN: 2715-2731 Vol. 1, No. 2, Desember 2019, Halaman 30-38","type":"Page header"},{"left":85,"top":75,"width":442,"height":204,"page_number":9,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"proses bisnis. Pola pertumbuhan proses bisnis dilakukan dengan dua pendekatan yaitu: secara sequence dan percabangan. Simulasi pertumbuhan proses bisnis dengan menerapkan teori Production Rule Cellular Automata untuk menumbuhkan beberapa elemen pada model A dengan pembanding model B. Dilakukan pembobotan atau mengukur ketepatan pola pada saat proses simulasi pertumbuhan pada dua pendekatan percabangan dan sequence . Hasil dari kedua pembobotan akan berpengaruh pada iterasi yang dihasilkan. Meskipun dilakukan berulang kali percobaan simulasi pertumbuhan dengan masing-masing pembobotan, hasil simulasi akan terus berbeda. Hal ini dikarenakan pertumbuhan elemen pada proses bisnis dilakukan secara random . Simulasi pertumbuhan proses bisnis dari segi scalability terbukti berhasil karena adanya penurunan nilai scalability dan perhitungan standart deviasi menghasilkan rata-rata dengan nilai “<0.2”. Simulasi pertumbuhan proses bisnis dari segi similarity , hasil yang didapatkan belum maksimal karena adanya pertumbuhan random , sehingga rata-rata nilai similarity setelah simulasi “<0.5”. Terbukti berhasil apabila nilai similarity setelah simulasi > sebelum simulasi pertumbuhan.","type":"Text"},{"left":280,"top":296,"width":72,"height":11,"page_number":9,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"REFERENSI","type":"Section header"},{"left":85,"top":309,"width":438,"height":21,"page_number":9,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"[1] M. M. Essam and S. L. Mansar, “Toward a Software Framework for Automatic Business Process Redesign,” in Ain Shams University , Egypt, 2011.","type":"List item"},{"left":85,"top":331,"width":438,"height":22,"page_number":9,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"[2] M. Ainul, C. Fauzan, R. Sarno and Wahyu, “Scalability Measurement of Business Process Model Using Business Processes Similarity and Complexity,” 2016.","type":"List item"},{"left":85,"top":355,"width":438,"height":21,"page_number":9,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"[3] S. F. Wijaya and S. Darudito, ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) & Solusi Bisnis, Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu, 2009.","type":"List item"},{"left":85,"top":377,"width":438,"height":22,"page_number":9,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"[4] M. P. Fajarivan, “Integrasi Sistem Keuangan pada Enterprise Resource Planning Pondok Pesantren Tipe Pondok D Menggunakan Services Oriented Architecture,” Malang, 2017.","type":"List item"},{"left":85,"top":400,"width":438,"height":23,"page_number":9,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"[5] L. Puspa Dewi, U. Indahyati and Y. Hari S, “Pemodelan Proses Bisnis Menggunakan Activity Diagram UML dan BPMN,” 2010.","type":"List item"},{"left":85,"top":423,"width":438,"height":35,"page_number":9,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"[6] A. d. Rini, “Analsisis Dan Verifikasi Workflow Menggunakan Petri (Studi kasus: Proses Bisnis di Universitas Sebelas Maret),” in Senimar Nasional Teknologi Informasi & Komunikasi Terapan 2014 , 2014.","type":"List item"},{"left":85,"top":459,"width":438,"height":33,"page_number":9,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"[7] Suhartono, Intergration of Artifial Neural Network Into Genetic L-System Programming Based Plant Modeling Environment with Mathematica, Jakarta Pusat: Kementrian Agama Republik Indonesia, 2012.","type":"List item"},{"left":85,"top":493,"width":438,"height":22,"page_number":9,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"[8] S. Wolfram, “Statistical Mechanics of Cellular Automata,” Vols. Vol. 55, No. 23, no. The Institute for Advanced Study, 1983.","type":"List item"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 38,\n \"width\": 254,\n \"height\": 8,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"ILKOMNIKA: Journal of Computer Science and Applied Informatics\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 453,\n \"top\": 38,\n \"width\": 74,\n \"height\": 8,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"E-ISSN: 2715-2731\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 50,\n \"width\": 171,\n \"height\": 8,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Vol. 1, No. 2, Desember 2019, Halaman 30-38\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 514,\n \"top\": 49,\n \"width\": 11,\n \"height\": 10,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"30\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 788,\n \"width\": 213,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"https://doi.org/10.28926/ilkomnika.v1i2.16\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 366,\n \"top\": 788,\n \"width\": 183,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"http://journal.unublitar.ac.id/ilkomnika\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 94,\n \"width\": 436,\n \"height\": 34,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Simulasi Pertumbuhan Scalable Business Process Model pada ERP Pondok Pesantren berbasis Production Rule Cellular Automata\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 143,\n \"width\": 282,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Siti Muslihaeny 1,* , Muhammad Ainul Yaqin 2 , Syahiduz Zaman 3\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 87,\n \"top\": 166,\n \"width\": 327,\n \"height\": 8,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Jurusan Teknik Informatika, Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim, Indonesia\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 174,\n \"width\": 160,\n \"height\": 10,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"1 heny.rr@yahoo.com, 2 yaqinov@gmail.com\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 186,\n \"width\": 86,\n \"height\": 8,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"* corresponding author\",\n \"type\": \"Picture\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 267,\n \"top\": 537,\n \"width\": 96,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"PENDAHULUAN\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 551,\n \"width\": 443,\n \"height\": 218,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Proses bisnis merupakan salah satu elemen penting dari sebuah enterprise . Semakin baik proses bisnis maka semakin baik pula enterprise tersebut [1]. Peningkatan kapasitas produksi dalam enterprise dapat menjadi penyebab peningkatan proses produksi dan proses bisnis. Peningkatan kapasistas produksi dan proses bisnis dapat diprediksi menggunakan simulasi pertumbuhan proses bisnis. Namun, simulasi pertumbuhan proses bisnis harus disesuaikan kembali dengan kebutuhan enterprise . Contoh kebutuhan enterprise yang menjadi pemicu tumbuhnya proses bisnis pada studi kasus Pondok Pesantren yaitu pertambahan jumlah santri dan kurikulum, sehingga memicu adanya penambahan kelas, penambahan jam mata pelajaran dan lain sebagainya. Pada penelitian ini, terdapat beberapa rumusan masalah yaitu bagaimana membuat pola dan mensimulasikan pertumbuhan scalable business process model pada ERP Pondok Pesantren menggunakan Production Rule Cellular Automata serta menghitung keakuratan pola pertumbuhan tersebut . Simulasi pertumbuhan proses bisnis dapat dilakukan apabila proses bisnis tersebut scalable , artinya proses bisnis yang memiliki kemampuan untuk tumbuh. Rumus yang digunakan untuk mengukur proses bisnis scalable dengan perhitungan scalability . Nilai scalability sendiri dapat diukur dengan perhitungan kemiripan workflow dan skala model proses bisnis. Nilai\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 232,\n \"width\": 78,\n \"height\": 8,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"A R T I K E L I N F O\",\n \"type\": \"Picture\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 227,\n \"top\": 232,\n \"width\": 54,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"A B S T R A K\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 262,\n \"width\": 45,\n \"height\": 6,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Article history\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 272,\n \"width\": 89,\n \"height\": 26,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Diterima: 15 Oktober 2019 Direvisi: 5 November 2019 Diterbitkan: 30 Desember 2019\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 227,\n \"top\": 261,\n \"width\": 294,\n \"height\": 262,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mensimulasi scalable business process model dari ERP Pondok Pesantren guna mendapatkan variasi proses bisnis yang mungkin terjadi menggunakan teori Production Rule Cellular Automata . Inputan untuk sistem ini adalah model proses bisnis dari empat tipe Pondok Pesantren yang dimodelkan menggunakan Petri net berupa file PNML. Parameter yang digunakan untuk mensimulasikan pertumbuhan proses bisnis adalah scalability . Scalability / skalabilitas adalah potensi proses bisnis untuk tumbuh atau kemampuan pertumbuhan dari proses bisnis. Nilai scalability dapat diukur dengan perhitungan kemiripan workflow dan skala model proses bisnis. Pertumbuhan proses bisnis terjadi pada model A dengan pembanding model B. Syarat untuk dapat terjadi pertumbuhan pada proses bisnis yaitu complexity model A harus lebih kecil daripada model B. Pola pertumbuhan proses bisnis dilakukan secara random dengan dua pembobotan yaitu secara percabangan dan sequence . Pertumbuhan berhenti jika scalabiltiy pada nilai “>=0” dan “<1” Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa sistem mampu melakukan simulasi pertumbuhan pada file PNML yang ditandai dengan nilai recent scalability lebih kecil dibandingkan scalability awal. Kemudian output sistem adalah file PNML hasil dari simulasi pertumbuhan proses bisnis dengan pertumbuhan elemen baru. Berdasarkan hasil pengujian dari segi nilai scalability , penelitian terbukti berhasil dengan fakta penurunan nilai scalability .\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 330,\n \"width\": 32,\n \"height\": 6,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Keywords\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 340,\n \"width\": 103,\n \"height\": 56,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Proses Bisnis Pondok Pesantren Model Petri Net Control Flow Complexity Scalability, Simulasi Pertumbuhan Proses Bisni Production Rule Cellular Automata.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 40,\n \"width\": 74,\n \"height\": 8,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"E-ISSN: 2715-2731\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 179,\n \"top\": 40,\n \"width\": 251,\n \"height\": 8,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"ILKOMNIKA: Journal of Computer Science and Applied Informatics\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 514,\n \"top\": 39,\n \"width\": 11,\n \"height\": 10,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"31\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 206,\n \"top\": 50,\n \"width\": 171,\n \"height\": 8,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Vol. 1, No. 2, Desember 2019, Halaman 30-38\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 73,\n \"width\": 443,\n \"height\": 108,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"skala didapatkan dari hasil perhitungan beberapa parameter yaitu jumlah elemen model proses bisnis dan Control Flow Complexity (CFC) [2]. Selanjutnya, model proses yang scalable akan disimulasikan pertumbuhannya menggunakan Production Rule Cellular Automata . Nantinya simulasi pertumbuhan yang dilakukan pada model proses bisnis dimodelkan dengan Petri net, karena pemodelan menggunakan Petri net lebih sederhana dibandingkan dengan pemodelan lain . Tujuan dari simulasi pertumbuhan proses bisnis pada penelitian ini adalah mengetahui variasi proses bisnis mungkin terjadi dari berbagai kemungkinan.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 270,\n \"top\": 184,\n \"width\": 91,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"KAJIAN TEORI\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 198,\n \"width\": 248,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Enterprise Resource Planning Pondok Pesantren\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 211,\n \"width\": 443,\n \"height\": 163,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Menurut Wijaya dan Darudito, Enterprises Resource Planning (ERP) merupakan singkatan dari tiga elemen kata yaitu Enterprise (Perusahaan), Resource (Sumber Daya) dan Planning (Perencanaan) [3]. Arti luas pengertian ERP sendiri merupakan konsep untuk merencanakan dan mengelola sumber daya perusahaan. Keuntungan dari ERP yaitu paket program terintegrasi dan multifungsi yang dirancang untuk melayani berbagai fungsi di dalam perusahaan sehingga pekerjaan lebih efisien dan menghasilkan nilai tambah bagi semua pihak ( stakeholder ). Pondok pesantren merupakan salah satu lembaga pendidikan Islam subkultural Indonesia. Pondok pesantren dapat dianalogikan sebagai enterprise , oleh karena itu proses bisnis yang terdapat pada pondok pesantren membutuhkan adanya perencanaan yang baik dan tepat sehingga untuk mengelolanya diperlukan ERP. ERP Pondok Pesantren membutuhkan pemodelan yang berguna untuk mendeskripsikan bagaimana alur sistem pada pondok tersebut [4].\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 391,\n \"width\": 130,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Pemodelan Proses Bisnis\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 405,\n \"width\": 441,\n \"height\": 204,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Pemodelan proses bisnis atau business process model (BPM) merupakan diagram umum yang mewakili urutan kegiatan. Menurut Puspa Dewi, pemodelan proses bisnis merupakan cara untuk mendesain, menganalisa dan memahami proses bisnis. Hal ini memberikan manfaat untuk enterperise memahami proses bisnis, mengidentifikasi masalah yang mungkin terjadi, mendokumentasi sehingga dapat mengkomunikasikan ke stakeholder [5]. Salah satu pemodelan proses bisnis yang digunakan untuk memodelkan proses bisnis adalah Petri net. Petri net adalah bahasa grafis dan matematis untuk pemodelan dan menganalisis proses bisnis. Menurut Anggrainingsih (2004), Petri net dibuat oleh ilmuan bernama Carl Adam Petri tahun 1962 sebagai alat pemodelan yaitu: place, transition dan arc [6]. Arc sebagai penghubung antara place dan transition. Place digambarkan dengan bentuk bulat yang merepresentasikan kondisi yang harus dipenuhi. Transition digambarkan dengan kotak presegi menggambarkan suatu peristiwa ( event ) atau tindakan. Sebuah transition memiliki input dan output places yang merepresentasikan pre-condition dan post-condition dari event . Place , transition dan arc dinotasikan dalam Gambar 1.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 251,\n \"top\": 643,\n \"width\": 110,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Gambar 1 Notasi Petri net\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 669,\n \"width\": 130,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Skalabilitas Proses Bisnis\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 683,\n \"width\": 441,\n \"height\": 79,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Skalabilitas proses bisnis atau scalability adalah efisiensi menangani pertumbuhan proses bisnis yang semakin kompleks dengan pertimbangan dapat meminimalisir biaya yang akan dikeluarkan serta meningkatkan kinerja dari hasil analisis proses bisnis. Scalability dapat diukur dengan meibatkan beberapa parameter yaitu: structural similarity , behavioral similarity , skala model, kompleksitas dan jumlah elemen dalam proses bisnis [2].\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 39,\n \"width\": 11,\n \"height\": 10,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"32\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 179,\n \"top\": 40,\n \"width\": 252,\n \"height\": 8,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"ILKOMNIKA: Journal of Computer Science and Applied Informatics\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 453,\n \"top\": 40,\n \"width\": 74,\n \"height\": 8,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"E-ISSN: 2715-2731\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 221,\n \"top\": 50,\n \"width\": 171,\n \"height\": 8,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Vol. 1, No. 2, Desember 2019, Halaman 30-38\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 75,\n \"width\": 191,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Simulasi Pertumbuhan Proses Bisnis\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 89,\n \"width\": 443,\n \"height\": 232,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Simulasi pertumbuhan proses bisnis membantu enterperise dengan melakukan analisa dan pemahaman lebih lanjut mengenai proses bisnis. Tujuan dari simulasi pertumbuhan proses bisnis adalah optimasi untuk meningkatkan kinerja dan pengurangan biaya selaras dengan semakin kompleksnya proses bisnis. Simulasi terkait dengan scalability yaitu menghitung skala dari proses bisnis yang akan disimulasi. Pertumbuhan proses bisnis digunakan untuk menumbuhkan proses bisnis agar menghasilkan variasi proses bisnis dengan berbagai kemungkinan. Simulasi pertumbuhan membutuhkan beberapa aturan dan kriteria untuk menumbuhkan proses bisnis. Salah satu teori yang sering digunakan oleh beberapa peneliti yaitu L-System untuk simulasi pertumbuhan tanaman [7]. Simulasi pertumbuhan dimungkinkan dapat direpresentasikan ke dalam simulasi pertumbuhan suatu graph. Namun, sebelum adanya teori L-System terdapat teori Automata yang dalam cakupannya terdapat Production Rule Cellular Automata yang nantinya akan digunakan pada penelitian ini. Production Rule Cellular Automata merupakan bagian di dalam Cellular Automata. Cellular Automata adalah model diskrit pada ilmu komputer, matematika, fisika, ilmu kompleksitas, biologi teoritis dan pemodelan Cellular Automata juga disebut runag cellular , tessellation automata , struktur homogen, struktur cellular , struktur tesselation dan array yang berulang-ulang [8].\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 287,\n \"top\": 337,\n \"width\": 56,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"METODE\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 351,\n \"width\": 92,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Desain Penelitian\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 365,\n \"width\": 442,\n \"height\": 52,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Aplikasi yang akan dibangun adalah aplikasi untuk mensimulasikan pertumbuhan scalable business process model yang artinya proses bisnis yang ditumbuhkan harus scalable . Proses bisnis yang scalable artinya proses bisnis yang terukur serta dapat dihitung dengan menggunakan rumus scalability .\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 242,\n \"top\": 663,\n \"width\": 125,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Gambar 2. Prosedur Penelitian\",\n \"type\": \"Caption\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 690,\n \"width\": 443,\n \"height\": 66,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Kemudian, proses bisnis yang scalable disimulasikan pertumbuhannya yang dapat menghasilkan beberapa variasi proses bisnis dari berbagai kemungkinan. Teori yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Production Rule Cellular Automata . Adapun prosedur penelitian ini menjelaskan bagaimana pelaksanaan penelitian. Prosedur penelitian digambarkan secara umum seperti pada Gambar 2.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 40,\n \"width\": 74,\n \"height\": 8,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"E-ISSN: 2715-2731\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 179,\n \"top\": 40,\n \"width\": 251,\n \"height\": 8,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"ILKOMNIKA: Journal of Computer Science and Applied Informatics\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 514,\n \"top\": 39,\n \"width\": 11,\n \"height\": 10,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"33\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 206,\n \"top\": 50,\n \"width\": 171,\n \"height\": 8,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Vol. 1, No. 2, Desember 2019, Halaman 30-38\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 74,\n \"width\": 190,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Model Proses Bisnis dengan Petri net\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 87,\n \"width\": 435,\n \"height\": 39,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini berupa data proses bisnis yakni seperti workflow .pnml yang digambarkan dengan Petri net. Berikut salah satu data pemodelan proses bisnis dengan Petri net ditunjukkan seperti pada Gambar 3.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 217,\n \"top\": 341,\n \"width\": 175,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Gambar 3. Proses bisnis Akademik Modern\",\n \"type\": \"Caption\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 367,\n \"width\": 124,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Perhitungan Scalability\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 380,\n \"width\": 435,\n \"height\": 39,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Nilai scalability dapat diukur dengan melibatkan beberapa parameter yaitu: structural similarity, behavioral similarity, skala model, kompleksitas dan jumlah elemen model proses bisnis.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 429,\n \"width\": 191,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Simulasi Pertumbuhan Proses Bisnis\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 443,\n \"width\": 436,\n \"height\": 66,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Terdapat beberapa syarat yang harus ada dalam mensimulasikan pertumbuhan proses bisnis yaitu proses bisnis yang scalable. Algoritma yang diusulkan untuk simulasikan pertumbuhan proses bisnis. Parameter yang digunakan untuk mensimulasikan adalah proses bisnis awal dan scalability matriks. Algoritma diatas mengadopsi dari Production Rule Cellular Automata [3].\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 202,\n \"top\": 754,\n \"width\": 206,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Gambar 4. Algoritma Mapping model proses bisnis\",\n \"type\": \"Caption\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 39,\n \"width\": 11,\n \"height\": 10,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"34\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 179,\n \"top\": 40,\n \"width\": 252,\n \"height\": 8,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"ILKOMNIKA: Journal of Computer Science and Applied Informatics\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 221,\n \"top\": 40,\n \"width\": 306,\n \"height\": 18,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"E-ISSN: 2715-2731 Vol. 1, No. 2, Desember 2019, Halaman 30-38\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 89,\n \"width\": 155,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Mapping Model Proses Bisnis\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 103,\n \"width\": 442,\n \"height\": 52,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Mapping model proses bisnis berguna untuk mengetahui elemen baru setelah simulasi pertumbuhan proses bisnis. Hal ini dapat digunakan sebagai perbandingan proses bisnis awal dengan proses bisnis yang baru. Pemetaan proses bisnis masih dilakukan secara manual, maka diusulkan algoritma seperti Gambar 4.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 172,\n \"width\": 308,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Penamaan Model Proses Bisnis dari Simulasi Pertumbuhan\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 185,\n \"width\": 442,\n \"height\": 25,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Penamaan pada model proses bisnis yang dimaksudkan adalah penamaan elemen baru pada model proses bisnis dari hasil simulasi pertumbuhan.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 271,\n \"top\": 228,\n \"width\": 88,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"PEMBAHASAN\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 242,\n \"width\": 250,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Perhitungan Structural dan Behavioral Similarity\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 255,\n \"width\": 443,\n \"height\": 79,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Model PNML yang digunakan sebagai data uji merupakan proses bisnis dari empat tipe Pondok Pesantren yaitu: Mahasiswa, Modern, Salaf dan Tahfidz. Data tersebut akan dijadikan masukan untuk dilakukan proses perhitungan structural dan behavioral similarity . Perhitungan perhitungan structural maupun behavioral menggunakan empat algoritma yaitu: Jaccard Coefficient Similarity, Overlap Coefficient Similarity, Dice Coefficient Similarity dan Cosine Coefficient Similarity.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 345,\n \"width\": 130,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Skalabilitas Proses Bisnis\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 359,\n \"width\": 442,\n \"height\": 107,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Skalabilitas proses bisnis adalah perhitungan dengan mencari nilai scalability daari dua model proses bisnis yang dibandingkan. Nilai scalability diukur dengan beberapa parameter diantaranya: structural similarity, behavioral similarity, skala model, complexity dan jumlah elemen. Sebelum dilakukan perhitungan scalability, dilakukan perhitungan Control Flow Complexity (CFC) pada masing-masing model PNML. Perhitungan CFC adalah menghitung jumlah logika AND- split dan XOR- split yang ada di dalam model PNML. Perhitungan Control Flow Complexity yang mana akan ditunjukkan pada kode program berikut ini:\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 90,\n \"top\": 476,\n \"width\": 82,\n \"height\": 26,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"int xorSplit = 0; int andSplit = 0; int sequence = 0;\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 91,\n \"top\": 512,\n \"width\": 269,\n \"height\": 8,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"for (int i = 0; i < Model[0].length; i++) { int xor = 0;\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 531,\n \"width\": 365,\n \"height\": 200,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"int and = 0; for (int j = 0; j < Model[1].length; j++) { if (Model[i][j] == 2) { xor += 1; } if (Model[j][i] == 1) { and += 1; } } if (xor >= 2) { xorSplit += xor; } if (and >= 2) { andSplit += 1; } } if (((xorSplit == 0) & (andSplit == 0))) { sequence = 1; } System.out.println(\\\"---------------------------- \\\"); CFC1 = xorSplit + andSplit + sequence; System.out.println(\\\"CFC = \\\" + CFC1); System.out.println(\\\"---------------------------- \\\");\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 40,\n \"width\": 74,\n \"height\": 8,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"E-ISSN: 2715-2731\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 179,\n \"top\": 40,\n \"width\": 251,\n \"height\": 8,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"ILKOMNIKA: Journal of Computer Science and Applied Informatics\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 514,\n \"top\": 39,\n \"width\": 11,\n \"height\": 10,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"35\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 206,\n \"top\": 50,\n \"width\": 171,\n \"height\": 8,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Vol. 1, No. 2, Desember 2019, Halaman 30-38\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 73,\n \"width\": 446,\n \"height\": 39,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Perhitungan scalability ditangani oleh method skalability(int A, int B, int CFC11, int CFC22). Berikut kode sumber yang digunakan untuk menghitung nilai scalability pada dua model PNML yang ditunjukkan pada kode program di bawah ini:\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 90,\n \"top\": 129,\n \"width\": 422,\n \"height\": 62,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"public double skalability(int A, int B, int CFC11, int CFC22) { System.out.println(\\\"Skalabilitas\\\"); double SkalaA = jumlahNode1 * CFC1; double SkalaB = jumlahNode2 * CFC2; double SkalaFix = SkalaA / SkalaB; double scalability = 1 - (SkalaFix * rata2); System.out.println(\\\"Scalability of Two Model=\\\" + scalability); return scalability; }\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 215,\n \"width\": 191,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Simulasi Pertumbuhan Proses Bisnis\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 228,\n \"width\": 443,\n \"height\": 218,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Simulasi pertumbuhan proses bisnis pada aplikasi ini menggunakan Production Rule Cellular Automata . Langkah untuk simulasi pertumbuhan proses bisnis pada penelitian ini sebagai berikut: Pertama, meng- input- kan dua data uji dari tipe pondok yang berbeda dengan bagian yang sama. Misal: Proses Bisnis Akademik Modern sebagai input -an A dibandingkan dengan Proses Bisnis Akademik Mahasiswa sebagai input -an B. Kedua, menghitung structural dan behavioral similarity dari kedua model PNML tersebut. Ketiga, menghitung nilai scalability dari kedua input -an model PNML. Jika nilai scalability yang ditemukan pada perhitungan pertama adalah “ >= 0” dan “< 1” maka dilakukan simulasi pertumbuhan. Tetapi penulis membuat syarat tambahan yaitu jika scalability pada iterasi ke-0 atau scalability awal bernilai “<0.1”, maka simulasi pertumbuhan tidak terjadi. Terdapat kriteria dalam menentukan input -an A dan input -an B. Input -an A harus mempunyai nilai complexity yang lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan input -an B. Pertumbuhan proses bisnis yang dimaksud adalah dengan menumbuhkan tiga elemen / node pada model PNML input -an A. Tiga node tersebut yaitu: arc , place dan transisi. Pola pertumbuhan proses bisnis dapat dilakukan dengan dua pembobotan pada proses simulasi pertumbuhan proses bisnis pada penelitian ini yaitu:\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 103,\n \"top\": 449,\n \"width\": 419,\n \"height\": 39,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"1. Pembobotan percabangan Pembobotan percabangan yang dimaksudkan adalah simulasi pertumbuhan elemen pada model Petri net cenderung ke arah percabangan\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 103,\n \"top\": 490,\n \"width\": 126,\n \"height\": 12,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"2. Pembobotan Sequence\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 121,\n \"top\": 505,\n \"width\": 401,\n \"height\": 38,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Pembobotan sequence yang dimaksudkan adalah simulasi pertumbuhan elemen pada model PNML cenderung ke arah sequence / tanpa adanya percabangan dalam penumbuhan elemen baru.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 204,\n \"top\": 752,\n \"width\": 240,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Gambar 5. Output dari Simulasi Pertumbuhan Proses Bisnis\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 39,\n \"width\": 11,\n \"height\": 10,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"36\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 179,\n \"top\": 40,\n \"width\": 252,\n \"height\": 8,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"ILKOMNIKA: Journal of Computer Science and Applied Informatics\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 453,\n \"top\": 40,\n \"width\": 74,\n \"height\": 8,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"E-ISSN: 2715-2731\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 221,\n \"top\": 50,\n \"width\": 171,\n \"height\": 8,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Vol. 1, No. 2, Desember 2019, Halaman 30-38\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 75,\n \"width\": 438,\n \"height\": 66,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Hasil dari pertumbuhan model proses bisnis dengan adanya elemen baru yaitu place , transisi dan arc yang ditunjukkan pada Gambar 6. Berdasarkan Gambar 6 di atas, file Petri net hasil dari pertumbuhan proses bisnis yang mana terdapat elemen baru setelah dilakukannya simulasi pertumbuhan proses bisnis. Elemen baru pada pemodelan Petri net ditandai dengan penomoran bewarna merah.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 159,\n \"width\": 264,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Pengujian Sistem pada Pertumbuhan Proses Bisnis\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 172,\n \"width\": 439,\n \"height\": 39,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Nilai scalability pada bagian Akademik. Berikut ditemukan nilai scalability dari perbandingan model PNML dari bagian Akademik yang ditunjukkan pada Tabel di bawah ini:\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 157,\n \"top\": 213,\n \"width\": 301,\n \"height\": 118,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Tabel 1. Perbandingan Nilai Scalability Akademik Model B Akademik Akademik Akademik Akademik Model A Tahfidz Modern Salaf Mahasiswa Akademik 0.0 0.48605105 0.58109385 0.60040077 Tahfidz 5 8 6 Akademik - 0.0 0.56588114 0.56370029 Modern 7 3 Akademik - - 0.0 0.20896176 Salaf 5 Akademik - - - 0.0\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 347,\n \"width\": 439,\n \"height\": 135,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Dari Tabel 1 di atas, didapatkan variasi nilai scalability dengan membandingkan dua model PNML dari bagian Akademik. Jika complexity input -an A > input -an B, maka tidak dapat dilakukan simulasi pertumbuhan. Begitu juga sebaliknya, jika complexity input -an A < input -an B, maka dapat dilakukan simulasi pertumbuhan. Namun, jika pada tabel di atas terdapat kolom yang isinya tanda “-” artinya perbandingan antar dua model PNML menghasilkan nilai scalability tetapi tidak dapat dilakukan simulasi pertumbuhan. Jika membandingkan input -an A dan input -an B dengan model PNML yang sama, maka nilai scalability akan otomatis bernilai nol. Berikut ditunjukkan hasil simulasi pertumbuhan dari Akademik Modern sebagai input -an A dan Akademik Mahasiswa sebagai input -an B pada Tabel 2.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 88,\n \"top\": 485,\n \"width\": 440,\n \"height\": 273,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Menurut Tabel 2, simulasi pertumbuhan percobaan pertama dan kedua pada pembobotan percabangan mendapatkan hasil iterasi yang berbeda. Sedangkan pada pembobotan sequence , percobaan pertama dan kedua mendapatkan hasil iterasi dan nilai minimum scalability yang sama. Dilakukan juga simulasi pertumbuhan dengan pola AND, artinya percabangan yang lebih ke arah logika AND dan mendapatkan hasil iterasi yang berbeda. Seperti yang telah dipaparkan, nilai scalability awal pada perbandingan proses bisnis Akademik Modern dan proses bisnis Akademik Mahasiswa adalah 0.486051055, maka simulasi pertumbuhan dapat terjadi. Simulasi pertumbuhan dilakukan dengan pembobotan pada percabangan dan sequence . Hasil simulasi pertumbuhan pada pembobotan percabangan dan sequence akan mendapatkan iterasi berbeda. Hal ini dikarenakan simulasi pertumbuhan elemen pada proses bisnis dilakukan secara random . Oleh karena itu, hasil simulasi pada percobaan pertama, kedua dan seterusnya akan berbeda. Namun, tidak menutup kemungkinan mendapatkan nilai iterasi yang sama. Nilai scalability terus mengalami penurunan seiring dengan bertambahnya iterasi pertumbuhan pada proses bisnis. Iterasi pertumbuhan menyebabkan scalability bernilai “>=0”, artinya nilai scalability tidak sampai bernilai minus. Namun, pada iterasi terakhir, scalability dapat bernilai minus karena pada iterasi sebelumnya scalability terindentifikasi bernilai “>=0” dan akan berlanjut pertumbuhannya. Hal ini menyebabkan scalability pada iterasi terakhir bernilai minus. Sehingga, nilai scalability minimum terletak pada iterasi sebelum iterasi terakhir.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 40,\n \"width\": 74,\n \"height\": 8,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"E-ISSN: 2715-2731\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 179,\n \"top\": 40,\n \"width\": 251,\n \"height\": 8,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"ILKOMNIKA: Journal of Computer Science and Applied Informatics\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 514,\n \"top\": 39,\n \"width\": 11,\n \"height\": 10,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"37\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 206,\n \"top\": 50,\n \"width\": 171,\n \"height\": 8,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Vol. 1, No. 2, Desember 2019, Halaman 30-38\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 158,\n \"top\": 93,\n \"width\": 306,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Tabel 2. Simulasi Pertumbuhan Akademik Modern & Akademik Mahasiswa\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 264,\n \"top\": 598,\n \"width\": 84,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"KESIMPULAN\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 612,\n \"width\": 442,\n \"height\": 149,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Berdasarkan penelitian yang telah dilaksanakan, dapat disimpulkan bahwa Proses perhitungan structural dan behavioral similarity menggunakan empat algoritma yaitu: Jaccard Coefficient Similarity, Overlap Coefficient Similarity, Dice Coefficient Similarity dan Cosine Coefficient Similarity . Terbukti bahwa keempat algoritma tersebut dapat melakukan perhitungan mencari kemiripan model PNML pada proses bisnis Pondok Pesantren Salaf Anwarul Huda Malang (tipe pondok salaf ), Pondok Pesantren Modern Ar- Rifaie 1 Gondanglegi (tipe pondok modern ), Pondok Pesantren Mahasiswa Syai Urrifa’ Malang (tipe pondok mahasiswa) dan Pondok Pesantren Ar-Rohmah Malang (tipe pondok tahfidz ). Selanjutnya, dilakukan perhitungan scalability dengan menggunakan beberapa parameter yaitu: similarity workflow , jumlah elemen proses bisnis, complexity dan skala proses bisnis. Nilai scalability digunakan untuk untuk menentukan pola pertumbuhan\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 39,\n \"width\": 11,\n \"height\": 10,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"38\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 179,\n \"top\": 40,\n \"width\": 252,\n \"height\": 8,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"ILKOMNIKA: Journal of Computer Science and Applied Informatics\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 221,\n \"top\": 40,\n \"width\": 306,\n \"height\": 18,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"E-ISSN: 2715-2731 Vol. 1, No. 2, Desember 2019, Halaman 30-38\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 75,\n \"width\": 442,\n \"height\": 204,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"proses bisnis. Pola pertumbuhan proses bisnis dilakukan dengan dua pendekatan yaitu: secara sequence dan percabangan. Simulasi pertumbuhan proses bisnis dengan menerapkan teori Production Rule Cellular Automata untuk menumbuhkan beberapa elemen pada model A dengan pembanding model B. Dilakukan pembobotan atau mengukur ketepatan pola pada saat proses simulasi pertumbuhan pada dua pendekatan percabangan dan sequence . Hasil dari kedua pembobotan akan berpengaruh pada iterasi yang dihasilkan. Meskipun dilakukan berulang kali percobaan simulasi pertumbuhan dengan masing-masing pembobotan, hasil simulasi akan terus berbeda. Hal ini dikarenakan pertumbuhan elemen pada proses bisnis dilakukan secara random . Simulasi pertumbuhan proses bisnis dari segi scalability terbukti berhasil karena adanya penurunan nilai scalability dan perhitungan standart deviasi menghasilkan rata-rata dengan nilai “<0.2”. Simulasi pertumbuhan proses bisnis dari segi similarity , hasil yang didapatkan belum maksimal karena adanya pertumbuhan random , sehingga rata-rata nilai similarity setelah simulasi “<0.5”. Terbukti berhasil apabila nilai similarity setelah simulasi > sebelum simulasi pertumbuhan.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 280,\n \"top\": 296,\n \"width\": 72,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"REFERENSI\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 309,\n \"width\": 438,\n \"height\": 21,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"[1] M. M. Essam and S. L. Mansar, “Toward a Software Framework for Automatic Business Process Redesign,” in Ain Shams University , Egypt, 2011.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 331,\n \"width\": 438,\n \"height\": 22,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"[2] M. Ainul, C. Fauzan, R. Sarno and Wahyu, “Scalability Measurement of Business Process Model Using Business Processes Similarity and Complexity,” 2016.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 355,\n \"width\": 438,\n \"height\": 21,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"[3] S. F. Wijaya and S. Darudito, ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) & Solusi Bisnis, Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu, 2009.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 377,\n \"width\": 438,\n \"height\": 22,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"[4] M. P. Fajarivan, “Integrasi Sistem Keuangan pada Enterprise Resource Planning Pondok Pesantren Tipe Pondok D Menggunakan Services Oriented Architecture,” Malang, 2017.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 400,\n \"width\": 438,\n \"height\": 23,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"[5] L. Puspa Dewi, U. Indahyati and Y. Hari S, “Pemodelan Proses Bisnis Menggunakan Activity Diagram UML dan BPMN,” 2010.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 423,\n \"width\": 438,\n \"height\": 35,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"[6] A. d. Rini, “Analsisis Dan Verifikasi Workflow Menggunakan Petri (Studi kasus: Proses Bisnis di Universitas Sebelas Maret),” in Senimar Nasional Teknologi Informasi & Komunikasi Terapan 2014 , 2014.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 459,\n \"width\": 438,\n \"height\": 33,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"[7] Suhartono, Intergration of Artifial Neural Network Into Genetic L-System Programming Based Plant Modeling Environment with Mathematica, Jakarta Pusat: Kementrian Agama Republik Indonesia, 2012.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 493,\n \"width\": 438,\n \"height\": 22,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"[8] S. Wolfram, “Statistical Mechanics of Cellular Automata,” Vols. Vol. 55, No. 23, no. The Institute for Advanced Study, 1983.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n }\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":196,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"string","value":"356b4fce-3808-2720-e63b-ddeda7e28dd5"},"url":{"kind":"string","value":"https://ejournal.seaninstitute.or.id/index.php/healt/article/download/1272/1021"},"data":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"left":267,"top":58,"width":252,"height":39,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"http://ejournal.seaninstitute.or.id/index.php/healt Jurnal Eduhealt, Volume 13, No. 02 Desember 2022 E-ISSN. 2808-4608","type":"Table"},{"left":79,"top":771,"width":447,"height":22,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio (Nlr) And Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (Esr) Correlation In Covid- 19 Patients At Hermina Hospital Medan - Okto PE Marpaung , Grace MK Sitorus","type":"Page footer"},{"left":501,"top":795,"width":22,"height":11,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"1177","type":"Page footer"},{"left":86,"top":114,"width":427,"height":51,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio (Nlr) And Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (Esr) Correlation In Covid-19 Patients At Hermina Hospital Medan","type":"Section header"},{"left":179,"top":181,"width":240,"height":22,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Okto PE Marpaung , Grace MK Sitorus Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas HKBP Nommensen","type":"Text"},{"left":77,"top":219,"width":205,"height":10,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT","type":"Section header"},{"left":77,"top":337,"width":50,"height":10,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Keywords:","type":"Text"},{"left":77,"top":240,"width":443,"height":262,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Covid-19, Neutrophil- Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR), Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) Background: WHO in February 2020 officially announced the name of the mysterious pneumonia as Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19). COVID-19 is caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS- CoV-2) virus. The Corona virus can be transmitted from human to other humans and WHO on March 12 2020 finally declared COVID-19 a global pandemic. Laboratory tests are used to determine the degree of severity so that appropriate treatment will be carried out. Purpose: This study aims to determine the relationship between the Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) and Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) in COVID-19 patients at Hermina Hospital Medan Method: This research is an observational correlation analytic study with a cross-sectional approach conducted at Hermina Hospital Medan against 54 research samples. Results: From this study it is known that the majority of confirmed COVID-19 patients who came to Hermina Medan Hospital were in the age group of 41-50 years and were female. The NLR value in patients with confirmed COVID-19 with the lowest score was 1.4, the highest was 46.50, and the average was 12.91. The ESR value in patients with confirmed COVID-19 with the lowest score was 10, the highest was 92, and the median was 51.12. The results showed that there was a correlation between NLR and CRP values (p = <0.001) with a low correlation strength (r = 0.354) Conclusion: A correlation was found between NLR and ESR but with a low correlation strength, so it can be concluded that the use of ESR to replace ESR value as a biomarker in COVID-19 patients is less precise.","type":"Text"},{"left":223,"top":514,"width":298,"height":22,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Copyright © 2022 Jurnal Eduhealth.All rights reserved is Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial","type":"Text"},{"left":350,"top":539,"width":168,"height":23,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0)","type":"Table"},{"left":72,"top":595,"width":123,"height":10,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"1. INTRODUCTION","type":"Section header"},{"left":72,"top":607,"width":454,"height":124,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"In December 2019 a case of pneumonia of unknown cause appeared and was reported in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China with an unknown source of disease transmission. It is suspected that it came from bats sold at a fish market in the Wuhan area. The transmission of this disease increased rapidly from the period December 31 2019 to January 3 2020, as evidenced by the reported 44 cases suspected of being caused by this mysterious pneumonia. In a short period of time the disease has spread to various other countries such as Thailand, Japan and South Korea and almost all continents. 1 WHO in 2020 officially announced the name for the mysterious pneumonia as Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19). COVID-19 is caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus. The Corona virus can be transmitted from human to other humans and WHO on March 12 2020 finally declared COVID-19 a global pandemic. 1","type":"Text"},{"left":72,"top":734,"width":454,"height":23,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"COVID-19 is a disease with a fast course and worsening that can occur suddenly, this contributes to an increase in patient mortality. Patients who have a history of previous illnesses or","type":"Text"},{"left":267,"top":58,"width":252,"height":39,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"http://ejournal.seaninstitute.or.id/index.php/healt Jurnal Eduhealt, Volume 13, No. 02 Desember 2022 E-ISSN. 2808-4608","type":"Table"},{"left":79,"top":771,"width":447,"height":22,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio (Nlr) And Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (Esr) Correlation In Covid- 19 Patients At Hermina Hospital Medan - Okto PE Marpaung , Grace MK Sitorus","type":"Page footer"},{"left":501,"top":795,"width":22,"height":11,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"1178","type":"Page footer"},{"left":72,"top":113,"width":454,"height":48,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, thyroid disease, dementia, and pulmonary disease are associated with severe symptoms that appear in patients with COVID-19. 2 So it is very important to provide prompt assistance with early diagnosis and proper supervision. in COVID-19 patients.","type":"Text"},{"left":72,"top":163,"width":454,"height":99,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Laboratory tests are used to determine the severity so that the right treatment will be carried out. Laboratory investigations that are often used to help the patient's condition include hematological examination, kidney function tests, blood gas analysis, hemostasis, lactate, procalcitonin and D-dimer levels. 1 A combination of laboratory tests is often used to determine the prognosis and degree of hyperinflammation in COVID-19 patients. The combination used is the Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR), C-reactive Protein (CRP), and D-dimer. In several studies, the Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) was also included as a biomarker in COVID-19. However, there is still little data on ESR in COVID-19.","type":"Text"},{"left":72,"top":265,"width":454,"height":48,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"In many cases of COVID-19, an increase in the number of leukocytes and the neutrophil- lymphocyte ratio was found, as well as a decrease in the proportion of monocytes, eosinophils and basophils. These biomarkers can also be used to predict severity, treatment and prognosis in COVID- 19 patients. 3","type":"Text"},{"left":72,"top":315,"width":454,"height":61,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"The results of these laboratory tests still need to be studied further because there are still many uncertain hypotheses about the NLR and ESR laboratory results used to assess the severity and prognosis of COVID-19 patients. So the authors feel the need to conduct research that aims to determine the correlation between the Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) and Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) in patients with COVID-19.","type":"Text"},{"left":72,"top":391,"width":71,"height":10,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"2. METHOD","type":"Section header"},{"left":247,"top":660,"width":137,"height":10,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Figure 1. Research procedure","type":"Caption"},{"left":72,"top":686,"width":87,"height":10,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Research variable","type":"Section header"},{"left":72,"top":698,"width":454,"height":23,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"The independent variable in this study was the Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR). The variable that was tied to this study was the Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR).","type":"Text"},{"left":267,"top":58,"width":252,"height":39,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"http://ejournal.seaninstitute.or.id/index.php/healt Jurnal Eduhealt, Volume 13, No. 02 Desember 2022 E-ISSN. 2808-4608","type":"Table"},{"left":79,"top":771,"width":447,"height":22,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio (Nlr) And Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (Esr) Correlation In Covid- 19 Patients At Hermina Hospital Medan - Okto PE Marpaung , Grace MK Sitorus","type":"Page footer"},{"left":501,"top":795,"width":22,"height":11,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"1179","type":"Page footer"},{"left":72,"top":113,"width":279,"height":111,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Load Concept Figure 2. load Concept","type":"Picture"},{"left":224,"top":239,"width":150,"height":10,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Table 1. Operational Definition","type":"Section header"},{"left":491,"top":265,"width":25,"height":10,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Data","type":"Picture"},{"left":72,"top":368,"width":40,"height":10,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"analysis","type":"Section header"},{"left":72,"top":380,"width":454,"height":74,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"The collected data will be collected and then analyzed using the statistical program SPSS (Statistical Product and Service Solutions). Descriptive data is presented in the frequency distribution table in the form of proportions. Prior to analysis, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test was performed. Hypothesis test using Pearson correlation test. If data is obtained that is not normally distributed and is not homogeneous, then the data is analyzed using the Spearman test. Spearman's bivariate test was used between NLR and ESR.","type":"Text"},{"left":72,"top":469,"width":168,"height":10,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION","type":"Section header"},{"left":72,"top":482,"width":454,"height":73,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"This research was conducted in the clinical pathology laboratory room, floor 1, Hermina General Hospital, which is located at Jalan Asrama, Sei Sikambing C. II, Kec. Medan Helvetia, Medan City, North Sumatra in September 2021. From data on 81 COVID-19 patients, 54 research samples were found that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The research sample was selected by means of non-probability sampling, namely the consecutive sampling technique. The table below is divided into 2 tables which describe the description of the age and sex of the research subjects.","type":"Text"},{"left":80,"top":253,"width":384,"height":510,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Table 2. Characteristics of Research Subjects Age N % 11-20 2 3.7 21–30 7 12.96 31–40 12 22.22 41–50 19 35.19 51–60 3 5.56 61–70 7 12.96 71 - 80 4 7.41 Gender N % Man 25 46.23 Not Variable Operational definition Scale 1. Neutrophil- Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) Comparison of neutrophil and lymphocyte values numeric 2. Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) the rate at which red blood cells settle in a test tube in mm/hour.","type":"Table"},{"left":118,"top":144,"width":343,"height":183,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"numeric Free Variables:","type":"Picture"},{"left":100,"top":165,"width":117,"height":25,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR)","type":"Picture"},{"left":338,"top":143,"width":107,"height":11,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Dependent variable:","type":"Text"},{"left":326,"top":164,"width":131,"height":11,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Erythrocyte Sedimentation","type":"Section header"},{"left":364,"top":178,"width":55,"height":11,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Rate (ESR)","type":"Table"},{"left":267,"top":58,"width":252,"height":39,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"http://ejournal.seaninstitute.or.id/index.php/healt Jurnal Eduhealt, Volume 13, No. 02 Desember 2022 E-ISSN. 2808-4608","type":"Table"},{"left":79,"top":771,"width":447,"height":22,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio (Nlr) And Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (Esr) Correlation In Covid- 19 Patients At Hermina Hospital Medan - Okto PE Marpaung , Grace MK Sitorus","type":"Page footer"},{"left":501,"top":795,"width":22,"height":11,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"1180","type":"Page footer"},{"left":113,"top":113,"width":329,"height":27,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Woman 29 53.77 Total 54 100","type":"Table"},{"left":72,"top":160,"width":172,"height":10,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Description of NLR and ESR values","type":"Section header"},{"left":72,"top":173,"width":384,"height":74,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Table 3 shows a description of the NLR and ESR values obtained. Table 3. Description of NLR and ESR values Variable Minimum Maximum Means Standard Deviation NLR 1.40 46.50 12.9156 11.61638 ESR 10.00 92.00 51.1296 22.75053","type":"Table"},{"left":72,"top":251,"width":454,"height":35,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Based on table 4.2, it can be seen that the minimum NLR value in patients with confirmed COVID-19 at Hermina Medan Hospital is 1.40 and the maximum NLR score is 46.50. With a minimum ESR value of 10.00 and a maximum ESR value of 92.00.","type":"Text"},{"left":72,"top":301,"width":140,"height":10,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Correlation of NLR and ESR","type":"Section header"},{"left":72,"top":314,"width":454,"height":22,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Table 4 shows the correlation of NLR and ESR values in 54 patients with confirmed COVID-19 at Hermina Hospital Medan.","type":"Text"},{"left":117,"top":342,"width":365,"height":142,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Table 4. Correlation of NLR & ESR NLR ESR NLR Pearson correlation 1 .354** Sig. (2-tails) .009 N 54 54 ESR Pearson correlation .354** 1 Sig. (2-tails) .009 N 54 54","type":"Table"},{"left":117,"top":493,"width":249,"height":10,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"**. Significant correlation at the level of 0.01 (2-tailed).","type":"Text"},{"left":72,"top":525,"width":454,"height":35,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Based on the results of a bivariate analysis of the correlation between NLR values and ESR in patients who were confirmed to have COVID-19, it was found that there was a correlation between NLR values and CRP (p = <0.001) with a low correlation strength (r = 0.354)","type":"Text"},{"left":72,"top":575,"width":52,"height":10,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Discussion","type":"Section header"},{"left":72,"top":588,"width":454,"height":99,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"This research was conducted using secondary data from 54 research samples that met the criteria and exclusion criteria. This research aims to determine the correlation between NLR and ESR values in patients with confirmed COVID-19 at Hermina Medan Hospital in 2021. The characteristics of patients with confirmed COVID-19 in this study were assessed based on age and gender. Based on the age in this study, of the 54 confirmed COVID-19 patients at Hermina Medan Hospital, the majority were aged 41-50 years with a total of 19 people (35.59%). Based on gender, this study found 25 men (46.23%) and 29 men (53.77%) women who had confirmed COVID-19. A correlation was found between NLR and ESR but with a low correlation strength.","type":"Text"},{"left":72,"top":702,"width":105,"height":10,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"4. CONCLUSION","type":"Section header"},{"left":72,"top":714,"width":454,"height":48,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"A study has been conducted on the correlation between NLR and ESR values in patients with confirmed COVID-19 at Hermina Medan Hospital with the conclusion that the majority of confirmed COVID-19 patients who come to Hermina Medan Hospital are in the age group of 41-50 years and are female. The NLR value in patients with confirmed COVID-19 with the lowest score was 1.4, the highest","type":"Text"},{"left":267,"top":58,"width":252,"height":39,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"http://ejournal.seaninstitute.or.id/index.php/healt Jurnal Eduhealt, Volume 13, No. 02 Desember 2022 E-ISSN. 2808-4608","type":"Table"},{"left":79,"top":771,"width":447,"height":22,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio (Nlr) And Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (Esr) Correlation In Covid- 19 Patients At Hermina Hospital Medan - Okto PE Marpaung , Grace MK Sitorus","type":"Page footer"},{"left":501,"top":795,"width":22,"height":11,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"1181","type":"Page footer"},{"left":72,"top":113,"width":454,"height":48,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"was 46.50, and the mean was 12.91. The ESR value in patients with confirmed COVID-19 with the lowest score was 10, the highest was 92, and the median was 51.12 The results showed a correlation between the NLR and CRP values (p = <0.001) with low correlation strength (r = 0.354) Based on the results In this research, there are several suggestions given as follows:","type":"Text"},{"left":275,"top":176,"width":47,"height":10,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"Reference","type":"Text"},{"left":72,"top":189,"width":450,"height":22,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"1. Susilo A, Rumende CM, Pitoyo CW, Santoso WD, Yulianti M, Herikurniawan, dkk. Penyakit Coronavirus 2019: Tinjauan Literatur Saat Ini. J Penyakit Dalam Indonesia. 2020;7(1):45–67.","type":"List item"},{"left":72,"top":214,"width":450,"height":23,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"2. Taj S, Kashif A, Fatima SA, Imran S, Lone A, Ahmed Q. Peran Parameter Hematologi dalam Stratifikasi Keparahan Penyakit COVID-19. Ann Medi Surg. 2021;62:68–72.","type":"List item"},{"left":72,"top":239,"width":450,"height":23,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"3. Duz ME, Balci A, tingkat Menekse E.D-dimer dan tingkat keparahan COVID-19. Klin Calisma Res Artik. 2020;68(4):353-360.","type":"List item"},{"left":72,"top":265,"width":450,"height":22,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"4. Silva LHAC, Carvalho DCM, Lima E de A, Galvao JGFM, Silva JS de F, Neto JM de S, dkk. Neutrofil dan COVID-19: Jalan sejauh ini. Int Immunofarmakol. 2021;90:2-7.","type":"List item"},{"left":72,"top":290,"width":450,"height":23,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"5. Yuliana. Penyakit Virus Corona (COVID-19); Sebuah Literatur Tinjauan. Wellness Heal Mag J. 2020;2(1):187–92.","type":"List item"},{"left":72,"top":315,"width":447,"height":23,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"6. Peta Risiko [Internet]. Kementerian Kesehatan RI. 2021. Tersedia dari: https://covid19.go.id/peta- risiko","type":"List item"},{"left":72,"top":341,"width":450,"height":10,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"7. Singhal T. Review Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19). India J Pediatr. 2020;87(4):281–286.","type":"List item"},{"left":72,"top":353,"width":450,"height":23,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"8. Lotfi M, Hamblin MR, Rezaei N. COVID-19: Penularan, pencegahan, dan potensi peluang terapeutik. Klinik Chim Acta. 2020;508:254–66.","type":"List item"},{"left":72,"top":378,"width":450,"height":23,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"9. Sheeren MA, Khan S, Kazmi A, Bashir N, Rabeea S. Infeksi COVID-19: Asal, penularan, dan karakteristik virus korona manusia. J Adv Res. 2020; 24:91–98.","type":"List item"},{"left":72,"top":404,"width":450,"height":22,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"10. Jin Y, Yang H, Ji W, Wu W, Chen S, Zhang W, dkk. Virologi, Epidemiologi, Patogenesis, dan Pengendalian COVID-19. Virus J. 2020;12(4):2-17.","type":"List item"},{"left":72,"top":429,"width":450,"height":23,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"11. Ge H, Wang X, Yuan X, Xiao G, Wang C, Deng T, dkk. Epidemiologi dan informasi klinis tentang COVID-19. Eur J Clin Mikrobiol Menginfeksi Dis. 2020;","type":"List item"},{"left":72,"top":454,"width":450,"height":23,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"12. Chatterjee SK, Saha S, Munoz MNM. Patogenesis Molekuler, Imunopatogenesis, dan Strategi Terapi Baru Melawan COVID-19. Biosci Mol Depan. 2020;7:1-11.","type":"List item"},{"left":72,"top":480,"width":450,"height":22,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"13. Haque SM, Ashwaq O, Sarief A, Mohamed AKAJ. Ulasan komprehensif tentang SARS-CoV-2. Virol masa depan. 2020;15(9):625–648.","type":"List item"},{"left":72,"top":505,"width":450,"height":23,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"14. Lee C, Choi WJ. Gambaran umum patogenesis inflamasi COVID-19 dari perspektif terapeutik. Res Farmasi. 2021;44:99–116.","type":"List item"},{"left":72,"top":530,"width":450,"height":36,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"15. Menjadirnstein RR. Pola Aktivasi Reseptor Bawaan yang Melibatkan Sinergisme TLR dan NLR dalam Badai Sitokin COVID-19, ALI/ARDS, dan Sepsis: Tinjauan dan Pembuatan Model Prediksi Baru dan Saran Terapi. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22:2–44.","type":"List item"},{"left":72,"top":568,"width":450,"height":36,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"16. Paz LO, Capodanno D, Montalescot G, Angiolillo DJ. Penyakit Coronavirus 2019–Trombosis dan Koagulopati Terkait: Tinjauan Karakteristik Patofisiologis dan Implikasinya untuk Manajemen Antitrombotik. J Am Heart Assoc. 2021;10:1–24.","type":"List item"},{"left":72,"top":606,"width":450,"height":35,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"17. Arentz M, Yim E, Klaff L, Lokhandwala S, Riedo FX, Chong M, dkk. Karakteristik dan Hasil dari 21 Pasien Sakit Kritis Dengan COVID-19 di Negara Bagian Washington. JAMA- J. 2020;323(16):1612–1614.","type":"List item"},{"left":72,"top":644,"width":330,"height":10,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"18. Hall J, Hall M. Guyton dan Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology. 14t","type":"List item"},{"left":72,"top":657,"width":450,"height":35,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":842,"text":"19. Salehi S, Abedi A, Balakrishnan S, Gholamrezanezhad A. Penyakit Coronavirus 2019 (COVID- 19): Tinjauan Sistematis Temuan Pencitraan pada 919 Pasien. Pencitraan Kardiopulm. 2020;215(1):87–93.","type":"List item"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"left\": 267,\n \"top\": 58,\n \"width\": 252,\n \"height\": 39,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"http://ejournal.seaninstitute.or.id/index.php/healt Jurnal Eduhealt, Volume 13, No. 02 Desember 2022 E-ISSN. 2808-4608\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 79,\n \"top\": 771,\n \"width\": 447,\n \"height\": 22,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio (Nlr) And Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (Esr) Correlation In Covid- 19 Patients At Hermina Hospital Medan - Okto PE Marpaung , Grace MK Sitorus\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 501,\n \"top\": 795,\n \"width\": 22,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"1177\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 86,\n \"top\": 114,\n \"width\": 427,\n \"height\": 51,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio (Nlr) And Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (Esr) Correlation In Covid-19 Patients At Hermina Hospital Medan\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 179,\n \"top\": 181,\n \"width\": 240,\n \"height\": 22,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Okto PE Marpaung , Grace MK Sitorus Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas HKBP Nommensen\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 77,\n \"top\": 219,\n \"width\": 205,\n \"height\": 10,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 77,\n \"top\": 337,\n \"width\": 50,\n \"height\": 10,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Keywords:\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 77,\n \"top\": 240,\n \"width\": 443,\n \"height\": 262,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Covid-19, Neutrophil- Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR), Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) Background: WHO in February 2020 officially announced the name of the mysterious pneumonia as Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19). COVID-19 is caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS- CoV-2) virus. The Corona virus can be transmitted from human to other humans and WHO on March 12 2020 finally declared COVID-19 a global pandemic. Laboratory tests are used to determine the degree of severity so that appropriate treatment will be carried out. Purpose: This study aims to determine the relationship between the Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) and Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) in COVID-19 patients at Hermina Hospital Medan Method: This research is an observational correlation analytic study with a cross-sectional approach conducted at Hermina Hospital Medan against 54 research samples. Results: From this study it is known that the majority of confirmed COVID-19 patients who came to Hermina Medan Hospital were in the age group of 41-50 years and were female. The NLR value in patients with confirmed COVID-19 with the lowest score was 1.4, the highest was 46.50, and the average was 12.91. The ESR value in patients with confirmed COVID-19 with the lowest score was 10, the highest was 92, and the median was 51.12. The results showed that there was a correlation between NLR and CRP values (p = <0.001) with a low correlation strength (r = 0.354) Conclusion: A correlation was found between NLR and ESR but with a low correlation strength, so it can be concluded that the use of ESR to replace ESR value as a biomarker in COVID-19 patients is less precise.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 223,\n \"top\": 514,\n \"width\": 298,\n \"height\": 22,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Copyright © 2022 Jurnal Eduhealth.All rights reserved is Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 350,\n \"top\": 539,\n \"width\": 168,\n \"height\": 23,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0)\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 72,\n \"top\": 595,\n \"width\": 123,\n \"height\": 10,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"1. INTRODUCTION\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 72,\n \"top\": 607,\n \"width\": 454,\n \"height\": 124,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"In December 2019 a case of pneumonia of unknown cause appeared and was reported in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China with an unknown source of disease transmission. It is suspected that it came from bats sold at a fish market in the Wuhan area. The transmission of this disease increased rapidly from the period December 31 2019 to January 3 2020, as evidenced by the reported 44 cases suspected of being caused by this mysterious pneumonia. In a short period of time the disease has spread to various other countries such as Thailand, Japan and South Korea and almost all continents. 1 WHO in 2020 officially announced the name for the mysterious pneumonia as Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19). COVID-19 is caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus. The Corona virus can be transmitted from human to other humans and WHO on March 12 2020 finally declared COVID-19 a global pandemic. 1\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 72,\n \"top\": 734,\n \"width\": 454,\n \"height\": 23,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"COVID-19 is a disease with a fast course and worsening that can occur suddenly, this contributes to an increase in patient mortality. Patients who have a history of previous illnesses or\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 267,\n \"top\": 58,\n \"width\": 252,\n \"height\": 39,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"http://ejournal.seaninstitute.or.id/index.php/healt Jurnal Eduhealt, Volume 13, No. 02 Desember 2022 E-ISSN. 2808-4608\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 79,\n \"top\": 771,\n \"width\": 447,\n \"height\": 22,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio (Nlr) And Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (Esr) Correlation In Covid- 19 Patients At Hermina Hospital Medan - Okto PE Marpaung , Grace MK Sitorus\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 501,\n \"top\": 795,\n \"width\": 22,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"1178\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 72,\n \"top\": 113,\n \"width\": 454,\n \"height\": 48,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, thyroid disease, dementia, and pulmonary disease are associated with severe symptoms that appear in patients with COVID-19. 2 So it is very important to provide prompt assistance with early diagnosis and proper supervision. in COVID-19 patients.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 72,\n \"top\": 163,\n \"width\": 454,\n \"height\": 99,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Laboratory tests are used to determine the severity so that the right treatment will be carried out. Laboratory investigations that are often used to help the patient's condition include hematological examination, kidney function tests, blood gas analysis, hemostasis, lactate, procalcitonin and D-dimer levels. 1 A combination of laboratory tests is often used to determine the prognosis and degree of hyperinflammation in COVID-19 patients. The combination used is the Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR), C-reactive Protein (CRP), and D-dimer. In several studies, the Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) was also included as a biomarker in COVID-19. However, there is still little data on ESR in COVID-19.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 72,\n \"top\": 265,\n \"width\": 454,\n \"height\": 48,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"In many cases of COVID-19, an increase in the number of leukocytes and the neutrophil- lymphocyte ratio was found, as well as a decrease in the proportion of monocytes, eosinophils and basophils. These biomarkers can also be used to predict severity, treatment and prognosis in COVID- 19 patients. 3\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 72,\n \"top\": 315,\n \"width\": 454,\n \"height\": 61,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"The results of these laboratory tests still need to be studied further because there are still many uncertain hypotheses about the NLR and ESR laboratory results used to assess the severity and prognosis of COVID-19 patients. So the authors feel the need to conduct research that aims to determine the correlation between the Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) and Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) in patients with COVID-19.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 72,\n \"top\": 391,\n \"width\": 71,\n \"height\": 10,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"2. METHOD\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 247,\n \"top\": 660,\n \"width\": 137,\n \"height\": 10,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Figure 1. Research procedure\",\n \"type\": \"Caption\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 72,\n \"top\": 686,\n \"width\": 87,\n \"height\": 10,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Research variable\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 72,\n \"top\": 698,\n \"width\": 454,\n \"height\": 23,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"The independent variable in this study was the Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR). The variable that was tied to this study was the Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR).\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 267,\n \"top\": 58,\n \"width\": 252,\n \"height\": 39,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"http://ejournal.seaninstitute.or.id/index.php/healt Jurnal Eduhealt, Volume 13, No. 02 Desember 2022 E-ISSN. 2808-4608\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 79,\n \"top\": 771,\n \"width\": 447,\n \"height\": 22,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio (Nlr) And Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (Esr) Correlation In Covid- 19 Patients At Hermina Hospital Medan - Okto PE Marpaung , Grace MK Sitorus\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 501,\n \"top\": 795,\n \"width\": 22,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"1179\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 72,\n \"top\": 113,\n \"width\": 279,\n \"height\": 111,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Load Concept Figure 2. load Concept\",\n \"type\": \"Picture\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 224,\n \"top\": 239,\n \"width\": 150,\n \"height\": 10,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Table 1. Operational Definition\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 491,\n \"top\": 265,\n \"width\": 25,\n \"height\": 10,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Data\",\n \"type\": \"Picture\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 72,\n \"top\": 368,\n \"width\": 40,\n \"height\": 10,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"analysis\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 72,\n \"top\": 380,\n \"width\": 454,\n \"height\": 74,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"The collected data will be collected and then analyzed using the statistical program SPSS (Statistical Product and Service Solutions). Descriptive data is presented in the frequency distribution table in the form of proportions. Prior to analysis, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test was performed. Hypothesis test using Pearson correlation test. If data is obtained that is not normally distributed and is not homogeneous, then the data is analyzed using the Spearman test. Spearman's bivariate test was used between NLR and ESR.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 72,\n \"top\": 469,\n \"width\": 168,\n \"height\": 10,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 72,\n \"top\": 482,\n \"width\": 454,\n \"height\": 73,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"This research was conducted in the clinical pathology laboratory room, floor 1, Hermina General Hospital, which is located at Jalan Asrama, Sei Sikambing C. II, Kec. Medan Helvetia, Medan City, North Sumatra in September 2021. From data on 81 COVID-19 patients, 54 research samples were found that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The research sample was selected by means of non-probability sampling, namely the consecutive sampling technique. The table below is divided into 2 tables which describe the description of the age and sex of the research subjects.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 80,\n \"top\": 253,\n \"width\": 384,\n \"height\": 510,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Table 2. Characteristics of Research Subjects Age N % 11-20 2 3.7 21–30 7 12.96 31–40 12 22.22 41–50 19 35.19 51–60 3 5.56 61–70 7 12.96 71 - 80 4 7.41 Gender N % Man 25 46.23 Not Variable Operational definition Scale 1. Neutrophil- Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) Comparison of neutrophil and lymphocyte values numeric 2. Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) the rate at which red blood cells settle in a test tube in mm/hour.\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 118,\n \"top\": 144,\n \"width\": 343,\n \"height\": 183,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"numeric Free Variables:\",\n \"type\": \"Picture\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 100,\n \"top\": 165,\n \"width\": 117,\n \"height\": 25,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR)\",\n \"type\": \"Picture\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 338,\n \"top\": 143,\n \"width\": 107,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Dependent variable:\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 326,\n \"top\": 164,\n \"width\": 131,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Erythrocyte Sedimentation\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 364,\n \"top\": 178,\n \"width\": 55,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Rate (ESR)\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 267,\n \"top\": 58,\n \"width\": 252,\n \"height\": 39,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"http://ejournal.seaninstitute.or.id/index.php/healt Jurnal Eduhealt, Volume 13, No. 02 Desember 2022 E-ISSN. 2808-4608\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 79,\n \"top\": 771,\n \"width\": 447,\n \"height\": 22,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio (Nlr) And Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (Esr) Correlation In Covid- 19 Patients At Hermina Hospital Medan - Okto PE Marpaung , Grace MK Sitorus\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 501,\n \"top\": 795,\n \"width\": 22,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"1180\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 113,\n \"top\": 113,\n \"width\": 329,\n \"height\": 27,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Woman 29 53.77 Total 54 100\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 72,\n \"top\": 160,\n \"width\": 172,\n \"height\": 10,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Description of NLR and ESR values\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 72,\n \"top\": 173,\n \"width\": 384,\n \"height\": 74,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Table 3 shows a description of the NLR and ESR values obtained. Table 3. Description of NLR and ESR values Variable Minimum Maximum Means Standard Deviation NLR 1.40 46.50 12.9156 11.61638 ESR 10.00 92.00 51.1296 22.75053\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 72,\n \"top\": 251,\n \"width\": 454,\n \"height\": 35,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Based on table 4.2, it can be seen that the minimum NLR value in patients with confirmed COVID-19 at Hermina Medan Hospital is 1.40 and the maximum NLR score is 46.50. With a minimum ESR value of 10.00 and a maximum ESR value of 92.00.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 72,\n \"top\": 301,\n \"width\": 140,\n \"height\": 10,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Correlation of NLR and ESR\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 72,\n \"top\": 314,\n \"width\": 454,\n \"height\": 22,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Table 4 shows the correlation of NLR and ESR values in 54 patients with confirmed COVID-19 at Hermina Hospital Medan.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 117,\n \"top\": 342,\n \"width\": 365,\n \"height\": 142,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Table 4. Correlation of NLR & ESR NLR ESR NLR Pearson correlation 1 .354** Sig. (2-tails) .009 N 54 54 ESR Pearson correlation .354** 1 Sig. (2-tails) .009 N 54 54\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 117,\n \"top\": 493,\n \"width\": 249,\n \"height\": 10,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"**. Significant correlation at the level of 0.01 (2-tailed).\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 72,\n \"top\": 525,\n \"width\": 454,\n \"height\": 35,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Based on the results of a bivariate analysis of the correlation between NLR values and ESR in patients who were confirmed to have COVID-19, it was found that there was a correlation between NLR values and CRP (p = <0.001) with a low correlation strength (r = 0.354)\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 72,\n \"top\": 575,\n \"width\": 52,\n \"height\": 10,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Discussion\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 72,\n \"top\": 588,\n \"width\": 454,\n \"height\": 99,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"This research was conducted using secondary data from 54 research samples that met the criteria and exclusion criteria. This research aims to determine the correlation between NLR and ESR values in patients with confirmed COVID-19 at Hermina Medan Hospital in 2021. The characteristics of patients with confirmed COVID-19 in this study were assessed based on age and gender. Based on the age in this study, of the 54 confirmed COVID-19 patients at Hermina Medan Hospital, the majority were aged 41-50 years with a total of 19 people (35.59%). Based on gender, this study found 25 men (46.23%) and 29 men (53.77%) women who had confirmed COVID-19. A correlation was found between NLR and ESR but with a low correlation strength.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 72,\n \"top\": 702,\n \"width\": 105,\n \"height\": 10,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"4. CONCLUSION\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 72,\n \"top\": 714,\n \"width\": 454,\n \"height\": 48,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"A study has been conducted on the correlation between NLR and ESR values in patients with confirmed COVID-19 at Hermina Medan Hospital with the conclusion that the majority of confirmed COVID-19 patients who come to Hermina Medan Hospital are in the age group of 41-50 years and are female. The NLR value in patients with confirmed COVID-19 with the lowest score was 1.4, the highest\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 267,\n \"top\": 58,\n \"width\": 252,\n \"height\": 39,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"http://ejournal.seaninstitute.or.id/index.php/healt Jurnal Eduhealt, Volume 13, No. 02 Desember 2022 E-ISSN. 2808-4608\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 79,\n \"top\": 771,\n \"width\": 447,\n \"height\": 22,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio (Nlr) And Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (Esr) Correlation In Covid- 19 Patients At Hermina Hospital Medan - Okto PE Marpaung , Grace MK Sitorus\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 501,\n \"top\": 795,\n \"width\": 22,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"1181\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 72,\n \"top\": 113,\n \"width\": 454,\n \"height\": 48,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"was 46.50, and the mean was 12.91. The ESR value in patients with confirmed COVID-19 with the lowest score was 10, the highest was 92, and the median was 51.12 The results showed a correlation between the NLR and CRP values (p = <0.001) with low correlation strength (r = 0.354) Based on the results In this research, there are several suggestions given as follows:\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 275,\n \"top\": 176,\n \"width\": 47,\n \"height\": 10,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"Reference\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 72,\n \"top\": 189,\n \"width\": 450,\n \"height\": 22,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"1. Susilo A, Rumende CM, Pitoyo CW, Santoso WD, Yulianti M, Herikurniawan, dkk. Penyakit Coronavirus 2019: Tinjauan Literatur Saat Ini. J Penyakit Dalam Indonesia. 2020;7(1):45–67.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 72,\n \"top\": 214,\n \"width\": 450,\n \"height\": 23,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"2. Taj S, Kashif A, Fatima SA, Imran S, Lone A, Ahmed Q. Peran Parameter Hematologi dalam Stratifikasi Keparahan Penyakit COVID-19. Ann Medi Surg. 2021;62:68–72.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 72,\n \"top\": 239,\n \"width\": 450,\n \"height\": 23,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"3. Duz ME, Balci A, tingkat Menekse E.D-dimer dan tingkat keparahan COVID-19. Klin Calisma Res Artik. 2020;68(4):353-360.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 72,\n \"top\": 265,\n \"width\": 450,\n \"height\": 22,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"4. Silva LHAC, Carvalho DCM, Lima E de A, Galvao JGFM, Silva JS de F, Neto JM de S, dkk. Neutrofil dan COVID-19: Jalan sejauh ini. Int Immunofarmakol. 2021;90:2-7.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 72,\n \"top\": 290,\n \"width\": 450,\n \"height\": 23,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"5. Yuliana. Penyakit Virus Corona (COVID-19); Sebuah Literatur Tinjauan. Wellness Heal Mag J. 2020;2(1):187–92.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 72,\n \"top\": 315,\n \"width\": 447,\n \"height\": 23,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"6. Peta Risiko [Internet]. Kementerian Kesehatan RI. 2021. Tersedia dari: https://covid19.go.id/peta- risiko\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 72,\n \"top\": 341,\n \"width\": 450,\n \"height\": 10,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"7. Singhal T. Review Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19). India J Pediatr. 2020;87(4):281–286.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 72,\n \"top\": 353,\n \"width\": 450,\n \"height\": 23,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"8. Lotfi M, Hamblin MR, Rezaei N. COVID-19: Penularan, pencegahan, dan potensi peluang terapeutik. Klinik Chim Acta. 2020;508:254–66.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 72,\n \"top\": 378,\n \"width\": 450,\n \"height\": 23,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"9. Sheeren MA, Khan S, Kazmi A, Bashir N, Rabeea S. Infeksi COVID-19: Asal, penularan, dan karakteristik virus korona manusia. J Adv Res. 2020; 24:91–98.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 72,\n \"top\": 404,\n \"width\": 450,\n \"height\": 22,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"10. Jin Y, Yang H, Ji W, Wu W, Chen S, Zhang W, dkk. 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Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22:2–44.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 72,\n \"top\": 568,\n \"width\": 450,\n \"height\": 36,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"16. Paz LO, Capodanno D, Montalescot G, Angiolillo DJ. Penyakit Coronavirus 2019–Trombosis dan Koagulopati Terkait: Tinjauan Karakteristik Patofisiologis dan Implikasinya untuk Manajemen Antitrombotik. J Am Heart Assoc. 2021;10:1–24.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 72,\n \"top\": 606,\n \"width\": 450,\n \"height\": 35,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"17. Arentz M, Yim E, Klaff L, Lokhandwala S, Riedo FX, Chong M, dkk. Karakteristik dan Hasil dari 21 Pasien Sakit Kritis Dengan COVID-19 di Negara Bagian Washington. JAMA- J. 2020;323(16):1612–1614.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 72,\n \"top\": 644,\n \"width\": 330,\n \"height\": 10,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"18. Hall J, Hall M. Guyton dan Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology. 14t\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 72,\n \"top\": 657,\n \"width\": 450,\n \"height\": 35,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 842,\n \"text\": \"19. Salehi S, Abedi A, Balakrishnan S, Gholamrezanezhad A. Penyakit Coronavirus 2019 (COVID- 19): Tinjauan Sistematis Temuan Pencitraan pada 919 Pasien. Pencitraan Kardiopulm. 2020;215(1):87–93.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n }\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":197,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"string","value":"381fbfa0-3066-b77e-34d5-57c212afea80"},"url":{"kind":"string","value":"https://bajangjournal.com/index.php/JIRK/article/download/8050/6269"},"data":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"left":297,"top":36,"width":262,"height":58,"page_number":1,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"513 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024","type":"Page header"},{"left":85,"top":739,"width":469,"height":28,"page_number":1,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"…………………………………………………………………………………………………….......................................... ISSN 2798-3471 (Cetak)","type":"Text"},{"left":292,"top":753,"width":259,"height":14,"page_number":1,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge","type":"Page footer"},{"left":85,"top":767,"width":133,"height":14,"page_number":1,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"ISSN 2798-3641 (Online)","type":"Page footer"},{"left":85,"top":109,"width":414,"height":28,"page_number":1,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"BUDAYA ORGANISASI SEBAGAI PREDIKTOR ORGANIZATIONAL CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOR DI PT. PRIMAYUDHA MANDIRIJAYA, BOYOLALI","type":"Section header"},{"left":85,"top":151,"width":218,"height":28,"page_number":1,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Oleh Faiz Deaky Febrianto 1 , Sutarto Wijono 2","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":180,"width":461,"height":42,"page_number":1,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"1,2 Program Studi S1 Psikologi, Fakultas Psikologi, Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana Salatiga Email: 1 Faizdeaky99@gmail.com , 2 Sutarto.wijono@uksw.edu","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":237,"width":111,"height":56,"page_number":1,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Article History: Received: 17-06-2024 Revised: 22-06-2024 Accepted: 03-07-2024","type":"Text"},{"left":270,"top":237,"width":280,"height":332,"page_number":1,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Abstract: The aim of this study is to determine the role of organizational culture as a predictor of organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) among production employees at PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya. This research employs a quantitative research method. The study was conducted on production employees at PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya in Boyolali. The population of the study amounted to 1236 individuals, with a sample size of 93 individuals determined using random sampling techniques and the Slovin formula. The research instrument was an organizational culture scale adapted from the scale developed by Denison in Nisa (2021), based on four aspects of organizational culture, with a reliability value of 0.948 and validity index values ranging from 0.469 to 0.684. Additionally, an organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) scale developed by Organ in Dewi (2021) was used, based on five aspects of organizational citizenship behavior (OCB), with a reliability value of 0.828 and validity index values ranging from 0.406 to 0.500. Hypothesis testing yielded results of R 2 = 0.684; p < 0.05. These findings indicate that organizational culture (X) is a predictor of organizational citizenship behavior (Y) among production employees at PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":307,"width":62,"height":14,"page_number":1,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Keywords:","type":"Section header"},{"left":85,"top":321,"width":136,"height":43,"page_number":1,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Organizational Culture; Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB).","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":584,"width":91,"height":14,"page_number":1,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"PENDAHULUAN","type":"Section header"},{"left":85,"top":598,"width":473,"height":140,"page_number":1,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Saat ini persaingan dalam berbagai kegiatan industri dipicu oleh kemajuan teknologi khususnya dalam memasuki era new normal pihak managemen perusahaan berusaha agar tetap bisa survive bahkan berkembang lebih maju. Menurut Tamsah & Nurung (2022) sumber daya manusia merupakan faktor utama yang mempengaruhi seluruh kegiatan organisasi. Pada era new normal semua perusahaan dituntut agar dapat menghadapi persaingan yang kompetitif dengan memaksimalkan peran sumber daya yang mereka miliki. Demikian juga dengan PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya. Oleh sebab itu, khususnya karyawan bagian produksi PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya juga harus berperan aktif dalam melakukan pekerjaannya demi menjaga eksistensi perusahaannya. Bagian produksi merupakan bagian yang vital dalam sebuah perusahaan dimana para karyawan memiliki tugas dan tanggung","type":"Text"},{"left":57,"top":36,"width":264,"height":56,"page_number":2,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"514 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024","type":"Page header"},{"left":57,"top":739,"width":471,"height":28,"page_number":2,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… .. Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge","type":"Text"},{"left":394,"top":753,"width":133,"height":28,"page_number":2,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"ISSN 2798-3471 (Cetak) ISSN 2798-3641 (Online)","type":"Text"},{"left":57,"top":106,"width":473,"height":619,"page_number":2,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"jawab untuk menjalankan mesin yang berhubungan dengan proses produksi serta mencapai target kerja yang sudah ditentukan. Dalam upaya mempertahankan eksistensi perusahaannya karyawan bagian produksi di PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya diharapkan memiliki inisiatif untuk bekerja melebihi standar kerja yang telah ditetapkan tanpa mengarapkan imbalan, dimana perilaku tersebut dapat mendukung perusahaan dalam mencapai tujuannya atau bisa disebut dengan perilaku organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Hal ini didukung oleh pernyataan dari Aly (dalam Arumi et al., (2019) yang menyatakan bahwa perilaku organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) merupakan perilaku yang bertujuan menguntungkan perusahaan secara efektif. Perilaku organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) dinilai menjadi poin penting yang memengaruhi efektifitas sebuah perusahaan dalam mencapai tujuannya. Maka dari itu penulis tertarik untuk melakukan penelitian organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) di PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya. PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya merupakan salah satu produsen dan eksportir pemintalan benang kualitas di Indonesia yang terletak di desa Ngadirojo Kecamatan Ampel Boyolali. PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya memiliki berbagai macam divisi, setiap divisi pada perusahaan ini memiliki perilaku, tingkat loyalitas dan kepedulian yang berbeda terhadap perusahaannya. Hasil temuan pada 06 Februari 2023 pada 25 karyawan bagian produksi di PT. Primayudha didapati terdapat 5 karyawan yang menganggap bahwa mereka mendapatkan perilaku saling organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) selama bekerja di perusahaan tersebut, dimana rekan kerjanya secara sukarela akan membantu karyawan lainnya ketika mesin yang dioperasikan salah satu rekannya mengalami masalah. Sementara, ada 4 karyawan menganggap bahwa setiap karyawan menunjukkan kemauan kerja yang kuat dan memiliki tanggung jawab dalam menyelesaikan pekerjaannya. Ada 4 karyawan lainnya menjelaskan bahwa ketika mereka mengalami masalah kekurangan karyawan, maka karyawan lainnya dengan sukarela mengoperasikan lebih banyak mesin setiap orangnya tanpa harus menunggu perintah dari atasannya sehingga kegiatan produksi dapat berjalan dengan normal. Tetapi ternyata, ada 6 karyawan lainnya mengeluh karena mereka mendapati beberapa rekan kerjanya kurang peduli walaupun temannya membutuhkan bantuan serta kesulitan dalam pekerjaannya. Sementara, 6 karyawan lainnya menyatakan bahwa masih terdapat beberapa karyawan yang sering terlambat dan sering absen kerja sehingga membebani mereka karena harus mengoperasikan lebih dari satu mesin. Atas dasar beberapa fenomena tersebut dapat diduga ada masalah terkait organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) pada karyawan bagian produksi di PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya. Oleh sebab itu, penelitian terkait organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) penting dilakukan pada bagian produksi di perusahaan tersebut . Seperti yang dikemukakan Robbins & Judge (2013) bahwa kesuksesan organisasi ataupun industri dapat tercapai bila anggota tidak hanya menjalankan pekerjaan utama saja, namun ingin melaksanakan pekerjaan tambahan, misalnya saling memberi bantuan kepada rekan kerja yang mengalami kesulitan (altruism), saling memberikan masukan ketika rekan kerja mendapatkan masalah dalam lingkungan kerjannya (courtesy) , dapat beradaptasi dengan lingkungan kerjanya (sportmanship) , berpartisipasi dalam kegiatan organisasi (civic virtue) , dan ingin memanfaatkan waktu kerja dengan baik serta memberikan layanan secara maksimal (conscientiousnes) . Adanya perilaku organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) seperti contoh diatas memiliki dampak positif pada organisasi, dimana perilaku tersebut dapat mendukung","type":"Text"},{"left":297,"top":36,"width":262,"height":58,"page_number":3,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"515 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024","type":"Page header"},{"left":85,"top":739,"width":469,"height":28,"page_number":3,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"…………………………………………………………………………………………………….......................................... ISSN 2798-3471 (Cetak)","type":"Text"},{"left":292,"top":753,"width":259,"height":14,"page_number":3,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge","type":"Page footer"},{"left":85,"top":767,"width":133,"height":14,"page_number":3,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"ISSN 2798-3641 (Online)","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":109,"width":473,"height":338,"page_number":3,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"organisasi dalam mencapai tujuannya secara efektif dan efisien. Organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) mempunyai dampak positif. Pernyataan tersebut didukung riset yang dilakukan oleh Suwibawa (2018) yang menemukan bahwa organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) mempunyai dampak positif pada hasil kerja pegawai dimana ketika tingkat organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) tinggi, semakin tinggi juga kinerja karyawannya. Menurut Robbins & Judge (2013) kesuksesan organisasi ataupun industri dapat tercapai apabila anggota tidak hanya mengerjakan pekerjaan utama saja, namun ingin melaksanakan pekerjaan tambahan, misalnya keinginan menjalin kerja sama, saling memberi bantuan, menyampaikan masukan, mempunyai peran aktif, memberikan layanan maksimal, dan ingin memanfaatkan waktu kerja dengan baik sehingga dapat memberikan dampak positif bagi suatu organisasi. Ferdus & Kabir (2018) juga menemukan bahwa makin baik sebuah organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) maka akan memberikan peningkatan kepuasan kerja dan hasil kerja pegawai, maka makin besar kepuasan kerjanya yang dialami pegawai akan bisa menaikan kinerjanya. Robbins (2006) mengemukakan beberapa contoh perilaku organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) diantaranya saling membantu tanpa menunggu perintah atasan, sukarela melaksanakan pekerjaan atas keinginannya sendiri, mencegah konflik dalam bekerja, menjaga properti perusahaan, menghargai aturan yang diberlakukan pada organisasi, dapat menempatkan diri pada kondisi yang kurang nyaman ataupun mengasyikkan saat bekerja serta menggunakan waktu dalam bekerja sebaik-baiknya. Selain itu terdapat beberapa penelitian yang mengungkapkan bahwasanya organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) mempunyai dampak negatif bagi sebuah organisasi. Penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Bolino (2013) menyatakan bahwa organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) mempunyai dampak negatif pada karyawan seperti stres kerja dan peran yang kurang efektif.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":447,"width":473,"height":281,"page_number":3,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Hasil temuan Organ (dalam Titisari, 2014) menyatakan terdapat dua faktor yang dapat memberikan pengaruh terhadap organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) yaitu faktor eksternal maupun internal individu tersebut. Faktor Internal mencakup kepribadian, motivasi, kepuasan kerja, moral karyawan dan komitmen organisasi. Faktor eksternal mencakup kepercayaan kepada pimpinan, gaya kepemimpinan, serta budaya organisasi. Dari beberapa faktor organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) tersebut terdapat faktor budaya organisasi. Budaya organisasi merupakan suatu kepercayaan yang diartikan serta dipahami secara bersama dan dijadikan sebagai pedoman bagi anggota organisasinya dalam melakukan segala hal dalam lingkup organisasinya. Dengan adanya budaya organisasi yang kuat dapat memberikan pemahaman yang jelas mengenai bagaimana tata cara dalam menyelesaikan suatu urusan serta berperilaku dalam lingkungan pekerjaannya. Dari faktor tersebut kita dapat menyimpulkan bahwa budaya organisasi merupakan salah satu faktor penting yang memunculkan perilaku organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Menurut Amanda (2017) budaya organisasi merupakan suatu perangkat sistem nilai (Values), berbagai asumsi, keyakinan, ataupun kaidah yang sudah lama diberlakukan, disetujui serta diikuti oleh anggota-anggota dalam organisasi yang merupakan pedoman berperilaku serta penuntasan permasalahan organisasi. Budaya organisasi yang baik akan membantu para anggotanya dalam berperilaku serta mengatasi masalah yang ada dalam lingkungan organisasinya sesuai nilai-nilai yang perusahaan tetapkan. Ketika anggota organisasi paham serta berpedoman terhadap budaya organisasinya mengindikasikan","type":"Text"},{"left":57,"top":36,"width":264,"height":56,"page_number":4,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"516 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024","type":"Page header"},{"left":57,"top":739,"width":471,"height":28,"page_number":4,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… .. Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge","type":"Text"},{"left":394,"top":753,"width":133,"height":28,"page_number":4,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"ISSN 2798-3471 (Cetak) ISSN 2798-3641 (Online)","type":"Text"},{"left":57,"top":106,"width":473,"height":197,"page_number":4,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"besarnya loyalitas serta komitmen karyawan kepada organisasi, hal tersebut dapat memberikan arahan yang baik munculnya perilaku organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Terbentuknya perilaku karyawan yang positif merupakan sebuah indikasi keberhasilan pembentukan budaya organisasi yang akan berimbas pada perilaku intra-role dan extra-role yaitu berupa OCB (Setyawan & Sriathi, 2020). Oemar (2013) juga menyatakan ketika karyawan dapat menilai budaya organisasinya dengan baik akan membuat dirinya cenderung untuk terlibat pada kegiatan yang ada dalam organisasi sehingga dapat mengarahkan perilaku organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) tersebut muncul serta cenderung meningkat. Maka dari itu penulis menganggap penelitian mengenai budaya organisasi di PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya penting untuk dilakukan dikarenakan budaya organisasi merupakan karakteristik yang berpengaruh terhadap berbagai aspek yang ada dalam organisasi khususnya pengaruhnya terhadap perlaku organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) yang nantinya akan menimbulkan dampak positif bagi keberlangsungan suatu perusahaan.","type":"Text"},{"left":57,"top":303,"width":473,"height":282,"page_number":4,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Terdapat beberapa hasil penelitian yang mengungkapkan budaya organisasi sebagai prediktor organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Hal itu ditunjukkan dari beberapa penelitian, seperti penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Husodo (2018) budaya organisasi mempunyai pengaruh terhadap organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) di PT Jatim Indo Lestari. Mahayasa (2018) budaya organisasional terhadap OCB perawat di RSU swasta tipe C Kota Denpasar, diperkuat oleh penelitian Ningsih (2020) secara secara signifikan budaya organisasi mempengaruhi OCB pada pegawai Puskesmas Bromo Medan. Budaya organisasi yang baik memberikan sumbangan dalam memengaruhi perilaku anggotanya dalam mencapai tujuan organisasi. Budaya organisasi kuat dapat dilihat dari besarnya loyalitas beserta komitmen karyawan kepada organisasi, indikasi tersebut membuat mereka akan berusaha meningkatkan kinerjanya, melakukan pekerjaan melebihi standar kerjanya yang mana hal itu sebagai salah satu perilaku OCB. Sehingga ketika terdapat budaya organisasi yang kuat bisa memberi pengaruh munculnya tingkah laku OCB. Sebaliknya, riset yang dilakukan Baihaqi (2021) berjudul “Pengaruh Budaya Organisasi, Gaya Kepemimpinan Transformasional Dan Komitmen Organisasi Terhadap Kinerja Karyawan Dengan Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) Sebagai Variabel Intervening” mengungkapkan bahwasanya budaya organisasi tidak mempengaruhi OCB. Melalui hasil signifikansi 0,436 > 0,05 dugaan kelima (H5) dalam penelitian yang menunjukkan budaya organisasi memberi pengaruhnya signifikan terhadap OCB ditolak, hasil ini mengartikan bahwasanya budaya organisasi tidak memberi pengaruh terhadap OCB.","type":"Text"},{"left":57,"top":585,"width":473,"height":140,"page_number":4,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Melalui penemuan para peneliti tersebut, penulis tertarikan melaksanakan penelitian terkait budaya organisasi sebagai prediktor organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) dikarenakan terdapat hasil yang bertentangan sehingga penulis masih menganggap penelitian terkait budaya organisasi serta organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) bisa diteliti kembali. Dengan alasan bahwasanya penelitian yang dilakukan penulis mempunyai perbedaan terhadap penelitiaan sebelumnya seperti tempat pengambilan data, penggunaan sampel serta definisi yang digunakan dalam membuat alat ukur penelitian. Hal berikut didukung dengan perbedaan penelitian yang dilaksanakan oleh Husodo (2018) dimana tempat pengambilan sampel dilakukan pada PT. Jatim Indo Lestari menggunakan metode purposive sampling dengan jumlah responden sebanyak 53 yang terdiri dari divisi teknisi,","type":"Text"},{"left":297,"top":36,"width":262,"height":58,"page_number":5,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"517 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024","type":"Page header"},{"left":85,"top":739,"width":469,"height":28,"page_number":5,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"…………………………………………………………………………………………………….......................................... ISSN 2798-3471 (Cetak)","type":"Text"},{"left":292,"top":753,"width":259,"height":14,"page_number":5,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge","type":"Page footer"},{"left":85,"top":767,"width":133,"height":14,"page_number":5,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"ISSN 2798-3641 (Online)","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":109,"width":473,"height":113,"page_number":5,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"helper dan staff, serta variabel budaya organisasi menggunakan definisi dari Robbins (2006) yang memiliki tujuh karakteristik sedangkan penelitian penulis menggunakan definisi dari Denison (1990). Penulis juga berkeyakinan bahwasanya organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) penting dimiliki oleh perusahaan serta untuk menciptakannya dapat dilakukan dengan cara mengimplementasikan budaya organisasi yang kuat dan baik. Sehingga, penulis tertarik meneliti kembali penelitian dengan judul Budaya Organisasi Sebagai Prediktor Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) pada karyawan PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya, Boyolali.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":222,"width":473,"height":28,"page_number":5,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Apakah budaya organisasi menjadi prediktor organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) pada karyawan produksi di PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya?","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":250,"width":473,"height":42,"page_number":5,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Tujuannya dari pelaksanaan penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui budaya organisasi sebagai prediktor organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) pada karyawan di PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":306,"width":101,"height":14,"page_number":5,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"LANDASAN TEORI","type":"Section header"},{"left":85,"top":320,"width":263,"height":15,"page_number":5,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"A. Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB)","type":"List item"},{"left":121,"top":334,"width":437,"height":127,"page_number":5,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"1. Definisi Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) Organ (1988) mendefinisikan organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) merupakan suatu wujud perilaku inisiatif karyawan dalam upaya untuk meningkatkan efektivitas organisasi tanpa didasari pengharapan imbalan. Upaya perilaku karyawan tersebut muncul atas keingginan sendiri, sehingga hal tersebut tidak berhubungan dengan hukuman ataupun penghargaan dari organisasi. Robbins (2008) mendefinisikan organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) sebagai perilaku dimana karyawan bekerja melebihi standar kerjanya sehingga dapat memberikan dampak yang positif bagi perusahaannya.","type":"Text"},{"left":121,"top":461,"width":436,"height":56,"page_number":5,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Berdasarkan berbagai penjelasan tokoh tersebut, penulis memilih teori yang disampaikam oleh Organ (1988) dikarenakan temuan fenomena yang ada pada bagian produksi di PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya sesuai dengan yang dikemukakan Organ (1988).","type":"Text"},{"left":121,"top":517,"width":298,"height":15,"page_number":5,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"2. Aspek Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB)","type":"List item"},{"left":148,"top":531,"width":336,"height":14,"page_number":5,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Organ (1988) memaparkan terdapat lima aspek pada OCB, yaitu :","type":"Text"},{"left":148,"top":546,"width":64,"height":14,"page_number":5,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"a. Altruism","type":"List item"},{"left":148,"top":560,"width":64,"height":14,"page_number":5,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"b. Courtesy","type":"List item"},{"left":148,"top":574,"width":91,"height":14,"page_number":5,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"c. Sportmanship","type":"List item"},{"left":148,"top":588,"width":77,"height":14,"page_number":5,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"d. Civic virtue","type":"List item"},{"left":148,"top":602,"width":105,"height":14,"page_number":5,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"e. Conscientiousnes","type":"List item"},{"left":121,"top":616,"width":436,"height":56,"page_number":5,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"3. Faktor yang Memengaruhi Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) Organ (dalam Titisari, 2014) mengemukakan dua faktor yang memberikan pengaruh terhadap OCB yaitu faktor dari luar dan faktor dari dalam individu. Berikut penjelasan lebih spesifik kedua faktor OCB:","type":"List item"},{"left":148,"top":672,"width":99,"height":14,"page_number":5,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"a. Faktor Internal","type":"List item"},{"left":166,"top":686,"width":391,"height":42,"page_number":5,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"1. Kepribadian, adanya perbedaan karakter masing masing individu di lingkungan organisasi mengakibatkan banyak variasi peran yang akan menimbulkan organizational citizenship behavior (OCB).","type":"List item"},{"left":57,"top":36,"width":264,"height":56,"page_number":6,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"518 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024","type":"Page header"},{"left":57,"top":739,"width":471,"height":28,"page_number":6,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… .. Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge","type":"Text"},{"left":399,"top":753,"width":128,"height":14,"page_number":6,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"ISSN 2798-3471 (Cetak)","type":"Text"},{"left":394,"top":767,"width":133,"height":14,"page_number":6,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"ISSN 2798-3641 (Online)","type":"Table"},{"left":138,"top":106,"width":391,"height":57,"page_number":6,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"2. Motivasi, kesediaan individu dalam melakukan sesuatu hal demi tercapainya target organisasi sesuai dengan persyaratan organisasi serta dilakukan sesuai kemampuan usaha yang dimilikinya guna mendapatkan sejumlah kepuasan individu.","type":"List item"},{"left":138,"top":163,"width":391,"height":56,"page_number":6,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"3. Kepuasan kerja, merupakan segala hal yang didapatkan karyawan dan dapat memberikan dampak yang positif bagi karyawan seperti pemberian gaji, pemberian fasilitas yang memadai, kesempatan dipromosikan, serta relasi yang baik antar karyawan.","type":"List item"},{"left":138,"top":219,"width":391,"height":56,"page_number":6,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"4. Komitmen organisasi, berkaitan dengan keinginan karyawan untuk tetap mempertahankan keanggotaanya dalam sebuah organisasi sehingga karyawan bersedia untuk bekerja dengan maksimal demi mencapai tujuan organisasi.","type":"List item"},{"left":138,"top":275,"width":391,"height":42,"page_number":6,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"5. Moral karyawan, berkaitan dengan tanggung jawab individu dalam melakukan tindakan baik bagi organisasi atau lingkungan masyarakat sekitar.","type":"List item"},{"left":120,"top":317,"width":106,"height":14,"page_number":6,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"b. Faktor Eksternal","type":"List item"},{"left":138,"top":332,"width":392,"height":42,"page_number":6,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"1. Moral Gaya kepemimpinan, suatu tindakan atau sikap pimpinan yang mampu untuk memberikan pengaruh bawahannya demi meraih tujuan beserta target organisasi.","type":"List item"},{"left":138,"top":374,"width":391,"height":42,"page_number":6,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"2. Kepercayaan kepada atasan atau pimpinan, terdapat kepercayaan ataupun rasa percaya yang dipunyai individu terhadap atasannya akan menimbulkan kondisi positif bagi organisasi.","type":"List item"},{"left":138,"top":416,"width":391,"height":42,"page_number":6,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"3. Budaya organisasi, kepercayaan yang diartikan serta pahami secara bersama dan dijadikan pedoman bagi anggota organisasinya dalam melakukan segala hal dalam lingkup organisasi.","type":"List item"},{"left":57,"top":458,"width":141,"height":14,"page_number":6,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"B. Budaya Organisasi","type":"Section header"},{"left":93,"top":472,"width":178,"height":15,"page_number":6,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"1. Definisi Budaya Organisasi","type":"List item"},{"left":93,"top":486,"width":437,"height":85,"page_number":6,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Denison (1990) mendefinisikan budaya organisasi sebagai suatu nilai, keyakinan serta prinsip yang jadi landasan bagi sistem manajemen organisasi, dan serangkaian praktik manajemen maupun tingkah laku secara baik. Berdasarkan Robbins dan Judge (2015) budaya organisasi yaitu kepercayaan yang diartikan serta dipahami dengan makna yang sama oleh anggotanya sebagai pedoman anggota organisasinya untuk bertindak maupun berkomunikasi dalam lingkup organisasi","type":"Text"},{"left":93,"top":571,"width":169,"height":14,"page_number":6,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"2. Aspek Budaya Organisasi","type":"List item"},{"left":120,"top":585,"width":386,"height":14,"page_number":6,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Denison (1995) mengemukakan terdapat 4 aspek budaya organisasi, yaitu","type":"Text"},{"left":119,"top":599,"width":154,"height":14,"page_number":6,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"a. Keterlibatan (involvement)","type":"List item"},{"left":119,"top":613,"width":146,"height":14,"page_number":6,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"b. Konsistensi (concistency)","type":"List item"},{"left":119,"top":627,"width":155,"height":14,"page_number":6,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"c. Adaptabilitas (adaptibility)","type":"List item"},{"left":119,"top":641,"width":88,"height":14,"page_number":6,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"d. Misi (mission)","type":"List item"},{"left":57,"top":655,"width":472,"height":28,"page_number":6,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"C. Dinamika Budaya Organisasi Sebagai Prediktor Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB)","type":"List item"},{"left":57,"top":683,"width":472,"height":42,"page_number":6,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Setiap perusahaan memerlukan SDM yang baik agar suatu perusahaan dapat bersaing dan bisa berjalan sesuai dengan tujuannya, dimana salah satu poin SDM yang dibutuhkan yaitu SDM yang mempunyai perilaku keanggotaan organisasi atau organizational citizenship","type":"Text"},{"left":297,"top":36,"width":262,"height":58,"page_number":7,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"519 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024","type":"Page header"},{"left":85,"top":739,"width":469,"height":28,"page_number":7,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"…………………………………………………………………………………………………….......................................... ISSN 2798-3471 (Cetak)","type":"Text"},{"left":292,"top":753,"width":259,"height":14,"page_number":7,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge","type":"Page footer"},{"left":85,"top":767,"width":133,"height":14,"page_number":7,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"ISSN 2798-3641 (Online)","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":109,"width":473,"height":394,"page_number":7,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"behavior (OCB) yang baik. Organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) merupakan perilaku yang ditunjukkan individu pada sebuah organisasi yang secara sukarela mengerjakan tugas melebihi standar kerjanya demi keberlangsungan organisasi tersebut sehingga organisasi akan diuntungkan bila mempunyai karyawan yang mempunyai perilaku OCB yang tinggi. Terdapat beberapa faktor yang dapat memberikan pengaruh munculnya perilaku organizational citizenship behavior (OCB), salah satunya adalah budaya organisasi. Organ (dalam Titisari, 2014) mengemukakan beberapa faktor-faktor yang dapat memberi pengaruh organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) salah satunya budaya organisasi. Budaya organisasi merupakan sebuah norma-norma yang dimiliki sebuah organisasi yang dipahami dan diikuti para anggotanya sebagai acuan dalam berperilaku, dimana norma-norma tersebut berbeda pada setiap organisasi. Budaya organisasi sebagai suatu peran yang mempunyai pengaruh penting pada setiap aspek kehidupan kerja dalam suatu organisasi. Menurut Setyawan & Sriathi (2020) terbentuknya perilaku karyawan yang positif merupakan sebuah indikasi keberhasilan pembentukan budaya organisasi yang akan berimbas pada perilaku intra-role dan extra-role yaitu berupa OCB. Denison (1995) membagi aspek budaya organisasi menjadi empat yaitu melibatkan anggotanya untuk mempunyai rasa memiliki terhadap tugas serta mempunyai tanggung jawab atas pekerjaannya (involvement), menanaman suatu sistem kepercayaan pada anggotanya (consistency) , kemampuan untuk tanggap dengan apa yang dibutuhkan pada lingkungan organisasinya (adaptability) , kemampuan memahami apa yang perusahaan butuhkan pada masa mendatang (mission). Keempat aspek menurut Denison tersebut dapat memunculkan perilaku organizational citizenship behavior (OCB), diantaranya bekerja melebihi deskripsi pekerjaannya dengan sukarela karena anggotanya memiliki rasa tanggung jawab akan pekerjaannya, memiliki kepercayaan yang sama dengan anggota lainnya mengenai aturan-aturan yang berlaku, memiliki rasa tanggap akan apa yang dibutuhkan pada lingkungan organisasinya, serta memahami tujuan organisasinya. Dari keempat aspek menurut Denison (1995) diatas, kita bisa melihat bahwa involvement, consistency, adaptability, dan mission dapat memunculkan perilaku organizational citizenship behavior (OCB).","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":517,"width":122,"height":28,"page_number":7,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"METODE PENELITIAN Variabel Penelitian","type":"Section header"},{"left":121,"top":546,"width":279,"height":14,"page_number":7,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Variabel yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini, adalah :","type":"Text"},{"left":121,"top":560,"width":437,"height":28,"page_number":7,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"1. Variabel independen atau bebas (X) dalam penelitian ini adalah Budaya Organisasi.","type":"List item"},{"left":121,"top":588,"width":437,"height":28,"page_number":7,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"2. Variabel dependen atau terikat (Y) dalam penelitiain ini adalah Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB).","type":"List item"},{"left":85,"top":616,"width":117,"height":14,"page_number":7,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Populasi dan Sampel","type":"Text"},{"left":121,"top":630,"width":119,"height":14,"page_number":7,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"1. Populasi Penelitian","type":"List item"},{"left":121,"top":644,"width":436,"height":70,"page_number":7,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Sugiyono (2007) mendefinisikan populasi yaitu area generalisasi yang terjadi dari subjek ataupun objek sesuai dengan kualitas serta karakteristik yang ditentukan peneliti untuk dipelajari sehingga nantinya dapat diambil kesimpulannya. Dalam pelaksanaan penelitian ini, populasi merupakan karyawan bagian produksi PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya, Boyolali dengan jumlah populasi 1236 karyawan.","type":"Text"},{"left":121,"top":714,"width":113,"height":14,"page_number":7,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"2. Sampel Penelitian","type":"List item"},{"left":57,"top":36,"width":264,"height":56,"page_number":8,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"520 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024","type":"Page header"},{"left":57,"top":739,"width":471,"height":28,"page_number":8,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… .. Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge","type":"Text"},{"left":394,"top":753,"width":133,"height":28,"page_number":8,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"ISSN 2798-3471 (Cetak) ISSN 2798-3641 (Online)","type":"Text"},{"left":92,"top":106,"width":438,"height":141,"page_number":8,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Menurut Sugiyono (2017) sampel merupakan bagian dari jumlah dan karakteristik yang dimiliki oleh populasi tersebut. Adapun teknik sampling yang dipakai dalam penelitian ini menggunakan simple random sampling. Simple random sampling merupakan teknik pengambilan sampel dari populasi yang dilakukan secara acak tanpa memperhatikan strata yang terdapat pada populasi (Sugiyono, 2017). Dalam penelitian ini penulis mempersempit populasi karyawan bagian produksi PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya yang berjumlah 1236 karyawan dengan menghitung ukuran sampel menggunakan rumus Slovin menurut Sugiyono (2017) dengan alpha 10 %, sebagai berikut : Rumus Slovin :","type":"Text"},{"left":92,"top":248,"width":437,"height":97,"page_number":8,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"𝑛 𝑁 1 + 𝑁𝑒 2 Keterangan : n = ukuran sampel N = ukuran populasi e = kelonggaran kesalahan maksimal yang dapat ditolerir dalam penentuan sampel (10%)","type":"Text"},{"left":92,"top":345,"width":203,"height":42,"page_number":8,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"𝑛 1236 1 + 1236 ∗ 0,1 2 n = 92,52 dibulatkan menjadi 93 orang.","type":"Text"},{"left":57,"top":387,"width":115,"height":14,"page_number":8,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Alat Ukur Penelitian","type":"Section header"},{"left":57,"top":401,"width":473,"height":127,"page_number":8,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Pengumpulan data pada penelitian ini dilakukan dengan skala Likert. Skala Likert berarti skala yang memiliki gradiasi sangat positif hingga negatif (Sugiyono, 2007). Aitem- aitem yang terdapat dalam skala ini merupakan susunan pernyataan dari variabel budaya organisasi serta organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) mencakup empat opsi jawaban, yakni SS (sangat sesuai), S (sesuai), TS (tidak sesuai), STS (sangat tidak sesuai). Skala yang ditampilkan berbentuk pernyataan favorable dan unfavorable . Skor yang diberi memiliki pergerakan dari satu hingga empat. Bobot penilaiannya bagi pernyataan favorable yakni, SS = 4, S = 3, TS = 2, STS = 1. Sementara, bobot penilaian bagi pernyataan unfavorable yakni: SS = 1, S = 2, TS = 3, STS = 4.","type":"Text"},{"left":57,"top":528,"width":117,"height":14,"page_number":8,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Teknik Analisis Data","type":"Section header"},{"left":57,"top":542,"width":473,"height":113,"page_number":8,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Teknik yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah uji analisis linearitas sederhana. Uji linear sederhana bertujuan untuk menguji sejauh mana variabel dependen (X) dalam mempengaruhi variabel dependen (Y). Faktor penyebab disebut dengan variabel X sedangkan variabel respon disebut dengan variabel Y. Sehingga dalam penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah budaya organisasi (X) sebagai prediktor organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) (Y). Keseluruhan analisis data dalam penelitian ini dikerjakan dengan bantuan program IBM SPSS statistics versi 23. Berikut ini adalah beberapa langkah analisis yang dilakukan :","type":"Text"},{"left":93,"top":655,"width":106,"height":14,"page_number":8,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"1. Uji Instrumen","type":"Section header"},{"left":119,"top":669,"width":410,"height":42,"page_number":8,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"a. Uji Diskriminasi Aitem Aitem dianggap layak digunakan dalam penelitian atau valid jika didapatkan nilai corrected item-total correlation diatas 0,3.","type":"List item"},{"left":119,"top":711,"width":95,"height":14,"page_number":8,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"b. Uji Reliabilitas","type":"List item"},{"left":165,"top":725,"width":365,"height":14,"page_number":8,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Uji reliabilitas yaitu instrumen guna melakukan pengukuran kuesioner","type":"Text"},{"left":297,"top":36,"width":262,"height":58,"page_number":9,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"521 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024","type":"Page header"},{"left":85,"top":739,"width":469,"height":28,"page_number":9,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"…………………………………………………………………………………………………….......................................... ISSN 2798-3471 (Cetak)","type":"Text"},{"left":292,"top":753,"width":259,"height":14,"page_number":9,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge","type":"Page footer"},{"left":85,"top":767,"width":133,"height":14,"page_number":9,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"ISSN 2798-3641 (Online)","type":"Text"},{"left":148,"top":109,"width":409,"height":56,"page_number":9,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"yang merupakan indikator dari variable yang akan diteliti. Kuesioner dinyatakan reliabel bila jawaban individu kepada pernyataan cenderung sama ataupun stabil dalam waktu yang lama. Instrumen pengukuran dinyatakan reliabel (layak) bila Cronbach’s alpha > 0,7.","type":"Text"},{"left":121,"top":165,"width":199,"height":15,"page_number":9,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"2. Uji Analisis Statistik Deskriptif","type":"List item"},{"left":121,"top":180,"width":436,"height":28,"page_number":9,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Analisis deskriptif digunakan untuk melihat gambaran data secara empiris berdasarkan data yang dikumpulkan dari jawaban responden sebagaimana adanya.","type":"Text"},{"left":121,"top":208,"width":126,"height":14,"page_number":9,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"3. Uji Asumsi Klasik","type":"List item"},{"left":147,"top":222,"width":95,"height":14,"page_number":9,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"a. Uji Normalitas","type":"List item"},{"left":147,"top":236,"width":411,"height":98,"page_number":9,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Uji normalitas guna mengujikan apakah pada model regresi, variabel independen serta dependen berdistribusikan normal ataupun tidak. Model regresi yang baik mempunyai distribusi data secara normal ataupun dekat dengan normal yakni distribusi tidak ada penyimpangan ke kiri ataupun ke kanan. Pengujian normalitas menggunakan pengujian One Kolmogorov-Smirnov dalam program SPSS. Dua variabel dinyatakan berdistribusikan normal bila nilai sig. > 0,05.","type":"Text"},{"left":147,"top":334,"width":89,"height":14,"page_number":9,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"b. Uji Linearitas","type":"List item"},{"left":147,"top":349,"width":411,"height":70,"page_number":9,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Uji linearitas digunakan untuk mengetahui apakah dua variabel memiliki hubungan secara signifikan atau tidak. Dalam penelitian, data yang baik seharusnya memiliki hubungan yang linear antara variabel independet (X) dan variabel dependent (Y). Dua variabel dinyatakan mempunyai hubungan yang linear yaitu jika p < 0,05.","type":"Text"},{"left":147,"top":419,"width":139,"height":14,"page_number":9,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"c. Uji Heteroskedastisitas","type":"List item"},{"left":148,"top":433,"width":409,"height":56,"page_number":9,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Model regresi yang baik bermakna yang homokedastisitas ataupun tidak heterokedastisitas. Untuk mencari apakah terdapatnya heterokedastisitas, bisa mempergunakan pengujian glejser, Hasil dikatakan signifikan bila nilai signifikannya sig > 0.05.","type":"Text"},{"left":121,"top":489,"width":100,"height":14,"page_number":9,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"4. Uji Hipotesis","type":"List item"},{"left":121,"top":503,"width":437,"height":42,"page_number":9,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Dalam pengujian hipotesis digunakan untuk menentukan apakah budaya organisasi merupakan prediktor organization citizenship behavior (OCB) dapat dilakukan menggunakan program Windows SPSS Statistic 23.0 .","type":"List item"},{"left":147,"top":546,"width":411,"height":28,"page_number":9,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"a. Bila sig < 0,05 atau p<0.05 artinya ada pengaruh variabel X terhadap variabel Y.","type":"List item"},{"left":147,"top":574,"width":411,"height":28,"page_number":9,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"b. Bila sig > 0,05 atau p>0.05 artinya tidak ada pengaruh variabel X terhadap variabel Y.","type":"List item"},{"left":85,"top":616,"width":348,"height":28,"page_number":9,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN Orientasi Kancah Penelitian dan Pengumpulan Data Penelitian","type":"Section header"},{"left":85,"top":644,"width":473,"height":56,"page_number":9,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Penelitian ini dilakukan pada karyawan bagian Produksi PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya. Pengambilan data dilakukan dengan cara membagikan kuesioner berupa angket kepada para karyawan bagian produksi shift pagi dan siang pada tanggal 24 Oktober 2023 hingga tanggal 28 Oktober 2023.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":700,"width":119,"height":14,"page_number":9,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Partisipan Penelitian","type":"Section header"},{"left":121,"top":714,"width":436,"height":14,"page_number":9,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya, Boyolali dengan populasi","type":"Text"},{"left":57,"top":36,"width":264,"height":56,"page_number":10,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"522 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024","type":"Page header"},{"left":57,"top":739,"width":471,"height":28,"page_number":10,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… .. Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge","type":"Text"},{"left":394,"top":753,"width":133,"height":28,"page_number":10,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"ISSN 2798-3471 (Cetak) ISSN 2798-3641 (Online)","type":"Text"},{"left":57,"top":106,"width":473,"height":42,"page_number":10,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"sebanyak 1236 orang. Dikarenakan jumlah populasi terlalu besar penulis menggunakan teknik simpel random sampling dengan rumus Slovin , sehingga didapatkan jumlah responden sebanyak 93 karyawan.","type":"Text"},{"left":57,"top":149,"width":90,"height":14,"page_number":10,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Hasil Penelitian","type":"Text"},{"left":75,"top":163,"width":210,"height":14,"page_number":10,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"1. Diskriminasi Item dan Reliabilitas","type":"Text"},{"left":166,"top":191,"width":254,"height":14,"page_number":10,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Tabel 1. Diskriminasi Item Budaya Organisasi","type":"Section header"},{"left":62,"top":214,"width":462,"height":496,"page_number":10,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Scale Mean if Item Deleted Scale Variance if Item Deleted Corrected Item- Total Correlation Squared Multiple Correlation Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted X01 107,57 119,552 ,580 . ,946 X02 107,68 118,460 ,607 . ,946 X03 107,57 120,204 ,524 . ,947 X04 107,68 118,677 ,590 . ,946 X05 107,51 118,057 ,601 . ,946 X06 107,88 117,062 ,617 . ,946 X07 107,60 119,916 ,574 . ,946 X08 107,59 120,418 ,544 . ,946 X09 107,42 119,855 ,536 . ,946 X10 107,52 120,035 ,547 . ,946 X11 107,63 120,952 ,563 . ,946 X12 107,30 119,821 ,549 . ,946 X13 107,67 121,225 ,515 . ,947 X14 107,45 121,033 ,469 . ,947 X15 107,49 121,861 ,485 . ,947 X16 107,67 119,290 ,592 . ,946 X17 107,37 121,474 ,484 . ,947 X18 107,68 120,786 ,572 . ,946 X19 107,68 117,917 ,594 . ,946 X20 107,51 117,514 ,642 . ,946","type":"Table"},{"left":297,"top":36,"width":262,"height":58,"page_number":11,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"523 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024","type":"Page header"},{"left":85,"top":739,"width":469,"height":28,"page_number":11,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"…………………………………………………………………………………………………….......................................... ISSN 2798-3471 (Cetak)","type":"Text"},{"left":292,"top":753,"width":259,"height":14,"page_number":11,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge","type":"Page footer"},{"left":85,"top":767,"width":133,"height":14,"page_number":11,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"ISSN 2798-3641 (Online)","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":456,"width":472,"height":56,"page_number":11,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Berdasarkan hasil pada tabel 3 diatas diketahui bahwa semua item memiliki skor nilai Corrected Item-Total Correlation diatas 0,3 yang memiliki arti bahwa semua item variabel budaya organisasi diatas tidak terdapat item yang gugur dan layak digunakan dalam penelitian. Dengan indeks validitas yang bergerak dari 0,469 sampai 0,684.","type":"Text"},{"left":154,"top":512,"width":332,"height":69,"page_number":11,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Tabel 2. Reliabilitas Budaya Organisasi Cronbach's Alpha Cronbach's Alpha Based on Standardized Items N of Items ,948 ,948 35","type":"Table"},{"left":103,"top":587,"width":455,"height":42,"page_number":11,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Dari tabel diatas didapatkan nilai cronbach’s alpha sebesar 0,948 > 0,7 maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa skala budaya organisasi ini reliabel dan layak digunakan sebagai alat ukur penelitian.","type":"Text"},{"left":128,"top":629,"width":387,"height":14,"page_number":11,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Tabel 3. Diskriminasi Item Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB)","type":"Text"},{"left":62,"top":109,"width":481,"height":617,"page_number":11,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"X21 107,60 121,416 ,541 . ,946 X22 107,37 119,865 ,610 . ,946 X23 107,66 119,967 ,570 . ,946 X24 107,56 119,140 ,631 . ,946 X25 107,90 116,414 ,622 . ,946 X26 107,53 120,187 ,590 . ,946 X27 107,40 119,547 ,575 . ,946 X28 107,58 122,333 ,520 . ,947 X29 107,60 121,829 ,530 . ,947 X30 107,41 119,940 ,622 . ,946 X31 107,35 119,101 ,677 . ,945 X32 107,55 121,424 ,547 . ,946 X33 107,59 120,701 ,543 . ,946 X34 107,41 118,636 ,684 . ,945 X35 107,54 120,990 ,550 . ,946 Scale Mean if Item Deleted Scale Variance if Item Deleted Corrected Item- Total Correlation Squared Multiple Correlation Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted Y01 43,86 16,165 ,458 ,471 ,807","type":"Table"},{"left":57,"top":36,"width":264,"height":56,"page_number":12,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"524 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024","type":"Page header"},{"left":57,"top":739,"width":471,"height":28,"page_number":12,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… .. Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge","type":"Text"},{"left":394,"top":753,"width":133,"height":28,"page_number":12,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"ISSN 2798-3471 (Cetak) ISSN 2798-3641 (Online)","type":"Text"},{"left":75,"top":443,"width":455,"height":70,"page_number":12,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Berdasarkan hasil pada tabel diatas diketahui bahwa semua item memiliki skor nilai Corrected Item-Total Correlation diatas 0,3 yang memiliki arti bahwa semua item variabel organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) diatas tidak terdapat item yang gugur dan layak digunakan dalam penelitian. Dengan indeks validitas yang bergerak dari 0,406 sampai 0,500.","type":"Text"},{"left":118,"top":513,"width":350,"height":74,"page_number":12,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Tabel 4. Reliabilitas Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) Cronbach's Alpha Cronbach's Alpha Based on Standardized Items N of Items ,820 ,828 15","type":"Table"},{"left":75,"top":596,"width":455,"height":42,"page_number":12,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Dari tabel diatas didapatkan nilai cronbach’s alpha sebesar 0,828 > 0,7 maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa skala organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) ini reliabel dan layak digunakan sebagai alat ukur penelitian.","type":"Text"},{"left":75,"top":638,"width":202,"height":14,"page_number":12,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"2. Hasil Analisis Statistik Deskriptif","type":"Section header"},{"left":75,"top":652,"width":454,"height":56,"page_number":12,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Analisis deskriptif digunakan untuk melihat gambaran data secara empiris berdasarkan data yang dikumpulkan dari jawaban responden sebagaimana adanya, berikut analisis data dari variabel budaya organisasi dan variabel organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) :","type":"Text"},{"left":90,"top":106,"width":431,"height":313,"page_number":12,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Y02 44,00 16,739 ,475 ,662 ,808 Y03 43,96 16,694 ,438 ,297 ,809 Y04 43,89 15,836 ,406 ,563 ,812 Y05 44,02 16,478 ,450 ,523 ,808 Y06 44,09 16,340 ,409 ,343 ,811 Y07 43,89 16,314 ,418 ,291 ,810 Y08 43,95 16,443 ,500 ,546 ,806 Y09 44,06 15,691 ,420 ,337 ,812 Y10 44,15 16,303 ,463 ,385 ,807 Y11 44,11 16,358 ,447 ,346 ,808 Y12 43,92 15,853 ,447 ,603 ,808 Y13 43,90 16,414 ,443 ,489 ,809 Y14 44,00 16,761 ,433 ,480 ,810 Y15 43,70 16,017 ,423 ,357 ,810","type":"Table"},{"left":297,"top":36,"width":262,"height":58,"page_number":13,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"525 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024","type":"Page header"},{"left":85,"top":739,"width":469,"height":28,"page_number":13,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"…………………………………………………………………………………………………….......................................... ISSN 2798-3471 (Cetak)","type":"Text"},{"left":292,"top":753,"width":259,"height":14,"page_number":13,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge","type":"Page footer"},{"left":85,"top":767,"width":133,"height":14,"page_number":13,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"ISSN 2798-3641 (Online)","type":"Page footer"},{"left":204,"top":109,"width":235,"height":14,"page_number":13,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Tabel 5. Hasil Analilsis Statistik Deskriptif","type":"Section header"},{"left":96,"top":142,"width":452,"height":108,"page_number":13,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation Budaya Organisasi 93 77,00 134,00 110,7204 11,26206 Organizational Citizenship Behavior 93 33,00 56,00 47,1075 4,29728 Valid N (listwise) 93","type":"Table"},{"left":103,"top":268,"width":455,"height":71,"page_number":13,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Berdasarkan data analisis deskriptif diatas menunjukkan bahwa jawaban minimal variabel budaya organisasi dengan nilai 77, maksimal 134, mean 110,7204 dan standar deviasi (SD) 11,26206. Sedangkan untuk variabel organizational citizenship behavior menunjukkan nilai minimal sebesar 33, maksimal 56, mean 47,1075 dan standar deviasi (SD) 4,29728.","type":"Text"},{"left":109,"top":339,"width":425,"height":102,"page_number":13,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Tabel 6. Hasil Kategorisasi Budaya Organisasi No. Interval Kategori Frekuensi Persentase (%) Mean 1 X (>) 140,7 Sangat tinggi 0 0% 110,7204 2 105,5 (< X ≤) 140,7 Tinggi 60 64,5% 3 70,3 () 48,3 Sangat tinggi 35 37,6 47,1075 2 44,5 (< X ≤) 48, Tinggi 30 32,3 3 40,7 (0,05) dan nilai signifikansi organizational citizenship behavior (Y) sebesar 0,090 (p>0,05). Dengan hasil nilai signifikansi lebih dari 0,05 pada variabel budaya organisasi (X) dan variabel organizational citizenship behavior (Y) maka dapat dikatakan seluruh data dari semua aspek budaya organisasi dan organizational citizenship behavior berdistribusi normal.","type":"Text"},{"left":60,"top":470,"width":467,"height":167,"page_number":14,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"4. Uji Linearitas Tabel 9. Uji Linearitas Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Organizational Citizenship Behavior * Budaya Organisasi Between Groups (Combined) 1307,214 23 56,835 10,012 ,000 Linearity 1161,705 1 1161,705 204,635 ,000 Deviation from Linearity 145,509 22 6,614 1,165 ,307 Within Groups 391,711 69 5,677 Total 1698,925 92","type":"Table"},{"left":75,"top":638,"width":455,"height":98,"page_number":14,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Uji linearitas digunakan untuk mengetahui apakah dua variabel memiliki hubungan secara signifikan atau tidak. Dalam penelitian, data yang baik seharusnya memiliki hubungan yang linear antara variabel independet (X) dan variabel dependent (Y). Dua variabel dinyatakan mempunyai hubungan yang linear yaitu jika p < 0,05. Berdasarkan hasil dari uji liearitas dengan menggunakan test for linearity dengan program IBM SPSS statistics versi 23 diperoleh nilai Deviation from Linearity sebesar 0,307 (p>0,05), maka dapat disimpulkan ada hubungan yang linear secara signifikan","type":"Text"},{"left":297,"top":36,"width":262,"height":58,"page_number":15,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"527 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024","type":"Page header"},{"left":85,"top":739,"width":469,"height":28,"page_number":15,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"…………………………………………………………………………………………………….......................................... ISSN 2798-3471 (Cetak)","type":"Text"},{"left":292,"top":753,"width":259,"height":14,"page_number":15,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge","type":"Page footer"},{"left":85,"top":767,"width":133,"height":14,"page_number":15,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"ISSN 2798-3641 (Online)","type":"Page footer"},{"left":103,"top":109,"width":377,"height":14,"page_number":15,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"antara budaya organisasi (X) dan Organizational Citizenship Behavior (Y).","type":"Text"},{"left":103,"top":123,"width":149,"height":14,"page_number":15,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"5. Uji Heteroskedastisitas","type":"Text"},{"left":229,"top":137,"width":184,"height":14,"page_number":15,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Tabel 10. Uji Heteroskedastisitas","type":"Text"},{"left":103,"top":261,"width":455,"height":70,"page_number":15,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Berdasarkan hasil pengujian glejser menggunakan program IBM SPSS statistics versi 23 pada tabel diatas didapatkan nilai signifikasi sebesar 0,536 > 0,05. Model regresi dikatakan baik jika nilai sig. > 0,05 yang memiliki arti homokedastisitas ataupun tidak heterokedastisitas. Dari hasil diatas maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa tidak terjadi gejala heterokedastisitas dalam penelitian ini.","type":"Text"},{"left":103,"top":331,"width":156,"height":14,"page_number":15,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"6. Uji Linearitas Sederhana","type":"Section header"},{"left":88,"top":345,"width":468,"height":124,"page_number":15,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Tabel 11. Uji Linearitas Sederhana Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t Sig. B Std. Error Beta 1 (Constant) 12,172 2,503 4,863 ,000 Budaya Organisasi ,316 ,022 ,827 14,028 ,000 a. Dependent Variable: Organizational Citizenship Behavior","type":"Table"},{"left":103,"top":490,"width":455,"height":70,"page_number":15,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Berdasarkan hasil analisis regresi linier sederhana menggunakan program IBM SPSS statistics versi 23 pada tabel diatas diperoleh nilai konstan dari Unstandardized Coefficients sebesar 12,172. Nilai dari Unstandardized Coefficients ini merupakan nilai Konstanta yang memiliki arti bahwa apabila tidak ada budaya organisasi (X) maka nilai konstan organizational citizenship behavior (Y) adalah sebesar 12,172.","type":"Text"},{"left":103,"top":560,"width":455,"height":57,"page_number":15,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"b = Angka koefisien regresi, dimana pada tabel diatas diperoleh hasil sebesar 0,316. Angka ini memiliki arti bahwa setiap penambahan 1% peningkatan budaya organisasi (X), maka organizational citizenship behavior (Y) akan meningkat sebesar 0,316.","type":"Text"},{"left":139,"top":617,"width":231,"height":14,"page_number":15,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Sehingga persamaan regresi sebagai adalah :","type":"Text"},{"left":88,"top":157,"width":412,"height":575,"page_number":15,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Y = 12,172 + 0,316 X Tabel 12. Uji R Square Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate 1 ,827 a ,684 ,680 2,430 Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardize d Coefficients T Sig. B Std. Error Beta 1 (Constant) 2,773 1,816 1,527 ,130 Budaya Organisasi -,010 ,016 -,065 -,622 ,536","type":"Table"},{"left":57,"top":36,"width":264,"height":56,"page_number":16,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"528 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024","type":"Page header"},{"left":57,"top":739,"width":471,"height":28,"page_number":16,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… .. Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge","type":"Text"},{"left":394,"top":753,"width":133,"height":28,"page_number":16,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"ISSN 2798-3471 (Cetak) ISSN 2798-3641 (Online)","type":"Text"},{"left":75,"top":106,"width":455,"height":57,"page_number":16,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Berdasarkan hasil dari tabel uji regresi didapatkan nilai R square atau R 2 sebesar 0,684 yang berarti Budaya Organisasi (X) memiliki pengaruh sebesar 68,4% terhadap organizational citizenship behavior (Y), sedangkan 31,4% organizational citizenship behavior (Y) dipengaruhi oleh variabel lain yang tidak diteliti.","type":"Text"},{"left":60,"top":163,"width":408,"height":118,"page_number":16,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"7. Uji Hipotesis Tabel 13. Uji Hipotesis Model Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F Sig. 1 Regression 1161,705 1 1161,705 196,782 ,000 b Residual 537,220 91 5,904 Total 1698,925 92","type":"Table"},{"left":60,"top":282,"width":306,"height":28,"page_number":16,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"a. Dependent Variable: Organizational Citizenship Behavior b. Predictors: (Constant), Budaya Organisasi","type":"Text"},{"left":93,"top":325,"width":427,"height":14,"page_number":16,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"a. Bila sig < 0,05 atau p<0.05 artinya ada pengaruh variabel X terhadap variabel Y.","type":"List item"},{"left":93,"top":339,"width":437,"height":28,"page_number":16,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"b. Bila sig > 0,05 atau p>0.05 artinya tidak ada pengaruh variabel X terhadap variabel Y.","type":"List item"},{"left":75,"top":367,"width":455,"height":56,"page_number":16,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Berdasarkan output hasil perhitungan menggunakan program IBM SPSS statistics versi 23 diatas didapatkan nilai sigifikansi (sig.) variabel budaya organisasi (X) sebesar 0,000 < 0,05 atau p<0.05 sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa “Ada Pengaruh Budaya Organisasi (X) terhadap Organizational Citizenship Behavior (Y)”.","type":"Text"},{"left":75,"top":423,"width":379,"height":28,"page_number":16,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"8. Uji Signifikansi Parameter Individu (Uji t) Tabel 14. Uji Signifikansi Parameter Individu (Uji t)","type":"Section header"},{"left":57,"top":593,"width":473,"height":70,"page_number":16,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Berdasarkan output perhitungan menggunakan program IBM SPSS statistics versi 23 diatas diketahui nilai t hitung sebesar 14,028. Jika nilai t hitung > t tabel dan nilai signifikansi uji t < 0,05, maka dapat disimpulkan ada pengaruh budaya organisasi (X) terhadap OCB (Y). Sebaliknya jika t hitung < t tabel dan nilai signifikansi uji t > 0,05, maka dapat disimpulkan tidak ada pengaruh budaya organisasi (X) terhadap OCB (Y).","type":"Text"},{"left":111,"top":663,"width":227,"height":70,"page_number":16,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Rumus mencari t tabel : Nilai a/2 = 0,025 Derajad kebebasan (df) = n – 2 = 93 – 2 = 91 Nilai t tabel = 1,990 Nilai t hitung = 14,028 > 1,990","type":"Text"},{"left":60,"top":476,"width":467,"height":94,"page_number":16,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t Sig. B Std. Error Beta 1 (Constant) 12,172 2,503 4,863 ,000 Budaya Organisasi ,316 ,022 ,827 14,028 ,000","type":"Table"},{"left":60,"top":571,"width":306,"height":14,"page_number":16,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"a. Dependent Variable: Organizational Citizenship Behavior","type":"Text"},{"left":297,"top":36,"width":262,"height":58,"page_number":17,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"529 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024","type":"Page header"},{"left":85,"top":739,"width":469,"height":28,"page_number":17,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"…………………………………………………………………………………………………….......................................... ISSN 2798-3471 (Cetak)","type":"Text"},{"left":292,"top":753,"width":259,"height":14,"page_number":17,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge","type":"Page footer"},{"left":85,"top":767,"width":133,"height":14,"page_number":17,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"ISSN 2798-3641 (Online)","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":109,"width":472,"height":56,"page_number":17,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Dikarenakan nilai t hitung sebesar 14,028 lebih besar dari t tabel sebesar 1,990, maka dapat disimpulkan budaya organisasi memberikan pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap (X) terhadap Organizational Citizenship Behavior (Y). Pembahasan","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":165,"width":476,"height":310,"page_number":17,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Berdasarkan hasil uji hipotesis yang telah dilakukan menunjukkan budaya organisasi sebagai prediktor organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) di PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya. Hal tersebut ditunjukkan melalui hasil analisis regresi linier yaitu R 2 = 0,684;p<0.05. Hasil temuan tersebut disebabkan oleh beberapa kemungkinan. Pertama, sebagian karyawan di PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya menyatakan bahwa budaya organisasi menjadi pedoman mereka untuk dapat melakukan tugas dan tanggung jawab dalam mencapai organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Hal ini sejalan dengan penelitian yang dilakukan Setyawan & Sriathi (2020) yang menyatakan bahwa perilaku karyawan yang positif merupakan sebuah indikasi keberhasilan pembentukan budaya organisasi yang akan berimbas pada perilaku intra-role dan extra-role yaitu berupa OCB. Kedua , sebagian karyawan menganggap bahwa budaya organisasi memiliki nilai-nilai yang dapat membuat mereka bekerja dengan meningkatkan organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Pernyataan tersebut didukung penelitian Amanda (2017) yang menyatakan bahwa budaya organisasi merupakan suatu perangkat sistem nilai ( Values) , berbagai asumsi, keyakinan, ataupun kaidah yang sudah lama diberlakukan, disetujui serta diikuti oleh anggota-anggota dalam organisasi yang merupakan pedoman berperilaku serta penuntasan permasalahan organisasi. Ketika anggota organisasi paham serta berpedoman terhadap budaya organisasinya dapat memberikan arahan munculnya perilaku organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Pernyataan dari para ahli tersebut juga didukung dengan penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Ningsih (2020) yang menyatakan bahwa budaya organisasi berpengaruh terhadap organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) di Puskesmas Bromo yang menunjukkan pengaruh signifikan.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":475,"width":473,"height":211,"page_number":17,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Berdasarkan hasil analisis regresi berdasarkan data Model Summary didapatkan nilai R Square sebesar 0,684 yang berarti Budaya Organisasi (X) memiliki pengaruh sebesar 68,4% terhadap organizational citizenship behavior (Y), sedangkan 31,4% organizational citizenship behavior (Y) dipengaruhi oleh variabel lain yang tidak diteliti. Hal ini menunjukkan meskipun sebagian besar organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) dipengaruhi budaya organisasi, namun masih ada faktor lain yang dapat mempengaruhi munculnya organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Menurut Organ (dalam Titisari, 2014) terdapat faktor - faktor yang dapat mempengaruhi perilaku organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) baik dari faktor internal seperti kepribadian, motivasi, kepuasan kerja, moral karyawan, komitmen organisasi maupun dari faktor eksternal seperti moral gaya kepemimpinan, kepercayaan kepada atasan dan budaya organisasi. Hasil ini sejalan dengan penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Setyawan & Sriathi (2020) yang menunjukkan adanya pengaruh signifikan budaya organisasi terhadap organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) sebesar 48,6% di Dinas Penanaman Modal dan PTSP Kabupaten Bandung, sedangkan 51,4% organizational citizenship behavior (Y) dipengaruhi oleh variabel lain yang tidak diteliti.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":686,"width":473,"height":42,"page_number":17,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Menurut Organ (1988) budaya organisasi merupakan suatu kondisi awal yang memicu munculnya perilaku organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Oemar (2013) juga menyatakan ketika karyawan paham budaya organisasinya dengan baik akan membuat","type":"Text"},{"left":57,"top":36,"width":264,"height":56,"page_number":18,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"530 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024","type":"Page header"},{"left":57,"top":739,"width":471,"height":28,"page_number":18,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… .. Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge","type":"Text"},{"left":394,"top":753,"width":133,"height":28,"page_number":18,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"ISSN 2798-3471 (Cetak) ISSN 2798-3641 (Online)","type":"Text"},{"left":57,"top":106,"width":473,"height":71,"page_number":18,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"dirinya cenderung untuk terlibat pada kegiatan yang ada dalam organisasi dan dapat mengarahkan meningkatya perilaku organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Sehingga diharapkan budaya organisasi yang diterapkan mampu memberikan pengaruh yang signifikan bagi perusahaan melalui organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) pada setiap karyawan bagian produksi PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya.","type":"Text"},{"left":57,"top":177,"width":473,"height":112,"page_number":18,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Berdasarkan hasil analisis deskrptif pada kedua variabel dapat disimpulkan bahwa budaya organisasi pada karyawan bagian produksi PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya memiliki kategorisasi tinggi sebanyak 60 orang (64,5%) dan kategori rendah sebanyak 33 orang (35,5%). Sedangkan pada variabel organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) dapat disimpulkan bahwa karyawan bagian produksi di PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya memiliki organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) dengan kategorisasi sangat tinggi sebesar 35 orang (37,5%), kategorisasi tinggi sebesar 30 orang (32,3%), rendah sebesar 23 orang (24,7%), dan sangat rendah sebesar 5 orang (5,4%).","type":"Text"},{"left":57,"top":289,"width":473,"height":99,"page_number":18,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Berdasarkan kategorisasi pada data budaya organisasi dengan nilai mean sebesar 110,7204, dimana angka tersebut masuk dalam kategorisari tinggi. Maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa karyawan bagian produksi di PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya memiliki budaya organisasi yang tinggi. Sedangkan untuk organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) menunjukkan nilai mean sebesar 47,1075, dimana angka tersebut berada dalam kategorisasi tinggi. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa karyawan bagian produksi PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya memiliki organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) yang tinggi.","type":"Text"},{"left":57,"top":402,"width":79,"height":14,"page_number":18,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"KESIMPULAN","type":"Section header"},{"left":57,"top":416,"width":473,"height":70,"page_number":18,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dan pembahasan diatas dapat disimpulkan bahwa budaya organisasi (X) merupakan prediktor organizational citizenship behavior (Y) pada karyawan produksi di PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya. Dimana semakin baik budaya organisasi dalam sebuah perusahaan dapat meningkatkan serta memunculkan perilaku organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) pada karyawan produksi di PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya.","type":"Text"},{"left":57,"top":500,"width":40,"height":14,"page_number":18,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"SARAN","type":"Section header"},{"left":57,"top":515,"width":106,"height":14,"page_number":18,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"1. Bagi Perusahaan","type":"Section header"},{"left":75,"top":529,"width":455,"height":70,"page_number":18,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Pihak perusahaan khususnya pada bagian HRD dapat memberikan pemahaman lebih dalam mengenai budaya organisasinya kepada karyawan untuk meningkatkan perilaku organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) sehingga dapat muncul dan berkembang dengan baik. Hal tersebut dapat dilakukan melalui diskusi, konsultasi dan atau pelatihan dalam mengembangkan budaya organisasi.","type":"Text"},{"left":57,"top":599,"width":98,"height":14,"page_number":18,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"2. Bagi Karyawan","type":"List item"},{"left":75,"top":613,"width":457,"height":56,"page_number":18,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Bagi karyawan diharapkan untuk dapat mengimplementasikan budaya organisasi sebagai dasar mereka bekerja untuk mengembangkan perilaku organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Hal tersebut dapat dilakukan melalui diskusi atau konsultasi dengan sesama rekan kerjanya serta atasan mereka.","type":"Text"},{"left":57,"top":669,"width":148,"height":14,"page_number":18,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"3. Bagi Peneliti Selanjutnya","type":"List item"},{"left":75,"top":683,"width":454,"height":42,"page_number":18,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Peneliti selanjutnya diharapkan dapat membuat penelitian dengan menambah variabel tipe kepribadian dan faktor demografi. Dengan memperluas tempat penelitian misalnya di Perusahaan swasta yang mempunya karyawan diatas 2000 orang. Swasta","type":"Text"},{"left":297,"top":36,"width":262,"height":58,"page_number":19,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"531 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024","type":"Page header"},{"left":85,"top":739,"width":469,"height":28,"page_number":19,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"…………………………………………………………………………………………………….......................................... ISSN 2798-3471 (Cetak)","type":"Text"},{"left":292,"top":753,"width":259,"height":14,"page_number":19,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge","type":"Page footer"},{"left":85,"top":767,"width":133,"height":14,"page_number":19,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"ISSN 2798-3641 (Online)","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":109,"width":132,"height":28,"page_number":19,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"atau bumn. Kelemahan Penelitian TA","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":137,"width":473,"height":113,"page_number":19,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Dalam penelitian ini juga terdapat beberapa kelemahan diantaranya terdapat kebijakan perusahaan yang membagi karyawan bagian produksi PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya menjadi tiga Shift, dikarenakan keterbatasan waktu yang penulis miliki, kuesioner hanya dibagikan pada karyawan bagian produksi shift 1 & 2 di PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya. Selain itu, dalam penelitian ini didapatkan hasil bahwa organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) tidak hanya dipengaruhi oleh faktor budaya organisasi saja, masih terdapat beberapa faktor lainnya yang bisa mempengaruhi organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) yang tidak diteliti dalam penelitian ini.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":264,"width":105,"height":14,"page_number":19,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"DAFTAR PUSTAKA","type":"Section header"},{"left":85,"top":278,"width":473,"height":42,"page_number":19,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"[1] Amanda, E. A., Budiwibowo, S., & Amah, N. (2017). Pengaruh Budaya Organisasi Terhadap Kinerja Karyawan di PDAM Tirta Taman Sari Kota Madiun. Jurnal Akuntansi Dan Pendidikan , 6 (1), 1 – 12. https://doi.org/http://doi.org/10.25273/jap.v6i1.1289","type":"List item"},{"left":85,"top":320,"width":473,"height":57,"page_number":19,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"[2] Arumi, M. S., Aldrin, N., & Murti, T. R. (2019). Effect of Organizational Culture on Organizational Citizenship Behavior with Organizational Commitment as a Mediator. International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science , 8 (4), 124 – 132. https://doi.org/http://doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v8i4.274","type":"List item"},{"left":85,"top":377,"width":473,"height":84,"page_number":19,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"[3] Asaolu, O., & Odu P, E. (2019). The Effects of Organizational Culture on Organizational Citizenship Behaviour in the Commercial Banks in Nigeria. Journal of Management Sciences and Technology , 6 (2), 28 – 40. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339900238_THE_EFFECTS_OF_ORGANIZ ATIONAL_CULTURE_ON_ORGANIZATIONAL_CITIZENSHIP_BEHAVIOUR_IN_THE_COM MERCIAL_BANKS_IN_NIGERIA","type":"Table"},{"left":85,"top":461,"width":362,"height":14,"page_number":19,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"[4] Azwar, S. (2014). Metode Penelitian . Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.","type":"List item"},{"left":85,"top":475,"width":473,"height":56,"page_number":19,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"[5] Baihaqi, I., & Saifudin. (2021). Pengaruh Budaya Organisasi, Gaya Kepemimpinan Karyawan, Transformasional dan Komitmen Organisasi Terhadap Kinerja Karyawan dengan OCB sebagai Variabel Intervening. Journal of Management , 2 (1), 10 – 22. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.22373/jimebis.v2i1.191","type":"List item"},{"left":85,"top":531,"width":473,"height":43,"page_number":19,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"[6] Bolino, M. C., Klotz, A. C., Turnley, W. H., & Harvey, J. (2013). Exploring The Dark Side of Organizational Citizenship Behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior , 34 , 542 – 559. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1847","type":"List item"},{"left":85,"top":574,"width":473,"height":42,"page_number":19,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"[7] Denison, D. R., & Haaland, S. (1990). Corporate Culture and Organizational Effectiveness. The Academy of Management Review , 16 (1), 205 – 227. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/258613","type":"List item"},{"left":85,"top":616,"width":473,"height":42,"page_number":19,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"[8] Denison, D. R., & Mishra, A. K. (1995). Toward a Theory of Organizational Culture and Effectiveness. Organization Science , 6 (2), 204 – 223. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.6.2.204","type":"Table"},{"left":85,"top":658,"width":472,"height":42,"page_number":19,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"[9] Dewi, L. R. (2021). Hubungan Tingkat Kepuasan Kerja terhadap OCB (Organizational Citizenship Behavior) pada Masa Pandemi Covid-19 (Doctoral dissertation, Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang) . Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang.","type":"List item"},{"left":85,"top":700,"width":473,"height":28,"page_number":19,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"[10] Ferdus, Z., & Kabir, T. (2018). Effect of Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment on OCB: Study on Private Banks in Bangladesh. World Journal of Social Sciences , 8 (2),","type":"List item"},{"left":57,"top":36,"width":264,"height":56,"page_number":20,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"532 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024","type":"Page header"},{"left":57,"top":739,"width":471,"height":28,"page_number":20,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… .. Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge","type":"Text"},{"left":394,"top":753,"width":133,"height":28,"page_number":20,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"ISSN 2798-3471 (Cetak) ISSN 2798-3641 (Online)","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":106,"width":437,"height":42,"page_number":20,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"57 – 69. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331111886_Effect_of_Job_Satisfaction_an d_Organizational_Commitment_on_OCB_Study_on_Private_Banks_in_Bangladesh","type":"Text"},{"left":57,"top":149,"width":473,"height":28,"page_number":20,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"[11] Ghozali, I. (2018). Aplikasi Analisis Multivariate dengan Program IBM SPSS 25 . Semarang: Universitas Diponegoro.","type":"List item"},{"left":57,"top":177,"width":472,"height":56,"page_number":20,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"[12] Husodo, Y. R. P. (2018). The Influence of Organizational Culture on Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) with Job Satisfaction as an Intervening Variable at PT Jatim Indo Lestari. Agora , 6 (1), 1 – 8. http://publication.petra.ac.id/index.php/manajemen- bisnis/article/view/6475","type":"Text"},{"left":57,"top":233,"width":473,"height":42,"page_number":20,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"[13] Lestari, M. R., & Sujono, F. K. (2021). Pengaruh Budaya Organisasi Dan Iklim Organisasi Terhadap Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB). Jurnal Manajemen Dan Bisnis Madani, 3 (1), 81-95. https://doi.org/10.1353/jmbm.v3i1.544","type":"List item"},{"left":57,"top":275,"width":472,"height":56,"page_number":20,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"[14] Mahayasa, I. G. A., Sintaasih, D. K., & Putra, M. S. (2018). Pengaruh Kepuasan Kerja dan Budaya Organisasi terhadap Komitmen Organisasional dan Organizational Citizenship Behavior Perawat. Jurnal Manajemen, Strategi Bisnis Dan Kewirausahaan , 12 (1), 71 – 86. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.24843/MATRIK:JMBK.2018.v12.i01.p08","type":"Text"},{"left":57,"top":332,"width":472,"height":56,"page_number":20,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"[15] Ningsih, E. K. (2020). Pengaruh Komitmen, Kompetensi, dan Budaya Organisasi terhadap Organizational Citizhenship Behaviour (OCB) Pegawai Puskesmas Bromo Medan. Jurnal Riset Manajemen & Bisnis (JRMB) , 1 (5), 75 – 88. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.30743/jrmb.v5i1.2582","type":"Table"},{"left":57,"top":388,"width":473,"height":56,"page_number":20,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"[16] Nisa, A. K. (2021). Pengaruh Budaya Organisasi terhadap Komitmen Organisasi pada Organisasi IKAMIA (Ikatan Alumni MI Al-Islah) di Dusun Pedurungan Glagah [Skripsi. Fakultas Psikologi, Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim, Malang]. http://etheses.uin-malang.ac.id/id/eprint/27665","type":"Text"},{"left":57,"top":444,"width":472,"height":42,"page_number":20,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"[17] Oemar, Y. (2013). Pengaruh Budaya Organisasi, Kemampuan Kerja dan Komitmen Organisasi terhadap Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) Pegawai pada BAPPEDA Kota Pekanbaru.","type":"List item"},{"left":85,"top":472,"width":444,"height":28,"page_number":20,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Jurnal Aplikasi Manajemen , 11 , 65 – 76. https://jurnaljam.ub.ac.id/index.php/jam/article/view/496","type":"Table"},{"left":57,"top":500,"width":472,"height":29,"page_number":20,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"[18] Organ, D. W. (1988). Organizational Citizenship Behavior: The Good Solider Syndrome . Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.","type":"List item"},{"left":57,"top":529,"width":429,"height":14,"page_number":20,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"[19] Robbins, S., & Judge, T. A. (2008). Perilaku Organisasi . Jakarta: Salemba Empat.","type":"List item"},{"left":57,"top":543,"width":473,"height":28,"page_number":20,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"[20] Robbins, S., Judge, T. A., Millett, B., & Boyle, M. (2013). Organisational Behaviour . Melbourne: Pearson Higher Education.","type":"List item"},{"left":57,"top":571,"width":472,"height":28,"page_number":20,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"[21] Robbins, S. P. (2006). Perilaku Organisasi (10th ed.). Jakarta: PT Indeks Kelompok Gramedia.","type":"List item"},{"left":57,"top":599,"width":473,"height":28,"page_number":20,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"[22] Robbins, S. P., & Judge, T. A. (2015). Behavior of Organizational (16th ed.). Jakarta: Salemba Empat.","type":"List item"},{"left":57,"top":627,"width":472,"height":42,"page_number":20,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"[23] Setyawan, I. P. G. A., & Sriathi, A. A. A. (2020). Peran Komitmen Organisasional Memediasi Pengaruh Budaya Organisasi Terhadap Organizational Citizenship Behavior.","type":"List item"},{"left":85,"top":655,"width":444,"height":28,"page_number":20,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"E-Jurnal Manajemen , 9 (8), 2976 – 2997. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.24843/EJMUNUD.2020.v09.i08.p05","type":"Table"},{"left":57,"top":683,"width":327,"height":14,"page_number":20,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"[24] Sugiyono. (2007). Kualitataif dan R&D . Bandung: Alfabeta.","type":"List item"},{"left":57,"top":697,"width":471,"height":14,"page_number":20,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"[25] Sugiyono. (2017). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif Kualitatif dan R&D . Bandung: Alfabeta.","type":"List item"},{"left":57,"top":711,"width":472,"height":14,"page_number":20,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"[26] Suwibawa, A., Agung, A. A. P., & Sapta, I. K. S. (2018). Effect of Organizational Culture","type":"Text"},{"left":297,"top":36,"width":262,"height":58,"page_number":21,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"533 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024","type":"Page header"},{"left":85,"top":739,"width":469,"height":28,"page_number":21,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"…………………………………………………………………………………………………….......................................... ISSN 2798-3471 (Cetak)","type":"Text"},{"left":292,"top":753,"width":259,"height":14,"page_number":21,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge","type":"Page footer"},{"left":85,"top":767,"width":133,"height":14,"page_number":21,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"ISSN 2798-3641 (Online)","type":"Page footer"},{"left":113,"top":109,"width":445,"height":42,"page_number":21,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"and Organizational Commitment to Employee Performance through Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) as Intervening Variables (Study on Bappeda Litbang Provinsi Bali). International Journal of Contemporary Research and Review , 9 (08),","type":"Text"},{"left":113,"top":151,"width":414,"height":14,"page_number":21,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"20997 – 21013. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.15520/ijcrr/2018/9/08/582","type":"List item"},{"left":85,"top":165,"width":473,"height":29,"page_number":21,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"[27] Tamsah, H., & Nurung, J. (2021). Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia . Solok: Mitra Cendekia Utama.","type":"List item"},{"left":85,"top":194,"width":473,"height":28,"page_number":21,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"[28] Titisari, P. (2014). Peranan Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) dalam Meningkatkan Kinerja Karyawan . Jakarta: Mitra Wacana Media.","type":"List item"},{"left":57,"top":36,"width":264,"height":56,"page_number":22,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"534 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024","type":"Page header"},{"left":57,"top":739,"width":471,"height":28,"page_number":22,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… .. Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge","type":"Text"},{"left":399,"top":753,"width":128,"height":14,"page_number":22,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"ISSN 2798-3471 (Cetak)","type":"Text"},{"left":394,"top":767,"width":133,"height":14,"page_number":22,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"ISSN 2798-3641 (Online)","type":"Table"},{"left":189,"top":219,"width":208,"height":14,"page_number":22,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"HALAMAN INI SENGAJA DIKOSONGKAN","type":"Section header"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"left\": 297,\n \"top\": 36,\n \"width\": 262,\n \"height\": 58,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"513 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 739,\n \"width\": 469,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"…………………………………………………………………………………………………….......................................... ISSN 2798-3471 (Cetak)\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 292,\n \"top\": 753,\n \"width\": 259,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 767,\n \"width\": 133,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"ISSN 2798-3641 (Online)\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 109,\n \"width\": 414,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"BUDAYA ORGANISASI SEBAGAI PREDIKTOR ORGANIZATIONAL CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOR DI PT. PRIMAYUDHA MANDIRIJAYA, BOYOLALI\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 151,\n \"width\": 218,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Oleh Faiz Deaky Febrianto 1 , Sutarto Wijono 2\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 180,\n \"width\": 461,\n \"height\": 42,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"1,2 Program Studi S1 Psikologi, Fakultas Psikologi, Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana Salatiga Email: 1 Faizdeaky99@gmail.com , 2 Sutarto.wijono@uksw.edu\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 237,\n \"width\": 111,\n \"height\": 56,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Article History: Received: 17-06-2024 Revised: 22-06-2024 Accepted: 03-07-2024\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 270,\n \"top\": 237,\n \"width\": 280,\n \"height\": 332,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Abstract: The aim of this study is to determine the role of organizational culture as a predictor of organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) among production employees at PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya. This research employs a quantitative research method. The study was conducted on production employees at PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya in Boyolali. The population of the study amounted to 1236 individuals, with a sample size of 93 individuals determined using random sampling techniques and the Slovin formula. The research instrument was an organizational culture scale adapted from the scale developed by Denison in Nisa (2021), based on four aspects of organizational culture, with a reliability value of 0.948 and validity index values ranging from 0.469 to 0.684. Additionally, an organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) scale developed by Organ in Dewi (2021) was used, based on five aspects of organizational citizenship behavior (OCB), with a reliability value of 0.828 and validity index values ranging from 0.406 to 0.500. Hypothesis testing yielded results of R 2 = 0.684; p < 0.05. These findings indicate that organizational culture (X) is a predictor of organizational citizenship behavior (Y) among production employees at PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 307,\n \"width\": 62,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Keywords:\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 321,\n \"width\": 136,\n \"height\": 43,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Organizational Culture; Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB).\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 584,\n \"width\": 91,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"PENDAHULUAN\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 598,\n \"width\": 473,\n \"height\": 140,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Saat ini persaingan dalam berbagai kegiatan industri dipicu oleh kemajuan teknologi khususnya dalam memasuki era new normal pihak managemen perusahaan berusaha agar tetap bisa survive bahkan berkembang lebih maju. Menurut Tamsah & Nurung (2022) sumber daya manusia merupakan faktor utama yang mempengaruhi seluruh kegiatan organisasi. Pada era new normal semua perusahaan dituntut agar dapat menghadapi persaingan yang kompetitif dengan memaksimalkan peran sumber daya yang mereka miliki. Demikian juga dengan PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya. Oleh sebab itu, khususnya karyawan bagian produksi PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya juga harus berperan aktif dalam melakukan pekerjaannya demi menjaga eksistensi perusahaannya. Bagian produksi merupakan bagian yang vital dalam sebuah perusahaan dimana para karyawan memiliki tugas dan tanggung\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 36,\n \"width\": 264,\n \"height\": 56,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"514 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 739,\n \"width\": 471,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… .. Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 394,\n \"top\": 753,\n \"width\": 133,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"ISSN 2798-3471 (Cetak) ISSN 2798-3641 (Online)\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 106,\n \"width\": 473,\n \"height\": 619,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"jawab untuk menjalankan mesin yang berhubungan dengan proses produksi serta mencapai target kerja yang sudah ditentukan. Dalam upaya mempertahankan eksistensi perusahaannya karyawan bagian produksi di PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya diharapkan memiliki inisiatif untuk bekerja melebihi standar kerja yang telah ditetapkan tanpa mengarapkan imbalan, dimana perilaku tersebut dapat mendukung perusahaan dalam mencapai tujuannya atau bisa disebut dengan perilaku organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Hal ini didukung oleh pernyataan dari Aly (dalam Arumi et al., (2019) yang menyatakan bahwa perilaku organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) merupakan perilaku yang bertujuan menguntungkan perusahaan secara efektif. Perilaku organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) dinilai menjadi poin penting yang memengaruhi efektifitas sebuah perusahaan dalam mencapai tujuannya. Maka dari itu penulis tertarik untuk melakukan penelitian organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) di PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya. PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya merupakan salah satu produsen dan eksportir pemintalan benang kualitas di Indonesia yang terletak di desa Ngadirojo Kecamatan Ampel Boyolali. PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya memiliki berbagai macam divisi, setiap divisi pada perusahaan ini memiliki perilaku, tingkat loyalitas dan kepedulian yang berbeda terhadap perusahaannya. Hasil temuan pada 06 Februari 2023 pada 25 karyawan bagian produksi di PT. Primayudha didapati terdapat 5 karyawan yang menganggap bahwa mereka mendapatkan perilaku saling organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) selama bekerja di perusahaan tersebut, dimana rekan kerjanya secara sukarela akan membantu karyawan lainnya ketika mesin yang dioperasikan salah satu rekannya mengalami masalah. Sementara, ada 4 karyawan menganggap bahwa setiap karyawan menunjukkan kemauan kerja yang kuat dan memiliki tanggung jawab dalam menyelesaikan pekerjaannya. Ada 4 karyawan lainnya menjelaskan bahwa ketika mereka mengalami masalah kekurangan karyawan, maka karyawan lainnya dengan sukarela mengoperasikan lebih banyak mesin setiap orangnya tanpa harus menunggu perintah dari atasannya sehingga kegiatan produksi dapat berjalan dengan normal. Tetapi ternyata, ada 6 karyawan lainnya mengeluh karena mereka mendapati beberapa rekan kerjanya kurang peduli walaupun temannya membutuhkan bantuan serta kesulitan dalam pekerjaannya. Sementara, 6 karyawan lainnya menyatakan bahwa masih terdapat beberapa karyawan yang sering terlambat dan sering absen kerja sehingga membebani mereka karena harus mengoperasikan lebih dari satu mesin. Atas dasar beberapa fenomena tersebut dapat diduga ada masalah terkait organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) pada karyawan bagian produksi di PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya. Oleh sebab itu, penelitian terkait organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) penting dilakukan pada bagian produksi di perusahaan tersebut . Seperti yang dikemukakan Robbins & Judge (2013) bahwa kesuksesan organisasi ataupun industri dapat tercapai bila anggota tidak hanya menjalankan pekerjaan utama saja, namun ingin melaksanakan pekerjaan tambahan, misalnya saling memberi bantuan kepada rekan kerja yang mengalami kesulitan (altruism), saling memberikan masukan ketika rekan kerja mendapatkan masalah dalam lingkungan kerjannya (courtesy) , dapat beradaptasi dengan lingkungan kerjanya (sportmanship) , berpartisipasi dalam kegiatan organisasi (civic virtue) , dan ingin memanfaatkan waktu kerja dengan baik serta memberikan layanan secara maksimal (conscientiousnes) . Adanya perilaku organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) seperti contoh diatas memiliki dampak positif pada organisasi, dimana perilaku tersebut dapat mendukung\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 297,\n \"top\": 36,\n \"width\": 262,\n \"height\": 58,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"515 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 739,\n \"width\": 469,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"…………………………………………………………………………………………………….......................................... ISSN 2798-3471 (Cetak)\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 292,\n \"top\": 753,\n \"width\": 259,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 767,\n \"width\": 133,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"ISSN 2798-3641 (Online)\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 109,\n \"width\": 473,\n \"height\": 338,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"organisasi dalam mencapai tujuannya secara efektif dan efisien. Organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) mempunyai dampak positif. Pernyataan tersebut didukung riset yang dilakukan oleh Suwibawa (2018) yang menemukan bahwa organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) mempunyai dampak positif pada hasil kerja pegawai dimana ketika tingkat organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) tinggi, semakin tinggi juga kinerja karyawannya. Menurut Robbins & Judge (2013) kesuksesan organisasi ataupun industri dapat tercapai apabila anggota tidak hanya mengerjakan pekerjaan utama saja, namun ingin melaksanakan pekerjaan tambahan, misalnya keinginan menjalin kerja sama, saling memberi bantuan, menyampaikan masukan, mempunyai peran aktif, memberikan layanan maksimal, dan ingin memanfaatkan waktu kerja dengan baik sehingga dapat memberikan dampak positif bagi suatu organisasi. Ferdus & Kabir (2018) juga menemukan bahwa makin baik sebuah organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) maka akan memberikan peningkatan kepuasan kerja dan hasil kerja pegawai, maka makin besar kepuasan kerjanya yang dialami pegawai akan bisa menaikan kinerjanya. Robbins (2006) mengemukakan beberapa contoh perilaku organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) diantaranya saling membantu tanpa menunggu perintah atasan, sukarela melaksanakan pekerjaan atas keinginannya sendiri, mencegah konflik dalam bekerja, menjaga properti perusahaan, menghargai aturan yang diberlakukan pada organisasi, dapat menempatkan diri pada kondisi yang kurang nyaman ataupun mengasyikkan saat bekerja serta menggunakan waktu dalam bekerja sebaik-baiknya. Selain itu terdapat beberapa penelitian yang mengungkapkan bahwasanya organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) mempunyai dampak negatif bagi sebuah organisasi. Penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Bolino (2013) menyatakan bahwa organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) mempunyai dampak negatif pada karyawan seperti stres kerja dan peran yang kurang efektif.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 447,\n \"width\": 473,\n \"height\": 281,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Hasil temuan Organ (dalam Titisari, 2014) menyatakan terdapat dua faktor yang dapat memberikan pengaruh terhadap organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) yaitu faktor eksternal maupun internal individu tersebut. Faktor Internal mencakup kepribadian, motivasi, kepuasan kerja, moral karyawan dan komitmen organisasi. Faktor eksternal mencakup kepercayaan kepada pimpinan, gaya kepemimpinan, serta budaya organisasi. Dari beberapa faktor organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) tersebut terdapat faktor budaya organisasi. Budaya organisasi merupakan suatu kepercayaan yang diartikan serta dipahami secara bersama dan dijadikan sebagai pedoman bagi anggota organisasinya dalam melakukan segala hal dalam lingkup organisasinya. Dengan adanya budaya organisasi yang kuat dapat memberikan pemahaman yang jelas mengenai bagaimana tata cara dalam menyelesaikan suatu urusan serta berperilaku dalam lingkungan pekerjaannya. Dari faktor tersebut kita dapat menyimpulkan bahwa budaya organisasi merupakan salah satu faktor penting yang memunculkan perilaku organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Menurut Amanda (2017) budaya organisasi merupakan suatu perangkat sistem nilai (Values), berbagai asumsi, keyakinan, ataupun kaidah yang sudah lama diberlakukan, disetujui serta diikuti oleh anggota-anggota dalam organisasi yang merupakan pedoman berperilaku serta penuntasan permasalahan organisasi. Budaya organisasi yang baik akan membantu para anggotanya dalam berperilaku serta mengatasi masalah yang ada dalam lingkungan organisasinya sesuai nilai-nilai yang perusahaan tetapkan. Ketika anggota organisasi paham serta berpedoman terhadap budaya organisasinya mengindikasikan\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 36,\n \"width\": 264,\n \"height\": 56,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"516 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 739,\n \"width\": 471,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… .. Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 394,\n \"top\": 753,\n \"width\": 133,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"ISSN 2798-3471 (Cetak) ISSN 2798-3641 (Online)\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 106,\n \"width\": 473,\n \"height\": 197,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"besarnya loyalitas serta komitmen karyawan kepada organisasi, hal tersebut dapat memberikan arahan yang baik munculnya perilaku organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Terbentuknya perilaku karyawan yang positif merupakan sebuah indikasi keberhasilan pembentukan budaya organisasi yang akan berimbas pada perilaku intra-role dan extra-role yaitu berupa OCB (Setyawan & Sriathi, 2020). Oemar (2013) juga menyatakan ketika karyawan dapat menilai budaya organisasinya dengan baik akan membuat dirinya cenderung untuk terlibat pada kegiatan yang ada dalam organisasi sehingga dapat mengarahkan perilaku organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) tersebut muncul serta cenderung meningkat. Maka dari itu penulis menganggap penelitian mengenai budaya organisasi di PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya penting untuk dilakukan dikarenakan budaya organisasi merupakan karakteristik yang berpengaruh terhadap berbagai aspek yang ada dalam organisasi khususnya pengaruhnya terhadap perlaku organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) yang nantinya akan menimbulkan dampak positif bagi keberlangsungan suatu perusahaan.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 303,\n \"width\": 473,\n \"height\": 282,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Terdapat beberapa hasil penelitian yang mengungkapkan budaya organisasi sebagai prediktor organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Hal itu ditunjukkan dari beberapa penelitian, seperti penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Husodo (2018) budaya organisasi mempunyai pengaruh terhadap organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) di PT Jatim Indo Lestari. Mahayasa (2018) budaya organisasional terhadap OCB perawat di RSU swasta tipe C Kota Denpasar, diperkuat oleh penelitian Ningsih (2020) secara secara signifikan budaya organisasi mempengaruhi OCB pada pegawai Puskesmas Bromo Medan. Budaya organisasi yang baik memberikan sumbangan dalam memengaruhi perilaku anggotanya dalam mencapai tujuan organisasi. Budaya organisasi kuat dapat dilihat dari besarnya loyalitas beserta komitmen karyawan kepada organisasi, indikasi tersebut membuat mereka akan berusaha meningkatkan kinerjanya, melakukan pekerjaan melebihi standar kerjanya yang mana hal itu sebagai salah satu perilaku OCB. Sehingga ketika terdapat budaya organisasi yang kuat bisa memberi pengaruh munculnya tingkah laku OCB. Sebaliknya, riset yang dilakukan Baihaqi (2021) berjudul “Pengaruh Budaya Organisasi, Gaya Kepemimpinan Transformasional Dan Komitmen Organisasi Terhadap Kinerja Karyawan Dengan Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) Sebagai Variabel Intervening” mengungkapkan bahwasanya budaya organisasi tidak mempengaruhi OCB. Melalui hasil signifikansi 0,436 > 0,05 dugaan kelima (H5) dalam penelitian yang menunjukkan budaya organisasi memberi pengaruhnya signifikan terhadap OCB ditolak, hasil ini mengartikan bahwasanya budaya organisasi tidak memberi pengaruh terhadap OCB.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 585,\n \"width\": 473,\n \"height\": 140,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Melalui penemuan para peneliti tersebut, penulis tertarikan melaksanakan penelitian terkait budaya organisasi sebagai prediktor organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) dikarenakan terdapat hasil yang bertentangan sehingga penulis masih menganggap penelitian terkait budaya organisasi serta organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) bisa diteliti kembali. Dengan alasan bahwasanya penelitian yang dilakukan penulis mempunyai perbedaan terhadap penelitiaan sebelumnya seperti tempat pengambilan data, penggunaan sampel serta definisi yang digunakan dalam membuat alat ukur penelitian. Hal berikut didukung dengan perbedaan penelitian yang dilaksanakan oleh Husodo (2018) dimana tempat pengambilan sampel dilakukan pada PT. Jatim Indo Lestari menggunakan metode purposive sampling dengan jumlah responden sebanyak 53 yang terdiri dari divisi teknisi,\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 297,\n \"top\": 36,\n \"width\": 262,\n \"height\": 58,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"517 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 739,\n \"width\": 469,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"…………………………………………………………………………………………………….......................................... ISSN 2798-3471 (Cetak)\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 292,\n \"top\": 753,\n \"width\": 259,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 767,\n \"width\": 133,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"ISSN 2798-3641 (Online)\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 109,\n \"width\": 473,\n \"height\": 113,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"helper dan staff, serta variabel budaya organisasi menggunakan definisi dari Robbins (2006) yang memiliki tujuh karakteristik sedangkan penelitian penulis menggunakan definisi dari Denison (1990). Penulis juga berkeyakinan bahwasanya organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) penting dimiliki oleh perusahaan serta untuk menciptakannya dapat dilakukan dengan cara mengimplementasikan budaya organisasi yang kuat dan baik. Sehingga, penulis tertarik meneliti kembali penelitian dengan judul Budaya Organisasi Sebagai Prediktor Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) pada karyawan PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya, Boyolali.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 222,\n \"width\": 473,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Apakah budaya organisasi menjadi prediktor organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) pada karyawan produksi di PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya?\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 250,\n \"width\": 473,\n \"height\": 42,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Tujuannya dari pelaksanaan penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui budaya organisasi sebagai prediktor organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) pada karyawan di PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 306,\n \"width\": 101,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"LANDASAN TEORI\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 320,\n \"width\": 263,\n \"height\": 15,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"A. Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB)\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 121,\n \"top\": 334,\n \"width\": 437,\n \"height\": 127,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"1. Definisi Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) Organ (1988) mendefinisikan organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) merupakan suatu wujud perilaku inisiatif karyawan dalam upaya untuk meningkatkan efektivitas organisasi tanpa didasari pengharapan imbalan. Upaya perilaku karyawan tersebut muncul atas keingginan sendiri, sehingga hal tersebut tidak berhubungan dengan hukuman ataupun penghargaan dari organisasi. Robbins (2008) mendefinisikan organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) sebagai perilaku dimana karyawan bekerja melebihi standar kerjanya sehingga dapat memberikan dampak yang positif bagi perusahaannya.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 121,\n \"top\": 461,\n \"width\": 436,\n \"height\": 56,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Berdasarkan berbagai penjelasan tokoh tersebut, penulis memilih teori yang disampaikam oleh Organ (1988) dikarenakan temuan fenomena yang ada pada bagian produksi di PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya sesuai dengan yang dikemukakan Organ (1988).\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 121,\n \"top\": 517,\n \"width\": 298,\n \"height\": 15,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"2. Aspek Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB)\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 148,\n \"top\": 531,\n \"width\": 336,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Organ (1988) memaparkan terdapat lima aspek pada OCB, yaitu :\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 148,\n \"top\": 546,\n \"width\": 64,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"a. Altruism\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 148,\n \"top\": 560,\n \"width\": 64,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"b. Courtesy\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 148,\n \"top\": 574,\n \"width\": 91,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"c. Sportmanship\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 148,\n \"top\": 588,\n \"width\": 77,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"d. Civic virtue\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 148,\n \"top\": 602,\n \"width\": 105,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"e. Conscientiousnes\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 121,\n \"top\": 616,\n \"width\": 436,\n \"height\": 56,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"3. Faktor yang Memengaruhi Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) Organ (dalam Titisari, 2014) mengemukakan dua faktor yang memberikan pengaruh terhadap OCB yaitu faktor dari luar dan faktor dari dalam individu. Berikut penjelasan lebih spesifik kedua faktor OCB:\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 148,\n \"top\": 672,\n \"width\": 99,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"a. Faktor Internal\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 166,\n \"top\": 686,\n \"width\": 391,\n \"height\": 42,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"1. Kepribadian, adanya perbedaan karakter masing masing individu di lingkungan organisasi mengakibatkan banyak variasi peran yang akan menimbulkan organizational citizenship behavior (OCB).\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 36,\n \"width\": 264,\n \"height\": 56,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"518 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 739,\n \"width\": 471,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… .. Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 399,\n \"top\": 753,\n \"width\": 128,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"ISSN 2798-3471 (Cetak)\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 394,\n \"top\": 767,\n \"width\": 133,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"ISSN 2798-3641 (Online)\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 138,\n \"top\": 106,\n \"width\": 391,\n \"height\": 57,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"2. Motivasi, kesediaan individu dalam melakukan sesuatu hal demi tercapainya target organisasi sesuai dengan persyaratan organisasi serta dilakukan sesuai kemampuan usaha yang dimilikinya guna mendapatkan sejumlah kepuasan individu.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 138,\n \"top\": 163,\n \"width\": 391,\n \"height\": 56,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"3. Kepuasan kerja, merupakan segala hal yang didapatkan karyawan dan dapat memberikan dampak yang positif bagi karyawan seperti pemberian gaji, pemberian fasilitas yang memadai, kesempatan dipromosikan, serta relasi yang baik antar karyawan.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 138,\n \"top\": 219,\n \"width\": 391,\n \"height\": 56,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"4. Komitmen organisasi, berkaitan dengan keinginan karyawan untuk tetap mempertahankan keanggotaanya dalam sebuah organisasi sehingga karyawan bersedia untuk bekerja dengan maksimal demi mencapai tujuan organisasi.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 138,\n \"top\": 275,\n \"width\": 391,\n \"height\": 42,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"5. Moral karyawan, berkaitan dengan tanggung jawab individu dalam melakukan tindakan baik bagi organisasi atau lingkungan masyarakat sekitar.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 120,\n \"top\": 317,\n \"width\": 106,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"b. Faktor Eksternal\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 138,\n \"top\": 332,\n \"width\": 392,\n \"height\": 42,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"1. Moral Gaya kepemimpinan, suatu tindakan atau sikap pimpinan yang mampu untuk memberikan pengaruh bawahannya demi meraih tujuan beserta target organisasi.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 138,\n \"top\": 374,\n \"width\": 391,\n \"height\": 42,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"2. Kepercayaan kepada atasan atau pimpinan, terdapat kepercayaan ataupun rasa percaya yang dipunyai individu terhadap atasannya akan menimbulkan kondisi positif bagi organisasi.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 138,\n \"top\": 416,\n \"width\": 391,\n \"height\": 42,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"3. Budaya organisasi, kepercayaan yang diartikan serta pahami secara bersama dan dijadikan pedoman bagi anggota organisasinya dalam melakukan segala hal dalam lingkup organisasi.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 458,\n \"width\": 141,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"B. Budaya Organisasi\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 93,\n \"top\": 472,\n \"width\": 178,\n \"height\": 15,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"1. Definisi Budaya Organisasi\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 93,\n \"top\": 486,\n \"width\": 437,\n \"height\": 85,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Denison (1990) mendefinisikan budaya organisasi sebagai suatu nilai, keyakinan serta prinsip yang jadi landasan bagi sistem manajemen organisasi, dan serangkaian praktik manajemen maupun tingkah laku secara baik. Berdasarkan Robbins dan Judge (2015) budaya organisasi yaitu kepercayaan yang diartikan serta dipahami dengan makna yang sama oleh anggotanya sebagai pedoman anggota organisasinya untuk bertindak maupun berkomunikasi dalam lingkup organisasi\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 93,\n \"top\": 571,\n \"width\": 169,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"2. Aspek Budaya Organisasi\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 120,\n \"top\": 585,\n \"width\": 386,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Denison (1995) mengemukakan terdapat 4 aspek budaya organisasi, yaitu\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 119,\n \"top\": 599,\n \"width\": 154,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"a. Keterlibatan (involvement)\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 119,\n \"top\": 613,\n \"width\": 146,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"b. Konsistensi (concistency)\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 119,\n \"top\": 627,\n \"width\": 155,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"c. Adaptabilitas (adaptibility)\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 119,\n \"top\": 641,\n \"width\": 88,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"d. Misi (mission)\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 655,\n \"width\": 472,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"C. Dinamika Budaya Organisasi Sebagai Prediktor Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB)\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 683,\n \"width\": 472,\n \"height\": 42,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Setiap perusahaan memerlukan SDM yang baik agar suatu perusahaan dapat bersaing dan bisa berjalan sesuai dengan tujuannya, dimana salah satu poin SDM yang dibutuhkan yaitu SDM yang mempunyai perilaku keanggotaan organisasi atau organizational citizenship\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 297,\n \"top\": 36,\n \"width\": 262,\n \"height\": 58,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"519 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 739,\n \"width\": 469,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"…………………………………………………………………………………………………….......................................... ISSN 2798-3471 (Cetak)\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 292,\n \"top\": 753,\n \"width\": 259,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 767,\n \"width\": 133,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"ISSN 2798-3641 (Online)\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 109,\n \"width\": 473,\n \"height\": 394,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"behavior (OCB) yang baik. Organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) merupakan perilaku yang ditunjukkan individu pada sebuah organisasi yang secara sukarela mengerjakan tugas melebihi standar kerjanya demi keberlangsungan organisasi tersebut sehingga organisasi akan diuntungkan bila mempunyai karyawan yang mempunyai perilaku OCB yang tinggi. Terdapat beberapa faktor yang dapat memberikan pengaruh munculnya perilaku organizational citizenship behavior (OCB), salah satunya adalah budaya organisasi. Organ (dalam Titisari, 2014) mengemukakan beberapa faktor-faktor yang dapat memberi pengaruh organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) salah satunya budaya organisasi. Budaya organisasi merupakan sebuah norma-norma yang dimiliki sebuah organisasi yang dipahami dan diikuti para anggotanya sebagai acuan dalam berperilaku, dimana norma-norma tersebut berbeda pada setiap organisasi. Budaya organisasi sebagai suatu peran yang mempunyai pengaruh penting pada setiap aspek kehidupan kerja dalam suatu organisasi. Menurut Setyawan & Sriathi (2020) terbentuknya perilaku karyawan yang positif merupakan sebuah indikasi keberhasilan pembentukan budaya organisasi yang akan berimbas pada perilaku intra-role dan extra-role yaitu berupa OCB. Denison (1995) membagi aspek budaya organisasi menjadi empat yaitu melibatkan anggotanya untuk mempunyai rasa memiliki terhadap tugas serta mempunyai tanggung jawab atas pekerjaannya (involvement), menanaman suatu sistem kepercayaan pada anggotanya (consistency) , kemampuan untuk tanggap dengan apa yang dibutuhkan pada lingkungan organisasinya (adaptability) , kemampuan memahami apa yang perusahaan butuhkan pada masa mendatang (mission). Keempat aspek menurut Denison tersebut dapat memunculkan perilaku organizational citizenship behavior (OCB), diantaranya bekerja melebihi deskripsi pekerjaannya dengan sukarela karena anggotanya memiliki rasa tanggung jawab akan pekerjaannya, memiliki kepercayaan yang sama dengan anggota lainnya mengenai aturan-aturan yang berlaku, memiliki rasa tanggap akan apa yang dibutuhkan pada lingkungan organisasinya, serta memahami tujuan organisasinya. Dari keempat aspek menurut Denison (1995) diatas, kita bisa melihat bahwa involvement, consistency, adaptability, dan mission dapat memunculkan perilaku organizational citizenship behavior (OCB).\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 517,\n \"width\": 122,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"METODE PENELITIAN Variabel Penelitian\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 121,\n \"top\": 546,\n \"width\": 279,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Variabel yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini, adalah :\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 121,\n \"top\": 560,\n \"width\": 437,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"1. Variabel independen atau bebas (X) dalam penelitian ini adalah Budaya Organisasi.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 121,\n \"top\": 588,\n \"width\": 437,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"2. Variabel dependen atau terikat (Y) dalam penelitiain ini adalah Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB).\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 616,\n \"width\": 117,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Populasi dan Sampel\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 121,\n \"top\": 630,\n \"width\": 119,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"1. Populasi Penelitian\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 121,\n \"top\": 644,\n \"width\": 436,\n \"height\": 70,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Sugiyono (2007) mendefinisikan populasi yaitu area generalisasi yang terjadi dari subjek ataupun objek sesuai dengan kualitas serta karakteristik yang ditentukan peneliti untuk dipelajari sehingga nantinya dapat diambil kesimpulannya. Dalam pelaksanaan penelitian ini, populasi merupakan karyawan bagian produksi PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya, Boyolali dengan jumlah populasi 1236 karyawan.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 121,\n \"top\": 714,\n \"width\": 113,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"2. Sampel Penelitian\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 36,\n \"width\": 264,\n \"height\": 56,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"520 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 739,\n \"width\": 471,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… .. Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 394,\n \"top\": 753,\n \"width\": 133,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"ISSN 2798-3471 (Cetak) ISSN 2798-3641 (Online)\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 92,\n \"top\": 106,\n \"width\": 438,\n \"height\": 141,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Menurut Sugiyono (2017) sampel merupakan bagian dari jumlah dan karakteristik yang dimiliki oleh populasi tersebut. Adapun teknik sampling yang dipakai dalam penelitian ini menggunakan simple random sampling. Simple random sampling merupakan teknik pengambilan sampel dari populasi yang dilakukan secara acak tanpa memperhatikan strata yang terdapat pada populasi (Sugiyono, 2017). Dalam penelitian ini penulis mempersempit populasi karyawan bagian produksi PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya yang berjumlah 1236 karyawan dengan menghitung ukuran sampel menggunakan rumus Slovin menurut Sugiyono (2017) dengan alpha 10 %, sebagai berikut : Rumus Slovin :\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 92,\n \"top\": 248,\n \"width\": 437,\n \"height\": 97,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"𝑛 𝑁 1 + 𝑁𝑒 2 Keterangan : n = ukuran sampel N = ukuran populasi e = kelonggaran kesalahan maksimal yang dapat ditolerir dalam penentuan sampel (10%)\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 92,\n \"top\": 345,\n \"width\": 203,\n \"height\": 42,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"𝑛 1236 1 + 1236 ∗ 0,1 2 n = 92,52 dibulatkan menjadi 93 orang.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 387,\n \"width\": 115,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Alat Ukur Penelitian\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 401,\n \"width\": 473,\n \"height\": 127,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Pengumpulan data pada penelitian ini dilakukan dengan skala Likert. Skala Likert berarti skala yang memiliki gradiasi sangat positif hingga negatif (Sugiyono, 2007). Aitem- aitem yang terdapat dalam skala ini merupakan susunan pernyataan dari variabel budaya organisasi serta organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) mencakup empat opsi jawaban, yakni SS (sangat sesuai), S (sesuai), TS (tidak sesuai), STS (sangat tidak sesuai). Skala yang ditampilkan berbentuk pernyataan favorable dan unfavorable . Skor yang diberi memiliki pergerakan dari satu hingga empat. Bobot penilaiannya bagi pernyataan favorable yakni, SS = 4, S = 3, TS = 2, STS = 1. Sementara, bobot penilaian bagi pernyataan unfavorable yakni: SS = 1, S = 2, TS = 3, STS = 4.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 528,\n \"width\": 117,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Teknik Analisis Data\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 542,\n \"width\": 473,\n \"height\": 113,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Teknik yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah uji analisis linearitas sederhana. Uji linear sederhana bertujuan untuk menguji sejauh mana variabel dependen (X) dalam mempengaruhi variabel dependen (Y). Faktor penyebab disebut dengan variabel X sedangkan variabel respon disebut dengan variabel Y. Sehingga dalam penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah budaya organisasi (X) sebagai prediktor organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) (Y). Keseluruhan analisis data dalam penelitian ini dikerjakan dengan bantuan program IBM SPSS statistics versi 23. Berikut ini adalah beberapa langkah analisis yang dilakukan :\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 93,\n \"top\": 655,\n \"width\": 106,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"1. Uji Instrumen\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 119,\n \"top\": 669,\n \"width\": 410,\n \"height\": 42,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"a. Uji Diskriminasi Aitem Aitem dianggap layak digunakan dalam penelitian atau valid jika didapatkan nilai corrected item-total correlation diatas 0,3.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 119,\n \"top\": 711,\n \"width\": 95,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"b. Uji Reliabilitas\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 165,\n \"top\": 725,\n \"width\": 365,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 8,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Uji reliabilitas yaitu instrumen guna melakukan pengukuran kuesioner\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 297,\n \"top\": 36,\n \"width\": 262,\n \"height\": 58,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"521 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 739,\n \"width\": 469,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"…………………………………………………………………………………………………….......................................... ISSN 2798-3471 (Cetak)\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 292,\n \"top\": 753,\n \"width\": 259,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 767,\n \"width\": 133,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"ISSN 2798-3641 (Online)\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 148,\n \"top\": 109,\n \"width\": 409,\n \"height\": 56,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"yang merupakan indikator dari variable yang akan diteliti. Kuesioner dinyatakan reliabel bila jawaban individu kepada pernyataan cenderung sama ataupun stabil dalam waktu yang lama. Instrumen pengukuran dinyatakan reliabel (layak) bila Cronbach’s alpha > 0,7.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 121,\n \"top\": 165,\n \"width\": 199,\n \"height\": 15,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"2. Uji Analisis Statistik Deskriptif\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 121,\n \"top\": 180,\n \"width\": 436,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Analisis deskriptif digunakan untuk melihat gambaran data secara empiris berdasarkan data yang dikumpulkan dari jawaban responden sebagaimana adanya.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 121,\n \"top\": 208,\n \"width\": 126,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"3. Uji Asumsi Klasik\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 147,\n \"top\": 222,\n \"width\": 95,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"a. Uji Normalitas\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 147,\n \"top\": 236,\n \"width\": 411,\n \"height\": 98,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Uji normalitas guna mengujikan apakah pada model regresi, variabel independen serta dependen berdistribusikan normal ataupun tidak. Model regresi yang baik mempunyai distribusi data secara normal ataupun dekat dengan normal yakni distribusi tidak ada penyimpangan ke kiri ataupun ke kanan. Pengujian normalitas menggunakan pengujian One Kolmogorov-Smirnov dalam program SPSS. Dua variabel dinyatakan berdistribusikan normal bila nilai sig. > 0,05.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 147,\n \"top\": 334,\n \"width\": 89,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"b. Uji Linearitas\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 147,\n \"top\": 349,\n \"width\": 411,\n \"height\": 70,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Uji linearitas digunakan untuk mengetahui apakah dua variabel memiliki hubungan secara signifikan atau tidak. Dalam penelitian, data yang baik seharusnya memiliki hubungan yang linear antara variabel independet (X) dan variabel dependent (Y). Dua variabel dinyatakan mempunyai hubungan yang linear yaitu jika p < 0,05.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 147,\n \"top\": 419,\n \"width\": 139,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"c. Uji Heteroskedastisitas\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 148,\n \"top\": 433,\n \"width\": 409,\n \"height\": 56,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Model regresi yang baik bermakna yang homokedastisitas ataupun tidak heterokedastisitas. Untuk mencari apakah terdapatnya heterokedastisitas, bisa mempergunakan pengujian glejser, Hasil dikatakan signifikan bila nilai signifikannya sig > 0.05.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 121,\n \"top\": 489,\n \"width\": 100,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"4. Uji Hipotesis\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 121,\n \"top\": 503,\n \"width\": 437,\n \"height\": 42,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Dalam pengujian hipotesis digunakan untuk menentukan apakah budaya organisasi merupakan prediktor organization citizenship behavior (OCB) dapat dilakukan menggunakan program Windows SPSS Statistic 23.0 .\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 147,\n \"top\": 546,\n \"width\": 411,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"a. Bila sig < 0,05 atau p<0.05 artinya ada pengaruh variabel X terhadap variabel Y.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 147,\n \"top\": 574,\n \"width\": 411,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"b. Bila sig > 0,05 atau p>0.05 artinya tidak ada pengaruh variabel X terhadap variabel Y.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 616,\n \"width\": 348,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN Orientasi Kancah Penelitian dan Pengumpulan Data Penelitian\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 644,\n \"width\": 473,\n \"height\": 56,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Penelitian ini dilakukan pada karyawan bagian Produksi PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya. Pengambilan data dilakukan dengan cara membagikan kuesioner berupa angket kepada para karyawan bagian produksi shift pagi dan siang pada tanggal 24 Oktober 2023 hingga tanggal 28 Oktober 2023.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 700,\n \"width\": 119,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Partisipan Penelitian\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 121,\n \"top\": 714,\n \"width\": 436,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 9,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya, Boyolali dengan populasi\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 36,\n \"width\": 264,\n \"height\": 56,\n \"page_number\": 10,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"522 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 739,\n \"width\": 471,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 10,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… .. Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 394,\n \"top\": 753,\n \"width\": 133,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 10,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"ISSN 2798-3471 (Cetak) ISSN 2798-3641 (Online)\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 106,\n \"width\": 473,\n \"height\": 42,\n \"page_number\": 10,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"sebanyak 1236 orang. Dikarenakan jumlah populasi terlalu besar penulis menggunakan teknik simpel random sampling dengan rumus Slovin , sehingga didapatkan jumlah responden sebanyak 93 karyawan.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 149,\n \"width\": 90,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 10,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Hasil Penelitian\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 75,\n \"top\": 163,\n \"width\": 210,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 10,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"1. Diskriminasi Item dan Reliabilitas\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 166,\n \"top\": 191,\n \"width\": 254,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 10,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Tabel 1. Diskriminasi Item Budaya Organisasi\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 62,\n \"top\": 214,\n \"width\": 462,\n \"height\": 496,\n \"page_number\": 10,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Scale Mean if Item Deleted Scale Variance if Item Deleted Corrected Item- Total Correlation Squared Multiple Correlation Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted X01 107,57 119,552 ,580 . ,946 X02 107,68 118,460 ,607 . ,946 X03 107,57 120,204 ,524 . ,947 X04 107,68 118,677 ,590 . ,946 X05 107,51 118,057 ,601 . ,946 X06 107,88 117,062 ,617 . ,946 X07 107,60 119,916 ,574 . ,946 X08 107,59 120,418 ,544 . ,946 X09 107,42 119,855 ,536 . ,946 X10 107,52 120,035 ,547 . ,946 X11 107,63 120,952 ,563 . ,946 X12 107,30 119,821 ,549 . ,946 X13 107,67 121,225 ,515 . ,947 X14 107,45 121,033 ,469 . ,947 X15 107,49 121,861 ,485 . ,947 X16 107,67 119,290 ,592 . ,946 X17 107,37 121,474 ,484 . ,947 X18 107,68 120,786 ,572 . ,946 X19 107,68 117,917 ,594 . ,946 X20 107,51 117,514 ,642 . ,946\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 297,\n \"top\": 36,\n \"width\": 262,\n \"height\": 58,\n \"page_number\": 11,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"523 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 739,\n \"width\": 469,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 11,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"…………………………………………………………………………………………………….......................................... ISSN 2798-3471 (Cetak)\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 292,\n \"top\": 753,\n \"width\": 259,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 11,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 767,\n \"width\": 133,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 11,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"ISSN 2798-3641 (Online)\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 456,\n \"width\": 472,\n \"height\": 56,\n \"page_number\": 11,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Berdasarkan hasil pada tabel 3 diatas diketahui bahwa semua item memiliki skor nilai Corrected Item-Total Correlation diatas 0,3 yang memiliki arti bahwa semua item variabel budaya organisasi diatas tidak terdapat item yang gugur dan layak digunakan dalam penelitian. Dengan indeks validitas yang bergerak dari 0,469 sampai 0,684.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 154,\n \"top\": 512,\n \"width\": 332,\n \"height\": 69,\n \"page_number\": 11,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Tabel 2. Reliabilitas Budaya Organisasi Cronbach's Alpha Cronbach's Alpha Based on Standardized Items N of Items ,948 ,948 35\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 103,\n \"top\": 587,\n \"width\": 455,\n \"height\": 42,\n \"page_number\": 11,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Dari tabel diatas didapatkan nilai cronbach’s alpha sebesar 0,948 > 0,7 maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa skala budaya organisasi ini reliabel dan layak digunakan sebagai alat ukur penelitian.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 128,\n \"top\": 629,\n \"width\": 387,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 11,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Tabel 3. Diskriminasi Item Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB)\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 62,\n \"top\": 109,\n \"width\": 481,\n \"height\": 617,\n \"page_number\": 11,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"X21 107,60 121,416 ,541 . ,946 X22 107,37 119,865 ,610 . ,946 X23 107,66 119,967 ,570 . ,946 X24 107,56 119,140 ,631 . ,946 X25 107,90 116,414 ,622 . ,946 X26 107,53 120,187 ,590 . ,946 X27 107,40 119,547 ,575 . ,946 X28 107,58 122,333 ,520 . ,947 X29 107,60 121,829 ,530 . ,947 X30 107,41 119,940 ,622 . ,946 X31 107,35 119,101 ,677 . ,945 X32 107,55 121,424 ,547 . ,946 X33 107,59 120,701 ,543 . ,946 X34 107,41 118,636 ,684 . ,945 X35 107,54 120,990 ,550 . ,946 Scale Mean if Item Deleted Scale Variance if Item Deleted Corrected Item- Total Correlation Squared Multiple Correlation Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted Y01 43,86 16,165 ,458 ,471 ,807\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 36,\n \"width\": 264,\n \"height\": 56,\n \"page_number\": 12,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"524 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 739,\n \"width\": 471,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 12,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… .. Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 394,\n \"top\": 753,\n \"width\": 133,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 12,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"ISSN 2798-3471 (Cetak) ISSN 2798-3641 (Online)\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 75,\n \"top\": 443,\n \"width\": 455,\n \"height\": 70,\n \"page_number\": 12,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Berdasarkan hasil pada tabel diatas diketahui bahwa semua item memiliki skor nilai Corrected Item-Total Correlation diatas 0,3 yang memiliki arti bahwa semua item variabel organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) diatas tidak terdapat item yang gugur dan layak digunakan dalam penelitian. Dengan indeks validitas yang bergerak dari 0,406 sampai 0,500.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 118,\n \"top\": 513,\n \"width\": 350,\n \"height\": 74,\n \"page_number\": 12,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Tabel 4. Reliabilitas Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) Cronbach's Alpha Cronbach's Alpha Based on Standardized Items N of Items ,820 ,828 15\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 75,\n \"top\": 596,\n \"width\": 455,\n \"height\": 42,\n \"page_number\": 12,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Dari tabel diatas didapatkan nilai cronbach’s alpha sebesar 0,828 > 0,7 maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa skala organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) ini reliabel dan layak digunakan sebagai alat ukur penelitian.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 75,\n \"top\": 638,\n \"width\": 202,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 12,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"2. Hasil Analisis Statistik Deskriptif\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 75,\n \"top\": 652,\n \"width\": 454,\n \"height\": 56,\n \"page_number\": 12,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Analisis deskriptif digunakan untuk melihat gambaran data secara empiris berdasarkan data yang dikumpulkan dari jawaban responden sebagaimana adanya, berikut analisis data dari variabel budaya organisasi dan variabel organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) :\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 90,\n \"top\": 106,\n \"width\": 431,\n \"height\": 313,\n \"page_number\": 12,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Y02 44,00 16,739 ,475 ,662 ,808 Y03 43,96 16,694 ,438 ,297 ,809 Y04 43,89 15,836 ,406 ,563 ,812 Y05 44,02 16,478 ,450 ,523 ,808 Y06 44,09 16,340 ,409 ,343 ,811 Y07 43,89 16,314 ,418 ,291 ,810 Y08 43,95 16,443 ,500 ,546 ,806 Y09 44,06 15,691 ,420 ,337 ,812 Y10 44,15 16,303 ,463 ,385 ,807 Y11 44,11 16,358 ,447 ,346 ,808 Y12 43,92 15,853 ,447 ,603 ,808 Y13 43,90 16,414 ,443 ,489 ,809 Y14 44,00 16,761 ,433 ,480 ,810 Y15 43,70 16,017 ,423 ,357 ,810\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 297,\n \"top\": 36,\n \"width\": 262,\n \"height\": 58,\n \"page_number\": 13,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"525 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 739,\n \"width\": 469,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 13,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"…………………………………………………………………………………………………….......................................... ISSN 2798-3471 (Cetak)\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 292,\n \"top\": 753,\n \"width\": 259,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 13,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 767,\n \"width\": 133,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 13,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"ISSN 2798-3641 (Online)\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 204,\n \"top\": 109,\n \"width\": 235,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 13,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Tabel 5. Hasil Analilsis Statistik Deskriptif\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 96,\n \"top\": 142,\n \"width\": 452,\n \"height\": 108,\n \"page_number\": 13,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation Budaya Organisasi 93 77,00 134,00 110,7204 11,26206 Organizational Citizenship Behavior 93 33,00 56,00 47,1075 4,29728 Valid N (listwise) 93\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 103,\n \"top\": 268,\n \"width\": 455,\n \"height\": 71,\n \"page_number\": 13,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Berdasarkan data analisis deskriptif diatas menunjukkan bahwa jawaban minimal variabel budaya organisasi dengan nilai 77, maksimal 134, mean 110,7204 dan standar deviasi (SD) 11,26206. Sedangkan untuk variabel organizational citizenship behavior menunjukkan nilai minimal sebesar 33, maksimal 56, mean 47,1075 dan standar deviasi (SD) 4,29728.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 109,\n \"top\": 339,\n \"width\": 425,\n \"height\": 102,\n \"page_number\": 13,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Tabel 6. Hasil Kategorisasi Budaya Organisasi No. Interval Kategori Frekuensi Persentase (%) Mean 1 X (>) 140,7 Sangat tinggi 0 0% 110,7204 2 105,5 (< X ≤) 140,7 Tinggi 60 64,5% 3 70,3 () 48,3 Sangat tinggi 35 37,6 47,1075 2 44,5 (< X ≤) 48, Tinggi 30 32,3 3 40,7 (0,05) dan nilai signifikansi organizational citizenship behavior (Y) sebesar 0,090 (p>0,05). Dengan hasil nilai signifikansi lebih dari 0,05 pada variabel budaya organisasi (X) dan variabel organizational citizenship behavior (Y) maka dapat dikatakan seluruh data dari semua aspek budaya organisasi dan organizational citizenship behavior berdistribusi normal.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 60,\n \"top\": 470,\n \"width\": 467,\n \"height\": 167,\n \"page_number\": 14,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"4. Uji Linearitas Tabel 9. Uji Linearitas Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Organizational Citizenship Behavior * Budaya Organisasi Between Groups (Combined) 1307,214 23 56,835 10,012 ,000 Linearity 1161,705 1 1161,705 204,635 ,000 Deviation from Linearity 145,509 22 6,614 1,165 ,307 Within Groups 391,711 69 5,677 Total 1698,925 92\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 75,\n \"top\": 638,\n \"width\": 455,\n \"height\": 98,\n \"page_number\": 14,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Uji linearitas digunakan untuk mengetahui apakah dua variabel memiliki hubungan secara signifikan atau tidak. Dalam penelitian, data yang baik seharusnya memiliki hubungan yang linear antara variabel independet (X) dan variabel dependent (Y). Dua variabel dinyatakan mempunyai hubungan yang linear yaitu jika p < 0,05. Berdasarkan hasil dari uji liearitas dengan menggunakan test for linearity dengan program IBM SPSS statistics versi 23 diperoleh nilai Deviation from Linearity sebesar 0,307 (p>0,05), maka dapat disimpulkan ada hubungan yang linear secara signifikan\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 297,\n \"top\": 36,\n \"width\": 262,\n \"height\": 58,\n \"page_number\": 15,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"527 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 739,\n \"width\": 469,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 15,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"…………………………………………………………………………………………………….......................................... ISSN 2798-3471 (Cetak)\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 292,\n \"top\": 753,\n \"width\": 259,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 15,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 767,\n \"width\": 133,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 15,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"ISSN 2798-3641 (Online)\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 103,\n \"top\": 109,\n \"width\": 377,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 15,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"antara budaya organisasi (X) dan Organizational Citizenship Behavior (Y).\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 103,\n \"top\": 123,\n \"width\": 149,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 15,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"5. Uji Heteroskedastisitas\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 229,\n \"top\": 137,\n \"width\": 184,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 15,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Tabel 10. Uji Heteroskedastisitas\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 103,\n \"top\": 261,\n \"width\": 455,\n \"height\": 70,\n \"page_number\": 15,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Berdasarkan hasil pengujian glejser menggunakan program IBM SPSS statistics versi 23 pada tabel diatas didapatkan nilai signifikasi sebesar 0,536 > 0,05. Model regresi dikatakan baik jika nilai sig. > 0,05 yang memiliki arti homokedastisitas ataupun tidak heterokedastisitas. Dari hasil diatas maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa tidak terjadi gejala heterokedastisitas dalam penelitian ini.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 103,\n \"top\": 331,\n \"width\": 156,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 15,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"6. Uji Linearitas Sederhana\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 88,\n \"top\": 345,\n \"width\": 468,\n \"height\": 124,\n \"page_number\": 15,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Tabel 11. Uji Linearitas Sederhana Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t Sig. B Std. Error Beta 1 (Constant) 12,172 2,503 4,863 ,000 Budaya Organisasi ,316 ,022 ,827 14,028 ,000 a. Dependent Variable: Organizational Citizenship Behavior\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 103,\n \"top\": 490,\n \"width\": 455,\n \"height\": 70,\n \"page_number\": 15,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Berdasarkan hasil analisis regresi linier sederhana menggunakan program IBM SPSS statistics versi 23 pada tabel diatas diperoleh nilai konstan dari Unstandardized Coefficients sebesar 12,172. Nilai dari Unstandardized Coefficients ini merupakan nilai Konstanta yang memiliki arti bahwa apabila tidak ada budaya organisasi (X) maka nilai konstan organizational citizenship behavior (Y) adalah sebesar 12,172.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 103,\n \"top\": 560,\n \"width\": 455,\n \"height\": 57,\n \"page_number\": 15,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"b = Angka koefisien regresi, dimana pada tabel diatas diperoleh hasil sebesar 0,316. Angka ini memiliki arti bahwa setiap penambahan 1% peningkatan budaya organisasi (X), maka organizational citizenship behavior (Y) akan meningkat sebesar 0,316.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 139,\n \"top\": 617,\n \"width\": 231,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 15,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Sehingga persamaan regresi sebagai adalah :\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 88,\n \"top\": 157,\n \"width\": 412,\n \"height\": 575,\n \"page_number\": 15,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Y = 12,172 + 0,316 X Tabel 12. Uji R Square Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate 1 ,827 a ,684 ,680 2,430 Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardize d Coefficients T Sig. B Std. Error Beta 1 (Constant) 2,773 1,816 1,527 ,130 Budaya Organisasi -,010 ,016 -,065 -,622 ,536\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 36,\n \"width\": 264,\n \"height\": 56,\n \"page_number\": 16,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"528 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 739,\n \"width\": 471,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 16,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… .. Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 394,\n \"top\": 753,\n \"width\": 133,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 16,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"ISSN 2798-3471 (Cetak) ISSN 2798-3641 (Online)\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 75,\n \"top\": 106,\n \"width\": 455,\n \"height\": 57,\n \"page_number\": 16,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Berdasarkan hasil dari tabel uji regresi didapatkan nilai R square atau R 2 sebesar 0,684 yang berarti Budaya Organisasi (X) memiliki pengaruh sebesar 68,4% terhadap organizational citizenship behavior (Y), sedangkan 31,4% organizational citizenship behavior (Y) dipengaruhi oleh variabel lain yang tidak diteliti.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 60,\n \"top\": 163,\n \"width\": 408,\n \"height\": 118,\n \"page_number\": 16,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"7. Uji Hipotesis Tabel 13. Uji Hipotesis Model Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F Sig. 1 Regression 1161,705 1 1161,705 196,782 ,000 b Residual 537,220 91 5,904 Total 1698,925 92\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 60,\n \"top\": 282,\n \"width\": 306,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 16,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"a. Dependent Variable: Organizational Citizenship Behavior b. Predictors: (Constant), Budaya Organisasi\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 93,\n \"top\": 325,\n \"width\": 427,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 16,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"a. Bila sig < 0,05 atau p<0.05 artinya ada pengaruh variabel X terhadap variabel Y.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 93,\n \"top\": 339,\n \"width\": 437,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 16,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"b. Bila sig > 0,05 atau p>0.05 artinya tidak ada pengaruh variabel X terhadap variabel Y.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 75,\n \"top\": 367,\n \"width\": 455,\n \"height\": 56,\n \"page_number\": 16,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Berdasarkan output hasil perhitungan menggunakan program IBM SPSS statistics versi 23 diatas didapatkan nilai sigifikansi (sig.) variabel budaya organisasi (X) sebesar 0,000 < 0,05 atau p<0.05 sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa “Ada Pengaruh Budaya Organisasi (X) terhadap Organizational Citizenship Behavior (Y)”.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 75,\n \"top\": 423,\n \"width\": 379,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 16,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"8. Uji Signifikansi Parameter Individu (Uji t) Tabel 14. Uji Signifikansi Parameter Individu (Uji t)\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 593,\n \"width\": 473,\n \"height\": 70,\n \"page_number\": 16,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Berdasarkan output perhitungan menggunakan program IBM SPSS statistics versi 23 diatas diketahui nilai t hitung sebesar 14,028. Jika nilai t hitung > t tabel dan nilai signifikansi uji t < 0,05, maka dapat disimpulkan ada pengaruh budaya organisasi (X) terhadap OCB (Y). Sebaliknya jika t hitung < t tabel dan nilai signifikansi uji t > 0,05, maka dapat disimpulkan tidak ada pengaruh budaya organisasi (X) terhadap OCB (Y).\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 111,\n \"top\": 663,\n \"width\": 227,\n \"height\": 70,\n \"page_number\": 16,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Rumus mencari t tabel : Nilai a/2 = 0,025 Derajad kebebasan (df) = n – 2 = 93 – 2 = 91 Nilai t tabel = 1,990 Nilai t hitung = 14,028 > 1,990\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 60,\n \"top\": 476,\n \"width\": 467,\n \"height\": 94,\n \"page_number\": 16,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t Sig. B Std. Error Beta 1 (Constant) 12,172 2,503 4,863 ,000 Budaya Organisasi ,316 ,022 ,827 14,028 ,000\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 60,\n \"top\": 571,\n \"width\": 306,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 16,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"a. Dependent Variable: Organizational Citizenship Behavior\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 297,\n \"top\": 36,\n \"width\": 262,\n \"height\": 58,\n \"page_number\": 17,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"529 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 739,\n \"width\": 469,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 17,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"…………………………………………………………………………………………………….......................................... ISSN 2798-3471 (Cetak)\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 292,\n \"top\": 753,\n \"width\": 259,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 17,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 767,\n \"width\": 133,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 17,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"ISSN 2798-3641 (Online)\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 109,\n \"width\": 472,\n \"height\": 56,\n \"page_number\": 17,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Dikarenakan nilai t hitung sebesar 14,028 lebih besar dari t tabel sebesar 1,990, maka dapat disimpulkan budaya organisasi memberikan pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap (X) terhadap Organizational Citizenship Behavior (Y). Pembahasan\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 165,\n \"width\": 476,\n \"height\": 310,\n \"page_number\": 17,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Berdasarkan hasil uji hipotesis yang telah dilakukan menunjukkan budaya organisasi sebagai prediktor organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) di PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya. Hal tersebut ditunjukkan melalui hasil analisis regresi linier yaitu R 2 = 0,684;p<0.05. Hasil temuan tersebut disebabkan oleh beberapa kemungkinan. Pertama, sebagian karyawan di PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya menyatakan bahwa budaya organisasi menjadi pedoman mereka untuk dapat melakukan tugas dan tanggung jawab dalam mencapai organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Hal ini sejalan dengan penelitian yang dilakukan Setyawan & Sriathi (2020) yang menyatakan bahwa perilaku karyawan yang positif merupakan sebuah indikasi keberhasilan pembentukan budaya organisasi yang akan berimbas pada perilaku intra-role dan extra-role yaitu berupa OCB. Kedua , sebagian karyawan menganggap bahwa budaya organisasi memiliki nilai-nilai yang dapat membuat mereka bekerja dengan meningkatkan organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Pernyataan tersebut didukung penelitian Amanda (2017) yang menyatakan bahwa budaya organisasi merupakan suatu perangkat sistem nilai ( Values) , berbagai asumsi, keyakinan, ataupun kaidah yang sudah lama diberlakukan, disetujui serta diikuti oleh anggota-anggota dalam organisasi yang merupakan pedoman berperilaku serta penuntasan permasalahan organisasi. Ketika anggota organisasi paham serta berpedoman terhadap budaya organisasinya dapat memberikan arahan munculnya perilaku organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Pernyataan dari para ahli tersebut juga didukung dengan penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Ningsih (2020) yang menyatakan bahwa budaya organisasi berpengaruh terhadap organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) di Puskesmas Bromo yang menunjukkan pengaruh signifikan.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 475,\n \"width\": 473,\n \"height\": 211,\n \"page_number\": 17,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Berdasarkan hasil analisis regresi berdasarkan data Model Summary didapatkan nilai R Square sebesar 0,684 yang berarti Budaya Organisasi (X) memiliki pengaruh sebesar 68,4% terhadap organizational citizenship behavior (Y), sedangkan 31,4% organizational citizenship behavior (Y) dipengaruhi oleh variabel lain yang tidak diteliti. Hal ini menunjukkan meskipun sebagian besar organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) dipengaruhi budaya organisasi, namun masih ada faktor lain yang dapat mempengaruhi munculnya organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Menurut Organ (dalam Titisari, 2014) terdapat faktor - faktor yang dapat mempengaruhi perilaku organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) baik dari faktor internal seperti kepribadian, motivasi, kepuasan kerja, moral karyawan, komitmen organisasi maupun dari faktor eksternal seperti moral gaya kepemimpinan, kepercayaan kepada atasan dan budaya organisasi. Hasil ini sejalan dengan penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Setyawan & Sriathi (2020) yang menunjukkan adanya pengaruh signifikan budaya organisasi terhadap organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) sebesar 48,6% di Dinas Penanaman Modal dan PTSP Kabupaten Bandung, sedangkan 51,4% organizational citizenship behavior (Y) dipengaruhi oleh variabel lain yang tidak diteliti.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 686,\n \"width\": 473,\n \"height\": 42,\n \"page_number\": 17,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Menurut Organ (1988) budaya organisasi merupakan suatu kondisi awal yang memicu munculnya perilaku organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Oemar (2013) juga menyatakan ketika karyawan paham budaya organisasinya dengan baik akan membuat\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 36,\n \"width\": 264,\n \"height\": 56,\n \"page_number\": 18,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"530 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 739,\n \"width\": 471,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 18,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… .. Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 394,\n \"top\": 753,\n \"width\": 133,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 18,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"ISSN 2798-3471 (Cetak) ISSN 2798-3641 (Online)\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 106,\n \"width\": 473,\n \"height\": 71,\n \"page_number\": 18,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"dirinya cenderung untuk terlibat pada kegiatan yang ada dalam organisasi dan dapat mengarahkan meningkatya perilaku organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Sehingga diharapkan budaya organisasi yang diterapkan mampu memberikan pengaruh yang signifikan bagi perusahaan melalui organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) pada setiap karyawan bagian produksi PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 177,\n \"width\": 473,\n \"height\": 112,\n \"page_number\": 18,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Berdasarkan hasil analisis deskrptif pada kedua variabel dapat disimpulkan bahwa budaya organisasi pada karyawan bagian produksi PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya memiliki kategorisasi tinggi sebanyak 60 orang (64,5%) dan kategori rendah sebanyak 33 orang (35,5%). Sedangkan pada variabel organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) dapat disimpulkan bahwa karyawan bagian produksi di PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya memiliki organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) dengan kategorisasi sangat tinggi sebesar 35 orang (37,5%), kategorisasi tinggi sebesar 30 orang (32,3%), rendah sebesar 23 orang (24,7%), dan sangat rendah sebesar 5 orang (5,4%).\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 289,\n \"width\": 473,\n \"height\": 99,\n \"page_number\": 18,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Berdasarkan kategorisasi pada data budaya organisasi dengan nilai mean sebesar 110,7204, dimana angka tersebut masuk dalam kategorisari tinggi. Maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa karyawan bagian produksi di PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya memiliki budaya organisasi yang tinggi. Sedangkan untuk organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) menunjukkan nilai mean sebesar 47,1075, dimana angka tersebut berada dalam kategorisasi tinggi. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa karyawan bagian produksi PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya memiliki organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) yang tinggi.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 402,\n \"width\": 79,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 18,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"KESIMPULAN\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 416,\n \"width\": 473,\n \"height\": 70,\n \"page_number\": 18,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dan pembahasan diatas dapat disimpulkan bahwa budaya organisasi (X) merupakan prediktor organizational citizenship behavior (Y) pada karyawan produksi di PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya. Dimana semakin baik budaya organisasi dalam sebuah perusahaan dapat meningkatkan serta memunculkan perilaku organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) pada karyawan produksi di PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 500,\n \"width\": 40,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 18,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"SARAN\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 515,\n \"width\": 106,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 18,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"1. Bagi Perusahaan\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 75,\n \"top\": 529,\n \"width\": 455,\n \"height\": 70,\n \"page_number\": 18,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Pihak perusahaan khususnya pada bagian HRD dapat memberikan pemahaman lebih dalam mengenai budaya organisasinya kepada karyawan untuk meningkatkan perilaku organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) sehingga dapat muncul dan berkembang dengan baik. Hal tersebut dapat dilakukan melalui diskusi, konsultasi dan atau pelatihan dalam mengembangkan budaya organisasi.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 599,\n \"width\": 98,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 18,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"2. Bagi Karyawan\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 75,\n \"top\": 613,\n \"width\": 457,\n \"height\": 56,\n \"page_number\": 18,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Bagi karyawan diharapkan untuk dapat mengimplementasikan budaya organisasi sebagai dasar mereka bekerja untuk mengembangkan perilaku organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Hal tersebut dapat dilakukan melalui diskusi atau konsultasi dengan sesama rekan kerjanya serta atasan mereka.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 669,\n \"width\": 148,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 18,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"3. Bagi Peneliti Selanjutnya\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 75,\n \"top\": 683,\n \"width\": 454,\n \"height\": 42,\n \"page_number\": 18,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Peneliti selanjutnya diharapkan dapat membuat penelitian dengan menambah variabel tipe kepribadian dan faktor demografi. Dengan memperluas tempat penelitian misalnya di Perusahaan swasta yang mempunya karyawan diatas 2000 orang. Swasta\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 297,\n \"top\": 36,\n \"width\": 262,\n \"height\": 58,\n \"page_number\": 19,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"531 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 739,\n \"width\": 469,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 19,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"…………………………………………………………………………………………………….......................................... ISSN 2798-3471 (Cetak)\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 292,\n \"top\": 753,\n \"width\": 259,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 19,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 767,\n \"width\": 133,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 19,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"ISSN 2798-3641 (Online)\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 109,\n \"width\": 132,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 19,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"atau bumn. Kelemahan Penelitian TA\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 137,\n \"width\": 473,\n \"height\": 113,\n \"page_number\": 19,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Dalam penelitian ini juga terdapat beberapa kelemahan diantaranya terdapat kebijakan perusahaan yang membagi karyawan bagian produksi PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya menjadi tiga Shift, dikarenakan keterbatasan waktu yang penulis miliki, kuesioner hanya dibagikan pada karyawan bagian produksi shift 1 & 2 di PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya. Selain itu, dalam penelitian ini didapatkan hasil bahwa organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) tidak hanya dipengaruhi oleh faktor budaya organisasi saja, masih terdapat beberapa faktor lainnya yang bisa mempengaruhi organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) yang tidak diteliti dalam penelitian ini.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 264,\n \"width\": 105,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 19,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"DAFTAR PUSTAKA\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 278,\n \"width\": 473,\n \"height\": 42,\n \"page_number\": 19,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"[1] Amanda, E. A., Budiwibowo, S., & Amah, N. (2017). Pengaruh Budaya Organisasi Terhadap Kinerja Karyawan di PDAM Tirta Taman Sari Kota Madiun. Jurnal Akuntansi Dan Pendidikan , 6 (1), 1 – 12. https://doi.org/http://doi.org/10.25273/jap.v6i1.1289\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 320,\n \"width\": 473,\n \"height\": 57,\n \"page_number\": 19,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"[2] Arumi, M. S., Aldrin, N., & Murti, T. R. (2019). Effect of Organizational Culture on Organizational Citizenship Behavior with Organizational Commitment as a Mediator. International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science , 8 (4), 124 – 132. https://doi.org/http://doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v8i4.274\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 377,\n \"width\": 473,\n \"height\": 84,\n \"page_number\": 19,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"[3] Asaolu, O., & Odu P, E. (2019). The Effects of Organizational Culture on Organizational Citizenship Behaviour in the Commercial Banks in Nigeria. Journal of Management Sciences and Technology , 6 (2), 28 – 40. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339900238_THE_EFFECTS_OF_ORGANIZ ATIONAL_CULTURE_ON_ORGANIZATIONAL_CITIZENSHIP_BEHAVIOUR_IN_THE_COM MERCIAL_BANKS_IN_NIGERIA\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 461,\n \"width\": 362,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 19,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"[4] Azwar, S. (2014). Metode Penelitian . Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 475,\n \"width\": 473,\n \"height\": 56,\n \"page_number\": 19,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"[5] Baihaqi, I., & Saifudin. (2021). Pengaruh Budaya Organisasi, Gaya Kepemimpinan Karyawan, Transformasional dan Komitmen Organisasi Terhadap Kinerja Karyawan dengan OCB sebagai Variabel Intervening. Journal of Management , 2 (1), 10 – 22. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.22373/jimebis.v2i1.191\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 531,\n \"width\": 473,\n \"height\": 43,\n \"page_number\": 19,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"[6] Bolino, M. C., Klotz, A. C., Turnley, W. H., & Harvey, J. (2013). Exploring The Dark Side of Organizational Citizenship Behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior , 34 , 542 – 559. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1847\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 574,\n \"width\": 473,\n \"height\": 42,\n \"page_number\": 19,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"[7] Denison, D. R., & Haaland, S. (1990). Corporate Culture and Organizational Effectiveness. The Academy of Management Review , 16 (1), 205 – 227. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/258613\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 616,\n \"width\": 473,\n \"height\": 42,\n \"page_number\": 19,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"[8] Denison, D. R., & Mishra, A. K. (1995). Toward a Theory of Organizational Culture and Effectiveness. Organization Science , 6 (2), 204 – 223. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.6.2.204\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 658,\n \"width\": 472,\n \"height\": 42,\n \"page_number\": 19,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"[9] Dewi, L. R. (2021). Hubungan Tingkat Kepuasan Kerja terhadap OCB (Organizational Citizenship Behavior) pada Masa Pandemi Covid-19 (Doctoral dissertation, Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang) . Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 700,\n \"width\": 473,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 19,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"[10] Ferdus, Z., & Kabir, T. (2018). Effect of Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment on OCB: Study on Private Banks in Bangladesh. World Journal of Social Sciences , 8 (2),\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 36,\n \"width\": 264,\n \"height\": 56,\n \"page_number\": 20,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"532 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 739,\n \"width\": 471,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 20,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… .. Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 394,\n \"top\": 753,\n \"width\": 133,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 20,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"ISSN 2798-3471 (Cetak) ISSN 2798-3641 (Online)\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 106,\n \"width\": 437,\n \"height\": 42,\n \"page_number\": 20,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"57 – 69. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331111886_Effect_of_Job_Satisfaction_an d_Organizational_Commitment_on_OCB_Study_on_Private_Banks_in_Bangladesh\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 149,\n \"width\": 473,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 20,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"[11] Ghozali, I. (2018). Aplikasi Analisis Multivariate dengan Program IBM SPSS 25 . Semarang: Universitas Diponegoro.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 177,\n \"width\": 472,\n \"height\": 56,\n \"page_number\": 20,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"[12] Husodo, Y. R. P. (2018). The Influence of Organizational Culture on Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) with Job Satisfaction as an Intervening Variable at PT Jatim Indo Lestari. Agora , 6 (1), 1 – 8. http://publication.petra.ac.id/index.php/manajemen- bisnis/article/view/6475\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 233,\n \"width\": 473,\n \"height\": 42,\n \"page_number\": 20,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"[13] Lestari, M. R., & Sujono, F. K. (2021). Pengaruh Budaya Organisasi Dan Iklim Organisasi Terhadap Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB). Jurnal Manajemen Dan Bisnis Madani, 3 (1), 81-95. https://doi.org/10.1353/jmbm.v3i1.544\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 275,\n \"width\": 472,\n \"height\": 56,\n \"page_number\": 20,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"[14] Mahayasa, I. G. A., Sintaasih, D. K., & Putra, M. S. (2018). Pengaruh Kepuasan Kerja dan Budaya Organisasi terhadap Komitmen Organisasional dan Organizational Citizenship Behavior Perawat. Jurnal Manajemen, Strategi Bisnis Dan Kewirausahaan , 12 (1), 71 – 86. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.24843/MATRIK:JMBK.2018.v12.i01.p08\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 332,\n \"width\": 472,\n \"height\": 56,\n \"page_number\": 20,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"[15] Ningsih, E. K. (2020). Pengaruh Komitmen, Kompetensi, dan Budaya Organisasi terhadap Organizational Citizhenship Behaviour (OCB) Pegawai Puskesmas Bromo Medan. Jurnal Riset Manajemen & Bisnis (JRMB) , 1 (5), 75 – 88. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.30743/jrmb.v5i1.2582\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 388,\n \"width\": 473,\n \"height\": 56,\n \"page_number\": 20,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"[16] Nisa, A. K. (2021). Pengaruh Budaya Organisasi terhadap Komitmen Organisasi pada Organisasi IKAMIA (Ikatan Alumni MI Al-Islah) di Dusun Pedurungan Glagah [Skripsi. Fakultas Psikologi, Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim, Malang]. http://etheses.uin-malang.ac.id/id/eprint/27665\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 444,\n \"width\": 472,\n \"height\": 42,\n \"page_number\": 20,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"[17] Oemar, Y. (2013). Pengaruh Budaya Organisasi, Kemampuan Kerja dan Komitmen Organisasi terhadap Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) Pegawai pada BAPPEDA Kota Pekanbaru.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 472,\n \"width\": 444,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 20,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Jurnal Aplikasi Manajemen , 11 , 65 – 76. https://jurnaljam.ub.ac.id/index.php/jam/article/view/496\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 500,\n \"width\": 472,\n \"height\": 29,\n \"page_number\": 20,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"[18] Organ, D. W. (1988). Organizational Citizenship Behavior: The Good Solider Syndrome . Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 529,\n \"width\": 429,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 20,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"[19] Robbins, S., & Judge, T. A. (2008). Perilaku Organisasi . Jakarta: Salemba Empat.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 543,\n \"width\": 473,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 20,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"[20] Robbins, S., Judge, T. A., Millett, B., & Boyle, M. (2013). Organisational Behaviour . Melbourne: Pearson Higher Education.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 571,\n \"width\": 472,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 20,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"[21] Robbins, S. P. (2006). Perilaku Organisasi (10th ed.). Jakarta: PT Indeks Kelompok Gramedia.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 599,\n \"width\": 473,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 20,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"[22] Robbins, S. P., & Judge, T. A. (2015). Behavior of Organizational (16th ed.). Jakarta: Salemba Empat.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 627,\n \"width\": 472,\n \"height\": 42,\n \"page_number\": 20,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"[23] Setyawan, I. P. G. A., & Sriathi, A. A. A. (2020). Peran Komitmen Organisasional Memediasi Pengaruh Budaya Organisasi Terhadap Organizational Citizenship Behavior.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 655,\n \"width\": 444,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 20,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"E-Jurnal Manajemen , 9 (8), 2976 – 2997. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.24843/EJMUNUD.2020.v09.i08.p05\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 683,\n \"width\": 327,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 20,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"[24] Sugiyono. (2007). Kualitataif dan R&D . Bandung: Alfabeta.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 697,\n \"width\": 471,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 20,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"[25] Sugiyono. (2017). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif Kualitatif dan R&D . Bandung: Alfabeta.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 711,\n \"width\": 472,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 20,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"[26] Suwibawa, A., Agung, A. A. P., & Sapta, I. K. S. (2018). Effect of Organizational Culture\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 297,\n \"top\": 36,\n \"width\": 262,\n \"height\": 58,\n \"page_number\": 21,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"533 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 739,\n \"width\": 469,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 21,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"…………………………………………………………………………………………………….......................................... ISSN 2798-3471 (Cetak)\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 292,\n \"top\": 753,\n \"width\": 259,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 21,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 767,\n \"width\": 133,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 21,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"ISSN 2798-3641 (Online)\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 113,\n \"top\": 109,\n \"width\": 445,\n \"height\": 42,\n \"page_number\": 21,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"and Organizational Commitment to Employee Performance through Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) as Intervening Variables (Study on Bappeda Litbang Provinsi Bali). International Journal of Contemporary Research and Review , 9 (08),\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 113,\n \"top\": 151,\n \"width\": 414,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 21,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"20997 – 21013. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.15520/ijcrr/2018/9/08/582\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 165,\n \"width\": 473,\n \"height\": 29,\n \"page_number\": 21,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"[27] Tamsah, H., & Nurung, J. (2021). Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia . Solok: Mitra Cendekia Utama.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 194,\n \"width\": 473,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 21,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"[28] Titisari, P. (2014). Peranan Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) dalam Meningkatkan Kinerja Karyawan . Jakarta: Mitra Wacana Media.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 36,\n \"width\": 264,\n \"height\": 56,\n \"page_number\": 22,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"534 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 57,\n \"top\": 739,\n \"width\": 471,\n \"height\": 28,\n \"page_number\": 22,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… .. Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 399,\n \"top\": 753,\n \"width\": 128,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 22,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"ISSN 2798-3471 (Cetak)\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 394,\n \"top\": 767,\n \"width\": 133,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 22,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"ISSN 2798-3641 (Online)\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 189,\n \"top\": 219,\n \"width\": 208,\n \"height\": 14,\n \"page_number\": 22,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"HALAMAN INI SENGAJA DIKOSONGKAN\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n }\n]"}}},{"rowIdx":198,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"string","value":"7528ce46-4da1-459c-7021-35fe13b54399"},"url":{"kind":"string","value":"https://talenta.usu.ac.id/jtk/article/download/1542/1024"},"data":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"left":186,"top":38,"width":237,"height":9,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU, Vol. 5, No. 3 (September 2016)","type":"Page header"},{"left":515,"top":783,"width":13,"height":9,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"31","type":"Page footer"},{"left":103,"top":88,"width":407,"height":38,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"PEMBUATAN BIOBRIKET DARI PELEPAH DAN CANGKANG KELAPA SAWIT: PENGARUH VARIASI KOMPOSISI BAHAN BAKU DAN WAKTU KARBONISASI TERHADAP KUALITAS BRIKET","type":"Section header"},{"left":162,"top":140,"width":288,"height":31,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Iriany, Cindy Carnella * , Cici Novita Sari Departemen Teknik Kimia, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Jl. Almamater Kampus USU, Medan 20155, Indonesia","type":"Text"},{"left":239,"top":171,"width":136,"height":10,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"* Email : cindy.carnella@yahoo.com","type":"Text"},{"left":121,"top":194,"width":34,"height":8,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Abstrak","type":"Section header"},{"left":121,"top":204,"width":350,"height":195,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Briket adalah produk hasil proses pemadatan residu biomassa yang digunakan sebagai bahan bakar dan dicetak dengan menggunakan perekat. Briket dari biomassa memiliki nilai kalor yang tinggi. Faktor yang mempengaruhi kualitas briket adalah komposisi bahan baku dan waktu karbonisasi. Proses karbonisasi dalam pembuatan briket dapat menambah nilai kalor dan mengurangi asap yang dihasilkan dari pembakaran briket. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji pengaruh variasi komposisi bahan baku pembuatan briket dan waktu karbonisasi terhadap nilai kalor dan untuk mengetahui karakteristik briket yang dihasilkan. Bahan-bahan yang digunakan adalah pelepah kelapa sawit, cangkang kelapa sawit, tepung kanji, oli bekas, H 2 SO 4 dan Tri Ethyl Amine (TEA). Variabel berubah dalam penelitian ini adalah rasio pelepah dan cangkang kelapa sawit yaitu 1:2, 1:4, 1:6, dan 1:8 serta waktu karbonisasi yaitu 30 menit, 60 menit, 90 menit dan 120 menit. Penelitian ini dimulai dengan melakukan proses karbonisasi pada bahan baku, setelah itu arang hasil karbonisasi yang telah halus dicetak menggunakan perekat tepung kanji dan oli bekas dengan konsentrasi 20% berat bahan baku pada perbandingan 1:1. Hasil penelitian terbaik diperoleh pada perbandingan pelepah dan cangkang kelapa sawit 1:8 dengan waktu karbonisasi 120 menit, yaitu dengan nilai kalor sebesar 15107,138 kal/g, kadar air 6%, kadar abu 5,185%, kadar volatile matter 39,226%, kadar fixed carbon 50,169%, kerapatan 0,442 g/cm 3 , laju pembakaran 0,273 g/menit, kekuatan tekan 0,046 N/mm 2 . Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa briket yang dihasilkan memiliki karakteristik yang bagus, struktur yang kuat dan tidak mudah hancur serta tidak berjamur bila disimpan.","type":"Text"},{"left":121,"top":411,"width":327,"height":8,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Kata Kunci : briket, pelepah kelapa sawit, cangkang kelapa sawit, karbonisasi, nilai kalor","type":"Text"},{"left":121,"top":443,"width":32,"height":8,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Abstract","type":"Section header"},{"left":121,"top":453,"width":350,"height":184,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Briquette was a product of the compaction process of biomass residue used as fuel and it is formed using binder. Briquette from biomass has a high heating value. The quality of briquettes influenced by raw material composition and the time of carbonization. The carbonization process in the manufacture of briquettes could improve heating value and reduce smoke produced from burning briquette. This research is aim to study the effect of variations in the composition of raw materials and carbonization time on the heating value and the characteristics of the resulting briquettes. The materials used are palm fronds, palm shells, starch, used oil, H 2 SO 4 and Tri Ethyl Amine (TEA). The ratios of palm frond and palm shell charcoal in this research is 1: 2, 1: 4, 1: 6 and 1: 8 with variation of carbonization time 30 minutes, 60 minutes, 90 minutes and 120 minutes. The research began with the carbonization process of the raw materials. Then charcoal product of carbonization was pressed using an binder starch and used oil as much as 20% based on the weight of raw materials at the ratio of 1: 1. The best quality from this research is obtained at the ratio palm fronds and oil palm shell 1: 8 with carbonization time of 120 minutes, heating value 15107,138 cal/g, moisture content 6%, ash content of 5,185%, volatile matter 39,226%, fixed carbon 70,955%, density 0,442 g/cm 3 , burning rate 0,273 g/min, and compressive strength 0,046 N / mm 2 . The result shows the briquettes produced had a strong structure, it was not easily broken and it was not moldy when stored.","type":"Text"},{"left":121,"top":649,"width":273,"height":8,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Keywords : briquette, palm fronds, palm shell, carbonization, heating value","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":671,"width":59,"height":9,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Pendahuluan","type":"Section header"},{"left":85,"top":682,"width":204,"height":78,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Energi merupakan hal yang sangat penting bagi manusia sebagai penyedia kebutuhan seperti pencahayaan dan memasak. Sumber energi yang dibutuhkan saat ini meliputi tenaga air, panas bumi, biomassa, surya, dan angin, telah meningkat selama bertahun-tahun di berbagai negara. Tercatat bahwa energi biomassa sekitar","type":"Text"},{"left":323,"top":670,"width":204,"height":32,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"14% dari total energi dunia dibandingkan batubara (12%), gas alam (15%) dan energi listrik (14%) [13].","type":"Text"},{"left":323,"top":705,"width":204,"height":55,"page_number":1,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Biomassa adalah istilah yang digunakan untuk menggambarkan semua bahan organik yang ada di permukaan bumi seperti halnya kayu, rumput laut, limbah dari kotoran hewan dan lain- lain yang dapat digunakan sebagai energi [3].","type":"List item"},{"left":186,"top":38,"width":237,"height":9,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU, Vol. 5, No. 3 (September 2016)","type":"Page header"},{"left":515,"top":783,"width":13,"height":9,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"32","type":"Page footer"},{"left":85,"top":87,"width":204,"height":20,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Biomassa bersifat ramah lingkungan, bersih, murah dan berguna sebagai bahan bakar [23].","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":110,"width":204,"height":113,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Kandungan energi yang ada dalam biomassa cukup tinggi, yaitu antara 4.000-5.000 kkal/kg. Oleh karena itu saat ini sumber energi alternatif dari biomassa sedang banyak diteliti dan dikembangkan karena sifatnya yang mudah diperoleh, dapat diperbaharui secara cepat, dan kandungan energinya yang cukup tinggi [24]. Indonesia diperkirakan memproduksi sekitar 146.700.000 ton biomassa per tahun, setara dengan 470 GJ/tahun [9].","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":225,"width":204,"height":101,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Biobriket merupakan batangan arang yang terbuat dari arang limbah organik yang telah dicetak sedemikian rupa yang memiliki nilai kalor yang tinggi [5]. Biobriket banyak dimanfaatkan di negara-negara Asia bagian selatan seperti Indonesia, India, dan Thailand. Biobriket merupakan salah satu alternatif pemanfaatan limbah guna meningkatkan nilai tambah limbah hasil pertanian [25].","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":340,"width":23,"height":9,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Teori","type":"Section header"},{"left":85,"top":352,"width":204,"height":78,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Kelapa sawit merupakan bahan lignoselulosa yang kaya karbohidrat dalam bentuk pati dan gula serta mengandung selulosa, hemiselulosa dan lignin [18]. Saat ini Indonesia memiliki potensi besar untuk memanfaatkan produk samping kelapa sawit sebagai sumber energi terbarukan [15].","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":432,"width":204,"height":55,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Kandungan zat-zat nutrisi pelepah dan daun sawit adalah bahan kering 48,78%, protein kasar 5,3%, hemiselulosa 21,1%, selulosa 27,9%, serat kasar 31,09%, abu 4,48%, lignin 16,9% dan silika 0,6% [1].","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":490,"width":205,"height":55,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Cangkang kelapa sawit adalah biomassa dengan nilai kalori yang tinggi, biasanya sekitar 3.800 Kcal/kg [14]. Karakteristik fisika dan kimia yang terkandung dalam cangkang kelapa sawit dapat dilihat pada tabel 1.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":553,"width":204,"height":21,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Tabel 1. Karakteristik Fisika dan Kimia Cangkang Kelapa Sawit [12]","type":"Section header"},{"left":85,"top":577,"width":203,"height":171,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Sifat Parameter Nilai ar db Fisika Kadar abu (%) 6,11 - Kadar air (%) 8,68 Kerapatan (kg/m 3 ) 740 9,24 Porositas (%) 28 650 Kimia C (%) 46,75 49,79 H (%) 5,92 5,56 O (%) 37,97 34,66 N (%) 0,68 0,72 S (%) < 0,08 < 0,08 Cl (ppm) 84 89 Struktur Karbohidrat Hemiselulosa(%) 26,16 Selulosa(%) 6,92 Lignin(%) 53,85 *ar : as received *db : dry basis","type":"Table"},{"left":323,"top":85,"width":204,"height":69,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Proses “ briquetting ” adalah perubahan bentuk secara fisik pada bahan baku yang sebagian besar berasal dari limbah pertanian menjadi briket sebagai bahan bakar dengan proses pemadatan [19]. Proses dasar pembuatan briket dapat dilihat pada gambar 1.","type":"List item"},{"left":323,"top":156,"width":204,"height":67,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Secara umum, bahan bakar briket memiliki karakteristik energi yang baik seperti densitas yang tinggi dan nilai kalor yang tinggi [21]. Karakteristik energi adalah parameter yang penting ketika membandingkan briket dengan bahan bakar lain [4].","type":"Text"},{"left":331,"top":402,"width":188,"height":9,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Gambar 1. Proses Dasar Pembuatan Briket","type":"Section header"},{"left":323,"top":419,"width":204,"height":67,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Secara umum, bahan bakar briket memiliki karakteristik energi yang baik seperti densitas yang tinggi dan nilai kalor yang tinggi [21]. Karakteristik energi adalah parameter yang penting ketika membandingkan briket dengan bahan bakar lain [4].","type":"Text"},{"left":323,"top":488,"width":204,"height":32,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Standar mutu briket arang kayu untuk bahan baku kayu kulit keras, dan batok kelapa/ tempurung kelapa dapat dilihat pada tabel 2.","type":"Text"},{"left":336,"top":529,"width":177,"height":9,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Tabel 2. Standar Mutu Briket Arang [20]","type":"Text"},{"left":321,"top":541,"width":188,"height":45,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"No. Parameter Kadar 1. Kadar air Maksimal 8% 2. Kadar abu Maksimal 8% 3. Kadar volatile matter Maksimal 15%","type":"Table"},{"left":321,"top":589,"width":207,"height":9,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"4. Nilai kalori Minimal 5000 kal/g","type":"List item"},{"left":323,"top":607,"width":205,"height":66,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Karbonisasi adalah proses pemecahan/ peruraian selulosa menjadi karbon pada suhu berkisar 275 o C [18]. Dengan proses karbonisasi, nilai kalor yang dihasilkan dapat mencapai 25-30 MJ/kg, sedangkan proses non karbonisasi hanya menghasilkan nilai kalor sekitar 15 MJ/kg [11].","type":"Text"},{"left":323,"top":676,"width":204,"height":43,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Briket biomassa dapat diproses pada suhu kamar dan tekanan sedang dengan menekan biomassa menggunakan perekat. Perekat dapat dibedakan menjadi dua kategori yaitu [8]:","type":"Text"},{"left":323,"top":722,"width":204,"height":20,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"1. Perekat anorganik Contoh dari perekat organik di antaranya","type":"List item"},{"left":344,"top":745,"width":166,"height":9,"page_number":2,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"c lay (lempung), getah karet, getah pinus.","type":"Text"},{"left":186,"top":38,"width":237,"height":9,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU, Vol. 5, No. 3 (September 2016)","type":"Page header"},{"left":515,"top":783,"width":13,"height":9,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"33","type":"Page footer"},{"left":85,"top":87,"width":204,"height":32,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"2. Perekat organik Contoh dari perekat organik di antaranya tepung kanji, molase dan parafin.","type":"List item"},{"left":85,"top":139,"width":96,"height":9,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Metodologi Penelitian","type":"Section header"},{"left":85,"top":151,"width":205,"height":78,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Bahan-bahan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu pelepah dan cangkang kelapa sawit, aquadest , tepung kanji, oli bekas, asam sulfat (H 2 SO 4 ) dan tri ethyl amine (TEA). Sedangkan peralatan yang digunakan antara lain furnace , ball mill, ayakan, alat pencetak briket ( hydraulic press ), bomb calorimeter , dan","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":231,"width":119,"height":9,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Selvopulser Testing Machine.","type":"Section header"},{"left":85,"top":243,"width":205,"height":285,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Proses pembuatan arang briket dimulai dengan pemotongan bahan baku pelepah dan cangkang kelapa sawit, setelah itu dimasukkan ke dalam furnace dengan suhu 450 o C selama 30 menit, 60 menit, 90 menit dan 120 menit dan dilakukan proses karbonisasi. Arang hasil proses karbonisasi kemudian dihaluskan menggunakan ball mill dan diayak menggunakan ayakan 100 mesh . Variasi perbandingan serbuk arang pelepah dan cangkang kelapa sawit yaitu 1:2; 1:4; 1:6; 1:8. Serbuk arang yang telah halus ditimbang dengan berat total 50 g dan disesuaikan dengan perbandingan yang telah ditentukan, setelah itu dicampurkan perekat tepung kanji dan oli bekas dengan konsentrasi 20% berat bahan baku dan perbandingan 1:1. Campuran tersebut dicetak menggunakan alat hydraulic press dengan tekanan kempa sebesar 105 kg/cm 2 . Briket yang sudah dicetak di masukkan ke dalam oven dan dikeringkan selama 3 jam dengan suhu 105 o C. Kualitas briket dari masing-masing perlakuan diuji berdasarkan ASTM dan mengacu kepada SNI 01-6235-2000 yang meliputi kadar air, kadar abu, kadar zat terbang, kadar karbon terikat, dan nilai kalori.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":536,"width":27,"height":9,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Hasil","type":"Section header"},{"left":85,"top":548,"width":205,"height":55,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Analisis Kadar Air Briket Analisis ini dilakukan mengacu kepada ASTM D3173-03-2003. Pengaruh waktu karbonisasi terhadap kadar air briket dapat dilihat pada gambar 2.","type":"Table"},{"left":85,"top":744,"width":204,"height":20,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Gambar 2. Pengaruh Waktu Karbonisasi terhadap Kadar Air Briket","type":"Caption"},{"left":323,"top":87,"width":204,"height":216,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Pada gambar 2 terlihat bahwa kadar air briket pada masing-masing perlakuan mengalami penurunan seiring dengan penambahan waktu karbonisasi. Hal ini dikarenakan pada proses karbonisasi yang semakin lama terjadi proses penguapan air dan penguraian dari komponen yang terdapat di dalam cangkang dan pelepah kelapa sawit yaitu selulosa, hemiselulosa dan lignin. Selain itu, arang hasil dari proses karbonisasi mempunyai kemampuan menyerap air yang besar dari udara di sekelilingnya yang dipengaruhi oleh luas permukaan dan pori-pori arang dari briket tersebut. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa nilai kadar air pada perbandingan bahan baku 1:2 dengan waktu karbonisasi 30 dan 60 menit dan perbandingan 1:4 dengan waktu karbonisasi 30 menit masih belum memenuhi SNI (maksimal 8%) [27].","type":"Text"},{"left":323,"top":312,"width":108,"height":9,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Analisis Kadar Abu Briket","type":"Section header"},{"left":323,"top":323,"width":205,"height":44,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Analisis ini dilakukan mengacu kepada ASTM D3172-07a-2007. Pengaruh waktu karbonisasi terhadap kadar abu briket dapat dilihat pada gambar 3.","type":"Text"},{"left":323,"top":498,"width":204,"height":20,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Gambar 3. Pengaruh Waktu Karbonisasi terhadap Kadar Abu Briket","type":"Section header"},{"left":323,"top":527,"width":204,"height":112,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Dari gambar 3 terlihat bahwa kadar abu briket pada masing-masing perlakuan mengalami kenaikan seiring dengan penambahan waktu karbonisasi. Peningkatan kadar abu dipengaruhi oleh waktu karbonisasi. Menurut hasil penelitian yang telah dilakukan Junary bahwa semakin lama waktu karbonisasi maka kadar abu pada briket semakin bertambah karena karbon akan habis terbakar dan menyisakan abu yang merupakan hasil sisa pembakaran [6].","type":"Text"},{"left":323,"top":642,"width":204,"height":32,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Merujuk pada tabel 2, maka kandungan abu dalam briket yang dibuat telah memenuhi standar SNI (maksimal 8%) [20].","type":"Text"},{"left":323,"top":682,"width":205,"height":55,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Analisis Kadar Zat Menguap (Volatile Matter) Analisis ini dilakukan mengacu kepada ASTM D3172-07a-2007. Pengaruh waktu karbonisasi terhadap kadar zat menguap dapat dilihat pada gambar 4.","type":"Text"},{"left":95,"top":369,"width":430,"height":371,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"0 2 4 6 8 10 12 30 60 90 120 K a d a r A ir (% ) Waktu Karbonisasi (Menit) 1 : 2 1 : 4 1 : 6 1 : 8 0 2 4 6 30 60 90 120 K ad ar A b u ( % ) Waktu Karbonisasi (Menit) 1 : 2 1 : 4 1 : 6 1 : 8","type":"Picture"},{"left":126,"top":375,"width":272,"height":249,"page_number":3,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Rasio P:C Rasio P:C","type":"Table"},{"left":186,"top":38,"width":237,"height":9,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU, Vol. 5, No. 3 (September 2016)","type":"Page header"},{"left":515,"top":783,"width":13,"height":9,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"34","type":"Page footer"},{"left":85,"top":207,"width":204,"height":20,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Gambar 4. Pengaruh Waktu Karbonisasi terhadap Kadar Zat Menguap Briket","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":236,"width":204,"height":32,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Pada gambar 4 dapat dilihat bahwa kadar zat menguap briket pada masing-masing perlakuan mengalami penurunan seiring","type":"Text"},{"left":258,"top":259,"width":31,"height":9,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"dengan","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":270,"width":205,"height":9,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"penambahan waktu karbonisasi. Menurut","type":"Table"},{"left":85,"top":282,"width":204,"height":66,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Borowski semakin lama waktu karbonisasi maka kadar volatil pada briket semakin berkurang. Hal ini dikarenakan pada saat proses karbonisasi, terjadi pelepasan senyawa volatil dalam bentuk gas atau asap sehingga meninggalkan residu gas karbon atau arang [2].","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":351,"width":207,"height":181,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Dari hasil penelitian yang diperoleh dapat disimpulkan bahwa nilai kadar volatile matter pada briket masih belum memenuhi standar SNI (maksimal 15%) [20]. Hal ini disebabkan komposisi dari komponen organik biomassa berupa C, H, dan O serta sebagian kecil S dan N yang sangat mempengaruhi karakteristik pembakaran sebagai massa total dari keseluruhan bahan yang berkurang selama pembakaran saat menentukan kadar volatile sehingga kadar volatile pada biomassa semakin meningkat saat dicampurkan dengan biomassa lain. Hal ini juga diperkuat oleh adanya perekat oli bekas yang memiliki komponen zat terbang yang mudah terbakar seperti N 2 , CO dan H 2 O yang menguap saat dilakukan pembakaran.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":541,"width":192,"height":9,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Analisis Kadar Karbon Terikat (Fixed Carbon)","type":"Section header"},{"left":106,"top":552,"width":183,"height":9,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Analisis ini dilakukan mengacu kepada","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":564,"width":205,"height":32,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"ASTM D3172-07a-2007. Pengaruh waktu karbonisasi terhadap kadar karbon terikat dapat dilihat pada gambar 5.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":736,"width":204,"height":21,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Gambar 5. Pengaruh Waktu Karbonisasi terhadap Kadar Karbon Terikat Briket","type":"Caption"},{"left":323,"top":87,"width":206,"height":78,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Pada gambar 5 terlihat bahwa kadar fixed carbon briket pada masing-masing perlakuan mengalami kenaikan seiring dengan penambahan waktu karbonisasi. Kadar karbon terikat pada setiap variasi waktu karbonisasi dapat dilihat semakin meningkat seiring dengan bertambahnya perbandingan pelepah dan cangkang kelapa sawit.","type":"Text"},{"left":323,"top":168,"width":204,"height":112,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Menurut Rustini bahwa dengan penambahan cangkang kelapa sawit mampu meningkatkan kadar karbon terikat pada briket yaitu sebesar 5,195% [17]. Peningkatan kadar karbon terikat ini dikarenakan adanya kandungan zat-zat karbohidrat yaitu selulosa pada cangkang dan pelepah kelapa sawit yang merupakan salah satu sumber dari unsur karbon dalam briket. Semakin tinggi kadar karbon terikat bahan, maka pembakaran biobriket akan semakin baik.","type":"Text"},{"left":323,"top":283,"width":204,"height":78,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Berdasarkan standar mutu SNI dapat disimpulkan bahwa nilai kadar fixed carbon pada briket dengan perbandingan bahan baku 1:8 dengan variasi waktu karbonisasi 60 menit, 90 menit dan 120 menit dan perbandingan 1:6 dengan waktu 120 menit telah memenuhi standar yaitu minimal 65% [27].","type":"Text"},{"left":323,"top":369,"width":120,"height":9,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Analisis Kerapatan (Density)","type":"Section header"},{"left":323,"top":381,"width":204,"height":32,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Analisis ini dilakukan mengacu kepada ASTM D2395-14. Pengaruh waktu karbonisasi terhadap kerapatan dapat dilihat pada gambar 6.","type":"Text"},{"left":323,"top":542,"width":204,"height":21,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Gambar 6. Pengaruh Waktu Karbonisasi terhadap Kerapatan Briket","type":"Section header"},{"left":323,"top":571,"width":204,"height":113,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Pada gambar 6 dapat dilihat bahwa kerapatan briket pada masing-masing perlakuan mengalami penurunan seiring dengan penambahan waktu karbonisasi. Tetapi nilai yang diberikan pada gambar di atas tidak memberikan perbedaan yang terlalu jauh pada pengaruh waktu karbonisasi hal ini dikarenakan kerapatan dari briket ditentukan oleh rasio massa dan volume masing-masing sampel dari briket yang dihasilkan.","type":"Text"},{"left":323,"top":686,"width":204,"height":78,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Pada penelitian ini tekstur arang dari pelepah kelapa sawit yang dihasilkan cenderung lebih halus dan lembut dibandingkan arang cangkang kelapa sawit. Menurut Kahariayadi semakin halus partikel bahan baku briket yang digunakan maka nilai kerapatannya akan semakin tinggi karena ikatan-ikatan antar bahan semakin bagus [7].","type":"List item"},{"left":93,"top":87,"width":431,"height":643,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"0 10 20 30 40 50 30 60 90 120 V o lat il e M at te r (% ) Waktu Karbonisasi (Menit) 1 : 2 1 : 4 1 : 6 1 : 8 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 30 60 90 120 F ix e d C a r b o n ( % ) Waktu Karbonisasi (Menit) 1 : 2 1 : 4 1 : 6 1 : 8 0,0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 30 60 90 120 K er ap at an ( g/ cm 3 ) Waktu Karbonisasi (Menit) 1 : 2 1 : 4 1 : 6 1 : 8","type":"Picture"},{"left":125,"top":92,"width":36,"height":8,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Rasio P:C","type":"Table"},{"left":119,"top":605,"width":39,"height":8,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Rasio P:C","type":"Caption"},{"left":368,"top":422,"width":39,"height":8,"page_number":4,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Rasio P:C","type":"Picture"},{"left":186,"top":38,"width":237,"height":9,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU, Vol. 5, No. 3 (September 2016)","type":"Page header"},{"left":515,"top":783,"width":13,"height":9,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"35","type":"Page footer"},{"left":85,"top":87,"width":205,"height":44,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang diperoleh, perbedaan kerapatan briket pada setiap perbandingan bahan baku dengan waktu karbonisasi 0,00028 g/cm 3 atau sekitar 0,028%.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":139,"width":109,"height":9,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Analisis Laju Pembakaran","type":"Section header"},{"left":85,"top":151,"width":204,"height":20,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Pengaruh waktu karbonisasi terhadap laju pembakaran dapat dilihat pada gambar 7.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":309,"width":204,"height":20,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Gambar 7. Pengaruh Waktu Karbonisasi terhadap Laju Pembakaran Briket","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":337,"width":204,"height":147,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Pada gambar 7 terlihat bahwa laju pembakaran briket pada masing-masing perlakuan mengalami kenaikan seiring dengan penambahan waktu karbonisasi. Salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi laju pembakaran suatu briket adalah kadar karbon terikat yang terkandung pada briket tersebut, dimana semakin tinggi kadar karbon terikat maka pembakaran biobriket akan semakin baik [24]. Hal ini dikarenakan semakin banyaknya unsur karbon dalam suatu bahan, maka semakin banyak pula karbon yang bereaksi dengan oksigen dan menghasilkan pembakaran yang semakin baik.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":487,"width":205,"height":89,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Hal yang sama juga telah dilaporkan oleh Martin bahwa salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi laju pembakaran adalah komposisi kimia yang terkandung pada bahan baku biomassa berupa kandungan karbon terikat dan zat menguap, sehingga dengan mencampurkan biomassa dapat meningkatkan laju pembakaran [10].","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":585,"width":83,"height":9,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Analisis Nilai Kalor","type":"Section header"},{"left":85,"top":596,"width":204,"height":32,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Analisis ini dilakukan mengacu kepada ASTM D1989-97. Pengaruh waktu karbonisasi terhadap nilai kalor dapat dilihat pada gambar 8.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":749,"width":204,"height":21,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Gambar 8. Pengaruh Waktu Karbonisasi terhadap Nilai Kalor Briket","type":"Caption"},{"left":323,"top":87,"width":204,"height":147,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Pada gambar 8 dapat dilihat bahwa nilai kalor briket pada masing-masing perlakuan mengalami kenaikan seiring dengan penambahan waktu karbonisasi. Menurut Junary bahwa semakin lama waktu karbonisasi maka kadar air yang dihasilkan akan semakin rendah dan nilai kalor akan semakin tinggi karena kadar air berbanding terbalik terhadap nilai kalor [6]. Hal ini disebabkan oleh nilai kalor yang terkandung pada cangkang kelapa sawit cukup tinggi yaitu 3800 Kcal/kg [14] dan juga dipengaruhi oleh perekat yang digunakan yaitu oli bekas yang memiliki nilai kalor sebesar 45814,74 kJ/kg [26].","type":"Text"},{"left":323,"top":237,"width":204,"height":78,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Semakin sempurna proses karbonisasi maka nilai kalor semakin tinggi. Hal ini disebabkan karena reaksi oksidasi pada proses karbonisasi mampu menghasilkan panas. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa nilai kalor yang terkandung pada briket telah sesuai dengan standar mutu SNI (≥ 5000 kal/g) [20].","type":"Text"},{"left":323,"top":323,"width":84,"height":9,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Analisis Kuat Tekan","type":"Section header"},{"left":323,"top":335,"width":204,"height":32,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Pengaruh waktu karbonisasi terhadap kekuatan tekan briket dapat dilihat pada gambar 9.","type":"Text"},{"left":323,"top":503,"width":204,"height":21,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Gambar 9. Pengaruh Waktu Karbonisasi terhadap Kuat Tekan Briket","type":"Section header"},{"left":323,"top":532,"width":204,"height":90,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Pada gambar 9 terlihat bahwa nilai kalor briket pada masing-masing perlakuan mengalami kenaikan seiring dengan penambahan waktu karbonisasi. Kekuatan tekan pada briket dipengaruhi oleh campuran bahan baku pada pembuatan briket, semakin banyak jumlah campuran yang digunakan maka kuat tekan briket akan semakin tinggi.","type":"Text"},{"left":323,"top":624,"width":204,"height":101,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Menurut Wijayanti bahwa dengan penambahan cangkang kelapa sawit maka kekompakan briket bertambah sehingga keteguhan tekan juga bertambah. Hal ini juga dikarenakan kandungan biomassa pada pelepah dan cangkang kelapa sawit berupa residu lignoselulosa yang mengandung selulosa, hemiselulosa, dan lignin dalam dinding sel kelapa sawit tersebut [25].","type":"Text"},{"left":323,"top":728,"width":204,"height":32,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Berdasarkan gambar diatas dapat dilihat bahwa kenaikan kuat tekan briket disebabkan karena variasi perbandingan bahan baku pelepah","type":"Text"},{"left":95,"top":173,"width":189,"height":125,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"0,00 0,05 0,10 0,15 0,20 0,25 0,30 30 60 90 120 L aj u P em b ak ar an (g/ m en it ) Waktu Karbonisasi (Menit) 1 : 2 1 : 4 1 : 6 1 : 8","type":"Picture"},{"left":97,"top":180,"width":427,"height":565,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 30 60 90 120 N il a i K a lo r ( k k a l/ g r ) Waktu Karbonisasi (Menit) 1 : 2 1 : 4 1 : 6 1 : 8 0,00 0,05 0,10 0,15 0,20 0,25 0,30 0,35 30 60 90 120 Co m p re ss iv e S tr e n g th (N /m m 2 ) Waktu Karbonisasi (Menit) 1 : 2 1 : 4 1 : 6 1 : 8 Rasio P:C","type":"Picture"},{"left":126,"top":637,"width":39,"height":8,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Rasio P:C","type":"Caption"},{"left":371,"top":375,"width":34,"height":7,"page_number":5,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Rasio P:C","type":"Picture"},{"left":186,"top":38,"width":237,"height":9,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU, Vol. 5, No. 3 (September 2016)","type":"Page header"},{"left":515,"top":783,"width":13,"height":9,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"36","type":"Page footer"},{"left":85,"top":87,"width":204,"height":67,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"dan cangkang kelapa sawit yang semakin besar sehingga kandungan lignin dan selulosa semakin tinggi. Kandungan lignin dan selulosa pada cangkang kelapa sawit sebesar 53,85% dan 6,92% dan pelepah kelapa sawit mengandung lignin 23,40% dan selulosa 27,9% [12, 22].","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":156,"width":205,"height":67,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Dapat dikatakan bahwa briket belum memenuhi standar yang diterima untuk industri yaitu 0,38 N/mm 2 – 1,0 N/mm 2 [16]. Hal ini dapat disebabkan karena briket yang dihasilkan memiliki kerapatan yang cukup rendah sehingga briket akan menjadi lebih rapuh.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":231,"width":54,"height":9,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Kesimpulan","type":"Section header"},{"left":85,"top":243,"width":204,"height":89,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Berdasarkan analisis yang telah dilakukan maka diperoleh briket terbaik dengan kadar air sebesar 6%, kadar abu sebesar 1,105%, kadar volatil sebesar 21,693%, kadar karbon terikat sebesar 50,169%, kerapatan sebesar 0,518 g/cm 3 , Laju pembakaran sebesar 0,273 g/menit, Nilai kalor sebesar 15107,138 kal/g dan kuat tekan sebesar 0,285 N/mm 2 .","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":347,"width":68,"height":9,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Daftar Pustaka","type":"Section header"},{"left":87,"top":358,"width":202,"height":55,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"[1] Ardiansyah, Perubahan Kandungan Nutrisi Pelepah dan Daun Sawit Melalui Fermentasi dengan Kapang Phanerocaete Chrysos- porium, Skripsi, Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Taman Siswa Padang, 2014.","type":"List item"},{"left":85,"top":416,"width":204,"height":55,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"[2] Borowski. Gabriel dan Jan J. Hycnar, Utilization of Fine Coal Waste as a Fuel Briquettes, International Journal of Coal Preparation and Utilization, Vol 33, ISSN: 1939-2699, p. 194-204, 2013.","type":"List item"},{"left":85,"top":473,"width":204,"height":78,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"[3] Danjuma. M. N, B. Maiwada dan R. Tukur, Disseminating Biomass Briquetting Technology in Nigeria: A case for Briquettes Production Initiatives in Katsina State, International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, (2013), Vol 3, Issue 10, ISSN 2250–2459.","type":"List item"},{"left":85,"top":554,"width":204,"height":55,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"[4] Ikelle Issie Ikelle dan Ogah Sule Philip Ivoms, Determination of the Heating Ability of Coal and Corn Cob Briquettes, IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry, (2014), Vol 7, Issue 2, ISSN: 2278-5736, p. 77-82.","type":"List item"},{"left":85,"top":611,"width":205,"height":90,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"[5] Jain. Varun, Rc. Chippa, Pbl. Chaurasia, Harshal Gupta dan Sarvesh Kumar Singh, A Comparative Experimental Investigation of Physical and Chemical Properties of Sawdust and Cattle Manurebriquette, International Journal of Science Engineering And Technology, (2014), Vol 2, Issue 7, ISSN 2348-4098.","type":"List item"},{"left":85,"top":703,"width":204,"height":21,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"[6] Junary. Erwin, Julham Prasetya dan Netti Herlina, Pengaruh Suhu Dan Waktu","type":"List item"},{"left":106,"top":727,"width":183,"height":31,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Karbonisasi Terhadap Nilai Kalor Dan Karakteristik Pada Pembuatan Bioarang Berbahan Baku Pelepah Aren (Arenga","type":"List item"},{"left":344,"top":87,"width":183,"height":20,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Pinnata), Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU, Vol 4, No 2, 2015.","type":"Text"},{"left":323,"top":110,"width":204,"height":32,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"[7] Kahariayadi. Aloysius, Dina Setyawati, Nurhaida, Farah Diba dan Emi Roslinda, Kualitas Arang Briket Berdasarkan","type":"List item"},{"left":344,"top":145,"width":183,"height":32,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Persentase Arang Batang Kelapa Sawit (Elaeis Guineensis Jacq) Dan Arang Kayu Laban (Vitex Pubescens Vahl), Jurnal Hutan","type":"List item"},{"left":344,"top":179,"width":165,"height":9,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Lestari (2015), Vol 3, No 4, p. 561-568.","type":"Table"},{"left":323,"top":191,"width":204,"height":20,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"[8] Maharsa. Luthfi dan Muhammad, Pengaruh Variasi Komposisi Campuran Pada","type":"List item"},{"left":344,"top":214,"width":183,"height":43,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Biobriket Kulit Mete Dan Sekam Padi Terhadap Laju Pembakaran, Rotasi Jurnal Teknik Mesin, (2012), Vol 14, No 4, p. 15- 22.","type":"List item"},{"left":323,"top":260,"width":204,"height":20,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"[9] Mahidin. Asri Gani Dan Khairil, Physical Characterization and Desulfurization of","type":"List item"},{"left":344,"top":283,"width":183,"height":32,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Biobriquette Using Calcium-Based Adsorbent, Makara Teknologi, 2011, Vol 15, No 2, p. 178-182.","type":"List item"},{"left":323,"top":317,"width":205,"height":78,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"[10] Martin. Ogbu Ikechukwu, Enhancing The Properties Of Coal Briquette Using Spear Grass (Imperata Cylindrica) And Elephant Grass (Pennisetum Purpureum), Thesis, Department Of Pure And Industrial Chemistry Faculty Of Physical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, 2010.","type":"List item"},{"left":323,"top":398,"width":204,"height":55,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"[11] Ngusale. George K, Yonghao Luo dan Jeremiah K. Kiplagat, Briquette Making In Kenya: Nairobi And Peri-Urban Areas, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, (2014), Vol 40, Elsevier, p. 749–","type":"List item"},{"left":323,"top":455,"width":205,"height":32,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"759. [12] Okoroigwe. Edmund C, Christopher M. Saffron dan Pascal D. Kamdem,","type":"List item"},{"left":344,"top":490,"width":183,"height":55,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Characetrization of Palm Kernel Shell for Materials Reinforcement and Water Treatment, Journal of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, (2014), Vol 5(1), Pp 1 – 6. ISSN 2141-6605.","type":"List item"},{"left":323,"top":547,"width":205,"height":67,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"[13] Onchieku. J.M, B.N. Chikamai dan M.S. Rao, Optimum Parameters for the Formulation of Charcoal Briquettes Using Bagasse and Clay as Binder, European Journal of Sustainable Development, (2012), Vol 1, Issue 3, 477-492, ISSN 2239-5938.","type":"List item"},{"left":323,"top":616,"width":204,"height":55,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"[14] Oyejobi. D, O. T. S. Abdulkadir, I. T. Yusuf dan M. J. Badiru, Effects of Palm Kernel Shells Sizes and Mix Ratios on Lightweight Concrete, Journal of Research Information in Civil Engineering, (2012), 9 (2).","type":"List item"},{"left":323,"top":674,"width":204,"height":9,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"[15] Patisarana. Grata Dan Mulfi Hazwi,","type":"List item"},{"left":344,"top":685,"width":183,"height":44,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Optimalisasi Efisiensi Termis Boiler Menggunakan Serabut Dan Cangkang Sawit Sebagai Bahan Bakar, Jurnal Dinamis, (2012), Vol I, No11, ISSN 0216-7492.","type":"List item"},{"left":323,"top":731,"width":204,"height":32,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"[16] Prasityousil. Jitthep dan Akarawit Muenjina, Properties of Solid Fuel Briquettes Produced from Rejected Material of Municipal Waste","type":"List item"},{"left":575,"top":842,"width":50,"height":8,"page_number":6,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Ca(OH) 2 2,5 N","type":"Page footer"},{"left":186,"top":38,"width":237,"height":9,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU, Vol. 5, No. 3 (September 2016)","type":"Page header"},{"left":515,"top":783,"width":13,"height":9,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"37","type":"Page footer"},{"left":106,"top":87,"width":183,"height":20,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Composting, Procedia Environmental Scien- ces 17, 603-610, Elsevier, 2013.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":110,"width":204,"height":44,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"[17] Rustini, Pembuatan Briket Arang dari Serbuk Gergajian Kayu Pinus (Pinus merkusii Jungh. et de Vr), Skripsi, Fakultas Kehutanan Institut Pertanian Bogor, 2004.","type":"List item"},{"left":85,"top":156,"width":204,"height":55,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"[18] Shehu. U, O. Aponbiede, T. Ause dan E.F. Obiodunukwe, Effect of Particle Size on The Properties of Polyester/Palm Kernel Shell (PKS) Particulate Composites, Journal Mater Environment Science, (2014), Vol 52,","type":"List item"},{"left":106,"top":214,"width":111,"height":9,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"366-373 ISSN 2028-2508.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":225,"width":205,"height":9,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"[19] Shekhar. Nandini, Popularization of","type":"List item"},{"left":106,"top":237,"width":183,"height":20,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Biomass Briquettes A means for Sustainable rural DevelopmentAsian","type":"Table"},{"left":232,"top":248,"width":57,"height":9,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Journal Of","type":"Text"},{"left":106,"top":260,"width":183,"height":9,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Management Research, (2011), Vol 2, Issue","type":"Text"},{"left":106,"top":271,"width":85,"height":9,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"1, ISSN 2229-3795.","type":"List item"},{"left":85,"top":283,"width":204,"height":20,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"[20] Standar Nasional Indonesia 01-6235, Briket Arang Kayu, 2000.","type":"List item"},{"left":85,"top":306,"width":207,"height":66,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"[21] Stolarski. Mariusz J, Stefan Szczukowski, Józef Tworkowski, Michal Krzyzaniak, Pawel Gulczynski dan Miroslaw Mleczek, Comparison of Quality and Production Cost of Briquettes Made From Agricultural and Forest Origin Biomass, Renewable Energy,","type":"List item"},{"left":106,"top":375,"width":143,"height":9,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"(2013), Vol 57, Elsevier, p. 20-26.","type":"List item"},{"left":85,"top":386,"width":204,"height":55,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"[22] Syafriuddin dan Rio Hanesya, Perbandingan Penggunaan Energi Alternatif Bahan Bakar Serabut (Fiber) Dan Cangkang Kelapa Sawit Terhadap Bahan Bakar Batubara Dan Solar Pada Pembangkit Listrik, Prosiding Seminar","type":"List item"},{"left":106,"top":444,"width":183,"height":20,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Nasional Aplikasi Sains & Teknologi, ISSN 1979-911, 2012.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":467,"width":204,"height":43,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"[23] Wasekar. Mangesh V dan R.N.Baxi, Failure Analysis of Collar of Biomass Briquetting Machine: A Review, International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications,","type":"List item"},{"left":106,"top":513,"width":130,"height":9,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"(2013), Vol 3, Issue 2, 437-439.","type":"List item"},{"left":85,"top":524,"width":205,"height":55,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"[24] Wijaya. Purwita dan Aji Hermawan, Analisis Pemanfaatan Limbah Kulit Singkong sebagai Bahan Bakar Alternatif Biobriket, Skripsi, Fakultas Teknologi Pertanian Institut Pertanian Bogor Jawa","type":"List item"},{"left":106,"top":582,"width":52,"height":9,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Barat, 2012.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":593,"width":204,"height":55,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"[25] Wijayanti. Diah Sundari, Karakteristik Briket Arang dari Serbuk Gergaji dengan Penambahan Arang Cangkang Kelapa Sawit, Skripsi, Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Sumatera Utara, 2009.","type":"List item"},{"left":85,"top":651,"width":204,"height":20,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"[26] Wongkhorsub. C dan N. Chindaprasert, A Comparison of the Use of Pyrolysis Oils in","type":"List item"},{"left":106,"top":674,"width":183,"height":20,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Diesel Engine, Energy and Power Engineering, Vol 5, p. 350-355, 2013.","type":"Text"},{"left":85,"top":697,"width":204,"height":20,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"[27] Wulandari. Asri Peni, Siti Aliyah Hani Sunarya, Oom Komariah dan Prihadi","type":"List item"},{"left":106,"top":720,"width":183,"height":32,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Santoso, Study on Briquetting and Optimizing Organic Composition of Ramie (Boehmeria nivea (L). Gaud) Biomass,","type":"Text"},{"left":106,"top":754,"width":183,"height":9,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Journal of Applied Environmental and","type":"Text"},{"left":344,"top":87,"width":183,"height":20,"page_number":7,"page_width":595,"page_height":841,"text":"Biological Sciences, Vol 5, No 8, ISSN: 2090-4274, p. 1-6, 2015.","type":"Text"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"left\": 186,\n \"top\": 38,\n \"width\": 237,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU, Vol. 5, No. 3 (September 2016)\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 515,\n \"top\": 783,\n \"width\": 13,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"31\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 103,\n \"top\": 88,\n \"width\": 407,\n \"height\": 38,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"PEMBUATAN BIOBRIKET DARI PELEPAH DAN CANGKANG KELAPA SAWIT: PENGARUH VARIASI KOMPOSISI BAHAN BAKU DAN WAKTU KARBONISASI TERHADAP KUALITAS BRIKET\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 162,\n \"top\": 140,\n \"width\": 288,\n \"height\": 31,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Iriany, Cindy Carnella * , Cici Novita Sari Departemen Teknik Kimia, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Jl. Almamater Kampus USU, Medan 20155, Indonesia\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 239,\n \"top\": 171,\n \"width\": 136,\n \"height\": 10,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"* Email : cindy.carnella@yahoo.com\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 121,\n \"top\": 194,\n \"width\": 34,\n \"height\": 8,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Abstrak\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 121,\n \"top\": 204,\n \"width\": 350,\n \"height\": 195,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Briket adalah produk hasil proses pemadatan residu biomassa yang digunakan sebagai bahan bakar dan dicetak dengan menggunakan perekat. Briket dari biomassa memiliki nilai kalor yang tinggi. Faktor yang mempengaruhi kualitas briket adalah komposisi bahan baku dan waktu karbonisasi. Proses karbonisasi dalam pembuatan briket dapat menambah nilai kalor dan mengurangi asap yang dihasilkan dari pembakaran briket. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji pengaruh variasi komposisi bahan baku pembuatan briket dan waktu karbonisasi terhadap nilai kalor dan untuk mengetahui karakteristik briket yang dihasilkan. Bahan-bahan yang digunakan adalah pelepah kelapa sawit, cangkang kelapa sawit, tepung kanji, oli bekas, H 2 SO 4 dan Tri Ethyl Amine (TEA). Variabel berubah dalam penelitian ini adalah rasio pelepah dan cangkang kelapa sawit yaitu 1:2, 1:4, 1:6, dan 1:8 serta waktu karbonisasi yaitu 30 menit, 60 menit, 90 menit dan 120 menit. Penelitian ini dimulai dengan melakukan proses karbonisasi pada bahan baku, setelah itu arang hasil karbonisasi yang telah halus dicetak menggunakan perekat tepung kanji dan oli bekas dengan konsentrasi 20% berat bahan baku pada perbandingan 1:1. Hasil penelitian terbaik diperoleh pada perbandingan pelepah dan cangkang kelapa sawit 1:8 dengan waktu karbonisasi 120 menit, yaitu dengan nilai kalor sebesar 15107,138 kal/g, kadar air 6%, kadar abu 5,185%, kadar volatile matter 39,226%, kadar fixed carbon 50,169%, kerapatan 0,442 g/cm 3 , laju pembakaran 0,273 g/menit, kekuatan tekan 0,046 N/mm 2 . Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa briket yang dihasilkan memiliki karakteristik yang bagus, struktur yang kuat dan tidak mudah hancur serta tidak berjamur bila disimpan.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 121,\n \"top\": 411,\n \"width\": 327,\n \"height\": 8,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Kata Kunci : briket, pelepah kelapa sawit, cangkang kelapa sawit, karbonisasi, nilai kalor\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 121,\n \"top\": 443,\n \"width\": 32,\n \"height\": 8,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Abstract\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 121,\n \"top\": 453,\n \"width\": 350,\n \"height\": 184,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Briquette was a product of the compaction process of biomass residue used as fuel and it is formed using binder. Briquette from biomass has a high heating value. The quality of briquettes influenced by raw material composition and the time of carbonization. The carbonization process in the manufacture of briquettes could improve heating value and reduce smoke produced from burning briquette. This research is aim to study the effect of variations in the composition of raw materials and carbonization time on the heating value and the characteristics of the resulting briquettes. The materials used are palm fronds, palm shells, starch, used oil, H 2 SO 4 and Tri Ethyl Amine (TEA). The ratios of palm frond and palm shell charcoal in this research is 1: 2, 1: 4, 1: 6 and 1: 8 with variation of carbonization time 30 minutes, 60 minutes, 90 minutes and 120 minutes. The research began with the carbonization process of the raw materials. Then charcoal product of carbonization was pressed using an binder starch and used oil as much as 20% based on the weight of raw materials at the ratio of 1: 1. The best quality from this research is obtained at the ratio palm fronds and oil palm shell 1: 8 with carbonization time of 120 minutes, heating value 15107,138 cal/g, moisture content 6%, ash content of 5,185%, volatile matter 39,226%, fixed carbon 70,955%, density 0,442 g/cm 3 , burning rate 0,273 g/min, and compressive strength 0,046 N / mm 2 . The result shows the briquettes produced had a strong structure, it was not easily broken and it was not moldy when stored.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 121,\n \"top\": 649,\n \"width\": 273,\n \"height\": 8,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Keywords : briquette, palm fronds, palm shell, carbonization, heating value\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 671,\n \"width\": 59,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Pendahuluan\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 682,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 78,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Energi merupakan hal yang sangat penting bagi manusia sebagai penyedia kebutuhan seperti pencahayaan dan memasak. Sumber energi yang dibutuhkan saat ini meliputi tenaga air, panas bumi, biomassa, surya, dan angin, telah meningkat selama bertahun-tahun di berbagai negara. Tercatat bahwa energi biomassa sekitar\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 323,\n \"top\": 670,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 32,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"14% dari total energi dunia dibandingkan batubara (12%), gas alam (15%) dan energi listrik (14%) [13].\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 323,\n \"top\": 705,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 55,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Biomassa adalah istilah yang digunakan untuk menggambarkan semua bahan organik yang ada di permukaan bumi seperti halnya kayu, rumput laut, limbah dari kotoran hewan dan lain- lain yang dapat digunakan sebagai energi [3].\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 186,\n \"top\": 38,\n \"width\": 237,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU, Vol. 5, No. 3 (September 2016)\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 515,\n \"top\": 783,\n \"width\": 13,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"32\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 87,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 20,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Biomassa bersifat ramah lingkungan, bersih, murah dan berguna sebagai bahan bakar [23].\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 110,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 113,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Kandungan energi yang ada dalam biomassa cukup tinggi, yaitu antara 4.000-5.000 kkal/kg. Oleh karena itu saat ini sumber energi alternatif dari biomassa sedang banyak diteliti dan dikembangkan karena sifatnya yang mudah diperoleh, dapat diperbaharui secara cepat, dan kandungan energinya yang cukup tinggi [24]. Indonesia diperkirakan memproduksi sekitar 146.700.000 ton biomassa per tahun, setara dengan 470 GJ/tahun [9].\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 225,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 101,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Biobriket merupakan batangan arang yang terbuat dari arang limbah organik yang telah dicetak sedemikian rupa yang memiliki nilai kalor yang tinggi [5]. Biobriket banyak dimanfaatkan di negara-negara Asia bagian selatan seperti Indonesia, India, dan Thailand. Biobriket merupakan salah satu alternatif pemanfaatan limbah guna meningkatkan nilai tambah limbah hasil pertanian [25].\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 340,\n \"width\": 23,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Teori\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 352,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 78,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Kelapa sawit merupakan bahan lignoselulosa yang kaya karbohidrat dalam bentuk pati dan gula serta mengandung selulosa, hemiselulosa dan lignin [18]. Saat ini Indonesia memiliki potensi besar untuk memanfaatkan produk samping kelapa sawit sebagai sumber energi terbarukan [15].\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 432,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 55,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Kandungan zat-zat nutrisi pelepah dan daun sawit adalah bahan kering 48,78%, protein kasar 5,3%, hemiselulosa 21,1%, selulosa 27,9%, serat kasar 31,09%, abu 4,48%, lignin 16,9% dan silika 0,6% [1].\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 490,\n \"width\": 205,\n \"height\": 55,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Cangkang kelapa sawit adalah biomassa dengan nilai kalori yang tinggi, biasanya sekitar 3.800 Kcal/kg [14]. Karakteristik fisika dan kimia yang terkandung dalam cangkang kelapa sawit dapat dilihat pada tabel 1.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 553,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 21,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Tabel 1. Karakteristik Fisika dan Kimia Cangkang Kelapa Sawit [12]\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 577,\n \"width\": 203,\n \"height\": 171,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Sifat Parameter Nilai ar db Fisika Kadar abu (%) 6,11 - Kadar air (%) 8,68 Kerapatan (kg/m 3 ) 740 9,24 Porositas (%) 28 650 Kimia C (%) 46,75 49,79 H (%) 5,92 5,56 O (%) 37,97 34,66 N (%) 0,68 0,72 S (%) < 0,08 < 0,08 Cl (ppm) 84 89 Struktur Karbohidrat Hemiselulosa(%) 26,16 Selulosa(%) 6,92 Lignin(%) 53,85 *ar : as received *db : dry basis\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 323,\n \"top\": 85,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 69,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Proses “ briquetting ” adalah perubahan bentuk secara fisik pada bahan baku yang sebagian besar berasal dari limbah pertanian menjadi briket sebagai bahan bakar dengan proses pemadatan [19]. Proses dasar pembuatan briket dapat dilihat pada gambar 1.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 323,\n \"top\": 156,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 67,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Secara umum, bahan bakar briket memiliki karakteristik energi yang baik seperti densitas yang tinggi dan nilai kalor yang tinggi [21]. Karakteristik energi adalah parameter yang penting ketika membandingkan briket dengan bahan bakar lain [4].\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 331,\n \"top\": 402,\n \"width\": 188,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Gambar 1. Proses Dasar Pembuatan Briket\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 323,\n \"top\": 419,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 67,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Secara umum, bahan bakar briket memiliki karakteristik energi yang baik seperti densitas yang tinggi dan nilai kalor yang tinggi [21]. Karakteristik energi adalah parameter yang penting ketika membandingkan briket dengan bahan bakar lain [4].\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 323,\n \"top\": 488,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 32,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Standar mutu briket arang kayu untuk bahan baku kayu kulit keras, dan batok kelapa/ tempurung kelapa dapat dilihat pada tabel 2.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 336,\n \"top\": 529,\n \"width\": 177,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Tabel 2. Standar Mutu Briket Arang [20]\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 321,\n \"top\": 541,\n \"width\": 188,\n \"height\": 45,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"No. Parameter Kadar 1. Kadar air Maksimal 8% 2. Kadar abu Maksimal 8% 3. Kadar volatile matter Maksimal 15%\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 321,\n \"top\": 589,\n \"width\": 207,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"4. Nilai kalori Minimal 5000 kal/g\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 323,\n \"top\": 607,\n \"width\": 205,\n \"height\": 66,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Karbonisasi adalah proses pemecahan/ peruraian selulosa menjadi karbon pada suhu berkisar 275 o C [18]. Dengan proses karbonisasi, nilai kalor yang dihasilkan dapat mencapai 25-30 MJ/kg, sedangkan proses non karbonisasi hanya menghasilkan nilai kalor sekitar 15 MJ/kg [11].\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 323,\n \"top\": 676,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 43,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Briket biomassa dapat diproses pada suhu kamar dan tekanan sedang dengan menekan biomassa menggunakan perekat. Perekat dapat dibedakan menjadi dua kategori yaitu [8]:\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 323,\n \"top\": 722,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 20,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"1. Perekat anorganik Contoh dari perekat organik di antaranya\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 344,\n \"top\": 745,\n \"width\": 166,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"c lay (lempung), getah karet, getah pinus.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 186,\n \"top\": 38,\n \"width\": 237,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU, Vol. 5, No. 3 (September 2016)\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 515,\n \"top\": 783,\n \"width\": 13,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"33\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 87,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 32,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"2. Perekat organik Contoh dari perekat organik di antaranya tepung kanji, molase dan parafin.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 139,\n \"width\": 96,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Metodologi Penelitian\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 151,\n \"width\": 205,\n \"height\": 78,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Bahan-bahan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu pelepah dan cangkang kelapa sawit, aquadest , tepung kanji, oli bekas, asam sulfat (H 2 SO 4 ) dan tri ethyl amine (TEA). Sedangkan peralatan yang digunakan antara lain furnace , ball mill, ayakan, alat pencetak briket ( hydraulic press ), bomb calorimeter , dan\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 231,\n \"width\": 119,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Selvopulser Testing Machine.\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 243,\n \"width\": 205,\n \"height\": 285,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Proses pembuatan arang briket dimulai dengan pemotongan bahan baku pelepah dan cangkang kelapa sawit, setelah itu dimasukkan ke dalam furnace dengan suhu 450 o C selama 30 menit, 60 menit, 90 menit dan 120 menit dan dilakukan proses karbonisasi. Arang hasil proses karbonisasi kemudian dihaluskan menggunakan ball mill dan diayak menggunakan ayakan 100 mesh . Variasi perbandingan serbuk arang pelepah dan cangkang kelapa sawit yaitu 1:2; 1:4; 1:6; 1:8. Serbuk arang yang telah halus ditimbang dengan berat total 50 g dan disesuaikan dengan perbandingan yang telah ditentukan, setelah itu dicampurkan perekat tepung kanji dan oli bekas dengan konsentrasi 20% berat bahan baku dan perbandingan 1:1. Campuran tersebut dicetak menggunakan alat hydraulic press dengan tekanan kempa sebesar 105 kg/cm 2 . Briket yang sudah dicetak di masukkan ke dalam oven dan dikeringkan selama 3 jam dengan suhu 105 o C. Kualitas briket dari masing-masing perlakuan diuji berdasarkan ASTM dan mengacu kepada SNI 01-6235-2000 yang meliputi kadar air, kadar abu, kadar zat terbang, kadar karbon terikat, dan nilai kalori.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 536,\n \"width\": 27,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Hasil\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 548,\n \"width\": 205,\n \"height\": 55,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Analisis Kadar Air Briket Analisis ini dilakukan mengacu kepada ASTM D3173-03-2003. Pengaruh waktu karbonisasi terhadap kadar air briket dapat dilihat pada gambar 2.\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 744,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 20,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Gambar 2. Pengaruh Waktu Karbonisasi terhadap Kadar Air Briket\",\n \"type\": \"Caption\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 323,\n \"top\": 87,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 216,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Pada gambar 2 terlihat bahwa kadar air briket pada masing-masing perlakuan mengalami penurunan seiring dengan penambahan waktu karbonisasi. Hal ini dikarenakan pada proses karbonisasi yang semakin lama terjadi proses penguapan air dan penguraian dari komponen yang terdapat di dalam cangkang dan pelepah kelapa sawit yaitu selulosa, hemiselulosa dan lignin. Selain itu, arang hasil dari proses karbonisasi mempunyai kemampuan menyerap air yang besar dari udara di sekelilingnya yang dipengaruhi oleh luas permukaan dan pori-pori arang dari briket tersebut. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa nilai kadar air pada perbandingan bahan baku 1:2 dengan waktu karbonisasi 30 dan 60 menit dan perbandingan 1:4 dengan waktu karbonisasi 30 menit masih belum memenuhi SNI (maksimal 8%) [27].\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 323,\n \"top\": 312,\n \"width\": 108,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Analisis Kadar Abu Briket\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 323,\n \"top\": 323,\n \"width\": 205,\n \"height\": 44,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Analisis ini dilakukan mengacu kepada ASTM D3172-07a-2007. Pengaruh waktu karbonisasi terhadap kadar abu briket dapat dilihat pada gambar 3.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 323,\n \"top\": 498,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 20,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Gambar 3. Pengaruh Waktu Karbonisasi terhadap Kadar Abu Briket\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 323,\n \"top\": 527,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 112,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Dari gambar 3 terlihat bahwa kadar abu briket pada masing-masing perlakuan mengalami kenaikan seiring dengan penambahan waktu karbonisasi. Peningkatan kadar abu dipengaruhi oleh waktu karbonisasi. Menurut hasil penelitian yang telah dilakukan Junary bahwa semakin lama waktu karbonisasi maka kadar abu pada briket semakin bertambah karena karbon akan habis terbakar dan menyisakan abu yang merupakan hasil sisa pembakaran [6].\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 323,\n \"top\": 642,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 32,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Merujuk pada tabel 2, maka kandungan abu dalam briket yang dibuat telah memenuhi standar SNI (maksimal 8%) [20].\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 323,\n \"top\": 682,\n \"width\": 205,\n \"height\": 55,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Analisis Kadar Zat Menguap (Volatile Matter) Analisis ini dilakukan mengacu kepada ASTM D3172-07a-2007. Pengaruh waktu karbonisasi terhadap kadar zat menguap dapat dilihat pada gambar 4.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 95,\n \"top\": 369,\n \"width\": 430,\n \"height\": 371,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"0 2 4 6 8 10 12 30 60 90 120 K a d a r A ir (% ) Waktu Karbonisasi (Menit) 1 : 2 1 : 4 1 : 6 1 : 8 0 2 4 6 30 60 90 120 K ad ar A b u ( % ) Waktu Karbonisasi (Menit) 1 : 2 1 : 4 1 : 6 1 : 8\",\n \"type\": \"Picture\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 126,\n \"top\": 375,\n \"width\": 272,\n \"height\": 249,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Rasio P:C Rasio P:C\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 186,\n \"top\": 38,\n \"width\": 237,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU, Vol. 5, No. 3 (September 2016)\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 515,\n \"top\": 783,\n \"width\": 13,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"34\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 207,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 20,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Gambar 4. Pengaruh Waktu Karbonisasi terhadap Kadar Zat Menguap Briket\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 236,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 32,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Pada gambar 4 dapat dilihat bahwa kadar zat menguap briket pada masing-masing perlakuan mengalami penurunan seiring\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 258,\n \"top\": 259,\n \"width\": 31,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"dengan\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 270,\n \"width\": 205,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"penambahan waktu karbonisasi. Menurut\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 282,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 66,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Borowski semakin lama waktu karbonisasi maka kadar volatil pada briket semakin berkurang. Hal ini dikarenakan pada saat proses karbonisasi, terjadi pelepasan senyawa volatil dalam bentuk gas atau asap sehingga meninggalkan residu gas karbon atau arang [2].\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 351,\n \"width\": 207,\n \"height\": 181,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Dari hasil penelitian yang diperoleh dapat disimpulkan bahwa nilai kadar volatile matter pada briket masih belum memenuhi standar SNI (maksimal 15%) [20]. Hal ini disebabkan komposisi dari komponen organik biomassa berupa C, H, dan O serta sebagian kecil S dan N yang sangat mempengaruhi karakteristik pembakaran sebagai massa total dari keseluruhan bahan yang berkurang selama pembakaran saat menentukan kadar volatile sehingga kadar volatile pada biomassa semakin meningkat saat dicampurkan dengan biomassa lain. Hal ini juga diperkuat oleh adanya perekat oli bekas yang memiliki komponen zat terbang yang mudah terbakar seperti N 2 , CO dan H 2 O yang menguap saat dilakukan pembakaran.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 541,\n \"width\": 192,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Analisis Kadar Karbon Terikat (Fixed Carbon)\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 552,\n \"width\": 183,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Analisis ini dilakukan mengacu kepada\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 564,\n \"width\": 205,\n \"height\": 32,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"ASTM D3172-07a-2007. Pengaruh waktu karbonisasi terhadap kadar karbon terikat dapat dilihat pada gambar 5.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 736,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 21,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Gambar 5. Pengaruh Waktu Karbonisasi terhadap Kadar Karbon Terikat Briket\",\n \"type\": \"Caption\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 323,\n \"top\": 87,\n \"width\": 206,\n \"height\": 78,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Pada gambar 5 terlihat bahwa kadar fixed carbon briket pada masing-masing perlakuan mengalami kenaikan seiring dengan penambahan waktu karbonisasi. Kadar karbon terikat pada setiap variasi waktu karbonisasi dapat dilihat semakin meningkat seiring dengan bertambahnya perbandingan pelepah dan cangkang kelapa sawit.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 323,\n \"top\": 168,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 112,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Menurut Rustini bahwa dengan penambahan cangkang kelapa sawit mampu meningkatkan kadar karbon terikat pada briket yaitu sebesar 5,195% [17]. Peningkatan kadar karbon terikat ini dikarenakan adanya kandungan zat-zat karbohidrat yaitu selulosa pada cangkang dan pelepah kelapa sawit yang merupakan salah satu sumber dari unsur karbon dalam briket. Semakin tinggi kadar karbon terikat bahan, maka pembakaran biobriket akan semakin baik.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 323,\n \"top\": 283,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 78,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Berdasarkan standar mutu SNI dapat disimpulkan bahwa nilai kadar fixed carbon pada briket dengan perbandingan bahan baku 1:8 dengan variasi waktu karbonisasi 60 menit, 90 menit dan 120 menit dan perbandingan 1:6 dengan waktu 120 menit telah memenuhi standar yaitu minimal 65% [27].\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 323,\n \"top\": 369,\n \"width\": 120,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Analisis Kerapatan (Density)\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 323,\n \"top\": 381,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 32,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Analisis ini dilakukan mengacu kepada ASTM D2395-14. Pengaruh waktu karbonisasi terhadap kerapatan dapat dilihat pada gambar 6.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 323,\n \"top\": 542,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 21,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Gambar 6. Pengaruh Waktu Karbonisasi terhadap Kerapatan Briket\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 323,\n \"top\": 571,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 113,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Pada gambar 6 dapat dilihat bahwa kerapatan briket pada masing-masing perlakuan mengalami penurunan seiring dengan penambahan waktu karbonisasi. Tetapi nilai yang diberikan pada gambar di atas tidak memberikan perbedaan yang terlalu jauh pada pengaruh waktu karbonisasi hal ini dikarenakan kerapatan dari briket ditentukan oleh rasio massa dan volume masing-masing sampel dari briket yang dihasilkan.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 323,\n \"top\": 686,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 78,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Pada penelitian ini tekstur arang dari pelepah kelapa sawit yang dihasilkan cenderung lebih halus dan lembut dibandingkan arang cangkang kelapa sawit. Menurut Kahariayadi semakin halus partikel bahan baku briket yang digunakan maka nilai kerapatannya akan semakin tinggi karena ikatan-ikatan antar bahan semakin bagus [7].\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 93,\n \"top\": 87,\n \"width\": 431,\n \"height\": 643,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"0 10 20 30 40 50 30 60 90 120 V o lat il e M at te r (% ) Waktu Karbonisasi (Menit) 1 : 2 1 : 4 1 : 6 1 : 8 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 30 60 90 120 F ix e d C a r b o n ( % ) Waktu Karbonisasi (Menit) 1 : 2 1 : 4 1 : 6 1 : 8 0,0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 30 60 90 120 K er ap at an ( g/ cm 3 ) Waktu Karbonisasi (Menit) 1 : 2 1 : 4 1 : 6 1 : 8\",\n \"type\": \"Picture\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 125,\n \"top\": 92,\n \"width\": 36,\n \"height\": 8,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Rasio P:C\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 119,\n \"top\": 605,\n \"width\": 39,\n \"height\": 8,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Rasio P:C\",\n \"type\": \"Caption\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 368,\n \"top\": 422,\n \"width\": 39,\n \"height\": 8,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Rasio P:C\",\n \"type\": \"Picture\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 186,\n \"top\": 38,\n \"width\": 237,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU, Vol. 5, No. 3 (September 2016)\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 515,\n \"top\": 783,\n \"width\": 13,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"35\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 87,\n \"width\": 205,\n \"height\": 44,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang diperoleh, perbedaan kerapatan briket pada setiap perbandingan bahan baku dengan waktu karbonisasi 0,00028 g/cm 3 atau sekitar 0,028%.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 139,\n \"width\": 109,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Analisis Laju Pembakaran\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 151,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 20,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Pengaruh waktu karbonisasi terhadap laju pembakaran dapat dilihat pada gambar 7.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 309,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 20,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Gambar 7. Pengaruh Waktu Karbonisasi terhadap Laju Pembakaran Briket\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 337,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 147,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Pada gambar 7 terlihat bahwa laju pembakaran briket pada masing-masing perlakuan mengalami kenaikan seiring dengan penambahan waktu karbonisasi. Salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi laju pembakaran suatu briket adalah kadar karbon terikat yang terkandung pada briket tersebut, dimana semakin tinggi kadar karbon terikat maka pembakaran biobriket akan semakin baik [24]. Hal ini dikarenakan semakin banyaknya unsur karbon dalam suatu bahan, maka semakin banyak pula karbon yang bereaksi dengan oksigen dan menghasilkan pembakaran yang semakin baik.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 487,\n \"width\": 205,\n \"height\": 89,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Hal yang sama juga telah dilaporkan oleh Martin bahwa salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi laju pembakaran adalah komposisi kimia yang terkandung pada bahan baku biomassa berupa kandungan karbon terikat dan zat menguap, sehingga dengan mencampurkan biomassa dapat meningkatkan laju pembakaran [10].\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 585,\n \"width\": 83,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Analisis Nilai Kalor\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 596,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 32,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Analisis ini dilakukan mengacu kepada ASTM D1989-97. Pengaruh waktu karbonisasi terhadap nilai kalor dapat dilihat pada gambar 8.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 749,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 21,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Gambar 8. Pengaruh Waktu Karbonisasi terhadap Nilai Kalor Briket\",\n \"type\": \"Caption\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 323,\n \"top\": 87,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 147,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Pada gambar 8 dapat dilihat bahwa nilai kalor briket pada masing-masing perlakuan mengalami kenaikan seiring dengan penambahan waktu karbonisasi. Menurut Junary bahwa semakin lama waktu karbonisasi maka kadar air yang dihasilkan akan semakin rendah dan nilai kalor akan semakin tinggi karena kadar air berbanding terbalik terhadap nilai kalor [6]. Hal ini disebabkan oleh nilai kalor yang terkandung pada cangkang kelapa sawit cukup tinggi yaitu 3800 Kcal/kg [14] dan juga dipengaruhi oleh perekat yang digunakan yaitu oli bekas yang memiliki nilai kalor sebesar 45814,74 kJ/kg [26].\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 323,\n \"top\": 237,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 78,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Semakin sempurna proses karbonisasi maka nilai kalor semakin tinggi. Hal ini disebabkan karena reaksi oksidasi pada proses karbonisasi mampu menghasilkan panas. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa nilai kalor yang terkandung pada briket telah sesuai dengan standar mutu SNI (≥ 5000 kal/g) [20].\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 323,\n \"top\": 323,\n \"width\": 84,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Analisis Kuat Tekan\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 323,\n \"top\": 335,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 32,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Pengaruh waktu karbonisasi terhadap kekuatan tekan briket dapat dilihat pada gambar 9.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 323,\n \"top\": 503,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 21,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Gambar 9. Pengaruh Waktu Karbonisasi terhadap Kuat Tekan Briket\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 323,\n \"top\": 532,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 90,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Pada gambar 9 terlihat bahwa nilai kalor briket pada masing-masing perlakuan mengalami kenaikan seiring dengan penambahan waktu karbonisasi. Kekuatan tekan pada briket dipengaruhi oleh campuran bahan baku pada pembuatan briket, semakin banyak jumlah campuran yang digunakan maka kuat tekan briket akan semakin tinggi.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 323,\n \"top\": 624,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 101,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Menurut Wijayanti bahwa dengan penambahan cangkang kelapa sawit maka kekompakan briket bertambah sehingga keteguhan tekan juga bertambah. Hal ini juga dikarenakan kandungan biomassa pada pelepah dan cangkang kelapa sawit berupa residu lignoselulosa yang mengandung selulosa, hemiselulosa, dan lignin dalam dinding sel kelapa sawit tersebut [25].\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 323,\n \"top\": 728,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 32,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Berdasarkan gambar diatas dapat dilihat bahwa kenaikan kuat tekan briket disebabkan karena variasi perbandingan bahan baku pelepah\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 95,\n \"top\": 173,\n \"width\": 189,\n \"height\": 125,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"0,00 0,05 0,10 0,15 0,20 0,25 0,30 30 60 90 120 L aj u P em b ak ar an (g/ m en it ) Waktu Karbonisasi (Menit) 1 : 2 1 : 4 1 : 6 1 : 8\",\n \"type\": \"Picture\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 97,\n \"top\": 180,\n \"width\": 427,\n \"height\": 565,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 30 60 90 120 N il a i K a lo r ( k k a l/ g r ) Waktu Karbonisasi (Menit) 1 : 2 1 : 4 1 : 6 1 : 8 0,00 0,05 0,10 0,15 0,20 0,25 0,30 0,35 30 60 90 120 Co m p re ss iv e S tr e n g th (N /m m 2 ) Waktu Karbonisasi (Menit) 1 : 2 1 : 4 1 : 6 1 : 8 Rasio P:C\",\n \"type\": \"Picture\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 126,\n \"top\": 637,\n \"width\": 39,\n \"height\": 8,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Rasio P:C\",\n \"type\": \"Caption\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 371,\n \"top\": 375,\n \"width\": 34,\n \"height\": 7,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Rasio P:C\",\n \"type\": \"Picture\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 186,\n \"top\": 38,\n \"width\": 237,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU, Vol. 5, No. 3 (September 2016)\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 515,\n \"top\": 783,\n \"width\": 13,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"36\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 87,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 67,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"dan cangkang kelapa sawit yang semakin besar sehingga kandungan lignin dan selulosa semakin tinggi. Kandungan lignin dan selulosa pada cangkang kelapa sawit sebesar 53,85% dan 6,92% dan pelepah kelapa sawit mengandung lignin 23,40% dan selulosa 27,9% [12, 22].\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 156,\n \"width\": 205,\n \"height\": 67,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Dapat dikatakan bahwa briket belum memenuhi standar yang diterima untuk industri yaitu 0,38 N/mm 2 – 1,0 N/mm 2 [16]. Hal ini dapat disebabkan karena briket yang dihasilkan memiliki kerapatan yang cukup rendah sehingga briket akan menjadi lebih rapuh.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 231,\n \"width\": 54,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Kesimpulan\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 243,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 89,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Berdasarkan analisis yang telah dilakukan maka diperoleh briket terbaik dengan kadar air sebesar 6%, kadar abu sebesar 1,105%, kadar volatil sebesar 21,693%, kadar karbon terikat sebesar 50,169%, kerapatan sebesar 0,518 g/cm 3 , Laju pembakaran sebesar 0,273 g/menit, Nilai kalor sebesar 15107,138 kal/g dan kuat tekan sebesar 0,285 N/mm 2 .\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 347,\n \"width\": 68,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Daftar Pustaka\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 87,\n \"top\": 358,\n \"width\": 202,\n \"height\": 55,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"[1] Ardiansyah, Perubahan Kandungan Nutrisi Pelepah dan Daun Sawit Melalui Fermentasi dengan Kapang Phanerocaete Chrysos- porium, Skripsi, Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Taman Siswa Padang, 2014.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 416,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 55,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"[2] Borowski. Gabriel dan Jan J. Hycnar, Utilization of Fine Coal Waste as a Fuel Briquettes, International Journal of Coal Preparation and Utilization, Vol 33, ISSN: 1939-2699, p. 194-204, 2013.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 473,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 78,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"[3] Danjuma. M. N, B. Maiwada dan R. Tukur, Disseminating Biomass Briquetting Technology in Nigeria: A case for Briquettes Production Initiatives in Katsina State, International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, (2013), Vol 3, Issue 10, ISSN 2250–2459.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 554,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 55,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"[4] Ikelle Issie Ikelle dan Ogah Sule Philip Ivoms, Determination of the Heating Ability of Coal and Corn Cob Briquettes, IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry, (2014), Vol 7, Issue 2, ISSN: 2278-5736, p. 77-82.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 611,\n \"width\": 205,\n \"height\": 90,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"[5] Jain. Varun, Rc. Chippa, Pbl. Chaurasia, Harshal Gupta dan Sarvesh Kumar Singh, A Comparative Experimental Investigation of Physical and Chemical Properties of Sawdust and Cattle Manurebriquette, International Journal of Science Engineering And Technology, (2014), Vol 2, Issue 7, ISSN 2348-4098.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 703,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 21,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"[6] Junary. Erwin, Julham Prasetya dan Netti Herlina, Pengaruh Suhu Dan Waktu\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 727,\n \"width\": 183,\n \"height\": 31,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Karbonisasi Terhadap Nilai Kalor Dan Karakteristik Pada Pembuatan Bioarang Berbahan Baku Pelepah Aren (Arenga\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 344,\n \"top\": 87,\n \"width\": 183,\n \"height\": 20,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Pinnata), Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU, Vol 4, No 2, 2015.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 323,\n \"top\": 110,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 32,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"[7] Kahariayadi. Aloysius, Dina Setyawati, Nurhaida, Farah Diba dan Emi Roslinda, Kualitas Arang Briket Berdasarkan\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 344,\n \"top\": 145,\n \"width\": 183,\n \"height\": 32,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Persentase Arang Batang Kelapa Sawit (Elaeis Guineensis Jacq) Dan Arang Kayu Laban (Vitex Pubescens Vahl), Jurnal Hutan\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 344,\n \"top\": 179,\n \"width\": 165,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Lestari (2015), Vol 3, No 4, p. 561-568.\",\n \"type\": \"Table\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 323,\n \"top\": 191,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 20,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"[8] Maharsa. Luthfi dan Muhammad, Pengaruh Variasi Komposisi Campuran Pada\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 344,\n \"top\": 214,\n \"width\": 183,\n \"height\": 43,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Biobriket Kulit Mete Dan Sekam Padi Terhadap Laju Pembakaran, Rotasi Jurnal Teknik Mesin, (2012), Vol 14, No 4, p. 15- 22.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 323,\n \"top\": 260,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 20,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"[9] Mahidin. Asri Gani Dan Khairil, Physical Characterization and Desulfurization of\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 344,\n \"top\": 283,\n \"width\": 183,\n \"height\": 32,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Biobriquette Using Calcium-Based Adsorbent, Makara Teknologi, 2011, Vol 15, No 2, p. 178-182.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 323,\n \"top\": 317,\n \"width\": 205,\n \"height\": 78,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"[10] Martin. Ogbu Ikechukwu, Enhancing The Properties Of Coal Briquette Using Spear Grass (Imperata Cylindrica) And Elephant Grass (Pennisetum Purpureum), Thesis, Department Of Pure And Industrial Chemistry Faculty Of Physical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, 2010.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 323,\n \"top\": 398,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 55,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"[11] Ngusale. George K, Yonghao Luo dan Jeremiah K. Kiplagat, Briquette Making In Kenya: Nairobi And Peri-Urban Areas, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, (2014), Vol 40, Elsevier, p. 749–\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 323,\n \"top\": 455,\n \"width\": 205,\n \"height\": 32,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"759. [12] Okoroigwe. Edmund C, Christopher M. Saffron dan Pascal D. Kamdem,\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 344,\n \"top\": 490,\n \"width\": 183,\n \"height\": 55,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Characetrization of Palm Kernel Shell for Materials Reinforcement and Water Treatment, Journal of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, (2014), Vol 5(1), Pp 1 – 6. ISSN 2141-6605.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 323,\n \"top\": 547,\n \"width\": 205,\n \"height\": 67,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"[13] Onchieku. J.M, B.N. Chikamai dan M.S. Rao, Optimum Parameters for the Formulation of Charcoal Briquettes Using Bagasse and Clay as Binder, European Journal of Sustainable Development, (2012), Vol 1, Issue 3, 477-492, ISSN 2239-5938.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 323,\n \"top\": 616,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 55,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"[14] Oyejobi. D, O. T. S. Abdulkadir, I. T. Yusuf dan M. J. Badiru, Effects of Palm Kernel Shells Sizes and Mix Ratios on Lightweight Concrete, Journal of Research Information in Civil Engineering, (2012), 9 (2).\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 323,\n \"top\": 674,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"[15] Patisarana. Grata Dan Mulfi Hazwi,\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 344,\n \"top\": 685,\n \"width\": 183,\n \"height\": 44,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Optimalisasi Efisiensi Termis Boiler Menggunakan Serabut Dan Cangkang Sawit Sebagai Bahan Bakar, Jurnal Dinamis, (2012), Vol I, No11, ISSN 0216-7492.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 323,\n \"top\": 731,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 32,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"[16] Prasityousil. Jitthep dan Akarawit Muenjina, Properties of Solid Fuel Briquettes Produced from Rejected Material of Municipal Waste\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 575,\n \"top\": 842,\n \"width\": 50,\n \"height\": 8,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Ca(OH) 2 2,5 N\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 186,\n \"top\": 38,\n \"width\": 237,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU, Vol. 5, No. 3 (September 2016)\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 515,\n \"top\": 783,\n \"width\": 13,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"37\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 87,\n \"width\": 183,\n \"height\": 20,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"Composting, Procedia Environmental Scien- ces 17, 603-610, Elsevier, 2013.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 110,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 44,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"[17] Rustini, Pembuatan Briket Arang dari Serbuk Gergajian Kayu Pinus (Pinus merkusii Jungh. et de Vr), Skripsi, Fakultas Kehutanan Institut Pertanian Bogor, 2004.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 85,\n \"top\": 156,\n \"width\": 204,\n \"height\": 55,\n \"page_number\": 7,\n \"page_width\": 595,\n \"page_height\": 841,\n \"text\": \"[18] Shehu. 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da272b95-169d-96f1-8247-eea115211c1f | https://j-innovative.org/index.php/Innovative/article/download/10931/7525 | [
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"text": "INNOVATIVE: Journal Of Social Science Research Volume 4 Nomor 3 Tahun 2024 Page 5073-5088 E-ISSN 2807-4238 and P-ISSN 2807-4246",
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"text": "Strategi Destinasi Branding Kampung Edukasi Untuk Meningkatkan Pengunjung Dan Menjadi Objek Wisata Unggulan Desa Kembangkuning Boyolali",
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"text": "Reza Azhari Ramadhan 1 ✉ , Muh. Sa`idun 2",
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"text": "Universitas Islam Negeri Raden Mas Said Surakarta, Jawa Tengah Email: resawaelah12@gmail.com 1 ✉",
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"text": "Pariwisata merupakan salah satu industri yang paling menjanjikan karena dapat mendongkrak perekonomian masyarakat, salah satu negara yang memberdayakan sektor pariwisata adalah Indonesia bahkan sektor pariwisata bisa menjadi branding yang bagus untuk wilayah yang memiliki potensi industri pariwisata. Salah desa wisata yang berada dalam wilayah kabupaten boyolali memiliki salah satu kawasan wisata yang mampu mendongkrak prekonomian masyarakat sekitarnya. Hal ini menjadi target bagi pihak pengelola dan pemerintah desa untuk semakin mengembangkan kawasan wisata, terdapat satu lokasi yang berpotensi untuk menjadi destinasi wisata unggulan adalah kampung edukasi yang terletak di desa kembangkuning, untuk mengetahui strategi destinasi branding tersebut peneliti menggunakan teori dari Morgan dan Pritchard dengan metodeologi penelitian kualitatif deskriptif . Hasil temuan memaparkan bahwa ada lima tahapan destinasi branding yang di lakukan oleh pihak pengelola wisata kampung edukasi boyolali Tahap pertama, mengnalisis apa yang berpotensi untuk di jadukan kawasan pariwisata dengan menggandeng stakeholder. Tahap kedua, mengembangkan identitas dengan memaksimalkan tiga layanan wisata. Tahap ketiga, mengenalkan produk kepada masyarakat menggunakan media sosial serta sosialisasi Tahap keempat, dengan imlementasi brand melalui simbol, slogan dan membuat link tree yang berisikan layanan wisata dan profile objek wisata. Tahap kelima, monitoring dan evaluasi yang dilakukan oleh pihak pengelola dan pokdariws. Temuan lainnya yang peneliti dapatkan konsep kawasan wisata ini satu-satunya yang ada di Jawa Tengah.",
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"text": "Kata Kunci: Branding, desa kembangkuning, kampung edukasi, , strategi destinasi,",
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"text": "Abstract",
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"text": "Tourism is one of the most promising industries because it can boost the people's economy. One of the countries that empowers the tourism sector is Indonesia. In fact, the tourism sector can be good branding for regions that have tourism industry potential. One of the tourist villages in the Boyolali district has a tourist area that is able to boost the economy of the surrounding community. This is a target for the management and village government to further develop the tourist area. There is one location that has the potential to become a leading tourist destination, namely the educational village located in the village of Bembangkuning. To find out the destination branding strategy, researchers use the theory of Morgan and Pritchard with methodology. descriptive qualitative research. The findings show that there are five stages of destination branding carried out by the Boyolali educational village tourism management. The first stage is analyzing what has the potential to be designated as a tourism area by collaborating with stakeholders. The second stage, developing an identity by maximizing three tourist services. The third stage, introducing the product to the public using social media and socialization. The fourth stage, with brand implementation through symbols, slogans and creating a link tree containing tourist services and tourist attraction profiles. The fifth stage, monitoring and evaluation is carried out by the management and Pokdariws. Another finding that researchers obtained is that the concept of this tourist area is the only one in Central Java Keywords : Branding, educational village, kembangkuning village, destination strategy,",
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"text": "PENDAHULUAN",
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"text": "Pariwisata mempunyai potensi untuk digambarkan sebagai industri yang berkembang pesat. Hampir setiap negara di dunia mempunyai potensi untuk mengembangkan industri pariwisatanya. Dan yang terpenting adalah industri pariwisata harus mengakomodasi prospek yang cerah dan cukup menjanjikan, serta memberikan keuntungan bagi masyarakat. Khususnya industri-industri yang memiliki potensi ladang yang menguntungkan, bahkan ketika dikelola secara profesional, dapat menjadikan industri-industri yang sangat produktif yang mampu meningkatkan PDB nasional, dan Indonesia adalah salah satu contohnya",
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"text": "Pariwisata merupakan salah satu paling berpengaruh dalam hal ekonomi di Indonesia. Karena memiliki kekayaaan alam, kultur, dan warisan leluhur Indonesia yang asli adalah nilai lebih yang perlu terus kita jaga dan lestarikan. Pariwisata punya posisi strategis dalam peningkatan devisa negara. Ini di buktikan pada tahun lalu, industri pariwisata Indonesia dapat menyumbang sekitar US$ 10 miliar devisa negara. Posisi tersebut menjadi nomor empat setelah minyak, batu bara dan kelapa sawit. Pariwisata merupakan sektor jasa berbasis kreatif. Indonesia dengan potensi pariwisata yang kaya harusnya bisa memaksimalkan potensi yang dimilikinya sebesar-besarnya untuk kesejahteraan rakyat.",
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"text": "Apalagi pariwisata adalah industri yang lebih ramah lingkungan. Jika menjual keindahan alamnya saja cukup, mengapa harus merusak atau",
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"text": "mengambilnya. Semua orang menyadari akan potensi pariwisata Indonesia yang kaya dan beragam.",
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"text": "Potensi area wisata tidak disebut destinasi kalau tidak ada 3A, yaitu Attractive, Amenities atau fasilitas, dan Accessibilities. Untuk itu pemerintah dalam lima tahun ke depan berusaha meningkatkan promosi wisata dengan memanfaatkan teknologi informasi secara lebih kuat. Di samping itu juga pemerintah akan mengembangkan jenis wisata lainnya yang berbasis kultural dan membangun brand kepariwisataan lebih naik (https://www.kominfo.go.id/, n.d. ). Tujuan pariwisata mengarah ke destinasi yang tujuannya dapat tercapai baik melalui fasilitas potensial, iklim atau tradisi budaya di destinasi tersebut. Selain itu, pariwisata merupakan kegiatan yang melintasi sektor-sektor konvensional; ekonomi, sosial, budaya dan lingkungan. Menurut (Walton, 2023)) yang di kutip dalam buku yang berjudul Pengantar bisnis pariwisata berpendapat bahwa pariwisata merujuk kegiatan memanfaatkan waktu dari runitinas keseharian melalui rekreasi, relaksasi, kesenangan, serta memanfaatkan layanan pariwisata.",
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"text": "Kabupaten Boyolali adalah salah satu dari banyaknya kabupaten yang ada di Provinsi Jawa Tengah, Kabupaten ini memiliki julukan kota susu karena kebanyakan masyarakat boyolali adalah peternak sapi perah yang memang sudah menjadi turun temurun dan iconic bagi masyarakat boyolali dan sekitarnya. Selain identik dengan khas kota susu kabupaten boyolali memiliki beberapa tempat wisata seperti New Selo yang memiliki view indah karena letaknya yang berada di dataran tinggi. Lokasi tersebut sangatlah favorite oleh para kawula muda untuk nongkrong atau menikmati suasana, namun berbeda dengan Wisata kampung edukasi yang mana suasananya hampir sama namun memiliki perbedaan di sini para wisatawan akan merasakan suasana tempo dulu dan bagi para orang tua destinasi wisata ini sangatlah cocok untuk mengajak anak-anak bermain dan berwisata di kampung edukasi sendiri memiliki mainan tempo dulu yang tentunya ada sejarah dan perkembangannya, sehingga destinasi wisata ini sangatlah cocok bagi para wisatawan lokal maupun luar",
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"text": "Desa Kembangkuning merupakan salah satu desa yang terletak di Kecamatan cepogo, Kabupaten Boyolali Provinsi Jawa Tengah, desa ini medapatkan julukan desa wisata di karenakan sudah banyak kawasan wisata dalam desa tersebut dan salah satunya adalah kampung edukasi yang terletak di kampung durensari. Wisata kampung edukasi sendiri baru saja melakukan grand launching pada bulan juni lalu. Destinasi Wisata ini",
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"text": "berdiri pada tahun 2021 sempat berjalannya waktu akan tetapi karena ada suatu hal tempat wisata ini di tutup sementara namun kembali di buka pada tahun 2023 tepatnya pada bulan juni kemarin, tempat ini di dirikan atas kerjasama pihak Air Nav Indonesia dengan Kepala pengelola kampung edukasi, dengan adanya objek wisata ini pihak Air Nav berharap perekonomian masyarakat desa kembangkuning bisa meningkat.",
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"text": "Sejalan dengan pentingnya sebuah brand dalam sektor pariwisata, maka kawasan Wisata kampung edukasi Desa Kembangkuning melakukan beberpa cara untuk membranding destinasi wisata tersebut agar menjadid kawasan wisata favorite khalayak luas. Adapun beberapa yang telah di upayakan untuk membranding tempat tersebut adalah : membuat konsep dengan memafaatkan sosial media untuk menyebarluaskan informasi tentang destinasi wisata ini, memanfaatkan relasi sehingga sosialisasi bisa terlaksana, menggandeng stakeholder untuk turut serta membranding tempat tersebut Penelitian Terdahulu oleh Hary Hermawan, mahasiswa sekolah tinggi pariwisata ARS Internasional yang berjudul Pengembangan Destinasi Wisata Pada Tingkat Tapak Lahan Dengan Pendekatan Analisis Swot. Dalam penelitian ini mengkaji tentang bagaimana cara pengembangan destinasi yang berbasis alam di Kawasan Puspo Ardi dengan pendekatan analasis SWOT dengan mengubah tata letak Penataan taman atau landscaping; Pembangunan sarana wisata dan aksebilitas; Rekomendasi menggarap potensi daya tarik alam budaya serta potensi flora khas yang ada untuk dikemas menjadi daya tarik wisata yang indah, unik dan otentik dengan penataan taman atau landscaping sebagai kesan pertama dan icon wisata Puspo Ardi, Pengadaan faslititas mulai yang paling dasar seperti tempat parkir, plang penujuk, tempat duduk umum, gazebo, toilet, parkir dan seterusnya, dan pembangunan daya tarik yang iconik, atau instagramable untuk memaksimalkan potensi pasar anak muda.",
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"text": "Adanya keterbaruan kajian yang peneliti lakukan yaitu terdapat Perbedaan antara penelitian milik Hary Hermawan ialah penelitian ini mengkaji destinasi wisata dengan pendekatan metode analisis SWOT, sedangkan topik peneliti adalah lima tahapan destinasi branding menurut Morgan dan Pritchard. Topik yang peneliti angkat adalah destinasi wisata yang menggambarkan tentang budaya tempo dulu dan edukasi. Sehingga terdapat rumusan masalah yang teridentifikasi pada penelitian ini berupa “Bagaimana strategi branding yang dilakukan pihak pengelola kawasan wisata kampung edukasi Kabupaten Boyolali dalam meningkatkan pengunjung dan menjadi wisata unggulan? Berdasarkan masalah tersebut, peneliti merasa tertarik untuk mengkaji lebih lanjut terkait metode yang di gunakan untuk menarik minat pengunjung untuk datang dan berkunjung",
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"text": "METODE PENELITIAN",
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"text": "Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif deskriptif. (J.Moleong, 2014) memaknai terkait metode penelitian ini dilakukan untuk melihat fenomena yang sedang terjadi, melalui sudut pandang yang berasal dari subjek penelitian, seperti; pelaku, motivasi, persepsi, dan tindakan Sehingga penelitian ini akan dideskripsikan melalui transkrip teks secara alamiah yang diperoleh dari hasil wawancara. Oleh sebab itu metode ini dipilih untuk menggambarkan sekaligus mendeskripsikan fakta dan data yang ada pada objek penelitian kawasan wisata kampung edukasi. Penelitian ini di laksanakan di kampung edukasi yang lokasi nya di Desa Kembangkuning Kecamatan Cepogo Kabupaten Boyolali, Jawa Tengah. Adapun alasan pemilihan lokasi ini karena Destinasi kampung edukasi yang berada di Desa Kembangjuning, Boyolali. Karena peneliti merasa ada kawasan wisata ini harus lebih berkembang lagi karena banyak masyarakat lokal maupun luar belum mengetahui bahwa ada kawasan wisata yang bagus untuk mereka kunjungi",
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"text": "Sumber data Data yang digunakan penelitian ini menggunakan satu jenis sumber data, yaitu : Data Primer Menurut (Sugiyono, 2018) Data primer merupakan sumber data yang memberikan data secara langsung kepada pengumpul data. Data dikumpulkan langsung oleh peneliti sendiri dari sumber pertama atau tempat pertama dilakukannya objek penelitian. Peneliti menggunakan hasil wawancara dan observasi yang didapatkan dari informan mengenai topik penelitian sebagai data primer, selanjutnya Data Sekunder penelitian ini mendukung data yang dapat diperoleh dari membaca, menulis, literatur, media, arsip, dan lain-lain. adapun subjek dan objek penelitian Menurut (Arikunto, 2006) Objek penelitian meliputi identifikasi objek penelitian sebagai objek, benda atau orang yang melekat padanya dan indikasi data variabel penelitian. Dalam penelitian, objek penelitian mempunyai peranan yang sangat strategis karena objek penelitian terdiri dari data-data tentang variabel-variabel yang diamati oleh peneliti. Dalam penelitian kualitatif, subjek penelitian disebut informan, artinya mereka yang memberikan informasi tentang data yang diinginkan peneliti relevan dengan penelitian yang dilakukan. Subyek utama (Key Informan) Peneliti disini memiliki tiga informan dari pihak wisata kampung edukasi yaitu Bapak Yarmanto sebagai Kepala Desa, Bapak UUN sebagai Kepala Pengelola dan yang terakhir adalah tim pokdarwis. Objek penelitian ini yaitu Strategi Destinasi Branding kampung edukasi untuk meningkatkan jumlah pengunjung dan menjadi objek wisata unggulan di Desa Kembangkuning. Untuk memperoleh data yang diperlukan peneliti menggunakan tiga teknik pengumpulan data. Pengumpulan data yaitu melalui observasi, wawancara dan dokumentasi. Analisis data menurut (Sugiyono, 2018) adalah proses meneliti dan mensintesis secara sistematis data yang diperoleh dari wawancara, catatan",
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"text": "lapangan dan dokumen, menyusun data ke dalam kategori-kategori, mendeskripsikan berdasarkan satuan, mensintesis, menyusun pilah-pilah menjadi pola, memilih apa yang penting dan apa yang akan dipelajari serta menarik kesimpulan.. Teknik analisis data yang diteliti menggunakan model Miles dan Huberman. Menurut Miles dan Huberman dalam buku (Sugiyono, 2018) Analisis data dalam penelitian kualitatif dilakukan pada saat proses pengumpulan data dan setelah pengumpulan data selesai dalam jangka waktu tertentu. Kegiatan analisis data kualitatif dilakukan secara interaktif dan dilakukan terus menerus hingga selesai sehingga data jenuh",
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"text": "HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN",
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"text": "Hasil",
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"text": "(Morgan& Pritchard, 2004: 69) menjelaskan bahwa ada lima tahapan untuk melakukan destination branding yaitu :",
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"text": "A. Market investigation and strategic",
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"text": "Analysis Tahapan ini ialah melakukan kegiatan riset, pemetaan potensi pasar, hal-hal apa saja yang dapat dikembangkan serta menyusun strategi yang tepat untuk mengembangkan destinasi. Hal tersebut menunjukan bahwa fungsi sebuah kegiatan investigasi pasar dan strategi pasar adalah untuk menyusun berbagai langkah dan strategi yang bisa dilakukan untuk melakukan pengembangan destinasi tersebut.",
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"text": "B. Brand identity development",
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"text": "Setelah melakukan penginvestigasian, maka tahap selanjutnya adalah mengembangkan identitas. Identitas merek seperti apa yang ingin dimunculkan dari destinasi tersebut, dalam hal ini perlu kejelasan dari visi-misi destinasi, sehingga nantinya citra yang terbentuk berdasarkan hasi identitas yang dimiliki oleh destinasi. Langkah atau upaya yang bisa dilakukan adalah dengan melakukan sebuah riset, atau juga bisa melihat dari potensi utama yang dimiliki dari destinasi yang ada. Dalam hal ini, Panduan gaya desain merek harus memastikan konsistensi pesan dan pendekatan agar memperkuat nilai- nilai merek. Visi (yang dibagikan) harus dinyatakan dengan jelas dalam nilai-nilai inti merek secara konsisten dan diperkuat melalui produk dan semua bentuk komunikasi pemasaran. Untuk menjadi sukses dalam menciptakan keterikatan emosional destintation branding harus: 1) kredibel, 2) mudah disampaikan, 3) membedakan dengan merek lain, 4) dapat menyampaikan ide-ide yang kuat, 5) menyenangkan bagi para pemangku kepentingan dan mitra, 6) beresonansi dengan konsumen.",
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"text": "C.Brand introduction",
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"text": "Langkah selanjutnya adalah memperkenalkan brand. Brand launch dapat dilakukan",
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"text": "Copyright @ Reza Azhari Ramadhan, Muh. Sa`idun",
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"text": "melalui berbagai media sebagai berikut, media relations seperti advertising, direct marketing, personal selling, website, brochures, atau event organizer, film- makers, destination marketing organization (DMOs) serta journalist. Tahapan ini merupakan tahap mengkomunikasikan brand melalui berbagai media yang tersedia. Dalam mengenalkan produk sebuah destinasi tidak sama dengan pengenalan produk lainnya, perlu langkah- langkah yang tepat agar pengenalandestinasi wisata tidak menimbulkan persepesi atau image yang negatif di masyarakat Pengenalan destinasi wisata pun harus membuat masyaraka tertarik untuk berkunjung dan menjadi wisatawan potensial. Karena itulah, pengenalan brand kepada masyarakat sebagai wisatawan potensial, harus menjadi unik dan berbeda dengan yang lain.",
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"text": "C. Brand Implementation",
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"text": "Brand adalah sebuah janji. Semua pihak- pihak yang terlibat mulai dari pemerintah, pihak hotel, travel agensi, masyarakat setempat harus berusaha mewujudkan janji yang diucapkan. Sehingga wisatawan yang datang akan merasa betah dan terkesan dengan daerah tujuan. Beberapa kasus yang biasanya terjadi adalah ketika wisata alam sudah sangat indah tapi tidak didukung dengan kebersihan tempat umum seperti toilet dan tempat beribadah. nimbulkan pungli (pungutan liar) dan meresahkan wisatawan.",
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"text": "D. Monitoring and evaluation",
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"text": "Tahap terakhir ini adalah sebuah usaha untuk memantau apakah ada penyimpangan, kekurangan dan sebagainya dari apa yang telah dilakukan. Hasil monitoring tersebut kemudian dievaluasi dan direview untuk perbaikan. Proses destinasi branding kampung edukasi untuk menarik minat pengunjung serta menjadi objek wisata unggulan di kembangkuning Boyolali memperlukan tahap untuk mempromosikan serta membranding kawasan wisata tersebut, tahap pembentukan brand pada kampung edukasi sebagai destinasi wisata yang unggul serta dapat menarik minat pengunjung Strategi branding kampung edukasi adalah sebagai berikut :",
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"text": "1. Market Investigation and Strategic Analysis",
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"text": "Investigasi pasar dan juga strategi analisis merupakan tahapan pertama dalam sebuah strategi destinasi branding untuk menentukan, memetakan sebuah wilayah destinasi wisata pada suatu wilayah. Berdasarkan wawancara peneliti dengan Kepala Desa Kembangkuning Yarmanto memaparkan bahwa sektor pariwisata di wilayahnya memiliki impact yang positif terutama pada sektor pereknonimian masyarakat pernyataan Kades ini di dukung oleh ketua pengelola yang memaparkan bahwa sektor perekonomian masyarakat secara otomatis naik dengan adanya wisata kampung edukasi ini , menurut kades desa kembangkuning merupakan desa wisata yang memiliki beberapa lokasi namun",
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"text": "Copyright @ Reza Azhari Ramadhan, Muh. Sa`idun",
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{
"left": 75,
"top": 39,
"width": 465,
"height": 36,
"page_number": 8,
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"text": "bencana covid-19 melanda sehingga menyebabkan mangkraknya beberapa tempat wisata di sana.",
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"height": 139,
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"text": "Salah satu alasan berdirinya kampung edukasi berdiri karena potensi wisata yang berbalut sejarah masih minim sekali ini membuat kampung edukasi memiliki potensi untuk menjadi salah satu kawasan wisata sejarah yang ada di kabupaten boyolali, di dukung dengan lokasi dengan view dataran tinggi wisata kampung edukasi pasti akan menjadi salah satu objek wisata pilihan oleh wisatawan. Beberapa hal yang menjadi menarik dalam objek wisata ini berdasarkan wawancara dengan ketua pokdarwis dalam kampung edukasi adalah :",
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"text": "Untuk memberikan kenyamanan kita menyediakan wifi,paket wisata, homestay supaya para wisatawan bisa nyaman dan betah di situ karena kita harus memberikan pelayanan yang maksimal, selain itu kita juga memberikan wisata sekaligus belajar (mengedukasi) untuk wisatawan karena zaman sekarang sudah menghilang maka dari itu kita berikan kepada wisatawan lokal maupun luar. Kita memiliki empat lokasi yaitu : Griya Unggah Ungguh yang menjadi area untuk pembelajaran tata krama dalam adat jawa, Griya Kawruh tempat ini merupakan museum mini yang berisi alat-alat zaman dahulu ini dapat mengedukasi dan memberikan wawasan kepada anak-anak bahwa orang zaman dahulu menggunakan alat-alat tradisional, lalu ada Plataran Srawung yang berisi macam-macam permainan tradisional tempo dulu dan yang terakhir yaitu Griya Palerenan yang merupakan tempat serbaguna dan bisa juga untuk beristirahat (Morgan & Pritchard, 2004) mengungkapkan bahwa sangat penting untuk keberhasilan destination branding adalah sejauh mana destinasi tersebut memiliki kepribadian merek yang berinteraksi dengan target pasar. Branding harus kompleks dan kaya. Faktanya, merek yang paling kuat adalah mereka dengan identitas merek dan kepribadian terkaya. Namun kepribadian dan identitas merek yang kompleks cukup langka di dunia, atribut merek sering dibuat secara seadanya dan dangkal. Ciri-ciri branding seperti 'ramah', 'alami', dan 'kontemporer' sangat populer digunakakan, tetapi strategi branding seperti itu hampir tidak membantu untuk membangun merek yang menarik atau aspiratif.",
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"text": "2. Brand Identity",
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"text": "Brand Identity Development merupakan sebuah pembentukan citra dari sebuah brand atau identitas merek dari sebuah destinasi wisata dari suatu destinasi wisata tersebut Setelah riset pasar selesai, tahap selanjutnya untuk adalah mengembangkan identitas merek . Setelah nilai-nilai inti ditetapkan dalam merek, setiap komponen identitas merek, mulai dari fotografi, warna, tipografi, hingga nada, harus mampu mendorong orang lain untuk berkunjung. Setelah riset pasar selesai, fase berikutnya adalah pengembangan",
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"text": "Copyright @ Reza Azhari Ramadhan, Muh. Sa`idun",
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{
"left": 75,
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"text": "identitas merek. Setelah nilai-nilai inti ditetapkan dalam merek Anda, setiap komponen identitas merek Anda, mulai dari fotografi, warna, tipografi, hingga nada, harus mampu mendorong orang lain untuk berkunjung. (Morgan & Pritchard, 2004) . Menurut (Warpani. Suwardjoko & Indira Warpani, 2007) daya tarik wisata adalah potensi alamiah atau binaan atau hasil rekayasa akal budi yang menjadi fokus pariswisara. Daya tarik wisara dapat pula diciptakan dengan merekayasa suatu objek dan/atau menawarkan “peristiwa” yang sesuai dengan potensi sumber daya daerah, keunikan peristiwa, serta sasaran dan kebutuhan pasar. Jenis daya tarik wisata dapat berupa potensi alam, potensi budaya, dan potensi manusia. Maka daya tarik ini yang menjadi nilai ( value) yang dikembangkan untuk menarik wisatawan. Dalam penggambaran identitas merek atau brand identity yang ingin dibangun adalah dengan melakukan branding terhadap daya tarik wisata kampung edukasi di Boyolali, serta untuk menyebarluaskan serta kedepannnya lebih baik lagi pihak pengelola juga menggandeng stakeholder untuk kerjasama",
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"text": "Berdasarkan hasil observasi dan wawancara destinasi wisata kampung edukasi memiliki memiliki empat daya tarik wisata yang nantinya bakal menarik wisatawan lokal maupun luar untuk berkunjung adapun sebagai berikut :",
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"text": "a. Wisata Sejarah",
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"text": "Dalam ilmu pengetahuan history(sejarah) diartikan menjadi pengetahuan di masa depan bagi semua manusia, pada perkembangan suatu yang memiliki sifat unik dan pada masa sesudahnya memiliki dampak. Histori merupakan kejadian yang benar dan nyata sudah terjadi pada masa lalu yang tidak dicampur tangani oleh menusia, baik yang berkaitan dengan pendidikan, ekonomi, budaya, sosial, dan hal lain yang sudah terjadi menurut Ernst Bernheim dalam penelitian (Islam et al., 2023) Sejarah merupakan ilmu yang membahas tumbuh kembangnya setiap insan sebagai makhluk sosial sebagai tanda usaha- usaha mereka.",
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"text": "Dalam penelitian (Seva Juniar, n.d.) International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) (2012) memberikan penjelasan bahwasanya pariwisata budaya meliputi semua pengalaman yang didapat oleh wisatawan dari sebuah tempat yang berbeda dari lingkungan tempat tinggalnya. Dalam pariwisata ini,wisatawan diajak untuk melihat serta mengenali budaya dan komunitas lokal, pemandangan, nilai dan gaya hidup lokal, museum dan tempat bersejarah, seni pertunjukan, tradisi dan kuliner dari populasi lokal atau komunitas asli. Pariwisata berbasis sejarah merupakan modal dan strategi nyata dalam mengembangkan potensi suatu negara dalam lingkup sosial-budaya, khususnya Indonesia yang kaya akan peninggalan sejarah tangible maupun intangible-nya yang menarik.",
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"text": "Menurut penelitian(Islam et al., 2023)historis dimaknai sebagai pengetahuan masa",
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"text": "Copyright @ Reza Azhari Ramadhan, Muh. Sa`idun",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
"left": 75,
"top": 39,
"width": 465,
"height": 244,
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"text": "lalu yang susunannya urut dan terstruktur menggunakaan metode ilmiah untuk penelaahannya. Adanya penelaahan mendalam dan menyeluruh, menjadikan sejarah sebagai alat penambah wawasan bagi yang membaca dan memperdalami ilmunya. Kampung edukasi memiliki satu lokasi yang berisikan benda-benda sejarah zaman dulu tempat tersebut bernama Griya Kawruh yang merupakan museum mini berisikan benda- benda tempo dulu yang pastinya akan menambah wawasan dan pengetahuan wisatawan. Kawasan Wisata kampung edukasi memiliki museum mini yang nantinya akan memberikan pengetahuan ilmu kepada wisatawan tentang bagaimana orang zaman dahulu melakukan kegiatan kan itu sangat asik sekali untuk di pelajari untuk orang-orang zaman sekarang, untuk kedepanya kita berencana untuk membenahi seperti memberikam kode barcode nanti akan muncul narasi tentang benda yang ada di sana (wawancara dengan kepala pengelola kampung edukasi uun sismiyardi)",
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"text": "b. Culture Tourism",
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"text": "Budaya ialah salah satu metode untuk hidup dan bisa berkembang yang mana dimiliki bersama di sebuah kelompok orang yang kemudian akan diwariskan dari generasi ke generasi yang lainnya. Budaya akan terbentuk dari beberapa unsur yang rumit yang mana terdiri dari sistem agama, politik, bahasa, adat istiadat, perkakas, bangunan, pakaian, dan juga karya seni. Kebudayaan merupakan keseluruhan yang kompleks, yang didalamnya terkandung pengetahuan, kepercayaan, kesenian, moral, hukum, adat istiadat, dan kemampuan-kemampuan lain yang didapat seseorang sebagai anggota masyarakat (Tylor, EB: 1974). Kebudayaan di jawa merupakan salah satu karakteristik yang ditonjolkan pada branding kamoung edukasi. Branding tersebut juga diaplikasikan pada lokasi yang bernama Griya Unggah-Ungguh dimana wisatawan akan melihat beberapa kebudayaan orang jawa dan dalam lokasi tersbut wisatawan akan mendapatkan pembelajaran tata krama dalam tradisi jawa, pementasan seni wayang kulit dan tari gambyong",
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"text": "c. Culinary Tourism",
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"height": 181,
"page_number": 10,
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"text": "Desa Kembangkuning selain terkenal dengan sebutan desa wisata, kembangkuning juga memiliki makanan khas yaitu kue sagon, karena menyadari bahwa makanan ini merupakan ciri khas dari desa kembangkuning dan melihat potensi wisata dalam hal kuliner pihak pengelola berinisiatif untuk memasukkan menu ini untuk hidangan para wisatawan yang berkunjung ke kawasan wisata kampung edukasi. Perencanaan pihak pengelola dalam hal branding wisata kuliner adalah mereka memberikan kue sagon sebagai buah tangan oleh wisatawan setelah selesai berkunjung dari kampung edukasi selain itu pengelola juga menawarkan menikmati sagon dengan view pemandangan desa kembangkuning, selain itu pihak pengelola juga memberikan pelatihan kepada wisatawan",
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"text": "Copyright @ Reza Azhari Ramadhan, Muh. Sa`idun",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 75,
"top": 39,
"width": 365,
"height": 36,
"page_number": 11,
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"text": "tentang bagaimana cara pembuatan kue sagon dari awal sampai akhir d. Wisata Edukasi peternakan",
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"text": "(Suwantoro dan Gamal. ., 2004) menjelaskan bahwa edukasi/pendidikan adalah usaha sadar dan terencana untuk mewujudkan suasana belajar dan proses pembelajaran agar peserta didik secara aktif mengembangkan potensi dirinya untuk memiliki kekuatan spiritual keagamaan, pengendalian diri, kepribadian, kecerdasan, akhlak mulia, serta ketrampilan yang diperlukan dirinya dan masyarakat. Wisata edukasi/ pendidikan sendiri adalah jenis wisata minat khusus yang dikategorikan menurut motivasi tertentu yang biasanya terkait dengan waktu, hobi, dan mengejar waktu luang, dimana ada penggabungan rekreasi dan pendidikan. Salah satu rencana kedepan dari pihak pengelola adalah memaksimalkan potensi peternakan yang ada jadi wisatawan yang berkunjung akan teredukasi tentang farm karena wilayah kampung edukasi memiliki peternakan seperti kambing, kelinci dan sapi, dan pihak pengelola juga nanti kedepannya akan mempersilahkan kepada wisatawan jenis wisata apa yang mereka inginkan",
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"text": "3. Brand Introduction",
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"text": "Menurut Crosbie (2002) Media baru dianggap “baru” bukan hanya karena keberhasilan integrasi bentuk komunikasi antarpribadi dan massa, tetapi juga karena fungsi-fungsi baru yang memungkinkan individu memiliki kontrol yang sama atas pesan- pesan komunikasi antar individu. (Suryandari, 2021). New media atau media baru merupakan seperangkat teknologi baru yang mampu memperluas penyebaran informasi bagi masyarakat. Denis Mc Quail (1987) Menetapkan bahwa media baru mencakup seperangkat teknologi dalam bentuk sistem transmisi, khususnya kabel dan satelit, miniaturisasi, penyimpanan, pencarian informasi, penyajian gambar dengan kombinasi antara gambar dan grafik serta sistem kendali komputer. (Habibah, 2021).",
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"text": "Langkah yang penting dalam hal destinasi branding adalah bagaimana cara nya sebuah kawasan atau destinasi wisata agar bisa di kenal oleh orang banyak karena itu salah satu cara untuk menarik minat pengujung ke kawasan wisata, dalam mengenalkan wisata kampung edukasi pihak pengelola mengenalkan kepada khalayak dengan penggunaan media online maupun offline. Pengenalan destinasi wisata kampung edukasi menggunakan sosial media instagram dan facebook sebagai media promosi online mereka dan untuk offline pihak pengelola melakukan sosialisasi ke sekolah maupun lembaga yang ada di sekitar lokasi wisata, berdasarkan wawancara dengan ketua pokdarwis santoso memaparkan untuk mempromosikan lewat instagranUntuk media sebagai promosi kita menggunakan instagram dan facebook selain itu agar wisatawan bisa mengetahui lebih",
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"text": "jauh tentang wisata ini kita menyediakan link yang ada di bio instagram yang berisi layanan wisata dari kampung edukasi, dan alhamdulilah setelah menggunakan media sosial kawasan wisata ini menjadi lebih ramai. Selain itu kita juga ada sosialisasi dengan mengedarkan brosur supaya orang yang tidak memiliki media sosial bisa tau wisata ini",
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"text": "Selain menggunakan instagram dan facebook pihak pengelola juga membuat semacam link yang berisikan jasa wisata dari kampung edukasi sendiri, dalam wawancara dengan uun sismiyardi selaku pengelola memaparkan bahwa kami juga ada layanan paket wisata yang bisa dipilih oleh pengunjung nantinya.",
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"text": "(Morgan & Pritchard, 2004) menjelaskan ada lima tahap destinasi branding salah satunya brand introduction yang berisikan Pengenalan destinasi wisata harus membuat masyarakat tertarik berkunjung dan menjadi wisatawan potensial. Maka dari itu, pengenalan brand kepada masyarakat sebagai wisatawan potensial harus menjadi unik dan berbeda dengan yang lainnya. Ketua pengelola uun sismiyardi dalam wawancara menyebutkan bahwa wisata kampung edukasi semua wilayah mungkin ada namun konsep nya yang seperti ini hanya ada pada wisata kampung edukasi Desa kembangkuning bahkan bisa di katakan satu-satunya wisata dengan konsep seperti ini di wilayah Jawa Tengah. Hal ini lah yang membuat menarik minat pengunjung untuk datang ke wisata kampung edukasi Desa Kembangkuning.",
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"text": "Gambar .1 layanan dan jasa wisata yang di upload lewat media sosial Sumber : dokumentasi peneliti",
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"text": "4. Brand Implementation",
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"text": "Branding adalah bentuk komunikasi yang membantu membedakan produk masing- masing .Destinasi branding terutama menekankan pada keunikan daya tarik wisata itu sendiri.Dengan banyaknya tempat wisata di Indonesia bahkan Jawa Tengah, daya saing antar destinasi semakin meningkat dan keterlibatan seluruh pemangku kepentingan termasuk pemerintah dan dinas pariwisata setempat tentu akan berdampak positif.",
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"text": "Menurut (Dewi, 2011), brand identity memiliki beberapa elemen di dalamnya, yaitu : 1. Elemen dari brand itu sendiri, meliputi nama, logo, warna, jingle, desain dan kemasan, slogan dan tagline, endorser merek, karakter, situs web dan URL. 2. Produk yang meliputi jasa dan seluruh aktivitas dan program pemasaran pendukung. 3. Asosiasi-asosiasi lainnya yang terkait dengan brand yaitu seseorang, tempat, peristiwa, atau pengalaman tertentu. Dalam hal meningkatkan brand pihak pengelola memperhatikan dalam segi kenyamaanan untuk wisatawan dengan cara pembangunan infrastruktur dalam setiap sudut yang ada di wisata kampung edukasi, selain itu untuk meningkatkan ke khasan dari wisata ini pi hak pengelola mencetuskan slogan “Dolanan Bareng Mesti Gayeng Dolanan Bareng Mesti Seneng” selain itu pihak pengelola juga sudah meriliskan jingle yang berjudul “Kampung Edukasi Durensari” dengan slogan dan jigle ters ebut kawasan wisata ini menerapkan elemen brand indentity yang menjadi ciri khas kawasan wisata kampung edukasi desa kembangkuning serta harapannya mendapatkan nilai baru dan khas selain itu yang menjadi keunikan dalam destinasi ini adalah setiap pengjunung yang datang akan di berikan ikat kepala sidomukti yang memiliki filosifi yang berupa setelah mengikatkan suatu tujuan yang baik dalam fikiran maka akan memunculkan tujuan yang baik 5.Monitoring and Evaluation",
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"text": "Tahapan destinasi branding menurut (Morgan & Pritchard, 2004) adalah monitoring dan evaluation supaya pengelolaan sebuah destinasi branding bisa memantau apakah terjadi kekurangan yang mungkin bisa di kembangkan untuk kedepannya. Dalam hal ini pihak pengelola mengadakan pertemuan setiap bulannya supaya bisa mengetahui kekurangan atau kendala agar kedepannya bisa menjadi lebih baik dari sebelumnya ini di lakukan secara rutin sebagai wujud evaluasi untuk meningkatkan kualitas wisata kampung edukasi Desa Kembangkuning",
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"text": "SIMPULAN",
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"text": "Beberapa kesimpulan dalam Penelitian ini terkait strategi destinasi branding yang di lakukan oleh pihak pengelola wisata kampung edukasi untuk meningkatkan jumlah pengunjung dan menjadi objek wisata unggulan adalah dengan langkah strategis berupa membuat empat daya tarik wisata yaitu wisata sejarah, culinary tourism,cultere tourism dan edukasi peternakan yang harapannya bisa maksimal lagi kedepannya serta ini memerlukan monitoring secara berkala agar wisata ini bisa terus tetap eksis serta menjadi objek wisata yang favorite bagi masyarakat lokal maupun luar. Secara deskriptif pihak pengelola dalam hal meningkatkan branding wisata dengan cara menggunakan media sosial sebagai media promosi hal ini perlu di tingkatkan lagi agar kedepannya branding dari wisata ini dapat",
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"text": "berkembang serta bisa mendatangkan wisatawan untuk berkunjung, selain itu untuk meningkatkan brand pihak pengelola sendiri planning kedepannya untuk lebih baik lagi contohnya museum mini yang kedepannya terdapat scan barcode yang nanti akan mengeluarkan narasi tentang benda – benda sejarah pada saat itu hal ini perlu di realisasikan agar brand dari wisata kampung edukasi Desa Kembangkuning dapat berkembang",
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"text": "Pihak pengelola dan pemerintah harus selalu mengevaluasi dan monitoring seperti infrastruktur, layanan wisata dan jasa wisata serta dengan pihak – pihak stakehokder untuk kedepannya karena sektor pariwisata mampu mendongkrak perekonomian masyarakat sekitar, pihak pengelola dan pemerintah harus saling komitmen supaya destinasi wisata ini dapat terus berkembang dan dapat menarik wisatawan lokal maupun luar.",
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"text": "Arikunto, S. (2006). Prosedur Penelitian Suatu Pendekatan Praktik. Bumi Aksara.",
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"text": "Budiyono, Mr. (2016). Media Sosial Dan Komunikasi Politik: Media Sosial Sebagai Komunikasi Politik Menjelang Pilkada Dki Jakarta 2017. Jurnal Komunikasi, 11(1), 47 – 62. https://doi.org/10.20885/komunikasi.vol11.iss1.art4",
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"text": "Dewi, I. J. (2011). Implementasi dan Implikasi Kelembagaan Pemasaran Pariwisata yang Bertanggungjawab (Responsible Tourism Marketing). Yogyakarta: Pinus Book Publisher.",
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33c88c07-b349-f17c-1783-4298c78a5d89 | https://j-innovative.org/index.php/Innovative/article/download/9735/6838 | [
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"text": "INNOVATIVE: Journal Of Social Science Research Volume 4 Nomor 2 Tahun 2024 Page 4600-4613 E-ISSN 2807-4238 and P-ISSN 2807-4246",
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"text": "Melalui metodologi kualitatif yang didasarkan pada tinjauan literatur, penelitian ini bermaksud untuk memberikan gambaran umum tentang bagaimana teknologi mempengaruhi pengadilan di Indonesia, khususnya metode litigasi dan bantuan hukum dalam kaitannya dengan tren dan kemajuan di Era Digital saat ini. Baik dampak baik maupun buruk dari kemajuan teknologi terhadap taktik litigasi dan bantuan hukum diuraikan secara rinci dalam penelitian ini. Tinjauan literatur menemukan bahwa investigasi, analisis bukti, dan pemantauan tahanan dapat dibuat lebih efisien dengan bantuan teknologi di kepolisian. Namun, kita juga harus memikirkan masalah yang mungkin timbul terkait keamanan data dan privasi. Keadilan semakin terancam ketika masyarakat tidak memiliki akses yang adil terhadap data dan teknologi. Sistem hukum mengalami peningkatan dalam penggunaan blockchain dan AI untuk membuatnya lebih efisien dan lebih murah. Dengan munculnya e-Court dan e-Litigasi di Pengadilan, Mahkamah Agung Indonesia telah membuat lompatan teknologi yang akan merevolusi cara kita berperkara. Dengan e-filing, e-payment, dan e-summons, para pencari keadilan dapat menangani semua aspek perkara mereka secara elektronik.",
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"text": "Kata Kunci: Teknologi, Strategi Litigasi dan Bantuan Hukum, Tren dan Inovasi",
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"text": "Through a qualitative methodology based on a literature review, this research intends to present an overview of the positive ways in which technology has affected Indonesian courts, particularly litigation methods and legal assistance in light of the trends and advancements of the present Digital Era. Both the beneficial and bad effects of technological advancements on litigation tactics and legal aid are detailed in this study. The literature review found that investigations, evidence analysis, and detainee monitoring can all be made more efficient with the help of technology in the police force. But we must also think about possible problems with data security and privacy. Justice is further jeopardized when people do not have equitable access to data and technology. The legal system is seeing a rise in the usage of blockchain and AI to make it more efficient and less expensive. With the advent of e-Court and e-Litigation in the Courts, the Indonesian Supreme Court has made a technological leap forward that will revolutionize the way we litigate. With e-filing, e-payment, and e-summons, justice seekers can handle all aspects of their cases electronically.",
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"text": "Di dunia digital yang serba cepat saat ini, inovasi dan teknologi sangat penting di setiap bidang, termasuk penegakan hukum. Sistem hukum telah mendapat banyak manfaat dari transformasi digital, yang memungkinkan akses, analisis, dan pemrosesan data terkait yang jauh lebih baik. Sejumlah aspek kehidupan manusia, termasuk sistem peradilan, telah sangat terpengaruh oleh pertumbuhan eksponensial inovasi teknologi. Teknologi telah menjadi komponen penting dalam penegakan hukum di era digital ini. Pembuatan undang- undang positif, atau aturan dan regulasi untuk penggunaan teknologi secara legal, sering kali tertinggal di belakang laju kemajuan teknis (Yunita & Iskandar PsV Kabupaten Deli Serdang Sumatera Utara, 2023)",
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"text": "Menurut karya penting Profesor Larry Lessig, \"Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace,\" kode komputer secara signifikan memengaruhi norma-norma perilaku dan undang-undang online. Secara khusus, ia menekankan pentingnya memahami cara-cara teknologi menyusun kehidupan kita dan dampaknya terhadap keadilan. Dan Profesor Richard Susskind: Profesor Susskind telah menekankan perubahan besar yang dibawa oleh teknologi dalam aspek teoretis dan praktis penegakan hukum, dan beliau adalah seorang spesialis hukum terkemuka di bidang teknologi dan penegakan hukum. Gagasannya tentang \"The",
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"text": "End of Lawyers?\" dan \"Pengadilan Online\" telah memicu diskusi yang signifikan mengenai lintasan sistem hukum.",
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"text": "Tindakan komunitas yang lebih besar rentan terhadap konflik dan masalah. Salah satu area di mana konflik ini sering muncul adalah dengan orang-orang yang memiliki keterbatasan, yang sering kali masih belum mendapatkan perhatian dari masyarakat. Perlakuan mereka dalam lingkungan hukum dipengaruhi oleh situasi ini. Karena keterbatasan mereka, mereka lebih cenderung menjadi target prasangka, marginalisasi, dan pelecehan ketika mengejar keadilan. Hal ini membuat mereka sulit, bahkan tidak mungkin, untuk mendapatkan hak-hak mereka, yang meliputi prinsip-prinsip seperti keadilan, kepastian hukum, dan keseimbangan. Setiap warga negara seharusnya memiliki hak dasar untuk mendapatkan bantuan hukum, yang menjamin kesetaraan di hadapan hukum dan perlindungan dari tindakan hukum. Alasannya, setiap orang memiliki hak yang melekat untuk diperlakukan secara adil di pengadilan, termasuk kemampuan untuk membayar perwakilan hukum.",
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"text": "Sebagaimana dinyatakan dalam Pasal 27 ayat (1) Undang-Undang Dasar 1945, \"Segala warga negara bersamaan kedudukannya di dalam hukum dan pemerintahan itu dengan tidak ada kecualinya,\" sistem hukum dan Konstitusi Indonesia menjamin kesetaraan di hadapan hukum. Memberikan bantuan hukum secara cuma-cuma kepada semua warga negara merupakan langkah penting untuk mencapai kesetaraan dan keadilan hukum. Bantuan hukum dari seorang ahli hukum adalah apa yang dimaksud oleh Soerjono Soekanto ketika ia mengatakan \"bantuan hukum\". Bantuan hukum ada untuk orang-orang yang membutuhkannya sehingga mereka dapat menyadari hak-hak mereka dan memperoleh perlindungan hukum yang wajar (Nurwahyuni et al., 2023)",
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"text": "Sebelum munculnya digitalisasi, orang-orang mungkin menyelesaikan perbedaan mereka secara damai atau mengajukan gugatan ke pengadilan setempat, yang pada akhirnya akan berujung pada keputusan dari hakim. Terobosan baru datang seiring dengan kemajuan teknologi, yang memungkinkan penggunaan yang lebih mudah dan lebih efisien dari semua jenis mekanisme yang dapat dilakukan secara online. Dalam situasi seperti ini, hal ini dapat menginspirasi suatu negara untuk memperkenalkan kebijakan baru yang sejalan dengan tren modernisasi (Yuspin et al., 2023)",
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"text": "Penting bagi hukum Indonesia untuk berevolusi seiring dengan perubahan sosial dan teknis. Aturan hukum dapat dibuat lebih efektif dan efisien dengan bantuan teknologi, terutama digitalisasi. Masyarakat mengharapkan proses hukum yang lebih cepat, lebih transparan, dan lebih mudah diakses, dan sistem hukum Indonesia perlu mengadopsi teknologi digital untuk mengikuti perubahan budaya dan substansi. Perubahan yang",
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"text": "berorientasi pada keadilan dan efisiensi dimungkinkan oleh digitalisasi ini, yang mengubah fungsi lembaga hukum dan interaksi publik dengan sistem hukum (Putra, 2020)",
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"text": "Cara orang bertindak dipengaruhi oleh perubahan besar dalam dunia korporat, hukum, dan industri lainnya. Aplikasi yang dapat meningkatkan efisiensi dan produktivitas masyarakat lokal termasuk otomatisasi, robotika, dan kecerdasan buatan (Fuad et al., 2022). Akses mudah ke informasi di berbagai sektor kini tersedia untuk publik (Wirakusuma & Riwanto, 2022). Munculnya model bisnis baru didorong oleh transformasi digital, yang menandakan pergeseran besar dalam kehidupan masyarakat.",
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"text": "Informasi dan layanan menjadi lebih tersedia bagi masyarakat umum sebagai hasil dari digitalisasi. Menurut penelitian, \"digitalisasi\" adalah penggunaan data dan teknologi digital untuk meningkatkan keuntungan, memperluas operasi, dan membangun budaya digital (Yunaningsih et al., 2021). Di mana era digital yang akan datang akan memiliki dampak yang luas pada banyak bagian dari eksistensi manusia, termasuk lanskap perusahaan dan peradilan. Setiap aspek keberadaan manusia, mulai dari dunia korporat hingga sistem hukum, dipengaruhi oleh digitalisasi. Menurut penelitian lain, digitalisasi dan kemajuan teknis sangat mempengaruhi cara penyelesaian sengketa komersial (Hakim et al., 2023). Sengketa bisnis biasanya diselesaikan melalui proses litigasi atau non-litigasi.",
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"text": "Meskipun proses litigasi mengharuskan para pihak yang bersengketa untuk hadir di pengadilan, penyelesaian sengketa di luar pengadilan (ADR) biasanya menjadi pilihan para pelaku bisnis. Hal ini dilakukan dengan alasan bahwa ADR memberikan alternatif yang lebih efisien, mudah beradaptasi, dan informal dibandingkan dengan proses pengadilan konvensional. Terkait penegakan hukum dan penyelesaian sengketa bisnis secara khusus, sebuah studi komprehensif harus dilakukan untuk mengidentifikasi dan menganalisis tantangan dan peluang yang muncul untuk mengevaluasi kesiapan negara dalam menghadapi transformasi (Karuniawan, 2017)",
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"text": "Kompleksitas, biaya, dan risiko yang terkait dengan inovasi teknologi terus meningkat karena proses bisnis yang terus berkembang, tekanan persaingan yang ketat, dan kemajuan teknologi yang cepat dan mendalam. Sebagai sumber daya dan subsistem yang vital dalam organisasi, teknologi sangatlah penting. Oleh karena itu, teknologi memiliki konsekuensi yang signifikan terhadap profitabilitas dan daya saing jangka panjang. Agar dapat berkembang dan tetap kompetitif di pasar, bisnis harus selaras dengan kemajuan teknologi yang mendukung strategi mereka dan memungkinkan mereka untuk meningkatkan operasi dan layanan mereka. Dalam situasi ini, kinerja organisasi atau bisnis ditentukan sebagian oleh kemampuan beradaptasi dan daya tanggap terhadap inovasi teknologi (Lessig, 2009)",
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{
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"text": "Gagasan badan peradilan Indonesia yang agung diwujudkan oleh Mahkamah Agung Republik Indonesia, yang bertujuan untuk mewujudkan peradilan modern yang memanfaatkan teknologi informasi. Dalam pidato kenegaraan yang disampaikan di hadapan Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat Republik Indonesia pada tanggal 16 Agustus 2019, Presiden Republik Indonesia mengapresiasi inovasi yang dilakukan oleh Mahkamah Agung Republik Indonesia dan menyampaikan rasa terima kasih kepada berbagai pihak, termasuk para pihak yang berperkara (Presiden Republik Indonesia, 2019)",
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"text": "Dengan tren dan kemajuan Era Digital saat ini, penelitian ini bermaksud untuk memberikan gambaran umum tentang bagaimana teknologi memberikan dampak positif bagi pengadilan di Indonesia, khususnya pada metode litigasi dan bantuan hukum.",
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"text": "METODE PENELITIAN",
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"text": "Dengan menggunakan tinjauan pustaka, penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif. Untuk menjawab pertanyaan penelitian dan mencapai tujuan penelitian, tinjauan pustaka mengumpulkan buku-buku, majalah, jurnal, dan sumber-sumber lain yang relevan. Menemukan penulis asli dari karya-karya yang telah diterbitkan sebelumnya adalah dasar dari strategi pemecahan masalah ini. Peneliti yang ingin menggunakan metodologi penelitian tinjauan literatur harus memiliki pengetahuan yang luas tentang topik yang akan diteliti. Untuk lebih memahami dan menggambarkan bagaimana teknologi telah mempengaruhi pengadilan di Indonesia, khususnya teknik litigasi dan bantuan hukum sehubungan dengan tren dan kemajuan di era digital, tinjauan literatur dilakukan untuk mendukung isu-isu yang diteliti.",
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"text": "HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN",
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"text": "Hasil",
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"text": "Dampak Tegnologi pada Aksebilitas keadilan",
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"text": "Sifat global dari kehidupan yang semakin meluas, memberikan pilihan-pilihan baru yang tidak hanya menangani berbagai bagian kehidupan, seperti sistem hukum nasional, tetapi juga meningkatkan kehidupan global, bahkan jika hal tersebut mempromosikan lokalisasi di seluruh dunia. Setelah kemerdekaannya, Indonesia bertekad untuk membentuk hukum nasional yang sesuai dengan identitas bangsa melalui proses evolusi hukum. Hukum Indonesia sebagian besar berfokus pada undang-undang tertulis. Kerangka hukum yang ada didasarkan pada positivisme, sebuah perspektif filosofis yang menekankan pada",
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"text": "tindakan formal dan nyata serta memiliki wewenang untuk menetapkan yurisdiksi nasional melalui demarkasi teritorial.",
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"text": "Kondisi meta-narasi hukum saat ini akan mengalami pemeriksaan dengan mempertimbangkan kemajuan teknologi informasi. Sifat global kehidupan telah menyaksikan prevalensi yang semakin meningkat, menghadirkan kemungkinan- kemungkinan baru yang tidak hanya mencakup berbagai bagian kehidupan, seperti sistem hukum nasional, tetapi juga berfungsi untuk menyegarkan eksistensi global, mirip dengan penyebaran nilai-nilai lokal di seluruh dunia. Keberadaan kontemporer hukum modern dapat dikaitkan dengan faktor-faktor historis yang telah membentuk hubungan yang saling bergantung antara hukum dan masyarakat, serta evolusi negara modern. Modernitas ini memiliki atribut-atribut berikutnya: (Yunita & Iskandar PsV Kabupaten Deli Serdang Sumatera Utara, 2023)",
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"text": "1. Memiliki format tertulis.",
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"text": "2. Undang-Undang berlaku untuk seluruh wilayah Negara.",
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"text": "3. Hukum berfungsi sebagai alat yang disengaja yang digunakan untuk mengaktualisasikan keputusan politik dari suatu komunitas.",
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"text": "Kehadiran hukum tertulis merupakan persyaratan penting bagi negara kontemporer yang semakin rumit dan beragam. Legislasi tertulis membentuk kerangka hukum formal dan tidak fleksibel, dibuat oleh pihak yang berwenang, dan tidak memiliki kaitan dengan prinsip- prinsip kepastian hukum dan keadilan.",
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"text": "Dampak teknologi terhadap aksesibilitas keadilan sangat besar. Teknologi memiliki beberapa dampak terhadap aksesibilitas keadilan:",
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"text": "1. Teknologi dapat memfasilitasi akses yang adil terhadap keadilan bagi individu yang tinggal di daerah terpencil atau sulit dijangkau. Salah satu aplikasi potensial dari teknologi informasi dalam sistem pengadilan adalah memfasilitasi kemampuan pengguna untuk menjelajahi sistem pengadilan dengan mengakses informasi umum di website pengadilan.",
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"text": "2. Layanan Hukum Online: Pemanfaatan teknologi dapat memfasilitasi percepatan dan penyederhanaan layanan hukum. Misalnya, aplikasi yang dicetak tebal dapat digunakan untuk tujuan pengajuan permohonan hukum atau mendapatkan informasi hukum.",
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"text": "3. Peningkatan Aksesibilitas terhadap Informasi Hukum: Teknologi dapat memfasilitasi pengambilan informasi hukum yang lebih cepat. Situs web pengadilan dapat menawarkan rincian seperti penjadwalan pengadilan, putusan pengadilan, dan informasi hukum terkait lainnya.",
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"text": "Namun demikian, pemanfaatan teknologi juga dapat memberikan pengaruh buruk terhadap ketersediaan keadilan. Terganggunya aksesibilitas terhadap informasi teknologi dapat disebabkan oleh berbagai hal, termasuk faktor kebijakan pembangunan dan terbatasnya akses terhadap pengetahuan tersebut. Selain itu, pengembang teknologi di sektor swasta dapat secara tidak sengaja merusak perlindungan mendasar dari aturan hukum yang melekat dalam sistem hukum. Pemantauan yang terus menerus terhadap dampak kemajuan teknologi pada proses peradilan akan sangat penting ketika membahas pengaruh teknologi terhadap aksesibilitas keadilan.",
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"text": "Tren dan Inovasi digital Strategi Litigasi dan Bantuan Hukum",
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"text": "Penerapan digitalisasi dalam sistem hukum meningkatkan administrasi peradilan, terutama bagi masyarakat yang terpinggirkan yang menghadapi tantangan dalam mengakses bantuan hukum. Digitalisasi memungkinkan individu yang secara geografis terpencil, kurang mampu secara ekonomi, dan memiliki mobilitas terbatas untuk mengakses dan memperoleh layanan hukum dengan mudah. Platform internet dan aplikasi seluler memberikan kesempatan kepada individu untuk mengakses nasihat hukum, konsultasi, dan dukungan tanpa perlu melakukan perjalanan yang jauh atau mengeluarkan biaya yang mahal. Teknologi memfasilitasi penggunaan sistem pengaduan online untuk mempercepat proses pengajuan pengaduan dan meminta bantuan hukum, sehingga memperluas jangkauan keadilan ke populasi yang lebih besar (Santiadi, 2019). Pengadilan online dan mediasi digital meningkatkan aksesibilitas dan keterjangkauan penyelesaian sengketa hukum. Pendekatan ini memberikan keuntungan bagi masyarakat yang terpinggirkan yang memiliki keterbatasan dalam mengakses kerangka hukum konvensional sebagai akibat dari faktor fisik, ekonomi, atau geografis. Penyelesaian sengketa secara daring memungkinkan para pihak untuk menyelesaikan konflik dari lokasi masing-masing, sehingga meminimalisir kebutuhan untuk melakukan perjalanan dan biaya yang terkait. Digitalisasi membantu mempersempit kesenjangan keadilan dan menawarkan pilihan yang lebih inklusif dan adil bagi semua individu.",
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"text": "Integrasi blockchain dan AI memiliki potensi untuk memperbarui sistem peradilan di Indonesia. Hal ini mencakup optimalisasi prosedur hukum dan penyediaan konsep-konsep inovatif. Kecerdasan buatan memiliki kemampuan untuk menganalisis data dalam jumlah besar dan menggunakan teknik pembelajaran mesin untuk memprediksi hasil kasus, memeriksa tren hukum, dan memberikan panduan dalam pengambilan keputusan hukum (Alarie et al., 2018). Kecerdasan buatan (AI) dapat meningkatkan efisiensi dan akurasi hukum dengan membantu penilaian dan analisis kasus. Selain itu, otomatisasi operasi administrasi",
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"text": "pengadilan dapat mengurangi tenaga kerja manual dan meningkatkan efisiensi secara keseluruhan (Greenleaf et al., 2018)",
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"text": "Sebaliknya, teknologi blockchain memiliki potensi untuk meningkatkan keandalan dan keamanan data legislatif. Kekekalan dan transparansi dari teknologi blockchain membuatnya mampu menjaga catatan kepemilikan, transkrip pengadilan, dan kontrak. Menerapkan teknologi blockchain dalam sistem hukum dapat mengurangi perubahan dokumen (Benisi et al., 2020). Lebih jauh lagi, teknologi ini memiliki potensi untuk meningkatkan kepercayaan publik terhadap peradilan. Teknologi Blockchain memiliki potensi untuk memfasilitasi pengembangan kontrak pintar, yang merupakan algoritme perangkat lunak yang dirancang untuk melaksanakan kewajiban hukum secara mandiri. Efisiensi proses hukum dan transaksi ditingkatkan. Integrasi kecerdasan buatan dan teknologi blockchain dalam sistem hukum Indonesia menghasilkan banyak keuntungan. Meningkatkan aktivitas hukum melalui inovasi, modernisasi, keamanan, keterbukaan, dan efisiensi.",
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"text": "Dengan meningkatnya prevalensi teknologi blockchain dan AI, sektor hukum mengalami transformasi yang cepat, merangkul teknologi untuk meningkatkan efisiensi dan keterjangkauan sistem peradilan. Mahkamah Agung Indonesia membuat kemajuan yang signifikan dalam memberikan layanan yang efisien, tidak rumit, dan terjangkau bagi para pencari keadilan. Tema sesi khusus laporan tahunan 2018 yang berjudul \"Era Baru Peradilan Modern\" selaras dengan tujuan tersebut. Pengenalan e-Court dan e-Litigasi di Pengadilan merupakan kemajuan penting yang telah membawa transformasi substansial dalam proses litigasi. Inovasi teknologi ini memfasilitasi administrasi perkara secara elektronik untuk individu yang mencari keadilan, yang mencakup berbagai aspek seperti pendaftaran perkara ( e-filing), pembayaran (e-payment), dan komunikasi panggilan/pemberitahuan secara elektronik ( e-summons) melalui platform online.",
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"text": "Penerapan layanan manajemen perkara secara elektronik telah meningkatkan kenyamanan bagi para pencari keadilan. Aplikasi ini bertujuan untuk mengatasi tiga tantangan utama yang dihadapi oleh pihak-pihak yang berperkara dalam proses pengadilan, termasuk waktu, akses, dan integritas, seperti yang diidentifikasi oleh Mahkamah Agung Indonesia. Pemanfaatan teknologi informasi memiliki potensi untuk mengurangi durasi pemrosesan perkara, meringankan beban proses pengadilan, merampingkan cara para pihak berinteraksi dengan petugas pengadilan, dan mengurangi keterbatasan akses masyarakat terhadap informasi dan pemahaman tentang sistem pengadilan (Pudjoharsoyo, 2019)",
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{
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"text": "Mahkamah Agung Indonesia akan meresmikan layanan E-Court pada Hari Ulang Tahunnya yang ke-74. Layanan ini tidak hanya mencakup administrasi perkara secara elektronik, tetapi juga persidangan secara elektronik. Pengenalan administrasi perkara secara elektronik, yang dimulai pada tahun 2018, telah merevolusi pendekatan tradisional terhadap proses pengadilan, sehingga para pihak tidak perlu hadir secara fisik di pengadilan untuk mengajukan perkara mereka. Pengguna terdaftar memiliki kemampuan untuk mendaftarkan kasus klien mereka melalui perangkat teknologi informasi, seperti smartphone, tanpa perlu mengunjungi pengadilan secara fisik (Satria, 2019)",
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"text": "Perluasan E-Court, yang sebelumnya terbatas pada layanan administrasi dan persidangan perkara secara elektronik, telah mendapatkan pengakuan hukum melalui pemberlakuan Peraturan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 1 Tahun 2019, yang berkaitan dengan administrasi dan persidangan perkara secara elektronik di pengadilan. Peraturan ini mencabut Peraturan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 3 Tahun 2018 yang telah berlaku sejak tahun 2018. Peraturan ini, yang biasa disebut sebagai Peraturan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 3 Tahun 2018, telah berfungsi sebagai kerangka kerja legislatif untuk penyediaan layanan E-Court di dalam sistem pengadilan.",
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"text": "Istilah \" E-Court\" berkaitan dengan aplikasi elektronik dari prosedur peradilan. Platform online memfasilitasi proses pendaftaran perkara, berbagi dokumen, dan pengaturan persidangan. E-Litigasi mengacu pada pemanfaatan teknologi untuk memfasilitasi seluruh proses litigasi, yang meliputi administrasi kasus, berbagi informasi, dan penyampaian putusan.",
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"text": "Prosedur hukum di Indonesia dapat dibuat lebih efisien dan lebih murah dengan digitalisasi. Efisiensi dapat ditingkatkan dengan penggunaan teknologi teknologi seperti manajemen kasus digital, pengadilan elektronik, dan pengarsipan elektronik. Penggunaan pengadilan online telah menyederhanakan prosedur peradilan di Indonesia. Karena pengiriman fisik tidak lagi diperlukan, pengarsipan secara elektronik menghemat waktu dan biaya. Selain menyederhanakan pengambilan keputusan dan menghilangkan penumpukan perkara, digitalisasi juga menyederhanakan manajemen perkara di pengadilan. Biaya sistem hukum juga berkurang dengan digitalisasi. Meminimalkan dokumen dan pertemuan tatap muka dapat membantu pengadilan menghemat biaya. Dengan bantuan teknologi pengadilan digital, sistem peradilan dan pihak yang berperkara dapat menghemat biaya administrasi dan operasional (Pratiwi et al., 2020). Khususnya bagi masyarakat yang lebih terpencil, ini berarti lebih sedikit uang yang dihabiskan untuk transportasi dan perumahan. Biaya litigasi dapat dikurangi dengan meningkatnya aksesibilitas informasi hukum dan",
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"text": "putusan pengadilan yang dimungkinkan oleh digitalisasi (Santiadi, 2019). Itulah sebabnya digitalisasi telah membuat proses hukum menjadi lebih efisien dan lebih murah.",
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"text": "Korupsi dalam sistem peradilan dapat dikurangi dan akses publik terhadap informasi hukum dapat ditingkatkan melalui penggunaan teknologi yang mendorong transparansi dan akuntabilitas. Dokumen hukum, seperti keputusan, peraturan, dan prosedur, dapat lebih mudah dipublikasikan dan diakses melalui digitalisasi. Publik memiliki akses yang cepat dan terbuka terhadap informasi terkait melalui platform online dan repositori hukum. Sistem konvensional mengurangi kebingungan publik dan kuantifikasi informasi dengan melakukan hal ini. Akurasi dan kemampuan audit keduanya ditingkatkan dengan digitalisasi proses hukum, yang memungkinkan pembentukan catatan elektronik yang tepat (Kamello & Sastro, 2023). Meminimalkan keterlibatan langsung dengan pihak berwenang adalah salah satu cara teknologi digital dapat digunakan untuk meningkatkan sistem peradilan dan mencegah korupsi. Dengan mengotomatiskan proses yang sebelumnya manual, pengadilan elektronik dapat membantu mengurangi korupsi dalam sistem peradilan tradisional. Metode ini mengurangi kemungkinan para pihak yang terlibat dalam interaksi ilegal. Lebih mudah untuk mendeteksi dan mencegah korupsi ketika keputusan administratif dan yudisial transparan. Akses publik terhadap informasi hukum dan pemberantasan korupsi di sektor hukum dapat ditingkatkan melalui digitalisasi sistem hukum (Susanto, 2020)",
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"text": "Keunggulan e-Court dan e-Litigasi",
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"text": "1. Pendaftaran dan Pengelolaan Perkara Menjadi Efisien. Anda dapat menghemat waktu dan mengurangi beban administrasi dengan mendaftarkan gugatan secara online. Proses peradilan juga tetap berjalan dengan lancar melalui sistem manajemen kasus digital.",
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"text": "2. Pemanfaatan Dokumen Elektronik. Dokumen elektronik digunakan dalam e-Court dan e-Litigasi sebagai pengganti dokumen fisik. Hal ini tidak hanya membantu lingkungan, tetapi juga merampingkan penyimpanan, pengelolaan, dan akses dokumen.",
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"text": "3. Peningkatan Kegunaan. Setiap orang yang berkepentingan dalam suatu kasus memiliki akses yang konstan dan di mana saja ke semua dokumen kasus yang relevan. Hal ini membuat sistem hukum lebih mudah diakses dengan mengurangi batas-batas geografis.",
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"text": "4. Penghematan uang. E-Court dan e-Litigation memiliki potensi untuk merampingkan proses pengadilan, mengurangi biaya seperti perjalanan, pencetakan dokumen, dan administrasi manual (Direktori Putusan Mahkamah Agung Republik Indonesia, 2022)",
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"text": "Tantangan dan Solusi",
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"text": "1. Perlindungan Data. Untuk memastikan bahwa data elektronik tetap utuh dan privat, langkah-langkah keamanan yang ketat harus diterapkan. Solusi utama untuk kesulitan ini termasuk penerapan firewall dan enkripsi.",
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"text": "2. Pengadilan Elektronik membingungkan banyak orang yang terlibat dalam sistem hukum. Adopsi teknologi ini membutuhkan pelatihan bagi pengadilan dan pihak-pihak yang terlibat. Untuk menjamin penggunaan yang efisien dan sukses, literasi digital perlu ditingkatkan.",
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"text": "Masa Depan e-Court dan e-Litigasi di Indonesia",
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"text": "E-Court dan e-Litigasi telah mengantarkan era baru penegakan hukum di Indonesia. Sistem peradilan di masa depan diprediksi akan lebih transparan, efisien, dan mudah beradaptasi. Prosedur hukum dapat dipercepat, masyarakat dapat memiliki akses yang lebih mudah, dan kepercayaan terhadap sistem peradilan dapat diperkuat dengan kemajuan konseptual ini. Ini adalah langkah penting untuk mewujudkan visi Indonesia dalam mengatasi masalah-masalah global melalui solusi-solusi kreatif yang berasal dari dalam negeri. Meskipun masih akan ada persidangan tatap muka sebagai hasil dari E-Litigasi, jumlahnya akan berkurang secara signifikan dari lima belas menjadi empat. Pertemuan tatap muka hanya diperuntukkan bagi Sidang Pertama, Sidang Kedua, Verifikasi Bukti, dan, jika diperlukan, Pemeriksaan Ahli atau Saksi (Direktori Putusan Mahkamah Agung Republik Indonesia, 2022)",
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"text": "Jawaban, Replik, Duplik, dan Kesimpulan adalah bagian dari proses menjawab yang bertujuan untuk meminimalisir kontak tatap muka. Para Pihak tidak perlu lagi hadir secara fisik di pengadilan dan menyerahkan dokumen kepada Hakim berkat E-Litigasi.",
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"text": "Yang dibutuhkan oleh para pihak yang terlibat hanyalah akses ke komputer pribadi atau laptop untuk melihat jadwal persidangan. Sebagai contoh, Tergugat diwajibkan untuk mengirimkan dokumen jawaban dalam format PDF, RTF, atau DOC ke akun E-Court selambat-lambatnya pada hari Selasa, 19 November, pukul 10:59 pagi, agar dapat dipertimbangkan dalam agenda sidang penyerahan jawaban pada hari Selasa, 19 November, pukul 11:00 pagi. Hakim akan memeriksa berkas tersebut sebelum mengirimkannya kepada para pihak melalui akun e-court setelah diunggah. Apabila para pihak tidak mengirimkan berkas melalui akun e-court pada batas waktu yang ditentukan, Hakim akan menyelidiki alasan keterlambatan tersebut. Hakim memiliki kewenangan untuk menjadwal ulang agenda persidangan satu kali apabila para pihak dapat memberikan penjelasan yang masuk akal mengenai alasan mengapa dokumen-dokumen tersebut tidak",
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"text": "Copyright @ Hengki Irawan, Zainudin Hasan",
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"text": "dikirimkan pada tenggat waktu yang ditentukan. Namun, sidang akan dilanjutkan dengan agenda yang berbeda jika para pihak tidak dapat memberikan alasan yang sah, karena dapat ditentukan dari sudut pandang hukum bahwa mereka tidak menggunakan hak mereka untuk melakukannya (Marthen Lanteng, 2023)",
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"text": "Pendaftaran perkara secara online, pembayaran, dan distribusi berkas perkara (replik, duplik, kesimpulan, jawaban) semuanya dapat dilakukan melalui Pengadilan Elektronik, yang merupakan alat pengadilan yang melayani publik. Selain proses persidangan yang lebih terbuka, cepat, dan memangkas biaya perkara secara drastis, E-Court juga menjadi jawaban atas kekhawatiran para penegak hukum dan pencari keadilan. Sebagai penyempurnaan dari Perma No. 3, penerapan e-Court diatur dalam Perma No. 1. Dengan adanya perbaikan ini, seharusnya kita dapat melihat penegakan hukum yang benar-benar membantu para pencari keadilan. Bagi sistem pengadilan di Indonesia, aplikasi ini merupakan sebuah anugerah. Dalam upaya untuk mengekang korupsi yang merajalela di sistem peradilan, aplikasi ini membatasi interaksi antara penggugat dan staf pengadilan. E-Court memiliki potensi untuk mengatasi beberapa masalah yang mengganggu sistem hukum Indonesia, termasuk kasus-kasus pelecehan yang ditujukan kepada pengadilan (Contempt of court). ruang sidang (Court Contempt). E-Court merupakan perkembangan positif menuju administrasi peradilan yang lebih kontemporer di Indonesia. Namun, masih banyak masalah dan kesulitan yang perlu diperbaiki (Putra, 2020).",
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"text": "SIMPULAN",
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"text": "Artikel ini menyimpulkan bahwa sifat keadilan dalam penegakan hukum modern sangat dipengaruhi oleh tren, inovasi, dan terobosan teknologi. Alat investigasi baru, akses informasi yang disederhanakan, dan proses hukum yang disederhanakan semuanya dimungkinkan oleh kemajuan teknologi. Namun, kita juga harus memikirkan masalah- masalah terkait privasi, etika, dan ketidakadilan akses. Oleh karena itu, kita perlu memberikan pertimbangan serius tentang bagaimana memastikan bahwa teknologi baru dapat membantu, bukan melukai, konsep keadilan dalam sistem peradilan kita. Industri hukum sedang mengalami transformasi yang cepat sebagai akibat dari meningkatnya prevalensi teknologi blockchain dan AI. Sektor ini merangkul teknologi untuk membuat sistem peradilan menjadi lebih efisien dan terjangkau. Dengan munculnya e-Court dan e- Litigasi di Pengadilan, Mahkamah Agung Indonesia telah membuat lompatan teknologi yang akan merevolusi cara kita berperkara. Dengan e-filing, e-payment, dan e-summons, para pencari keadilan dapat menangani semua aspek dari kasus mereka secara elektronik. Dalam upaya untuk mengekang korupsi yang merajalela dalam sistem peradilan, aplikasi ini",
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"text": "membatasi interaksi antara penggugat dan pegawai pengadilan. Selain itu, masalah dalam sistem peradilan di Indonesia, seperti pelecehan terhadap pegawai pengadilan ( contempt of court), dapat dikurangi dengan bantuan e-Court. Pengenalan E-Court dan E-Litigasi merupakan langkah ke arah yang tepat untuk memodernisasi sistem peradilan di Indonesia. Namun demikian, harus tetap di awasi karena masih banyak masalah dan persoalan yang harus diselesaikan.",
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"text": "DAFTAR PUSTAKA",
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"text": "Alarie, B., Niblett, A., & Yoon, A. H. (2018). How artificial intelligence will affect the practice of law. University of Toronto Law Journal, 68(supplement 1), 106–124.",
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"height": 36,
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"text": "Benisi, N. Z., Aminian, M., & Javadi, B. (2020). Blockchain-based decentralized storage networks: A survey. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 162, 102656.",
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"text": "Direktori Putusan Mahkamah Agung Republik Indonesia. (2022). Perma Nomor 7 Tahun 2022 tentang Perubahan Atas Peraturan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 1 Tahun 2019 tentang Administrasi Perkara dan Persidangan di Pengadilan Secara Elektronik.",
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"text": "Fuad, F., Dewi, A., & Munawar, S. (2022). The application of social philosophy in the era of revolution industry 4.0 in Indonesia. Borobudur Law Review, 4(1), 45–53.",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 75,
"top": 408,
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"height": 56,
"page_number": 13,
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"text": "Greenleaf, G., Mowbray, A., & Chung, P. (2018). Building sustainable free legal advisory systems: Experiences from the history of AI & law. Computer Law & Security Review, 34(2), 314–326.",
"type": "List item"
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{
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"text": "Hakim, H. A., Kurniaty, Y., Krisnan, J., & Praja, C. B. E. (2023). Artificial intellegence and medicine: Proposed model of Indonesian criminal liability. AIP Conference Proceedings, 2706(1).",
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{
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"text": "Kamello, T., & Sastro, M. (2023). The Development of Procedural Law Through the E-Court System After Pandemic in Indonesia. Veteran Law Review, 6(SpecialIssues), 15–27.",
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"text": "Salah satu permasalahan dalam pelayanan publik di tingkat Kecamatan yang sering dikeluhkan masyarakat adalah pelayanan dalam pembuatan Kartu Tanda Penduduk Elektronik (e-KTP). Seperti halnya pada pemerintah Kecamatan Baamang, masih terdapat permasalahan-permasalahan. Di satu sisi usaha pemerintah setempat memberikan pelayanan sudah berjalan cukup baik namun disisi lain masih ditemui permasalahan-permasalahan yang tetap muncul pada proses pelayanan publik, seperti kurangnya komunikasi, permasalahan waktu antrian yang panjang dan lama, serta kurang disiplinnya aparatur dalam melaksanakan tugasnya.",
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"text": "Menyadari pentingnya e-KTP, diharapkan pemerintah mampu menyediakan pelayanan pembuatannya kepada publik dengan baik dan benar. Pelayanan tersebut harus efektif, agar terciptanya kepuasan bagi masyarakat yang memerlukan pelayanan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektivitas pelayanan pembuatan e-KTP serta faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhinya pada kantor Kecamatan Baamang.",
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"text": "Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode penelitian deskriptif- kualitatif yakni dengan menggambarkan fenomena yang terjadi sesuai kenyataan dilapangan serta untuk mengetahui dan mempelajari kondisi alamiah yang tidak dimanipulasi oleh peneliti yang mengandung makna sebenarnya. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah Pegawai pada Kantor Kecamatan Baamang dan masyarakat yang memiliki e-KTP.",
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"text": "Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dan penganalisisan data, maka diperoleh hasil yaitu efektivitas pelayanan pembuatan e-KTP pada Kantor Kecamatan Baamang dikategorikan belum efektif sesuai tujuan yang diinginkan oleh organisasi, meskipun pegawai yang ada sudah menguasai teknis pekerjaannya, memberikan informasi dengan akuntabel dan transparan serta pegawai memiliki kemampuan yang handal baik dalam hal pendidikan, pengalaman maupun pembinaan kerja yang baik. Tetapi belum dapat ditunjang oleh kurangnya fasilitas alat perekaman data e-KTP yang serta kurang disiplinnya pegawai. Hal tersebut sangat mempengaruhi kepuasan masyarakat yang menerima pelayanan maupun kualitas pelayanan yang diberikan oleh aparatur.",
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"text": "Kata Kunci : Efektivitas, Pelayanan Publik, Kualitas",
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"text": "Sebagai konsekuensi dari pelaksaan otonomi daerah, terlebih setelah ditetapkannya Undang-Undang Nomor 32 tahun 2004 tentang Pemerintah Daerah,",
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"text": "maka pemerintah daerah diberi kewenangan yang demikian luas dari pemerintah pusat untuk mengatur rumah tangganya sendiri, termasuk didalamnya adalah pemberian pelayanan yang sesuai dengan Standar Operasional Pelayanan (SOP).",
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"text": "Terkait dengan kewenangan Daerah Otonom, bahwa Pemerintah telah mengeluarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 23 tahun 2006 tentang Administrasi Kependudukan yang berbunyi :",
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"text": "a. bahwa untuk memberikan perlindungan, pengakuan, penentuan status pribadi dan status hukum setiap Peristiwa Kependudukan dan Peristiwa Penting yang dialami oleh Penduduk Indonesia dan Warga Negara Indonesia yang berada di luar wilayah Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia, perlu dilakukan pengaturan tentang Administrasi Kependudukan;",
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"text": "b. bahwa pengaturan tentang Administrasi Kependudukan hanya dapat terlaksana apabila didukung oleh pelayanan yang profesional dan peningkatan kesadaran penduduk, termasuk Warga Negara Indonesia yang berada di luar negeri;",
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"text": "c. bahwa peraturan perundang-undangan mengenai Administrasi Kependudukan yang ada tidak sesuai lagi dengan tuntutan pelayanan Administrasi Kependudukan yang tertib dan tidak diskriminatif sehingga diperlukan pengaturan secara menyeluruh untuk menjadi pegangan bagi semua penyelenggara negara yang berhubungan dengan kependudukan;",
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"text": "Kabupaten Kotawaringin Timur sebagai salah satu daerah otonom selalu dituntut untuk melaksanakan kewenangan daerahnya dengan memberikan kesejahteraan kepada masyarakat, bangsa dan Negara yang dicerminkan lewat kinerja aparatur pemerintah dalam memberikan pelayanan kepada masyarakat yang sesuai dengan perkembangan teknologi dan pertumbuhan serta peningkatan kebutuhan dasar masyarakat. Titik berat otonomi daerah saat ini adalah desa/kecamatan, dimana pelayanan yang paling dekat dengan masyarakat secara langsung. Oleh karena itu pelaksanaan pelayanan publik sangat penting untuk diperhatikan.",
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"text": "Perbaikan kinerja birokrasi pelayanan publik mempunyai implikasi luas terutama dalam tingkat kepercayaan masyarakat kepada pemerintah. Salah satu permasalahan dalam pelayanan publik di tingkat Kecamatan yang sering dikeluhkan masyarakat adalah pelayanan dalam pembuatan Kartu Tanda Penduduk Elektronik (e- KTP), program e-KTP merupakan program yang diluncurkan oleh Kementrian Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia pada bulan Februari 2011. Program e-KTP dilatar belakangi oleh sistem pembuatan KTP konvensional/Nasional di Indonesia yang memungkinkan seseorang dapat memiliki lebih dari 1 KTP dan digunakan untuk hal–hal yang dapat merugikan negara seperti, kegiatan kriminal, menghindari pajak, dsb. Dalam hal ini pemerintah kabupaten/kota harus segera meninjau pelaksanaan pelayanan e-KTP agar dapat terlaksana dengan baik dan efektif. Sehingga dalam setiap pelayanan kebutuhan masyarakat, pemerintah harus menjadikan e-KTP sebagai syarat dalam pelayanan urusan dan kebutuhan masyarakat yang dilayani. Pelayanan kepada masyarakat yang",
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"text": "diberikan oleh aparatur pemerintah seringkali cenderung rumit seperti dalam hal : a). tata cara pelayanan, b). rendahnya pendidikan aparatur, dan c). disiplin kerja.",
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"text": "Program e-KTP merupakan Kartu Tanda Penduduk yang dibuat secara Elektronik dalam artian baik dari segi fisik maupun cara penggunaanya berfungsi secara komputerisasi, sehingga diperlukan perhatian khusus dalam pelayanannya terlebih pada kondisi masyarakat yang masih awam dengan program e-KTP. Hal ini sangat penting untuk diperhatikan karena mengingat e-KTP merupakan identitas yang wajib dimiliki setiap warga negara seperti yang tercantum dalam UU No. 23 Tahun 2006 tentang Administrasi Kependudukan pada BAB V Pendaftaran Kependudukan pasal 13 (ayat) 1 yang menyatakan bahwa : “setiap penduduk wajib memiliki NIK”. NIK yang dimaksud disini adalah Nomor Induk Kependudukan yang ada di e-KTP, NIK inilah yang nantinya akan dijadikan dasar dalam membuat berbagai jenis dokumen Identitas (SIM, Paspor, NPWP,dsb.).",
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"text": "Berdasarkan latar belakang diatas, maka pokok masalah yang diteliti adalah sebagai berikut: (1) Bagaimana Efektivitas Pelayanan Pembuatan e-KTP pada Kantor Kecamatan Baamang, Kabupaten Kotawaringin Timur?; (2) Apa saja faktor yang mempengaruhi Efektivitas Pelayanan Pembuatan e-KTP pada Kantor Kecamatan Baamang, Kabupaten Kotawaringin Timur?",
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"text": "Handoko (1997) dalam Zuliyanty (2005:26), Efektivitas merupakan kemampuan untuk memilih tujuan yang tepat atau peralatan yang tepat untuk pencapaian tujuan yang telah ditetapkan. Sedangkan Richard M. Steers mengemukakan tentang tiga buah konsep yang saling berhubungan, yaitu: (1) Optimalisasi Tujuan yaitu bagaimana kita melihat pada pencapaian target kerja, apakah sudah sesuai dengan yang telah direncanakan atau tidak. Kita juga melihat apakah ada keluhan yang datang dari masyarakat tentang pelayanan yang diberikan pegawai sudah baik atau tidak, sebab dengan adanya keluhan berarti menunjukan tujuan organisasi belum tercapai seppenuhnya; (2) Perspektif Sistematika yaitu melihat pada kemampuan masing- masing pegawai dalam menyelesaikan pekerjaan sesuai dengan kedudukannya dalam organisasi tersebut, apakah pegawai mampu mengerjakan tugasnya dalam kemampuan sendiri, apakah pegawai memiliki keterampilan atau keahlian khusus; dan (3) Perilaku pegawai dalam organisasi yaitu bagaimana tingkat ketelitian pegawai dalam",
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"text": "melaksanakan pekerjaannya, baik ketelitian dalam hal keberhasilan maupun tingkat kesalahan yang mungkin terjadi pada saat bekerja. Bagaimana kita melihat pada kecepatan dan ketepatan waktu pegawai dalam menyelesaikan pekerjaannya, bagaimana konsentrasi pegawai dalam bekerja.",
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"text": "Pelayanan Publik",
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"text": "A.S. Moenir (2002:26-27) mendefinisikan pelayanan sebagai kegiatan yang dilakukan oleh seseorang atau sekelompok orang dengan landasan tertentu dimana tingkat pemuasannya hanya dapat dirasakan oleh orang yang melayani atau dilayani, tergantung kepada kemampuan penyedia jasa dalam memenuhi harapan pengguna. Pelayanan pada hakikatnya adalah serangkaian kegiatan, karena itu proses pelayanan berlangsung secara rutin dan berkesinambungan, meliputi seluruh kehidupan organisasi dalam masyarakat. Proses yang dimaksudkan dilakukan sehubungan dengan saling memenuhi kebutuhan antara penerima dan pemberi pelayanan.",
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"text": "Suatu pelayanan akan dapat terlaksana dengan baik dan memuaskan apabila didukung oleh beberapa faktor:",
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"text": "1. Kesadaran para pejabat pemimpin dan pelaksana",
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"text": "2. Adanya aturan yang memadai",
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"text": "3. Organisasi dengan mekanisme sistem yang dinamis",
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"text": "4. Pendapatan pegawai yang cukup untuk memenuhi kebutuhan hidup yang minimum",
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"text": "5. Kemampuan dan keterampilan yang sesuai dengan tugas/pekerjaan yang dipertanggung jawabkan",
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{
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"text": "6. Tersedianya sarana pelayanan sesuai dengan jenis dan bentuk tugas/pekerjaan pelayanan. (Moenir, 2000 :123-124).",
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{
"left": 113,
"top": 461,
"width": 417,
"height": 94,
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"text": "Menurut Parasuraman dalam Lupiyoadi (2001), untuk dapat menilai bagaimana mutu pelayanan publik yang diberikan oleh aparat birokrasi, sekiranya perlu adanya kriteria dimensi yang menunjukan suatu pelayan publik yang diberikan itu dapat dikatakan baik atau buruk. Ukuran kualitas pelayanan tidak hanya ditentukan oleh penyedia layanan saja akan tetapi justru lebih banyak ditentukan oleh para pengguna layanan, dalam hal ini adalah masyarakat. Terdapat lima demensi kualitas pelayanan, yaitu :",
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{
"left": 128,
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"width": 402,
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"text": "1. Tangible , atau bukti fisik yaitu kemampuan dalam menunjukkan eksitensinya kepada pihak eksternal. Yang dimaksudkan bahwa penampilan dan kemampuan sarana dan prasarana fisik dan keadaan lingkungan sekitarnya merupakan bukti nyata dan pelayanan yang diberikan.",
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{
"left": 128,
"top": 613,
"width": 402,
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"text": "2. Reliability , atau kehandalan yaitu kemampuan dalam memberikan pelayanan sesuai yang dijanjikan secara akurat dan terpercaya.",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 128,
"top": 641,
"width": 402,
"height": 38,
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"text": "3. Responsiveness , atau tanggapan yaitu suatu kemauan untuk membantu dan memberikan pelayanan yang cepat dan tepat kepada masyarakat dengan menyampaikan informasi yang jelas.",
"type": "List item"
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{
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"text": "4. Assurance, atau jaminan dan kepastian yaitu pengetahuan, kesopansantunan, dan kemampuan para pegawai untuk menumbuhkan rasa percaya terhadap",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 139,
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"page_number": 5,
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"text": "JISPAR, Jurnal Ilmu Sosial, Politik dan Pemerintahan. Volume 5, Issue 1. ISSN 2089-6123",
"type": "Page header"
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{
"left": 516,
"top": 731,
"width": 14,
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"text": "16",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
"left": 142,
"top": 116,
"width": 388,
"height": 25,
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"text": "pelanggan.Terdiri dari beberapa komponen di antaranya adalah komunikasi, kredibilitas, keamanan, kompetensi dan sopan santun.",
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{
"left": 128,
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"text": "5. Empathy , yaitu memberikan perhatian yang tulus dan bersifat individual atau pribadi yang diberikan kepada pelanggan dengan berupaya memahami keinginan pelanggan.",
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{
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"text": "Pemerintah Kecamatan",
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"top": 213,
"width": 417,
"height": 52,
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"text": "Sarundajang (2000:180), mengemukakan Kecamatan adalah suatu wilayah yang ditempati sejumlah penduduk yang mempunyai organisasi pemerintahan langsung dibawah kabupaten atau kota yang tidak bekerja menyelenggarakan pemerintahan sendiri.",
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"text": "Berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2004 pasal 126 ayat 2 bahwa “Kecamatan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat 1 dipimpin oleh Camat yang dalam pelaksanaan tugasnya memperoleh pelimpahan sebagian wewenang Bupati untuk menagani sebagian urusan otonomi daerah”. Pemerintah daerah melalui Camat berwenang dalam meningkatkan kinerja pada lingkungan pegawai negeri di tingkat kecamatan serta melaporkan hasil pembinaan tersebut kepada bupati.",
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{
"left": 113,
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"text": "Kecamatan merupakan perangkat daerah sebagai pelaksana teknis kewilayahan yang memepunyai wilayah kerja tertentu dan dipimpin oleh seorang camat berkedudukan dibawah dan bertanggung jawab kepada Bupati melalui Sekretaris Daerah. Pemerintah Kecamatan menjadi ujung tombak pelayanan umum di daerah. Terdapat cukup banyak jenis pelayanan yang dibutuhkan masyarakat dan harus diurus di tingkat Kecamatan, seperti urusan e-KTP, Akta Kelahiran, juga pengurusan berbagai perijinan. Selain melayani berbagai urusan pelayanan administratif kependudukan, pemerintah kecematan juga mengembangkan tugas melaksanakan pelayanan dasar sektoral, mulai dari urusan ketertiban dan keamanan, pendidikan, kesehatan, pengentasankemiskinan,pemberdayaan masyarakat, dan upaya- upaya konkrit mensejahterakan masyarakat.",
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"text": "Efektivitas Pelayanan Pembuatan e-KTP",
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"left": 113,
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"text": "Efektivitas Pelayanan Publik merupakan pengukuran dalam tercapainya sasaran dan tujuan yang telah ditetapkan sebelumnya. Menurut Sondang P (1997:151), menyatakan bahwa efektivitas pelayanan publik berarti penyelesaian pekerjaan tepat pada waktu yang telah ditentukan, artinya pelaksanaan suatu tugas dinilai baik atau tidak sangat bergantung pada penyelesaian tugas tersebut dengan waktu yang telah ditetapkan.",
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"text": "Efektivitas kinerja suatu organisasi sangat bergantung pada efektivitas kerja dari orang-orang yang bekerja didalamnya. Sangat sulit mengukur efektivitas kerja karena penilaiannya sangat subjektif dan bergantung pada masing-masing orang yang menerima pelayanan tersebut. Oleh karena itu dibutuhkan pelayanan yang prima dari aparatur agar tercapai pelayanan yang memuaskan bagi masyarakat.",
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"text": "Menurut Inu Kencana (2009:116-117), Pelayanan terdiri dari tiga unsur pokok, yaitu sebagai berikut :",
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"text": "1. Biayanya relatif harus lebih rendah",
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"text": "JISPAR, Jurnal Ilmu Sosial, Politik dan Pemerintahan. Volume 5, Issue 1. ISSN 2089-6123",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 516,
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"width": 14,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 6,
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"page_height": 792,
"text": "17",
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{
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"text": "2. Waktu untuk mengerjakan relatif cepat",
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{
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"text": "3. Mutu yang diberikan relatif lebih bagus e-KTP (Elektronik Kartu Tanda Penduduk) adalah identitas resmi seseorang",
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{
"left": 113,
"top": 157,
"width": 416,
"height": 39,
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"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "penduduk di Indonesia yang diperoleh setelah yang bersangkutan berusia 17 tahun (keatas). E-KTP berlaku selama 5 tahun, dan bagi penduduk yang berusia 60 tahun keatas berlaku seumur hidup. E-KTP berisi informasi mengenai sang pemilik kartu.",
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"text": "Adapun syarat dan prosedur dalam pengurusan e-KTP pada Kantor Kecamatan Baamang adalah sebagai berikut:",
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{
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"text": "a. Syarat",
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{
"left": 124,
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"text": "1. Berusi 17 tahun;",
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{
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"text": "2. Menunjukkan surat pengantar dari kepala desa/kelurahan;",
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{
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"text": "3. Mengisi formulir F1.01 (bagi penduduk yang belum pernah mengisi/belum ada data di sistem informasi administrasi kependudukan) ditanda tangani oleh kepala desa/kelurahan;",
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{
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"top": 309,
"width": 147,
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"text": "4. Fotocopy Kartu Keluarga.",
"type": "List item"
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{
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"text": "b. Prosedur",
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{
"left": 124,
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"width": 332,
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"text": "1. Pemohon datang ketempat pelayanan membawa surat panggilan;",
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{
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"top": 351,
"width": 259,
"height": 11,
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"text": "2. Pemohon menunggu pemanggilan nomor antrian;",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 124,
"top": 364,
"width": 242,
"height": 11,
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"text": "3. Pemohon menuju loket yang telah ditentukan;",
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{
"left": 124,
"top": 378,
"width": 327,
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"text": "4. Petugas melakukan verifikasi data penduduk dengan basis data;",
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},
{
"left": 124,
"top": 392,
"width": 268,
"height": 11,
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"text": "5. Petugas mengambil foto pemohon secara langsung;",
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{
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"top": 406,
"width": 362,
"height": 11,
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"text": "6. Pemohon membubuhkan tanda tangan pada alat perekam tanda tangan;",
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{
"left": 124,
"top": 420,
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"text": "7. Selanjutnya dilakukan perekaman sidik jari dan pemindaian retina mata;",
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{
"left": 124,
"top": 433,
"width": 406,
"height": 39,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "8. Petugas membubuhkan tanda tangan dan setempel pada surat panggilan yang sekaligus sebagai bukti bahwa penduduk telak melakukan perekaman foto, tanda tangan dan sidik jari;",
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{
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"top": 475,
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"text": "9. Pemohon dipersilahkan pulang untuk menunggu hasil proses percetakan 2 minggu setelah pembuatan.",
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{
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"text": "10. Masa berlaku e-KTP adalah seumur hidup dan pembuatan e-KTP tidak dikenakan biaya.",
"type": "List item"
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{
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"top": 544,
"width": 338,
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"text": "Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi Pelayanan Pembuatan e-KTP",
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"text": "Adapun faktor yang mempengaruhi efektivitas pelayanan pembuatan e-KTP yaitu :",
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"text": "i. Kemampuan pegawai",
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{
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"height": 53,
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"text": "Yakni potensi seseorang dalam melaksanakan tugasnya untuk mencapai tujuan organisasi secara optimal dengan sumber daya yang ada. Aparatur pegawai merupakan alat untuk menggerakkan segala kegiatan organisasi khususnya pegawai pelaksana kegiatan pelayanan.",
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"text": "Kemampuan pegawai itupun dapat dilihat dari :",
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"text": "a. Tingkat Pendidikan",
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"text": "JISPAR, Jurnal Ilmu Sosial, Politik dan Pemerintahan. Volume 5, Issue 1. ISSN 2089-6123",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 516,
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"width": 14,
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"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "18",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
"left": 113,
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"width": 417,
"height": 94,
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"text": "Dari tingkat pendidikan yang pernah diikuti oleh seorang pegawai akan menentukan kemampuan pegawai itu sendiri, dan dengan pengetahuan yang dimiliki maka pengetahuan tersebut sangat menentukan dan mempengaruhi hidupnya. Pendidikan tersebut juga dipergunakan untuk mempersiapkan pegawai untuk memikul tanggung jawab yang berbeda, lebih rendeh atau lebih tinggi dalam suatu organisasi. Dengan demikian maka pegawai akan mengemban tugas dengan penuh tanggung jawab sehingga prestasi kerjanya juga semakin baik.",
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"text": "b. Pengalaman kerja",
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{
"left": 113,
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"height": 67,
"page_number": 7,
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"text": "Pengalaman ini didapat dari masa kerja yang ditempuh pegawai, dengan semakin banyaknya waktu yang dihabiskan untuk bekerja maka pengalaman ataupun kemahiran dan keterampilan dalam bidang tugas yang dilaksanakannya akan semakin baik. Dari pengalaman yang didapat diharapkan kemampuan aparatur dalam melaksanakan tugasnya dapat terlaksana sesuai tujuan yang diharapkan.",
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"text": "c. Pembinaan pegawai",
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{
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"text": "Pembinaan yang rutin dan teratur sebagai upaya mendayagunakan terhadap peranan dan fungsi aparatur agar mampu melaksanakan tugasnya sesuai dengan wewenang dan tanggung jawab yang diberikan kepadanya. Dengan demikian pembinaan tersebut akan dapat mendorong dan mengembangkan kemampuan seseorang kearah yang lebih baik. Pembinaan juga dilakukan sebagai bentuk pengembangan kemampuan pegawai melalui pendidikan dan sesuai dengan bidang tugas masing-masing. Dalam hal ini pembinaan dilakukan untuk meningkatkan kemampuan aparatur dalam hubungannya dengan peningkatan sistem pelayanan yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah aparatur Kecamatan Baamang.",
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"text": "ii. Fasilitas kerja",
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"text": "Fasilitas kerja merupakan sarana dan prasarana yang mendukung dalam kelancaran pelaksanaan tugas-tugas yang harus diselesaikan, khususnya dalam mewujudkan peningkatan pelayanan kepada masyarakat pada kantor Kecamatan Baamang Kabupaten Kotawaringin Timur (Frendy 2005:22).",
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"text": "METODE PENELITIAN",
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"text": "Lokasi penelitian ini adalah Kantor Kecamatan Baamang Kabupaten Kotawaringin Timur. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif yakni metode penelitian yang berlandaskan pada filsafat postpositivisme, digunakan untuk meneliti pada kondisi objek yang alamiah, (sebagai lawannya adalah eksperimen) dimana peneliti adalah sebagai instrumen kunci, pengambilan sumber data dilakukan secara purposive dan snowball , teknik pengumpulan data dengan triangulasi (gabungan), analisis data bersifat induktif/kualitatif, dan hasil penelitian kualitatif lebih menekankan makna dari pada generalisasi (Sugiyono 2008:15). Teknik pengumpulan data menggunkan observasi, wawancara dan dokumentasi. Analisis data menggunakan metode triangulasi yakni reduksi data, penyajian data dan penarikan kesimpulan.",
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"text": "JISPAR, Jurnal Ilmu Sosial, Politik dan Pemerintahan. Volume 5, Issue 1. ISSN 2089-6123",
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"text": "19",
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"text": "HASIL PENELITIAN DAN PEMBAHASAN",
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"text": "Kesesuaian Cara Kerja Pegawai Dengan Sistem dan Prosedur Kerja Pegawai Pada Kantor Kecamatan Baamang",
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"text": "Pemerintah Kecamatan Baamang, khususnya dalam bidang pembuatan e-KTP banyak membuat kebijakan, strategi, dan program dalam membangun kepercayaan masyarakat terhadap pelayanan publik agar terwujud pelayanan yang efektif dan berkualitas yang sesuai dengan sistem dan prosedur kerja yang ada. Berdasarkan hasil analisis yang diperoleh penulis bahwa pegawai pada Kantor Kecamatan Baamang sudah bekerja dengan sistem dan prosedur yang ada serta transparan dan akuntabel dalam memberikan informasi terutama dalam hal pelayanan pembuatan e-KTP sehingga memudahkan masyarakat yang datang untuk memerlukan jasa pelayanan. Akan tetapi disisi lain, pelayanan belum dapat dikatakan baik karena faktor pegawai masih ada yang terlambat untuk datang ke kantor sehingga hal ini dapat berpengaruh pada kinerja pelayanan yang mereka berikan kepada masyarakat.",
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"text": "Berdasarkan dari hasil analisis dapat disimpulkan bahwa kinerja pegawai pada Kantor Kecamatan Baamang sesuai berdasarkan teori menurut Moenir (2000:123-124) dan teori Osbone (1998:31) bahwa suatu pelayanan akan terlaksana dengan baik dan memuaskan apabila didukung oleh faktor diantaranya adalah adanya aturan yang memadai, pelayanan yang sama bagi semua, pelayanan yang berhubungan dengan kebutuhan serta kesadaran para pejabat pemimpin dan pelaksana.",
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"text": "Pegawai Menguasai Dan Memahami Hal-Hal Teknis Pekerjaan Pada Kantor Kecamatan Baamang",
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"text": "Dalam memberikan pelayanan yang baik dan efektif kepada masyarakat, aparatu pemerintah dituntut dapat memahami dan menguasai hal-hal teknis dalam pekerjaannya, agar mampu meminimalisir resiko dari dampak kesalahan yang akan mungkin terjadi dalam pelayanan yang diberikan kepada masyarakat agar pelayanan dapat berjalan sesuai dengan baik dan lancar. Upaya menciptakan kinerja pegawai dalam melaksanakan tugasnya agar tidak tumpang tindih, maka perlu dibuat uraian hal teknis pekerjaan yang jelas. Hal tersebut dilakukan agar pelayanan yang ada dapat terlaksana dengan baik. Pentingnya pegawai mampu menguasai dan memahami hal teknis pekerjaannya agar pelayanan yang mereka lalukan dapat tepat sasaran sehingga menghasilkan rincian tugas yang baik dan benar, karena pemberian pelayanan yang memuaskan merupakan tujuan yang diinginkan oleh masyarakat.",
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"text": "Berdasarkan dari hasil analisis dapat disimpulkan bahwa kinerja pegawai pada Kantor Kecamatan Baamang sesuai berdasarkan teori Parasuraman dalam Lupiyoadi (2001) bahwa dalam hal pelayanan, pegawai harus mampu memberikan pelayanan sesuai yang dijanjikan secara akurat dan terpercaya, serta pelayanan yang diberika tersebut harus tulus dan bersifat individual atau pribadi yang diberikan kepada pelanggan dengan berupaya memahami keinginan pelanggan.",
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"text": "JISPAR, Jurnal Ilmu Sosial, Politik dan Pemerintahan. Volume 5, Issue 1. ISSN 2089-6123",
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"text": "20",
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"text": "Adanya Lokasi Tempat Pelayanan Pada Kantor Kecamatan Baamang",
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"text": "Lokasi tempat pelayanan juga sangat berpengaruh, karena hal tersebut menyangkut lokasi yang nyaman dan mudah dijangkau oleh setiap masyarakat setempat sehingga memudahkan masyarakat menjangkau lokasi untuk mendapatkan pelayanan mengenai kepentingan mereka.",
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"text": "Berkaitan dengan hal tersebut, dari hasil analisis dapat disimpulkan bahwa kinerja pegawai pada Kantor Kecamatan Baamang sesuai berdasarkan teori menurut Parasuraman dalam Lupiyoadi (2001) bahwa pelayanan yang ada akan semakin baik jika dipengaruhi juga oleh penampilan dan sarana serta prasarana fisik dan keadaan lingkungan sekitarnya.",
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"text": "Kejelasan Informasi Dan Prosedur Pembuatan E-KTP pada Kantor Kecamatan Baamang",
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"text": "Informasi merupakan kebutuhan pokok setiap orang bagi pengembangan pribadi dan lingkungan dan merupakan salah satu ciri penting negara demokratis yang menjunjung tinggi kedaulatan rakyat untuk mewujudkan penyelenggaraan negara yang baik. Keterbukaan informasi publik merupakan sarana dalam mengoptimalkan pengawasan publik terhadap penyelenggaraan negara dan Badan Publik lainnya dan segala sesuatu yang berakibat pada kepentingan publik sebagaimana yang diamanatkan dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 14 Tahun 2008.",
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"text": "Dalam prosedur pelayanan, proses yang dilakukan sejalan dengan tujuan yang ingin dicapai, karena prosedur pelayanan yang sesuai dapat meningkatkan kinerja pelayanan itu sendiri. Prosedur pelayanan menyangkut saat masyarakat datang dan menghubingi petugas (loket) untuk menyampaikan kebutuhan dan menyerahkan persyaratan yang dibutuhkan, sampai mereka mendapatkan pelayanan yang mereka butuhkan melalui prosedur yang baik, tidak berbelit-belit, dan mudah diikuti.",
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"text": "Berdasarkan dari hasil analisis dapat disimpulkan bahwa kinerja pegawai pada Kantor Kecamatan Baamang sesuai berdasarkan teori menurut Parasuraman dalam Lupiyoadi (2001) dan menurut Sinambela (2006:6) bahwa harus ada kemauan untuk membantu dan memberikan pelayanan kepada masyarakat dengan menyampaikan informasi yang jelas, kesopansantunan dari para pegawai untuk menumbuhkan rasa percaya terhadap pelanggan, serta pelayanan yang bersifat terbuka, mudah dan dapat diakses oleh semua pihak yang membutuhkan dan disediakan secara memadai dan mudah dimengerti oleh kalangan masyarakat.",
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"text": "Dalam prosedur pelayanan, proses yang dilakukan sejalan dengan tujuan yang ingin dicapai, karena prosedur pelayanan yang sesuai dapat meningkatkan kinerja pelayanan itu sendiri. Prosedur pelayanan menyangkut saat masyarakat datang dan menghubingi petugas (loket) untuk menyampaikan kebutuhan dan menyerahkan persyaratan yang dibutuhkan, sampai mereka mendapatkan pelayanan yang mereka butuhkan melalui prosedur yang baik, tidak berbelit-belit, dan mudah diikuti.",
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"text": "JISPAR, Jurnal Ilmu Sosial, Politik dan Pemerintahan. Volume 5, Issue 1. ISSN 2089-6123",
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"text": "21",
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"text": "Ketepatan Waktu dan Biaya Pelayanan Pembuatan E-KTP Pada Kantor Kecamatan Baamang",
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"text": "Ketepatan waktu dan biaya pelayanan merupakan priorotas utama dalam hal pelayanan, karena jika pekerjaan dapat terselesaikan dengan tepat waktu dan biaya yang terjangkau maka kualitas pelayanan tersebut sudah semakin baik. Tetapi terkadang penggunaan tepat waktu untuk masing-masing orang berbeda-beda sesuai dengan tingkat kepentingan pelayanan yang mereka berikan serta pemahaman mereka. Disini pegawai harus menekankan prinsip keterbukaan. Prinsip keterbukaan mengandung arti bahwa prosedur / tata cara, persyaratan, satuan kerja / pejabat penanggung jawab pemberi pelayanan, waktu penyelesaian, rincian biaya / tarif serta hal-hal lain yang berkaitan dengan proses pelayanan wajib diinformasikan secara terbuka agar mudah diketahui dan dipahami oleh masyarakat, baik diminta maupun tidak diminta. Prinsip keterbukaan pelayanan memberikan petunjuk untuk menginformasikan secara terbuka segala sesuatu yang berkaitan dengan pelaksanaan pemberian pelayanan kepada masyarakat.",
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"text": "Berkaitan dengan hal tersebut, dari hasil analisis dapat disimpulkan bahwa kinerja pegawai pada Kantor Kecamatan Baamang sesuai berdasarkan teori menurut Sinambela (2006), Sondang P (1997), dan Inu Kencana (2009), yakni pelayanan yang ada harus bersifat terbuka, mudah dan dapat diakses serta mudah dimengerti oleh masyarakat, penyelesaian pekerjaan yang tepat pada waktu yang telah ditentukan, biaya relatif harus lebih rendah serta mutu yang diberikan relatif lebih bagus.",
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"text": "Pelayanan pembuatan e-KTP pada Kantor Kecamatan Baamang haruslah berkualitas, serta para pegawainya pun harus benar-benar memiliki kemampuan yang tinggi dalam hal pelayanan. Dengan begitu masyarakat dapat mendapatkan kepuasan pelayanan yang diharapkan. Para aparatur harus tau apa yang menjadi kebutuhan masyarakat dan harus dapat melakukan pelayanan dengan standar pelayanan yang berkualitas.",
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"text": "Kemampuan merupakan suatu unsur dalam kematangan aparatur, berkaitan dengan pengetahuan atau keterampilan yang diperoleh dari pendidikan, latihan dan suatu pengalaman. Seorang penyedia layanan akan bisa menjalankan tugasnya dengan baik apabila pegawai tersebut mempunyai kelebihan atau kemampuan baik itu fisik maupun mental, kemampuan berfikir, kemampuan menerapkan keahlian / ketrampilan yang dimiliki, sehingga dengan potensi-potensi tersebut mereka akan mudah untuk melakukan kegiatan dalam mencapai tujuan yang telah ditetapkan.",
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"text": "a. Tingkat Pendidikan Pegawai",
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"text": "Prestasi akademis yang dimiliki pegawai selama mengikuti pendidikan sebelumnya harus dipertimbangkan, khususnya dalam penempatan pegawai tersebut untuk menyelesaikan tugas pekerjaannya, serta mengemban wewenang dan tanggung jawab. Prestasi akademis yang perlu dipertimbangkan tidak terbatas pada jenjang terakhir pendidikan tetapi termasuk jenjang pendidikan yang pernah dialaminya. Pegawai yang memiliki prestasi akademis tinggi harus ditempatkan pada tugas dan",
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"text": "JISPAR, Jurnal Ilmu Sosial, Politik dan Pemerintahan. Volume 5, Issue 1. ISSN 2089-6123",
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"text": "22",
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"text": "pekerjaan yang sesuai dengan kemampuannya, sebaliknya pegawai yang memiliki latar belakang akademis rata-rata atau dibawah standar harus ditempatkan pada tugas dan pekerjaan ringan dengan beban wewenang dan tanggung jawab yang relatif rendah.",
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"text": "Berkaitan dengan hal tersebut, dari hasil analisis dapat disimpulkan bahwa kinerja pegawai pada Kantor Kecamatan Baamang sesuai berdasarkan teori menurut Kaho (2002) bahwa pendidikan memberikan kemampuan dan keterampilan kepada manusia untuk merumuskan pikiran, pendapat yang hendak disampaikan kepada orang lain secara logis dan sistematis sehingga mudah dimengerti; pengetahuan yang luas dan mendalam tentang bidang yang dipilh atau dipelajari seseorang; serta melatih manusia untuk berpikir secara rasional dan menggunakan kecerdasan kearah yang tepat.",
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"text": "b. Pengalaman Kerja Pegawai Pengalaman bekerja banyak memberikan keahlian dan keterampilan kerja.",
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"text": "Pengalaman bekerja yang dimiliki seseorang kadang-kadang lebih dihargai daripada tingkat pendidikan yang menjulang tinggi. Pegawai yang berpengalaman dapat langsung menyelesaikan tugas dan pekerjaanya. Pegawai hanya memerlukan pelatihan dan petunjuk yang relatif singkat. Sebaliknya pegawai yang hanya mengandalkan latar belakang pendidikan dan gelar yang disandangnya, belum tentu mampu mengerjakan tugas dan pekerjaan yang diberikan kepadanya dengan cepat. Berkaitan dengan hal tersebut, dari hasil analisis dapat disimpulkan bahwa kinerja pegawai pada Kantor Kecamatan Baamang sesuai berdasarkan teori menurut Parasuraman dalam Lupiyoadi (2001) bahwa pengalam kerja seseorang sangat berpengaruh pada pengetahuan, kesopansantunan, dan kemampuan para pegawai untuk menumbuhkan rasa percaya terhadap pelanggan.",
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"text": "c. Pembinaan Pegawai",
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"text": "Pembinaan pegawai dilakukan sebagai bentuk pengembangan kemampuan pegawai sesuai tugas dan bidangnya masing-masing. Pembinaan pembinaan tersebut bisa melalui diklat-diklat menanmbah pengetahuan, keterampilan dan mengubah sikap agar semakin baik potensi yang dimiliki seorang pegawai sehigga semakin berdaya guna untuk mencapai tujuan organisasi.",
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"text": "Berkaitan dengan hal tersebut, dari hasil analisis dapat disimpulkan bahwa kinerja pegawai pada Kantor Kecamatan Baamang sesuai berdasarkan teori menurut Usmara (2002) bahwa pembinaan karier bertujuan untuk pengembangan dan peningkatan kinerja melalui tugas khusus, serta pengembangan untuk membawa pegawai lebih bertanggung jawab lagi terhadap wewenangnya.",
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"text": "Fasilitas Kerja",
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"text": "Fasilitas kerja adalah sarana pendukung dalam aktivitas organisai berbentuk fisik, dan digunakan dalam kegiatan normal perusahaan, memiliki jangka waktu kegunaan yang relatif permanen dan memberikan manfaat untuk masa yang akan dating. Fasilitas kerja sangatlah penting bagi organisasi, karena dapat menunjang kinerja pegawai, seperti dalam penyelesaian pekerjaan. Kinerja juga merupakan salah satu sarana pendukung untuk menciptakan motivasi kerja terhadap kinerja pegawai.",
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"text": "- Hendaknya pemerintah lebih bisa memperhatikan keperluan masyarakat akan penggunaan E-KTP, karena dengan terbatasnya alat yang dimiliki maka semakin lama juga waktu pemprosesan E-KTP tersebut sehingga membuat masyarakat semakin enggan membuat E-KTP yang semestinya wajib dimiliki oleh masyarakat.",
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"text": "- Disarankan kepada aparatur pemerintah Kecamatan Baamang baik camat, sekertaris camat, sub bagian pelayanan umum dan seksi pemerintahan serta para pegawai yang bekerja dalam menjalangkan tugas dan perannya sebagai pelayan publik untuk dapat bekerja secara lebih baik lagi, disiplin, dan profesionalisme dalam memberikan pelayanan kepada masarakat serta mengunakan pendekatan yang sesuai dengan situasi dan kondisi masarakat agar pelayanan publik di wilayah Kecamatan Baamang khususnya mengenai efektivitas pelayanan E-KTP bisa berjalan dengan baik.",
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"text": "Abstract: Human Resources (HR) is very important for an organization. Because the success of an organization in improving its performance is dependent on the quality of operating human resources. If employees have a good performance, then they can solve all organizational burdens effectively and efficiently so that problems that occur in the organization can be resolved properly. This research is a descriptive research with a qualitative approach. Informants were determined by purposive sampling technique as many as 5 informants. The data sources consist of primary data and secondary data. The data collection technique was carried out by means of observation, interviews, and documentation. The data analysis technique used by the researcher went through the stages of data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. Data validation technique is done by triangulation. The triangulation used by the researcher is source triangulation and method triangulation. The results of this study indicate that the performance of the State Civil Apparatus at the Department of Population and Civil Registration of Kepahiang Regency has been going well, in accordance with the applicable laws and regulations. The services they provide are good because there are no residents who complain about the slow process of printing E-KTP, Birth Certificates, and Family Cards. The printing process is carried out since the required files are declared complete, and there are no additional requirements in the administration of population administration. There is also no problem with the service queue number, there has never been a service queue number running out.",
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"text": "Abstrak: Penelitian bertujuan menganalisis bagaimana Kinerja Aparatur Sipil Negara di Dinas Kependudukan dan Pencatatan Sipil Kabupaten Kepahiang. Peneliti menggunakan metode penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Adapun sumber data terdiri dari data primer dan data sekunder. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan teknik observasi, teknik interview dan teknik dokumentasi. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan peneliti melalui tahapan reduksi data, penyajian data dan penarikan kesimpulan. Teknik validasi data dilakukan dengan cara Triangulasi. Triangulasi yang digunakan peneliti yaitu triangulasi sumber dan triangulasi metode. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kinerja Aparatur Sipil Negara Di Dinas Kependudukan dan Pencatatan Sipil Kabupaten Kepahiang sudah berjalan dengan baik, sudah sesuai dengan peraturan atau ketentuan perundang-undangan yang berlaku. Pelayanan yang mereka lakukan sudah baik karena tidak ada penduduk yang mengeluh lambatnya proses pencetakan E-KTP, Akta Kelahiran dan KK. proses pencetakannya pun dilakukan sejak berkas yang dibutuhkan sudah dinyatakan lengkap dan juga tidak ada syarat-syarat tambahan dalam kepengurusan administrasi kependudukan. Pada nomor antrean layanan pun tidak ada masalah tidak perna terjadi kehabisan nomor antrean layanan.",
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"text": "Sumber Daya Manusia (SDM) sangat penting bagi sebuah organisasi. Karena keberhasilan suatu organisasi dalam memperbaiki kinerjanya sangat bergantung pada kualitas SDM yang bersangkutan dalam berkarya dan bekerja. SDM sebagai faktor pertama dan utama dalam proses pembangunan dan pencapaian tujuan organisasi. Oleh sebab itu Pemerintah Daerah wajib memiliki kemampuan maksimal dalam mengelolah SDM yang ada baik secara individu, kelompok maupun kelembagaan guna meningkatkan kualitas dan kuantitas kerja dalam kinerja (Nanda Sihombing, 2016).",
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"text": "Menurut Saepulloh (2018), menurut output penelitiannya menyatakan bahwa pengelolaan SDM guna meningkatkan kinerja pegawai mencakup beberapa fungsi menjadi sebagai berikut : 1) Perencanaan (planning). 2) Pengorganisasian (organizing). 3) Pengarahan (leading). & 4) Pengendalian (controlling). Kinerja terbagi menjadi 2 (dua) yaitu kinerja individu dan Kinerja organisasi.",
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"text": "Kinerja sangat penting bagi individu maupun organisasi karena 1) Kinerja yang tinggi tentu dapat mengurangi angka absensi pegawai. 2) kinerja yang tinggi dari pegawai maka pekerjaan yang diberikan kepadanya akan dapat diselesaikan dengan tepat waktu. 3) kinerja yang tinggi maka pihak organisasi akan memperoleh keuntungan. 4) Kinerja yang tinggi otomatis membuat pegawai akan merasa senang dengan pekerjaannya. dan 5) Dengan kinerja yang tinggi dapat mengurangi angka kegagalan karena pegawai yang memiliki kinerja yang tinggi cendrung bekerja dengan hati-hati dan teliti sesuai dengan prosedur yang ada (Tohardi, 2002).",
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"text": "Dengan kinerja yang baik, setiap pegawai dapat secara efektif dan efisien menyelesaikan semua beban organisasi, sehingga permasalahan yang timbul dalam organisasi dapat terselesaikan dengan baik. Jika sebuah organisasi tidak berkinerja baik, ia tidak dapat mencapai tujuannya. Kinerja harus dijadikan sebagai bahan evaluasi agar pemimpin dapat memahami kinerja tinggi dan kinerja rendah dalam organisasi (Kang Tofa, 2016).",
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"text": "Berdasarkan hasil observasi awal yang telah dilakukan penulis dengan beberapa penduduk dikabupaten Kepahiang mereka menilai bahwa kinerja ASN di Dinas Kependudukan dan pencatatan sipil Kabupaten Kepahiang masih rendah, masyarakat merasa kurang puas dengan pelayanan yang diberikan oleh pegawai di dinas tersebut, seperti masih lambatnya proses pencetakan e-KTP, jangka waktu pembuatan Akta Kelahiran atau Kartu Keluarga (KK) yang lumayan lama dan terdapat kesalahan penulisan pada data tersebut. Apalagi ditambah dengan adanya pandemi Covid-19 yang melanda saat ini sehingga pemerintah memberlakukan kebijakan pembatasan sosial yang berlaku di masyarakat yang juga berdampak kepada pelayanan publik yang diberikan pemerintah.",
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"text": "Direktur Jenderal (Dirjen) Zudan Arif Fakrullah Bidang Kependudukan dan Catatan Sipil (Dukcapil) Kementerian Dalam Negeri (Kemendegri) mengatakan, masyarakat kerap menemui beberapa kendala saat mengakses layanan pengelolaan kependudukan di kawasan Disdukcapil., yaitu: 1) pencetakan KTP-el masih lambat. 2) Banyak persyaratan tambahan, termasuk pembuatan akta kelahiran. 3) Masalah integrasi data. 4) Masyarakat masih menjumpai calo dan pajak ilegal. 5) Masalah kehabisan",
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"text": "120",
"type": "Page header"
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"height": 25,
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"text": "nomor antrian di meja pelayanan. Dari berbagai permasalahan tersebut di atas, tentunya sangat mempengaruhi kualitas kinerja ASN dan kepuasan masyarakat.",
"type": "Text"
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"width": 440,
"height": 141,
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"text": "Masih buruknya kinerja ASN selama ini menjadi dalam suatu faktor penting yang dapat mendorong munculnya krisis kepercayaan masyarakat kepada pemerintah. Protes, demontrasi, dan bahkan dengan buruknya kinerja ASN sehingga membuat rasa tidak percaya masyarakat yang banyak terjadi di berbagai daerah. Hal tersebut menjadi indikator dari besarnya ketidakpuasan dan ketidakpercayaan masyarakat terhadap kinerja pemerintah. Dari masalah di atas maka diharapkan kinerja ASN dapat ditingkatkan guna memperbaiki kembali pandangan masyarakat terhadap pemerintah karena dengan kualitas kerja yang semakin baik, maka kepuasan dan kepercayaan masyarakat dapat dibangun kembali. Jika hal ini dapat dilakukan maka pemerintah akan memperoleh kembali kepercayaan di mata masyarakat (Agus Dwiyanto, 2002).",
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"text": "Dari perspektif permasalahan yang ada, perlu dilakukan pengukuran kinerja yang merupakan salah satu faktor penting dalam meningkatkan kinerja ASN. Melalui jenis pengukuran kinerja ini, kami berharap dapat memberi ASN peluang untuk mengambil tindakan guna meningkatkan kemampuan mereka, dengan tujuan meningkatkan kinerja melalui umpan balik yang diberikan oleh organisasi.",
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"text": "METODE PENELITIAN",
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"text": "Metode dalam penelitian ini adalah kualitatif dengan pendekatan deskriptif. Untuk mengetahui bagaimana kinerja ASN di Dinas Kependudukan dan Pencatatan Sipil Kabupaten Kepahiang. Sumber data terdiri dari data primer dan data sekunder. Data primer diperoleh melalui wawancara kepada pegawai ASN Dinas Kependudukan dan Pencatatan Sipil Kabupaten Kepahiang, Informan dalam penelitian ini terdiri dari 5 orang yaitu : Kepala Dinas, Sekretaris, Kepala Sub Bagian Umum dan Kepegawaian, Kepala Bidang Pelayanan Pendaftaran Penduduk, dan Kepala Bidang Pelayanan Pencatatan Sipil. Data sekunder diperoleh melalui buku-buku, buletan-buletan, data dari dokumen, informasi lain, serta laporan yang terkait dengan permasalahan dalam penelitian ini. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan teknik observasi, teknik interview dan teknik dokumentasi. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan peneliti melalui tahapan reduksi data, penyajian data dan penarikan kesimpulan. Sedangkan teknik validasi data dilakukan dengan cara Triangulasi. Triangulasi yang digunakan peneliti yaitu triangulasi sumber dan triangulasi metode.",
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"text": "HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN",
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{
"left": 79,
"top": 588,
"width": 440,
"height": 69,
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"text": "Penelitian ini menganalisis Kinerja Aparatur Sipil Negara (ASN) di Dinas Kependudukan Dan Pencatatan Sipil Kabupaten Kepahiang dan untuk melihat kinerja ASN . Adapun indikator kinerja yang diguakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu kualitas kerja, kuantitas kerja, tanggung jawab, kerjasama dan inisiatif dan akan di uraikan dibawah ini : 1. Kualitas kerja",
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"text": "Kualitas kerja akan menunjukan kerapian, ketelitian, keterkaitan hasil kerja dengan tidak mengabaikan volume pekerjaan. Dengan Kualitas kerja yang baik maka dapat menghindari tingkat kesalahan dalam penyelesaian suatu pekerjaan. Apalagi pada dinas kependudukan dan pencatatan sipil kabupaten kepahiang ketelitian dalam bekerja sangatlah diutamakan karena bersangkutan dengan dokumen-dokumen penting",
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"text": "121",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
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"width": 440,
"height": 25,
"page_number": 4,
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"text": "penduduk, sehingga pegawai ASN di dinas tersebut harus memiliki keahlian dalam bekerja agar dapat menghasilkan hasil kerja yang baik.",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"width": 440,
"height": 98,
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"text": "Dari wawancara yang dilakukan dapat diketahui bahwa kualitas kerja Pegawai ASN di Dinas Kependudukan dan Pencatatan Sipil Kabupaten Kepahiang sudah baik, sesuai dengan tugasnya masing-masing tingkat kerapian dan ketelitiannya sudah sesuai dengan Standar Operasional Prosedur (SOP). Sedangkan untuk meningkatkan kualitas kerja ASN dengan mengikuti kegiatan BIMTEK, pelatihan-pelatihan, mengadakan rapat jika ada regulasi baru. Berdasarkan hasil wawancara dengan Kepala Bidang Pelayanan Capil (Ibu Rieka Dwita Efrilian. TH, SE), ia mengatakan bahwa :",
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"text": "Kualitas kerja ASN di Dinas Kependudukan dan Pencatatan Sipil Kabupaten Kepahiang sudah baik, karena tingkat kerapian dan ketelitian kami dalam pembuatan Akta kelahiran dan KK, mencetak KTP dan KK serta memverifikasi data sudah sesuai dengan SOP yang ada. Adapun cara kami meningkatkan kualitas ASN Di Disdukcapil yaitu dengan BIMTEK, mengikuti pelatihan- pelatihan dan mengadakan rapat jika ada regulasi baru.",
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"text": "Hal tersebut hampir serupa dengan hasil wawancara yang dilakukan dengan Sekretaris Dinas (Bapak Drs Pandri) beliau berkata bahwa :",
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"text": "Kualitas kerja ASN di Disdukcapil Kabupaten Kepahiang sudah baik, kami sudah melakukannya dengan rapi dan teliti sudah sesuai dengan SOP yang diinginkan.",
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"text": "2. Kuantitas kerja",
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{
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"height": 53,
"page_number": 4,
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"text": "Menunjukkan berapa banyaknya jumlah jenis pekerjaan yang dilakukan dalam suatu waktu sehingga efektivitas dapat terlaksana sesuai dengan tujuan organisai. Kuantitas kerja ini dapat dilihat dari kecepatan kerja setiap pegawai ASN itu masing- masing.",
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{
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"text": "Dari wawancara yang telah dilaksanakan bahwa kuantitas kerja ASN di Dinas Kependudukan dan Pencatatan Sipil Kabupaten Kepahiang sudah baik, adapun jenis pekerjaan ASN pada dinas tersebut seperti penerbitan dokumen kependudukan dan data penduduk di bidang PIAK & Pemanfaatan data. Serta jangka waktu yang diperlukan pegawai ASN dalam menyelesaikan pekerjaannya yaitu maksimal 2 hari. Adapun cara pegawai ASN dalam meningkatkan kuantitas kerja yaitu seperti penerbitan akta kelahiran cara meningkatkan kuantitas kerjanya yaitu dengan cara jemput bola, sosialisasi pada masyarakat, serta melakukan kerjasama seperti kerjasama dengan klinik, desa dan Bhayangkari Polres Kabupaten Kepahiang. Berdasarkan hasil wawancara yang dilakukan dengan Kepala Dinas Kependudukan dan Pencatatan Sipil Kabupaten Kepahiang (Ibu Ir Nyayu Elia Hasanah M.Si), yang mana ia berkata bahwa :",
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"text": "Kuantitas kerja di Dinas Kependudukan dan Pencatatan Sipil Kabupaten Kepahiang sudah baik, karena dalam mengerjakan tugas seperti penerbitan dokumen kependudukan dan data penduduk dibidang PIAK & pemanfaatan data kami diberi jangka waktu maksimal 2 hari dalam menyelesaikannya dan kami pun memiliki target-target yang harus dicapai. seperti penerbitan akta kelahiran pada anak usia 0-18 tahun targetnya 95% harus memiliki akta kelahiran, jadi",
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"text": "122",
"type": "Page header"
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"height": 39,
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"text": "cara kami meningkatkan kuantitas kerja di Disdukcapil yaitu dengan cara jemput bola, sosialisasi pada masyarakat, serta melakukan kerjasama seperti kerjasama dengan klinik, desa dan Bhayangkari Polres Kepahiang.",
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"text": "Adapun pendapat lain yaitu dari Kepala Bidang Pelayanan Pendaftaran Penduduk (Bapak Oly Stupeu, SH) yang mengatakan :",
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"text": "Kuantitas kerja kami sudah baik seperti dalam proses pencetakan KK dan KTP serta memverifikasi data sudah sesuai dengan SOP didinas ini, untuk saat ini tidak ada penduduk yang mengeluhkan lambatnya proses pencetakan E-KTP karena kami langsung memproses pencetakan KTP sejak berkas dinyatakan lengkap.",
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"text": "3. Tanggung jawab",
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"text": "Tanggung jawab adalah memperlihatkan seberapa besar seorang pegawai dalam menerima dan melaksanakan pekerjaannya serta mempertanggung jawabkan hasil kerjanya.",
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"text": "Dari wawancara yang dilakukan bahwa masing-masing pegawai ASN di Dinas Kependudukan dan Pencatatan Sipil Kabupaten Kepahiang memiliki tanggungjawab yang berbeda-beda, seperti pada bidang Kasubag Umum dan Kepegawaian mereka bertanggungjawab dalam membantu sekretaris dinas dalam memimpin, menyelenggarakan mengatur, membina, mengendalikan, mengkoordinasi, memantau, mengevaluasi dan mempertanggungjawabkan pelaksanaan tugas pada subbagian umum dan kepegawaian. Sedangkan pada bidang pelayanan pendaftaran penduduk memiliki tanggungjawab dalam kepengurusan identitas penduduk, pindah datang penduduk dan pendataan penduduk.",
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"text": "Dari wawancara yang dilakukan dengan Kepala Kasubag Umum dan Kepegawaian (Bapak Suharno S.kom), yang mana ia berkata bahwa :",
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"text": "Tanggungjawab pegawai ASN dalam menjalankan tugas pokok dan fungsinya sudah baik, sudah sesuai dengan tugasnya masing-masing dan proses menyelesaikan pekerjanya pun juga sudah tepat waktu selama tidak ada kendala yang berarti, di dinas kami pun tidak perna terjadi adanya kasus calo atau pungli.",
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"text": "Adapun pendapat dari Kepala Bidang Pelayanan Pendaftaran Penduduk (Bapak Oly Stupeu, SH) beliau mengatakan bahwa :",
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"text": "Pegawai ASN di Disdukcapil Kabupaten Kepahiang sudah menjalankan tunggungjawabnya dengan baik, kami sudah konsisten dan totalitas terhadap tugas pokok dan fungsi kami seperti pencetakan KK dan KTP kami memerlukan waktu dalam menyelesaikannya 3 hari sejak berkas dinyatakan lengkap. meskipun terkadang tidak seluruhnya sempurna tapi kami sudah berusaha untuk totalitas atau sudah berusaha sebisa mungkin dalam menjalankan tanggungjawab kami.",
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"text": "123",
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"text": "4. Kerjasama",
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"text": "Kerjasama adalah kesediaan pegawai untuk berpartisipasi dengan pegawai yang lain secara vertikal dan horizontal baik di dalam maupun di luar pekerjaan sehingga hasil pekerjaan akan semakin baik. Dengan adanya kerjasama diharapkan tujuan awal dapat tercapai. Kerjasama ini biasanya tidak harus berdasarkan perjanjian yang mengikat melainkan kesadaran dari Pegawai ASN dan juga berdasarkan tupoksinya masing- masing.",
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"text": "Berdasarkan wawancara yang dilakukan dapat diketahui bahwa kerjasama antar Pegawai ASN sudah baik, mereka sudah menjalankan kerjasama sesuai dengan tupoksinya dan mereka juga membangun komunikasi yang baik antar ASN agar tujuan yang diinginkan dapat tercapai.",
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"text": "Dari wawancara yang telah dilaksanakan dengan Kepala Dinas Kependudukan dan Pencatatan Sipil Kabupaten Kepahiang (Ibu Ir. Nyayu Elia Hasanah, M.Si) ia berkata bahwa :",
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"text": "….kerjasama pegawai ASN di Disdukcapil Kabupaten Kepahiang sudah baik, karena dalam menjalankan tugasnya harus ada kerjasama. Seperti kerjasama antar pimpinan dengan pegawai ASN sangatlah diutamakan karena semua pekerjaan yang dilakukan di Disdukcapil kepala dinaslah yang sangat bertanggungjawab. Maka dari itu pegawai ASN harus membantu Kepala Dinas dalam menentukan dokumen yang benar.",
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"text": "Adapun pendapat diatas hampir sama dengan yang dikemukakan oleh Kepala Kasubag Umum dan Kepegawaian (Bapak Suharno S.kom), yang mengatakan :",
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"text": "….kerjasama antar Pegawai ASN di dinas ini sudah baik, kami menjalankan kerjasamana melalui komunikasi yang baik jika seandainya terjadi suatu masalah dalam kepengurusan administrasi kependudukan maka kami melakukan diskusi dan mencari solusi yang tepat. bahkan terkadang kami saling membantu jika seandainya ada penduduk membutuhkan layanan capil namun salah satu pegawai yang bersangkutan sedang berhalangan tetapi tetap diketahui oleh pegawai ASN yang bertanggungjawab.",
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"text": "5. Inisiatif",
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"text": "Inisiatif dapat timbul dari dalam diri pegawai untuk melakukan pekerjaan serta mengatasi masalah dalam pekerjaan tanpa menunggu perintah dari atasan atau menunjukkan tanggung jawab dalam pekerjaan yang sudah kewajiban seorang pegawai.",
"type": "Text"
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"top": 610,
"width": 440,
"height": 54,
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"text": "Berdasarkan hasil wawancara yang dilakukan di Dinas Kependudukan & Pencatatan Sipil Kabupaten Kepahiang mereka sudah berinisiatif dalam menyelesaikan tugas pokok dan fungsinya masing-masing dan juga sudah berinisiatif jika seandainya terjadi suatu masalah dalam menyelesaikan pekerjaanya.",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"text": "Dari wawancara yang telah dilakukan oleh Sekretaris Disdukcapil Kabupaten Kepahiang (Bapak Drs. Pandri ) yang mana ia mengatakan :",
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{
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"text": "Kami telah berinisiatif dalam menyelesaikan pekerjaan kami dengan cara responsif dan jika seandainya terjadi suatu masalah dalam pekerjaan maka kami akan menyelesaikannya dengan tanggap.",
"type": "Text"
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"top": 54,
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"height": 11,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "124",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 79,
"top": 102,
"width": 439,
"height": 24,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Adapun pendapat lain dari Kepala Bidang Pelayanan Capil (Ibu Rieka Dwita Efrilian. TH, SE), ia mengatakan bahwa :",
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{
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"top": 146,
"width": 397,
"height": 39,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Pegawai ASN sudah memiliki inisiatif dalam menyelesaikan pekerjaannya sesuai dengan peraturan dan juga menyelesaikan suatu masalah dengan selalu berpedoman dengan ketentuan perundang-undangan yang berlaku.",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Sedangkan data yang sudah diperoleh peneliti saat pengumpulan data sebanyak 5 buah data sekunder yaitu sertifikat BIMTEK tahun 2018 dan 2019, Surat perjanjian kerjasama antara Disdukcapil Kab. Kepahiang dengan ketua bhayangkari Polres Kepahiang, undangan program pelatihan adminduk dan program diskusi dan dialog interaktif (via zoom). Lalu data tersebut dikelompokkan menjadi 2 data yaitu 4 data dikelompokkan ke indikator kualitas kerja dan 1 data dikelompokkan indikator kuantitas kerja.",
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"text": "PEMBAHASAN",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 79,
"top": 328,
"width": 439,
"height": 98,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang telah dilakukan yaitu mengenai kinerja Aparatur Sipil Negara di Dinas Kependudukan dan Pencatatan Sipil Kabupaten Kepahiang, dimana Seperti yang kita ketahui bahwa kinerja adalah hasil kerja yang dicapai oleh seorang pegawai dalam melakukan tugasnya sesuai dengan tanggung jawab yang diberikan kepadanya. Maka dari itu kinerja ASN sangatlah diutamakan karena untuk mendapatkan hasil kerja yang baik tentu membutuhkan pegawai ASN yang berkinerja baik juga, sehingga masyarakat dapat merasa puas dengan hasil kerjanya.",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"top": 430,
"width": 440,
"height": 83,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Dalam penelitian ini peneliti menggunakan teori kinerja menurut Anwar Prabu Mangkunegara (2013), yang mana terdiri dari 5 (lima) indikator kinerja, yaitu : 1) kualitas, 2) kuantitas, 3) tanggungjawab, 4) kerjasama dan 5) inisiatif. Sehingga dari indikator tersebut peneliti dapat mengetahui bagaimana kinerja Aparatur Sipil Negara di Dinas Kependudukan dan Pencatatan Sipil Kabupaten Kepahiang. Adapun hasil dari penelitian tersebut yaitu :",
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"text": "1). Kualitas kerja kualitas kerja Pegawai ASN di Dinas Kependudukan dan Pencatatan Sipil Kabupaten Kepahiang sudah baik, sesuai dengan tugasnya masing-masing tingkat kerapian dan ketelitiannya sudah sesuai dengan Standar Operasional Prosedur (SOP) yang ada di dinas tersebut. Tidak hanya itu mereka juga melakukan program seperti kegiatan menyapa masyarakat dengan cara berdiskusi dan berdialog interaktif bersama kepala dinas, mengikuti kegiatan BIMTEK, pelatihan-pelatihan dan mengadakan rapat jika seandainya ada regulasi baru. mereka juga memberikan informasi-informasi penting yang berhubungan dengan layanan administrasi kependudukan kepada masyarakat baik secara langsung maupun melalui media.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 94,
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"width": 94,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "2). Kuantitas Kerja",
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{
"left": 79,
"top": 677,
"width": 440,
"height": 69,
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "kuantitas kerja ASN di Dinas Kependudukan dan Pencatatan Sipil Kabupaten Kepahiang sudah baik, adapun jenis pekerjaan ASN pada dinas tersebut seperti penerbitan dokumen kependudukan, memproses dokumen (KK, KTP, Akta dan KIA serta pindah datang), mencetak KK, KTP dan verifikasi data dan lain sebagainya. Adapun cara Dinas Kependudukan dan Pencatatan Sipil Kabupaten Kepahiang dalam meningkatkan",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 498,
"top": 54,
"width": 21,
"height": 11,
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "125",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 79,
"top": 87,
"width": 440,
"height": 69,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "kuantitas kerjanya yaitu dengan melakukan sosialisasi pada masyarakat dan melakukan kerjasama pelayanan jemput bola ke desa dan Bhayangkari Polres Kepahiang. Serta jangka waktu yang diperlukan pegawai ASN dalam menyelesaikan pekerjaannya yaitu maksimal 2 hari selama tidak ada kendala yang berarti seperti kendali di jaringan atau ada data-data yang diperlukan belum lengkap.",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"text": "3). Tanggungjawab",
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"height": 155,
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"text": "Tanggungjawab pegawai ASN di Disdukcapil Kabupaten Kepahiang sudah baik, sudah sesuai dengan tugas masing-masing dan proses menyelesaikan pekerjanya juga sudah tepat waktu selama tidak ada kendala yang berarti, masing-masing pegawai ASN di Dinas Kependudukan dan Pencatatan Sipil Kabupaten Kepahiang memiliki tanggungjawab yang berbeda-beda, seperti pada bidang pelayanan pencatatan sipil mereka bertanggungjawab dalam perubahan status anak, kewarganegaraan & kematian, kelahiran dan pengurusan perkawinan & perceraian. Sedangkan pada bidang pelayanan pendaftaran penduduk memiliki tanggungjawab dalam kepengurusan identitas penduduk, pindah datang penduduk dan pendataan penduduk. Pada Dinas Kependudukan dan Pencatatan Sipil Kabupaten Kepahiang pun tidak pernah terjadi adanya kasus calo atau pungli.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "4). Kerjasama",
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"text": "Dapat diketahui bahwa kerjasama antar Pegawai ASN sudah baik, mereka sudah menjalankan kerjasama sesuai dengan tupoksinya dan mereka juga membangun komunikasi yang baik antar ASN agar tujuan yang diinginkan dapat tercapai dan jika seandainya ada kesulitan atau terjadinya suatu masalah terkait pelayanan administrasi penduduk maka mereka mengadakan rapat untuk mendiskusikan masalah tersebut dan mencari solusi yang tepat.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "5). Inisiatif",
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"text": "Di Dinas Kependudukan & Pencatatan Sipil Kabupaten Kepahiang pegawai ASN di dinas tersebut sudah berinisiatif dalam menyelesaikan tugas pokok dan fungsinya masing-masing secara responsif atau melakukan layanan yang terintegrasi dan juga sudah berinisiatif jika seandainya terjadi suatu masalah dalam menyelesaikan pekerjaanya dengan tanggap dan selalu berpedoman dengan resulasi atau dengan ketentuan perundang-undangan yang berlaku. Mereka juga berinisiatif membuat kotak penilaian tentang kepuasan penduduk akan layanan administrasi kependudukan yang telah diberikan oleh pegawai Dinas Kependudukan dan Pencatatan Sipil kepada penduduk guna mengetahui kepuasan masyarakat akan kualitas pelayanan di Dinas Kependudukan dan Pencatatan Sipil Kabupaten Kepahiang.",
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"text": "Jadi dapat disimpulkan bahwa kinerja Aparatur Sipil Negara di Dinas Kependudukan & Pencatatan Sipil Kabupaten Kepahiang sudah berjalan dengan baik, sudah sesuai dengan peraturan atau ketentuan perundang-undangan yang berlaku. Pelayanan yang mereka lakukan sudah baik karena tidak ada penduduk yang mengeluh lambatnya proses pencetakan KTP-el, Akta Kelahiran dan KK proses pencetakannya pun dilakukan sejak berkas yang dibutuhkan sudah dinyatakan lengkap dan juga tidak ada syarat-syarat tambahan dalam kepengurusan administrasi kependudukan. Pada nomor antrean layanan pun tidak ada masalah tidak pernah terjadi kehabisan nomor antrean layanan, di Dinas Kependudukan & Pencatatan Sipil Kabupaten Kepahiang pun tidak pernah terjadi adanya kasus calo atau pungli.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "Meskipun terkadang terdapat beberapa kekurangan-kekurangan yang tidak begitu",
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"text": "126",
"type": "Page header"
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{
"left": 79,
"top": 87,
"width": 440,
"height": 54,
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"text": "serius. Akan tetapi masih ada faktor yang menjadi kendala dalam kinerja di Dinas Kependudukan & Pencatatan Sipil Kabupaten Kepahiang, yaitu belum tersedianya tempat pengarsipan dokumen-dokumen penting yang memadai sehingga terjadi kesulitan jika seandainya dokumen-dokumen tersebut dibutuhkan kembali.",
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"text": "SIMPULAN",
"type": "Section header"
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"top": 176,
"width": 440,
"height": 126,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Berdasarkan hasil penelitian secara garis besar dapat disimpulkan bahwa kinerja Aparatur Sipil Negara di Dinas Kependudukan dan Pencatatan Sipil Kabupaten Kepahiang sudah baik. Sudah sesuai dengan peraturan atau ketentuan perundang- undangan yang berlaku. Pelayanan yang mereka lakukan sudah baik karena tidak ada penduduk yang mengeluh lambatnya proses pencetakan e-KTP,Akta Kelahiran dan KK. Proses pencetakannya pun dilakukan sejak berkas yang dibutuhkan sudah dinyatakan lengkap dan juga tidak ada syarat-syarat tambahan dalam kepengurusan administrasi kependudukan. Pada nomor antrean layanan pun tidak ada masalah tidak pernah terjadi kehabisan nomor antrean layanan.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "DAFTAR PUSTAKA",
"type": "Section header"
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"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Jln. Pertamina Sengkuang Km.4, Kotak Pos 126, Kecamatan Sintang, Kabupaten Sintang, Kalimantan Barat, Indonesia Email: jurnaljurkami@gmail.com Penerbit: LPPM STKIP Persada Khatulistiwa Sintang",
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"text": "DAMPAK KEBERADAAN MINIMARKET IRIYANTI TERHADAP KELANGSUNGAN USAHA TOKO KELONTONG DI BANGKALAN",
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"text": "Program Studi Pendidikan Ekonomi, STKIP PGRI Bangkalan, Indonesia 12 Corresponding Author: imulapril43634@gmail.com Author Email: aldila.septiana@stkippgri-bkl.ac.id",
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"text": "Accepted: June 2023 Published: August 2023",
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"text": "Impact; Development;",
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"text": "Minimarket;",
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"text": "Grocery Store",
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"text": "As the Indonesian economy progresses, the modern retail industry is increasingly transforming the existence of the traditional retail industry. Modern retail companies are causing traditional stores or grocery stores today to become more and more constricted. Located among grocery stores, Iriyanti Minimarket in Gebang Village offers both advantages and disadvantages. The purpose of this research is to find out how the existence of the Iriyanti minimarket affects the survival of the grocery store industry in Bangkalan district. This research uses qualitative descriptive techniques. Techniques to obtain data using interviews and observation techniques. The research informant is a four-man grocery store owner. For data analysis use the qualitative analysis method described in detail. Data analysis is reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. Research findings show that minimarket envy has a positive and negative impact on the business of grocery stores. There has been a change in sales turnover as well as a decrease in the number of customers and also affects the quality of grocery stores that only sell retail goods. Besides, the strategy of the grocery store business owner to maintain the existence of the business is still unseen and is still very minimal. Sejarah Artikel Diterima: Juni 2023 Direvisi: Juni 2023 Disetujui: Juni 2023",
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"text": "Toko Kelontong",
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"text": "Seiring dengan kemajuan perekonomian Indonesia, industri ritel modern semakin mengubah keberadaan industri ritel tradisional. Perusahaan ritel modern menyebabkan warung tradisional atau warung kelontong saat ini semakin terjepit. Terletak di antara toko kelontong, Minimarket Iriyanti di Desa Gebang menawarkan kelebihan dan kekurangan. Tujuan Penelitian ini untuk mengetahui bagaimana keberadaan minimarket Iriyanti mempengaruhi kelangsungan hidup industri toko kelontong di Kabupaten Bangkalan. Penelitian ini menggunakan teknik kualitatif deskriptif kualitatif. Teknik untuk memperoleh data menggunakan teknik wawancara dan observasi. Informan penelitian yaitu pemilik toko kelontong berjumlah 4 orang. Untuk analisis data menggunakan Metode analisis kualitatif yang dijelaskan secara rinci. Analisis data yakni reduksi, penyajian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Temuan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa minimarket iriyanti memiliki dampak positif dan negatif terhadap usaha toko kelontong. Terjadi perubahan omset penjualan serta menurunnya jumlah pelanggan dan juga berpengaruh pada kualitas toko kelontong yang hanya menjual barang eceran. Selain itu, strategi yang dilakukan oleh pemilik usaha toko kelontong guna mempertahankan eksistensi usahanya masih belum terlihat dan masih sangat minim",
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"text": "455 | Multasiyeh Aprilia, Aldila Septiana. Dampak Keberadaan Minimarket Iriyanti Terhadap Kelangsungan Usaha Toko Kelontong di Bangkalan",
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"text": "This is an open-access article under the CC-BY-SA License Copyright ©2023, The Author (s)",
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"text": "How to Cite : Aprilia, M, Septiana, A. 2023. Dampak Keberadaan Minimarket Iriyanti Terhadap Kelangsungan Usaha Toko Kelontong di Bangkalan. Jurnal Pendidikan Ekonomi (JURKAMI), 8 (2) DOI : 10.31932/jpe.v8i2.2568",
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"text": "PENDAHULUAN",
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"text": "Perkembangan zaman yang semakin modern, membuat kebutuhan manusia semakin meningkat. Perubahan yang terjadi saat ini tentu sangat mempengaruhi perkembangan akan kebutuhan manusia dari masa ke masa, terutama perubahan dari kondisi sosial ekonomi masyarakat. Hal ini dapat dilihat ketika masyarakat memiliki status sosial ekonomi yang tinggi maka makin tinggi pula tuntutan akan kebutuhan hidup dan juga tuntutan akan pelayanan hidupnya. Kebanyakan masyarakat saat ini lebih menginginkan pelayanan yang memuaskan dan diimbangi dengan kualitas yang bagus pula karena dengan begitu masyarakat pasti akan memperoleh pelayanan yang sesuai harapan dan pada akhirnya dapat memuaskan kebutuhan mereka.",
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"text": "Saat berbelanja konsumen biasanya lebih menyukai kebebasan, kebebasan dalam artian dapat memilih sendiri apa yang mereka inginkan dan apa yang mereka butuhkan karena hal ini menjadi sensasi me-time tersendiri bagi mereka. Sejalan dengan pendapat Kotler dan Keller (Helmi, et al., 2019) Perilaku konsumen adalah studi tentang bagaimana individu, kelompok, dan organisasi memilih, membeli, menggunakan, dan bagaimana barang, jasa, ide, atau pengalaman untuk memuaskan kebutuhan dan keinginan mereka",
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"text": "Ritel modern merupakan salah satu tempat berbelanja yang memiliki konsep yang paling menonjol yaitu pembelinya dapat memilih dan mengambil sendiri apa yang mereka ingin beli. Dengan",
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"text": "berkembangnya zaman, semakin banyak pula toko ritel di Indonesia mulai dari minimarket,",
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"text": "supermarket, dan hypermarket.",
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"text": "Pesatnya pertumbuhan toko ritel seperti minimarket Iriyanti di kawasan pemukiman, memberikan dampak positif dan negatif bagi toko kecil maupun masyarakat di sekitarnya. Adanya minimarket juga mempengaruhi “persepsi warga sekitar tentang penurunan penjualan dan pelanggan.” Hal ini juga memberikan pengaruh terhadap keberadaan Pasar Tradisional yang sebagian besar merupakan usaha kecil yang dimiliki oleh perorangan. Di sisi lain, Pasar Modern dikelola secara profesional dengan segala fasilitasnya. Namun lain halnya dengan Pasar Tradisional yang masih menghadapi persoalan klasik mengenai pengelolaan yang tidak profesional serta ketidaknyamanan dalam berbelanja. Keberadaan bisnis ritel modern (minimarket) tentunya semakin mengubah keberadaan bisnis ritel tradisional seiring dengan semakin meningkatnya keberadaan bisnis ritel modern di Indonesia.",
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"text": "Menurut lembaga riset keuangan CLSA, melalui riset E-warung Indonesia’s new digital battleground (Mujianto et al., 2021), menyatakan ritel tradisional mengontrol 65-70 persen dari total penjualan ritel di Indonesia dengan nilai rantai pasok produk ke ritel tradisional bahkan diperkirakan mencapai sedikitnya US$58 miliar (sekitar Rp 817 triliun) per tahun. Menarik untuk diteliti karena retail tradisinal memegang peranan penting dalam perekonomian nasional.",
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"text": "Jumlah toko kelontong di kecamatan bangkalan khususnya di Desa Gebang tergolong banyak. Usaha ini juga terbilang tidak terlalu sulit sebab hanya memerlukan modal dan tempat untuk usaha tidak perlu menyewa atau membeli, cukup mendirikan usaha di rumah sendiri. Namun sekarang ini, para pedagang cukup merasakan dampak secara langsung dari kehadiran Minimarket Iriyanti dan dengan keterbatasan yang dimiliki oleh toko kelontong yang tidak memungkinkan untuk bisa bersaing secara baik, bahkan beberapa ada toko kelontong yang hampir tersingkir. Salah satu strategi yang cukup berhasil untuk bersaing yakni dengan menjual barang lain yang tidak di jual di Minimarket Iriyanti",
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"text": "Menurut penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Pramudiana dalam (Maulana et al., 2022) diketahui bahwasanya minimarket, supermarket beserta berbagai jenis pasar modern lainnya seiring berjalannya waktu telah membuat Pasar Tradisional semakin terpinggirkan, terutama untuk kalangan masyarakat yang tinggal diperkotaan maupun pinggiran kota yang lebih memilih berbelanja di Pasar Modern dalam urusan pemenuhan kebutuhan sehari-harinya dan kebutuhan utama rumah tangga.",
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"text": "Ritel tradisional merupakan penjual eceran berupa toko-toko kelontong ataupun pasar-pasar tradisional. Pasar Tradisional merupakan tempat bertemunya penjual dan pembeli serta ditandai dengan adanya transaksi penjual dan pembeli secara langsung. Proses transaksi di Pasar Tradisional terjadi tawar menawar, bangunan biasanya terdiri dari kios-kios atau gerai, los dan dasaran terbuka yang dibuka oleh penjual maupun suatu pengelola pasar. Kebanyakan menjual kebutuhan sehari-hari seperti bahan makanan berupa ikan, buah-buahan, sayur,",
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"text": "telur, daging, pakaian, elektronik, jasa dan lain-lain.",
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"text": "Ritel tradisional dapat dibagi kedalam 2 jenis yaitu Pasar tradisional dan toko kelontong. Pasar tradisional adalah pasar yang dibangun dan dikelola oleh Pemerintah, Pemerintah Daerah, Swasta, Badan Usaha Milik Negara, Badan Usaha Milik Daerah termasuk kerjasama dengan swasta dengan tempat usaha berupa toko, kios, los dan tenda yang dimiliki/dikelola oleh pedagang kecil, menengah, swadaya masyarakat atau koperasi dengan usaha skala kecil, modal kecil dan dengan proses jual beli barang dagangan melalui tawar menawar (Handayani et al., 2019). Menurut (Wibowo er al, 2022) Bentuk dari perusahaan pasar tradisional adalah perusahaan kelontong yang menjual barang-barang kebutuhan sehari-hari yang berada di wilayah perumahaan, pedagang kaki lima, pedagang yang berjualan di pasar tradisional. Sedangkan menurut (Nurdewanto & Nugroho, 2020) toko kelontong adalah wirausaha rumahan yang berbentuk semacam warung yang melayani transaksi jual beli barang kebutuhan sehari- hari, seperti sembako, camilan, dan sebagainya.",
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"text": "Toko kelontong ini dikatakan masih bersifat tradisional karena pembeli tidak bisa mengambil barang yang diinginkan. Toko kelontong ini pelayanan pembelian secara langsung antara pembeli dan penjual karena rak toko yang belum modern. Toko ini biasanya berada di desa-desa hingga perkotaan. Menurut (Chaniago, 2021) Konsumen di toko kelontong lebih senang dilayani langsung oleh pedagang atau pemilik langsung menjadi wiraniaganya. Konsumen suka berkomunikasi, bahkan ditanyakan kebutuhannya apa saja dan pedagang dengan cepat melayaninya. Berbeda dengan ritel tradisional, ritel",
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"text": "457 | Multasiyeh Aprilia, Aldila Septiana. Dampak Keberadaan Minimarket Iriyanti Terhadap Kelangsungan Usaha Toko Kelontong di Bangkalan",
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"text": "modern tidak mengharuskan penjual dan pembeli bertransaksi secara langsung. Pembeli melihat harga pada label yang tercantum dalam barang dan pelayanannya secara mandiri (swalayan). Ritel modern (minimarket) lebih mengutamakan kenyamanan dalam berbelanja, terlihat dari ruangan yang ber AC, tempat yang bersih dan nyaman, dan biasanya terdapat discount yang banyak menarik minat masyarakat untuk berbelanja di ritel modern (minimarket). Merujuk pada penelitian (Helmi, et al., 2019) faktor dominan yang mempengaruhi konsumen dalam berbelanja di ritel Modern yaitu kenyamanan lokasi, kenyamanan dalam berbelanja, fasilitas parkir, cara pembayaran, layanan yang baik pada pelanggan, kenyamana untuk wanita pekerja, dan perilaku karyawan.",
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"text": "Ritel modern awalnya menyasar konsumen kelas menengah keatas. Namun seiring dengan berkembangnya sosial ekonomi masyarakat, ritel modern kini banyak didirikan tidak hanya di kota-kota besar tetapi di daerah kecamatan dan pedesaan pun sudah banyak ritel modern yang berdiri bahkan lokasinya tidak jauh antar satu sama lain dan kadang ada yang saling berhadapan bahkan berdampingan dengan toko kelontong. Seperti di Desa Gebang Kecamatan Bangkalan, hadirnya Iriyanti Minimarket sedikit menuai pro dan kontra. Hal ini disebabkan karena lokasi minimarket tersebut berada di antara toko kelontong dan juga berseberangan dengan toko kelontong. Kondisi ini tentu sangat meresahkan bagi para pemilik toko kelontong karena bagaimana pun juga masyarakat akan lebih tertarik berbelanja di minimarket daripada berbelanja di toko kelontong. Namun, hal ini juga memberi dampak positif bagi warga Desa Gebang karena semenjak adanya Iriyanti",
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"text": "Minimarket warga jadi lebih memiliki banyak pilihan dalam berbelanja baik dalam segi harga, pelayanan, jenis produk, maupun kualitas dari barang yang dibutuhkan. Eksistensi dari keberadaan minimarket ini memiliki dampak yang cukup besar bagi para pedagang toko kelontong. Pasalnya kehadirannya telah membawa ancaman baru bagi para pedagang toko kelontong, bahkan ada yang hampir menutup usahanya dikarenakan konsumennya berpindah. Hal ini menyebabkan para pedagang toko kelontong dapat merasakan imbasnya secara langsung atas keberadaan pasar modern yakni minimarket. Salah satunya disebabkan oleh adanya penjualan produk yang sama di kedua tempat tersebut.",
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"text": "Dalam beberapa penelitian menunjukkan dampak kehadiran retail modern terhadap usaha UMKM. Seperti penelitian Tohri, et al., 2023 Dampak ekonomi yang negatif ditunjukkan oleh indikator menurunnya omset penjualan, penurunan pendapatan yang dan menurunnya kesempatan berusaha para pelaku UMKM. Dalam penelitian Kurniawan dan Azhar (2019) Hasil penelitian menunjukkan persepsi UMKM terhadap toko modern berdampak negatif dan positif. Dampak negatifnya, pendapatan UMKM mengalami penurunan. Dampak positifnya, kehadiran toko modern memberikan motivasi kepada UMKM untuk mengevaluasi diri dari toko modern.",
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"text": "Berdasarkan paparan diatas maka tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui dampak keberadaan minimarket Iriyanti terhadap kelangsungan usaha toko kelontong di desa gebang, kecamatan bangkalan.",
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"text": "Metode yang digunakan berdasarkan data penelitian adalah adalah metode kualitatif. Dalam penelitian ini data primer diperoleh dari para pemilik toko kelontong, konsumen, dan pegawai minimarket. Informan dalam penelitian berjumlah 4 orang. Teknik yang digunakan wawancara dan observasi yang digunakan yaitu observasi partisipasi. Adapun data sekunder diperoleh melalui studi kepustakaan. Teknik Analisis Data dalam penelitian ini Data yang telah diperoleh akan dianalisis secara kualitatif serta diuraikan dalam bentuk deskriptif. Adapun langkah-langkah analisis data diantaranya Reduksi data, Penyajian data, yaitu rangkaian organisasi informasi yang memungkinkan penelitian lakukan. Penyajian data yang diperoleh dari berbagai jenis, jaringan kerja, keterkaitan kegiatan atau tabel, dan Penarikan kesimpulan. keabsahan data dengan menelaah seluruh data yang ada dari berbagai sumber yang telah didapat dari lapangan dan dokumen pribadi, dokumen resmi, gambar, foto, dan sebagainya melalui metode wawancara yang didukung dengan studi dokumentasi.",
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"text": "Dalam penelitian ini yang dijadikan informan berdasarkan jenis kelamin yaitu laki – laki sebanyak 2 orang dan perempuan sebanyak 3 orang sebagai pedagang toko kelontong sebagai sumber utama pendapatan. Dilihat dari usia pemilik toko kelontong, yang berusia 21 – 30 tahun sebanyak 1 orang, usia 31 – 40 tahun sebanyak 2 orang (50%), untuk usia 41 – 50 tahun sebanyak 1 orang. Berdasarkan tingkat pendidikan akhir yang menunjukkan pedagang yang pendidikan akhirnya SD sebanyak 1 orang, pedagang yang memiliki pendidikan akhir SMP sebanyak 1 orang, dan pedagang yang",
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"text": "memiliki pendidikan akhir SMA sebanyak 2 orang. Dengan kondisi ini dapat bahwa tingkat pendidikan yang cenderung rendah membuat para pedagang membuka usaha eceran dan grosir dengan sistem yang sangat sederhana atau masih tradisional dalam mengelola usahanya dan juga kurangnya pengetahuan bagaimana cara menarik pembeli menggunakan strategi promosi. Ditinjau dari lamanya toko kelontok beroperasi, toko kelontong yang berdiri sejak 6-10 tahun sebanyak 3 toko dan jumlah toko yang telah berdiri sejak lebih dari 11 tahun sebanyak 1 toko. Dari rata-rata lamanya usaha toko kelontong berdiri paling banyak berkisar antara 6 – 10 tahun terakhir, dilihat dari hal ini dapat dikatakan bahwa para pemilik toko kelontong sudah cukup berpengalaman dalam mengelola usahanya dan dapat dipastikan sudah merasakan dampak akan adanya minimarket iriyanti yang setiap tahun mengalami perkembangan",
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"text": "Dari hasil wawancara yang telah dilakukan, ketiga pemilik toko kelontong kurang setuju dan mengeluhkan adanya Minimarket Iriyanti di Desa Gebang Kecamatan Bangkalan, seperti halnya yang dikatakan Ibu Musayyeroh (38 tahun). Beliau menyatakan seperti berikut:",
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"text": "“Saya sebenarnya keberatan adanya Minimarket, karena adanya Minimarket Iriyanti pendapatan saya menurun setiap bulannya, para pelanggan saya juga beberapa pindah membeli kebutuhannya di Minimarket Iriyanti. Harganya juga lebih rendah yang disana saya yang hanya toko kecil sulit untuk mengimbanginya, jadi pembeli lebih suka belanja di Minimarket.”",
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"text": "Namun demikian tidak semua informan menolak adanya Minimarket Iriyanti di Desa Gebang Kecamatan Bangkalan, seperti Ibu Istiqomah (42 tahun) yang menyatakan:",
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"text": "“Kalo saya sih setuju – setuju aja adanya",
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"text": "Minimarket Iriyanti, karena adanya Minimarket ini kan sudah menjadi tantangan pada zaman modern seperti saat ini, selain itu kan juga resikonya orang membuka usaha.”",
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"text": "Dari hasil dari wawancara yang peneliti lakukan tersebut artinya ada pedagang yang tidak terima dengan hadirnya Minimarket Iriyanti di Desa Gebang Kecamatan Bangkalan, sedangkan pedagang yang menerima beranggapan bahwa sejak kehadiran Minimarket Iriyanti merupakan bagian dari kemajuan zaman yang tidak dapat dipungkiri keberadaannya dan sejauh ini menjadi perbincangan yang cukup hangat disebabkan tuntutan gaya hidup yang berkembang di masyarakat kita, kemudian para pedagang meyakini bahwa rezeki akan datang pada masing-masing usaha yang dilakukan.",
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"text": "Keluhan semua pedagang yang menjadi informan penelitian atas hadirnya Minimarket Iriyanti di Desa Gebang Kecamatan Bangkalan terkait pelanggan yang beralih berbelanja ke Minimarket Iriyanti sejak hadirnya Minimarket ini di Desa Gebang Kecamatan Bangkalan, seperti yang dikatakan oleh salah satu informan yang peneliti wawancarai yaitu Ibu Musayyeroh (38 tahun) yang mengatakan bahwa:",
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"text": "“Pasti ada karena itu sudah hak pembeli untuk memilih, toh Minimarket Iriyanti lebih bagus dan nyaman untuk dikunjungi tapi saya gak pernah masuk biasanya kalo saya mau beli-beli saya nyuruh anak saya”.",
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"text": "Kualitas pelayanan, kelengkapan barang dan kenyamanan dari Minimarket Iriyanti tentu membuat toko kelontong kalah bersaing. Konsumen lebih memilih beralih berbelanja ke Minimarket Iriyanti dari pada berbelanja di Toko Kelontong. Hal Ini sangat berpengaruh terhadap",
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"text": "permintaan barang di Toko Kelontong. Selera masyarakat yang sudah mulai terpengaruh akan sebuah kemewahan, membuat konsumen mulai enggan belanja di toko-toko tradisional atau toko kecil dan lebih memilih belanja di toko modern yang lebih mengutamakan kualitas, kenyaman dan pelayanan. Oleh karena itu pasar tradisional perlu mengadopsi secara holistic penyuguhan kelayakan produk untuk konsumen sehingga mendapat suasana yang nyaman, untuk bersaing dengan toko modern (Efendi et al, 2022).",
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"text": "Beberapa dari pemilik toko kelontong sudah merasakan langsung akan dampak yang diberikan Minimarket Iriyanti, salah satu dampak yang dirasa cukup berpengaruh terhadap perkembangan usaha toko kelontong yaitu menurunnya pelanggan dari waktu ke waktu yang berakibat pada pendapatan yang semakin menurun. Tidak hanya adanya Minimarket Iriyanti tetapi bertambahnya usaha kecil yang lebih bervariasi dan lebih modern juga menambah kerisauan para pemilik toko kelontong.",
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"text": "Dampak hadirnya Minimarket Iriyanti memang cukup terasa bagi mereka pemilik usaha kecil. Keuntungan merupakan faktor yang penting bagi setiap pemilik usaha, khususnya bagi pemilik toko kelontong. Demi terjaganya keberlang- sungan usaha mereka, hasil dari usaha yang diperoleh nantinya dapat dipergunakan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan hidupnya sehari-hari dan untuk modal usaha mereka di masa yang akan datang. Ditambah lagi beberapa dari mereka melakukan pembiayaan ke bank untuk tambahan modal awal usaha mereka dan tentu bukan dengan jumlah yang sedikit. Jika jumlah pelanggan toko eceran serta keuntungan yang didapat menurun maka hal ini akan berdampak terhadap kelangsungan usaha toko",
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"text": "kelontong atau bahkan ada yang sampai mengalihkan usahanya yang tadinya toko kelontong sebagai pendapatan utama tetapi terpaksa harus beralih usaha pada usaha lain demi tetap memenuhi kebutuhan hidup.",
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"text": "Dari hasil wawancara peneliti peroleh informasi hampir semua barang dagangan mengalami penurunan meskipun ada beberapa dari barang dagangan yang mengalami peningkatan, 1 pemilik toko kelontong merasakan adanya peningkatan pada penjualan beras sedangkan 3 pemilik toko lainnya justru mengalami penurunan pada penjualan beras, hal serupa juga terjadi pada penjualan susu dan jajanan ringan. Untuk penjualan gula pasir ada 2 toko mengalami penurunan. Menurut salah satu informan yaitu Ibu Musayyeroh (38 tahun):",
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"text": "“Kalo masalah penurunan omset ya jelas akan menurun, apalagi dari Minimarket Iriyanti melakukan promosi yang menarik. Hanya beberapa yang tetap stabil salah satunya yaitu konsumen biasanya beli bensin eceran, menurut beberapa konsumen mereka berpikir kalau bensin eceran lebih banyak dari pada bensin pom mini kalau hanya beli 1 liter”",
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"text": "Peneliti juga menanyakan tentang promosi melalui potongan harga di Minimarket Iriyanti, ada pengaruh terhadap pendapatan seperti yang disampaikan Bapak Haris (44 Tahun):",
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"text": "“Sangatlah berpengaruh karena konsumen itu lebih tertarik barang yang murah.”",
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"text": "Dari hasil wawancara dapat ditarik kesimpulan bahwa promosi yang dilakukan Minimarket Iriyanti selama ini memberikan pengaruh terhadap pendapatan mereka ditunjukkan dengan berkurangnya pembeli ketika sedang ada promosi di Minimarket Iriyanti, dan ada juga pemilik toko yang beranggapan bahwa promosi yang dilakukan Minimarket Iriyanti tidak begitu",
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"text": "Namun ada ada pemilik toko beranggapan bahwa harga toko kelontong lebih murah daripada Minimarket Iriyanti bahkan saat ada promo atau discount . Seperti yang dikatakan oleh Ibu Istiqomah (42 Tahun):",
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"text": "”Kalo dibilang pengaruh tidak begitu pengaruh karena tidak semuanya harga barang di Minimarket Iriyanti itu kan lebih murah dari toko kelontong jadi kalaupun ada promo paling yang harganya lebih mahal dari toko kelontong yang ada promonya dan harga promonya pun tidak jauh berbeda dengan harga normal di toko kelontong.”",
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"text": "Hasil penelitian tentang pelayanan yang diberikan oleh Minimarket Iriyanti dan dampaknya terhadap jumlah pelanggan toko kelontong, Ibu Musayyeroh (38 Tahun) beranggapan bahwa:",
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"text": "“Berpengaruh, karena pelayanan di Minimarket Iriyanti kan berbeda dengan toko kelontong, pembeli bisa dengan leluasa mengambil dan memilih barang – barang yang mereka butuhkan sedangkan di toko kelontong mereka tidak bisa memilih barang yang mereka butuhkan.”",
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"text": "Hal senada juga disampaikan Ulsiyeh (25 Tahun) yang mengatakan bahwa:",
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"text": "“Pelayanan di Minimarket Iriyanti memang jauh lebih baik dari pada di toko – toko kecil seperti ini, jelas hal itu akan mempengaruhi jumlah pelanggan. Tetapi tidak terlalu terasa bagi saya mungkin karena toko saya tidak terlalu dekat dengan Minimarket Iriyanti, selain itu pelanggan saya kan rata – rata yang lanjut usia sehingga mereka lebih suka dilayani dari pada mengambil barang sendiri kan bisa saja mereka tidak tau barangnya yang mana.”",
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"text": "461 | Multasiyeh Aprilia, Aldila Septiana. Dampak Keberadaan Minimarket Iriyanti Terhadap Kelangsungan Usaha Toko Kelontong di Bangkalan",
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"text": "Dari jawaban yang disampaikan informan bahwasannya toko kelontong juga memiliki keuntungan tersendiri dari pelayanan yang diberikannya, yaitu pelanggan Minimarket Iriyanti bisa dengan leluasa memilih barang yang mereka butuhkan. Sedangkan bagi pemilik toko kelontong merasa tidak terlalu di rugikan karena pembeli yang lanjut usia akan lebih memilih membeli kebutuhannya di toko kelontong, mereka hanya tinggal menyebutkan apa yang ingin mereka beli tidak perlu berjalan kesana kemari untuk mengambil barang yang ingin dibeli. Sejalan dengan pendapat (Priatana & Supiandi, 2021) dengan munculnya ritel modern ini, pasar tradisional akan mengalami penyusutan pelanggan dan pendapatannya, jika tidak diimbangani dengan pelayanan dan menejemen yang lebih baik.",
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"text": "Dalam kegiatan bisnis, toko kelontong harus bisa menghadapi persaingan usaha yang lazim terjadi dalam dunia bisnis. Ketika seorang pedagang bersikap kompetitif maka pedagang tersebut memiliki sikap siap serta berani bersaing dengan orang lain. Namun bukan berarti dapat menghalalkan segala cara, akan tetapi tetap bersaing dengan cara yang baik. Hal yang demikian telah tampak pada beberapa toko kelontong yang berdiri di sekitar Minimarket Iriyanti di Desa Gebang Kecamatan Bangkalan, siap tidak siap mereka harus tetap bersaing dengan Minimarket Iriyanti seperti pemaparan masing-masing dari informan.",
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"text": "Begitu beragam respon yang diberikan para pemilik toko kelontong atas hadirnya Minimarket Iriyanti di Kecamatan Bangkalan tepatnya di Desa Gebang, diantaranya ada yang beranggapan berdampak positif namun tidak sedikit yang merasakan dampak negatifnya terhadap",
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"text": "”Menurut ibu sih ada positif ada negatifnya, kalau positifnya yaa ini merupakan suatu bentuk kemajuan zaman- lah dan sudah pasti banyak usaha – usaha baru yang membuka lapangan kerja, tapi negatifnya yah seperti ibu ginilah otomatis adanya penurunan-penurunan omset.”",
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"text": "Sedangkan menurut bapak Haris (44 Tahun) terkait dengan atas hadirnya Minimarket Iriyanti di Kecamatan Bangkalan tepatnya di Desa Gebang yaitu.",
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"text": "“Bisa dibilang negatiflah karena mematikan pedagang-pedagang seperti kami ini secara gak langsung kalau semakin besar dan semakin banyak yang dijual di Minimarket Iriyanti maka dampaknya juga semakin besar.”",
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"text": "Dari jawaban informan penelitian atas hadirnya Minimarket Iriyanti yang ada di Desa Gebang Kecamatan Bangkalan lebih dominan memberikan dampak negatif, sebab para para pemilik toko kelontong merasakan langsung adanya penurunan-penurunan penjualan untuk beberapa tahun terakhir ini. Hal ini juga dibarengi dengan adanya penurunan pendapatan tiap-tiap toko kelontong. Diantara pedagang lainnya ada satu pedagang yang mengatakan berdampak positif karena sebagai bentuk dari kemajuan zaman dan sudah semestinya usaha berinovasi dari tahun ke tahun.",
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"text": "mengalami penurunan pendapatan yang bervariasi. Ada pemilik toko kelontong yang mengalami penurunan pendapatan sebesar 30-35%, yang paling besar dialami jumlah penurunan sebesar 40%-50% disebabkan letak toko kelontongnya yang begitu dekat dengan Minimarket Iriyanti, bersebelahan dan berhadapan. Penurunan pendapatan yang tergolong rendah yakni 10%-20%. Pemilik toko yang mengalami penurunan sebesar 10% selain menjual barang kelontong, juga menjual bensin eceran menjadi alternatif sebagai tambahan pendapatannya dan didukung lokasi toko kelontong tidak terlalu dekat dari Minimarket Iriyanti sehingga penurunan pendapatannya tidak begitu signifikan. Hal ini sejalan dengan pendapat privana ekspektasi pendapatan merupakan faktor pendorong guna mendapatkan pendapatan yang lebih tinggi. Artinya penjual dapat menambah barang yang dijual sebagai alternative mendapatkan tambahan penjualan.",
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"text": "Dari hasil wawancara peneliti peroleh data tentang pendapatan para pemilik toko kelontong per harinya sebelum dan setelah adanya Minimarket Iriyanti. Hasilnya menunjukkan telah terjadi adanya perubahan jumlah pendapatan perharinya untuk setiap toko kelontong. Hal ini tentu membuat pendapatan para pemilik toko kelontong menurun, diantaranya sebelum adanya Minimarket Iriyanti, 2 pemilik toko mengakui jumlah pendapatan tokonya sebesar 2-3 juta perhari, Namun setelah adanya Minimarket Iriyanti pendapatan toko kelontong mengalami penurunan omset penjualan, pada jumlah pendapatan sebesar 1 – 1,5 juta per hari. Sedangkan 2 pemilik toko lainnya mengakui jumlah pendapatannya sebesar 4-5 juta sebelum hadirnya Minimarket Iriyanti, namun",
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"text": "Merujuk kepada Undang – Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 20 Tahun 2008 Bab 1 Pasal 1 menyebutkan: Usaha Kecil adalah usaha ekonomi produktif yang berdiri sendiri, yang dilakukan oleh orang perorangan atau badan usaha yang bukan merupakan anak perusahaan atau bukan cabang perusahaan yang dimiliki, dikuasai, atau menjadi bagian baik langsung atau tidak langsung dari usaha menengah atau usaha besar yang memenuhi kriteria usaha kecil sebagaimana yang dimaksud dalam undang-undang ini.",
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"text": "Toko Kelontong di Desa Gebang Kecamatan Bangkalan umumnya hanya bersaing dengan toko kelontong saat sebelum adanya Minimarket Iriyanti dan hal ini tidak begitu terlalu berpengaruh terhadap pendapatan mereka. Pendapatan per hari yang dihasilkan oleh toko kelontong terbilang cukup stabil bahkan mengalami peningkatan. Dari usaha toko kelontong tersebut kebutuhan sehari-hari dapat tercukupi, bahkan tidak sedikit dari pemilik toko kelontong bisa memberikan pendidikan pada anaknya sampai ke jenjang perguruan tinggi dan dapat menopang perekonomian dalam keluarga untuk memenuhi segala bentuk kebutuhan hidup.",
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"text": "Terlebih peneliti akui cukup banyak jumlah toko kelontong di kecamatam bangkalan khususnya di Desa Gebang, akan tetapi hal ini tidak menyurutkan usaha para",
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"text": "pemilik toko kelontong walaupun banyaknya saingan, kalaupun berpengaruh tidak terlalu berdampak bagi para pemilik toko. Usaha ini juga terbilang tidak terlalu sulit sebab hanya memerlukan modal dan tempat untuk usaha tidak perlu menyewa atau membeli, cukup mendirikan usaha di rumah sendiri. Oleh karena itu semakin banyaknya orang membuka usaha yang sama. Namun sekarang ini, para pedagang cukup merasakan dampak secara langsung dari Minimarket Iriyanti, dan dengan keterbatasan yang dimiliki oleh toko kelontong tidak memungkinkan untuk bisa bersaing secara baik, bahkan beberapa ada toko kelontong yang hampir tersingkir seperti yang dialami oleh Bapak Haris namun beliau cukup berhasil menghidupi toko nya kembali dengan menjual barang lain yang tidak di jual di Minimarket Iriyanti.",
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"text": "Abstract: One indicator of success in maintaining stable blood sugar levels in diabetics is dietary adherence. Dietary adherence is essential to successfully control blood sugar levels. Patient non-compliance with diet can have a negative impact on the severity of diabetes experienced, thus requiring a longer treatment process. Based on an initial survey of around 210 patients recorded as participating in PROLANIS throughout 2022, only 30 people have routinely participated since the pandemic began in December 2021 at Puskesmas Simpang Tiga. This study aims to determine the relationship between prolanis activities and dietary compliance of patients with diabetes mellitus. This type of research is quantitative with a cross sectional approach. The research was conducted in 2023 at the Simpang Tiga Health Center. The research sample amounted to 138 respondents. Data collection tools using a research questionnaire. Data analysis was carried out univariate and bivariate. The results showed that there was a relationship between medical consultation (p value 0.000) and group education (p value 0.000) with dietary compliance in the prolanis program. This study recommends that Puskesmas Simpang Tiga, especially Puskesmas officers, organize the PROLANIS program in improving health monitoring for diabetes mellitus respondents and encourage respondents to attend PROLANIS activities via SMS gateway or Whatsapp group in order to help improve compliance.",
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"text": "Abstrak: Salah satu indikator keberhasilan dalam menjaga kestabilan kadar gula darah pada penderita diabetes adalah kepatuhan terhadap diet. Kepatuhan diet sangat penting untuk berhasil mengontrol kadar gula darah. Ketidakpatuhan pasien terhadap diet dapat berdampak negatif pada tingkat keparahan diabetes yang dialami, sehingga memerlukan proses pengobatan yang lebih panjang. Berdasarkan survei awal dari sekitar 210 pasien yang tercatat mengikuti PROLANIS sepanjang tahun 2022 hanya 30 orang yang rutin berpartisipasi sejak pandemi dimulai pada Desember 2021 di Puskesmas Simpang Tiga. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan aktifitas prolanis dengan kepatuhan diet pasien diabetes mellitus. Jenis penelitian ini yaitu kuantitatif dengan pendekatan cross sectional . Penelitian dilaksanakan pada tahun 2023 di Puskesmas Simpang Tiga. Sampel penelitian berjumlah 138 responden. Alat pengumpulan data menggunakan kuesioner penelitian. Analisis data dilakukan secara univariat dan bivariat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat hubungan antara konsultasi medis (p value 0,000) dan edukasi kelompok (p value 0,000) dengan kepatuhan diet pada program prolanis. Penelitian ini merekomendasikan kepada Puskesmas Simpang Tiga khususnya petugas puskesmas menyelenggarakan program PROLANIS dalam meningkatkan pemantauan kesehatan bagi responden diabetes melitus serta mendorong responden hadir dalam aktifitas PROLANIS melalui SMS gateway atau grup Whatsapp dalam rangka membantu meningkatkan kepatuhan diet yang dijalaninya.",
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"text": "Program pengelolaan penyakit kronis (PROLANIS) merupakan sistem pelayanan kesehatan yang mengadopsi pendekatan proaktif dan terintegrasi, melibatkan peserta, Fasilitas Kesehatan Tingkat Pertama (FKTP), serta Badan Penyelenggara Jaminan Kesehatan (BPJS) Kesehatan. Program ini bertujuan untuk memelihara kesehatan peserta BPJS yang menderita penyakit kronis, guna mencapai kualitas hidup yang optimal dengan biaya pelayanan yang efektif dan efisien. Salah satu penyakit kronis yang termasuk dalam program ini adalah Diabetes Mellitus (BPJS Kesehatan, 2014).",
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"text": "Insidensi diabetes secara global diperkirakan akan meningkat dari 366 juta menjadi 552 juta orang pada tahun 2030, yang akan menjadi tantangan kesehatan utama, sebagaimana ditunjukkan oleh data global mengenai DM (Shaw, Sicre, & Zimmet, 2010). Berdasarkan data dari International Diabetes Federation (IDF) pada tahun 2015, prevalensi diabetes di dunia mencapai 8,8% dengan 415 juta penderita, dan diperkirakan akan meningkat menjadi 10,4% dengan 642 juta penderita pada tahun 2040 (IDF, 2015). Pada tahun 2015, IDF melaporkan bahwa Indonesia menduduki peringkat ketujuh dengan jumlah penderita diabetes terbanyak di dunia (IDF, 2015).",
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{
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"height": 111,
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"text": "PROLANIS adalah suatu sistem pelayanan kesehatan yang dilakukan dengan melibatkan peserta, fasilitas kesehatan dan BPJS Kesehatan dalam rangka pemeliharaan kesehatan bagi peserta BPJS Kesehatan yang menderita penyakit kronis untuk mencapai kualitas hidup yang optimal dengan biaya pelayanan kesehatan yang efektif dan efisien. Tujuan dari kegiatan program pengelolaan penyakit kronis adalah untuk mendorong peserta penyandang penyakit kronis khususnya diabetes melitus mencapai kualitas hidup yang optimal dengan indikator 75% peserta terdaftar yang berkunjung ke fasilitas tingkat pertama memiliki hasil baik pada pemeriksaan spesifik terhadap Diabetes Melitus dan Hipertensi sesuai dengan panduan klinis terkait sehingga dapat mencegah timbulnya komplikasi penyakit (BPJS, 2014).",
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"text": "Salah satu indikator keberhasilan dalam menjaga kestabilan kadar gula darah pada penderita diabetes adalah kepatuhan terhadap diet. Kepatuhan diet sangat penting untuk berhasil mengontrol kadar gula darah. Ketidakpatuhan pasien terhadap diet dapat berdampak negatif pada tingkat keparahan diabetes yang dialami, sehingga memerlukan proses pengobatan yang lebih panjang (Rudini, 2018).",
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"text": "Berdasarkan survei awal yang dilakukan oleh peneliti melalui wawancara dengan penanggung jawab PROLANIS pada Selasa, 16 Maret 2022 di Puskesmas Simpang Tiga, kegiatan PROLANIS di Puskesmas tersebut sebelum pandemi Covid-19 mencakup konsultasi medis, edukasi kelompok, reminder melalui SMS gateway, dan kunjungan rumah yang dilakukan empat kali dalam sebulan. Namun, sejak pandemi Covid-19, kunjungan rumah dihentikan dan pelaksanaan PROLANIS dikurangi menjadi satu kali sebulan. Dari sekitar 210 pasien yang tercatat mengikuti PROLANIS sepanjang tahun 2022 hanya 30 orang yang rutin berpartisipasi sejak pandemi dimulai pada Desember 2021. Setelah melakukan wawancara dengan penanggung jawab PROLANIS dan mendapatkan nomor telepon pasien, peneliti mewawancarai tiga pasien PROLANIS melalui telepon. Ditemukan bahwa faktor-faktor seperti kesibukan, rasa malas, dan kekhawatiran terhadap penularan Covid-19 menjadi alasan rendahnya partisipasi. Selain itu, penderita diabetes yang telah menjalankan program diet belum berhasil mengendalikan kadar glukosa darah mereka dengan baik, yang terlihat dari kadar glukosa harian yang tetap tinggi.",
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"text": "Tujuan umum penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan aktifitas prolanis dengan kepatuhan diet pasien diabetes mellitus.",
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"text": "B.Metodologi Penelitian",
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{
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"top": 695,
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"height": 73,
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"text": "Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif analitik observasional dengan desain cross sectional . Lokasi penelitian dilaksanakan di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Simpang Tiga pada tahun 2022. Populasi dalam penelitian ini semua penderita DM yang mengikuti program pengelolaan penyakit kronis tercatat di Puskesmas Simpang Tiga. Sampel merupakan penderita DM yang mengikuti program pengelolaan penyakit kronis tercatat di Puskesmas Simpang Tiga berjumlah 138 orang. Teknik pengambilan sampel dengan cara purposive",
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"text": "Vol. 6 No.3 Edisi 3 April 2024 Ensiklopedia of Journal http://jurnal.ensiklopediaku.org",
"type": "Page header"
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"text": "P-ISSN 2622-9110 Lembaga Penelitian dan Penerbitan Hasil Penelitian Ensiklopedia E-ISSN 2654-8399",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
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"text": "197",
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{
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"text": "sampling . Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan kuesioner penelitian. Analisis data dilakukan secara univariat dan bivariat menggunakan program SPSS.",
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"text": "C.Hasil dan Pembahasan",
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"text": "Tabel 1. Distribusi Frekuensi Responden Berdasarkan Kepatuhan Diet, Konsultasi",
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"text": "Medis dan Edukasi Kelompok No Variabel Frekuensi (f) Persentase (%) Kepatuhan Diet 1 Tidak Patuh 32 23,2 2 Patuh 106 76,8 Total 138 100,0 Konsultasi Medis 1 Tidak Aktif 60 43,5 2 Aktif 78 56,5 Total 138 100,0 Edukasi Kelompok 1 Tidak Aktif 52 37,7 2 Aktif 86 62,3 Total 138 100,0",
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"text": "Berdasarkan tabel 1 diatas diketahui terdapat responden yang tidak patuh dalam kepatuhan diet yang berjumlah 32 orang (23,2%). Adapun konsultasi medis, diketahui terdapat responden yang tidak aktif berjumlah 60 orang (43,5%). Sementara itu terdapat responden yang tidak aktif dalam edukasi kelompok berjumlah 52 orang (37,7%).",
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"text": "Tabel 2. Hasil Analisis Bivariat Hubungan Konsultasi Medis dengan Kepatuhan Diet",
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"width": 361,
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"text": "Peserta Prolanis Konsultasi Medis Kepatuhan Diet Peserta Prolanis P value Tidak Patuh Patuh Total n % n % n % Tidak Patuh 26 18,8 34 24,6 60 100 0,000 Patuh 6 4,3 72 52,2 78 100 Jumlah 32 23,2 106 76,8 138 100",
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"width": 422,
"height": 61,
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"text": "Berdasarkan tabel tersebut, hasil uji chi square diperoleh P value 0,000 dari continuity correction asymptotic significance (2-sided) lebih kecil dari 0,05 (0,000 < 0,05) sehingga Ha diterima, artinya ada hubungan yang signifikan antara aktifitas PROLANIS berdasarkan aspek konsultasi medis terhadap kepatuhan diet pada responden diabetes mellitus di Puskesmas Simpang Tiga Kota Pekanbaru.",
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"text": "Tabel 3. Hasil Analisis Bivariat Hubungan Edukasi Kelompok Prolanis dengan",
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"text": "Kepatuhan Diet Peserta Prolanis Edukasi Kelompok Kepatuhan Diet Peserta Prolanis P value Tidak Patuh Patuh Total n % n % n % Tidak Patuh 19 13,8 33 23,9 52 100 0,000 Patuh 13 9,4 73 52,9 86 100 Jumlah 32 23,2 106 76,8 138 100",
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{
"left": 91,
"top": 659,
"width": 422,
"height": 61,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Berdasarkan tabel tersebut, hasil uji chi square diperoleh P value 0,000 dari continuity correction asymptotic significance (2-sided) lebih kecil dari 0,05 (0,000 < 0,05) sehingga Ha diterima, artinya ada hubungan yang signifikan antara aktifitas PROLANIS berdasarkan aspek konsultasi medis terhadap kepatuhan diet pada responden diabetes mellitus di Puskesmas Simpang Tiga Kota Pekanbaru.",
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"text": "Vol. 6 No.3 Edisi 3 April 2024 Ensiklopedia of Journal http://jurnal.ensiklopediaku.org",
"type": "Page header"
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"text": "Lembaga Penelitian dan Penerbitan Hasil Penelitian Ensiklopedia P-ISSN 2622-9110 E-ISSN 2654-8399",
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{
"left": 96,
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"text": "198",
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"text": "1.Hubungan Aktifitas Prolanis Berdasarkan Aspek Konsultasi Medis dengan Kepatuhan Diet",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 91,
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"text": "Konsultasi medis adalah proses komunikasi antara seorang pasien dengan tenaga medis, baik dokter maupun tenaga medis lainnya. Konsultasi dengan dokter sangat penting karena melalui konsultasi, pasien akan memperoleh informasi yang lebih lengkap tentang penyakit dan pengobatannya. Komunikasi yang baik antara pasien dan dokter diharapkan dapat membuat konsultasi berjalan dengan lancar. Konsultasi yang efektif memungkinkan informasi dari dokter disampaikan dengan jelas sehingga pasien dapat lebih mudah memahaminya. Konsultasi yang baik juga akan berdampak positif pada kepuasan dan ketaatan pasien.",
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"text": "Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan adanya hubungan signifikan antara aktivitas PROLANIS, khususnya aspek konsultasi medis, dengan kepatuhan diet pada responden diabetes mellitus di Puskesmas Simpang Tiga Kota Pekanbaru (p value = 0,000 < 0,05). Temuan ini konsisten dengan penelitian oleh Ahmad, Rachmawaty, Sjattar, & Yusuf (2017), yang juga menemukan hubungan signifikan antara konsultasi medis dan kepatuhan diet pada responden diabetes mellitus (p value = 0,031 < 0,05). Hal ini disebabkan oleh responden yang secara aktif berkonsultasi dengan tenaga kesehatan seperti dokter untuk pemeriksaan rutin, yang mempengaruhi perilaku mereka dalam mengatur pola diet untuk mengendalikan diabetes mellitus.",
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"text": "Berdasarkan teori perilaku kesehatan, kebiasaan, model, dan dukungan lingkungan, termasuk fasilitas pelayanan kesehatan, membentuk sikap positif pada individu. Perilaku positif yang diharapkan dari penderita diabetes mellitus mencakup kesadaran akan pentingnya menjaga pola makan, pengendalian pengobatan, aktivitas fisik yang teratur, dan konsultasi medis, yang semuanya dapat dicapai jika peserta aktif mengikuti kegiatan PROLANIS (Putra & Toonsiri, 2017). Selain itu, konsep teoritis yang mendukung hasil penelitian ini menyatakan bahwa perilaku individu dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor predisposisi, pendukung, dan penguat. Faktor predisposisi mencerminkan karakteristik responden, faktor pendukung digambarkan dari dukungan sarana dan prasarana dalam pelaksanaan PROLANIS, dan faktor penguat tercermin dari sikap dan perilaku petugas Puskesmas yang menjadi model pelaksanaan PROLANIS. Gaya hidup yang baik akan meningkatkan status kesehatan individu (Ahmad, 2017). Status kesehatan yang dimaksud mencakup pengendalian kadar gula darah dan pengurangan risiko terjadinya komplikasi.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa 52,2% responden yang patuh terhadap diet diabetes mellitus aktif menjalani konsultasi medis. Hal ini menyebabkan sebagian besar responden dengan kadar gula darah tinggi telah melakukan kontrol kesehatan dengan baik dan mengikuti diet diabetes. Ini berarti bahwa semakin aktif responden berkonsultasi dengan tenaga medis, semakin tinggi kepatuhan mereka terhadap diet diabetes.",
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"text": "Peneliti berasumsi bahwa responden yang aktif dalam kegiatan PROLANIS, dengan menunjukkan upaya mencari informasi kesehatan melalui konsultasi dengan tenaga medis, mampu mengontrol kadar gula darah mereka, yang berdampak pada kepatuhan diet mereka. Konsultasi medis dan kepatuhan diet berperan penting dalam memperbaiki kadar gula darah, sehingga membantu proses penyembuhan diabetes mellitus. Kepatuhan diet yang baik akan memperbaiki kebiasaan makan dan minum penderita diabetes mellitus, yang pada gilirannya dapat meningkatkan kadar gula darah mereka.",
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"text": "2.Hubungan Aktifitas Prolanis Berdasarkan Aspek Edukasi Kelompok",
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{
"left": 91,
"top": 657,
"width": 422,
"height": 111,
"page_number": 4,
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"text": "Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan adanya hubungan antara edukasi kelompok PROLANIS dan kepatuhan diet pada responden diabetes mellitus di Puskesmas Simpang Tiga Kota (p value = 0,007 < 0,05). Temuan ini sejalan dengan penelitian oleh Raviola, Muhsina, dan Gumayesty (2021) yang juga menemukan hubungan antara edukasi kelompok PROLANIS dan kepatuhan diet (p value = 0,028 < 0,05). Hal ini disebabkan oleh keaktifan responden dalam klub PROLANIS yang diadakan oleh Puskesmas, yang memungkinkan mereka memperoleh informasi kesehatan yang mendorong pengendalian kebiasaan makan. Selain itu, aktivitas fisik seperti senam yang dilakukan juga membantu membakar kalori, sehingga mengendalikan kadar gula darah pada responden diabetes mellitus.",
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"text": "Vol. 6 No.3 Edisi 3 April 2024 Ensiklopedia of Journal http://jurnal.ensiklopediaku.org",
"type": "Page header"
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{
"left": 91,
"top": 782,
"width": 359,
"height": 23,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "P-ISSN 2622-9110 Lembaga Penelitian dan Penerbitan Hasil Penelitian Ensiklopedia E-ISSN 2654-8399",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 489,
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"width": 21,
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"text": "199",
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{
"left": 91,
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"width": 422,
"height": 123,
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"text": "Kegiatan PROLANIS, seperti penyuluhan dan edukasi bagi responden diabetes, yang meliputi informasi tentang diabetes, risiko komplikasi, nutrisi, serta senam, dapat meningkatkan kualitas hidup responden (BPJS, 2014). Kegiatan fisik dilaksanakan secara mingguan, sementara penyuluhan tentang diet dan pengobatan diabetes dilakukan minimal dua kali sebulan, yang terbukti efektif dalam menurunkan kadar gula darah responden diabetes (Ahmad, Rachmawaty, Sjattar & Yusuf, 2017). Dalam kegiatan edukasi, pendistribusian buku pemantauan status kesehatan kepada peserta PROLANIS juga dilakukan, membantu responden dalam memantau status kesehatan mereka (BPJS, 2014). Ketersediaan buku pemantauan dalam edukasi PROLANIS dari BPJS Kesehatan mempermudah proses skrining masyarakat terhadap risiko komplikasi dan pengendalian penyakit yang mereka derita (Samiati & Qomariah, 2019).",
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"text": "Dari hasil penelitian, ditemukan bahwa 52,9% responden diabetes melitus yang patuh dalam menjalankan diet aktif terlibat dalam edukasi kelompok peserta PROLANIS di Puskesmas Simpang Tiga Kota Pekanbaru. Temuan ini konsisten dengan penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Aristya (2018), yang mengindikasikan bahwa semakin lama seorang penderita diabetes menjadi anggota PROLANIS dan menerima edukasi yang lebih banyak, semakin meningkatkan kepatuhan mereka terhadap diet.",
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{
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"text": "Peneliti mengasumsikan bahwa partisipasi dalam edukasi kelompok PROLANIS oleh responden diabetes memiliki peran penting dalam meningkatkan pengetahuan mereka tentang faktor risiko komplikasi, upaya pencegahan, serta informasi tentang gaya hidup sehat yang dapat diterapkan dalam berbagai kelompok usia, terutama pada usia lanjut. Informasi tersebut dapat menjadi referensi bagi mereka dalam mengatur kadar glukosa darah mereka.",
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"text": "D.Penutup",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 91,
"top": 379,
"width": 422,
"height": 73,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, didapatkan kesimpulan bahwa terdapat hubungan antara Konsultasi Medis dan Edukasi Kelompok terhadap kepatuhan diet peserta prolanis. Disarankan bagi Puskesmas Simpang Tiga khususnya petugas puskesmas menyelenggarakan program PROLANIS dalam meningkatkan pemantauan kesehatan bagi responden diabetes melitus serta mendorong responden hadir dalam aktifitas PROLANIS melalui SMS gateway atau grup Whatsapp dalam rangka membantu meningkatkan kepatuhan diet yang dijalaninya.",
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"text": "Daftar Pustaka",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 91,
"top": 480,
"width": 422,
"height": 22,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "BPJS. 2019. panduan praktis PROLANIS (Program Pengelolaan Penyakit Kronis). Jakarta. BPJS.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 91,
"top": 505,
"width": 422,
"height": 23,
"page_number": 5,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "Balitbang Kemenkes RI. 2018. Riset Kesehatan Dasar; RISKESDAS. Jakarta: Balitbang Kemenkes RI.",
"type": "Text"
},
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"top": 530,
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"text": "Imelda, S. I. (2019). Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Terjadinya diabetes Melitus di",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"width": 395,
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"text": "Puskesmas Harapan Raya Tahun 2018. Scientia Journal, 8(1), 28–39.",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 118,
"top": 556,
"width": 169,
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"text": "https://doi.org/10.35141/scj.v8i1.406.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 91,
"top": 568,
"width": 422,
"height": 23,
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"text": "Religious character is very urgent to developed by reason of our nation condition that indicates the complexitiy of youth problems in religious norm violatons, such as using drugs, bullies, brawl, porn addiction, promiscuity, free sex, unwed pregnancy, no respect for teachers and parents. Consequently, establishing religious charahters on students is necessary as a way to evercome adolescent problems, which requires synergy from various parties. This study aims to analyze about synergy of performance on Islamic religious education teacher, principal and parents, religious activity programs in arraged by school and to analyze supporting and inhbiting factors in establishing religious characters on students in SMA Negeri 1 Purwosari. The author uses qualitative descriptive approach with data collection techniques through interview observation and documentation. Based on study result, it discovers: (1) Synergy of performance on Islamic religious education teacher, principal and parents have been going properly, (2) School programme as religious activities is running regularly, (3) Supporting and inhibiting factors in establishing religious characters on students consists of internal and external factors.",
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"text": "The young generation as the successor of the nation is expected to able to advance the nation through intelligence and achievements. However, nowadays many of our young generation are slowly undermined by these addictive substance.",
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"text": "Dewi Rohmah Universitas Yudharta Pasuruan Email: dewi.belajarkebenaran17@gmail.com",
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"text": "Received : 02, 2022. Accepted : 10, 2022. Published: 10, 2022",
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"text": "Pendidikan memiliki peranan yang sangat penting dalam kehidupan berbangsa dan bernegara. hal ini tertuang dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 20 Tahun 2003 tentang Sistem Pendidikan Nasional yang menyatakan bahwa pendidikan adalah usaha sadar dan terencana untuk menciptakan suasana dan proses belajar mengajar agar peserta didik secara aktif mengembangkan potensi kekuatan spiritual keagamaan, kepribadian, pengendalian diri, kecerdasan, akhlak mulia serta keterampilan yang diperlukan dirinya, masyarakat, bangsa dan negara 1 . Untuk mewujudkan potensi manusia agar menjadi manusia yang beriman, bertaqwa kepada Allah SWT, berakhlak mulia dan berkepribadian baik lainnya, maka perlunya membentuk karakter manusia yang dimulai sejak dini, dari usia anak-anak, remaja bahkan sampai dewasa, hal ini dimulai dari diterapkannya pendidikan di keluarga, lingkungan tempat tinggal, dan lingkungan sekolah. Karakter adalah perilaku manusia dalam hubungannya dengan Tuhan Yang Maha Esa, diri sendiri, manusia, lingkungan, dan kebangsaan, yang terwujud dalam pikiran, perasaan, sikap, perkataan, dan perbuatan berdasarkan norma agama, hukum, karma, budaya, dan adat istiadat. Keteladanan Pendidik merupakan kunci utama dalam penenaman karakter peduli sosial. 2 Karakter diartikan sebagai budi pekerti, sifat kejiwaan, moralitas atau tingkah laku yang membedakan seseorang dengan orang lain. Karakter bukanlah bawaan sejak lahir, tidak datang dengan sendirinya, tidak dapat diwariskan, dan tidak dapat diukur, tetapi harus secara sadar dibentuk, dikembangkan dan dibangun 3 .",
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"text": "Pendidikan karakter merupakan hal yang sangat penting, menyeluruh dan utuh, tidak hanya untuk membentuk generasi muda menjadi individu yang cerdas dan baik, tetapi juga menjadi agen perubahan dalam kehidupan pribadinya, yang pada akhirnya memberikan kontribusi terhadap perubahan tatanan kehidupan sosial kemasyarakatan menjadi lebih baik. Karakter harus memiliki landasan yang kokoh dan jelas. Karakter tidak ada artinya tanpa landasan yang jelas, sehingga landasan pendidikan karakter tidak lain adalah agama 4 .",
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"text": "1 Sari Ilis Mayang, “Sinergitas Kinerja Guru Pendidikan Agama Islam Dan Guru Bimbingan Konseling Dalam Mengatasi Kenakalan Siswa di Sekolah Menengah Atas 07 Bengkulu Selatan” (Bengkulu: skripsi, 2018).",
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"text": "2 Eka Febriyanti, Fajri Ismail, dan Syarnubi Syarnubi, “Penanaman karakter peduli sosial di SMP negeri 10 Palembang,” Jurnal PAI Raden Fatah 4, no. 1 (31 Januari 2022): 39–51, doi:10.19109/pairf.v4i1.5390.",
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"text": "3 Nur hasib Muhammad, Pembentukan Karakter Religius Siswa Melalui Kegiatan Di Madrasah Tsnawiyah Negeri , Jurnal Pendidikan (Batu: Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibram, 2020).",
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"text": "Agama, khususnya Islam merupakan keyakinan dan syariat serta akhlak yang mengatur kehidupan manusia dalam berbagai hal. Islam tidak hanya mengatur hubungan manusia dengan Tuhan, manusia dengan manusia lain, tetapi juga mengatur hubungan dengan diri sendiri maupun dengan lingkungan sekitar yang sekarang disebut dengan istilah lingkungan hidup. Karakter yang berlandaskan agama akan menjadikan manusia berkarakter religius. Karakter religius diartikan sebagai sikap dan perilaku yang patuh dalam melaksanakan ajaran agama yang dianutnya 5 .",
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"text": "Dalam beragama, sudah menjadi kewajiban seseorang untuk mentaati segala perintah dan menjauhi larangan-larangan yang telah Allah SWT berikan. Manusia mengetahui aturan-aturan yang Allah berikan melalui pendidikan, dimana pendidikan seharusnya mampu membuat semua manusia menghambakan dirinya kepada Allah. Yang dimaksud dengan menghambakan dirinya adalah beribadah kepada-Nya (Nur Hasib Muhammad, 2020). Seperti dalam Al-Qur’an Surat Adz- Dzariyat: 56 Allah SWT berfirman:",
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"text": "ِنوُدُبْعَيِل َّلَِّإ َسْن ِ ْلْا َو َّن ِجْلا ُتْقَلَخ ا َم َو",
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"text": "Artinya: “Dan tidak Aku ciptakan jin dan manusia melainkan supaya mereka beribadah kepada-Ku”",
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"text": "Masa remaja adalah masa perubahan baik positif maupun negatif, terutama di era teknologi yang begitu maju seperti sekarang ini. Dalam Mengantisipasi dan memecahkan permasalahan remaja memerlukan keterlibatan orang tua dan masyarakat, untuk melaksanakan pendidikan karakter yang memadai agar permasalahan remaja dapat tertangani. Salah satu upaya konkrit yang dapat dilakukan adalah penanaman nilai-nilai agama yang ditransmisikan melalui pendidikan formal dan informal. Jalur pendidikan formal adalah pendidikan melalui sekolah, baik sekolah negeri maupun sekolah swasta. Jalur pendidikan nonformal yaitu pelaksanaan pendidikan agama di luar sekolah seperti di lingkungan keluarga 6 .",
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"text": "Untuk mengatasi permasalahan yang terjadi pada remaja perlunya membentuk karakter religius pada dirinya, dimana dalam pembentukannya membutuhkan kerjasama dari berbagai pihak seperti kerjasama antara orang tua, guru dan sekolah, karena selain di rumah siswa lebih banyak menghabiskan waktu di sekolah oleh sebab itu sekolah berperan penting dalam membentuk karakter religius siswa dengan menanamkan norma-norma agama. Kerja tim merupakan kebutuhan dan sangat penting untuk kesuksesan kerja. Kerja tim menjadi motor penggerak yang memiliki energi dan sinergitas bagi anggota tim. Ide cemerlang tidak bisa lahir tanpa kerjasama yang baik. Kerjasama membutuhkan kekuatan",
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"text": "5 Sulastri Sulastri, “Pola Pembentukan Karakter Religius Pada Anak Dalam Pendidikan Agama Islam Di Sekolah Menengah Pertama Negeri 05 Kepahiang” (IAIN Bengkulu, 2018).",
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"text": "dari beberapa orang untuk mencapai tujuan yang diinginkan. Kerjasama akan menyatukan kekuatan ide yang mengarah pada kesuksesan 7 .",
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"text": "Upaya untuk mengimplementasikan serta membentuk karakter religius siswa telah dilakukan oleh Sekolah Menengah Atas (SMA) Negeri 1 Purwosari Kabupaten Pasuruan. Dimana SMA Negeri 1 Purwosari selalu berinovasi untuk membuat program-program kegiatan keagamaan yang terbagi menjadi dua bentuk. Pertama dalam bentuk belajar, yaitu diadakannya kegiatan membaca al-Qur’an yang dilakukan secara rutin setiap hari kamis dan Jum’at. Kedua, dalam bentuk praktik, yaitu diadaknnya kegiatan sholat dzuhur berjamaah, sholat dhuha, sholat jum’at bagi laki-laki serta memperingati hari besar keagamaan.",
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"text": "Salah satu kunci keberhasilan dari dibentuknya program kegiatan keagamaan guna membentukan karakter religius siswa di SMA Negeri 1 Purwosari adalah adanya sinergitas kinerja dari berbagai pihak seperti guru PAI, kepala sekolah dan orang tua. Dimana dalam implementasinya terdapat faktor pendukung dan penghambat didalamnya.",
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"text": "Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif, yang mana pengertian dari deskripsi itu sendiri merupakan rumusan masalah yang menjadi pedoman penelitian untuk menelaah atau menggambarkan situasi sosial yang dikaji secara menyeluruh, komprehensif dan mendalam. Menurut Meloeng, pendekatan kualitatif mendeskripsikan penelitian yang mencoba memahami fenomena yang dialami subjek penelitian, misalnya perilaku, persepsi, tindakan, motivasi, secara holistik melalui deskripsi dalam bentuk kata dan bahasa, konteks khusus yang alamiah dengan metode ilmiah yang berbeda 8 .",
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"text": "Pendekatan kualitatif digunakan dalam penelitian ini karena dianggap sesuai dengan masalah yang menjadi fokus penelitian, pendekatan ini memiliki karakteristik yang menjadi kelebihannya sendiri dan memiliki ciri-ciri tersendiri dibandingkan dengan jenis penelitian lainnya. Adapun jenis penelitian yang dilakukan adalah penelitian lapang (field research) hal ini dikarenakan data yang diperlukan dalam penyusunan penelitian ini diperoleh dari lapangan, yakni SMA Negeri 1 Purwosari, dimana teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan observasi, wawancara dan dokumentasi.",
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"text": "Dalam penelitian ini langkah awal yang dilakukan adalah menyusun pertanyaan yang digunakan untuk melakukan wawancara, kemudian melakukan wawancara kepada guru PAI, kepala sekolah, orang tua siswa, ketua REMUS, dan",
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"text": "7 Louvy Silviana Lubis, Pengaruh Kerjasama Tim terhadap Kinerja Karyawan pada PT. Sinarmas Multifinance cabang Pekanbaru , Skripsi (Riau Pekan Baru: Universitas Islam, 2021).",
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"text": "beberapa perwakilan dari siswa. Setelah itu, dilakukan observasi pengamatan secara langsung terhadap program-program kegiatan keagamaan yang telah disusun sekolah sekaligus mengumpulkan dokumentasi. Selanjutnya, adalah menganalisis hasil temuan dan memastikan kebenaran hasil temuan.",
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"text": "Sumber data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu bersumber dari informan, kegiatan, dan dokumentasi. Sumber data merupakan subyek dari mana data dapat diperoleh 9 . Bila dilihat dari sumber datanya, teknik pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini menggunakan dua sumber yaitu sumber data primer dan sumber data sekunder.",
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"text": "Sumber data primer adalah data yang dikumpulkan oleh peneliti langsung dari lapangan yang diperoleh dari informan berdasarkan hasil wawancara dan observasi seperti guru, kepala sekolah, murid, dan orang tua yang berhubungan dengan sekolah 10 . Adapun sumber data yang terlibat secara langsung dalam penelitian ini adalah sebanyak 13 informan. Informan-informan ini terdiri dari 1 guru PAI, 1 kepala sekolah, 1 WAKA kesiswaan, 6 siswa, 1 ketua REMUS baru, dan 3 orang tua siswa.",
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"text": "Sumber data sekunder adalah data yang dikumpulkan oleh peneliti yang bukan hasil karyanya sendiri, melainkan berupa dokumentasi berupa data yang sumbernya diperoleh secara tidak langsung, seperti surat kabar, website, pernyataan atau publikasi lainnya 11 . Dalam penelitian ini data yang diperoleh yaitu melalui referensi, dokumen sekolah, studi kepustakaan, dan observasi dari lokasi penelitian yaitu di SMA Negeri 1 Purwosari yang dimulai pada tanggal 24 Oktober 2022 – 10 januari 2023.",
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"text": "Teknik pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini terdiri dari 3 teknik yaitu: 1) Observasi, adalah pencatatan dan pengamatan yang dilakukan secara sistematis berdasarkan gejala-gejala yang terjadi pada objek penelitian. Pengamatan atau observasi ini didasarkan pada dua aspek yang mendasari pengalaman manusia, yaitu objek atau hal apa yang mereka gunakan dan apa yang mereka lakukan dalam kehidupan mereka. Metode penelitian observasi juga menuntut peneliti untuk mengamati apa yang dilakukan orang, mendengarkan apa yang mereka katakan, dan berpartisipasi dalam aktivitas mereka 12 Wawancara adalah",
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"text": "9 Putri Septiana Ila Haniah, “Sinergitas guru dan orang tua dalam membentuk karakter disiplin peserta didik di tengah pandemi Covid-19: Studi kasus di MTS Negeri I Malang” (Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim, 2021).",
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"text": "10 Sukma Utami, “Pengaruh Lingkungan Sekolah Terhadap Pembentukan Karakter Anak Pada Mata Pelajaran Pkn Di Sdn No. 77 Kanaeng Kecamatan Galesong Selatan Kabupaten Takalar,” Photosynthetica , 2018. 11 Yayuk Indrasari, “Efesiensi Saluran Distribusi Pemasaran Kopi Rakyat Di Desa Gending Waluh Kecamatansempol (Ijen) Bondowoso,” Jurnal Manajemen Pemasaran 14, no. 1 (2020): 44–50, doi:10.9744/pemasaran.14.1.44-50.",
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"text": "12 Fatimah Aria Utami, Konstruksi Sosial Masyarakat Mengenai Perpustakaan Desa Di Surabaya , Skripsi (Universitas Airlangga: Skripsi, 2016).",
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"text": "pertemuan antara dua orang untuk bertukar pikiran dan informasi melalui tanya jawab untuk memberi makna pada suatu topik tertentu. Proses wawancara dilakukan untuk memperkuat data yang diperoleh dari observasi sebelumnya 13 . Wawancara dilakukan secara individu sesuai dengan petunjuk wawancara yang telah disiapkan sebelumnya oleh peneliti dan kemudian direkam dengan alat perekam, sehingga informasi yang dikumpulkan selama wawancara lengkap dan tidak terpotong-potong 14 . Selain menggunakan alat perekam proses wawancara juga didokumentasikan menggunakan kamera yang akan dijadikan sebagai bukti nyata telah dilakukannya proses wawancara tersebut. 3) Dokumentasi merupakan sejumlah besar fakta data tersimpan yang berada di dalamnya. Sebagian data yang tersedia yang itu berupa catatan harian, surat, laporan, foto, video, arsip dan lain- lain. Sifat utama data ini tidak terbatas pada ruang dan waktu sehingga memberi peluang pada peneliti untuk mengetahui hal-hal yang terjadi di waktu silam.",
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"text": "Analisis data kualitatif dilakukan apabila data empiris yang diperoleh tidak tersedia dalam bentuk deret angka melainkan berupa kumpulan kata dan tidak dapat diklasifikasikan dalam kategori atau struktur klasifikasi. Data dikumpulkan dengan berbagai cara seperti observasi, wawancara, dokumentasi, dan biasanya diolah sebelum siap digunakan dengan cara merekam, menulis, mengedit atau mentranskrip. Dari sini dapat disimpulkan bahwa teknik analisis data adalah suatu proses pengumpulan data secara sistematis yang memudahkan peneliti untuk menarik kesimpulan 15 .",
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"text": "Analisis terdiri dari tiga alur kegiatan yang terjadi secara bersamaan yaitu: reduksi data, penyajian data, penarikan kesimpulan atau verifikasi. Mengenai ketiga alur tersebut secara lebih lengkapnya sebagai berikut: 1) Reduksi data, yaitu Jumlah informasi yang akan peneliti terima akan sangat banyak, mencangkup data yang memiliki relevansi ataupun tidak ada hubungannya sama sekali dengan fokus penelitian. Data yang ada kemudian dipadatkan atau direduksi, diarahkan pada isu-isu yang paling penting dan diarahkan pada isu-isu yang memiliki keterkaitan dengan penelitian. Dengan mereduksi data, peneliti memfokuskan pada tujuan yang dapat dicapai dan fokus penelitian utama dapat dipilah sesuai dengan kebutuhan analisis 16 . 2) Penyajian data menurut Miles dan Huberman, penyajian data adalah kumpulan data yang disusun untuk tindakan dan kesimpulan lebih lanjut. Data penelitian",
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"text": "13 Ardyanto Faizal, “Evaluasi Kualitatif Kesiapan Penerapan Sistem Single Sign On di UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta,” 2017.",
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"text": "15 Sugiyono, Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif dan R&D (Bandung: Alfabetha, 2011).",
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"text": "16 Rizki Amaliyah, Analisis Faktor-faktor Penghambat Guru dalam Pelaksanaan Pembelajaran Membaca Puisi pada Siswa Berkebutuhan Khusus Kelas V di SD Inklusi Kota Tegal , Lib.Unnes.Ac.Id (Universitas Negeri Semarang: Skripsi, 2015).",
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"text": "kualitatif biasanya berupa teks naratif lalu dapat diubah menjadi grafik, bagan, model hubungan, dll. Hal ini bertujuan untuk memudahkan peneliti dalam memahami fenomena yang terjadi, sehingga dapat menarik kesimpulan 17 . 3) Penarikan kesimpulan, kesimpulan awal yang disampaikan masih bersifat sementara dan akan berubah apabila tidak ditemukan bukti yang kuat untuk mendukung tahap pengumpulan data selanjutnya. Namun, jika kesimpulan yang disajikan pada tahap awal didukung oleh bukti-bukti yang valid dan konsisten ketika peneliti kembali ke lapangan untuk mengumpulkan data, maka kesimpulan yang disajikan adalah kesimpulan yang kredibel 18 .",
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"text": "Adapun hasil penlitian yang dilakukan di SMA Negeri 1 Purwosari tertuang dalam tabel berikut:",
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"text": "Tabel 1. Hasil Temuan Penelitian No Fokus Penelitian Temuan 1 Sinergitas kinerja antara guru PAI, kepala sekolah dan orang tua dalam membentuk karakter religius siswa di SMA Negeri 1 Purwosari. Terdapat sinergitas antara guru PAI, kepala sekolah dan orang tua dalam membentuk karakter religius siswa di SMA Negeri 1 Purwosari. Guru PAI, kepala sekolah, orang tua dan siswa menganggap penting dalam melakukan kerjasama guna menjadikan siswa berkarakter religius. 2 Bentuk kegiatan keagamaan yang disusun sekolah guna membentuk karakter religius siswa di SMA Negeri 1 Purwosari Membaca doa bersama sebelum memulai pembelajaran. Kegiatan Membaca Yasin atau Surat di Juz 29. Kegiatan Khataman Atau Istighosah Pada Setiap Hari Jum’at. Kegiatan Sholat Dzuhur Berjamaah. Kegiatan Sholat Dhuha Secara Bergantian. Memperingati Hari",
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"text": "Besar Keagamaan seperti maulid nabi dan pondok romadhan. 3 Fa ktor pendukung pembentukan karakter religius pada siswa di SMA Negeri 1 Purwosari Adanya fasilitas sekolah yang memadai. Program-program sekolah yang inovatif. Guru PAI yang cukup. Sarana dan prasarana yang baik. Kerjasama antara sekolah dan orang tua.",
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"text": "Kerjasama antara orang tua dan keluaraga.",
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"text": "17 Shofa Safira, Sinergisitas Guru Pendidikan Agama Islam Dan Bimbingan Konseling Dalam Mengatasi Kenakalan Siswa SMPN 1 Wilangan Nganjuk (Nganjuk, UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya: Skripsi, 2022).",
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"text": "18 Leli Pebrianti, Analisis Deskriftif Tentang Minat Belajar Siswa Pada Jurusan Akutansi di Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan Negeri 1 Tapung (UIN Siska Riau: Skipsi, 2019).",
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"text": "Lingkungan yang baik dan emauan anak yang terdorong untuk melakukan kebaikan. 4 Faktor penghambat pembentukan karakter religius pada siswa di SMA Negeri 1 Purwosari a. Faktor internal: berasal dari kemauan siswa",
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"text": "b. Faktor eksternal: berasal dari lingkungan yang tidak mendukung, pengaruh media sosial, pengaruh pertemanan, dan guru yang menganggap siswa sudah dewasa.",
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"text": "A. Sinergitas Kinerja Guru PAI, Kepala Sekolah dan Orang Tua Dalam Membentuk Karakter Religius Siswa",
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"text": "Karakter religius merupakan karakter yang penting dan harus dimiliki oleh siswa. Dewasa ini anak-anak, remaja dan orang tua banyak menunjukkan perilaku menyimpang. memiliki karakter religius merupakan salah satu cara untuk menghindari perilaku menyimpang tersebut. Makna dari karakter religius ini sesuai dengan pernyataan Akhmad Muhaimin Azzeti yang menjelaskan bahwa ranah religius sangat penting untuk ditumbuhkembangkan dalam bidang keberagamaan para siswa, agar tutur kata, pikiran dan tindakan para siswa selalu berlandaskan pada nilai-nilai ketuhanan yang berdasarkan ajaran agama yang dianutnya. Artinya ajaran agama yang dianut siswa benar- benar dihayati, dipahami dan diamalkan setiap hari. Konstruk character building , menyatakan bahwa sangat penting untuk mengembangkan dimensi religius semaksimal mungkin. Sekolah dan orang tua memiliki peran dan tanggung jawab yang besar dalam mengembangkan karakter religius.",
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"text": "Ajaran agama Islam mengharuskan nilai-nilai agama ditanamkan sejak lahir, yang nantinya akan menjadi karakter religius 19 .",
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"text": "Dalam membentuk karakter religius peneliti menemukan bahwa Siswa di SMA Negeri 1 Purwosari dimulai sejak dini seperti mengikutsertakan anak mengaji, mengikuti TPQ dan mengikuti kegiatan keagamaan lainnya, tujuannya adalah agar anaknya menjadi manusia yang bertaqwa kepada Allah SWT dan terhindar dari perbuatan buruk, begitu pula ketika memasuki usia remaja orang tua berusaha memberikan pendidikan terbaik melalui memasukan anaknya ke sekolah yang memiliki tujuan untuk menjadikan anaknya berakhlak mulia salah satunya adalah di SMA Negeri 1 Purwosari.",
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"text": "Tentu dalam membentuk karakter religius siswa membutuhkan sinergitas dari berbagai pihak seperti guru, kepala sekolah dan orang tua, tanpa adanya kerjasama maka tujuan dari suatu program tidak dapat terlaksana dengan baik, Islam pun mengharuskan manusia untuk saling tolong-menolong jika itu untuk ketaatan kepada-Nya. Pernyataan ini sesuai dengan pentingnya sinergitas yang",
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"text": "19 Lyna Dwi Muya Syaroh dan Zeni Murtafiati Mizani, “Membentuk Karakter Religius dengan Pembiasaan Perilaku Religi di Sekolah: Studi di SMA Negeri 3 Ponorogo,” Indonesian Journal of Islamic Education Studies (IJIES) 3, no. 1 (2020): 63–82, doi:10.33367/ijies.v3i1.1224.",
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"text": "Vol. 4, No. 4, (Oktober 2022): 339-360 Avaliable Online At: http://jurnal.radenfatah.ac.id/index.php/pairf",
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"text": "Sinergitas Kinerja Guru PAI, Kepala Sekolah Dan Orang Tua,…",
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"text": "telah peneliti paparkan dibab dua, sebagaimana yang telah dijelaskan di dalam firman Allah SWT dalam Q.S Al-Maidah ayat 2:",
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"text": "َّنِإ ۖ ََّللَّٱ ۟اوُقَّ تٱَو ۚ ِنَٰوْدُعْلٱَو ِْثِْْلْٱ ىَلَع ۟اوُنَواَعَ ت َلََو ۖ ٰىَوْقَّ تلٱَو ِرِبْلٱ ىَلَع ۟اوُنَواَعَ تَو ِباَقِعْلٱ ُديِدَش ََّللَّٱ",
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"text": "Artinya : “Dan tolong-menolonglah kamu dalam (mengerjakan) kebajikan dan takwa, dan jangan tolong-menolong dalam berbuat dosa dan pelanggaran. Dan bertakwalah kamu kepada Allah, sesungguhnya Allah amat berat siksa- Nya”.",
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"text": "Adapun firman Allah SWT dalam Q.S Hujurat ayat 10:",
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"text": "ُنِمْؤُمْلٱ اََّنَِّإ ةَوْخِإ َنو",
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"text": "Artinya: “Sesungguhnya orang-orang mukmin adalah bersaudara”.",
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"text": "Dari ayat diatas dapat disimpulkan bahwa tolong menolong dalam bentuk kerjasama merupakan suatu keharusan yang dilakukan setiap manusia terutama dalam hal kebaikan. Pada dasarnya antara manusia dengan manusia yang lain merupakan saudara yang harus saling mengingatkan dan menjadikan saudaranya melaksanakan ketaatan kepada Allah SWT.",
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"text": "Berdasarkan hasil penelitian di SMA Negeri 1 Purwosari menyatakan bahwa langkah dan bentuk upaya dalam membentuk karakter religius siswa adalah dengan cara membangun sinergitas antara guru di sekolah dan orang tua, adapan cara yang telah dilakukan adalah sebagai berikut:",
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"text": "1. Membuat grub wali kelas dan orang tua.",
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"text": "Grub wali kelas dan orang tua merupakan sarana yang digunakan oleh guru dan orang tua siswa dalam bertukar informasi terkait siswa. Koordinasi merupakan hal yang sangat penting, dalam koordinasi terdapat komunikasi dari berbagai pihak untuk mengetahui perkembangan perilaku siswa baik di rumah maupun di sekolah. Setelah itu apabila ada siswa yang bermasalah terkait perilakunya maka pihak sekolah dan orang tua akan mencari solusi secara bersama-sama. Selain adanya grub komunikasi antara wali kelas dan orang tua juga dapat dilakukan secara langsung seperti pada saat pengambilan rapot maupun mengunjungi rumah siswa yang memiliki masalah.",
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"text": "2. Saling mendukung dan menghargai antara sekolah dan orang tua siswa. Dukungan orang tua terhadap sekolah sangat berpengaruh dalam membentuk karakter religius siswa, dukungan yang diberikan orang tua kepada sekolah bisa dengan bentuk memberikan fasilitas pada anak untuk pendidikannya. Guru dan orang tua harus bisa saling menghargai apapun keputusan yang dibuat demi tujuan pembentukan karakter religius siswa.",
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"text": "Vol. 4, No. 4, (Oktober 2022): 339-360",
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"text": "Avaliable Online At: http://jurnal.radenfatah.ac.id/index.php/pairf",
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"text": "Menurut Abbas dalam Putri Septiana Ila Haniah 20 menyebutkan bahwa dalam langkah untuk membangun sinergitas yang baik antara guru dan orang tua dalam dunia pendidikan dengan cara:",
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"text": "1. Merumuskan tujuan dalam mendidik peserta didik di lembaga pendidikan untuk mewujudkan kepripadian yang baik pada diri peserta didik baik dalam lingkungan sekolah maupun rumah",
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"text": "2. Adanya kesamaan Visi dan Orientasi antara guru dan orang tua.",
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"text": "3. Menjalin komunikasi yang baik antara guru, orang tua dan anak.",
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"text": "4. Saling menghargai dan mendukung dalam pendidikan dan pembentukan karakter.",
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"text": "5. Adanya rasa saling pengertian antar satu sama lain. Berdasarkan pemaparan di atas dapat disimpulkan bahwa dalam membentuk karakter religius siswa membutuhkan kesadaran orang tua dalam mendukung program-program sekolah dan mendukung proses pendidikan yang dilakukan oleh guru di sekolah. Dengan adanya sinergitas antara guru, kepala sekolahdan orang tua diharapkan semakin mempermudah tercapainya tujuan untuk membentuk karakter siswa. Orang tua dan sekolah memiliki peran masing-masing akan tetapi sinergitas tidak dapat dipisahkan, sebab dengan adanya sinergitas antara orang tua dan sekolah akan memaksimalkan upaya dalam menanamkan karakter yang baik bagi siswa. Dalam hal ini karakter religius akan terbentuk secara bertahap di dalam diri siswa memalui pengawasan guru di sekolah dan orang tua di rumah.",
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"text": "B. Bentuk Kegiatan keagamaan Yang Disusun Sekolah Guna Membentuk",
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"text": "Karakter Religius Siswa",
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"text": "Dalam hal ini di SMA Negeri 1 Purwosari karakter religius berusaha untuk selalu dibentuk, diajarkan dan ditumbuh kembangkan kepada seluruh siswa melalui program-program yang telah dibentuk oleh sekolah. Adapun program- program tersebut antara lain:",
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"text": "a. Membaca doa bersama sebelum memulai pembelajaran.",
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"text": "Pada dasarnya program keagamaan yang dibentuk oleh sekolah merupakan upaya dalam merubah tingkah laku seseorang, maksud dari perubahan tingkah laku yaitu berupa bertambahnya pengetahuan dan berubahnya sikap serta perilaku yang menjadi lebih baik.",
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"text": "Dalam hal ini pembentukan karakter religius siswa di SMA Negeri 1 Purwosari yang menerapkan pembiasaan doa bersama sebelum memulai pembelajaran guna mendidik siswa agar selalu terbiasa mengawali sesuatu dengan mengingat Allah. Doa bersama akan melatih siswa dalam",
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"text": "20 Haniah, op. cit.",
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"text": "menunjukkan perilaku berserah diri kepada Allah. Hal ini sebagaimana dalam firman Allah SWT dalam Q.S Gafir ayat 60.",
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"text": "ٱ ىِنوُعْد َأ ۚ ْمُكَل ْب ِجَتْس َّنِإ ٱ َني ِر ِخاَد َمَّنَهَج َنوُلُخْدَيَس ىِتَداَبِع ْنَع َنو ُرِبْكَتْسَي َنيِذَّل",
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"text": "Artinya: “Berdoalah kepada-Ku niscaya akan Kuperkenankan bagimu. Sesungguhnya orang-orang yang sombong yang tidak mau menyembah- Ku akan masuk neraka Jahanam dalam keadaan hina”.",
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"text": "Kesimpulan dari ayat diatas yaitu berdoa merupakan perbuatan yang baik dan dianjurkan oleh Allah, Allah akan mengabulkan segala permintaan manusia apabila ia berdoa dengan bersungguh-sungguh. Doa bersama juga menunjukkan nilai kebersamaan dan toleransi, karena tidak dapat dipungkiri bahwa setiap anak memiliki latar belakang suku, budaya agama dan kebiasaan yang berbeda-beda, dengan menumbuhkan sikap ini maka tidak akan menyebabkan perpecahan melainkan menjadi warna untuk saling melengkapi perbedaan tersebut. Allah SWT menciptakan manusia berbangsa-bangsa bersuku-suku dan perbedaan lainnya akan tetapi manusia harus saling meghargai. Oleh sebab itu kegiatan doa bersama ini akan menumbuhkan karakter religius siswa baik muslim maupun nonmuslim.",
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"text": "Pernyataan ini sesuai dalam Q.S Al-Hujarat: 13 Allah SWT berfirman:",
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"text": "ـَي اَهُّيَأ ٱ ْقَلَخ اَّنِإ ُساَّنل ـَن رَكَذ نِ م مُك ىَثنُأ َو ـَنْلَعَج َو بوُعُش ْمُك اَبَق َو ا وُفَراَعَتِل َلِئ اۚ َّنِإ َدنِع ْمُكَمَرْكَأ ٱ ىَقْتَأ ِ َّللَّ ۚ ْمُك َّنِإ ٱ ٌريِبَخ ٌميِلَع َ َّللَّ ١٣",
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"text": "Artinya : “ Wahai manusia! sungguh, Kami telah menciptakan kamu dari seorang laki-laki dan seorang perempuan kemudian Kami jadikan kamu berbangsa-bangsa dan bersuku-suku agar kamu slaing mengenal. Sesunggugnya yang paling mulia di antara kamu di sisi Allah ialah orang yang paling bertaqwa. Sungguh, Allah Maha mengetahui, Maha teliti”.",
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"text": "Dari ayat diatas dapat disimpulkan bahwa Allah menciptakan laki- laki (Adam) dan perempuan (Hawa) kemudian dari keturunannya dijadikan berbangsa, bersuku, dan ras yang berbeda agar manusia saling mengenal bahwa satu sama lain merupakan saudara, sehingga seorang harus memiliki sikap toleransi kepada orang lain.",
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"text": "b. Kegiatan Membaca Yasin atau Surat di Juz 29.",
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"text": "Kegiatan membaca yasin ataupun surat dalam Al-Qur’an merupakan kegiatan rutin yang dilakukan sekolah SMA Negeri 1 Purwosari setiap hari kamis, kegiatan ini bertujuan menumbuhkan sikap religius siswa seperti mengingat kematian karena diadakan pembacaan yasin ini adalah untuk mengirim doa kepada keluarga yang telah meninggal. Kegiatan ini juga menumbuhkan sikap semangat mencari ilmu siswa sebab isi dalam Al-",
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"text": "Vol. 4, No. 4, (Oktober 2022): 339-360",
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"text": "Avaliable Online At: http://jurnal.radenfatah.ac.id/index.php/pairf",
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"text": "P-ISSN 2656-1549 and E-ISSN 2656-0712",
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"text": "Sinergitas Kinerja Guru PAI, Kepala Sekolah Dan Orang Tua,…",
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"text": "Qur’an merupakan sumber ilmu pengetahuan yang paling utama yaitu berupa firman Allah SWT yang di dalamnya berisikan aturan yang berupa perintah dan larangannya.",
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"text": "Allah menurunkan Al-Qur’an sebagai pedoman hidup manusia oleh sebab itu siswa diajak untuk menjadikan Al-Qur’an sebagai tuntunan utama dalam dirinya. Hal ini sebagaimana dalam Q.S Al-Isra ayat 9 Allah SWT berfirman:",
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"text": "ـَه َّنِإ اَذ ٱ ُرِ شَبُي َو ُم َوْقَأ َىِه ىِتَّلِل ىِدْهَي َناَء ْرُقْل ٱ َنيِن ِم ْؤُمْل ٱ َنوُلَمْعَي َنيِذَّل ٱ ـَّصل ـَحِل ِت ْجَأ ْمُهَل َّنَأ ر ريِبَك ا ا ٩",
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"text": "Artinya: “Sesungguhnya Al-Qur’an ini memberikan petunjuk (jalan) yang lebih lurus dan memberi kabar gembira kepada orang-orang mu’min yang mengerjakan amal sholeh bahwa bagi mereka ada pahala yang besar”.",
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"text": "Adapaun dalam Q.S Al-A’far ayat 52 Allah SWT berfirman:",
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"text": "ـَنْئ ِج ْدَقَل َو ـَتِكِب مُه ب ـَنْلَّصَف ىَلَع ُه دُه مْلِع ةَمْح َر َو ى م ْوَقِ ل َنوُنِم ْؤُي ٥٢",
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"text": "Artinya : “Dan sesungguhnya Kami telah mendatangkan sebuah Kitab (Al- Qur’an) kepada mereka yang Kami telah menjelaskannya atas dasar pengetahuan Kami; menjadi petunjuk dan rahmat agi orang-orang yang beriman”.",
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"text": "Dari ayat diatas dapat disimpulkan bahwa dengan membaca Al- Qur’an siswa akan menambah ilmu pengetahuan serta menjadikan mereka manusia yang mampu menentukan jalan yang benar sebab Al-Qur’an telah menjadi petunjuk kehidupan manusia.",
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"text": "c. Kegiatan Khataman Atau Istighosah dan Jum’atan Pada Setiap Hari Jum’at.",
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{
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"text": "Kegiatan khataman atau istighosah adalah kegiatan keagamaan yang bertujuan untuk mengirim do’a kepada seseorang, kegiatan khataman dan istighosah di SMA Negeri 1 Purwosari menjadi program rutin mingguan yang dilaksanakan setiap hari jum’at.",
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"text": "Kegiatan ini diawasi oleh guru PAI, adapun sistem penerapannya adalah masing-masing siswa diberi 1 juz amah atau bacaan istighosah kemudian nanti di pimpin oleh perwakilan untuk membaca bersama-sama, kehiatan ini bertujuan untuk melatih kemampuan siswa untuk menjadi pribadi yang selalu mengingat orang lain dan dengan dibentuknya program ini diharapkan siswa dapat memiliki karakter religius, kepemimpinan dan karakter bersosial. Karakter religius ini dapat terbentuk melalui kepercayaan siswa kepada Allah SWT dengan cara berdoa untuk meminta sesuatu, karakter kepemimpinan terbentuk melalui kepercayaan diri siswa dalam memandu bacaan, sedangkan karakter sosial terbentuk dari diadakannya kegiatan istighosah dan khataman yang dilakukan secara bersama sama.",
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"text": "351",
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"text": "Vol. 4, No. 4, (Oktober 2022): 339-360 Avaliable Online At: http://jurnal.radenfatah.ac.id/index.php/pairf",
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"text": "P-ISSN 2656-1549 and E-ISSN 2656-0712",
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{
"left": 113,
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"text": "Adapun sholat jum’at di SMA Negeri 1 Purwosari dilaksanakan setiap pulang sekolah, kegiatan ini bersifat wajib dan dilakukan di masjid luar sekolah yang didampingin oleh guru, kegiatan sholat jum’at dilakukan secara berjamaah, kegiatan ini bertujuan untuk menciptakan jiwa kebersamaan siswa dan menanamkan sikap disiplin serta tanggung jawab. Kewajiban sholat jumat sesuai dengan firman Allah SWT dalam Q.S Al- Jumu’ah ayat 9.",
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"text": "ـَي اَهُّيَأ ٱ وُنَماَء َنيِذَّل ا وَلَّصلِل َىِدوُن اَذِإ ِم ْوَي نِم ِة ٱ َف ِةَعُمُجْل ٱ ا ْوَعْس ىَلِإ ِرْكِذ ٱ َِّللَّ او ُرَذ َو ٱ ۚ َعْيَبْل َذ ٌرْيَخ ْمُكِل َنوُمَلْعَت ْمُتنُك نِإ ْمُكَّل ٩",
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"left": 150,
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"text": "Artinya: “Wahai orang-orang yang beriman! Apabila telah diseru untuk melaksanakan sholat pada hari jum’at, maka segeralah kamu mengingat Allah dan tinggalkanlah jual beli. Yang demikian itu lebih baik bagimu jika kamu mengetahui”.",
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"text": "Dari ayat diatas dapat disimpulkan bahwa sholat jum’at merupakan kewajiban bagi seluruh kaum muslimin, sholat jum’at merupakan pengganti sholat dzuhur bagi laki-laki oleh sebab itu apabila sholat jum’at ditinggalkan sama artinya dengan meninggalkan sholat dzuhur.",
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"text": "d. Kegiatan Sholat Dzuhur Berjamaah.",
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{
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"text": "Berdasarkan analisis peneliti sholat dzuhur berjamaah di SMA Negeri 1 Purwosari dilaksanakan pada jam istirahat kedua, adapun kegiatan ini memiliki banyak nilai karakter religius yang ditanamkan kepada siswa, dengan adanya kegiatan ini diharapkan dapat membangun karakter baik peserta didik diantaranya nilai ketaatan, nilai keimanan dan patuh kepada Allah SWT, membiasakan masing-masing individu peserta didik melaksanakan sholat berjamaah di rumah masing-masing serta menerapkan ajaran Islam bahwa sholat berjamaah berpahala lebih besar daripada sholat yang dilakukan secara individu.",
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"text": "Adapun kegiatan ini adalah untuk membentuk karakter disiplin siswa sebab di dalamnya terdapat kewajiban untuk sholat bagi seluruh siswa m Muslim dan pelaksanaannya harus sholat tepat waktu. Seperti dalam Q.S Al-Ankabut ayat 45 Allah SWT berfirman:",
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"text": "ٱ اَم ُلْت َنِم َكْيَلِإ َى ِحوُأ ٱ ـَتِكْل ِمِقَأ َو ِب ٱ وَلَّصل ۖ َة َّنِإ ٱ وَلَّصل ىَهْنَت َة ِنَع ٱ اَشْحَفْل ِء َوٱ ۗ ِرَكنُمْل ُرْكِذَل َو ٱ ۗ ُرَبْكَأ ِ َّللَّ َوٱ َنوُعَنْصَت اَم ُمَلْعَي ُ َّللَّ ٤٥",
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"text": "Artinya: “Bacalah apa yang telah di wahyukan kepadamu, yaitu Al- Qur’an dan dirikanlah sholat. Sesungguhnya sholat itu mencegah dari (perbuatan-perbuatan) keji dan mungkar. Dan sesungguhnya mengingat Allah (sholat) adalah lebih besar (keutamaannya dari ibadah-ibadah yang lain). Dan Allah mengetahui apa yang kamu kerjakan”.",
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"text": "Dari ayat di atas dapat disimpulkan bahwa diperintahkannya sholat bertujuan agar seorang mampu mengendalikan diri dan mampu",
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"text": "352",
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},
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "Vol. 4, No. 4, (Oktober 2022): 339-360",
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"top": 80,
"width": 324,
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"text": "P-ISSN 2656-1549 and E-ISSN 2656-0712",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 113,
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"width": 290,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 14,
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"text": "menghindari perbuatan yang keji dan munkar, sholat dzuhur merupakan ibadah wajib yang harus dilaksanakan karena sholat merupakan tiang agama.",
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"text": "e. Kegiatan Sholat Dhuha Secara Bergantian.",
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{
"left": 150,
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"height": 106,
"page_number": 14,
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"text": "Dari hasil penelitian ditemukan bahwa di SMA Negeri 1 Purwosari Sholat dhuha dilakukan apabila di kelas terdapat jam kosong pada pukul 07.00-11.00 WIB, sholat ini dilakukan apabila siswa sudah mengerjakan tugas yang diberikan oleh guru piket yang mewakili guru mata pelajaran kosong, sholat dhuha juga dilakukan oleh masing-masing individu di tengah pembelajaran berlangsung (jika mendapatkan izin oleh guru di kelas) maupun pada saat istirahat pertama dilakukan.",
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"text": "Hal ini sejalan dengan penelitian Maisaroh: 2022 yang menyebutkan bahwa sholat dhuha adalah sholat sunnah yang dilakukan pada pagi hari saat matahari terbit kurang lebih 7 hasta (pukul 07.00) sampai kurang lebih pukul 11.00. Sholat dhuha merupakan sholat sunnah yang memiliki banyak keistimewaan. Shalat dhuha dilakukan untuk memohon ampunan, mencari ketenangan dan mencari kelapangan risky.",
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"text": "Dengan kegiatan sholat dhuha ini siswa lebih mempunyai karakter disiplin, siswa juga terbiasa menjalankan sholat dhuha secara individu di rumah masing-masing dan dengan adanya sholat dhuha dapat meningkatkan karakter religius dalam diri siswa.",
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"text": "f. Memperingati Hari Besar Keagamaan seperti maulid nabi dan pondok romadhon.",
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"text": "Berdasarkan analisis peneliti kegiatan memperingati hari besar Islam merupan kegiatan yang dilakukan rutin setiap satu tahun, kegiatan ini seperti memperingati maulid nabi, pondok romadhon, isra’mi’raj, dan 1 muharam. Pada saat penelitian ini dilakukan, peneliti belum menemukan kegiatan nyata dalam penerapannya, karena pada saat penelitian tidak bertepatan pada hari keagamaan. Akan tetapi di SMA Negeri 1 Purwosari selalu mengadakan kegiatan apabila ada hari keagamaan. Seperti tiga tahun terakhir, dimana kegiatan belajar mengajar dilakukan secara online, maka untuk memperingati hari keagamaan pun dilakukan secara online. Berdasarkan analisis dan hasil observasi dan wawancara serta pembahasan di atas dapat disimpulkan bahwa program-program keagamaan yang dibentuk bertujuan untuk membangun karakter religius siswa dengan menanamkan sikap cinta Allah, cinta Al-Qu’an, cinta Nabi, menghidupkan Al-Qur’an di lingkungan sekolah, serta menumbuhkan karakter yang baik, menunjukan pribadi yang taat kepada Allah SWT serta memberi manfaat untuk dirinya sendiri maupun orang lain. Nilai religius didapat dari setiap pelaksanaan",
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"text": "P-ISSN 2656-1549 and E-ISSN 2656-0712",
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"text": "kegiatan keagamaan, nilai religius merupakan nilai yang menunjukkan keikhlasan dalam melaksanakan peraturan yang dibuat oleh sekolah.",
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"text": "Implementasi kegiatan-kegiatan di SMA Negeri 1 Purwosari telah sesuai dengan program yang direncanakan, meskipun dalam penerapannya didapati kendala dan masalah dalam pelaksanaannya, baik kendala dari murid maupun dari kesiapan dalam pelaksanaan kegiatan keagamaan. Meskipun demikian kegiatan keagamaan di SMA Negeri 1 Purwosari dapat berjalan secara rutin sesuai jadwal yang telah diprogramkan.",
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"text": "C. Faktor Pendukung Pembentukan Karakter Religius Pada Siswa di SMA",
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"text": "Negeri 1 Purwosari.",
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"text": "Dalam proses pembentukan karakter religius siswa dikatakan berhasil atau tidaknya program yang dibentuk oleh sekolah dapat dilihat dari sinergitas kinerja antara guru PAI kepala sekolah dan orang tua, dalam melaksanakan program yang telah dibentuk tersebut tentu tidak terlepas adanya faktor pendukung baik dari dalam diri siswa, lingkungan siswa, orang tua, guru, dan sarana prasarana. Berdasarkan hasil wawancara dan analisis peneliti menemukan faktor pendukung dalam pembentukan karakter religius siswa antara lain:",
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"text": "a. Adanya fasilitas sekolah yang memadai.",
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"text": "Sarana dan prasarana sekolah yang memadai dapat menunjang pelaksanaan program kegiatan yang dibentuk oleh sekolah, sehingga dengan adanya fasilitas sekolah yang memadai guru dan siswa dapat melaksanakan tugasnya dengan baik.",
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"left": 131,
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"text": "b. Program-program sekolah yang inovatif.",
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"text": "Sekolah akan selalu berinovasi untuk membentuk sebuah program- program keagamaan yang dapat mengantarkan siswa memiliki karakter religius, program yang disusun bertujuan untuk melatih siswa agar senantiasa melaksanakan program disekolah dan menerapkannya di rumah.",
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"text": "c. Guru PAI yang cukup.",
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{
"left": 150,
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"text": "Dalam membentuk karakter religius keberadaan guru PAI di sekolah sangatlah berpengaruh, oleh sebab itu jumlah guru PAI harus mencukupi dan dapat menghandle jumlah siswa secara keseluruhan. Antara guru PAI satu dengan yang lain pun harus bekerja sama dan mengoptimalkan kemampuan dalam pembentukan karakter religius siswa tersebut.",
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"text": "d. Kerjasama antara sekolah dan orang tua.",
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"left": 150,
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"width": 364,
"height": 43,
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"text": "Adanya dukungan dorongan antara sekolah dan orang tua melalui bentuk kerjasama dapat memperbuda dan memaksimalkan tercapainya tujuan dalam membentuk karakter religius siswa.",
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"text": "354",
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"text": "Vol. 4, No. 4, (Oktober 2022): 339-360",
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"text": "Avaliable Online At: http://jurnal.radenfatah.ac.id/index.php/pairf",
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"text": "P-ISSN 2656-1549 and E-ISSN 2656-0712",
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"text": "e. Kerjasama antara orang tua dan keluarga.",
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"text": "Adanya dukungan dorongan dan motivasi dari orang tua serta seluruh anggota keluarga yang berkintribusi dalam membentuk karakter religius siswa inilah yang akan menjadikan siswa lebih maksimal dalam melakukan perbuatana baik.",
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"text": "f. Lingkungan yang baik.",
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"text": "Lingkungan yang baik akan mempengaruhi siswa, apabila lingkungan baik maka siswa akan terdorong untuk meniru perbuatan baik tersebut dan sebaliknya apabila lingkungan disekitar siswa buruk maka besar kemungkinan siswa meniru perilaku buruk tersebut.",
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"text": "Hal ini sejalan dengan yang dikatakan oleh Pupuh Fathurrahman Asmuki 21 yang menyatakan bahwa faktor pendukung pembentukan karakter terdiri dari:",
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"text": "1. Faktor keluarga. Faktor keluarga . Keluarga merupakan faktor genetik yang berperan penting dalam perkembangan dan pematangan kepribadian. Peran dan sikap orang tua sangat berpengaruh terhadap kepribadian anak. Hal ini senada dengan apa yang pernah disinggung oleh Rasulullah SAW bahwa asal usul anak adalah fitrah tergantung dari apa yang dilakukan orang tuanya terhadapnya, kafir, islam, penurut, pendiam dll.",
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"text": "2. Faktor pertemanan. Teman sebaya memiliki pengaruh yang besar pada kehidupan seseorang. Teman jika memiliki kepribadian yang buruk akan menularkan hal-hal negatif kepada teman mereka. Banyak sekali anak muda yang mengalami perilaku menimpang dan terjerumus dalam perbuatan tercela akibat pengaruh teman-temannya. Teman yang buruk memainkan peran besar dalam menjerumuskan seseorang ke jalan keburukan. Sangat penting untuk memilih teman dengan kepribadian yang mulia dan sebaliknya. Penting juga untuk menjauh dari teman yang memiliki kepribadian buruk. Karena Rasulullah sendiri telah mengisyaratkan agar seseorang memilih teman yang baik dan menghindari teman yang buruk.",
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"text": "3. Faktor lingkungan. Perkembangan kepribadian seseorang sangat dipengaruhi oleh kondisi lingkungan sosial budaya setempat, nilai-nilai, tradisi, perilaku kedua orang tua, cara orang tua mendidik dan memperlakukannya, berbagai macam media, serta berbagai macam peristiwa yang dialami dalam kehidupannya. Dalam masa adaptasinya, anak atau bahkan manusia dewasa akan mempelajari bahasa yang digunakan sebagai alat komunikasi dalam kehidupannya, mempelajari",
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"text": "21 Asmuki, “Upaya Guru PAI Dalam Membentuk Karakter Religius Melalui Kegiatan Keagamaan di SMP MuhammadiyahKarang Asem Bali,” Al-Insyiroh 02, no. 01 (2018).",
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"text": "355",
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"text": "Vol. 4, No. 4, (Oktober 2022): 339-360 Avaliable Online At: http://jurnal.radenfatah.ac.id/index.php/pairf",
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"text": "kepribadian, kecenderungan, dan mempelajari agama yang diyakini orang tuanya, serta pemikirannya.",
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"text": "D. Faktor Penghambat Pembentukan Karakter Religius Pada Siswa di SMA",
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"text": "Dalam pelaksanaan kegiatan keagamaan di SMA Negeri 1 Purwosari berdasarkan hasil wawancara serta analisis peneliti terdapat beberapa hambatan yang ditemui dalam implementasi kegiatan keagamaan diantaranya:",
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"text": "c. Faktor internal yaitu berasal dari kemauan siswa.",
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"text": "Faktor penghambat yang berasal dari dalam diri siswa adalah kurangnya antusias siswa dalam mengikuti kegiatan, serta kurangnya motivasi peserta didik terkait pentingnya kegiatan keagamaan. salah satu kekuatan yang berlindung dibalik tingkah laku manusia adalah kemauan keras dan kehendak, kemauan inilah merupakan kekuatan yang berasal dari dalam diri individu dan menggerakkan manusia untuk melakukan perbuatan sungguh-sungguh, kepribadian siswa pasti berbeda-beda hal ini yang menjadi salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi karakter siswa tersebut 22 .",
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"text": "Berdasarkan hasil penelitian kurangnya antusias siswa dalam melaksanakan kegiatan keagamaan dapat dilihat pada saat mengikuti program kegiatan dimana siswa banyak yang izin seperti izin haid pada saat pembacaan Al-Qur’an dari observasi yang dilakukan peneliti menemukan bahwa jumlah siswa yang izin lebih banyak dari siswa yang tidak izin mengikuti kegiatan. Adapun kurangnya motivasi dapat dilihat dari suasana kegiatan yang dilakukan terlihat banyak siswa yang mengantuk, mengobrol sendiri dan melamun.",
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"text": "Hasil penelitian sejalan dengan Jamal Ma’ruf Asmani dalam Agus Sujanto 23 yang menyatakan bahwa yang mempengaruhi pembentukan karakter religius siswa adalah faktor dari dalam diri siswa itu sendiri yaitu kemauan atau keinginan. Kemauan ini merupakan suatu fungsi jiwa untuk dapat mencapai sesuatu dan merupakan kekuatan dari dalam itulah yang menggerakkan manusia berbuat sungguh-sungguh.",
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"text": "d. Faktor eksternal, yaitu faktor yang berasl dari luar diri siswa",
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"text": "a. Berasal dari lingkungan yang tidak mendukung",
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"text": "Berdasarkan hasil penelitian lingkungan yang kurang mendukung di sekitar siswa seperti lingkungan tetangga rumah yang memiliki kebiasaan buruk seperti maraknya pergaulan bebas, beredarnya miras, dan adanya pengaruh dari teman sebaya seperti kebiasaan bermain",
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"text": "22 Agus Sujanto, Psikologi (Jakarta: Aksara Baru, 2017).",
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"text": "23 Ibid.",
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"text": "game. Hal ini akan menghambat terbentuknya karakter religius siswa, lingkungan sekitar yang kurang mendukung akan berpengaruh membawa dampak negatif oleh sebab itu lingkungan yang dipilih harus lingkungan yang baik.",
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"text": "Hal ini didukung oleh teori Mahmud Yunus yang mengatakan bahwa salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi baik buruknya seseorang dalam suatu masyarakat adalah lingkungan, seperti lingkungan yang suka tawuran tentu akan membawa pengaruh yang tidak baik pula bagi orang-orang di sekitarnya 24 .",
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"text": "b. Pengaruh media sosial.",
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"text": "Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang menunjukkan dampak negatif media sosial yang didapat dari pernyataan orang tua siswa. Di era saat ini internet memang menjadi kebutuhan khususnya para pelajar akan tetapi perlu diketahui bahwa internet memiliki dampak positif dan dampak negatif.",
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"text": "Menurut Nurul Fatmawat, dampak positif dari media sosial adalah mempermudah interaksi dengan banyak orang, memperluas pergaulan, lebih mudah berekspresi dan menyebarkan informasi lebih cepat dan murah. Sementara itu, dampak negatif dari media sosial adalah menjauhkan dari orang yang dicintai, berkurangnya interaksi tatap muka, kecanduan internet, menyebabkan konflik, masalah privasi dan rentan terhadap pengaruh buruk orang lain.",
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"text": "Hal ini juga sejalan dengan teori Jamal Ma’ruf Asnani: 2913 yang mengatakan bahwa, Internet saat ini telah menjadi kebutuhani, terutama bagi para pelajar yang tidak ingin ketinggalan dalam menggunakan teknologi mutakhir ini, namun perlu diketahui bahwa selain dampak positif internet juga memiliki dampak negatif. Pengaruh negatif ini menimbulkan masalah dalam proses pembentukan karakter.",
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"text": "c. Guru yang menganggap siswa sudah dewasa.",
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"text": "Siswa khususnya SMA adalah kumpulan anak-anak remaja yang hidup antara 16 sampai 19 tahun. Masa remaja adalah peralihan dari anak-anak ke dewasa, meliputi semua perkembangan yang",
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"text": "berhubungan dengan persiapan menuju masa dewasa. Perubahan perkembangan tersebut meliputi aspek fisik, psikis dan psikomotorik. Masa remaja adalah masa perkembangan manusia. Dengan adanya masa peralihan inilah siswa sebetulnya memerlukan perhatian yang lebih kompleks, guru dan orang tua diharuskan memiliki kerjasama",
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"text": "24 Mahmud Yunus, Pokok-pokok Pendidikan dan Pengajaran (Jakarta: Agung, n.d.).",
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"text": "untuk mengawasi dan mendampingi siswa dalam membentuk karakternya.",
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"text": "Dari hasil penelitian melalui wawancara kepada kepala sekolah ditemukan bahwa guru di SMA Purwosari menganggap siswa sudah dewasa sehingga dapat memilih segala tindakan yang sesuai dengan keinginan yang tidak melanggar aturan sekolah. Akan tetapi tidak semua siswa memiliki pemikiran dewasa, banyak siswa yang memerlukan bimbingan guru maupun orang tua. Oleh sebab itu siswa harus selalu didampingin oleh guru disekolah dan orang tua di rumah. Dari pemaparan di atas dapat disimpilkan bahwa hambatan-hambatan dalam menerapkan program-program kegiatan keagamaan berdasarkan analisis peneliti merupakan hal yang dapat mengakibatkan terjadinya kemerosotan karakter religius siswa baik yang bersifat internal maupun eksternal. Sebagaimana disampaikan oleh Abudin Nata dalam Ahmad Tantowi 25 yang menyebutkan bahwa:",
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"text": "a. Prinsip-prinsip yang longgar dalam ketaatan beragama, mengakibatkan kurangnya kontrol masyarakat dan memungkinkan siswa untuk melakukan pelanggaran.",
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"text": "b. Kurang efektifnya perkembangan moral dari orang tua dan masyarakat. Dimana orang tua berperan penting dalam pembentukan karakter siswa, terlebih orang tua merupakan lingkungan pertama siswa, orang tua berperan penting dalam mengawasi dan mengontrol segala aktivitas siswa.",
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"text": "c. Tidak ada kesungguhan dalam membina karakter baik dari pemerintah, dimana pemerintah memiliki andil besar pula dalam mendukung setiap program kegiatan di lingkungan masyarakat. Pemerintah memiliki kekuasaan untuk membangun lingkungan dan program yang baik guna pembangunan karakter dengan daya dukung lainya seperti dana, teknologi yang memadai serta membangun sumber daya manusia yang berkualitas guna mendukung pembangunan nasional dengan tujuan untuk membangun karakter manusia.",
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"text": "Hasil penelitian juga didukung oleh Hamka Abdul Aziz 26 yang menyatakan bahwa faktor penghambat dalam pembentukan karakter religius siswa terdiri dari dua faktor yakni faktor internal seperti kemauan dan keinginan, serta perilaku siswa yang beragam, dan faktor eksternal seperi perhatian orang tua, pengaruh internet, dan lingkungan masyarakat.",
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"text": "25 Ahmad Tantowi, Pendidikan Islam di Era Transformasi Global.pdf (Semarang: Pustaka Rizki, 2008).",
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"text": "26 Abdul Aziz Hamka, “Problematika Pembentukan Karakter Islami Peserta Didik di SDN 2 Kepung Kediri,” Jurnal Studi Pendidikan Islami 2, no. 3 (2018).",
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"text": "Oleh sebab itu adapun solusi yang tepat dalam mengatasi hambatan guna membentuk karakter religius siswa adalah dengan menyatukan visi dan misi dalam membentuk kepribadian siswa, serta meningkatkan sinergitas kinerja seluruh aspek baik dari lingkungan kelurga, intitusi sekolah, maupun pihak- pihak yang terkait. Adapun solusi dari lingkungan keluarga khususnya orang tua adalah selalu mengawasi perkembangan anak, mulai dari kebiasaan, kepribadian hingga lingkungan pertemanan tanpa memberikan tekanan terhadap anak. Solusi dari institusi sekolah dapat dilakukan dengan cara: selalu mengabsensi secara ketat setiap diadakan kegiatan keagamaan, memberikan reward atau punishment yang dapat membuat siswa takut apabila tidak mengikuti kegiatan dan dapat termotivasi, serta memberikan pembinaan atau evaluasi bagi para guru. Dengan adanya solusi ini memungkinkan hanya akan ada sedikit celah bagi siswa apabila ingin tidak mengikuti kegiatan keagamaan di sekolah.",
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"text": "Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat diketahui bahwa: 1) Sinergitas kinerja guru PAI, kepala sekolah dan orang tua dalam membentuk karakter religius siswa di SMA Negeri 1 Purwosari yaitu melalui disusunnya program-program keagamaan yang sudah berjalan dengan baik, bentuk sinergitas kinerja antara sekolah dan orang tua melalui dibentuknya grup walikelas guna mengontrol perkembangan siswa sudah berjalan dengan baik, adanya sinergitas untuk saling mendukung dan menghargai antara sekolah dan orang tua. 2) Bentuk-bentuk kegiatan keagamaan yang disusun sekolah terdiri dari membaca doa bersama sebelum memulai pembelajaran, membaca yasin atau surat di juz 29, khataman atau istighosah dan jum’atan pada setiap hari jum’at, sholat dzuhur berjamaah, sholat dhuha secara bergantian, memperingati hari besar keagamaan seperti maulid nabi dan pondok romadhon. 3) Faktor pendukung pembentukan karakter religius pada siswa di SMA Negeri 1 Purwosari terdiri dari fasilitas sekolah yang memadai, program- program sekolah yang inovatif, guru PAI yang cukup, kerjasama antara sekolah dan orang tua, kerjasama antara orang tua dan keluaraga, lingkungan yang baik. 4) Faktor penghambat pembentukan karakter religius pada siswa di SMA Negeri 1 Purwosari terdiri dari faktor internal yaitu berasal dari kemauan siswa dan faktor eksternal yang berasal dari luar diri siswa yang berasal dari lingkungan yang tidak mendukung, pengaruh media sosial, guru yang menganggap siswa sudah dewasa. 5) Solusi yang tepat dalam mengatasi hambatan guna membentuk karakter religius siswa adalah dengan menyatukan visi dan misi dalam membentuk kepribadian siswa, serta meningkatkan sinergitas kinerja seluruh aspek baik dari lingkungan keluarga, intitusi sekolah, maupun pihak-pihak yang terkait.",
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"text": "Abidin, Zaenal. “Pola pembentukan Karakter Religius Pada Anak dalam",
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"text": "Asmuki. “Upaya Guru PAI Dalam Membentuk Karakter Religius Melalui Kegiatan Keagamaan di SMP MuhammadiyahKarang Asem Bali.” Al- Insyiroh 02, no. 01 (2018). Faizal, Ardyanto. “Evaluasi Kualitatif Kesiapan Penerapan Sistem Single Sign On di UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta,” 2017.",
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"text": "Febriyanti, Eka, Fajri Ismail, dan Syarnubi Syarnubi. “Penanaman karakter peduli sosial di SMP negeri 10 Palembang.” Jurnal PAI Raden Fatah 4, no. 1 (31 Januari 2022): 39–51. doi:10.19109/pairf.v4i1.5390.",
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04c87a8d-abec-e2ae-ecc2-5f0ea19d551c | http://ejournal.stipram.ac.id/index.php/kepariwisataan/article/download/67/52 | [
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"text": "HOW INDONESIAN TOURIST MOTIVATION CAN ENCOURAGE THE DESIRE HAVE BEEN TO BANGKOK- THAILAND",
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"text": "Lestari Ningrum , Anggi Dito Dwiseptian Lecturer and Alumni at Trisakti School of Tourism Jakarta lestariningrum@stptrisakti.ac.id",
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"text": "Compared to other ASEAN countries, Thailand excels in terms of tourism growth in 2016. The period of January to October 2016, 27.076.308 Indonesian tourists visited Thailand, while Thailand’s tourists visit to Indonesia only 9.403.614. Why it happened? Whereas Indonesia including the 6 most beautiful country sites version Rough Guides, beating some countries such as the UK, Switzerland and Finland, and was chosen because of the cluster of gathering, cultural diversity, volcanoes, and even Indonesia became the only Asian country in the top 10 Tourism is worldwide. Tourism is currently experiencing a shift in the role. For many cities in Indonesia, travel has become a primary need. Motivational factors are also related to visitor’s satisfaction because different destination may have different factors that attract visitor to the place.",
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"text": "The research method used in this study is descriptive with quantitative approach. The research instrument is questionnaire with 5-point likert scale, distributed either directly on the site with 397 respondents who have ever travelled to the locations under study. The aim of research how Indonesian tourist motivation can encourage the desire been to Bangkok Thailand",
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"text": "The results showed that the motivation of the traveller physical, the strongest impulse to travel to Bangkok is with the aim to refreshing.",
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"text": "Key works: Tourism, travel motivational",
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"text": "Dibandingkan negara-negara ASEAN lainnya, Thailand unggul dalam hal pertumbuhan pariwisata pada tahun 2016. Periode Januari sampai Oktober 2016, 27.076.308 turis Indonesia berkunjung ke Thailand, sementara kunjungan wisatawan Thailand ke Indonesia hanya 9.403.614. Mengapa hal itu terjadi? Sedangkan Indonesia termasuk 6 situs negara yang paling indah versi Rough Guides, mengalahkan beberapa negara seperti Inggris, Swiss dan Finlandia, dan dipilih karena adanya cluster gathering, keragaman budaya, gunung berapi, dan bahkan Indonesia menjadi satu-satunya negara di",
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"text": "Asia dengan rangking 10 besar pariwisata yang ada di seluruh dunia. Pariwisata saat ini mengalami pergeseran peran. Bagi banyak kota di Indonesia, perjalanan wisata telah menjadi kebutuhan utama bagi masyarakat.",
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"text": "Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah deskriptif dengan pendekatan kuantitatif. Instrumen penelitian menggunakan kuesioner dengan skala Likeng 5 poin, didistribusikan secara langsung di lokasi dengan 397 responden yang pernah melakukan perjalanan ke lokasi yang diteliti. Tujuan penelitian bagaimana motivasi wisatawan Indonesia",
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"text": "32 JURNAL Kepariwisataan",
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"text": "Volume 13 Nomor 2 Mei 2019 : 31 - 40",
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"text": "dapat mendorong keinginannya ke Bangkok Thailand.",
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"text": "Hasil menunjukkan bahwa motivasi fisik merupakan dorongan yang paling terkuat untuk wisatawan dari Indonesia berwisata ke Bangkok dengan tujuan menyegarkan pikiran dan mencegah stres.",
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"text": "Kata kunci : Pariwisata, motivasi perjalanan",
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"text": "INTRODUCTION",
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"height": 419,
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"text": "Compared to other ASEAN countries, Thailand excels in terms of tourism growth in 2016 (Ministry of Tourism Indonesia), based data sets tourism ministries and institutions of each country, Thailand outperformed other ASEAN countries, with 11.3 per cent growth in tourism in 2016. The period of January to October 2016, 27,076,308 Indonesian tourists visited Thailand, while Thailand tourists visit to Indonesia only 9.403.614, and on data from the Ministry of Tourism, the visit of Thai tourists to Indonesia at the end of November 2017 has indeed increased 0.17%, with a data visit to 19 main entrances to Indonesia. although there was a decrease in the first quarter of 2017 of tourists visiting Thailand and an increase in the same quarter in Indonesia, overall tourist arrivals to Thailand were still superior to the situation in Indonesia (pikiran Rakyat,2017). Why it happened? Whereas Indonesia including the 6 most beautiful country sites version Rough Guides, beating some countries such as the UK, Switzerland and Finland, and was chosen because of the cluster of gathering, cultural diversity, volcanoes, and even Indonesia became the only Asian country in the top 10.",
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"height": 73,
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"text": "Tourism is worldwide, the key to development, happiness and prosperity. Tourism is currently experiencing a shift in the role. For many in town in Indonesia, to travel has become a primary need.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "Association city community today is no longer focused on material owned, but shifted on matters relating to tourism activities into one urban community lifestyle. The core of the tourism product is a tourist destination. This is the main attraction or core business of the tourism industry. In recent years, tourism is regarded as the world’s biggest and fastest growing industry. It has been playing an important role in the socioeconomic sectors of the developed and developing countries of the globe. (Marahatta, 2012, Ningrum, 2017). Visitor’s satisfaction is the extent of overall pleasure or satisfies felt by the visitor, resulting from the ability of the visit experiences and need in relations to the visit (Chen & Tsai 2007 in Khamis 2016). It is the mental comparison and evaluation between what visitors expect to experience and what actually the experienced. Visitor’s satisfaction and destination attributes are coming from a visitor’s perspective on the understanding of their attitudes after the visit to cultural or heritage destination (Uysal, 2002, Khamis 2016). Moreover, motivational factors also relate to visitor’s satisfaction because the different destination may have different factors that attract visitors to the place. Then, based on the background described, this study focused on the Indonesian tourist who have been in Bangkok, Thailand",
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"text": "LITERATURE STUDY",
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"text": "1.1.Tourism",
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"text": "According to the Tourism Act No. 20 of 2009 on article 1, Travel is a travel activity undertaken by a person or group of people to visit a particular place for the purpose of recreation, personal development, or to learn the uniqueness of the visited tourist attraction in the interim time period. According to the World Tourism Organization (WTO) states tourism",
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"text": "33",
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{
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"top": 35,
"width": 312,
"height": 30,
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"text": "Lestari Ningrum , Anggi Dito Dwiseptian Lecturer and Alumni at Trisakti School of Tourism Jakarta : How Indonesian Tourist Motivation Can Encourage the Desire Have Been to Bangkok - Thailand",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "consists of the activities of people who travel somewhere and stay in different places outside the neighbourhood usually not more than 1 (one) year in a row for leisure, business and other interests. Further WTO classifies tourism within three (3) types: (1). Travel International. a. Inbound Tourism: Tourism activities undertaken by visitors who are not non - resident in a particular country is not the country of origin. b. Outbound Tourism: Tourism activities conducted by residents who visited a country outside their home country. (2). Internal Tourism. Visit by residents of a country to their own countries. (3). Domestic. Tourist activities conducted by residents who visited within the scope of the country as the country of origin. From the definition of Tourism Act, the travel activities of tourists from Indonesia to Thailand with various destinations included in the category Tourism.",
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"text": "1.2.Travel Motivational",
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"text": "Many authors judge that the motivation of tourists is one element in understanding the decision of tourists visiting a destination, for example Yoon and Uysal’s research (2005), in Chetthamrongcha (2017).Travellers to travel to a tourist destination has a different motivation to spend the holidays or for pleasure. There's also because they want to follow the trend or the availability of appeal in the tourist destinations. most studies using variable tourist motivation are always in conjunction with decision making (such as research conducted Kim, et al., 2007, Chetthamrongcha (2017). some studies have raised motivational variables in travel, special pull and push factor motivation, such as research conducted by Ningrum,et.al. (2017), Jodyanne Kirkwood (2009). McIntosh (1977) in Sari (2014) said that the motivation grouped into four large, i.e",
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"text": "(1). Psychological Motivation (Physical motivation). Motivation is a lot to do with the desire to restore the physical condition, resting, relaxing, exercising, or health maintenance work that excitement comes back, (2). Cultural Motivation (Motivation culture), namely the desire to know the culture, customs, traditions and other local arts, including those relating to objects, cultural heritage /cultural monuments, (3). Social Motivation. Motivation is social). Tourist’s motivation driven by a desire to visit someone or wants to evade their routine work, want to find new friends, or doing things that are considered to bring prestige. (4). Fantasy Motivation. Motivation for fantasy, that is the fantasy that someone in other areas can escape the humdrum daily routine. Following the opinion Chetthamrongcha (2017), then in this study using 4 sub-variables of motivation, it is said that motivation has also been referred to as psychological/ biological/ social needs and wants, including internal (or emotional) and external forces. These forces describe how individuals are pushed by motivation variables into making travel decisions and how they are pulled or attracted by destination attributes.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "1.3.The Characteristics of the respondent’s biography",
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"width": 227,
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"text": "Demographic profile is used to obtain the circumstances of respondents and opportunity for researchers to understand the category of respondents chosen as a sample. Demographic questions are also used to collect the responsiveness of the opinion based on respondents’ profiles. The information encompasses gender, age, origin in Indonesia, current employment status, and monthly income of respondents. Under the demographic profile section, the aim is to obtain the backdrop and",
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"text": "34 JURNAL Kepariwisataan Volume 13 Nomor 2 Mei 2019 : 31 - 40",
"type": "Page header"
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{
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"top": 81,
"width": 234,
"height": 520,
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"text": "typical of respondents (Siniscalco & Auriat, 2005). Resolving the demographic profile questions to be asked depending on the relevancy to the topic as some question might be outraged on secrecy meanwhile simple, circumspect and substantial answer for research data collection is fair enough (Wyse,et.al 2012). (1). Gender of Respondents. Gender is the most common vital question in the demographic profile section which disclose alternative’s inequality and applicable to break down the result of respondents’population that visited Bangkok, Thailand (Smith, 2014). Under demographic profile section, the aim is to obtain the backdrop and typical of respondents (Siniscalco & Auriat, 2005 in Ogbeide, 2014 in Ningrum.et.al, 2017). Resolving the demographic profile questions to be ask is depends on the relevancy with the topic as some question might be outrage on secrecy meanwhile simple, circumspect and substantial answer for research data collection is fair enough. There are two choices of variable, male and female. (2). Origin of Respondents. The purpose of this question is to know which provinces the tourist came from Indonesia as Indonesia has five big island which are Sumatera, Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Bali, NTT, NTB. (3). Occupations. In the survey, respondents who indicated that they were currently working were asked about the kind of work that they did. Their responses were recorded verbatim and served as the basis for the coding of occupations.",
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"top": 625,
"width": 224,
"height": 102,
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"text": "The research method used in this study is descriptive with quantitative approach. The research instrument is questionnaire with 5-point likert scale, distributed either directly on the site or to respondents who have ever travelled to the locations under study. Sampling technique used is incidental",
"type": "Text"
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"height": 160,
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"text": "non-probability sampling. The research use of descriptive statistic’s testing, with the aim of research how Indonesian tourist motivation can encourage the desire been to Bangkok Thailand following the opinion by Khamis (2016) that visitors satisfaction as mediating the relationship between travel motivational, and this research selecting the object area tourist destinations is Bangkok, Thailand, resulted 397 respondents who have been in Bangkok.",
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"text": "This study uses the theory of motivation of travel by using 4 sub variables, namely Physical Motivation with the instrument (1). My trip to Thailand / BKK, for wanting refreshing, (2). Tour to Thailand can relieve fatigue due to routine activities, (3). After traveling to Thailand I am excited to return to work. In the second sub variable, the cultural motivation, using 5 instruments leading to popular cultural attractions in Thailand (1) interested in the customs and culture of Thailand (2) The tradition of local dance art is packed with so interesting as spectacle, (3) The Palace of the King of the Grand Palace is a must-see object because it is interesting, (4) Wat Arun, Wat Pho for me to be an extraordinary temple because of its splendor, (5) The performances in Thailand are spectacular.",
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"text": "Sub variables used are social motivation, with 3 instruments, (1) travel to Thailand along with the family / friends group, (2) Explore the city of Bangkok can eliminate work fatigue, (3) proud to visit Thailand. The last sub variable (Motivation fantasy) uses 2 instruments (1) A visit to Madam Tussauds gives me extraordinary fantasy to some of my idol stars, (2) My fantasy to see photos of attractions in Thailand in accordance with what I experienced after visiting.",
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"text": "To analyze the 'mean' result from the data processing of the respondent's statement on the 4 sub variables used in this study,",
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"text": "35",
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"left": 57,
"top": 35,
"width": 312,
"height": 30,
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"page_width": 566,
"page_height": 793,
"text": "Lestari Ningrum , Anggi Dito Dwiseptian Lecturer and Alumni at Trisakti School of Tourism Jakarta : How Indonesian Tourist Motivation Can Encourage the Desire Have Been to Bangkok - Thailand",
"type": "Text"
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"width": 230,
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"text": "the interval interpretation is used according to the theory of Sudjana (2000: 79), as follows: for physical motivation is given interval interpretation: 1.00 – 1.79 (Very successful), 1.80 – 2.59 (Successful), 2.60 – 3.39 (Successful Enough), 3.40 – 4.19 (Unsuccessful), 4.20 – 5.00 (Very unsuccessful). For Cultural Motivation : 1.00 – 1.79 (Very Interesting), 1.80 – 2.59 (Interesting), 2.60 – 3.39 (Interresting Enough), 3.40 – 4.19 (Not Attractive), 4.20 – 5.00 (Very unattractive). For Social Motivation : 1.00 – 1.79 (Very Pleasure), 1.80 – 2.59 (Pleasure), 2.60 – 3.39 (Pleasure Enough), 3.40 – 4.19 (Unpleasure), 4.20 – 5.00 (very unpleasure). And for Fantasy Motivation : 1.00 – 1.79 (Very Satisfied), 1.80 – 2.59 (Satisfied), 2.60 – 3.39 (Satisfied Enough), 3.40 – 4.19 (Not Satisfied), 4.20 – 5.00 (Very unsatisfied).",
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"text": "DISCUSSION",
"type": "Section header"
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"text": "Table.1. The result of Reliability Statistics Cronbach's Alpha N of Items ,870 19 Source: SPSS - data preparation",
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{
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"width": 227,
"height": 88,
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"text": "With the value of cronbach's Alpha 0.870, in accordance with the theory Sugiyono, 2011: 184, included in a very high reliable level, can be interpreted respondents managed to answer to 19 items statement with a very consistent.",
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"text": "Table 2. Gender Frequency Percentage Male 117 29.5% Female 280 70.5% 397 100% Source: SPSS - data preparation",
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"text": "It can be seen in the data that Indonesian tourists visiting Bangkok, the dominant of the female gender. Women in industrial goods and services is the market share valuable, because in Indonesia based on the",
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"text": "research is the decision maker in the family, especially in terms of travel / vacation with the family, where will be going, where to eat, what should be purchased for everyday used at home, and finally Bangkok is a selection of Indonesian women, including for shopping cheap travel.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "Table 3. Occupation Frequency Percentage Student 104 26.2% Emplo yee 174 43.8% House wife 35 8.8% Retired 3 0.8% Busi nessman 80 20.2% Force/ ABRI 1 0.2% 397 100% Source: SPSS - data preparation",
"type": "Table"
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"text": "Among the dominant number of tourists from Indonesia, divided them have employment and most, learners / students and employers. The number of students is the dominant second only employee, because she went to Bangkok had to do with the price of 3 million to 4 million within 3 emotion 2 nights and can visit some of the famous sights, then it is natural that students many visits to Bangkok. The phenomenon that women are a promising market share in this internet age have three potential market targets (Kertajaya, 2008). the three potential markets are the first young people, the second women and the third netizens. This potential market has been achieved by the tourism of Thailand, the young (26.2%). When observed, young Indonesian citizens travel to Thailand, inclined to meet the needs and physical motivation, water games in the sea, wax museum one of the attractions of interest of young people. A potential market that still needs to be fought for by Thai tourism is women, based on data collected is still 8.8% status of housewives. Start Many groups of mothers who choose Thailand as a tourist destination, with groups, should be more to visit.",
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"text": "36",
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"text": "JURNAL Kepariwisataan Volume 13 Nomor 2 Mei 2019 : 31 - 40",
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{
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"top": 81,
"width": 211,
"height": 130,
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"text": "Table 4. Origin Frequency Percentage Java Island 297 75% Sumatera 60 15.2% Sulawesi 12 3% Bali, NTT,NTB 11 2.8% Kalimantan 16 4% 397 100% Source: SPSS - data preparation",
"type": "Table"
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"text": "Based on the characteristics of the respondents in several studies of destinations in Indonesia (Ningrum,2017), is the largest Indonesian tourist who travel is from the island of Java. According to a survey in 2014 by tourists from the island of Java are the most travelled tourist (highest sequential), East Java, West Java, Central Java, and Jakarta. Residents were able to travel where the trend is currently in Indonesia as a primary requirement, one of which is marked by high-capita income of the population. Among the cities in East Java that has a high per capita income level is Kediri; Kediri city is located in East Java province. In this city there is a plant of one of the largest tobacco companies in Indonesia, namely Djarum. Kediri city's population of about 268.507 inhabitants. While the per capita income of Kediri city was 315.396 million rupiahs. The second city in East Java that high per capita income is Surabaya. Surabaya is the second largest city in Indonesia after Jakarta. The city is located in the province of East Java and also become the capital there. Its population about 3,125,576. Surabaya city has per capita income of 128.822 million rupiah. West Java represented by Cilegon. Cilegon renowned as one of the industrial cities in Indonesia. Central Java is represented by the Kudus city, economic development in the Kudus due to the impact of industry. And the final sequence, Jakarta, the capital of Indonesia, is the administrative and business city, which turned out to be not the most",
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"text": "populated city to travel.",
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"text": "Table 5. Travel Destination Frequency Percentage Business 29 7.3% Family Need 5 1.3% Holiday 363 91.4% 397 100% Source: SPSS - data preparation 91.4% of respondents aim vacation coming to Bangkok. Bangkok does have a complete tourist attraction in the area is not too big, which is easy to reach in a short time. Bangkok has a nautical tourism, historic heritage, mountains, culture and arts, agro cultural, spectacular performances, the show trained animals, village tours and culinary cheap and tasty, and Muslims can travel to Bangkok with a special tour.",
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"text": "With an average score on most dominant physical motivation (4.07) in search of Indonesian tourists to Thailand, in accordance with their destination on holiday to get the freshness of mind, relax, change of atmosphere, by choosing a holiday to Thailand.",
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"text": "Table 6. Statistical Results Mean Physical Cultural Social Fantasy Total N Valid 397 397 397 397 397 Missing 0 0 0 0 0 Mean 4,07 3,97 4,03 3,73 3,95 Source: SPSS - data preparation The average value of Indonesian travelers' travel motivation to Thailand ranging from 3.7 to 4.07 is high, but has not reached very high levels. When described from the frequency results of each sub variable of the travel motivation, can be explained that the average of physical or physiological motivation, the result of physical or physiological motivation is 4.07, which means that Indonesian tourists are high motivated to visit Thailand especially in Bangkok. For tourists in Indonesia, visiting the attractions in Thailand is",
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"text": "37",
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"left": 57,
"top": 35,
"width": 312,
"height": 30,
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"page_height": 793,
"text": "Lestari Ningrum , Anggi Dito Dwiseptian Lecturer and Alumni at Trisakti School of Tourism Jakarta : How Indonesian Tourist Motivation Can Encourage the Desire Have Been to Bangkok - Thailand",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "considered successful to meet their needs to restore physical fitness, managed to rest, successfully doing sports activities, and relax (according to the interval interpretation). Physical refreshment can be obtained from visiting some attractions in Doi Inthanon National Park. In this national park there is the highest peak of Thailand with an altitude of 2565 meters above sea level, Tourists can enjoy the freshness of the mountain air while enjoying the traditional village life, enjoy the waterfall and picnic by the river. Thailand has several national parks each of which can travel between 3-4 hours from Bangkok by road or 1 hour by plane, thus allowing travelers to choose among them to get a refreshing physical need. They need refreshment after fully working and they agreed that visit Bangkok could relieve stress. Based on this table, the average of total cultural motivation are 3.97 and it is categorized as high motivation because in Bangkok area, the tourist objects are not so far among them. There are a big complex that we can find the King’s palace, Wat Arun, and Wat Pho together in a nearby place. The desire of Indonesian tourists to know the culture, customs, art traditions and other areas. Included also relating to objects, cultural relics (historical monuments), met with an attractive appraisal category. The average of social motivation is 4.03 and it is a high motivation categorical. Almost respondents agreed travelling with family or friends and it can reduce stress. Social Motivation is meant that tourists wishing to visit family or friends or want to get new friends on the way, also visit the sights because everyone has visited the sights to get a sense of prestige. Social Motivation is meant that tourists wishing to visit family or friends or want to get new friends on the way, also visit the sights because everyone has visited the sights to get a sense of prestige. With the result of",
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"text": "'mean' obtained, the desire of tourists has been achieved with a sense of pleasure. The desire to make new travel companions is likely to be obtained with them following a tour package in a group meeting new friends on the go. Appropriate data in the background, very many tourists from Indonesia have been to Thailand, with a trip to Thailand it can fulfill their prestige desire. Social motivation can also occur because tourists become interested in visiting the site because of the \"high emotional impact\" (Miller, 2008 in Muktaf, 2017), in this case a high desire in getting new communities, new acquaintances and so on. The average of Fantasy Motivation is 3.73 which means Indonesian tourists are high motivated when they think and imagine before visiting tourist object. They agreed having same visualization and satisfied with the attraction. The visualization of Madame Tussauds museum can make the fantasy for tourist about theirs idols. Almost the same with the understanding of Physical motivation, understanding fantasy motivation also desire someone in meeting the need for refreshing of daily routine. Wherever a person travels, apart from the daily routine, relax or travel will certainly be able to remove the fatigue from work or routine activities. This is for tourism activities how the circumstances of these attractions, still able to satisfy the desire of tourists to remove fatigue, only the level of satisfaction is likely different.",
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"text": "CONCLUTIONS",
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"text": "Many tourists travel to Thailand / Bangkok most of the time for the holiday comes from the population of the island of Java, and the majority of employees and students is dominated by women. Overall their high travel motivation for holiday to Thailand /Bangkok, both physical, cultural, social and fantasy are equally high. This is",
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"text": "38 JURNAL Kepariwisataan Volume 13 Nomor 2 Mei 2019 : 31 - 40",
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"height": 45,
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"text": "because the tourism object provided can meet the needs of Indonesian tourists in these four elements.",
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"text": "In essence, traveling to Thailand for 397 respondents can meet their needs. For physical needs, they judged that Thailand's destinations succeeded in making them fresh again. To meet their cultural needs, they also get 'interesting' responses in all the cultural attractions they watch or visit, as well as the fulfillment of social needs, are fulfilled because the responses of respondents are fun to make new friends and can meet the sense of 'prestige' with a tour to Thailand. And respondents are also satisfied with the visit because it can meet their fantasy needs. The problem of the number of tourist visits of Indonesian citizens to Thailand more than the Thai citizens travel to Indonesia, can still be a hot topic that can be made in further research. By using the variable of travel motivation as in this research, it can be continued by adding another bound variable, so the result of this research with high trip motivation, whether it can influence their loyalty as tourists who will travel to Thailand repeatedly. Or it can be continued by choosing other dependent variables, such as travel decisions, tourist satisfaction.",
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"text": "The essence of this research and continued research, with the results obtained is expected to make the data important for equitable development for tourism in Indonesia. And by knowing what Indonesia sought for the holidays, Indonesian tourism can complement the attractions and infrastructure facilities so that Indonesian people do not have to travel to Thailand, but can explore to the tourist objects in Indonesia is no less beautiful and spectacular.",
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"text": "One of the results of data that needs to be an evaluation of the promotion and marketing of Indonesian tourism,",
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"text": "Indonesian tourists mostly to two women. Tourism Indonesia can make a promotion visit to Thailand for Thai citizens in the group, so visitors can amount to a lot. Sightseeing offered diverse, shopping tours in combination with cultural tourism, or shopping tours combined with culinary tours. Shopping tours can be devoted to products of typical regional products, such as typical handicrafts of the region that will appeal to tourists as different from those held in the country.",
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"text": "Indonesia tourism office in 2017 through a Istagram wonderful Indonesia branch of Thailand with user genwi_thailand (genWI), offers tour programs for Thai students to travel to Jogjakarta and North Sumatra, especially visiting the island of Samosir. The business through istagram attracted 461 followers by posting various promotional photos of 46. This promotional effort aims to provide experience to young people as the number one potential market in traveling to Indonesia (the highest market of Indonesian tourists in Thailand also comes from young people), then this effort is very precise and needs to be done continuously with the spread of other destinations throughout Indonesia.",
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"text": "REFERENSI",
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1def7567-c069-6541-d812-01c2f297e656 | http://jurnal.pnk.ac.id/index.php/jutek/article/download/641/298 | [
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"text": "p-ISSN 2527-5496|e-ISSN 2621-9786",
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"text": "TINJAUAN PERBANDINGAN TEBAL PERKERASAN JALAN LENTUR DENGAN METODE BINA MARGA 1987 DENGAN MANUAL DESAIN PERKERASAN JALAN 2017 DI JALAN LINTAS LABUAN BAJO-LEMBOR",
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"text": "Angelina Leonora Vera 1 , Hermansyah 2* , dan Dedy Dharmawansyah 3 1,2,3 Teknik Sipil Universitas Teknologi Sumbawa",
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"text": "* E-mail: hermansyah@uts.ac.id",
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"text": "Abstrak",
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"top": 272,
"width": 454,
"height": 101,
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"text": "Jalan lintas Labuan Bajo-Lembor merupakan jalan Nasional yang menghubungkan Kabupaten Labuan Bajo dan Lembor. Jalan tersebut banyak dilalui oleh kendaraan berat diatas 10 ton mengakibatkan terjadi kerusakan pada bagian jalan. Perlu dilakukan perencanaan tebal perkerasan jalan dengan menyesuaikan geometri jalan dan intensitas curah hujan di daerah tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan merencanakan tebal perkerasan jalan menggunakan metode Bina Marga 1987 dan Manual Desain Perkerasan Jalan 2017. Hasil perhitungan diperoleh tebal lapisan total dengan metode Bina Marga 1987 untuk umur rencana 5, 10 dan 20 tahun sebesar 48,5 cm, 53.5 cm dan 70.30 cm, sedangkan metode Manual Desain Perkerasan Jalan 2017 untuk umur rencana 5, 10 dan 20 tahun sebesar 70 cm , 67 cm dan 74 cm. Perencanaan tebal perkerasan dengan metode Bina Marga 1987 jauh lebih tipis sehingga dapat dikatakan metode Bina Marga 1987 lebih baik dibandingkan metode Manual Desain Perkerasan Jalan 2017.",
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"text": "Kata kunci : Perkerasan Lentur, Bina Marga 1987, MDP 2017",
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"text": "PENDAHULUAN",
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"width": 211,
"height": 113,
"page_number": 1,
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"text": "Keberadaan jalan raya sangat diperlukan untuk menunjang laju pertumbuhan ekonomi, pertanian dan sektor lainya. Hal ini dikarenakan jalan merupakan suatu sarana transportasi yang sangat penting untuk melayani pergerakan manusia dan atau barang dari suatu tempat ke tempat lain secara aman, nyaman dan ekonomis, maka dari itu perlu dilakukan perencanaan terkait perkerasan jalan.",
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"height": 147,
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"text": "Perencanaan perkerasan jalan yang tidak sesuai sering kali menjadi penyebab utama dari kerusakan jalan. Kerusakan jalan biasanya disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor misalnya air hujan, akibat beban roda kendaraan berat yang melewati jalan tersebut, kondisi muka air tanah yang tinggi, akibat dari salah pada waktu pelaksanaan dan juga bisa diakibatkan kesalahan pada waktu perencanaan (Bachanas, 2009). Kerusakan seperti itu tidak dipungkiri dapat terjadi pada jalan di beberapa daerah terlebih khusus untuk jalan lintas Labuan Bajo-Lembor.",
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"height": 66,
"page_number": 1,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "Jalan Labuan Bajo-Lembor merupakan jalan utama yang menghubungkan Labuan Bajo dan Lembor. Jalan Labuan Bajo-Lembor terletak di Kabupaten Manggarai Barat Pulau Flores, Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT) (Gambar 2.). Jalan Labuan Bajo-Lembor",
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"height": 43,
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"text": "merupakan jalan yang masuk dalam kategori jalan nasional. Karena merupakan jalan nasional maka jalan ini harus diminimalisir dari berbagai bentuk kerusakan jalan.",
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"height": 78,
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"text": "Untuk meminimalisir terjadinya kerusakan pada jalan lintas Labuan Bajo- Lembor perlu dilakukan perencanaan terkait tebal perkerasan jalan yang sesuai dengan kondisi tanah dasar dari jalan tersebut. Perencaaan yang dilakukakan adalah perencanaan tebal perkerasan lentur.",
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"height": 90,
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"text": "Pemilihan jenis perkerasan lentur karena jenis perkerasan ini mampu mendukung beban lalu lintas tanpa adanya perubahan bentuk pada permukaan, melindungi tanah dasar dari air, memperkecil kemungkinan pelepasan butir pada permukaan, memberikan tekstur permukaan yang memadai dan lentur terhadap lapis tanah dasar.",
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"text": "Perencanaan tebal perkerasan lentur dilakukan dengan menggunakan dua metode sebagai perbandingan untuk mengetahui tebal perkerasan dengan metode mana yang jauh lebih ekonomis. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode Bina Marga 1987 dan Manual Desain Perkerasan Jalan 2017.",
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"text": "Tujuan Penelitian",
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"text": "Tujuan dilakukan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui perbandingan tebal",
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"text": "30 Jurnal Ilmiah JUTEKS, Vol. X No. X Bulan, 20xx",
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"text": "perkerasan jalan pada jalan lintas Labuan Bajo- Lembor menggunakan metode Bina Marga 1987 dan Manual Desain Perkerasan Jalan Tahun 2017.",
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"text": "Gambar 1. Diagram Alir Penelitian Gambar 2. Lokasi Survei Sumber:",
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"text": "Googleearth Peta Jalan Lintas Labuan Bajo-Lembor",
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"text": "Jalan Lintas Labuan Bajo – Lembor menurut SK Menteri Pekerjaan Umum no 631/KPTS/M/2009 merupakan jalan nasional. Dalam penelitian ini perkerasan jalan direncanakan untuk jalan baru 1 jalur, 2 lajur, 2",
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"text": "arah, hal ini dikarenakan kondisi eksisting tempat jalan akan dibangun hanya memungkinkan untuk dibangun 1 jalur 2 lajur, 2 arah dengan lebar total rencana 7 m. Berdasarkan kondisi tempat jalan akan dibangun melayani dan menghubungkan kota- kota antara pusat kegiatan wilayah (Labuan Bajo) dan pusat kegiatan lokal (Lembor) jalan masuk dalam kategori jalan kolektor. Menyesuaikan dengan total LHR tahun awal sebesar 2111 jalan masuk dalam kategori kelas II B (1500 - 8000).",
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"text": "Data LHR Kementerian Pekerjaan Umum Kota Jaya Pura tahun 2015 yang dijadikan sebagai LHR tahun rencana (2018) dalam penelitian ini. Penggunaan data LHR jalan lintas Sentani - Warumbain Kota Jaya Pura sebagai data LHR untuk perencanaan jalan baru pada jalan lintas Labuan Bajo - Lembor didasarkan pada kesamaan status jalan yaitu sama-sama jalan nasional dan berdasarkan fungsi jalannya merupakan jalan kolektor.",
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"height": 181,
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"text": "Jalan lintas Labuan Bajo-Lembor pada dasarnya sudah memiliki perkerasan jalan berupa jalan aspal yang mengalami kerusakan di beberapa bagian badan jalan. Kerusakan jalan yang dimaksud seperti jalan yang retak- retak dan berlubang. Kondisi jalan sangat tidak nyaman dan aman, kondisi jalan yang demikian membuat pengendara sangat berhati-hati ketika melewati jalan tersebut. Keruskan jalan sendiri salah satunya bisa di sebabkan oleh ketebalan dari perkerasan jalan yang tidak sesuai dengan kondisi tanah dan beban yang diterima. Maka dari itu dalam penelitian ini penulis mencoba menghitung tebal perkerasan jalan dengan metode Bina Marga 1987 dan Manual Desain Perkerasan jalan 2017.",
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"text": "1. Perhitungan Tebal Perkerasan Jalan Metode Bina Marga 1987",
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"text": "Berdasarkan bagan alir dari Metode Perencanaan Tebal Perkerasan Lentur Bina Marga 1987 dapat dibuat langkah-langkah perencanaan dan perhitungan tebal perkerasan sebagai berikut:",
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"text": "Menentukan Umur Rencana",
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"top": 754,
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"text": "Umur rencana (UR) adalah jumlah",
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"text": "Tabel 1. Lalu Lintas Harian Rata-Rata Rencana 2015 (2 arah)",
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"text": "Kendaraan LHR Sepeda Motor 1329 Mobil 517 Bus Sedang 5.4 ton 20 Truk Kecil 2as 8.16 Ton 123 Truk Besar 2as 15 Ton 87 Truk Besar 3as 25 Ton 35 Mulai Pengumpulan Data Primer dan Sekunder Menghitung Perencanaan Tebal Perkerasan Jalan dengan Metode Manual Desain Perkerasan jalan 2017 Menghitung Perencanaan Tebal Perkerasan Jalan dengan Metode Bina Marga 1987 Perbandingan Hasil Perhitungan Tebal",
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"text": "Kesimpulan dan Saran",
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"text": "Selesai",
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"text": "Judul Artikel Jurnal",
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"text": "Nama Penulis 1 *, Nama Penulis 2 , dan Nama Penulis 3 31",
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"height": 78,
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"text": "waktu dalam tahun dihitung sejak jalan tersebut mulai dibuka sampai saat diperlukan perbaikan berat atau dianggap perlu untuk diberi lapis permukaan yang baru, untuk perkerasan lentur umur rencana pada penelitian ini digunakan umur rencana 5 tahun, 10 tahun dan 20 tahun Untuk lebih jelasnya dapat dilihat pada Tabel 2.",
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"text": "Tabel 2. Tahun Perencanan Tebal",
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"left": 77,
"top": 174,
"width": 193,
"height": 92,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Perkerasan Jalan Keterangan Tahun Perencanaan 2018 Pelaksanaan 2018 Jalan Pertama Kali Dibuka 2019 Umur Rencana 5 Tahun 2019-2024 Umur Rencana 10 Tahun 2019-2029 Umur Rencana 20 Tahun 2019-2039",
"type": "Table"
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"left": 72,
"top": 287,
"width": 109,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Data Lalu Lintas Awal",
"type": "Section header"
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"left": 72,
"top": 304,
"width": 211,
"height": 124,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Data lalu lintas adalah jumlah jenis kendaraan yang hendak memakai jalan, yang sifatnya beraneka ragam, bervariasi baik ukuran, berat total, konfigurasi dan beban sumbu. Oleh karna itu data lalu lintas umumnya dikelompokkan atas beberapa kelompok yang masing-masing kelompok diwakili oleh satu jenis kendaraan. Seperti, mobil, bus, truk, dll. Khusus untuk sepeda motor tidak dihitung karena tidak mempunyai susunan gandar dan tidak berpengaruh pada perkerasan.",
"type": "Text"
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"top": 442,
"width": 211,
"height": 21,
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"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Perhitungan Intesitas Pertumbuhan lalu Lintas",
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"top": 465,
"width": 214,
"height": 101,
"page_number": 3,
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"text": "Pertumbuhan lalu lintas selama umur rencana, antara lain dipengaruhi atau berdasarkan atas analisa ekonomi dan sosial daerah tersebut yang menyebabkan kenaikan jumlah kendaraan setiap tahunnya. Untuk menghitung presentase pertumbuhan lalu lintas suatu daerah tahun ke n dapat dilihat dari jumlah kendaraan tahun awal 2016 dan tahun akhir 2017.",
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"text": "Tabel 3. Jumlah Kendaraan Kabupaten Manggarai Barat (2017)",
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},
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"left": 86,
"top": 605,
"width": 181,
"height": 80,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Jenis Kendaraan Jumlah Kendaraan Sedan/Jeep 728 Mikro Bus 25 Truk sedang 734 Sepeda Motor 8960 Jumlah 10447 Sumber: Samsat Kabupaten Manggarai",
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"left": 318,
"top": 76,
"width": 205,
"height": 104,
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Tabel 4. Jumlah Kendaraan Kabupaten Manggarai Barat (2018) Jenis Kendaraan Jumlah Kendaraan Sedan/Jeep 852 Mikro Bus 25 Truk sedang 973 Sepeda Motor 10410 Jumlah 12260 Sumber: Samsat Kabupaten Manggarai Barat",
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"top": 194,
"width": 211,
"height": 44,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Berdasarkan Tabel 3. dan Tabel 4. didapatkan jumlah kendaraan tahun 2017 (tahun awal) sebesar 10447 dan pada tahun 2018 (tahun akhir) sebesar 12260 kendaraan.",
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"text": "i (2017-2018) = − 1 × 100%",
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"width": 100,
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"text": "i = − 1 × 100% i= 8.3 % = 0.083",
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"top": 298,
"width": 42,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Dimana:",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 315,
"top": 309,
"width": 185,
"height": 33,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "a = Jumlah kendaraan tahun awal b = Jumlah kendaraan tahun akhir n",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 351,
"top": 333,
"width": 71,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "= Jumlah tahun",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 315,
"top": 356,
"width": 211,
"height": 20,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Menentukan Angka Ekivalen (E) Tipe Kendaraan",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 315,
"top": 379,
"width": 211,
"height": 262,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Angka ekivalen (E) dari suatu beban kendaraan adalah angka yang menyatakan perbandingan tingkat kerusakan yang ditimbulkan oleh suatu lintasan beban sumbu tunggal kendaraan terhadap tingkat kerusakan yang ditimbulkan oleh suatu lintasan beban standar sumbu tunggal seberat 8,16 ton (18.000 lb). Untuk kendaraan jenis mobil dan bus hanya memiliki sumbu tunggal sehingga untuk menghitung angka ekivalen dari jenis kendaraan tersebut menggunakan rumus ekivalen tunggal yang kemudian ditotalkan sumbu tunggal bagian depan dan belakangnya. Sementara itu untuk kendaraan jenis truk memiliki sumbu tunggal dan ganda sehingga untuk menghitung angka ekivalen untuk truk menggunakan rumus ekivalen sumbu tunggal dan ganda kemudian ditotalkan. Angka ekivalen (E) masing-masing golongan beban sumbu (setiap kendaraan) dapat ditentukan berdasarkan rumus ekivalen sumbu tunggal dan ekivalen sumbu ganda berikut (contoh untuk jenis kendaraan mobil):",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 315,
"top": 655,
"width": 155,
"height": 27,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Angka ekivalen sumbu tunggal E Tunggal mobil = ( ! \"#$ # %#!&& ' (,*+ ) 4",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 315,
"top": 685,
"width": 113,
"height": 31,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "= ( *,,, (*+, ) 4 =0.0002",
"type": "Formula"
},
{
"left": 315,
"top": 740,
"width": 211,
"height": 20,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Angka ekivalen sumbu ganda (Apabila kendaraan memilki sumbu ganda)",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 55,
"top": 38,
"width": 224,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "32 Jurnal Ilmiah JUTEKS, Vol. X No. X Bulan, 20xx",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 71,
"width": 134,
"height": 16,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "E Ganda mobil = ( ! \"#$ # & !/",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 168,
"top": 76,
"width": 75,
"height": 14,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "(,*+ ) 4 × 0.086",
"type": "Picture"
},
{
"left": 81,
"top": 102,
"width": 192,
"height": 20,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Tabel 5. Angka Ekivalen Masing-Masing Kendaraan",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 210,
"width": 211,
"height": 124,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Menentukan LEP, LEA, LET, LER Lintas ekivalen permukaan (LEP) adalah jumlah lintas ekivalen harian rata-rata dari sumbu tunggal seberat 8,16 ton ( 18.000 lb ) pada jalur rencana yang diduga terjadi pada umur rencana (5, 10 dan 20 tahun). Hasil perhitungan LEP, LET dan LER dapat dilihat pada Tabel 6, Tabel 7 dan Tabel 8, LEP dihitung dengan menggunakan rumus (contoh untuk jenis kendaraan mobil umur rencana 5 tahun):",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 344,
"width": 155,
"height": 15,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "LEP mobil (5 tahun)= ∑ LHR × C × E ! 67*",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 358,
"width": 195,
"height": 25,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "LEP mobil (5 tahun)= ∑ 905 × 1.00 × 0.0004 ! 67* LEP mobil (5 tahun)= 0.36",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 387,
"width": 43,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Dimana:",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 398,
"width": 8,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "J",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 398,
"width": 181,
"height": 32,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "= jenis kendaraan C = Koefisien distribusi kendaraan E = Angka ekivalen",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 444,
"width": 211,
"height": 78,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Lintas ekivalen akhir (LEA) adalah jumlah lintas ekivalen harian rata-rata dari sumbu tunggal seberat 8,16 ton ( 18.000 lb ) pada jalur rencana yang diduga terjadi pada akhir umur rencana. LEA dihitung dengan menggunakan rumus (contoh untuk jenis kendaraan mobil umur rencana 5 tahun):",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 533,
"width": 204,
"height": 14,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "LEA mobil (5 tahun) = ∑ LHR × (1 + i) ?@ × C × E ! 67*",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 547,
"width": 191,
"height": 14,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "LEA mobil (5 tahun) = ∑ 905 × (1 + 0.083) C × ! 67*",
"type": "Picture"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 561,
"width": 56,
"height": 13,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "1.00 × 0.0004",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 576,
"width": 162,
"height": 66,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Dimana: i = Pertumbuhan lalu lintas J = Jenis kendaraan C = Koefisien distribusi Kendaraan E = Angka ekivalen UR= Umur rencana",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 645,
"width": 211,
"height": 78,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Lintas ekivalen tengah ( LET ) adalah jumlah lintas ekivalen harian rata-rata dari sumbu tunggal seberat 8,16 ton ( 18.000 lb ) pada jalur rencana yang diduga terjadi pada pertengahan umur rencana. LET dihitung dengan menggunakan rumus (contoh untuk jenis kendaraan mobil umur rencana 5 tahun):",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 315,
"top": 74,
"width": 164,
"height": 23,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "LET mobil (5 tahun) = ½ x ( LEP + LEA ) LET mobil (5 tahun) = ½ x ( 0.36 + 0.54)",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 315,
"top": 105,
"width": 109,
"height": 8,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "LET mobil (5 tahun) = 1.45",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 315,
"top": 121,
"width": 211,
"height": 89,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Lintas ekivalen rencana (LER) adalah suatu besaran yang dipakai dalam nomogram penetapan tebal perkerasan untuk menyatakan jumlah lintas ekivalen sumbu tunggal seberat 8,16 ton ( 18.000 lb ) pada jalur rencana. LER dihitung dengan menggunakan rumus (contoh untuk jenis kendaraan mobil umur rencana 5 tahun):",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 315,
"top": 221,
"width": 126,
"height": 45,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "LER mobil (5 tahun) = LET x ?@ *, LER mobil (5 tahun) = 1.45 x C *, LER mobil (5 tahun) = 0.22",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 330,
"top": 280,
"width": 182,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Tabel 6. LEP, LEA LET dan LER Umur",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 321,
"top": 291,
"width": 198,
"height": 356,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Rencana 5 Tahun LEP LEA LET LER 0.36 0.54 1.45 0.22 1.16 1.73 1.44 0.72 7.50 11.19 9.34 4.67 54.72 81.52 68.12 34.06 134.10 199.80 166.95 83.47 Jumlah 123.14 Tabel 7. LEP, LEA LET dan LER Umur Rencana 10 Tahun LEP LEA LET LER 0.53 1.19 0.86 0.86 1.74 3.87 2.80 2.80 11.14 24.73 17.93 17.93 81.36 180.59 130.97 130.97 200.09 444.15 322.12 322.12 Jumlah 474.68 Tabel 8 LEP, LEA LET dan LER Umur Rencana 20 Tahun LEP LEA LET LER 1.19 5.89 3.54 7.08 3.80 18.93 11.36 22.72 24.73 121.88 73.30 146.60 180.49 889.25 534.87 1069.74 440.64 2170.97 1305.80 2611.60 Jumlah 3857.74",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 315,
"top": 663,
"width": 78,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Faktor Regional",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 315,
"top": 675,
"width": 211,
"height": 89,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Faktor regional adalah faktor setempat, menyangkut keadaan lapangan dan iklim yang dapat mempengaruhi keadaan daya dukung tanah dasar dan perkerasan. Sesuai dengan pedoman Bina Marga 1987 seperti yang termuat pada Bab II, maka pada perencanaan tebal perkerasan ruas jalan ini dapat diambil faktor regional sebagai berikut :",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 77,
"top": 139,
"width": 181,
"height": 67,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Jenis Kendaraan Ekivalen (E) Mobil 2 ton 0.0004 Bus 5.4 ton 0.0323 Truk Kecil 2 As 8.6 ton 0.0346 Truk Besar 2 As 15 ton 0.3553 Truk Besar 3 As 25 ton 2.1287",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 433,
"top": 38,
"width": 89,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Judul Artikel Jurnal",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 275,
"top": 38,
"width": 265,
"height": 22,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Nama Penulis 1 *, Nama Penulis 2 , dan Nama Penulis 3 33",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 76,
"width": 213,
"height": 158,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "a. Berdasarkan persyaratan teknis ruas jalan dalam system jaringan jalan primer untuk fungsi jalan kolektor (kelas I), kelandaian 6 - 10% ( Petunjuk Perencanaan Tebal Perkerasan Lentur Dengan Metode Analisa Komponen, Departemen Pekerjaan Umum ). b. Persentase kendaraan berat berdasarkan LHR rencana untuk perhitungan % kendaraan berat untuk jenis kendaraan mobil adalah sebagai berikut, untuk hasil perhitungan % berat kendaraan berat masing – masing jenis kendaraan dapat dilihat pada Tabel 9.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 123,
"top": 245,
"width": 106,
"height": 24,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "( D (.*+ ) 4 = ( C.E (.*+ ) 4 = 0.192",
"type": "Formula"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 279,
"width": 211,
"height": 67,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Keterangan : P adalah beban sumbu kendaraan dan 8,16 adalah beban sumbu standar serta mobil tidak masuk dalam kategori kendaraan berat menurut Bina Marga 1987. Perhitungan selanjutnya dapat dilihat di bawah ini :",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 79,
"top": 359,
"width": 196,
"height": 21,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Tabel 9. Berat Masing-Masing kendaraan Berat",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 77,
"top": 384,
"width": 204,
"height": 79,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Jenis Kendaraan Berat Kendaraan Setelah Dibagi 8.16 Bus 5.4 ton 0.192 Truk 2 As 8.16 ton 1 Truk Besar 2 As 15 ton 11.41 Truk Besar 3 As 25 ton 88.10 Jumlah (nb) 100.702",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 478,
"width": 63,
"height": 8,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Umur 5 Tahun:",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 486,
"width": 143,
"height": 18,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "% Kendaraaan Berat (5 tahun)= ! FG@",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 501,
"width": 154,
"height": 13,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "% Kendaraaan Berat (5 tahun)= *,,.H,I",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 206,
"top": 511,
"width": 15,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "*JHC",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 519,
"width": 178,
"height": 8,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "% Kendaraaan Berat (5 tahun)= 7.32 ˂ 30%",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 540,
"width": 68,
"height": 8,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Umur 10 Tahun:",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 548,
"width": 148,
"height": 18,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "% Kendaraaan Berat (10 tahun)= ! FG@",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 563,
"width": 183,
"height": 26,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "% Kendaraaan Berat (10 tahun)= *,,.H,I I,EH % Kendaraaan Berat (10 tahun)= 4.92 ˂ 30%",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 602,
"width": 68,
"height": 8,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Umur 20 Tahun:",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 610,
"width": 148,
"height": 18,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "% Kendaraaan Berat (20 tahun)= ! FG@",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 625,
"width": 183,
"height": 26,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "% Kendaraaan Berat (20 tahun)= *,,.H,I ECE, % Kendaraaan Berat (20 tahun)= 2.22 ˂ 30%",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 664,
"width": 211,
"height": 101,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Berdasarkan data Jumlah curah hujan rata-rata kabupaten Manggarai Barat tahun 2016 sebesar 117.166 (mm / tahun) dan pada tahun 2017 sebesar 87.791 (mm / tahun), maka nilai proyeksi curah hujan rata-rata untuk tahun 2019 dalam persen berdasarkan data curah hujan rata –rata Kabupaten Manggarai Barat untuk tahun 2016 sampai 2017 yang dapat ditentukan berdasarkan rumus di bawah ini:",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 315,
"top": 76,
"width": 205,
"height": 20,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Mencari pertumbuhan curah hujan dari tahun 2016- 2017 (i):",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 315,
"top": 106,
"width": 149,
"height": 17,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "i (2016-2017)= ( ( ) K L ) − (1)) × 100 %",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 315,
"top": 125,
"width": 169,
"height": 20,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "i (2016-2017)= (( **H.*++ (H.HM* ) K N ) − (1)) × 100 %",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 315,
"top": 147,
"width": 135,
"height": 8,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "(2016-2017) = 15.52 % = 0.1552",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 315,
"top": 159,
"width": 40,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Dimana:",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 315,
"top": 170,
"width": 8,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "a",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 351,
"top": 170,
"width": 125,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "= Nilai rata-rata tahun awal",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 315,
"top": 182,
"width": 8,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "b",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 351,
"top": 182,
"width": 124,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "= Nilai rata-rata tahun akhir",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 315,
"top": 193,
"width": 107,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "n = Jumlah tahun",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 315,
"top": 216,
"width": 210,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Proyeksi jumlah curah hujan tahun awal 2019 (Ch n ):",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 315,
"top": 237,
"width": 69,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Ch n = Ch o (1 + i) n",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 315,
"top": 249,
"width": 112,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Ch n = 117.166 (1 + 0.1552) 2",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 315,
"top": 262,
"width": 166,
"height": 8,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Ch n = 156.36 mm/ tahun ˂190 mm/ tahun",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 315,
"top": 274,
"width": 40,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Dimana:",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 315,
"top": 285,
"width": 21,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Chn",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 351,
"top": 285,
"width": 139,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "= Jumlah rata-rata curah hujan",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 315,
"top": 297,
"width": 219,
"height": 32,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Cho = Jumlah curah hujan rata-rata tahun awal n",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 351,
"top": 320,
"width": 71,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "= jumlah tahun",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 315,
"top": 331,
"width": 192,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "i = Pertumbuhan lalu lintas rata-rata",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 315,
"top": 343,
"width": 211,
"height": 55,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Berdasarkan Faktor Regional, maka faktor regional yang diperoleh yaitu: Curah hujan rata- rata tahun 2019 sebesar 156.36 mm/ tahun masuk dalam kategori Iklim I ˂ 900 mm/th, Kelandaian II 6 - 10 % , diambil FR = 1,0.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 315,
"top": 412,
"width": 211,
"height": 20,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Menentukan Indeks Permukaan Pada Akhir Umur Rencana (IP)",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 315,
"top": 435,
"width": 211,
"height": 32,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Berdasarkan dengan memperhatikan nilai LER (Laju Ekivalen Rencana) maka data IP dapat dilihat pada Tabel 10.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 325,
"top": 481,
"width": 192,
"height": 20,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Tabel 10. Indeks Permukaan Pada Akhir Umur Rencana (IP)",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 315,
"top": 566,
"width": 211,
"height": 20,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Menentukan Indeks Permukaan Pada Awal Umur Rencana (IPo)",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 351,
"top": 589,
"width": 91,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Pada penelitian",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 315,
"top": 589,
"width": 211,
"height": 32,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "ini peneliti menggunakan lapisan permukaan Laston dengan nilai IPo ≥ 4.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 315,
"top": 635,
"width": 206,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Menentukan Indeks Tebal Perkerasan (ITP)",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 315,
"top": 646,
"width": 211,
"height": 113,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Indeks tebal perkerasan adalah suatu angka yang berhubungan dengan penentuan tebal perkerasan. Sesuai pedoman Bina Marga tahun 1987 untuk perencanaan tebal perkerasan jalan baru Berdasarkan nilai Ip= 2.0 dan Ipo= ≥ 4 untuk umur rencana 5 tahun maka untuk mencari nilai ITP menggunakan nomogram = 3, Berdasarkan nilai Ip= 2.0 dan Ipo= ≥ 4 untuk umur rencana 10 tahun maka untuk mencari nilai ITP menggunakan",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 322,
"top": 506,
"width": 173,
"height": 45,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Umur Rencana LER IP 5 Tahun 123.4 2.0 10 tahun 474.68 2.0 20 Tahun 3857.74 2.5",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 55,
"top": 38,
"width": 224,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "34 Jurnal Ilmiah JUTEKS, Vol. X No. X Bulan, 20xx",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 74,
"width": 211,
"height": 66,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "nomogram= 3, Berdasarkan nilai Ip= 2.5 dan Ipo= ≥ 4 untuk umur rencana 20 tahun maka untuk mencari nilai ITP menggunakan nomogram = 1. Maka didapat nilai ITP untuk masing – masing umur rencana yang dapat dilihat pada Tabel 11.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 97,
"top": 154,
"width": 161,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Tabel 11. LER, CBR, DDT dan ITP",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 242,
"width": 146,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Menetapkan Tebal Perkerasan",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 254,
"width": 183,
"height": 20,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "a. Lapisan permukaan laston ( MS 744 ) = a1 = 0.40",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 277,
"width": 204,
"height": 20,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "b. Lapis pondasi atas laston atas) ( MS 454 ) = a2 = 0.26",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 300,
"width": 213,
"height": 20,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "c. Lapis pondasi bawah batu pecah kelas A CBR 100 % = a3 = 0.13.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 323,
"width": 212,
"height": 66,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "d. Perhitungan tebal perkerasan: ITP = a1 . D1 + a2 . D2 + a3 . D3 e Tebal perkerasan untuk umur rencana 5 tahun , 10 tahun dan 20.Karena nilai CBR 4.2 % ˂ 6 % maka dilakukan stabilisasi semen setebal 20 cm (10 cm minimum).",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 403,
"width": 211,
"height": 21,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Dari hasil hitungan yang dilakukan maka dapat dihitung ketebalan sebagai berikut:",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 426,
"width": 187,
"height": 124,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "LER 5 Tahun = 123.4 LER 10 tahun = 474.68 LER 20 Tahun = 3857.74 CBR = 4.2 % DDT = 4.37 kg/cm2 Lapisan Perkerasan Permukaan dengan Koefisen kekutan relatif (a1)= 0.40 = Laston (MS 744) Lapisan Perkerasan Pondasi dengan Koefisen kekutan relatif (a2)= 0.26 =",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 180,
"top": 541,
"width": 99,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Laston Atas (MS 454)",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 553,
"width": 203,
"height": 32,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Lapisan Perkerasan Pondasi Bawah dengan Koefisen kekutan relatif (a3)= 0.13 =",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 180,
"top": 576,
"width": 103,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Batu Pecah Kelas A",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 70,
"top": 587,
"width": 216,
"height": 149,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "(CBR 70 %) IPo = ≥ 4 Tabel 12. Bina Marga 1987 Lapisan 5 Tahun (cm) 10 Tahun (cm) 20 Tahun (cm) Laston 7,5 7,5 10 Laston Atas 11 14 22 Batu Pecah 10 10 18.30 Stabilisasi Semen 20 20 20 Jumlah 48,5 53,5 70,30",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 315,
"top": 74,
"width": 212,
"height": 43,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "2. Desain Perkerasan Metode Bina Marga 2017 Perancangan kebutuhan lapis perkerasan lentur menggunakan Manual",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 315,
"top": 120,
"width": 211,
"height": 32,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Desain Perkerasan Jalan 2017 memerlukan beberapa tahap penyelesaian. Adapun tahapan dari metode ini adalah:",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 315,
"top": 166,
"width": 105,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Umur Rencana Jalan",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 315,
"top": 177,
"width": 211,
"height": 44,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Berdasarkan untuk jenis perkerasan lentur dengan elemen perkerasan aspal menggunakan umur rencana 20 tahun (Bina Marga, 2017).",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 315,
"top": 235,
"width": 211,
"height": 20,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Nilai Faktor Laju Pertumbuhan Lalu Lintas (I)",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 315,
"top": 258,
"width": 211,
"height": 89,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Pertumbuhan lalu lintas adalah pertambahan atau pertumbuhan lalu lintas dari tahun ke tahun selama umur rencana. Didapatkan jumlah kendaraan tahun 2017 (tahun awal) sebesar 10447 kendaraan dan pada tahun 2018 (tahun akhir) sebesar 12260 kendaraan maka didapatkan nilai pertumbuhan lalu lintas sebagai berikut:",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 345,
"top": 366,
"width": 150,
"height": 13,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "i(2017-2018) = (( ) − (1)) × 100%",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 360,
"top": 389,
"width": 121,
"height": 26,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "i = (( ) − ( 1)) × 100% i= 8.3 % = 0.083",
"type": "Formula"
},
{
"left": 315,
"top": 419,
"width": 40,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Dimana:",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 315,
"top": 431,
"width": 185,
"height": 32,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "a = Jumlah kendaraan tahun awal b = Jumlah kendaraan tahun akhir n = Jumlah tahun",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 315,
"top": 488,
"width": 211,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Nilai faktor pengali pertumbuhan lalu lintas",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 315,
"top": 500,
"width": 211,
"height": 32,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Untuk menghitung pertumbuhan lalu lintas selama umur rencana dapat dihitung sebagai berikut:",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 315,
"top": 534,
"width": 69,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Umur 5 Tahun:",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 351,
"top": 543,
"width": 89,
"height": 17,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "R5= (* O,.,* × P) QR S*",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 351,
"top": 556,
"width": 100,
"height": 39,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": ",.,* P R5= (* O,.,* × ,.,(J) T S* ,.,* × ,.,(J R5= 5.008",
"type": "Picture"
},
{
"left": 315,
"top": 615,
"width": 75,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Umur 10 Tahun:",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 351,
"top": 629,
"width": 92,
"height": 16,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "R10= (* O,.,* × P) QR S*",
"type": "Picture"
},
{
"left": 351,
"top": 642,
"width": 107,
"height": 38,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": ",.,* P R10= (* O,.,* × ,.,(J) KU S* ,.,* × ,.,(J R10= 10.037",
"type": "Picture"
},
{
"left": 315,
"top": 695,
"width": 75,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Umur 20 Tahun:",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 351,
"top": 704,
"width": 102,
"height": 18,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "U R20= (* O,.,* × P) QR S*",
"type": "Picture"
},
{
"left": 351,
"top": 717,
"width": 107,
"height": 37,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": ",.,* P R20= (* O,.,* × ,.,(J) NU S* ,.,* × ,.,I* R20= 20.158",
"type": "Picture"
},
{
"left": 80,
"top": 177,
"width": 199,
"height": 50,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "CBR % DDT kg/cm 2 LER (Tahun) FR ITP 4.2 4.5 5 = 123.4 1.0 7 10 = 474.68 1.0 8.48 20 = 3857.74 1.0 12.1",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 433,
"top": 38,
"width": 89,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Judul Artikel Jurnal",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 275,
"top": 38,
"width": 265,
"height": 22,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Nama Penulis 1 *, Nama Penulis 2 , dan Nama Penulis 3 35",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 76,
"width": 155,
"height": 20,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Dimana: i = Pertumbuhan lalu lintas",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 99,
"width": 115,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "UR = Umur Rencana",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 122,
"width": 211,
"height": 20,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Nilai faktor distribusi arah (DD) dan faktor distribusi lajur (DL)",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 145,
"width": 211,
"height": 147,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Beban lalu lintas pada lajur rencana dinyatakan dalam kumulatif beban gandar standar (ESAL) dengan memperhitungkan faktor distribusi arah (DD) dan faktor distribusi lajur kendaraan niaga (DL). Untuk jalan Labuan Bajo–Lembor yang menggunakan sistem dua arah, faktor distribusi arah (DD) umumnya diambil 0,50 atau 50 % tiap lajur untuk satu jalur. Sedangkan untuk faktor distribusi lajur kendaraan niaga (DL), jalan Labuan Bajo– Lembor bernilai 1 adalah 100% karena jumlah lajur per arah adalah 1 sesuai dengan perencanaan dalam penelitian ini.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 306,
"width": 211,
"height": 20,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Perkiraan Faktor Ekivalen Beban (Vehicle Damage Factor)",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 329,
"width": 211,
"height": 216,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Untuk menghitung faktor kerusakan jalan atau yang biasa disebut dengan Vehicle Damage Factor (VDF) perlu diperoleh gambaran tentang beban sumbu kendaraan dan konfigurasi sumbu kendaraan yang ada. Pada Manual Desain Perkerasan Jalan Lentur 2017, VDF dibedakan menjadi VDF4 dan VDF5 sehingga nantinya akan membedakan hasil Beban sumbu standar kumulatif atau Cumulative Equivalent Single Axle Load (CESAL) menjadi CESAL4 dan CESAL5. CESAL4 digunakan untuk menentukan pemilihan jenis perkerasan sedangkan CESAL5 digunakan untuk menentukan tebal perkerasan lentur berdasarkan bagan desain yang disediakan Manual Desain Perkerasan Jalan Lentur 2017. Untuk menentukan nilai VDF dapat diklasifikasikan berdasarkan jenis kendaraan yang dapat kita lihat Tabel 13.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 78,
"top": 559,
"width": 200,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Tabel 13. Nilai VDF 4 dan VDF 5 Rencana",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 76,
"top": 571,
"width": 202,
"height": 56,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Jenis kendaraan Kode VDF 4 VDF 5 Bus Sedang 5a 0.3 0.2 Truk Kecil 2 As 6a 0.55 0.55 Truk Besar 2 As 6b 4 5.1 Truk Besar 3 As 7a 4.7 6.4",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 653,
"width": 211,
"height": 67,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Dari beberapa hasil data-data yang disampaikan, maka dapat dicari rencana jumlah kendaraan dalam periode umur rencana. Berikut ini adalah contoh perhitungan kendaraan umur rencana 5 tahun untuk masing-masing jenis kendaraan:",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 733,
"width": 206,
"height": 29,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "ESAL4 = (Σjenis kendaraan LHRT x VDF4) x 365 x DD x DL x R = (905 × 0,3) × 365 × 0,5 × 1 × 5.008",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 315,
"top": 76,
"width": 210,
"height": 28,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "ESAL5 = (Σjenis kendaraan LHRT x VDF5) x 365 x DD x DL x R = ( 905× 0,2) × 365 × 0,5 × 1 × 5.008",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 315,
"top": 118,
"width": 211,
"height": 21,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Untuk data tahun berikutnya ditampilkan dalam bentuk tabel yaitu Tabel 14.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 321,
"top": 141,
"width": 210,
"height": 209,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Tabel 14. Nilai CESA 4 dan CESA 5 dan Tebal Perkerasan Umur Rencana UR CESA 4 CESA 5 5 949.832,922 1.200.166,574 10 2.829.815,924 3.583.686,216 20 12.632.567,563 15.939.104,462 Tabel 15. Manual Desain Perkerasan jalan 2017 Lapisan 5 Tahun 10 Tahun 20 Tahun AC-WC 4 4 4 AC-BC 6 6 6 AC -Base 0 7 14,5 LPA Kls. A 40 30 30 Stabilisa si Semen 20 20 20 Jumlah 70 67 74",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 315,
"top": 365,
"width": 141,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Menentukan tipe perkerasan",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 315,
"top": 376,
"width": 211,
"height": 78,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Pemilihan jenis perkerasan akan bervariasi sesuai dengan estimasi lalu lintas dan umur rencana. Berdasarkan hasil beban sumbu standar kumulatif atau Cummulative Equivalent Single Axle Load (CESAL) yang diperoleh sebelumnya, maka dapat dilakukan penentuan jenis perkerasan.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 315,
"top": 457,
"width": 212,
"height": 204,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "a. Untuk Umur Rencana 5 Tahun dengan CESAL 4 sebesar 949.832,992 ESAL jenis perkerasan yang didapat adalah AC WC modifikasi dengan CTB dan berdasarkan nilai CESAL 5 sebesar 1.200.166,574. Untuk Umur Rencana 10 Tahun dengan CESAL 4 sebesar 2.829.815,924 dan CESAL 5 sebesar 3.583.686,216 jenis perkerasan jenis perkerasan yang didapat adalah AC WC modifikasi dengan CTB dan berdasarkan nilai CESAL 5 didapat tebal perkerasan untuk Umur Rencana 20 Tahun dengan CESAL 4 sebesar 12.632.567,563 dan CESAL 5 sebesar jenis perkerasan jenis perkerasan yang didapat adalah AC WC modifikasi dengan CTB dan berdasarkan nilai CESAL 5 sebesar 15.939.104,462",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 315,
"top": 664,
"width": 212,
"height": 55,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "b. Karena nilai CBR 4.2 % ˂ 6 % maka dilakukan stabilisasi semen setebal 20 cm (10 cm minimum). Karena telah dilakukan stabilisasi maka CBR tanah dasar yang semula 4.2 % meningkat.",
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"text": "36 Jurnal Ilmiah JUTEKS, Vol. X No. X Bulan, 20xx",
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{
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"text": "PENUTUP",
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"text": "Kesimpulan",
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"text": "Berdasarkan perhitungan metode Bina Marga 1987 didapatkan tebal perkerasan jalan untuk umur rencana 5 tahun lapisan permukaan (laston) 7.5 cm, lapisan pondasi atas (laston atas) 11 cm dan lapisan pondasi bawah (batu pecah) 10 cm; untuk umur rencana 10 tahun lapisan permukaan (laston) 7.5 cm, lapisan pondasi atas (laston atas) 16 cm dan lapisan pondasi bawah (batu pecah) 10 cm dan untuk umur rencana 20 tahun lapisan permukaan (laston) 10 cm, lapisan pondasi atas (laston atas) 22 cm dan lapisan pondasi bawah (batu pecah) 18.30 cm. Sedangkan berdasarkan perhitungan metode Manual Desain Perkerasan Jalan 2017 didapatkan tebal perkerasan jalan untuk umur rencana 5 tahun lapisan permukaan (AC-WC) 4 cm, Lapisan Permukaan antara (AC-BC) 6 cm, lapisan pondasi atas (Ac Base) 0 cm dan lapisan pondasi bawah (LPA Kelas A) 40 cm; untuk umur rencana 10 tahun lapisan permukaan (AC-WC) 4 cm, Lapisan Permukaan antara (AC-BC) 6 cm, lapisan pondasi atas (Ac Base) 7 cm dan lapisan pondasi bawah (LPA Kelas A) 30 cm dan untuk umur rencana 20 tahun lapisan permukaan (AC-WC) 4 cm, Lapisan Permukaan antara (AC-BC) 6 cm, lapisan pondasi atas (Ac Base) 14.5 cm dan lapisan pondasi bawah (LPA Kelas A) 30 cm. Berdasarkan tebal perkerasan kedua metode maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa Jika dilihat dari jumlah ketebalan seluruh lapisan dari masing masing umur rencana 5, 10 dan 20 tahun metode Manual Desain Perkerasan Jalan 2017 jauh lebih tebal jika dibandingkan dengan metode Bina Marga 1987, hal ini dikarenakan perbedaan batas minimum ketebalan dari kedua metode. Sehingga metode yang jauh lebih ekonomis (memiliki ketebalan yang kecil) untuk perencanaan jalan baru adalah metode Bina Marga 1987.",
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"text": "Saran",
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"text": "Sesuai dengan kesimpulan yang diperoleh di atas, maka ada beberapa hal yang dapat dihasilkan saran sebagai berikut:",
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"text": "1. Agar konstruksi dapat bertahan/mencapai umur rencana hendaknya dilakukan kegiatan perawatan secara rutin, sehingga dapat meminimalkan terjadinya kerusakan pada konstruksi.",
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"top": 685,
"width": 211,
"height": 44,
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"text": "2. Pada pelaksanaan di lapangan hendaknya tetap berpedoman pada spesifikasi teknis yang ada sehingga kesalahan pada pelaksanaan dapat ditekan sekecil mungkin.",
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"text": "3. Untuk lebih mendukung hasil rencana yang lebih efektif dan efesien, maka perlu dilakukan pengujian dan pemeriksaan nilai",
"type": "List item"
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{
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"top": 74,
"width": 197,
"height": 32,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "CBR setiap material yang digunakan dan sebaiknya dilengkapi dengan perhitungan Rancangan Anggaran Biaya (RAB).",
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"text": "4. Untuk penelitian selanjutnya dapat dilakukan perbandingan",
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"text": "dengan",
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"top": 131,
"width": 197,
"height": 21,
"page_number": 8,
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"text": "menggunakan metode berbeda seperti AASHTO, Bina Marga dan metode lainya.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "UCAPAN TERIMAKASIH",
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"top": 191,
"width": 212,
"height": 112,
"page_number": 8,
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"text": "Pada kesempatan ini penulis mengucapkan terimakasih kepada pembimbing penelitian ini yaitu kepada Bapak Hermansyah, S.T., M.Sc. selaku pembimbing pertama dan Bapak Dedy Dharmawansyah, S.T., M.T. selaku pembimbing kedua. Penulis juga mengucapkan terimakasih kepada kedua orang tua yang selalu mendukung baik dari segi moril maupun materi sehingga penelitian ini dapat terselesaikan dengan sesuai harapan.",
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"text": "DAFTAR PUSTAKA",
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{
"left": 315,
"top": 341,
"width": 211,
"height": 39,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "AASHTO. (1993). Guide for Design of Pavement Structures 1993. American Association of State Highways and Transportation Officials, Washington, D.C, USA.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 315,
"top": 382,
"width": 211,
"height": 29,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Bachnas. (2009). Penyebab Kerusakan Jalan. http://www.google.com/Penyebab Kerusakan Jalan diakses 31 maret 2019.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 315,
"top": 414,
"width": 211,
"height": 49,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Departemen Pekerjaan Umum, Direktorat Jenderal Bina Marga. (1987), Petunjuk Perencanaan Tebal Perkerasan Lentur Jalan Raya Dengan Metode Analisa Komponen. (SKBI – 2.3.25. 1987. PT. Bina Karya & Swe Road .",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 315,
"top": 465,
"width": 211,
"height": 50,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Jehadus, S. (2019). Analisis Faktor Penyebab Kerusakan Jalan Raya Lintas Labuan Bajo – Lembor Flores Nusa Tenggara Timur. Skripsi. Universitas 17 Agustus 1945 Surabaya. Surabaya.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 315,
"top": 517,
"width": 211,
"height": 49,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Mamari, R. L. P. (2017). Studi Perencanaan Perkerasan Lentur Jalan Raya Dengan Standar Bina Marga Pada Ruas Jalan Sentani-Warumbain Km 41+000-Km 61+000 (20 Km). Skripsi. Institut Teknologi Malang.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 315,
"top": 569,
"width": 211,
"height": 49,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Malang. Menteri Pekerjaan Umum. (2017). Manual Perkerasan Jalan (Revisi Juni 2017) Nomor 04/SE/Db/2017. Jakarta: Direktorat Jenderal Bina Marga.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 315,
"top": 621,
"width": 210,
"height": 8,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Oetomo, W. (2013). Alternatif Lain Analisis struktur",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 344,
"top": 631,
"width": 182,
"height": 8,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Jalan Perkerasan Lentur Pada",
"type": "Table"
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{
"left": 344,
"top": 641,
"width": 182,
"height": 39,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Pembangunan Jalan Lingkar Selatan Kota Pasuruan. Ekstrapolasi Jurnal Teknik Sipil UNTAG Surabaya. Surabaya. 6 (01). 118- 136.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 315,
"top": 683,
"width": 211,
"height": 28,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Presiden Republik Indonesia. No 38 Tahun (2004). Undang – Undang Tentang Jalan Tahun 2004. Lembaran Negara RI Tahun 2004. No.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 344,
"top": 714,
"width": 10,
"height": 8,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "4.",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 315,
"top": 724,
"width": 211,
"height": 29,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Puspito, I. H. (2008). Perencanaan Perkerasan Jalan. Makalah Dapartemen Teknik Sipil. Universitas Pancasila. Jakarta.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 433,
"top": 38,
"width": 89,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Judul Artikel Jurnal",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 275,
"top": 38,
"width": 265,
"height": 22,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Nama Penulis 1 *, Nama Penulis 2 , dan Nama Penulis 3 37",
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 76,
"width": 210,
"height": 121,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Sukirman, S. (1999). Perkerasan Lentur (Flexible Pavement) Jalan Raya. Penerbit Nova. Bandung Sukirman, S. (2003). Perkerasan Jalan Raya. Penerbit Nova. Bandung. Sumarsono, S. & Gultom, H. J. H. (2018). Perbandingan Analisa Perkerasan Metode Bina Marga Revisi Juni 2017 dan AASHTO 1993 (Studi Kasus Pada Pekerjaan Rencana Preservasi Ruas Jalan Jatiberang – Langut TA 2017). Jurnal Online Institut Teknologi Nasional. 4 (03). 60-71.",
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aef04cf4-44ed-19e1-292e-a64f8585be22 | https://unars.ac.id/ojs/index.php/pgsdunars/article/download/3948/2827 | [
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"text": "JURNAL IKA: IKATAN ALUMNI PGSD UNARS P-ISSN : 2338-3860 Vol. 14 No. 2, Desember 2023 E-ISSN: 2656-4459 https://unars.ac.id/ojs/index.php/pgsdunars/index",
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"text": "PENGARUH PENGGUNAAN MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN MICROSOFT POWERPOINT TERHADAP HASIL BELAJAR BIOLOGI DASAR PADA MATERI SISTEM GERAK PADA MANUSIA",
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"text": "Yesi Puspitasari 1 , Dr Miftahus Surur 2 , Raudhatun Nadiyah 3 STKIP PGRI Situbondo 1 , STKIP PGRI Situbondo 2 , STKIP PGRI Situbondo 3 Email : yesipuspita31@gmail.com Received: Sept 1, 2023 Revised: Sept 4, 2032 Accepted: Sept 14, 2023",
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"text": "Penggunaan Media Pembelajaran Microsoft PowerPoint yaitu menggunakan multimedia presentasi berupa powerpoint . Microsoft Power Point adalah Program aplikasi presentasi yang merupakan salah satu program aplikasi dibawah Microsoft Office program komputer dan tampilan ke layar dengan menggunakan bantuan LCD Projector . Dalam penelitian ini, tujuan yang ingin dicapai untuk mengetahui ada tidaknya Pengaruh Penggunaan Media Pembelajaran Microsoft PowerPoint terhadap Hasil Belajar Bilogi Dasar pada Materi Sistem Gerak pada manusia di STKIP PGRI Situbondo. Setelah menganalisa data dan pengujian hipotesis, didapat nilai tingkat koefisien korelasi antara penggunaan media pembelajaran microsoft powerpoint (X) dengan hasil belajar (Y) sebesar 0,678. Pada pengujian hipotesis hasilnya ada pengaruh tinggi antara penggunaan media pembelajaran microsoft powerpoint dan hasil belajar mahasiswa. Selanjutnya membuktikan hipotesis kerja (H a ) dengan menggunakan uji F, H a akan terbukti apabila F hitung lebih besar dari F tabel dengan taraf signifikan 5%. Besar F hitung adalah 32,240 sedangkan F-tabel adalah 4,098 pada N = 40, berarti F hitung lebih besar dari F tabel sehingga dikatakan ada pengaruh yang signifikan antara penggunaan media pembelajaran microsoft powerpoint terhadap hasil belajar. Sumbangan efektif atau besar pengaruh penggunaan media pembelajaran microsoft powerpoint terhadap hasil belajar sebesar 45,91%. Kata Kunci : Media Pembelajaran Microsoft Powerpoint, Hasil Belajar Biologi Dasar PENDAHULUAN Perkembangan pengetahuan dan teknologi dari waktu ke waktu semakin pesat dan canggih didukung pula arus globalisasi semakin hebat. Sebagaian besar lingkungan belajar di dunia nyata masih fokus pada pengetahuan transmisi dari pada membangun pengetahuan, sedangkan beberapa pendidik mendorong peserta didik membangun pengetahuan sendiri. Biologi Dasar merupakan salah satu matakuliah biologi berkaitan dengan cara memahami alam semesta secara sistematik, sehingga matakuliah Biologi Dasar bukan hanya merupakan penguasaan kumpulan pengetahuan yang berupa fakta, konsep, dan prinsip saja, Namun Biologi Dasar mengkaji mengenai makhluk hidup. Pengetahuan yang dipaparkan merupakan dasar mempelajari Biologi Dasar secara mendalam. Selain itu materi yang disajikan oleh dosen menyamakan persepsi di perguruan tinggi dibahas tentang ilmu pengetahuan dan metode ilmiah, struktur sel ,jaringan hewan, jaringan tumbuhan, metabolisme, sistem pernapasan pada manusia,sistem gerak pada manusia, evolusi, serta, DNA, RNA,Kromosom dan Hereditas.",
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"text": "Media Pembelajaran Microsoft PowerPoint dengan bantuan komputer berbasis multimedia. Pemanfaatan Microsoft PowerPoint dalam dunia pendidikan mempermudah mahasiswa dalam pembelajaran karena didukung mahasiswa akan lebih terpusat dan",
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"text": "rasa ingin tahunya lebih tinggi untuk mempelajari karena merasa tertarik akan media penyajiannya. Oleh karena itu, mahasiswa tidak takut dan lebih memahami mata pelajaran Biologi Dasar dengan cara dosen yang menyajikan materi dengan media yang menarik mahasiswa, sehingga mahasiswa sangat menyukai matakuliah Biologi Dasar (Tirtiana, Chandra Putri. 2013).",
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"text": "Microsoft PowerPoint adalah Program aplikasi presentasi yang merupakan salah satu program aplikasi dibawah Microsoft Office program komputer dan tampilan ke layar dengan menggunakan bantuan LCD Projector (Kartika, 2015). Sedangkan menurut Purnomo (Kartika, 2015) Microsoft PowerPoint adalah Program untuk membantu mempresentasikan dan menampilkan presentasi dalam bentuk tulisan, gambar, grafik, objek, clipart , movie , suara, atau video yang dimainkan pada saat presentasi (Syamsudin, Ahmad. 2015).",
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"text": "Media pembelajaran adalah segala sesuatu yang dapat menyampaikan dan menyalurkan pesan dari sumber secara terencana sehingga tercipta lingkungan belajar yang kondusif dimana penerimanya dapat melakukan proses belajar secara efisien dan efektif (Setiawan, Ibnu. 2014).",
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"text": "Nana Sudjana (2006) menyatakan bahwa hasil belajar siswa pada hakikatnya adalah perubahan tingkah laku dan sebagai umpan balik dalam upaya memperbaiki proses belajar mengajar. Tingkah laku sebagai hasil belajar dalam pengertian luas mencakup bidang kognitif, afektif dan psikomotorik.",
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"text": "Dengan demikian untuk menggali wawasan dan informasi ilmu pengetahuanp dalam penggunaan media pembelajaran Microsoft PowerPoint yaitu menggunakan multimedia presentasi materi perkuliahan berupa powerpoint yang sangat menarik, sehingga mahasiswa antusias mengikuti matakuliah Biologi Dasar. Untuk itu mahasiswa terutamanya di program studi pendidikan matematika diharapkan lebih trampil menggunakan media pembelajaran yang berbasis Microsoft PowerPoint dalam mengerjakan tugas perkuliahan,presentasi dikelas dan sebagai bekal dalam mencari kerja karena sebagai penunjang mahasiswa STKIP PGRI Situbondo.",
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"text": "Media Pembelajaran Microsoft PowerPoint Wina Sanjaya (2016) berpendapat bahwa media pembelajaran meliputi perangkat keras ( hardware ) dan perangkat lunak ( Software ). Hardware adalah alat-alat yang dapat mengantarkan pesan seperti overhead projector , radio, televisi, dan sebagainya. Sedangkan software adalah isi program yang mengandung pesan seperti informasi yang terdapat pada tranparansi atau buku dan bahan cetakan lainnya, cerita yang terkandung dalam film atau materi yang disuguhkan dalam bentuk bagan, grafik, diagram, dan lain sebagainya. Media pembelajaran segala sesuatu yang menyampaikan dan menyalurkan pesan dari sumber secara terencana sehingga tercipta lingkungan belajar yang kondusif dimana penerimanya dapat melakukan proses belajar secara efisien dan efektif. Prinsip pokok yang diperhatikan dalam menggunakan media di setiap kegiatan belajar mengajar bahwa media diarahkan mempermudah mahasiswa belajar dalam upaya memahami materi perkuliahan dikelas. Wina Sanjaya (2016) mengemukakan bahwa ada sejumlah prinsip yang harus diperhatikan, sebagai berikut:",
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"text": "c) Media pembelajaran harus sesuai dengan minat, kebutuhan, dan kondisi mahasiswa",
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"text": "d) Media yang akan digunakan harus memerhatikan efektivitas dan efisien e) Media yang digunakan harus sesuai dengan kemampuan dosen dalam mengoperasikannya .",
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"left": 84,
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"text": "Menurut Munadi (2013) pemanfaatan multimedia dalam presentasi biasanya menggunakan perangkat lunak yang paling tersohor, yakni PowerPoint yang di kembangkan Microsoft Inc . Pemanfaatan multimedia dalam presentasi menyebabkan kegiatan presentasi menjadi sangat mudah, dinamis dan sangat menarik. Multimedia presentasi digunakan untuk menjelaskan materi-materi sifatnya teoritis dalam pembelajaran klasikal, baik untuk kelompok kecil maupun kelompok besar. Multimedia presentasi menggunakan projector (LCD/Viewer) dan dengan memanfaatkan perangkat lunak PowerPoint sehingga mudah, dinamis dan menarik mahasiswa saat dosen menjelaskan mataeri perkuliahan di dalam kelas.",
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"text": "Microsoft PowerPoint merupakan salah satu produk unggulan Microsoft Corporation dalam program aplikasi presentasi paling banyak digunakan, hal tersebut dikarenakan banyak kelebihan di dalamnya dengan kemudahan yang disediakan. Razaq (Tirtiana, 2013) mengemukakan bahwa dengan Microsoft PowerPoint kita dapat merancang dan membuat presentasi yang lebih menarik dan professional. Hasil Belajar",
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"text": "Hasil belajar merupakan tolak ukur yang digunakan dalam menentukan keberhasilan mahasiswa dalam mengetahui dan memahami suatu mata kuliah, biasanya dinyatakan dengan nilai yang berupa huruf atau angka dari dosen. Selanjutnya menurut Slameto (Setiawan, 2014) menyatakan “hasil belajar suatu proses usaha yang dilakukan seseorang memperoleh suatu perubahan tingkah laku yang baru secara keseluruhan sebagai hasil pengalamannya sendiri. Menurut Sudjana (Setiawan, 2014) hasil belajar adalah kemampuan yang dimiliki mahasiswa setelah menerima pengalaman belajar dari seorang dosen. Hasil peristiwa belajar dapat muncul dalam berbagai jenis perubahan atau pembuktian tingkah laku sesmahasiswa .",
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"text": "Adapun faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi hasil belajar menurut Thursan Hakim (2011) sebagai berikut:",
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"text": "Faktor Ekternal Faktor biologis Berhubungan dengan keadaan fisik atau jasmani individu yang bersangkutan.",
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"text": " Faktor Psikologis Mempengaruhi hasil belajar ini meliputi segala hal yang berkaitan dengan kondisi mental seseorang. ",
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"text": "Keberadaan dan penggunaannya dirancang sesuai dengan hasil belajar yang diharapkan",
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"text": " Faktor Lingkungan Lingkungan fisik atau alam dan dapat pula berupa lingkungan sosial.",
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"text": "Hubungan media pembelajaran Microsoft PowerPoint dengan hasil belajar Dalam proses kegiatan belajar mengajar dosen tidak lepas menggunakan media pembelajaran. Media pembelajaran yang populer dalam proses kegiatan belajar mengajar Microsoft PowerPoint . Multimedia presentasi digunakan untuk menjelaskan materi perkuliahan yang sifatnya teoritis dalam pembelajaran klasikal, baik untuk kelompok kecil maupun kelompok besar. Multimedia presentasi menggunakan projektor",
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"text": "157 | JURNAL IKA: PGSD UNARS VOL.14 NO.2 DESEMBER 2023",
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{
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"height": 57,
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"text": "(LCD/Viewer). Microsoft PowerPoint merupakan salah satu produk unggulan Microsoft Corporation dalam program aplikasi presentasi yang paling banyak digunakan saat ini, hal tersebut dikarenakan banyak kelebihan di dalamnya dengan kemudahan yang disediakan (Kartika, Erna. 2015)",
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"text": "Sedangkan Hasil belajar kemampuan yang dimiliki oleh peserta didik setelah menerima pengalaman pembelajaran. Sejumlah pengalaman yang diperoleh peserta didik mencakup ranah kognitif, afektif dan psikomotor. Hasil belajar mempunyai peranan penting dalam proses pembelajaran karena akan memberikan sebuah informasi kepada guru tentang kemajuan peserta didik dalam upaya mencapai tujuan-tujuan belajarnya melalui proses kegiatan belajar mengajar (Erik. 2016).",
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"text": "Seorang dosen harus memilih media pembelajaran yang tepat, sesuai dan berkualitas dengan karakteristik mahasiswa, hakikat dari tujuan yang ingin dicapai, cara pendekatan apa yang digunakan, dan hambatan-hambatan pada situasi di saat pembelajaran. Karena dengan menggunakan media yang tepat, menarik minat mahasiswa mengikuti perkuliahan dan betah di kelas, sehingga mempermudah jalannya proses belajar mengajar. Dengan kata lain, dengan adanya usaha dan pemakaian media pembelajaran yang baik, penjelasan dosen yang jelas saat perkuliahan berlangsung maka mahasiswa yang belajar tersebut dapat menghasilkan hasil belajar yang berkualitas mutunya diakademik.",
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"text": "METODE PENELITIAN Metode penelitian yang digunakan untuk menguji pengaruh penggunaan media pembelajaran Microsoft PowerPoint terhadap hasil belajar Biologi Dasar pada materi sistem gerak pada manusia menggunakan metode penelitian Pre-Eksperimen . Desain penelitian menggunakan One Shot Case study atau studi kasus bentuk tunggal yang merupakan bagian penelitian Pre-Eksperimen . One Shot Case study sama halnya dengan Single-Group Posttest Only sebuah eksperimen dilaksanakan tanpa adanya kelompok pembanding dan tanpa adanya tes awal (Sugiyono, 2014) Teknik Penentuan Lokasi Penelitian, teknik yang digunakan tehnik Purposive Sampling Area . Menurut Usman dan Akbar (2003) Purposive Sampling Area merupakan teknik yang digunakan apabila anggota sampel dipilih secara khusus berdasarkan tujuan penelitiannya. Penelitian yang berjudul pengaruh penggunaan media pembelajaran Microsoft PowerPoint terhadap hasil belajar Biologi Dasar pada materi sistem gerak pada manusia yang dilaksanakan di STKIP PGRI Situbondo terutama pada program studi pendidikan matematika semester I, lokasi di Jln. Argopuro Gg. VII Situbondo. Penentuan responden menggunakan Sampling Jenuh Karena jumlah responden di tempat penelitian kurang atau tidak lebih dari seratus (100).",
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"text": "Adapun teknik pengumpulan data dalam penelitian sebagai berikut: 1) Tes, 2) Angket, 3) Dokumentasi (Arikunto ,2014).",
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"text": "HASIL PENELITIAN",
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"text": "Hasil dari penelitian untuk mengetahui ada tidaknya pengaruh penggunaan media pembelajaran Microsoft PowerPoint terhadap hasil belajar Biologi Dasar dengan menganalisis menggunakan uji validitas, uji realiabilitas, uji persamaan garis regresi, koefisien korelasi, variasi garis regresi, Efektifitas Garis Regresi (EGR), sumbangan efektif, hipotesa hasil yang diperoleh sebagai berikut: Uji validitas dipereoleh nilai r tabel pada taraf signifikansi 5% pada N = 40, dimana",
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"text": "158 | JURNAL IKA: PGSD UNARS VOL.14 NO.2 DESEMBER 2023",
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"text": "r tabel sebesar 0,312, sehingga dapat dilihat. Jika besar r hitung lebih kecil dari pada r tabel , maka soal tersebut tidak valid dan perlu di revisi, tetapi apabila r hitung lebih besar daripada r tabel maka soal tersebut dikatakan valid. Uji reliabilitas diperoleh skor variabel sebagai berikut, adapun secara ringkas hasil uji reliabilitas ditunjukkan dalam tabel 1 berikut:",
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"text": "Tabel 1.Hasil uji reliabilitas Variabel Koefisien Alpha r tabel 5% Interpretasi Penggunaan Media Pembelajaran Microsoft PowerPoint 0,830 0,312 Reliabel",
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"text": "Hasil perhitungan Cronbach Alpha tersebut dikonsultasikan pada r tabel dengan taraf signifikansi 5% dan pada N = 40 yang besarnya = 0,312, maka dapat dikatakan instrumen tersebut reliabel, karena nilai r hitung lebih besar dari nilai r tabel (0,830 > 0,312) untuk Penggunaan Media Pembelajaran Microsoft PowerPoint. Persamaan gari regtresi diperoleh hasil nilai kontanta 0,685 dan koefisien prediktor sebesar 1.910. Nilai koefisien prediktor bernilai positif maka menunjukkan hubungan yang positif, artinya makin tinggi nilai X maka makin besar nilai Y. Penghitungan koefisisen korelasi diperoleh hasil besar r xy = 0,678 dan r 2xy = 0,459. Hasil Variasi Garis Regresi nilai F reg = 32,240. untuk mengetahui signifikan atau tidaknya nilai F reg ini dikonsultasikan dengan F tabel . Derajat kebebasan untuk menguji signifikansi df1= k-1 = 2-1 = 1 sedangkan df2 = n – k = 40-2=38. Untuk df1 = 1 lawan df2 = 38 itu harga F tabel dengan signifikasi 5 % = 4,098, jadi harga F reg = 32,240 signifikan. Hipotesa nihil (Ho) ditolak dan hipotesa kerja (Ha) diterima. Jika adanya angket yang diberikan peneliti memberikan pengaruh positif dan tinggi sehingga adanya pengaruh penggunaan media pembelajaran Microsoft PowerPoint terhadap hasil belajar Biologi Dasar pada materi sistem gerak pada manusia. Hasil efektifitas garis regresi (EGR) dan sumbangan efektif (SE) diperoleh hasil sebesar 45,91%. Hasil pengujian hipotesis mengetahui sejauh mana pengaruh penggunaan media pembelajaran Microsoft PowerPoint terhadap hasil belajar Biologi Dasar materi sistem gerak pada manusia, korelasi variabel X dan Y diperoleh nilai r xy sebesar 0,678. Untuk mengetahui apakah hipotesa diajukan terima/ditolak, maka harga r hitung dibandingkan r tabel . Hasil perbandingan dengan r hitung dengan taraf signifikansi 5 % dengan jumlah responden 40 orang diperoleh r tabel = 0,312 sedangkan hipotesa r xy sebesar 0,678. Hasil perbandingan r hitung lebih besar dari r tabel artinya hipotesa kerja (Ha) diterima dan hipotesa nihil (Ho) ditolak, hipotesa kerja yang diterima“ada pengaruh penggunaan media pembelajaran Microsoft PowerPoint terhadap hasil belajar Biologi Dasar pada materi sistem gerak pada manusia” nilai tersebut di atas dikonsultasikan dengan tabel interpretasi koefisien korelasi sebagai berikut:",
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"text": "Tabel 2 Interpretasi koefisien korelasi Interval Tingkat Korelasi 0 Tidak Berkorelasi 0,01 - 0,20 Sangat Rendah 0,21 - 0,40 Rendah 0,41 - 0,60 Sedang 0,61 – 0,80 Cukup 0,81 – 0,99 Tinggi 1 Sangat Tinggi",
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"text": "159 | JURNAL IKA: PGSD UNARS VOL.14 NO.2 DESEMBER 2023",
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"text": "Sumber : Arikunto (2014).",
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"text": "Setelah dikonsultasikan dengan tabel interpretasi koefisien korelasi diketahui bahwa nilai 0,678 terletak antara 0,61 s/d 0,80 berarti tingkat korelasi cukup.",
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"text": "Hasil pembahasan pengujian hipotesis dengan perbandingan ternyata r hitung lebih besar dari r tabel artinya hipotesa kerja (Ha) diterima dan hipotesa nihil (Ho) ditolak, hipotesa kerja diterima “ada pengaruh penggunaan media pembelajaran Microsoft PowerPoint terhadap hasil belajar Biologi Dasar pada materi sistem gerak pada manusia. Setelah menganalisis data pengujian hipotesis, maka diketahui bahwa nilai koefisien korelasi (r hitung ) sebesar 0,678. Selanjutnya membuktikan hipotesis dengan menggunakan uji F, hipotesis akan terbukti apabila F hitung > F tabel . Dari perhitungan diperoleh F hitung sebesar 32,240 sedangkan F tabel sebesar 4,098 pada db = 40 – 1 – 1 = 38 dengan taraf signifikansi 5 % berarti F hitung > F tabel sehingga dapat dikatakan ada Pengaruh Penggunaan Media Pembelajaran Microsoft PowerPoint terhadap Hasil Belajar Biologi Dasar pada materi sistem gerak pada manusia.",
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"text": "Tabel 3. Perhitungan Sumbangan Variabel Bebas EGR (%) SE (%) Keterangan X 45,91 % 45,91 & ada pengaruh Jumlah 45,91 % 45,91 % Variabel bebas yang lain yang tidak diteliti 54,09 % 54,09 %",
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"text": "Dari tabel diatas bahwa sumbangan efektif (SE) atau besar pengaruh Penggunaan media pembelajaran Microsoft powerpoint (X) sebesar 45,91 % sementara variabel lain yang tidak diteliti sebesar 54,09 % pada Biologi Dasar pada materi sistem gerak pada manusia.",
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"text": "DAFTAR PUSTAKA Arief, S., Sadiman, Rahardjo, Haryono, Anung., Rahardjito. 2012. Media Pendidikan . Jakarta: Raja Grafindo Persada. Arikunto, Suharsimi. 2014. Prosedur Penelitian . Jakarta: Rineka Cipta. Elpira, Nira. And Ghufron, Anik. 2015. “Pengaruh Penggunaan Media PowerPoint terhadap Minat dan Hasil Belajar IPA siswa kelas IV SD”. Jurnal Inovasi Teknologi Pendidikan. Vol. 02 No. 01. Pp. 94-104. Darmawan, Deni. 2014. Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif . Bandung: Remaja Rosdakarya. Erik. 2016. “Pengaruh Penggunaan Media Pembelajaran Multimedia terhadap Hasil Belajar Matematika siswa kelas VIII pada materi Limas di Mts Patra Mandiri Palembang”. Skripsi Sarjana Pendidikan, UIN Raden Fatah Palembang.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 84,
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"width": 348,
"height": 16,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
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"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 84,
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"width": 427,
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
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"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 84,
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"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Kartika, Erna. 2015. “Penggunaan Media PowerPoint untuk meningkatkan Hasil belajar mata pelajaran IPS siswa di kelas VI SDN Kaliasin VII Surabaya”. JPGSD. Vol. 03 No. 02. Pp.157-158.",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 84,
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Munadi, Yudhi. 2013. Media Pembelajaran . Jakarta: Press Group.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 84,
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
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"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 84,
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"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "160 | JURNAL IKA: PGSD UNARS VOL.14 NO.2 DESEMBER 2023",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 84,
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
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"type": "Text"
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{
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"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
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"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 84,
"top": 149,
"width": 427,
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
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"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 84,
"top": 245,
"width": 427,
"height": 71,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Tirtiana, Chandra Putri. 2013. “Pengaruh Kreatiiftas Belajar, Penggunaan Media Pembelajaran PowerPoint dan Lingkungan Keluarga terhadap Hasil Belajar Mata Pelajaran Akuntansi pada siswa kelas X Akt SMK Negeri 2 Blora Tahun Ajaran 2012/2013”. Economic Education Analysis Journal . Vol. 02 No. 02. Pp. 16-17.",
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8f2e56f0-ccc0-e2af-2c55-0d15a93b353c | http://journal.unhas.ac.id/index.php/jish/article/download/4862/2748 | [
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"text": "Volume 1 Issue 3, 2018 ISSN (print) : 2621-0843 ISSN (online) : 2621-0835 Homepage : http://journal.unhas.ac.id/index.php/jish",
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"text": "Code Switching on Students’ Group Presentation in EFL Classroom",
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"text": "Harmilawati 1",
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"text": "harmila1986@gmail.com",
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"text": "Abstract",
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"text": "The study aimed to find out the functions of code switching used by the lecturer and the students d uring group presentation, and the lecturer and the students’ perception toward the use of code switching in EFL classroom during group presentation. This study is a qualitative research design. The subjects of the study were an English lecturer and three students in second semester of STKIP Muhammadiyah Bone, which were taken through convenience sampling technique. The data of this study were collected by employing classroom observation and interview. The data obtained were analyzed descriptively by using three steps, namely reducing, describing, and classifying. The result of the research showed that the lecturer employed code switching in EFL classroom during the students’ group presentation for some functions, namely to emphasize the important point, to reinforce a request, to ease of expression, to change of attitude relationship, checking for students’ understanding, lapses, self-correction, and speech connective. To emphasize the important point and reinforce a request became most frequently used by the lecturer. There were five functions of code switching used by the students during group presentation, namely to emphasize the important point, to suit the domain knowledge, to reinforce a request, to change of attitude relationship, and to self- correction. To suit the domain knowledge became the most frequently used by the students. The lecturer and the students’ perception towards the use of code switching in EFL classroom during group presentation were mostly positive. The lecturer and the students need code switching in teaching and learning English because it can make them easy to understand and comprehend from the material given. Code switching also effective in enlarging the students’ vocabulary, helped them to learn English, made them be more active in classroom interaction and influenced their fluency in speaking English.",
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"text": "Keywords: Code Switching, Students’ Group Presentation",
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"text": "How to cite: Harmilawati. (2018). Code Switching on Students’ Group Presentation in EFL Classroom. ELS Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities, 1(3), 297-308.",
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"text": "1. Introduction",
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"text": "Communication in the classroom sometimes we found in oral presentation, either between students and students or between teacher and students. The teacher or lecturer mostly uses oral presentation in presenting the material in front of the class. However, nowadays, oral presentation also becomes an activity in presenting the materials that can be done by the students. In oral presentation, the English teachers and students sometimes switch their language to explain clearly about the",
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"text": "1 Institut Agama Islam Muhammadiyah Sinjai",
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"text": "ISSN: (E) 2621-0835, (P) 2621-0843",
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"text": "298",
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"text": "subject. So commonly, the English teachers/ lecturers and students may be mindful to switch language while they are presenting the materials in the class.",
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"text": "In EFL classroom, the language used by the teacher and students in teaching and learning process is usually English, but both of the lecturer and students still feel any difficulties when using English because that language is not used in their daily life. In order to minimize it, there are many strategies that can be used by some non- native English teachers. One of them is using code switching in their classroom. Code switching in this case means that the teacher switches her/his language during the teaching and learning process, whether from Indonesia to English or vice versa.",
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"text": "Wardhaugh (2006) said that the phenomenon of code switching is found in bilingual or multilingual society, because they are commonly required to select certain of code whenever they choose to speak, and they may also switch from one language to another language. Thus, it is feasible to conduct a study on code switching by involving the members of the bilingual or multilingual society who are supposed to switch the language. Indonesian people who live in a bilingual or even multilingual society enable to switch code in daily communication, like at school or the other public educational places.",
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"text": "This research was intended to answer the following questions: (1) what are the functions of code switching used by the EFL lecturer in the EFL classroom during the students’ group presentation? (2) what are the functions of code switching used by the EFL students in the EFL classroom during the students’ group presentation? and (3) what are the lecturer’s and students’ perceptions towards the use of code swit ching in the EFL classroom during the students’ group presentation?",
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"text": "2. Literature Review",
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"text": "2.1. Group presentation",
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"text": "Oral presentation is a kind of activity of communicating ideas and information in front of the audiences. Al-Issa and Al-Qubtan (2010), states that oral presentation is one of activity, which can encourage students to take initiative, think beyond the mandated textbook, and use language creatively, purposefully, and interactively, and an important feature of the EFL classroom in different parts of the world. Thus, the students are taught to improve their creativity through the language. According to King (2002), oral presentation is an effective communicative activity that has been widely adopted by EFL conversation teachers to promote oral proficiency.",
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"text": "Based on definitions above, the researcher concludes that oral presentation is an activity of sharing ideas and or information in front of audiences which has purpose to improve students‘ oral proficiency.",
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"text": "Oral presentations are a common feature of many courses at university. They may take the form of a short or longer presentation at a tutorial or seminar, delivered individually or as part of a group.",
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"text": "According to King (2002), there are two kinds of oral presentation as follows:",
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"text": "1. Individual Presentations",
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"text": "The benefits of individual presentations include helping students to gain confidence while speaking on their own in front of a large group, or to take personal responsibility for critically understanding and responding to questions. In the process, students become localized “experts” on certain subjects.",
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"text": "Harmilawati. 1(3): 297 - 308",
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"text": "2. Group Presentations",
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"text": "There are substantial benefits to assigning presentations in groups. Groups encourage teamwork and help students get feedback from each throughout the process of developing the presentation. Groups can prepare presentations during or outside of class.",
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"text": "Group presentations require students to work together to plan and prepare for their presentation. During group work students can be encouraged to use English to negotiate meaning with the other members of their group and to work together, in English, to plan how they will present their ideas to the other members of the class. This facilitates English use to meet a specific goal, in an authentic way, and with very little intervention from the teacher (Brooks & Wilson, 2014).",
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"text": "2.2. Code switching",
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"text": "In sociolinguistics, the speaker uses a term to perform language style which is called “code”. Someone use code when they want to emphasize the uses of a language or language variety in a particular society. Wardhaugh (2002) stated that code switching is a process when people are habitually required to choose a particular code whenever they want to speak, and they may also choose to change from one code to another or two mix codes even within sometimes very little utterances and thus create a new code. Holmes (1992) stated that code switching occurs when the speaker shifted their language from one language to another. She also stated that code switching is a common term for alternate use of two or more language or varieties of language that can be functioned as sentences, clause, phrase or even a word.",
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"text": "2.3. The functions of code switching in EFL classroom",
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"text": "There are eleven functions of code switching that proposed by Baker (2006). Those are:",
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"text": "1. To emphasize the important point",
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"text": "2. To suit a domain knowledge",
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"text": "3. To show unequivalence",
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"text": "4. To reinforce a request",
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"text": "5. To show family bonding or friendship",
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{
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"text": "6. To suit of the language",
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"text": "7. To interject a conversation",
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{
"left": 89,
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"text": "8. To make easier of expressing the tension or emotion to conversation",
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"text": "9. Can show a change of attitude relationship",
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"text": "10. To exclude people from a conversation",
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"text": "11. To talk certain topic",
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"text": "ISSN: (E) 2621-0835, (P) 2621-0843",
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"text": "3. Method",
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"text": "3.1. Design and Samples",
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"text": "This research is under design of descriptive qualitative research. The participants of this research were chosen through convenience sampling technique. The researcher focuses on classroom observation and interview. An English lecturer and three students from second semester of English Education program at STKIP Muhammadiyah Bone were involved in this research to find out the functions of code switching used by the lecturer and the students in EFL classroom and to know the lecturer’s and the students’ perception toward the use of code switching during students’ group presentation.",
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"text": "3.2. Data collection",
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"text": "The researcher applied classroom observation and structured interview in this research by doing these following procedures:",
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"text": "1. The researcher met the lecturer to know the schedule.",
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"text": "2. The researcher asked permission to the English lecturer and the students of second semester in STKIP Muhammadiyah Bone for observing and interviewing them.",
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"text": "3. Having the permission, the researcher joined into their class for three group presentation performances separately and employed direct observation as the first step to get the data. The observation was administered in classroom and mainly observed the use of code switching by the lecturer and students during the students’ group presentation. During the observation, the researcher analyzed the occurrence of code switching through theory by Baker (2006) to find out the functions of code switching used by the lecturer and students during group presentation. Moreover, the researcher recorded all the group presentation process in the classroom in order to avoid the loosing of data needed.",
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"text": "4. Having observ ing the students’ group presentation, the researcher interviewed them (three students) for approximately 10 minutes of each separately. The questions were directed to the students and focused on the functions of code switching used by the lecturer and students during group presentation and the students’ perception toward it.",
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"text": "3.2. Data Analysis",
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"text": "The researcher did transcription in analyzing data was to identify the data which had gotten from the observation, recorder, and interview. The data was analyzed by using descriptive qualitative method. The data was transcribed into written transcript, and then was identified, selected, and also classified based on the analyzing needs which was relevant to the mode from Miles and Huberman (1994) through the follow steps: data reduction, data description, and data classification.",
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"text": "The data from the observation and recording firstly was transcribed into the written transcript. The transcript was identified to determine the utterances that considered as the code switching phenomenon and the utterances that were not contained code switching were omitted, so that the utterances that are contained code switching left. By data reduction, the researcher identified and chooses the data, i.e. the utterances that were considered as code switching, which was relevant",
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"text": "Harmilawati. 1(3): 297 - 308",
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"text": "to the research topic, so that the analysis was focused into the data that was suitable to the research questions that had been formulated.",
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"text": "The data that had been reduced then was described as the research data that contains code switching. This data was analyzed through descriptive qualitative method to find out the functions of code which might appear during group presentation.",
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"text": "The data which had been reduced and described was classified into specific groups based on the research focus. The focuses of the research were referred to the functions of code switching.",
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"text": "In other to get further information about the use of code switching by the lecturer and students during group presentation, after the steps above, the researcher applied interview to the students who were used code switching during presentation. Interview supported the data from the observation and recording. This was intended to enrich the information had been gotten before. The interview was focused into the awareness of the students in using code switching during the group presentation and the students’ perceptions toward it.",
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"text": "4.1. The functions of code switching used by the lecturer in EFL classroom during the students’ group presentation",
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"text": "The data from the observation in the classroom during students’ group presentation in the first and the second meetings were found only eight functions of code switching that the lecturer used. Those are to emphasize the important point, to reinforce a request, to ease of expression, to change of attitude relationship, checking for students’ understanding, lapses, self correction, and speech connective. In this case, the researcher would like to provide the description of the samples analyzed as follows:",
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"text": "a. To emphasize the important point",
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"text": "One reason why someone switches his language, maybe for stressing one important point. For example in teaching pronunciation practice. It is occurs when the lecturer want or sees a need to explain how to pronounce English words. This function takes place when the lecturer correct the students’ pronunciation using as illustrated from the researcher’s finding in extract below. This extract was taken from the observation by video and audio recording which was taken on Tuesday, 31 st May, 2016.",
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"text": "PT : Thanks for the change that given to us L : Bukan us tapi us [ ᴧs]. Us .. U..S .. United State, right? us disini adalah kami.",
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{
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"text": ": Not us but us[ ᴧs]. Us .. U .. S .. United State, right? Us here is we are.",
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"text": "The extract above shows one function of code switching that used by the lecturer in the second students’ group presentation. In this case, the lecturer was explaining the students the appropriate pronunciation of the word ‘us’ by saying ‘ bukan us tapi us [ ᴧs]’ . The lecturer ’s utterance was in Indonesian but he switched his language to English when pronouncing t he word ‘us’.",
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"text": "ISSN: (E) 2621-0835, (P) 2621-0843",
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"text": "ELS Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities",
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"text": "b. To reinforce a request",
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"text": "Code switching is sometimes used to reinforce a request. The teacher switches from English to reinforce his request.",
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"text": "DJ : Ok .. I want to ask ... L : Stand up please!",
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"text": "DJ : (still sat down) L : Stand up please! Berdiri! ‘Stand up please! Stand up!",
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"text": "The extract above shows function of code switching to reinforce a request used by the lecturer in the first students’ group presentation. In this case, the lecturer switched his code to make instruction comprehensible for the students, he switched the language from English to Indonesian by saying “ Stand up please! Berdiri! ’. Thus, the student was expected to able to understand the instruction better, and then she was also expected to be able do the instruction correctly.",
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"text": "c. Ease of expression",
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"text": "The function of code switching is to make someone easy to express their feelings. For example, the lecturer switches his language to express his anger to the students. This extract was taken from the observation by video and audio recording which was taken on Tuesday, 31 st May, 2016.",
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"text": "L : Have you another question? Sudah dicatat pertanyaannya? Hello!",
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"text": "Have you another question? Have you wrote the question? Hello! ’",
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"text": "It can be seen in extract above that the lecturer employed code switching in the first group presentation by using the word ‘hello’ after his Indonesian utterance. The lecturer wanted to asked the students whether the question is already noticed or not. The word ‘hello’ was an English interjection. It is used by the lecturer to get the students attention by expressed his tension.",
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"text": "d. Change of attitude relationship",
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"text": "In teaching and learning process, the lecturer usually give comment to the students. When giving a comment to the bilingual students, sometimes the lecturer show up his identity to make a relax circumstance in the classroom by using local language. This extract was taken from the observation in the first group presentation on Tuesday, 31 st May, 2016. L : Can you underline it? Tolong garis’ki di papan tulis !",
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"text": ": Can you underline it? Please underline it on the white board! ’ (PT underlines the wrong word)",
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"text": "L : Eee .. kagarisi-garisi di’. Coba yang mana preposisinya disitu?",
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{
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"text": ": ‘Eee ..[you] just underlining it [underlined the wrong word]. Where is the preposition in that sentence?",
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{
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"text": "The extract above shows, the lecturer used his local language in teaching process to created the an enjoy or relax circumstance. It can be seen when the lecturer used Buginese in his utterance by saying ‘ eee .. kagarisi- garisi di’ and all of the students laughs heard it because the students understood their lecturer’s utterance. The function of code switching to change of attitude relationship only found by the researcher in the first group presentation.",
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"text": "Harmilawati. 1(3): 297 - 308",
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"text": "ELS Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities",
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"text": "303",
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"text": "e. Checking for students’ understanding",
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"text": "Another functi on of code switching out of the Baker’s theory that the researcher found is to check the students’ understanding. In questioning and answering section on the students’ group presentation, the lecturer should make sure that all students know all the word in that activity. If there are new words or unknown words, the lecturer can ask the students what he means. The lecturer sometimes needs to check the students’ understanding in order to determine how far the students have comprehended from the material. The following extracts are the examples of the application of code switching in order to check the students’ understanding.This extract was taken from the observation by video and audio recording which was taken on Tuesday, 31 st May, 2016.",
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"text": "L : To present the material not presentage the materi . There is no meaning of presentage in the dictionary. Jadi harusnya present. Materi is Indonesian word. What is the English of materi?",
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"text": ": ‘To present the material not presentage the material . There is no meaning of presentage in the dictionary. It should be present. Material is Indonesian word. What is the English of material?",
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{
"left": 71,
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"height": 108,
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"text": "The extract above shows code switching that used by the lecturer. The lecturer employed code switching as he switched from English when he said ‘what is the English of’ to Indonesian for the word ‘materi’ when he wanted to ask the students about the English of materi . His question was in English but he used an Indonesian word materi in his question. The function of code switching here is checking for students’ understanding. In this situation, the lecturer did not translate the word materi but he asked the students the English of the word. By switching to Indonesian, he let the students participate more actively.",
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"text": "f. Lapses",
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"text": "Lapses are instances where the lecturer is speaking Indonesian but says a word or a couple of words in English. These English words can be spoken almost accidentally or not purely accidental but the lecturer partly knows he is using English. The lecturer in the present data has a few lapses during the students’ presentation. The following extracts demonstrate what exactly were meant by lapses. This extract was taken from the observation by video and audio recording which was taken on Tuesday, 31 st May, 2016 in the first group presentation.",
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"text": "L : Itumi saja tadi yang dislide mutampilkan baru jelaskan bagian-bagiannya. Ya .. yang itu saja dislide!",
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"text": "‘ Just display the slide and explain the parts. Yaa .. those are on the slide!",
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"text": "In this extract, the lecturer employed code switching as he switched from Indonesian to English and back to Indonesian again when he said ‘ itumi saja yang di slide mutampilkan baru jelaskan bagian-bagiannya. Ya ..yang itu saja di slide!. He gave instruction in Indonesian but he inserted an English word ‘slide’ in his instruction. The reason of the lecturer used an English word in this situation because he presumed that the student have been familiar with this word. Here code switching is treated as lapses.",
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"text": "ISSN: (E) 2621-0835, (P) 2621-0843",
"type": "Section header"
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"width": 229,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 8,
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"text": "ELS Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities",
"type": "Page footer"
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"text": "304",
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"text": "g. Self correction",
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"text": "The function of self correction in code switching is quite common in EFL classroom. The lecturers employ self-correction in their utterance by beginning it in TL but inserting one word or a couple of words in L1 in the middle of the utterance. When self correction occurs, a lecturer is usually producing a sentence and when he realize that a mistake has occurred in his sentence, he corrected it by inserting a L1 word and then continuing in the TL, but now with a more correct answer.",
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"text": "RR : Eemm.. example preposisi dalam bentuk teks Pak ‘Eemm .. example of preposition in text, Sir’ L : Ya .. in text form ... ehh .. dalam kalimat. Sentence I mean .",
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"text": "Yes…another questions?",
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"text": "‘Ya .. in text form .. ehh .. in sentence. Sentence I mean.",
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"text": "Yes .. [have you] another questions?",
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"text": "This extract was taken from the observation by video and audio recording which was taken on Tuesday, 31 st May, 2016 in the first group presentation. The researcher do not found the function of code switching for self correction in the second group presentation.",
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"text": "4.2. The functions of code switching used by the students in EFL classroom during the students’ group presentation",
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"text": "There were three students became the participant in this study. They are PT, DJ and SF. The data had shown that there were five functions of code switching used by the student s found by the researcher during the students’ presentation in the first and second presentations. Those were to emphasize the important point, to suit the domain knowledge, to reinforce a request, to change of attitude relationship, and to self correction.",
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"text": "a. Emphasize the important point",
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"text": "Emphasize is one reason why someone switches his language, maybe for stressing one important point. For example, she speaks English, then in her talk, she think anything is very important, sometimes she change her language to Indonesian to show her interlocutor the important point in the new language she use. It is occurs when the students wants or sees a need to explain the given answer. This function can be seen in the extract below that taken from DJ’s utterance in the first group presentation.",
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"text": "DJ : The function of prepositional phrase. Kan dia berfungsi jadi adverb ketika modifier a verb, adjective and another adverb.",
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"text": "‘The function of prepositional phrase. The function of [prepositional phrase] is adverb when its modifier a verb, adjective or another adverb.",
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"text": "The extract above shows ones function of code switching that used by the student (DJ) in first group presentation when she repeated her question to make the moderator understood what her question meant or what she said, she emphasize certain words in her question by inserting the first language . DJ used English in the beginning by saying ‘ the function of prepositional phrase ’ then switched to Indonesian by saying ‘ kan dia berfungsi jadi ’ and inserted an English word ‘ a dverb’",
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"text": "Harmilawati. 1(3): 297 - 308",
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"text": "ELS Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
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"text": "305",
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"text": "then switched again to Indonesian by saying ‘ ketika ’ and altered again to English by saying ‘ modifier a verb, adjective and another adverb’.",
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"text": "b. To suit the domain knowledge",
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"text": "Code switching as a suit the domain of knowledge in students’ group presentation is shown in the following extract:",
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"text": "PT : Thanks for the change that given to us to presentation .. eh .. to present the material and I give time to Rika to <Xword> my materi .",
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"text": "‘Thanks for the change that given to us to presentation .. eh .. to present the material and I give time to Rika to <Xword> my material.",
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"text": "The extract above shows the function of code switching to suit the domain knowledge as a function of code switching used by the third students in the first and second group presentation. In this case, the third students used code switching because they did not know the word in English, “Thanks for the change that given to us to presentation .. eh .. to present the material and I give time to Rika to <XwordX> my materi .”",
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"text": "c. To reinforce a request",
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"text": "The function of reinforce a request is employed by the students when they asked to their friends to did something during the students’ presentation, such as ask their friends to giving question.",
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"text": "PT : (confused about DJ’s question) . Can u repeat your question? Tolong diulang coba!",
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"text": "‘ (confused about DJ’s question) . Can u repeat your question? Tolong diulang coba!",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "The extract above shows function of code switching to reinforce a request used by the third students. In this case, PT as the presenter in the first group presentation switched her code when she asked her friend to repeat the question by saying “ can you repeat your question’ and repeat her question by translating her sentence by saying ‘ tolong diulang coba’ . Thus, the student who gave the question before was expected to able to understand the instruction better, and then she was also expected to be able do the instruction correctly.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "d. To change of attitude relationship",
"type": "Section header"
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"text": "In teaching and learning process, the students usually give comment or ask to the other students. When giving a comment or asking question to the bilingual students, sometimes the students show up his identity by using their local language to create sense of belonging of them or to show the politeness.",
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"text": "This extract was taken from the observation by video and audio recording which was taken on Tuesday, 31 st May 2016.",
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"text": "NS : Ooo.. iya. Makasih.",
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"text": "‘Ooo .. yes. Thank you.’",
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"text": "PT : Next question from eee.. pertanyaanta’ Dwi di’?",
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"text": "‘Next question from eee .. is it your question [Dwi], isn’t it?’",
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"text": "The extract above, the student or presenter used his local language when she asked the student who has the question. It can be seen when the student slipped Buginese in his utterance in Indonesian to make sure herself that she did not wrong by saying ‘ next question from’ eee.. pertanyaanta’ Dwi di’ . She used combination language between Indonesian and Buginese by saying ‘ pertanyaanta’. Ta’ in Buginese show the politeness.",
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"text": "e. To self correction",
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"text": "The function of self correction in code switching is quite common in EFL classroom. The student employed self correction in her utterance by beginning it in L1 but inserting one word or a couple of words in TL in the middle of the utterance. When self correction occurs, a student is usually producing a sentence and when she realize that a mistake has occurred in her sentence, she corrected it by inserting a L1 word and then continuing in the TL, but now with a more correct answer. It can be seen in the following extract that was taken from the observation by video and audio recording which was taken on Tuesday, 31 st May 2106.",
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"text": "PT : Contoh kalimat .. emm .. sentence .. dan bagian-bagiannya. Emm...",
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"text": "‘example of sentence .. emm .. sentence .. and it’s parts [of that sentence]. Emm",
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"text": "The extract above shows the student used code switching to self correction when she realize that she use Indonesian in the beginning by saying ‘contoh kalimat .. ee’ and switched quickly her language when she realize that she know the English word of kalimat by saying it in English ‘ sentence’ and then she using back Indonesian by saying ‘dan bagian-bagiannya’.",
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"text": "4.3. The lecturer and the students’ perception toward the use of code switching in EFL classroom during the students’ group presentation",
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"text": "There were six questions that the researcher asked to the lecturer about his opinion and perception of code switching and mostly of them gave positive effect to the use of code switching during the students’ group presentation. It can be seen from the interview result below.",
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"text": "Dampak positifnya yaitu the students can understood the material better, dapat menangkap isi dari materi dengan baik, dan emm .. ee .. siswa juga lebih aktif pada saat pembelajaran khususnya tanya jawab. Ada feed back nya dari siswa. Terus .. kalau negatifnya itu dapat menurunkan motivasi siswa dalam mengembangkan kompetensi bahasa Inggrisnya atau dengan kata lain .. dapat mengurangi keinginan mereka dalam menguasai kata-kata Inggris. (The possitive effects (from code switching) are the students can understood the material better, can caught the content of the material well, and emm .. ee ..the students also be more active in learning, especially in quastion and answer section. There were feedback from the students. Then .. the negative impact from code switching were can demotivated the students in develop their English competence. It can",
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"text": "reduce the students’ willingness to master the English words’. (Lecturer DD: 14 th June, 2016)).",
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"text": "Based on the interview result above, the lecturer agree toward the use of code switching in the EFL classroom and he assume that the use of code switching gave positive impact to the students to increase the students’ comprehending.",
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"text": "There were seven questions that the researcher asked to the third students about their opinion and perception of code switching and mostly of them gave positive effect to the use of code switching during the student s’ group presentation. It can be seen from the interview result below.",
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"text": "Menurutku, yang paling membantu adalah ketika dosen beralih ke bahasa Indonesia .. karena tidak semua apa yang na ucapkan dosen bisa dimengerti dengan baik. Jadi menurutku beralih kode ke bahasa Indonesia sangat membantu. ( According to me, the most helpful is if the lecturer switches to Indonesian .. because certainly not all English spoken by the lecturer can be understood well, so it is very helpful if the lecturer switch to Indonesian. (Student DJ : 21 st June, 2016)).",
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"text": "Based on the findings above about the functions of code switching that used by the lecturer and the students, the researcher found that the lecturer used code switching for more reasons or functions than the students did. The similarities from the reasons triggering of code switching used by the lecturer and the students that they were mostly used code switching during the group presentation to emphasizing the important point of material being studied and to reinforce a request to got the students’ or their classmates’ attention from the given instruction. The difference functions of code switching used by the lecturer and the students is the lecturer did not use code switching to suit the domain knowledge, whereas the students used it for several time during group presentation.",
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"text": "Based on the interview result that the researcher did to the lecturer and the students, they mostly gave positive effect of the used of code-switching during group presentation, especially to get the students’ understanding from the given material and to transfer the knowledge to the students in an efficient way.",
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"text": "Based on the result of the data analysis, it can be concluded that, first, there were eight functions of code switching that used by the lecturer during students’ group presentation, namely: emphasize the important point, reinforce a request, ease of expression, change of attitude relationship, checking for understanding, lapses, self-correction, and speech connective. Lapses, self-correction, and speech connective were the other functions of code switching out of Baker’s theory.",
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"text": "Emphasize the important point and reinforce a request were the most frequently used by the lecturer during students’ group presentation, while self correction was the least frequently. Furthermore, the researcher found that in the represented campus, the influence of indigenous or local language cannot be avoided in the classroom. Indonesian that is used by the lecturer are Indonesian that is influenced by Buginese. It can be seen from the use of Buginese pronoun ki in some of her expressions. Second, the students employed code switching during group presentation for some functions. The function of code switching may vary according to the context, situation, and the topic of the conversation. The data from the observation had shown that there were five functions of code switching used by the students, namely to emphasize the important point, suit the domain knowledge, reinforce a request, change of attitude relationship, and self-correction. Those functions based on the students’ confirmation. Suit the domain knowledge became the most frequently used by the students during students’ group presentation.",
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"text": "Baker, C. (2006). Foundations of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism. Canada: Multilingual Matters Ltd.",
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"text": "Brooks, G., & Wilson, J. (2014) . Using Oral Presentations to Improve Students’ English Language Skills. Humanities Review Vol.19 . Japan: Kwansei Gakuin University",
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25b40318-3e82-5f82-b47a-d2fcdd64fbc5 | https://ojs.badanbahasa.kemdikbud.go.id/jurnal/index.php/kandai/article/download/713/373 | [
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247a7125-2e92-b101-46fe-bbbdf8695b30 | https://journal.uwks.ac.id/index.php/jikw/article/download/2205/1279 | [] |
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"text": "1. Universitas Islam Negeri (UIN) Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta; nurmiati1405@gmail.com",
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"text": "2. Universitas Islam Negeri (UIN) Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta; akhmad.rifai@uin-suka.ac.id",
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"text": "Copyright © 2024 by Authors, Published by AL-AFKAR: Journal For Islamic Studies. This is an open access article under the CC BY License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). Received : April 19, 2024 Revised : July 16, 2024 Accepted : July 20, 2024 Available online : July 26, 2024",
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"text": "How to Cite: Nurmiati and Akhmad Rifa’i (2024) “Strengthening Da’wah Amidst the High Use of Tiktok Media in Bima City, West Nusa Tenggara”, al-Afkar, Journal For Islamic Studies , 7(3), pp. 772 – 781. doi: 10.31943/afkarjournal.v7i3.1272.",
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"text": "Strengthening Da'wah Amidst the High Use of Tiktok Media in Bima City, West Nusa Tenggara Abstract. Tiktok media is audio-visual media that presents various creative and interesting content and information for users. This media has become a popular application that is widely used and downloaded throughout the world. The high rate of use of TikTok media is like two sides of a coin which has an impact on various vulnerable ages, especially children. Children are an age that is vulnerable to being exposed to the impact of TikTok media in the era of the tsunami of content that is increasingly emerging, especially regarding their religious behavior. This article aims to determine the strengthening of da'wah amidst the high use of media among children in Ntobo Village, Raba District, Bima City. This research uses a qualitative approach with descriptive methods. The data was obtained through observations, interviews and documentation. Based on this research, it is known that the high",
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"text": "Vol. 7 No. 3 (2024) P-ISSN : 2614-4883 ; E-ISSN : 2614-4905 AL-AFKAR: Journal for Islamic Studies https://al-afkar.com",
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"text": "773",
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"text": "Nurmiati, Akhmad Rifa’i",
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"text": "Penguatan Dakwah Ditengah Tingginya Penggunaan Media Tiktok di Kota Bima Nusa Tenggara Barat",
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"text": "use of TikTok media tends to have a negative impact on children's religious behavior which can be seen from various forms of deviation from religious law, a decrease in moral values and politeness and an increasing sense of shame. In this case, strengthening the value of da'wah is a solution to stem the tsunami of TikTok media content which is supported by parental supervision and social control.",
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"text": "Keywords: Da'wah, Tiktok Media, Religious Behavior",
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"text": "Abstrak. Media Tiktok merupakan media audio visual yang menyajikan berbagai konten dan informasi kreatif serta menarik bagi pengguna. Media ini menjadi salah satu aplikasi populer yang banyak digunakan dan diundah di seluruh dunia. Tingginya angka penggunaan media Tiktok bagai dua sisi mata uang yang membawa dampak bagi berbagai rentan usia khususnya usia anak-anak. Anak- anak menjadi usia yang rentan terpapar dampak media tiktok di era tsunami konten yang kian bermunculan khususnya pada perilaku keagamaannya. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui penguatan dakwah ditengah tingginya penggunaan media dikalangan anak-anak di Kelurahan Ntobo, Kecamatan Raba, Kota Bima. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode deskriptif. Adapun data diperoleh melalui hasil observasi, wawancara dan dokumentasi. Berdasarkan penelitian ini diketahui bahwa tingginya pengunaan media tiktok cenderung membawa dampak negatif bagi perilaku keagamaan anak yang terlihat dari berbagai bentuk penyimpangan syariat agama, penurunan nilai akhlak dan kesopanan serta makin terkikisnya rasa malu. Dalam hal ini, penguatan nilai dakwah menjadi solusi dalam membendung hadirnya tsunami konten media tiktok yang didukung dengan pengawasan dari orang tua serta kontrol sosial.",
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"text": "Kata Kunci : Dakwah, Media Tiktok, Perilaku Keagamaan",
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"text": "PENDAHULUAN",
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"text": "Media tiktok saat ini menjadi aplikasi populer dan banyak digunakan di seluruh dunia termasuk Indonesia.(Hasiholan et al., 2020) Hadirnya media tiktok ini bagaikan dua sisi mata uang yang mampu memberi kemudahan bagi penggunanya juga memberi dampak negatif jika tidak dimanfaatkan secara bijak.(Musdalifah & Hadiati Salisah, 2022) Berbagai bentuk tindak kejahatan serta penyimpangan agama dan moral kerap terjadi. Ironisnya dampak negatif media tiktok tersebut tidak hanya menerpa orang-orang dewasa, namun lebih khususnya anak-anak.(Hasiholan et al., 2020) Pada awalnya, kehadiran media tiktok digunakan untuk mengakomodir para pengguna internet dengan berbagai bakat yang dimiliki sehingga dapat lebih dikenal khalayak melalui tayangan video. Disamping antusiasme pengguna lokal yang tinggi, namun ternyata memiliki potensi penyalahgunaan yang tidak kalah besar. Media tiktok dapat menyimpan berbagai hal berbau seks dan pornografi bahkan beberapa rekaman siaran langsung tiktok yang kemudian diunggah ke Youtube dan beberapa situs lainnya mempunya konten yang bernuansa seks dan pornongrafi. Disamping itu munculnya trend “tsunami konten” atau kondisi jumlah informasi yang tidak terbendung dan ketidakmampuan memfilter informasi dan tontonan yang berisi tuntunan.(Damayanti & Gemiharto, 2019)",
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"text": "Munculnya dampak negatif dari media tiktok berbanding lurus dengan tingkat intensitas penggunaannya ditengah masyarakat. Hal tersebut dibuktikan dengan masuknya Indonesia kedalam peringkat kedua pengguna tiktok terbanyak dunia dengan jumlah mencapai 113 juta pengguna.(Ramadhan et al., 2024) Bahkan persentase pengguna media tiktok di Indonesia melesat cukup tajam semenjak",
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"text": "774",
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"text": "Nurmiati, Akhmad Rifa’i",
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"text": "Penguatan Dakwah Ditengah Tingginya Penggunaan Media Tiktok di Kota Bima Nusa Tenggara Barat",
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"text": "pandemi covid-19 sampai sekarang. Hal tersebut didukung oleh laporan dari We Are Social dan Hootsuite per Oktober 2023, pengguna aplikasi ini sekitar 106,52 juta orang pada Oktober 2023 dan mengalami peningkatan sebanyak 6,74% dibandingkan tiga bulan sebelumnya .(Dwi Yanti et al., 2024) Angka yang fantastik jika dibandingkan dengan media sosial lainnya. Hal tersebut juga ditemukan pada anak-anak di Kelurahan Ntobo, Kecamatan Raba, Kota Bima seiring dengan kebebbasan bagi anak dalam menggunakn gadget. Fase anak-anak khususnya pada later childhood atau usia 6-12 tahun (Sumantri, 2005: 11) sangat mudah terkena dampak negatif dari media tiktok. Anak-anak yang masih butuh pengawasan orang tua pun tidak mampu menyaring informasi dan berbagai konten yang ditemukan. Dengan demikian, munculnya dampak negatif media tiktok ini harus mampu diminimalisir, salah satunya dengan penguatan dakwah. Hal tersebut dimaksudkan adanya perubahan perilaku keagamaan yang lebih baik sehingga munculnya berbagai perilaku anak yang menyimpang baik dalam hal agama, moral dan kesopanan dapat berkurang. Berdasarkan uraian tersebut, peneliti tertarik untuk mengkaji lebih jauh tentang “ Penguatan Dakwah Ditengah Tingginya Penggunaan Media Tiktok di Kelurahan",
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"text": "Ntobo, Kecamatan Raba, Kota Bima Nusa Tenggara Barat”",
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{
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"text": "Dalam upaya menghindari duplikasi dalam penelitiannya, penulis melakukan tinjauan literatur. Ini bertujuan untuk melengkapi pengetahuan tentang area penelitian yang sedang dijelajahi oleh penulis, dengan memperhatikan karya yang telah ada. Tujuan dari langkah ini adalah untuk menunjukkan bahwa penelitian ini merupakan langkah maju dari penelitian sebelumnya, baik dalam hal tema maupun metodologi. Dengan demikian, penelitian ini diharapkan memberikan kontribusi yang unik dan berbeda dari penelitian sebelumnya. Oleh karena itu, penulis harus meninjau hasil temuan yang relevan dari penelitian-penelitian terdahulu dalam bagian ini. Beberapa penelitian yang terkait dengan masalah yang dihadapi peneliti telah ditemukan, dan akan dibahas lebih lanjut.",
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"text": "Pertama penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Wiranthy Nur Syawitri dan Shobah Shofariyani Iryanti pada tahun 2024, yang diterbitkan pada jurnal Al I’tibar: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam. judul yang diangkatnya ialah Islam dan Pendidikan Adab Modern: Dakwah Kekinian Sebagai Kontra Narasi di dalam Tiktok. Hasil dari penelitian ini, menunjukkan bahwa Implikasi budaya negatif dari globalisasi pada platform digital seperti TikTok menyoroti tantangan yang dihadapi dalam konteks globalisasi. Ini termasuk homogenisasi budaya, potensi penurunan nilai-nilai tradisional, dilema etika dalam pembuatan konten, penguatan standar yang didominasi oleh perspektif Barat, serta risiko apropiasi budaya. Permasalahan-permasalahan ini membutuhkan perhatian dari segi ilmiah untuk mengkaji implikasi etis dari pembuatan dan konsumsi konten di platform ini, serta untuk memahami dampak budaya digital global yang semakin meningkat terhadap beragam identitas budaya.(Hasiholan et al., 2020)",
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"text": "Kedua penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Arini Tika Sabila dan Mutrofin pada tahun 2023, yang diterbitkan pada jurnal Dakwan dan Komunikasi IAN Curup. judul yang diangkatnya ialah Urgensi Peningkatan Kualitas Literasi Keislaman Melalui Digitalisasi (Studi Pada Followers Tiktok Da’i Muda Husain Basyaiban). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan digitalisasi sebagai sarana dakwah oleh",
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"left": 295,
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"text": "775",
"type": "Page footer"
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"left": 80,
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"width": 83,
"height": 10,
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"text": "Nurmiati, Akhmad Rifa’i",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 80,
"top": 49,
"width": 337,
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"text": "Penguatan Dakwah Ditengah Tingginya Penggunaan Media Tiktok di Kota Bima Nusa Tenggara Barat",
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{
"left": 79,
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"width": 442,
"height": 42,
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Husain Basyaiban dapat meningkatkan pemahaman tentang keislaman bagi para pendengar dan pemirsa, serta membantu mereka memahami isi pesan dakwahnya.(Sabila & Mutrofin, 2023)",
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{
"left": 79,
"top": 134,
"width": 443,
"height": 129,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Ketiga penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Naila Mafayiziya Hayat dan Zaenal Abidin Riam pada tahun 2022, yang diterbitkan pada jurnal Pendidikan Islam. judul yang diangkat. Hasil nya ialah Peran Komunikasi Dakwah di Era Digital Upaya Maksimal Pembelajaran Agama Islamasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Komunikasi memiliki tiga peran kunci dalam konteks dakwah di era digital. Pertama, membantu da’i dalam mema hami karakteristik masyarakat pada era digital. Kedua, memastikan pesan dakwah disampaikan kepada masyarakat dengan efektif. Ketiga, berperan dalam menyampaikan pesan dakwah kepada semua segmen masyarakat di era digital.(Hayat & Abidin Riam, 2022)",
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"height": 129,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Dari tiga studi yang telah dijelaskan sebelumnya, maka penulis bisa menyimpulkan bahwa peneleitian ini memiliki adanya kesamaan dengan penelitian yang dilakukan oleh peneliti sebelumnya, yakni sama sama mengkaji dakwah nedia digital, tepatnya pada media tiktok. Namun, yang membedakan dan pada saat yang sama menjadi unik dari penelitian ini adalah fokus penelitian yang dipilih oleh penulis, yakni pada penguatan dakwah ditengah tingginya penggunaan media Tiktok. Hal ini diharapkan dapat memberikan keasadaran bagi pendakwah, bahwa di era saat ini dalam melakukan aktivitas dakwah tidak hanya terpaku pada mimbar. Namun para pendakwah haruslah melek akan teknologi yang ada.",
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"text": "METODE PENELITIAN",
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{
"left": 79,
"top": 427,
"width": 443,
"height": 115,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Penelitian ini menggunakan jenis pendekatan deskriptif kualitatif yang bertujuan untuk menggambarkan dan menunjukkan berbagai kondisi sebagai situasi atau fenomena realitas yang terjadi di masyarakat.(Yantos and Putriana, 2020) Adapun penelitian ini dilakukan pada anak-anak di Kelurahan Ntobo, Kecamatan Raba, Kota Bima dengan usia 6-12 tahun. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui observasi, wawancara dan dokumentasi, dengan data primer berupa hasil wawancara dengan tokoh masyarakat dan orang tua sementara data sekunder diperoleh dari artikel jurnal, buku ataupun literatur yang relevan dengan penelitian.",
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"text": "HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN Teori Dakwah",
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"text": "Secara bahasa, dakwah berarti seruan, ajakan atau panggilan.(Aminudin, 2016) Dakwah adalah mengajak atau menyeru kepada kebaikan dan mencegah dari kemungkaran.(Abdurrahman & Badruzaman, 2023) Dakwah dapat dilakukan dengan berbagai macam cara, antara lain bi al-lisan (retorika), bi al-kitabah (tulisan), atau bi al-hal (perbuatan). Adapun dakwah di era modern tidak sama dengan aplikasi dakwah dahulu. Sebab harus mampu disesuaikan dengan perkembangan IPTEK. Sehingga baik materi, metode maupun media dakwah yang digunakan harus mampu disesuaikan dengan kondisi masyarakat modern sehingga tujuan dakwah dapat tercapai secara efektif dan efisien.",
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"type": "Page footer"
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"text": "776",
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"left": 80,
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"text": "Penguatan Dakwah Ditengah Tingginya Penggunaan Media Tiktok di Kota Bima Nusa Tenggara Barat",
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"left": 79,
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"text": "Media Tiktok",
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{
"left": 79,
"top": 105,
"width": 443,
"height": 144,
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"text": "Tiktok merupakan sebuah jaringan sosial dan platform video musik tiongkok yang diluncurkan pada september 2016 yang berupa pembuatan video pendek dan didukung oleh musik.(Aldila Safitri et al., 2021) Setiap orang diberikan kebebasan untuk mengakses aplikasi ini, tidak hanya menonton dan mengupload video, namun juga memberikan like, komen, share serta menyimpan video yang disukai baik kalangan anak-anak sampai dewasa. Adapun faktor yang menyebabkan seseorang penggunakan media Tiktok ini dibagi dua, diantaranya: (1) Faktor internal yakni berasal dari dalam diri berupa perasaan senang atau tidak dalam menggunakan aplikasi tersebut; (2) Faktor eksternal yakni berasal dari luar diri seperti kemudahan memperoleh informasi dengan aplikasi Tiktok (Qorib, 2018: 78).",
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"text": "Perilaku Keagamaan",
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"text": "Secara bahasa perilaku keagamaan terdiri atas dua suku kata yakni perilaku dan keagamaan. Abdul Aziz Ahyadi (2007: 27) mendefinisikan perilaku sebagai pernyataan atau ekspresi kejiwaan yang bisa diukur, dihitung dan dipelajari dengan alat dan metode ilmiah secara objektif.(Mubin, 2022) Dalam artian, perilaku adalah indikasi seseorang dalam melakukan suatu tindakan. Sementara keagamaan berarti sesuatu yang berhubungan dengan agama.(Fitri et al., 2017) Dapat disimpulkan bahwa perilaku keagamaan merupakan segala bentuk tingkah laku yang didasarkan pada kesadaran adanya Tuhan Yang Maha Esa yang bukan hanya dalam bentuk ritual saja, namun juga tercermin dalam segala bentuk aktivitas lain yang tampak maupun tidak tampak dalam diri seseorang. Sehingga perilaku keagamaan ini terkait dengan hubungan sesama manusia juga hubungan dengan Sang Pencipta.",
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"text": "Salah satu fenomena yang terjadi pada anak-anak di Kelurahan Ntobo yakni intensitas penggunaan media tiktok yang terlalu tinggi akibat pemberian gadget pada anak dibawah umur sehingga berdampak buruk terhadap perilaku keagamaannya. Hal ini terlihat dari banyaknya anak-anak khususnya masih dalam bangku sekolah dasar yang mulai terkikis etika dan kesopanan serta muncul berbagai perilaku menyimpang. Menurut Bapak Abdullah Musa selaku tokoh masyarakat di Kelurahan Ntobo, bahwa hal tersebut disebabkan oleh penggunaan media sosial seperti Tiktok yang tidak diawasi oleh orang tua. Selain itu, pemberian gadget kepada anak-anak sejak dini menyebabkan mereka menjadi acuh tak acuh terhadap kehidupan sekitarnya dan hanya fokus pada gadget. Hal tersebut terjadi sejak pandemi covid-19 yang mana anak-anak SD diharuskan untuk menggunakan dan memakai gadget untuk kegiatan belajar mengajar yang dilakukan secara online/daring. Sementara itu, intensitas penggunaan aplikasi tiktok anak-anak di Kelurahan Ntobo terjadi sejak 3 tahun terakhir sejak pandemi. Tingginya intensitas tersebut disebabkan oleh faktor internal dan eksternal. Adapun faktor internal berupa perasaan senang mereka saat menonton video pendek yang ditayangkan tiktok dengan berbagai konten kreatif dan menarik. Kemudian faktor eksternal berupa latar belakang keluarga, informasi yang diperoleh, pengetahuan dan lingkungan.",
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"text": "Hadirnya tiktok dikalangan anak-anak di Kelurahan Ntobo justru banyak memberikan dampak negatif. Sebab, tiktok juga memuat berbagai unsur seks dan pornografi. Misalnya saja berbagai video 18+, video gaya pacaran anak muda yang",
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"text": "Penguatan Dakwah Ditengah Tingginya Penggunaan Media Tiktok di Kota Bima Nusa Tenggara Barat",
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"text": "berlebihan atau berbagai peristiwa yang menyimpang dari norma agama dan sosial seperti kekerasan dan penipuan. Sehingga anak-anak pun cenderung mengikuti apa yang ditontonnya. Adapun dampak negatif tiktok terhadap perilaku keagmaan anak- anak di Kelurahan Ntobo antara lain: (1) Timbul rasa malas bahkan tidak mau sholat dan mengaji; (2) Sering mengeluarkan kata-kata kasar yang diadopsi dari tiktok baik kepada teman sebaya maupun yang lebih tua; (3) Gaya berpakaian yang meniru tontonan di Tiktok; (4) Terkikisnya rasa malu dengan munculnya perilaku narsis dan terbiasa berjoget di tempat umum; (5) Etika dan kesopanan mulai memudar misalnya kepada orang tua sehingga lebih sering membantah dan sulit dinasehati.",
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"text": "Hal tersebut hanya sebagian kecil dari dampak negatif media tiktok terhadap anak-anak di Kelurahan Ntobo berdasarkan hasil pengamatan peneliti. Kemudian menguatkan hal tersebut, Bu Masni, selaku orang tua dari anaknya yang masih sekolah dasar berpendapat bahwa anak-anak zaman sekarang sudah terlalu fokus dengan gadgetnya sampai lupa dengan lingkungan sekitarnya. Lebih parahnya, banyak yang mengadopsi trend dan perilaku menyimpang dibandingkan anak-anak zaman dulu. Bacaan sholat maupun bacaan Al- Qur’an saja banyak yang belum hafal. Bahkan anak-anak zaman sekarang di Kelurahan Ntobo, sudah dewasa sebelum umurnya. Dengan usia yang masih sangat muda, mereka sudah berani mengechat lawan jenis dengan kalimat romantis, mengajak ketemuan, pacaran bahkan tidur bersama. Hal yang sungguh sangat ironis terjadi dengan usia yang masih sangat muda. Sehingga tak heran sebelum lulus SMP sudah ada yang menikah atau berhenti sekolah. Hal inilah yang patut dikhawatirkan oleh masyarakat terkhusus orang tua sebab banyak tontonan yang bukan termasuk tuntunan. Anak-anak seharusnya diawasi dalam penggunaan media sosial seperti tiktok dan tidak diberikan kebebasan secara leluasa. Sebab dikhawatirkan muncul sifat ketergantungan sehingga anak akan merengek jika tidak diberikan gadget.",
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"text": "Sebenarnya anak-anak kebanyakan sering menggunakan media tiktok sebagai hiburan, namun disebabkan sulitnya mengontrol berbagai jenis konten yang ada sehingga tak heran anak-anak akan mudah menyerap setiap konten yang dilihat tanpa disaring atau dipilah yang benar dan salah terlebih dahulu hingga akhirnya lupa waktu, lupa agama dan lupa lingkungan sosialnya. Itulah sebabnya media tiktok pernah diblokir oleh kementerian komunikasi dan informatika dengan alasan banyaknya konten negatif yang diproduksi oleh tiktok terutama dikalangan anak- anak sebelum akhirnya tiktok kembali menjadi trend baru dan budaya populer di masyarakat. Ada beberapa hal yang dapat dilakukan untuk meminimalisir dampak negatif tiktok terhadap perilaku keagamaan anak di Kelurahan Ntobo. Selain pengawasan dan bimbingan orang tua juga dibutuhkan lingkungan yang aman dan nyaman. Sebab lingkungan dapat mempengaruhi perilaku anak, misal dengan memilih lingkungan pertemanan yang positif atau orang-orang sekitar yang sama- sama mendukung tumbuh kembang anak secara sehat tanpa pengaruh media sosial seperti tiktok. Diusia 6-12 tahun juga sebaiknya anak jangan diberi akses bermain media sosial seperti tiktok atau lainnya, kecuali dengan alasan tertentu dengan manajemen waktu dan pengawasan yang baik.",
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"text": "Penguatan Dakwah Ditengah Tingginya Penggunaan Media Tiktok di Kota Bima Nusa Tenggara Barat",
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"text": "Penguatan Dakwah",
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"text": "Munculnya dampak negatif media tiktok sebenarnya banding lurus dengan intensitas penggunaan media tiktok oleh anak-anak yang begitu tinggi dan tidak terkendali.(Utami, 2021) Ada beberapa faktor yang menyebabkan terjadinya penyalahgunaan dari media tersebut. Seperti halnya teori yang disampaikan oleh Bandura (2007, 31) bahwa manusia pada dasarnya mempunyai kecenderungan meniru perilaku orang lain yang dipengaruhi oleh lingkungannya. Menurutnya, manusia belajar dengan lingkungannya bahkan dalam bentuk penguatan secara tidak langsung. Dalam artian, seseorang selain meniru perilaku orang lain, juga perilaku yang bisa menguatkan perilaku individunya. Sehingga dapat dipahami bahwa faktor eksternal menjadi salah satu aspek yang harus diperhatikan oleh orang tua. Salah satunya yakni melalui penguatan dakwah.",
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"text": "Dakwah adalah ajakan dan seruan kepada jalan kebenaran. Dalam ajaran Islam, dakwah bersifat universal yakni diperuntukan bagi semua manusia tanpa mengenal batasan apapun.(Arief, 2018) Nilai universal yang terkandung dalam dakwah diantaranya terkait etika, moral dan lingkungan hidup.(Haryanto, 2014) Sehingga penguatan dakwah ini dianggap sebagai salah satu solusi dalam mengurasi dampak negatif menggunaan media tiktok bagi anak. Penguatan dakwah bisa dilakukan oleh orang tua melalui penanaman nilai-nilai agama, moral, etika dan kesopanan pada anak sejak usia dini.(Utomo et al., 2022) Terkhusus usia 6-12 tahun sebagai usia emas. Hal tersebut dapat dilakukan dengan cara yang mudah dan menyenangkan seperti cerita, dongeng ataupun puisi yang bernuansa islami. Anak- anak lebih mudah menyerap ilmu yang diberikan dan mencontoh apa yang dilihat dan didengar. Sehingga tak heran jika banyak ditemukan seorang anak yang mampu menghafal Qur’an pada usia tersebut juga mengukir banyak prestasi. Jadilah smart people yang mampu seimbang dalam menyikapi kemajuan teknologi informasi dan komunikasi. Jika ingin anak baik agamanya, maka orang tua harus mampu mencontohkan dan menjadi figur yang baik agamanya atau jika ingin anaknya rajin mengaji maka bumikan Al- Qur’an di dalam rumah. Selain itu, orang tua harus terus belajar agama sehingga bisa mendidikan anak-anak yang sholeh-sholehah dan berguna di masyarakat.",
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"text": "Sebagaimana yang dijelaskan dalam potongan QS. At-Tahrim ayat 6 :",
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"text": "ا ًراَن ْم ُ كْيِل ْهَاَو ْمُك َسُفْنَا آْْوُق اْوُنَمٰا َنْي ِذ َّ لا اَهُّي َ آٰي Artinya: Wahai orang-orang yang beriman, jagalah dirimu dan keluargamu dari api neraka.(Durand, 1996)",
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"text": "Ayat tersebut menjadi salah satu perintah untuk menjaga diri dan keluarga dari api neraka. Kemudian juga mengajarkan kepada keluarga agar taat dan patuh kepada perintah Allah sehingga selamat dari api neraka, antara lain dengan sholat dan sabar. Anak adalah amanah bagi orang tua dan tentunya akan dipertanggungjawabkan nantinya. Sehingga dalam menyikapi dampak negatif tiktok terhadap perilaku keagamaan anak bisa melalui bentuk dakwah yang dilakukan oleh orang tua baik dalam bentuk ucapan (bil lisan) yakni menyuruh anak sholat, mengaji atau belajar juga menasehati jika tindakannya keliru. Bisa dengan tulisan (bil",
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"text": "Penguatan Dakwah Ditengah Tingginya Penggunaan Media Tiktok di Kota Bima Nusa Tenggara Barat",
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"text": "khitabah) berupa penerapan aturan bagi anggota keluarga termasuk anak sehingga muncul sikap disiplin dan bertanggung jawab dan bisa juga dakwah dengan perbuatan (bil hal) yakni melalui teladan atau contoh yang baik seperti tidak sibuk dengan gadget saat bersama anak, mengajarinya sholat atau membaca Al- Qur’an dan lainnya sehingga lambat laun akan terbentuk perilaku anak yang mulia sesuai ajaran agama.",
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"text": "KESIMPULAN",
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"text": "Perkembangan media tiktok dikalangan anak-anak dikelurahan Ntobo terbilang pesat yang ditunjang karena adanya pemberian gadget pada anak sehingga lebih cepat menyerap konten dan informasi yang dilihat tanpa terlebih dulu dipilah dan dipilih. Dampak negatif tiktok terhadap perilaku keagamaan anak dapat dilihat dari malasnya beribadah, terkikisnya rasa malu dan nilai kesopanan bahkan cenderung dewasa sebelum umurnya dengan berbagai konten yang bernuansa seks dan pornografi yang ada pada tiktok. Adapun solusi untuk meminimalisir hal tersebut yakni melalui penguatan dakwah yang dilakukan oleh orang tua melalui penanaman nilai-nilai Islam dengan cara mudah dan menyenangkan seperti berbagai cerita islami, nyanyian atau puisi, memberikan contoh dan teladan pada anak serta menasehati dengan cara yang lemah lembut. Selain itu peningkatan pengawasan orang tua, pemilihan lingkungan sosial yang sehat untuk anak-anak juga diperlukan dengan memilih lingkungan belajar dan bermain yang mampu meningkatkan keimanan anak usia dini.",
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"text": "DAFTAR PUSTAKA",
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"left": 79,
"top": 457,
"width": 394,
"height": 26,
"page_number": 8,
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"text": "Abdul Aziz Ahyadi. 2002. Psikologi Agama. Bandung: Sinar Baru Algesindo. Arvis, Matt .2007. Teori-Teori Psikologi . Bandung: Nusamedia,.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 79,
"top": 486,
"width": 443,
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"text": "Demmy Deriyanto, Fathul Qorib. 2018. Persepsi Mahasiswa Universitas Tribhuwana Tunggadewi Malang Terhadap Tik Tok, Universitas Tribhuwana, Jurusan Ilmu Komunikasi dan FISIP, Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik, 7(2) Nisa Khairuni,. 2016. Dampak Positif dan Negatif Sosial Media Sosial Media Terhadap Pendidikan Akhlak Anak, Jurnal Edukasi , 2(1)",
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"text": "Sumantri. 2005. Model Pengembangan Keterampilan Motorik Anak Usia Dini .",
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"text": "Abdurrahman, Q., & Badruzaman, D. (2023). Tantangan Dan Peluang Dakwah Islam Di Era Digital. KOMUNIKASIA: Journal of Islamic Communication and Broadcasting , 3 (2), 152 – 162. https://doi.org/10.32923/kpi.v3i2.3877 Aldila Safitri, A., Rahmadhany, A., & Irwansyah, I. (2021). Penerapan Teori Penetrasi Sosial pada Media Sosial: Pengaruh Pengungkapan Jati Diri melalui TikTok terhadap Penilaian Sosial. Jurnal Teknologi Dan Sistem Informasi Bisnis , 3 (1),",
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"text": "Penguatan Dakwah Ditengah Tingginya Penggunaan Media Tiktok di Kota Bima Nusa Tenggara Barat",
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"text": "Dwi Yanti, Dwi Maya Lestari, & Noerma Kurnia Fajarwati. (2024). Efektivitas Konten Media Sosial Tiktok @Pandawaragroup Sebagai Media Kampanye Membersihkan Lingkungan. Filosofi : Publikasi Ilmu Komunikasi, Desain, Seni",
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4821680b-fa87-307f-87df-bb3880f64c05 | https://jurnal.uinsu.ac.id/index.php/analytica/article/download/448/349 | [
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"text": "TOLERANSI DAN PEMBANGUNAN MASYARAKAT MENURUT ISLAM",
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"text": "Guru Besar Politik Islam Fakultas Ushuluddin UIN SU",
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"text": "Kegagalan umat beragama menjadikan agama sebagai instrumen pemersatu dalam beberapa babakan sejarah telah terbukti menimbulkan akibat- akibat yang luar biasa bagi kemanusian. Terjadinya ancaman, pemaksaan, konflik- konflik bahkan sampai pada penyiksaan dan pertumpahan darah antar umat beragama di beberapa daerah di tanah air beberapa waktu yang lalu merupakan bukti kegagalan tersebut. Meskipun disadari bahwa terjadinya konflik-konflik antar umat beragama tidak semata-mata disebabkan oleh faktor-faktor teologis, seperti perbedaan doktrin keagamaan, tetapi juga disebabkan oleh faktor-faktor sosial, ekonomi, dan politik. Fenomena ini menimbulkan sejumlah pertanyaan. Mampukah agama mengambil peranan yang lebih signifikan dalam menciptakan keamanan dan kenyaman sebagaimana juga yang menjadi misi dari semua agama? Bagaimana memelihara dan memperkuat sikap toleransi di masyarakat agar kedamaian tetap terjaga? Dalam konteks inilah perlu uraian tentang toleransi, terutama dan konsep pembangunan masyarakat, terutama dalam perspektif Islam.",
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"text": "Kata Kunci : toleransi, pembangunan, masyarakat, Islam",
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"text": "Pendahuluan",
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"text": "Pluralitas adalah suatu kenyataan yang dihadapi oleh umat manusia di muka bumi sebagai buah dari adanya globalisasi, termasuk di dalamnya agama. Oleh sebab itu pluralitas atau kemajemukan adalah sebuah tantangan yang harus dihadapi umat beragama selain tantangan berupa modernitas. Tantangan pluralitas agama ini dapat terjadi dalam satu tradisi keagamaan, yaitu dengan semakin berkembangnya paham-paham atau aliran-aliran yang semakin beragam di kalangan internal umat satu agama. Dengan demikian pada dasarnya pluralitas atau kemajemukan pada satu sisi dapat menjadi mosaik yang indah, akan tetapi di sisi lain merupakan tantangan bagi dunia keagamaan. Ia menjadi tantangan karena di dalamnya terdapat sejumlah potensi konflik. Karena meskipun agama mempunyai kekuatan pemersatu, agama juga memiliki potensi pemecahbelah seperti watak agama yang cenderung absolutisme dan watak penyebaran agama yang ekspansionisme.",
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"text": "222 Analytica Islamica, Vol. 3, No. 2, 2014: 221-235",
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"left": 113,
"top": 98,
"width": 161,
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"text": "Toleransi dalam Ajaran Islam",
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"text": "Di dalam Islam terdapat ajaran yang sangat jelas dan tegas tentang azas- azas toleransi 1 . Ajaran-ajaran tersebut terdapat dalam sumber utama ajaran Islam (Alquran dan Hadis). Dalam Alquran surah Albaqarah/2:256 dinyatakan: “ Tidak ada paksaan untuk (memasuki) agama (Islam); sesungguhnya telah jelas jalan yang benar daripada jalan yang salah. Karena itu, barangsiapa yang ingkar kepada thaghut (syaitan dan apa saja yang disembah selain daripada Allah), dan beriman kepada Allah, maka sesungguhnya ia telah berpegang kepada tali yang sangat kuat yang tidak akan putus dan Allah Maha Mendengar lagi Maha Mengetahui ”.",
"type": "Text"
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"height": 114,
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"text": "Demikian juga dalam surah Alkafirun: 1-5, dinyatakan bahwa: “ Katakanlah Hai orang-orang yang kafir, aku tidak akan menyembah apa yang kamu sembah. Dan kamu bukan penyembah Tuhan yang aku sembah. Dan aku tidak pernah menjadi penyembah apa yang kamu sembah. Dan kamu tidak pernah (pula) menjadi penyembah Tuhan yang aku sembah. Untukmulah agamamu, dan untukkulah, agamaku\".",
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"width": 400,
"height": 239,
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"text": "Alquran juga menegaskan tentang kebijakan ilahi pada pluralitas masyarakat, seperti keanekaragaman bahasa, budaya, dan agama. Tentu saja tujuan keanekaragaman ini bagi pria dan wanita adalah agar di antara manusia dapat saling mengenal dan memahami, bekerjasama, saling berlomba-lomba dalam berprestasi atau menebar kebaikan di muka bumi. Oleh karenanya kebenaran tidak ditentukan oleh identitas etnis, rasial, bangsa, bahkan agama tertentu. Alquran dalam surah Al-Maidah/5:82 menyatakan: “ Hai manusia, sesungguhnya Kami menciptakan kamu dari seorang laki-laki dan seorang perempuan dan menjadikan kamu berbangsa-bangsa dan bersuku-suku supaya kamu saling kenal mengenal. Sesungguhnya orang yang paling mulia di antara kamu di sisi Allah ialah orang yang paling bertakwa di antara kamu. Sesungguhnya Allah Maha Mengetahui lagi Maha Mengenal .",
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"text": "Demikian juga dalam Q.S.Al-Maidah/5:48: “ Dan Kami telah turunkan kepadamu Al Qur'an dengan membawa kebenaran, membenarkan apa yang sebelumnya, yaitu kitab-kitab (yang diturunkan sebelumnya) dan batu ujian terhadap kitab-kitab yang lain itu; maka putuskanlah perkara mereka menurut",
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "Toleransi dan Pembangunan Masyarakat (Katimin) 223",
"type": "Page header"
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{
"left": 113,
"top": 96,
"width": 400,
"height": 135,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "apa yang Allah turunkan dan janganlah kamu mengikuti hawa nafsu mereka dengan meninggalkan kebenaran yang telah datang kepadamu. Untuk tiap-tiap umat di antara kamu, Kami berikan aturan dan jalan yang terang. Sekiranya Allah menghendaki, niscaya kamu dijadikan-Nya satu umat (saja), tetapi Allah hendak menguji kamu terhadap pemberian-Nya kepadamu, maka berlomba- lombalah berbuat kebajikan. Hanya kepada Allah-lah kembali kamu semuanya, lalu diberitahukan-Nya kepadamu apa yang telah kamu perselisihkan itu”.",
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"text": "Pada ayat lain Q.S. Al-An‟am: 108 menyatakan “ Dan janganlah kamu memaki sembahan-sembahan yang mereka sembah selain Allah, karena mereka nanti akan memaki Allah dengan melampaui batas tanpa pengetahuan. Demikianlah Kami jadikan setiap umat menganggap baik pekerjaan mereka. Kemudian kepada Tuhan merekalah kembali mereka, lalu Dia memberitakan kepada mereka apa yang dahulu mereka kerjakan ”.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "Karena tidak selalu dituntun ayat-ayat tersebut dan banyak ayat lain yang senada dengan itu di dalam Alquran, ditambah dengan kecenderungan- kecenderungan atau ambisi-ambisi teologis, politik dan yang bersifat keduniwian lainnya, kaum muslimin sebagaimana umat lain mengorbankan kebenaran universal itu. Hal ini tampak misalnya masih kentalnya pengaruh-pengaruh historis masa lalu, nostalgia masa silam. Benih-benih nostalgia dan pengalaman historis masa lalu ini kemudian baik secara sadar atau tidak telah melahirkan dan melanggengkan benih-benih baru tentang konflik dan permusuhan sejarah panjang kedua agama (khususnya Islam-Kristen). Misalnya nostalgia perang salib, kolonialisme, missionarisme dan orientalisme.",
"type": "Text"
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"width": 400,
"height": 176,
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"text": "Perseteruan Barat-Islam, terutama moment-moment tertentu dari peperangan dan permusuhan masa kontemporer, dianggap sebagai pengulangan perang salib. Misalnya penaklukan Jerussalem oleh Jenderal Allenby pada PD I oleh kekuatan Eropa dipandang sebagai “Perang Salib ke-8 dan terakhir”. Dikatakan juga oleh Allenby bahwa “sekarang perang salib telah usai”. Demikian juga ketika Jendral Gouraud memadamkan pemberontakan peberontakan Syria melawan Perancis 1919-1920, ia pergi ke makam Salahuddin al-Ayyubi di Damaskus, lalu ia menyepaknya sambil berteriak, “Kami telah kembali, Hai Saladin”. 2",
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"text": "224 Analytica Islamica, Vol. 3, No. 2, 2014: 221-235",
"type": "Section header"
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"left": 113,
"top": 98,
"width": 400,
"height": 197,
"page_number": 4,
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"text": "Peristiwa-peristiwa tersebut di atas konon saja mendapat apresiasi dari para cendikiawan muslim yang pada gilirannya membentuk cara pandang dan sikap muslim tertentu terhadap Barat-Kristen. Sikap ini semakin mengkristal sejalan dengan adanya kolonialisasi, penginjilan, dan orientalis. Kolonialisme dalam kenyataannya banyak diilhami oleh semangat misi yang juga mengilhami misionaris Kristen. Demikian juga Para orientalis dan missionaris sejak lama mengembangkan suatu pandangan (citra) terhadap agama Islam secara tidak adil dan penuh kecurigaan bahkan mencerminkan kebencian dan permusuhan.. Pandangan-pandangan yang negatif ini kemudian melekat di kalangan masyarakat Kristen (Eropa), termasuk juga di Indonesia. 3",
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"text": "Toleransi dalam Praktik Kesejarahan Islam",
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"left": 113,
"top": 346,
"width": 401,
"height": 383,
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"text": "Praktik toleransi atau kesadaran adanya kemajemukan atau pluralisme selain cukup jelas di dalam doktrin Islam, juga telah dipraktikkan dalam sejarah kehidupan umat Islam, sejak agama ini muncul di tanah Arab lebih kurang pada abad ke-7 M. Dengan kata lain, gambaran ideal potret toleransi atau kesadaran azas kemajemukan telah banyak dicontohkan nabi Muhammad dan para sahabatnya yang kemudian menjadi model bagi tata laku kehidupan masyarakat dan bernegara di kemudian hari. Gambaran ini secara original dapat dilihat dalam butir-butir “Piagam Madinah”. 4 Dalam piagam ini hak-hak penganut agama Yahudi untuk hidup berdampingan secara damai dengan umat Islam dinyatakan secara tegas. Harkat dan martabat kaum Yahudipun kemudian terangkat dari sekedar klien kesukuan menjadi warga negara yang sah sebagaimana yang dialami oleh kaum muslimin. Tidak ada perbedaan perlakuan antara keduanya. Posisi demikian ini tidak pernah dimiliki kaum Yahudi sejak invasi Babilonia pada 586 SM. Dalam bingkai negara Madinah inilah kaum Yahudi dapat menjalankan ajaran agamanya sesuai dengan ajaran Taurat. Tidak hanya itu, negara Madinah juga menjamin dan memikul tanggungjawab tentang ke-Yahudian itu. Perlakuan negara Madinah yang demikian adil tanpa diskriminasi khususnya terhadap komunitas Yahudi ini mengantarkan peradaban Yahudi dengan berbagai aspeknya mencapai masa “keemasannya” di bawah pemerintahan Islam. 5",
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"text": "Situasi dan kondisi yang istimewa tersebut juga dialami kaum Nasrani, terutama pasca penaklukan (“ futuhat) ” Makkah. Kaum Kristen Najran Yaman mendatangi Nabi Muhammad untuk memperjelas posisi mereka vis-à-vis negara Islam. Delegasi mereka ini diterima dengan baik oleh Nabi. Sebagian mereka kemudian memeluk agama Islam. Sementara yang lain tetap pada keyakinan agamanya di dalam bingkai negara Islam. Nabi kemudian mengukuhkan posisi mereka sebagai ummah yang khas, sebagaimana halnya yang dialami oleh kaum Yahudi.",
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"text": "Nabi Muhammad sendiri pernah menikahi perempuan Nasrani yang bernama Maria binti Syama‟un al-Qibtiyah al-Mishriyah. Dari pernikahan ini, membuahkan seorang anak laki-laki yang bernama Ibrahim. Demikian pula sahabat-sahabat Muhammad sebagian melakukan hubungan pernikahan dengan wanita Nasrani dan Yahudi, seperti Usman bin Affan, Thalhah, dan Sa‟ad. Selain itu, pengakuan tentang kenabian Muhammad pertama kali datang dari pendeta Yahudi bernama Bahira, dan tokoh Kristen bernama Waraqah Ibnu Naufal. Waraqah member informasi bahwa sosok yang datang kepada Muhammad adalah Namus yang dulu juga datang kepada nabi Musa. Waraqah kemudian mencium kening Muhammad sebagai simbol pengakuan terhadap kenabiannya, seraya berkata, “Berbahagialah, berbahagialah”. Sesungguhnya kamu adalah orang yang dikatakan Isa ibn Maryam sebagai kabar gembira. Engkau seperti Musa ketika menerima wahyu. Engkau seorang utusan”.",
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"text": "Nabi Muhammad sendiri tidak menganggap ajaran agama sebelum Islam sebagai ancaman. Islam adalah kontiniuitas dari agama-agama sebelumnya. Allah berfirman agar Muhammad mengikuti agama Ibrahim, sebagaimana pula Isa datang menggenapi hukum Taurat. Dalam pandangan Islam semua nabi adalah bersaudara. Bahkan nabi Muhammad pernah bersabda:” Tidak ada orang yang paling dekat hubungan kekerabatannya dengan Isa al-Masih ketimbang aku”. Ketika nabi Muhammad beserta pengikutnya mendapat intimidasi dari kaum Musyrik Makkah, Muhammad dan pengikutnya mengungsi ke Abbisyinia dan diterima baik oleh rajanya yang beragama Kristen.",
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"text": "Demikian pula sebaliknya, ketika sejumlah tokoh Kristen yang berjumlah 60 orang berkunjung ke Madinah yang dipimpin oleh Abdul Masih. Mereka diterima dengan sangat baik. Ketika itu nabi Muhammad beserta sahabatnya",
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"text": "226 Analytica Islamica, Vol. 3, No. 2, 2014: 221-235",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 98,
"width": 400,
"height": 73,
"page_number": 6,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "sedang melaksanakan sholat di masjid. Rombongan itu memakai jubah serban, pakaian yang juga lazim digunakan Muhammad. Ketika waktu kebaktian tiba, merekapun tidak mencari gereja. Nabi Muhammad memperkenankan rombongan melakukan kebaktian atau sembahyang di dalam masjid. 6",
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"text": "Praktik toleransi atau kesadaran akan azas kemajemukan sebagaimana yang dicontohkan nabi kemudian diteruskan oleh para sahabat nabi sebagaimana dilakukan Umar bin Khattab ketika melakukan ekspansi ke wilayah Bizantium Kristen. Ketika wilayah ini ditaklukkan, Umar mengadakan perjanjian dengan uskup setempat yang berisi tentang jaminan Islam akan eksistensi Kristen di dalam kekuasaan Islam. Isi perjanjian tersebut adalah:",
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"text": "“Dengan nama Allah yang Maha Pengasih lagi Maha Penyayang. Perjanjian ini diberikan Umar, Hamba Allah, dan Amir al-Mukminin, kepada penduduk Aelia. Dia (Umar) menjamin keamanan jiwa mereka dan harta-harta mereka, gereja-gereja dan salib-salib mereka… dan kepada penganut agama Kristen. Gereja-gereja mereka tidaklah akan dijarah ataupun dihancurkan… atau harta benda dikurangi dalam bentuk apapun. Mereka (pemeluk Kristen) tidaklah akan dipaksa dalam bentuk apapun dalam kaitannya dengan agama mereka; dan mereka haruslah terpelihara dari bahaya. Dan tidak akan ada orang Yahudi yang dibenarkan hidup di tengah mereka…” 7",
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"left": 113,
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"text": "Prinsip keadilan, persamaan, dan kebebasan yang diberikan oleh penguasa Islam kepada umat-umat lain ini yang kemudian menyebabkan umat Kristen tumbuh dan berkembang secara luas. Bahkan pada abad-abad pertama hijriah, mayoritas penduduk di dalam entitas politik Muslim adalah penganut Kristen. Situasi demikian tidak mereka dapati pada masa-masa sebelumnya seperti pada kekuasaan Kristen maupun Bizantium Yunani.",
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"text": "Prinsip-prinsip luhur azas toleransi atau kemajemukan tersebut juga dapat dijumpai pada hampir di wilayah-wilayah kekuasaan Islam lainnya, seperti anak benua India. Di wilayah ini para penganut, Hindu dan Budha mendapat hak yang sama sebagaimana yang diperoleh kaum Yahudi dan Nasrani. Ketika kekuasaan Islam berakhir, masyarakat tetap berada pada keyakinan semula. Hal ini",
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"text": "Toleransi dan Pembangunan Masyarakat (Katimin) 227 membuktikan bahwa prinsip toleransi atau kerukunan tetap menjadi pegangan bagi para penguasa muslim.",
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{
"left": 113,
"top": 137,
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"text": "Bahkan perkembangan peradaban Islam yang mencapai puncaknya masa Abbasiyah antara lain disebabkan oleh pengembangan paham toleransi, kemajemukan/pluralism atau teologi kerukunan ini. Sukar dibayangkan bahwa kemajuan ilmu dan peradaban Islam, tanpa peran serta dari penganut umat beragama lain. Dalam tahapan perkembangan kebudayaan Islam dengan segenap aspeknya hampir selalu berpijak pada akar toleransi, pluralisme atau kerukunan. Perkembangan sains dan teknologi pada masa Abbasiyah yang melahirkan berbagai cabang ilmu pengetahuan diawali dengan melibatkan ahli-ahli dari non Islam yang diawali dengan proses penterjemahan besar-besaran seperti dari Nasrani dan Persia. Pada akhirnya melahirkan apa yang dalam sejarah Islam disebut sebagai zaman keemasan Islam ( The Golden Age ). Proses menuju zaman keemasan Islam ini banyak melibatkan umat lain, terutama penganut Nasrani. Misalnya salah seorang ketua panitia penerjemahan literatur-literatur Yunani ke dalam bahasa Arab diketuai oleh Hunain Ibnn Ishak seorang penganut agama Nasrani. 8",
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"text": "Konsep Pembangunan Masyarakat Islam",
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{
"left": 113,
"top": 489,
"width": 400,
"height": 218,
"page_number": 7,
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"text": "Pembangunan hakekatnya adalah bagaimana upaya membuat penduduk suatu negeri (terutama kaum lemah dan kaum miskin) tidak hanya lebih produktif, tetapi juga secara sosial lebih efektif dan lebih sadar diri. 9 Setelah enam puluh tujuh tahun Indonesia merdeka, pembangunan Indonesia memang tetap berjalan. Akan tetapi proses dan tujuan pembangunan itu hingga sekarang belum sepenuhnya mampu mewujudkan cita-cira bangsa sesuai dengan yang tercantum dalam preambule UUD‟45, yakni masyarakat yang sejahtera, maju, berkeadilan, dan berperadaban. Banyak argumentasi yang dapat diutarakan mengenai problem pembangunan nasional yang telah melewati tiga periodeisasi (Orde Lama, Orde Baru, dan Orde Reformasi). Mulai dari sistem politik, ekonomi, dan budaya masyarakat.",
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"text": "Pada tingkat negara, permasalahan pembangunan antara lain terkait dengan sistem politik yang tidak berpihak pada rakyat. Demikian juga dengan sistem ekonomi kapitalis, yang cenderung menguntungkan pemilik modal.",
"type": "Text"
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"page_number": 8,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "228 Analytica Islamica, Vol. 3, No. 2, 2014: 221-235",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 113,
"top": 98,
"width": 400,
"height": 342,
"page_number": 8,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "Sebaliknya rakyat banyak tetap dalam posisi marjinal. Kemudian pada tingkat masyarakat, problem yang biasanya disebut sebagai problem pembangunan adalah masih lemahnya etos kerja masyarakat, dan soal kedisiplinan. Misalnya masih rendahnya penghargaan terhadap waktu, prestasi, dan norma-norma hukum. Di sisi lain Indonesia adalah negara yang memposisikan agama sebagai hal yang vital dalam sistem ketatatanegaraan. Adagium yang sering dikemukakan adalah “Indonesia adalah bukan negara agama, tetapi juga bukan negara sekular”. Sebagai negara yang berdasarkan Pancasila, agama mendapat tempat yang jelas. UUD Dasar 1945 menegaskan bahwa negara menjamin kemerdekaan warga negara untruk beragama dan memberikan kebebasan bagi para pemeluk agama untuk menjalankan ibadat sesuai dengan keyakinan dan kepercayaannya masing- masing. Dengan demikian, cukup jelas terlihat bahwa baik pada level pemerintah/negara maupun pada level masyarakat semuanya tetap memposisikan agama sebagai hal yang vital. Agama dianggap mampu memberikan nilai etik/moral dan spiritualnya bagi pembangunan bangsa. Paling tidak ada beberapa fungsi agama dalam kaitannya dengan pembangunan bangsa. Agama sebagai sumber motivasi, sebagai sumber inspirasi, sekaligus sebagai sumber evaluasi.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "Jika dikaitkan dengan agama Islam, cukup banyak nilai-nilai Islam yang dapat dijadikan sebagi sumber motivasi, inspirasi dan evaluasi dalam pembangunan bangsa. Nilai-nilai tersebut tertera di dalam kitab suci (Alquran dan Hadis) sebagai sumber primer ajaran Islam. Nilai-nilai pembangunan bernegara dan masyarakat tersebut antara lain, nilai keadilan, nilai persaudaraan, nilai persamaan, nilai musyawarah, kerja keras, kedisiplinan, toleransi, dan lain-lain. Ajaran tentang penegakan keadilan misalnya antara lain tertera dalam surah al- Nisâ‟ ayat 58 berbunyi: “ Sesungguhnya Allah menyuruh kamu menyampaikan amanat kepada yang berhak menerimanya, dan (menyuruh kamu) apabila menetapkan hukum di antara manusia supaya kamu menetapkan dengan adil. Sesungguhnya Allah memberi pengajaran yang sebaik-baiknya kepadamu. Sesungguhnya Allah adalah Maha mendengar lagi Maha melihat .”",
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"text": "Ajaran tentang azas persamaan misalnya antara lain tertera dalam surah Almaidah: “ Hai manusia, sesungguhnya Kami menciptakan kamu dari seorang laki-laki dan seorang perempuan dan menjadikan kamu berbangsa-bangsa dan",
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"text": "Toleransi dan Pembangunan Masyarakat (Katimin) 229",
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{
"left": 113,
"top": 96,
"width": 400,
"height": 73,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "bersuku-suku supaya kamu saling kenal mengenal. Sesungguhnya orang yang paling mulia di antara kamu di sisi Allah ialah orang yang paling bertakwa di antara kamu. Sesungguhnya Allah Maha Mengetahui lagi Maha Mengenal .(Q.S.Almaidah/5:82).",
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{
"left": 113,
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"text": "Ajaran tentang toleransi antara lain tertera dalam Q.S.Al-An‟am:108 : “ Dan janganlah kamu memaki sembahan-sembahan yang mereka sembah selain Allah, karena mereka nanti akan memaki Allah dengan melampaui batas tanpa pengetahuan. Demikianlah Kami jadikan setiap umat menganggap baik pekerjaan mereka. Kemudian kepada Tuhan merekalah kembali mereka, lalu Dia memberitakan kepada mereka apa yang dahulu mereka kerjakan ”.",
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"left": 113,
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"text": "Demikian pula Q.S.Al-Maidah/5:48: “ Dan Kami telah turunkan kepadamu Al Qur'an dengan membawa kebenaran, membenarkan apa yang sebelumnya, yaitu kitab-kitab (yang diturunkan sebelumnya) dan batu ujian terhadap kitab- kitab yang lain itu; maka putuskanlah perkara mereka menurut apa yang Allah turunkan dan janganlah kamu mengikuti hawa nafsu mereka dengan meninggalkan kebenaran yang telah datang kepadamu. Untuk tiap-tiap umat di antara kamu, Kami berikan aturan dan jalan yang terang. Sekiranya Allah menghendaki, niscaya kamu dijadikan-Nya satu umat (saja), tetapi Allah hendak menguji kamu terhadap pemberian-Nya kepadamu, maka berlomba-lombalah berbuat kebajikan. Hanya kepada Allah-lah kembali kamu semuanya, lalu diberitahukan-Nya kepadamu apa yang telah kamu perselisihkan itu”.",
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"text": "Selain Alquran, Hadis nabi juga banyak menyinggung tentang aspek panduan bermasyarakat yang dapat memperkuat azas toleransi. Panduan nilai- nilai tersebut antara lain adalah nilai pertanggungjawaban, seperti bunyi hadis berikut: “ Setiap Kamu adalah pemimpin, dan setiap pemimpin akan diminta pertanggungjawaban atas apa yang ia pimpin”, “Imam itu adalah pemimpin, dan akan ditanyai tentang kepemimpinannya itu ” (HR. Muslim). Demikian juga dengan nilai azas persamaan: “ Hai manusia ingatlah bahwa sesungguhnya Tuhan Kalian itu satu, bapak kalian satu. Ingatlah orang Arab tidak lebih utama dari orangf’ajam, dan demikian juga sebaliknya, orang ajam tidak lebih utama dari orang Arab. Orang kulit berwarna tidak lebih utama dari orang kulit hitam, dan sebaliknya orang kulit hitam tidak lebih utama dari orang kulit berwarna, kecuali karena takwanya” . (Musnad Ahmad bin Hambal).",
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"text": "230 Analytica Islamica, Vol. 3, No. 2, 2014: 221-235",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 113,
"top": 98,
"width": 400,
"height": 114,
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"text": "Selain itu, sejarah Islam juga memperlihatkan variasi yang sangat beragam dalam menawarkan praktik bernegara dan bermasyarakat, khususnya yang terkait dengan penerapan toleransi. Praktik tersebut umumnya menjadi sumber inspirasi dalam mengelola kehidupan bermasyarakat sebagaimana yang dicontohkan oleh nabi Muhammad beserta murid-murid (sahabat-sahabatnya) sebagaimana sudah dijelaskan dalam uraian terdahulu.",
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"text": "Dalam konteks pembangunan masyarakat, Islam memberikan beberapa konsep alternatif. Konsep-konsep tersebut antara lain adalah, konsep khilafah , daulah , dan hukumah . Konsep ini pernah berkembang di masyarakat Islam klasik. Meskipun konsep-konsep ini lebih tepat dikatakan sebagai lebih berkonotasi politik, daripada konotasi sosial. Konsep pembangunan masyarakat lainnya yang juga populer di dalam masyarakat Islam adalah “Masyarakat Madani” ( Civil Society ). Konsep ini memunculkan dua kata kunci, yakni “ Ummah ” dan “ Madinah ”.",
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"text": "Kata Ummah kemudian diringi dengan kta-kata lain seperti: “Ummah Islamiyah” (masyarakat yang patuh, masyarakat yang tunduk pada peraturan , masyarakat selamat/sejahtera, masyarakat yang damai) “Ummah Wasathan”",
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"text": "(masyarakat yang moderat/ tengah) ”Ummah Muhammadiyah” (masyarakat yang meneladani Muhammad) , “Ummah Wahidah” (masyarakat yang mengutamakan persatuan) , dan “Khoiru Ummah” (masyarakat paripurna/terbaik) .",
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"text": "Dalam perspektif sejarah, ummah yang dibangun oleh Nabi Muhammad bertujuan untuk membina solidaritas di kalangan umat Islam (Muhajirin 10 dan Anshar 11 ). Bagi kaum Muhajirin konsep ummah sebagai sistem sosial alternatif, pengganti sistem sosial tradisional, sistem kekabilahan dan kesukuan yang mereka tinggalkan setelah mereka memeluk Islam. Artinya sistem ummah adalah sistem yang lintas kesukuan atau lintas kultural atas dasar solidaritas keagamaan dan merupakan manifestasi dari keprihatinan moral terhadap eksistensi dan kelestarian masyarakat yang berorientasi terhadap nilai-nilai Islam. 12",
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"text": "Jadi jika Ummah dapat diidentikan sebagai piranti lunak ( Software ) dari cita-cita masyarakat Islam, maka Madinah sebagai piranti keras ( Hardware ) nya. Jadi yang dimaksud dengan Masyarakat Madani (Madinah) adalah masyarakat",
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"text": "Toleransi dan Pembangunan Masyarakat (Katimin) 231 yang bercirikan kosmopolitan, yang berperadaban tinggi di bawah kepemimpinan nabi Muhammad dengan ibukotanya Madinah.",
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"text": "Konsep pembangunan masyarakat Islam adalah konsep masyarakat yang tidak eksklusif. Karena Islam adalah agama yang universal, agama yang diperuntukkan bagi kebaikan seluruh alam ( rahmatan lil’alamin ). Karakter demikian meniscayakan universalisasi nilai-nilai Islam untuk menjadi nilai-nilai nasional maupun global.",
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"text": "Konsep pembangunan masyarakat lainnya adalah apa yang dipopulerkan oleh salah seorang filosof Islam yang bernama Al-Farabi (w. 950 M). Ia mengajukan konsep pembangunan masyarakat dengan nama Masyarakat Utama ( Al-Madinah Al-Fadhilah ) 13 . Menurut Al-Farabi masyarakat utama ini adalah masyarakat yang menegakkan persatuan dan kesatuan manusia, penekanan pada kolektivitas dan etika tinggi, sehingga cita-cita luhur bersama yang hakiki dapat terwujud.",
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"text": "Konsep pembangunan masyarakat Islam lainnya lagi yang hampir sama dengan konsep tersebut di atas adalah apa yang melekat pada nilai-nilai yang dikembangkan di lingkungan Nahdlatul Ulama. Nilai-nilai tersebut antara lain:",
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"text": "1. Moderat ( tawassuth )",
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"text": "6. Keberpihakan kepada nilai-nilai yang baik dan penentangan terhadap kejahatan ( Amar ma’ruf nahi munkar ). 14",
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"text": "Sikap- moderat dan nilai-nilai lain yang senada dengan itu seperti tersebut di atas sudah dibuktikan oleh NU dalam praktik kehidupan berbangsa dan bernegara. Dalam hal ini dapat dilihat pada sejumlah tokoh NU yang menampilkan sikap yang moderat dalam menghadapi berbagai kasus dalam kehidupan berbangsa dan bernegara, seperti Abdurrahman wahid (Gusdur), K.H. Hasyim Muzadi, Sholahuddin Wahid, Gus Mus, dan lain-lain. Di antara kasus- kasus tersebut adalah sikap terhadap berbagai aliran kepercayaan seperti Ahmadiyah, konflik antar umat beragama di berbagai daerah, dan kasus-kasus lainnya. NU lebih memperlihatkan sikap moderat dalam arti memberi alternative-",
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"text": "232 Analytica Islamica, Vol. 3, No. 2, 2014: 221-235",
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"left": 113,
"top": 98,
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"height": 52,
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"text": "alternatif solusi dari setiap kasus yang muncul, bukan sebaliknya, turut memperuncingnya sebagaimana diperlihatkan oleh beberapa kelompok umat beragama.",
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"text": "Sikap moderat NU juga tampak dalam menghadapi kasus-kasus pada level internasional. NU sering kali diminta sebagai mediator, dalam kasus-kasus atau konflik-konflik global, seperti konflik Moro di Philiphina, Patani di Thailand Selatan, dan di berbagai belahan dunia lain 15 . Demikian juga Ormas Islam lainnya seperti Muhammadiyah, melalui tokohnya Din Syamsuddin telah menampakkan sikap beragama yang moderat, baik pada tataran lokal, nasional, maupun internasional",
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"text": "Apa yang diperlihatkan oleh NU, dan termasuk juga Ormas lain seperti Muhammadiyah, seharusnya dapat menjadi inspirasi yang mewarnai corak beragama umat beragama di tanah air yang pada gilirannya menjadi acuan bagi pembangunan dan pengembangan masyarakat.",
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"text": "Konsep masyarakat seperti yang sudah dijelaskan pada paparan terdahulu sejalan dengan nilai-nilai kemodernan dan keindonesiaan. Karena dalam masyarakat tersebut yang dibutuhkan adalah kepaduan, keselarasan, keseimbangan. Karakter masyarakat tersebut terbukti telah mampu membawa Indonesia bertahan, tumbuh dan berkembang menjadi bangsa yang besar, aman dan damai. Corak ini juga sejalan dengan penelitian yang dilakukan oleh akademisi Barat yang bernama Mark R. Woodward, yang dituangkan dalam bukunya ” Islam in Java: Normative Piety and Misticism, Yogyakarta, 2008. Menurutnya, corak Islam Jawa terbukti mampu membuat Indonesia menjadi salah satu ikon kerukunan umat beragama di tanah air. Menurutnya lagi bahwa corak Islam Jawa adalah corak beragama yang moderat, santun, ramah, dan toleran sehingga dapat dijadikan sebagai rujukan bagi daerah-daerah lain, bahkan bangsa-bangsa lain di luar Indonesia.",
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"text": "Penutup",
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"text": "Toleransi merupakan sikap menenggang rasa, menghargai adanya perbedaan-perbedaan yang ada di sekitarnya yang bertentangan dengan dirinya. Ajaran toleransi dalam Islam ini sangat jelas, baik dalam sumber utama ajaran",
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"text": "Toleransi dan Pembangunan Masyarakat (Katimin) 233",
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"top": 96,
"width": 400,
"height": 114,
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"text": "Islam (Alquran dan Hadis), maupun dalam praktik kesejarahan Islam. Sikap toleransi ini juga menjadi salah satu inti dari konsep pembangunan masyarakat di dalam Islam. Ide maupun sikap toleransi ini ditopang oleh corak beragama umat Islam, melalui ORMAS Islam, seperti NU dan Muhammadiyah. Berdasarkan hal ini sikap toleransi akan tetap menjadi ruh yang tetap hidup dalam segenap jiwa bangsa Indonesia di masa-masa yang akan datang.",
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"text": "Catatan",
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"text": "1 Toleransi atau toleran artinya “bersifat atau bersikap menenggang (menghargai, membiarkan, membolehkan pendirian (pendapat, pandangan, , kepercayaan, kebiasaan, kelakuan dsb) yang berbeda atau bertentangan dengan pendirian sendiri. (KBBI, hlm. 1204).",
"type": "Text"
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"top": 319,
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"height": 23,
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"text": "2 Mahmoud Ayoub “Akar-Akar Konflik Muslim-Kristen”dalam Ulumul Quran, Jurnal Ilmu dan Kebudayaan, No.4, Vol. 4, 1993, h. 26-39.",
"type": "Text"
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"height": 46,
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"text": "3 Lihat misalnya karya-karya sejumlah orientalist seperti Voltaire (1694-1778), Washington Irving (1783-1859), Tor Andrae, H.A.R. Gibb, dan lain-lain sebagaimana juga dipaparkan Oleh Maryam Jamilah, Islam and Orientalism (Sunnat Nagar, Lahore: Mohammad Yusuf Khan & Sons, 1981); Edward W. Said Orientalism (New York: Vintage Books, 1979).",
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{
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"text": "4 Khusus tentang Piagam Madinah dapat dilihat dalam buku W.Montgomery Watt, Islamic Political Thought, (London: Edinburgh University Press), 1980; Zainal Abidin Ahmad, Piagam Nabi Muhammad SAW: Konstitusi Negara Tertulis Pertama di Dunia, (Jakarta: Bulan Bintang, 1973); J. Suyuthi Pulungan, Prinsip-Prinsip Pemerintahan dalam Piagam Madinah: Ditinjau dari Pandangan Alquran, (Jakarta: LSIK, 1994); Ahmad Sukarja, Piagam Madinah dan Undang- Undang Dasar 1945: Kajian Perbandingan Tentang Hidup Bersama dalam Masyarakat yang Majemuk, (Jakarta: UI Press); Atau dalam Literatur yang Standard dalam Ibn Hisyam, Sirah al- Nabi (Beirut: Dar Ihya al-Turas al „Arabiyy, t.t).",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 135,
"top": 510,
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"text": "5 Azyumardi Azra , Konteks Berteologi di Indonesia, (Jakarta: Paramadina, 1999), h. 36.",
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"text": "6 Lihat Abd. Moqsith Ghazali, Argumen Pluralisme Agama: Membangun Toleransi Berbasis Alquran (Jakarta: KataKita, 2009).",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"top": 565,
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"text": "7 Thomas W. Arnold, The Preaching of Islam: A History the Propagation of the Muslim Faith (Lahore: M. Ashraf, 1961), h. 56-7. Juga Alistair Duncan, The Noble Sanctuary (London: Longman Group, 1972), h. 22.",
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"text": "8 Untuk ulasan ini lihat Mehdi Nakosteen, Kontribusi Islam atas Dunia Intelektual Barat: Deskripsi Analisis Abad Keemasan Islam , terj. (Surabaya: Risalah Gusti, 2003).",
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{
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"text": "9 Soetjatmoko, Pembangunan dan kebebasan, (LP3ES, Jakarta: 1984), hlm. 108.",
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"text": "10 Muhajirin adalah orang-orang yang turut hijrah/pindah dari Makkah ke Madinah bersama Nabi Muhammad karena perlakuan semena-mena suku Kuraisy Makkah.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "11 Anshar adalah orang-orang Madinah yang menerima dan membantu muhajirin yang datang dari Makkah.",
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"top": 730,
"width": 400,
"height": 22,
"page_number": 13,
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"text": "12 Lihat Din Syamsuddin , Etika Agama dalam Membangun Masyarakat Madani , Jakarta: Logos, 2000.",
"type": "Footnote"
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"top": 68,
"width": 263,
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"text": "234 Analytica Islamica, Vol. 3, No. 2, 2014: 221-235",
"type": "Page header"
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"left": 113,
"top": 109,
"width": 397,
"height": 22,
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"text": "13 Lihat karya Farabi, Abu Nashr Muhammad ibn Muhammad al- Ârâ' Ahl al-Madînah al- Fâdhilah , Mesir: Maktabah Matba`ah Muhammad Ali, t.t.",
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"text": "14 Lihat Anggaran Dasar dan Anggaran Rumah Tangga Nahdlatul Ulama.",
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"text": "15 Mengenai peran NU di level Global dapat dilihat dalam “Peran Internasional Nahdlatul Ulama 2004-2009” dalam NU Online, Suara Nahdlatul Ulama www.nu.oc.id .",
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"text": "Bibliografi",
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"top": 242,
"width": 400,
"height": 25,
"page_number": 14,
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"text": "Abd. Moqsith Ghazali, Argumen Pluralisme Agama: Membangun Toleransi Berbasis Alquran (Jakarta: KataKita, 2009).",
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"top": 283,
"width": 400,
"height": 39,
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"text": "Ahmad Sukarja, Piagam Madinah dan Undang-Undang Dasar 1945: Kajian Perbandingan Tentang Hidup Bersama dalam Masyarakat yang Majemuk, (Jakarta: UI Press",
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"text": "Alistair Duncan, The Noble Sanctuary (London: Longman Group, 1972).",
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"text": "Din Syamsuddin , Etika Agama dalam Membangun Masyarakat Madani , Jakarta: Logos, 2000.",
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"text": "J. Suyuthi Pulungan, Prinsip-Prinsip Pemerintahan dalam Piagam Madinah: Ditinjau dari Pandangan Alquran, (Jakarta: LSIK, 1994).",
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"text": "Mahmoud Ayoub “Akar-Akar Konflik Muslim-Kristen”dalam Ulumul Quran, Jurnal Ilmu dan Kebudayaan, No.4, Vol. 4, 1993,",
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"text": "Maryam Jamilah, Islam and Orientalism (Sunnat Nagar, Lahore: Mohammad Yusuf Khan & Sons, 1981).",
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"text": "Mehdi Nakosteen, Kontribusi Islam atas Dunia Intelektual Barat: Deskripsi Analisis Abad Keemasan Islam , terj. (Surabaya: Risalah Gusti, 2003).",
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"text": "Thomas W. Arnold, The Preaching of Islam: A History the Propagation of the Muslim Faith (Lahore: M. Ashraf, 1961).",
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"text": "Received; 26 June 219 Revised: 26 July 2019 Accepted: 15 August 2019",
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"text": "impacts on serious complications. Corn Silk complementary herbal therapies were effective in decreasing blood glucose levels. The study aimed to examine the effect of corn silk ethanol extract (Zea mays L) on reducing the blood glucose levels. This study used a true experimental, pre-test, and post- test with the non-equivalent control group. Eighteen mice tail samples were recruited using random allocation technique sampling and divided into two groups (interventions and control groups). Data analysis was performed and presented in descriptive statistics, and significant findings were computed using the paired t-test. The results showed that the decrease in Glucose intervention group downhill from 144,33+11,543 to 137,78+5,740 after the intervention.",
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"text": "Meanwhile, in the control group, the mean in Glucose increases from 134,00+10,124 to 153,78+7,412. The paired t-test obtained a p-value of 0.000, indicating that there were significant differences in the effect of giving Corn Silk ethanol extract (Zea mays L) to decrease glucose levels the intervention and the control group. Conclusion: Giving Corn Silk Ethanol Extract (Zea Mays L) can lower Glucose Levels.",
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"text": "Keywords : corn silk, ethanol extract, blood glucose levels",
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"text": "Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic complication that is serious and can cause an increase in world mortality rates (1) . Data from the International Diabetes Federation show that globally the incidence of DM in 2017 reached 425 million cases and is estimated to increase to 629 million in 2045. In 2017 the most significant cases of diabetes reached 327 million cases at the age of 20-64 years. In Southeast Asia, the prevalence of DM is estimated to increase by 84%, and Indonesia is ranked 6th in the world, with the highest incidence of",
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"text": "International Journal of Nursing and Health Services (IJNHS), Volume 3, Issue 1, February 20 th 2020",
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"text": "This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License CC BY -4.0",
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"text": "International Journal of Nursing and Health Services (IJNHS), Volume 3, Issue 1, February 20 th 2020 97",
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"text": "DM is 10.3 million cases (2) . Based on the results of the Basic Health Research (Riskesdas) in 2018, the prevalence of DM based on blood tests in residents over the age of 15 years in 2013 amounted to 6.9%, increasing to 8.5% in 2018. Diabetes mellitus with complications was obtained 81, 2% have chronic complications of at least one disease. The organs that most often experience disorders are the cardiovascular system as much as 25%, kidney disorders 22%, lung disorders 19%, gangrene and abscesses 11%, urinary 4%, alimentary 3%, innervation system 3%, eyes 3% and other diseases 10 % (3) . The proportion of DM control efforts in residents diagnosed with DM by doctors found food regulation data of 80.2%, sports 48.1%, and herbal alternatives 35.7% (2) .",
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"text": "Increased blood sugar in people with DM occurs because of the body's failure to produce insulin (2) . The function of insulin is to stimulate glucose transport to fat cells and muscles. But in people with DM, there is a decrease in the amount of insulin, so it cannot stimulate glucose uptake by the tissue. Lack of insulin secretion will result in the absorption of glucose from the blood circulation through glucose transporters, and GLUT is disrupted (4) . Under physiological conditions, glucose uptake into cells is regulated by insulin and the speed of transport of glucose through a specific protein associated with the plasma membrane and facilitated by glucose transporter (GLUT). GLUT transporters 1-4 are glucose transporters for glucose, but those that respond to insulin in muscle tissue and adipose in both humans and rodents are only GLUT 4 (5) . High hydrogen compounds can trigger GLUT 4 translocations, alkaline water is high hydrogen water, which can promote GLUT 4 translocation to cell membranes in the absorption of glucose to reduce blood glucose levels (6) .",
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"text": "The incidence of DM patients from year to year tends to increase. DM control efforts through health promotion, community empowerment in increasing early vigilance in monitoring DM risk factors have been carried out. However, the incidence of DM in Indonesia is still high (2) . One of the efforts made by the community is the use of herbal, complementary therapies. Corn silk is one of the complimentary herbal alternatives used by people in China for decades (7) . In addition to corn silk, the use of alkaline water has benefits as a therapy for gastrointestinal diseases, hypertension, diabetes, and cancer (8) .",
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"text": "Corn silk is known as one of the traditional herbal medicines in China, Turkey, the United States, and France, which has many hypoglycemic, anti-tumor, anti-oxidant, and others (9). Meanwhile, corn silk also contains the working mechanism of bioactive plant constituents such as flavonoids, terpenoids, etc.",
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"text": "Corn Silk also contains the working mechanism of plant bioactive constituents such as flavonoids, terpenoids, etc. Pharmacological studies have proven that this traditional herb is found to have medicinal properties such as anti-oxidants, antidepressants, antihyperlipidemic, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, nerve toxicity, and more benefits (10) . Bioactive compounds are essential, and non-essential compounds (eg, vitamins or polyphenols), which are found in nature, become part of the food chain and have an influence on the health of the human body. Produced by organisms via biosynthetic pathways secondary metabolites. In Corn Silk, bioactive compounds include alkaloids, flavonoids, quinones, saponins, tannins, and steroids/triterpenoids, and contain anti-oxidants. Flavonoids in Corn Silk function to repair pancreatic β cells, which can stimulate insulin secretion. The use of Corn Silk in Indonesia is not very popular with most people. Therefore this study uses animals to try balbc mice (Sani, 2016)",
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"text": "OBJECTIVE",
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"text": "The study aimed to examine the effect of Corn Silk ethanol extract (Zea mays l) on decreasing the blood glucose levels .",
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"text": "International Journal of Nursing and Health Services (IJNHS), Volume 3, Issue 1, February 20 th 2020 98",
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"text": "This study used a true-experimental, pre-test, and post-test with non-equivalent control group was applied in this study. Eighteen mice tail samples were recruited using random allocation technique sampling and divided into two groups (interventions n=9 and control groups n=9). The Inclusion criteria: Male mice, healthy physical condition, active movement, characteristic white and soft hair texture, red eyes, and pink tail, no anatomical abnormalities, age 2.5 - 3 months (± 12 weeks), and BB between 20- 30gr.",
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"text": "The intervention group is given ethanol extract of corn silk with a dose of 2.52g using mineral water with an average pH of 7. The treatment offered is 2.52g / day via a nipple drinker. Performed 1x / day for two weeks, and the positive control group was untreated hyperglycemic mice. Objective and subjective measurement was performed before and after the intervention. The collected data were analyzed using the paired t-test.",
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"text": "The study was Experimental animal studies that must pay attention to animal welfare principles, which consist of 5F, namely: Freedom from hunger and thirst, freedom from pain, Freedom of injury and diseases, Freedom to express their normal behavior, and freedom from distress and feeling discomfort. The research ethics committee approved the study of the Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Airlangga.",
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"text": "Characteristics of mice tail weight",
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"text": "Table 1. showed that the characteristics of respondents based on weight, most respondents have weight 27 gm as many as 6 Mice tail (33.3%)",
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"text": "Table 1 Characteristics of mice tail weight Weight Total Percentage (%) 25 4 22.2 26 5 27.8 27 6 33.3 28 2 11.1 30 1 5.6",
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"text": "Effect of Corn Silk ethanol extract (Zea mays L) to decrease glucose levels",
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"text": "Table 2 showed that the glucose level among the intervention group before receiving an ethanol extract of corn silk dissolves mineral water was 144.33. In contrast, after receiving the intervention, the blood glucose level was 137.78. Regarding the blood glucose level among the control group showed that before receiving the intervention, the blood glucose level was 134.00 mg/dl while after receiving the intervention, the blood glucose level increased to be 153.78 with p-value was 0.000. It was indicated that there were significant differences in blood glucose levels before and after receiving the intervention among the intervention and control group.",
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"text": "International Journal of Nursing and Health Services (IJNHS), Volume 3, Issue 1, February 20 th 2020 99",
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"text": "Table 2. The effect of corn silk ethanol extract (Zea mays L) on decreasing blood glucose levels",
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"text": "Variable Intervention Pre Post Delta Control Pre Post Delta P ∆ ∆ Mean + SD Mean + SD Mean + SD Mean + SD value glucose levels 144.33+11,543 137.78+5,740 6.556 134.00+10,124 153.78+7.412 19.778 0.001",
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"text": "*paired t-test for differences groups (p<0.05)",
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"text": "DISCUSSION",
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"text": "The results showed that the ethanol extract of the Corn Silk intervention group, there was a decrease in Glucose Levels of 6.556, while the control group has increased in Glucose Levels of 19.778. These results are supported by research (11) that corn silk plants have benefits as anti-diabetes, which is beneficial by regulating lipid metabolism and removing oxygen radicals, which protect an organism's metabolism and improve capacity anti-oxidant. Also, corn silk shows that corn has many ingredients, including alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, saponins, tannins, and fitosterol, which can indicate the presence of inhibitory activity α amylase and α glycosidase so that the inhibition of this enzyme can control hyperglycemia (1). If added with alkaline water, it will be even more effective (12) . Water with high hydrogen content can control glucose in the blood by increasing glucose uptake by muscle cells.",
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"text": "Phytochemical screening includes examining the presence of alkaloid groups, flavonoids, quinones, saponins, tannins, and steroids/triterpenoids, and containing anti- oxidants. Antioxidants are chemicals that help protect the body from damage to cells by free radicals. Antioxidants are natural nutrients found in certain fruits and vegetables and have been shown to protect human cells from oxidative damage and provide other benefits (13) . Drying is an attempt to reduce the water content of the material to the desired level and eliminate the enzyme activity, which can further describe the active ingredient. Drying also aims to facilitate management and to be more resistant to being stored for a long time.",
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"text": "According to research conducted by Komar Ruslan Wirasutisna, Irda Fidrianny, and Annisa Rahmayani, 2012 extract of corn silk was carried out by continuous extraction method using Soxhlet tools with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol. Extracts were monitored using thin-layer chromatography (TLC) with the stationary phase of silica gel GF254 and various types of mobile phases. The appearance of the spots used was 10% sulfuric acid in methanol, which was observed under ultraviolet (UV) at wavelengths (λ) 254 nm and 366 nm (14) .",
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"text": "CONCLUSION",
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"text": "Providing the corn silk ethanol extract (Zea Mays L) can decrease Decrease Glucose Levels. This research has been attempted and carried out in accordance with scientific procedures, but still has limitations, including this study has not observed the condition of pancreatic β cells, and this study is still a laboratory test using experimental animals. Hence, toxicity testing and further clinical trials need to be conducted.",
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"text": "International Journal of Nursing and Health Services (IJNHS), Volume 3, Issue 1, February 20 th 2020",
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"text": "REFERENCES",
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"text": "(1) Sabiu S, H. O'Neill AOTA. Kinetics of α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory potential of Zea.pdf. 2016.",
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] |
45b846a2-9dfd-e596-79c0-18c75ee6df8f | https://jurnal.unej.ac.id/index.php/JSEAHR/article/download/8394/6808 | [
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"text": "This paper is aimed at understanding the nexus between the securitization of migration and refugee protection by Indonesia within a regional context. By employing an analysis of the securitization of migration, this paper looks closely into a number of regulations, as well as practices by the government and civil society in Indonesia to identify the main rhetoric regarding migration and the migration of refugees. Furthermore, the recent activities of the government and civil society on a regional level is analysed using the same approach. The findings in this work suggest that the securitization of migration remains through utterances in the regulations and discursively within the actions of the government even when the human rights aspects of refugees are included in regulations or practices. The civil society discussed in this work to some extent has de-securitized refugees in Indonesia. On the regional level, nonetheless, the civil society’s contribution to humanitarian aid still has not necessarily challenged a securitization of migration. The paper does not identify all civil society organisations based in Indonesia working in this area, so the discussion does not represent the whole. The implication of refugee rights is indicated through the recent situations of refugees in the region. Their remaining vulnerability to detention and poor living conditions indicate that securitization of migration undermines refugee protection in the region.",
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"text": "Keywords: De- securitization, Migration, Protection, Refugees’ Rig hts, Securitization",
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"text": "82",
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"text": "Securitization and De-securitization of Migration in Indonesia",
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"text": "I. INTRODUCTION",
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"text": "The Southeast Asian region has been the origin of and host for refugees over the past years. At the end of 2017, there were at least 3,2 million refugees in Southeast Asia. 1 September 2014 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) data shows Myanmar, Afghanistan, Sri Lanka, and Pakistan as the four biggest origin countries. 2 In the past few years, the flux of refugees was dominated by those fleeing from Myanmar as the conflict in Rakhine increased. As many as 87.000 refugees crossed the border between October 2016 and July 2017. This number jumped to 600.000 in the aftermath of the August 2017 attacks, most of them crossed the border into the neighbouring state of Bangladesh. 3 At the time, there are at least 900.000 refugees in Bangladesh 4 and 500.000 in Thailand. 5 Other countries who has been receiving refugees include Malaysia and Indonesia, with refugees mainly coming from Myanmar, the Philippines, and countries in the Middle East such as Afghanistan and Syria. 6",
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"text": "These numbers reflect how Southeast Asia has become a transit region for refugees before their settlement to target countries, like Australia and United States. Even so, there are only three countries, two among ASEAN member-states, that signed the 1951 Convention related to the Status of Refugees. 7 As such, there are no specific laws governing the protection of refugees. In these transit countries, refugees face several options. First, they could be accommodated inside shelters or camps whilst their status and settlement are being processed. This, however, does not guarantee good living conditions since these shelters and camps have been said to be insufficient. 8 In turn, secondly, many refugees choose to live outside of these camps for better living conditions. This, however, could result in these refugees being classified as illegal migrants, thus they risk facing detention. For those with no proper legal framework, immediate detainment upon arrival inside immigration centres is the third option before they could be granted refugee status. Even with refugee status, these people find themselves deprived of",
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"text": "1 UNHCR Global Focus, “South East Asia | Global Focus” , (22 July 2018), online: http://reporting.unhcr.org/node/39.",
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"text": "2 UNHCR Regional Office for Southeast Asia, “South - East Asia Fact Sheet”, (21 July 2 018), online: UNHCR https://www.unhcr.org/protection/operations/519f67fc9/south-east-asia-fact- sheet.html.",
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"text": "3 UNHCR Global Focus, “2018 Planning Summary: Subregion South East Asia” (2018) 5.",
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"text": "4 UNHCR Global Focus, “2018 Planning Sum mary - Operation: Bangladesh” (2017) 3.",
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"text": "5 UNHCR Global Focus, “2018 Planning Summary - Operation: Thailand” (2018), online: http://reporting.unhcr.org/sites/default/files/pdfsummaries/GA2018-Thailand-eng.pdf.",
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"text": "6 UNHCR Global Focus, “Indonesia | Global Focus” , (22 July 2018), online: http://reporting.unhcr.org/node/10335?y=2018#year.",
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"text": "7 P enelope Mathew, “Whither Regional Cooperation in Southeast Asia’s Refugee Crisis?”, (23 July 2018), online: The Diplomat https://thediplomat.com/2015/08/whither-regional-cooperation- in-southeast-asias-refugee-crisis/.",
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"text": "8 Penelope Mathew & Tristan Harley, “Refugee Protection and Regional Cooperation in Southeast Asia” , (2014), online: https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/156623449.pdf.",
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"text": "83",
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"text": "Nurul Azizah Zayzda, Maiza Hazrina Ash-Shafikh, and Ayusia Sabhita Kusuma",
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"text": "their living capabilities by their inability to find work and other basic necessities such as education. 9 Depending on the transit country’s policy, t hese refugees could either face years of detainment or eviction after a certain amount of time. It thus falls upon external involvement, such as UNHCR, to protect the rights of refugees within transit countries in Southeast Asia, especially in Indonesia, Malaysia, Bangladesh, and Thailand where the refugees mainly rally. Governmental cooperation is deeply encouraged as well as training in concerned countries such as Myanmar, Vietnam, and the Philippines to decrease cases of statelessness. 10 However, these efforts are often hindered by financial issues, since these developing, transit countries seldom possess a large enough budget to ensure the wellbeing of the refugees.",
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"text": "As for Indonesia, reported by UNHCR, in June 2017 there were 5,274 asylum-seekers and 8,819 refugees under the protection of UNHCR in the country. 11 Indonesia did not sign the 1951 Refugee Convention or the 1967 Protocol; therefore, some of the protection of asylum seekers and refugees in Indonesia are being helped by UNHCR. Despite being a non-signatory country, Indonesia has actively contributed to refugee protection issues. As a transit country, Indonesia accommodates refugees and asylum seekers on their way to target countries such as Australia. However, with Australia’s refugee gate clo sing, 12 these refugees become stuck in Indonesia. Consequently, Indonesia is then trapped with an ongoing refugee flow with no certain destination. It becomes imperative for Indonesia to take a more active role in refugee issues with the rising number of peop le forced to move by conflict or state’s instability, which was reflected in 2016 policy.",
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"text": "The intensity of Indonesia’s initiatives in refugee assistance in the region, amidst its own refusal to sign the Refugee Convention and exercise of Immigration Act to manage refugees, has provided the urgency to analyze the nexus of migration policy and refugee protection. This paper attempts to review the situation not in a realist security perspective but more of a constructivist one; hence, this is a securitization study. Securitization of migration has been an important development in securitization studies, aimed to disclose how national security dangers of migration are not necessarily real and in large account fabricated and signified by policy or language. In Indonesia, securitization of migration has remained under-scrutinised in terms of the application of the theory",
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"text": "9 European External Action Service, “The Invisibl e Refugees of Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand”, (10 July 2018), online: EEAS - Eur Extern Action Serv - Eur Comm https://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/association-southeast-asian-nations-asean/48201/invisible- refugees-indonesia-malaysia-and-thailand_en.",
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"text": "10 UNHCR Global Focus, supra note 3.",
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"text": "11 UNHCR, “Refugee Status Determination”, (22 July 2018), on line: UNHCR https://www.unhcr.org/id/en/refugee-status-determination.",
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"text": "12 Refugee Council of Australia, “Australia closes door on persecuted Rohingya” , (21 May 2015), online: https://www.refugeecouncil.org.au/latest/australia-closes-door-on-persecuted-rohingya/.",
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"text": "84",
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"text": "Securitization and De-securitization of Migration in Indonesia",
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"text": "of securitization in understanding the notion of security. Previous work by Zayzda has made the initial step toward analysing securitization of forced migration, arguing that the Immigration Act, the Government Regulation on Surveillance on Foreign Citizens, and the past Directorate General of Immigration Regulation on Management of Illegal Migrants contain utterances of security threats. This past study needed an intensified discussion. 13",
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"text": "Unlike previous work, this paper aruges further on the implication of such a securitization process to the protection of rights of refugees, and the discussion is placed in a Southeast Asian context. This paper is arranged into two further parts: the theoretical account of securitization and the discussion which is then derived into three sub parts. These sub-parts are: the securitization, the de-securitization of migration in Indonesia and their consequences in regional protection of refugees.",
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"text": "II. SECURITIZATION AND DE-SECURITIZATION OF MIGRATION",
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"text": "It is useful to start our concept discussion from Wæver’s statement that, “something is a security problem when the elites declare it to be so.” 14 Securitization, as theory or concept, encourages researchers and readers to depart from the accepted understanding of security and existential threats. Wæver further uses language theory to regard security as a speech act, referring to the ‘utterance’ of security by the State or its representatives that make security problems exist. 15 Securitization can be referred to as the construction of an issue as a security issue 16 , commonly comprising of a securitizing actor and a referent object or the elements in the community that is believed to be threatened by a certain threat. 17",
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"text": "With such an understanding of security and securitization, Wæver then coined the notion of de-securitization, highlighting that the very core of security studies should indeed be disclosing the process of both securitization and de- securitization. As Wæver puts it:",
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"text": "“ When, why and how elites label issues and developments as \"security\" problems; when, why and how they succeed and fail in such endeavors; what attempts are made by other groups to put securitization on the agenda; and whether we we can point to efforts to keep issues off the",
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"text": "13 Nurul Azizah Zayzda, “Sekuritisasi Migrasi Paksa Pengungsi Lintas - Batas di Indonesia” (2017) 3:1 Semin Nas Huk Univ Negeri Semarang 43.",
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"text": "14 Ole Wæver, Securitization and Desecuritization (Centre for Peace and Conflict Research, 1993).",
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"text": "15 Ibid.",
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"text": "16 Holger Stritzel, “Towards a Theory of Securitization: Copenhagen and Beyond” (2007) 13:3",
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"text": "Eur J Int Relat 357.",
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"text": "17 Michael C William s, “Words, Images, Enemies: Securitization and International Politics” (2003) 47:4 Int Stud Q 511.",
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"text": "85",
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"text": "Nurul Azizah Zayzda, Maiza Hazrina Ash-Shafikh, and Ayusia Sabhita Kusuma",
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"text": "security agenda, or even to de-securitize issues that have become securitized? ” 18",
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"text": "Huymans explains that the process taking place in de- securitization is “the unmaking of the fabrication of insecurity 19 ”, deriving from Wæver’s argument that it is possible to de- securitize a phenomenon due to the previous securitization’s ethico-political issues. This is to say that when securitization influences the social and the politics, the analysts are required to apply a different approach of security rather than taking its claims for granted. Huymans warned that to de-securitize should not simply mean to shift from security to human rights focus. Instead, it is necessary to maintain the security discussionsl; only in this case, the work to be done is the “de - dramatizing” of the security concerns by placing it in everyday context or pluralist politics. This means that the life of immigrants should be taken into account in eliminating the rhetoric of them as posing danger to society. 20",
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"text": "The next question on our analytical work is who are the actors that are involved in the de-securitization process, or the de-securitizing actors ? Wæver’s emphasis was on elites while Huymans connotes the daily process of politics or the pluralist understanding on politics. 21 The work of McDonald and Balzacq, Leonard, and Ruzicka is useful to shed some light on the methodology here. Balzacq, Leonard, and Ruzicka, on their examination of securitization theory, suggest that securitization is to be found in speech acts as well as practices and processes in the government. 22 McDonald’s work criticized Wæver’s narrow focus on speech acts and the elites, which sets limitations to what should be considered as securitization and marginalized various actors in international politics. Therefore, McDonald recommends an analysis of securitization to take into accounts the audiences and to investigate more actors including the non-state actors. 23",
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"text": "Securitization of migration has been a branch of securitization studies, defined loosely as a construction of the migration of foreigners into one’s own country as a threat to local socio-economic, security, identity and politics. 24 Huysman explained that in securitizing migrants these processes take place: a) spreading fear and trust; b) management of inclusion and exclusion; and c)",
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"text": "18 Ibid.",
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"text": "19 “Insecurity” is a notion that Huysmans use to explain a condition where a perception of threat is presented to challenge the security. Jef Huysmans, The Politics of Insecurity: Fear, Migration and Asylum in the EU (London, UK: Routledge, 2006).",
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"text": "20 Ibid.",
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"text": "21 Ibid.",
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"text": "22 Thierry Balzacq, Sar ah Léonard & Jan Ruzicka, “‘Securitization’ revisited: theory and cases” (2016) 30:4 Int Relat 494.",
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"text": "23 Matt McDonald, “Securitization and the Construction of Security” (2008) 14:4 Eur J Int Relat 563.",
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"text": "24 Ayse Ceyhan & Anastassia Tsoukala, “The Securitization of Migration in Western Societies:",
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"text": "Ambivalent Discourses and Policies” (2002) 27:1 Altern Spec Issue 21.",
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"text": "Securitization and De-securitization of Migration in Indonesia",
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"text": "institutionalization of alienation and predisposition towards violence. Aside from the securitizing actor and the method of securitization, another aspect of securitization is the referent object. What is assumed to be threatened by certain subjects, in the minds of the securitizing actor? Ceyhan and Tsoukala summarise the referent objects into: social-economy (resources, employment, social policy, urban environment); security (sovereignty, state borders, internal and external security), identity (identity threats, demographical challenges) and politics (racism, anti-migrants movement, xenophobia). 25",
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"text": "A relatively large number of previous researches on securitization of migration and particularly, securitization of forced migrations has been made. For example, Herta’s work on the securitization of refugees in Hungary during the recent refugee crisis, 26 Jakeševi ć and Tatalovi ć ’ s description of a micro-level securitization as well as desecuritization in Republic of Croatia, 27 and Ibrahim’s and Tkaczyk’s work that provide s examples of the analysis on the securitization by media. 28 The securitization of migration studies in these previous studies provide analytical guidelines for this paper. First, they analyse securitization through the analysis of speech act or utterance of security in public statements, media coverage and policy practices which exemplify the securitization through speech act. Secondly, some of the work highlights the danger posed by securitization to the objects deemed to be threats, namely the immigrants or more specifically, the asylum seekers and refugees. The discussion in this paper resonates the previous studies by looking into the securitization of immigrants arriving to Indonesia through speech acts, found in the language of regulations and public statements. The discussion sets itself apart from the previous studies by looking into the securitization through the practices of policy and even further to the acts of non- state actors.",
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"text": "This paper employs a critical analysis on regulations related to migration in Indonesia as well as government and non- state actors’ practices around it. The discussion is structured in two level discussions: firstly, dynamics of securitization of migration in Indonesia as found in the legal frameworks, policy practices and civil society- narrowed down to the issue of forced migrants or the refugees; and, secondly, the securitization of refugee in the Southeast Asian region.",
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"text": "25 Ibid.",
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"text": "26 Laura Her ț a, “ Security as Speech Act: Discourse Construction on the Syrian Refugee Crisis ” (2017) Int Conf Redefining Community Intercult Context 283.",
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"text": "27 Ruzica Jakesevic & S Tatalovi ć , “ Securitization (and de-securitization) of the European refugee crisis: C roatia in the regional context” (2016) 53:5 Teor Praksa 1246.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 113,
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"text": "28 Michal Tkaczyk, “Between Politicization and Securitization: Coverage of the European Migration Crisis in C zech Online News Media” (2017) 8:2 Commun Today; Maggie Ibrahim, “The Securitization of Migration: A Racial Discourse1” (2005 ) 43:5 Int Migr 163.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 500,
"top": 36,
"width": 13,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "87",
"type": "Page header"
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{
"left": 113,
"top": 50,
"width": 386,
"height": 14,
"page_number": 7,
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"text": "Nurul Azizah Zayzda, Maiza Hazrina Ash-Shafikh, and Ayusia Sabhita Kusuma",
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"text": "III. DYNAMICS OF SECURITIZATION OF MIGRATION IN INDONESIAN LEGAL FRAMEWORK",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 113,
"top": 171,
"width": 400,
"height": 310,
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"text": "What are the shapes of securitization of migration in Indonesia? In previous work by Zayzda 29 , it had been argued that a certain degree of securitization is found in Indonesian migration policy. Zayzda (2017) argues that the securitization process is reflected in the Immigration Act No. 6 of the year 2011, the Directorate General of Immigration Regulation No. IMI-1489-UM-08-05 of the year 2010 on Management of Illegal Immigrants. Provided in a historical context, the Immigration Act No. 6 in the year 2011 replaced the Immigration Act No. 9 in the year 1992. Prior to 1992, there was no Immigration Act in place. The new 2011 Immigration Act amended a number of rules, including the extension of the perspective of Immigration authority, now to include data and information-based surveillance, field surveillance and immigration intelligence. A coordinated group called the Foreigners Surveillance Team (Timpora) was established by this act. 30 The act was also influenced by the intensity of the Bali Process which was concerned with transnational crime of people smuggling and human trafficking, therefore authorising Immigration to employ detention houses to keep the victims. 31 The Immigration Act regulates immigration, particularly ‘illegal immigration’ in Article 119 where it states and puts into detail the employment of immigration detention. The utterance of security was found in the repeated use of ‘illegal’ migrants in the document, which then justifies the immigration measures including the employment of immigration detention houses. The immigration detention themselves signifies what Huysmans posits as exclusionary practice.",
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"height": 43,
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"text": "The Directorate General of Immigration Regulation No. IMI-1489-UM-08-05 in the year 2010 on Management of Illegal Immigrants was issued earlier in 2010. The considerations of the regulation as stated at the first page is:",
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{
"left": 142,
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"height": 72,
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"text": "“ That in its development, the increasing arrival and presence of foreigners as illegal immigrants who then state themselves as asylum seekers and refugees in Indonesian territory has impacted in ideological, political, economy, social-cultural, national security and immigration vulnerability aspect.” 32",
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{
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"height": 43,
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"text": "Although this document uses the terminology of refugees and asylum seekers in its introduction, the rest of the document utilises only ‘illegal immigrants.’ That is to say, the 2011 Immigration Act, as well as the Directorate General Regulation",
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"text": "29 Zayzda, supra note 13.",
"type": "Footnote"
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{
"left": 113,
"top": 707,
"width": 204,
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"text": "30 See Article 68-70 of the 2011 Immigration Act.",
"type": "Footnote"
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{
"left": 113,
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"height": 13,
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"text": "31 See Article 83-87 of the 2011 Immigration Act.",
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{
"left": 113,
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"text": "32 See Consideration part of the Directorate General of Immigration Regulation No. IMI-0352- GR-02-07 year 2016 on Management of Illegal Immigrant.",
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"height": 12,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "88",
"type": "Page header"
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{
"left": 113,
"top": 50,
"width": 298,
"height": 14,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Securitization and De-securitization of Migration in Indonesia",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 113,
"top": 115,
"width": 400,
"height": 42,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "on Management of Illegal Immigrants year 2010, securitizes incoming migration to Indonesia and, consequently, also securitizes the refugees coming and staying in Indonesia due to their illegal migratory aspect.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 113,
"top": 159,
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"page_number": 8,
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"text": "The following part discusses further the securitization process in the following: The Presidential Regulation No. 125 year 2016, the Directorate General of Immigration Regulation No. IMI-0352-GR-02-07 year 2016 on Management of Illegal Immigrants and Immigration Circulate No. IMI-GR-0-03-1194 year 2017. Presidential Regulation No. 125 year 2016 gives an important intersection of de- securitization of migration with the implication of refugees. It was written as implementation of Act No. 37 year 1999 on Foreign Relations, particularly the Article 27 (2). In terms of a speech act, it is not as strong as the previous documents. If any, the securitization of migration included in the regulation concerns two important aspects. Firstly, the regulation entails a security measure aimed to avoid ‘criminal cases’ which is done by ‘keeping refugees within watch,’ ‘providing security for the surroundings,’ and ‘establishing rules entailing the rights and obligations of refugees. ’ The wording symbolises the construction of refugees as a threat to social stability. Secondly, this regulation affirms that the surveillance of refugees remains a priority, performed in all stages: temporary sheltering, resettlement, voluntary returns, and deportation. The procedure of surveillance includes the re-examination of identity, documents, and collection of fingerprints. The procedure also includes producing data documents or special identity cards for refugees issued by the Head of Detention Immigration which is extendable every year. 33",
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{
"left": 113,
"top": 457,
"width": 401,
"height": 236,
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"text": "Along with the securitization of refugees is a degree of de-dramatization when the Indonesian military, Indonesian police and other bodies, are demanded to carry out ‘search and rescue operation on the boats with refugees’ or to ‘place refugees in shelter, […] in which local government utilises the local asset as shelter for the refugees, in the form of lending between the local and Minister as central government.’ In the Accommodation Chapter of the Presidential Regulation, an alternative to immigration detention houses is outlined as local governments are urged to provide shelters and coordinate with international organizations to meet the ‘basic needs’ of refugees, including clean water, food, drinks and clothes, health and sanitary services, and worshipping facilities. This regulation represents the shift from a refugee image of merely undocumented illegal to the controlling/securing of refugees to managing/helping with refugees. This shift is also a transition from an exclusionary practice: the new initiative of Indonesia in handling refugees from legal-formal approach that put the strangers without document as a breach to immigration law to an approach that puts the safety of refugees into attention.",
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{
"left": 113,
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"height": 28,
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"text": "This Presidential Regulation paved the way for the Directorate General of Immigration Regulation No. IMI 0352 GR 02 07 in the year 2016 on the",
"type": "Text"
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"left": 113,
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"width": 340,
"height": 12,
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"text": "33 See Article 31-39 of the Presidential Regulation No. 125 of 2016 on Immigration.",
"type": "Footnote"
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{
"left": 500,
"top": 36,
"width": 13,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "89",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 50,
"width": 386,
"height": 14,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Nurul Azizah Zayzda, Maiza Hazrina Ash-Shafikh, and Ayusia Sabhita Kusuma",
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},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 115,
"width": 400,
"height": 87,
"page_number": 9,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Management of Illegal Immigrants and Immigration Circulate No. IMI-GR-0-03- 1194 in the year 2017. The Immigration Regulation on Management of Illegal Immigrants was made to implement the Presidential Regulation and replace the previous regulation. The utterance of security aspects of refugees is still apparent and almost similar to its preceding regulation in the year 2010 discussed above. The regulation was commenced with the following consideration stating that:",
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{
"left": 142,
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"width": 350,
"height": 58,
"page_number": 9,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "\"Management of foreigners stating themselves as asylum seekers or refugees in Indonesian territory needs to be done in a comprehensive and sustainable manner to anticipate the vulnerability in aspects of ideology, politics, law, economy, social culture, and national security.\" 34",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 287,
"width": 401,
"height": 385,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "On the other side, this new regulation uses the terminology refugees and asylum seekers more consistently than the 2010 Regulation on Management of Illegal Immigrants. Furthermore, it extends the approach to refugees’ rights. The regulations re-emphasise the rights aspects by mentioning in Article 15 that the co- operation with the International Organization for Migration (IOM) or other international organizations help with the supply of facilities in immigration detention houses. In contrast, in the previous regulation, it was stated that the needs of ‘illegal immigrants’ during their status determination process with UNHCR is not the responsibility of the Immigration Office or the higher offices. In addition to these legal documents, which provide only the framework for securitization, some discursive practices of securitization of migration are commonly reviewed for border security protection, employment of immigration detention, and the process of surveillance over foreigners. Border security is a major concern of every state in exercising their sovereignty. In the migration aspect, border security matters to make sure that every entrance or exit takes place in legal manner and is well-documented. A breach to this would be regarded as undermining sovereignty. The immigrants and the migratory process are securitized when irregularity is considered as a threat regardless of the background situation of the migrants. This is the case for the practice of capturing and arresting refugees arriving without documents, in unauthorized vehicles, or with the help of smugglers. Secondly, and related to the first practice, immigration detention houses securitize migration by providing penalites for an irregular entry. The Directorate General of Immigration currently runs 13 detention centers. Numerous past works have elucidated the poor conditions of the detention houses: overcapacity, the lack of freedom of movement, and poor facility has been common problems. 35 Thirdly, there is the surveillance of citizens from",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 694,
"width": 397,
"height": 25,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "34 See Consideration part of the Directorate General of Immigration Regulation No. IMI-0352- GR-02-07 year 2016 on Management of Illegal Immigrant.",
"type": "Footnote"
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{
"left": 113,
"top": 719,
"width": 400,
"height": 37,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "35 See Antje Missbach, “Accommodating Asylum Seekers and Refugees in Indonesia: From Immigration Detention to Containment in ‘Alternatives to Detention’” (2017) 33:2 Refuge Can J Refug 32; Antje Missbach et al, “Stalemate: Refugees in Indonesia - Presidential Regulation",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 500,
"top": 36,
"width": 13,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 10,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "90",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 50,
"width": 298,
"height": 14,
"page_number": 10,
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"text": "Securitization and De-securitization of Migration in Indonesia",
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"text": "foreign countries. As mentioned earlier, Timpora, or the Foreigner Surveillance team, was set up for this purpose. In addition to these, the surveillance has been improved with an application for reporting foreigners (APOA), where a sponsor or accommodation owner (hotel, hostel, motel, boarding house, etc) reports the presence of foreigner at their place.",
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{
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"width": 386,
"height": 177,
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"text": "The category of speech act of de- securitization shall commonly ’de - legitimize security knowledge or de-dramatize the security concerns attached on cer tain issues.’ In the instances above, the security knowledge of migration remains existing following the new Presidential Regulation as well as the Directorate General of Immigration Regulation of the year 2016, through the utterances of states vulnerability in social and political aspects as well as the provisions of surveillance and security measures over the refugees, implying the assumption on their existential threat. The change here is with the entry of refugees and asylum seeker terminology in the Regulation on Illegal Immigrants and the new rhetoric on refugees’ rights, especially regarding the provisions on assistance for the refugees that need to be pursued by the government as well.",
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"text": "IV. CIVIL SOCIETY AND DE-SECURITIZATION OF REFUGEES IN INDONESIA",
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{
"left": 113,
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"width": 401,
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"text": "In addition to the state practices, the activities of civil societies in rising awareness and de-dramatizing the ‘alien’ aspect of the refugees is highlighted here. There are a number of civil society organizations based in Indonesia that are concerned with refugee issues within the country. SUAKA is a network of volunteers with the main members currently consisting of Jakarta Legal Aid Institute (LBH Jakarta) and the Human Rights Working Group (HRWG). The network’s main aim is to advocate, provide consultation, and disseminate information required by refugees in Indonesia. SUAKA holds public discussions with other organization and has also worked together with UNHCR in holding public events like Refugee Day. 36 Aside from SUAKA, a number of other civil society organizations have been working on protecting refugees, for example the Jesuit Refugee Service Indonesia. This organisation has been working on refugee assistance in Indonesia since 1980. 37 Dompet Dhuafa is another organisation that has been increasingly involved in refugee issues in the past few years. One of its programs is the School",
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"text": "No 125 of 2016” CILIS Policy Pap, online: https://law.unimelb.edu.au/__data/assets/file/0006/2777667/CILIS-Paper-14_Missbach-et- al_final.pdf. 36 SUAKA, “Indonesia Civil Network for Refugee Protection” , online: https://suaka.or.id/category/news/events/.",
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"text": "37 Anak Agung Istri Diah Triceseria, Nurul Azizah Zayda & Rizka Fiani Praba ningtyas, “A New Approach to Refugee’s Welfare through the Role of Community: Case Study of Refugee’s Community Centre in Sew on” (2017) 2:1 Glob South Rev 1.",
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"text": "91",
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"text": "Nurul Azizah Zayzda, Maiza Hazrina Ash-Shafikh, and Ayusia Sabhita Kusuma",
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"text": "for Refugees, a non-formal education program for refugee children. This organisation also works closely with other stakeholders to improve awareness of refugee issues. 38",
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{
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"text": "Lastly, it is imperative to learn about the growing activities in refugee learning centers run by the refugee community in Indonesia. Their active efforts in improving their life delivers a clear message that they are not a threat to society, and they are only trying to survive. Roshan Learning Center (RLC) is located in Jakarta and was established in 2014 by two Australian citizens, Heather Tomlinson and Ashley Berryhill. As a learning center, refugee children, teens, and adults are welcomed to study in addition to having access to counseling, health clinics, and the ability to use computers. Another refugee learning center named Cisarua Refugee Learning Center (CRLC) was founded and is managed by refugees. Like RLC, its community involvement was made possible through visits to the community. 39 An important activity, which may be an important construct for de- securitization, is the engagement with local activities. Kurniasari, in her report, explained that a group of Roshan refugee community students recently volunt eered in an American Women’s Association (AWA) program to distribute hygienic supplies and small gifts to local Indonesian children in Fatmawati Hospital. 40 Other engagements with local Indonesians were done through visitations to the learning centres or involvement in various events. 41",
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"text": "These activities can be explained as part of de- securitization using Huysman’s definition which includes the pluralist politics- an analysis into daily life practices. The activities of SUAKA and its networks help with de-legitimazing the security language of refugees. They are portrayed not as ‘foreigners’ or ‘illegal migrants’ as the Act or Regulations would but as people in need of global community protection. The RLC and CRLC adds to the picture what it is to ‘not merely re placing security language with human rights language,’ by softening their image as a security threat to society through increasing interactions with the local community. Critically analysed, the civil society provides a steppingstone for de- securitization; however, without a reception from the community, the security image attached to them will remain strong. Indonesia will still not perceive the Refugee Convention as an urgent international law and norm, and, in a regional context, it is unlikely that Indonesia will create a more open-border refugee policy.",
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"text": "38 Dompet Dhuafa, “Dompet Dhuafa dan PAHAM Indonesia Dorong Penguatan Meka nisme",
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"text": "Penanganan Pengungsi” , (September 2017), online:",
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"left": 128,
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"text": "https://www.dompetdhuafa.org/post/detail/8544/dompet-dhuafa-dan-paham-indonesia-dorong- penguatan-mekanisme-penanganan-pengungsi.",
"type": "List item"
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"text": "39 Cisarua Refugee Learning Center, Annual Report 2015-2016 (2018).",
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{
"left": 113,
"top": 707,
"width": 400,
"height": 37,
"page_number": 11,
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"text": "40 Triwik Kurniasari, “Roshan Learning Cent er empowers, brings hope to refugees - UNHCR Indonesia”, (18 July 2017), online: UNHCR https://www.unhcr.org/id/en/11072-roshan-learning- center-empowers-brings-hope-refugees.html.",
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"text": "41 Roshan Learning Center, The Year in Review - Annual Report 2017 (2018).",
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"left": 500,
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"page_number": 12,
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"text": "92",
"type": "Page header"
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"page_number": 12,
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"text": "Securitization and De-securitization of Migration in Indonesia",
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"page_number": 12,
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"text": "1. Are Refugees De-securitized in Southeast Asia with the Humanitarian Aids?",
"type": "Section header"
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{
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"top": 186,
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"height": 28,
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"text": "Findings on the character of securitization and de-securitization of migration in Indonesia can be summarised as follows:",
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{
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"text": "a. Securitization has been taking place through the utterance of security threat imposed by the migrants in the following texts or practices: Immigration Law, Immigration Regulation on Management of Illegal Immigrants (2010), border security, immigration detention and surveillance on foreigners.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 131,
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"page_number": 12,
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"text": "b. Securitization of migration has been taking place in the following legal documents; however, a language of human rights of refugees have been added: Presidential Regulation No. 125 Year 2016, Immigration Regulation on Management of Illegal Immigrants (2016).",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 131,
"top": 349,
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"height": 28,
"page_number": 12,
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"text": "c. Civil society or non-state actors make a part of de-securitization, but it still lacks reception from the audience namely the Indonesian population.",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 113,
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"text": "To speak about the impact of securitization and de-securitization trends of refugee’s rights in Southeast Asia, more information is required, i.e. Indonesian policy and civil society activities related to refugee issues in regional level. By drawing upon this parallel trend, it is possible to provide the discussion on the ref ugees’ rights. An important development in refugee protection has indeed been taking place in the region. Nevertheless, it is important to note that it was not until the mass displacement of the refugees fleeing from the conflict in Myanmar that the human rights approach toward refugees began to take place. Zayzda and Wijayanti (2017) analysed the Bali Process on People Smuggling, Trafficking in Persons, and other Transnational Crimes co-chaired by Indonesia and Australia since 2002, arguing that the meetings and documents issued undermined refugee protection by emphasizing the illegal aspects of their migration. For example, in Co-Chairs statement in 2002, it was mentioned that the flow of irregular migration has challenged the countries in aspects of security, politics, social and economy because the activities did not respect sovereignty and national borders. As the discussions continued, the Bali Declaration on People Smuggling, Trafficking in Persons and other Transnational Crimes co-chaired by Indonesia and Australia in 2016 was made with more description on protection of refugees. The protection includes temporary shelter, the arrangement of local settlement, the recognition of access for irregular migrants, and alternatives to immigration detention. 42",
"type": "List item"
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"text": "In 2015, Indonesia, along with two neighbouring countries, Malaysia and Thailand, signed a joint agreement to help 7000 refugees of Rohingya and",
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"text": "42 Nurul Azizah Zayzda & Sri Wijayanti, “Negara Maritim Indonesia, Migrasi Tidak Teratur, dan Hak Peng ungsi Lintas Batas” (2016) 3:02 Insign J Int Relat 48.",
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"text": "Nurul Azizah Zayzda, Maiza Hazrina Ash-Shafikh, and Ayusia Sabhita Kusuma",
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"text": "Bangladeshis. However, those three countries showed different policies instead of commitment to help the refugees. Indonesia provided food, water and fuel but also sent warships and a plane to control its territory. Another two countries also claimed that the refugees’ destination s were not their countries. After many criticisms from UNHCR and IOM, the foreign ministers of Indonesia, Thailand, and Malaysia finally agreed to take the refugees into their countries and allow the refugees to be processed but under strict conditions. 43 Another action by the Indonesian government was mediating the refugee crisis in Myanmar. On September 4 th , 2017, the Indonesian Minister of Foreign Affairs visited Myanmar and met with Myanmar’s high -level officials, including the State Counsellor, Aung San Suu Kyi. That meeting discussed the need of the Myanmar government to attempt de-escalation efforts in Rakhine State and try a multi-prong approach to resolve the conflict involving Rohingya. 44 On September 6 th , 2017, Minister Retno also met the Bangladesh Foreign Minister, Mahood Ali, and discussed Indonesia’s humanitarian aid plan which arrived in Bangladesh 10 days after the meeting. 45",
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"text": "Civil society involvement in humanitarian aid has also increased in the wake of rising concerns for Myanmar Rohingya refugees. From Indonesia, the Indonesian Humanitarian Alliance for Myanmar or Aliansi Kemanusiaan Indonesia untuk Myanmar (AKIM) was made in 2017, comprising of 11 humanitarian organizations, including Dompet Dhuafa. The organizations are the Muhammadiyah Disaster Management Centre, Lembaga Penanggulangan Bencana dan Perubahan Iklim – Nahdlatul Ulama, PKPU Human Initiative, Dompet Dhuafa, Rumah Zakat, Dompet Peduli Ummat – Daarut Tauhiid, LAZIS Wahdah, Laznas Lembaga Manajemen Infaq (LMI), Aksi Cepat Tanggap, Lazis Dewan Da’wah Islamiyah Indonesia, Social Trust Fund – UIN Jakarta. This alliance, in collaboration with the Indonesian government, delivers aid programs in health, education, livelihood, and relief. 46",
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"text": "Humanitarian aid needs to be analysed critically through the understanding of securitization. Given that humanitarian aid is potentially granted to people who move across borders to avoid violence, the question to be answered is whether",
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"text": "43 Antje Missbach, “Towards A Real Solution to Southeast Asia’s Refugee Crisis”, (19 August 2015), online: The Diplomat https://thediplomat.com/2015/08/towards-a-real-solution-to- southeast-asias-refugee-crisis/.",
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"text": "44 Sheany, “Indonesia Ready to Help Bangladesh Address Refugee Crisis: FM Retno”, (6 September 2017), online: Jkt Globe https://jakartaglobe.id/context/indonesia-ready-help- bangladesh-address-refugee-crisis-fm-retno.",
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"text": "45 Keme ntrian Luar Negeri Republik Indonesia, “Indonesian Humanitarian Aid Received by the Government of Bangladesh” , (2017), online:",
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"text": "https://www.kemlu.go.id/en/berita/Pages/Indonesian-Humanitarian-Aid-Received-by-the- Government-of-Bangladesh.aspx.",
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"text": "46 Dompet Dhuafa, “Release Penanganan Konflik Kemanusiaan Rohingya dan Rakhine di Myanmar”, (September 2017), online: Dompet Dhuafa https://www.dompetdhuafa.org/post/detail/8241/release-penanganan-konflik-kemanusiaan- rohingya-dan-rakhine-di-myanmar.",
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"text": "94",
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"text": "Securitization and De-securitization of Migration in Indonesia",
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"text": "humanitarian aid helps the de-securitization of forced migrants? Or is it a part of securitization as a whole? The previous analysis found new human rights concerns in the immigration regulation in Indonesia, but it does not necessarily change the immigration discourse. It is useful to use Loescher’s argument about humanitarian intervention, that humanitarian intervention helps to “reduce the likelihood of ma ssive refugee flows across borders.” 47 That is to say, humanitarian intervention needs to be understood as part of state politics to contain refugee flows. Zayzda argues that despite the linkage that can be understood as a solution for refugee crisis, it will be problematic when restrictions to refugee movement is established. 48 Indonesian humanitarian aid in Myanmar is carried out in parallel to the current migration and refugee policy which demonstrates a securitization of migration. The aid helps with the situation in the origin country of the refugees; however, it does not challenge the securitization of migration as discussed above. From the discussion above it is found that the growing role of Indonesia in refugee protection abroad has gone only so far; it is not strong enough to push the institutionalization of protection, in addition to the fact that most countries have not signed the Refugee Convention. The ASEAN Summit in 2017 failed to bring about the Rohingya crisis into its Chief statement. It was mentioned, only under a category of ‘disaster resiliency.’ 49 There is no regional control nor universality of policy in each state who either acts as the origin or the target country for refugee. Refugees and asylum seekers in general still live in dire situations due to the long waiting period or poor living conditions. As of May 2018, there are over 7,600 refugees and asylum seekers in Thailand, over 155,000 in Malaysia, and, in Indonesia, around 18,000. For Rohingya refugees alone, as of September 2018, as many as 921,000 refugees live outside Myanmar, mostly in Bangladesh. There are still limitations in living conditions in refugee camps in Bangladesh with the cramped space, water scarcity, lack of medical service, lack of employment access and threats to exploitation. With the current legal situations in Southeast Asia, the refugees and asylum seekers are always in risk of detention, exploitation, persecution as well as economic issues given the absence of employment access. 50",
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"text": "47 Alexander Betts, Gil Loescher & James Milner, “The United Nations Hig h Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR): The Politics and Practice of Refugee Protection into the 21st Century” (2008), online: https://www.rsc.ox.ac.uk/publications/the-united-nations-high-commissioner-for- refugees-unhcr-the-politics-and-practice-of-refugee-protection-into-the-21st-century.",
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"left": 113,
"top": 645,
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"text": "48 Nurul Azizah Zayzda, “Sovereignty and Responsibility in Global Refugee Protection and Humanitarian Intervention in the 21st Century” (2015) 2 Insign J Int Relat 82.",
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{
"left": 113,
"top": 670,
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"height": 37,
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"text": "49 Gotinga, JC, “ASEAN summit silence on Rohingya ‘an absolute travesty’” , (15 November 2017), online: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/11/asean-summit-silence-rohingya-absolute- travesty-171114211156144.html.",
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"text": "50 European Commission, “European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations: Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia” (2018) 2; See also Reliefweb, “Asia Refugee Policy",
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"text": "Analysis - Bangladesh”, (14 September 2018), online: ReliefWeb",
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"text": "https://reliefweb.int/report/bangladesh/asia-refugee-policy-analysis.",
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"text": "95",
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"height": 14,
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"text": "Nurul Azizah Zayzda, Maiza Hazrina Ash-Shafikh, and Ayusia Sabhita Kusuma",
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"text": "The situations reflect how the development of refugee rights protection in the region is still far from sufficient.",
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"text": "V. CONCLUSION",
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"height": 281,
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"text": "This paper has elaborated on the varying degree of securitization of migration in Indonesia. The migration regulations, policy practices, and civil society activities discussed in this paper illustrate how securitization and de-securitization took place. The language used to describe refugees in regulations in Indonesia is found to have changed and this is parallel to the changes in some practices on the national and regional level. The Presidential Regulation No. 125 year 2016 symbolises the de-securitization as it is the first Regulation to actually make standards for protection of refugees in Indonesia, starting from government responsibility for search and rescue to provision of accommodation. The next analysis was made on the new Immigration Regulation on Management of Illegal Immigrant issued in 2016 which uses the terms ‘refugees and asylum seekers’ instead of ‘illegal immigrant’ and they provide the guid elines for assisting the refugees in Indonesia. This change is deemed important given that by solely addressing them as ‘illegal immigrants,’ the refugees lose their human rights aspect. However, in both the regulations, security languages are maintained through the utterances of states vulnerability in social and political aspects as well as the provisions of surveillance and other security measures over the refugees. All of these imply the assumption of their existential threat, and this consequently forms an institutionalisation of alienation.",
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"left": 113,
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"height": 192,
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"text": "The civil society discussed in this paper portrayed a rising concern in refugee issues nationally in Indonesia by creating a counter to the perception of threat and challenging a normalised exclusion as well as alienation. Civil society has mainly worked in provision of aid or assistance, which is aimed to reduce the economic and social constraints faced by refugees. In addition to those, there have been public events held by the non-governmental organizations in collaboration with other stakeholders, which socialises the human rights aspects of refugees to the wider audiences, challenging the exclusion and perception of threat to society normally attached to refugees. An account on the activities of two refugee communities in Indonesia was made, underlining the agency of the refugees themselves. In the given cases, the refugee community is de-securitized through engagement with communities. Nonetheless, the de-securitizing act of the civil society described above still lacks reception from the larger society.",
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"text": "It can be summarised that securitization of migration in Indonesia means that there has been reproduced security rhetoric attached to the forced migrants, i.e. the refugees as aliens and to de-securitize their migration is to weaken that rhetoric. Lastly, an analysis was made on Indonesian humanitarian aid abroad. Critically analysed, the aid helps with the situation in Myanmar, one of the origin countries of the refugees, but it does not necessarily challenge the securitization of",
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"text": "96",
"type": "Page header"
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"left": 113,
"top": 50,
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"text": "Securitization and De-securitization of Migration in Indonesia",
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"text": "migration. This also means that the activities of the civil society that reached regionally has supported the government’s humanitarian aid which does not critically challenge the securitization of refugee’s migration in general.",
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"text": "With its limitations on analysing legal documents and practices, especially by that of civil society organisations, this paper still provides a lot of room for further research, by looking separately different specific roles the securitizing and de- securitizing actors play and their strategies. The research on practices is particularly imperative to understand the extent to which civil society makes use of their role to challenge securitization, and how their activities influence the audience and society.",
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"text": "BIBLIOGRAPHY",
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{
"left": 113,
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"text": "Securitization and De-securitization of Migration in Indonesia",
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"text": "Nurul Azizah Zayzda teaches in Department of International Relations Jenderal Soedirman University on the subjects including Diaspora and International Migration; Human Rights Studies; and Peace Studies. She is interested in human rights and migration issues and has published a number of works in these topics including the latest publications: Pendidikan Migrasi Aman: Pembangun Kekuatan Melalui Pengetahuan (2018), Sekuritisasi Migrasi Paksa Pengungsi Lintas-Batas di Indonesia (2017), and Protecting Rohingya Refugees In Asean: The Contested Human Rights in the World of Nation-States (2017).",
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"text": "Maiza Hazrina Ash-Shafikh currently teaches in Department of International Relations, Jenderal Soedirman University on a number of subjects including Peace Studies and International Security Studies. Her thesis was titled Motif Rusia dalam Pembuatan International Code of Conduct for Information Security.",
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"text": "Ayusia Sabhita Kusuma teaches in Department of International Relations Jenderal Soedirman University specialized in Security Studies in International Relations. She teaches on the subjects Security Studies, Politics of Energy and Environment and Gender in International Relations. Her latest publications include Rivalitas Strategi Maritim China dan India di Selat Malaka (2014).",
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2fdc8604-2a6e-6410-0686-3d212cdc2eb1 | https://ejournal.uksw.edu/kritis/article/download/5261/1945 | [
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"text": "Studi Pembangunan Pertanian oleh Program Transmigrasi di Kecamatan Waeapo, Kabupaten Buru, Provinsi Maluku",
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"text": "Naomi S.M Lesbatta*; Pamerdi Giri Wiloso; Widhi Handayani Program Studi S2 Studi Pembangunan, Fakultas Interdisiplin,",
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"text": "Program transmigrasi Buru membawa perubahan pembangunan terhadap Waeapo yang terlihat dari keberhasilan pembangunan yang ditunjukan. Penelitian ini dilakukan bertujuan untuk memngetahui aktor transmigrasi dalam pembangunan pertanian oleh program transmigrasi di kecamatan Waeapo, kabupaten Buru, provinsi Maluku dan menjelaskan pembangunan pertanian pada pulau Buru yang dilakukan oleh transmigran dalam kerjasama dengan masyarakat lokal dan pemerintah. Metode penelitian yaitu metode kualitatif deskriptif dengan pengumpulan data menggunakan wawancara mendalam, observasi dan dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ada kolaborasi antar aktor, yaitu pemerintah, transmigran, penduduk lokal dan hutan serta teknologi yang digunakan dalam pengembangan sektor pertanian di Kecamatan Waeapo, kabupaten Buru. Hadirnya transmigran dengan bantuan teknologi membawa perubahan terhadap lingkungan Waeapo meliputi alih fungsi hutan sebagai ekosistem alami menjadi ekosistem buatan (sawah). Selain itu, terjadi pula perubahan sosial terjadi seperti pertambahan penduduk, ekonomi, keragaman budaya, tranformasi pangan dan perubahan lingkungan fisik.",
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"text": "Kata kunci: aktor, pembangunan berkelanjutan, transmigrasi, pertanian, Kabupaten Buru",
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"text": "The Buru transmigration program has brought about changes in the development of Waeapo which can be seen from the success of the development. This study aims to identify transmigration actors in the agricultural development by transmigration program in Waeapo sub-district, Buru district, Maluku province, and explain agricultural development on Buru island carried out by transmigrants in collaboration with local communities and the government. A descriptive qualitative method by in-depth interviews, observation and documentation to collect the data was conducted to achieve",
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"text": "the aim of the research. The results of the study show that there is collaboration between actors, namely the government, transmigrants, local residents and the forest as well as the technology used in the development of the agricultural sector in Waeapo District, Buru district. The presence of transmigrants, by the role of technology, brought changes to the Waeapo environment including the conversion of the forest as natural ecosystem to artificial ecosystem (paddyfields). Furthermore, social changes also occurred such as population growth, economy, cultural diversity, food transformation and changes in the physical environment.",
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"text": "Keywords: actor, sustainable development, transmigration, agriculture, Buru Regency",
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"text": "Transmigrasi adalah perpindahan penduduk dari satu daerah yang padat penduduknya kewilayah yang masih sedikit penduduknya. Program transmigrasi merupakan salah satu program pemerintah dalam rangka mengatasi masalah kependudukan, serta mengupayakan pemerataan pembangunan dan kesejahteraan (Hardjono,1982 dalam Nova, 2016). Kehadiran program tersebut pada akhirnya mengubah daerah tujuan dalam arti membawa perubahan pada kondisi fisik maupun tatanan sosial budaya di daerah tujuan. Di Indonesia, transmigrasi pernah terjadi di berbagai daerah seperti Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, dan Irian Jaya (Nova, 2016). Di Kalimantan, transmigrasi pernah dilaksanakan pada Desa Olak-Olak, Kecamatan Kubu, Kabupaten Kubu Raya, Provinsi Kalimantan Barat sebagai daerah tujuannya (Firmansyah, 2018). Selain itu, Pulau Buru juga pernah menjadi daerah tujuan transmigrasi yang menempati dataran Waeapo sejak tahun 1980.",
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"text": "Sebagai program pemerintah untuk mengembangkan daerah-daerah terpencil dan meningkatkan perekonomian, kehadiran transmigrasi berperan penting dalam pembangunan wilayah. Selain itu, kebijakan pemerintah tersebut dilakukan dalam rangka mengurangi tingkat kesenjangan pembangunan antara wilayah satu dengan yang lainnya (Harmadi dan Antarwati, 2014). Guna meningkatkan pembangunan dan pemerataan ekonomi, kebijakan pemerintah lebih diarahkan pada bidang pertanian (Febriani et al., 2020). Upaya mengembangkan bidang pertanian dilakukan dengan penerapan usaha tani berupa penyediaan bibit unggul, pemupukan, pengairan yang baik, pemberantasan hama dan penyakit tanaman, serta metode bercocok tanam yang baik.",
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"text": "Kabupaten Buru merupakan pulau penghasil pangan di Provinsi Maluku saat ini. Buru dikatakan sebagai lumbung pangan Maluku karena setiap tahun kabupaten Buru memproduksi ribuan ton padi seperti pada Tabel 1 .",
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"text": "Tahun Luas panen (ha) Produksi (ton) Produktivitas (kw/ha) 2009 10.966 45.620 41,60 2010 10.966 46.386 42,30 2011 11.742 52.500 44,70 2012 10.425 48.168,5 46,20 Sumber: BPS Kabupaten Buru (2013: 139)",
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"text": "Menurut BPS Kabupaten Buru (2018), luas panen padi pada tahun 2016 mencapai 9.406 hektar dan tahun 2017 mengalami peningkatan dengan luas mencapai 11.241 hektar, atau meningkat 19,51% dari tahun 2016. Tabel 1 menunjukkan luas panen, produksi padi, serta produktivitas padi di Kabupaten Buru pada 2009-2012. Tampak pada Tabel 1 tersebut, bahwa produksi padi di Kabupaten Buru cenderung meningkat, meskipun pada tahun 2012 menurun produksinya dibandingkan tahun 2011. Namun, penurunan produksi ini berkaitan dengan luas lahan panen yang juga menurun di 2012 dibandingkan 2011. Jika dibandingkan, dari 2009-2012, tampak bahwa produktivitas padi di Kabupaten Buru terus meningkat.",
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"text": "Di antara seluruh kecamatan di Kabupaten Buru, salah satu kecamatan yang produksi padinya paling besar adalah Waeapo. Duwila (2015) menulis bahwa sejak 2003-2012, produksi padi di Waeapo terus meningkat. Menurut BPS Kabupaten Buru (2018), luas panen padi Kecamatan Waeapo pada 2017 mencapai 6.570 hektar atau 58,45% dari luas panen Kabupaten Buru. Selain itu, produksi padi yang dihasilkan Kecamatan Waeapo sebesar 4,85 ton/ha adalah yang terbanyak di Kabupaten Buru. Menilik sejarahnya, produksi padi di Kecamatan Waeapo tidak terlepas dari peran transmigran yang mengembangkan sistim pertanian padi sawah.",
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"text": "Sejak 1980, Waeapo bukan saja ditinggali oleh penduduk lokal, tetapi juga ditinggali oleh transmigran Jawa. Kehadiran pendatang di suatu wilayah bisa saja menimbulkan konflik antar etnis, sebagai risiko atas kemajemukan suku dan budaya yang dimiliki (Kalsum, 2015). Sebagai contoh, konflik yang terjadi di Jambi saat masuknya transmigran pada tahun 1990-an mengguncang stabilitas, diikuti tuntutan masyarakat meminta pengembalian tanah (Lindayanti et al, 2015). Ini berbeda dengan kecamatan Waeapo, Kabupaten Buru. Keberhasilan Waeapo dalam sektor pertanian hingga menjadi lumbung pangan Provinsi Maluku menunjukkan kerja sama yang sinergis antara transmigran, masyarakat",
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"text": "KRITIS, Vol. XXX No. 2, 2021: 131 - 143",
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"text": "134",
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"text": "lokal dan pemerintah. Kerja sama yang sinergis tersebut menunjukkan tidak adanya atau rendahnya konflik antar etnis di kecamatan Waeapo sampai saat ini.",
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"text": "Sesuai dengan penjelasan diatas aktor-aktor pembangunan Waeapo merupakan bagian dari jaringan aktor secara kolektif. Maka, teori yang digunakan, yaitu Actor Network Theory (ANT) akan relevan dengan aksi kolektif antara transmigran, penduduk lokal dan pemerintah dalam upaya membangun pertanian Waeapo. ANT merupakan teori yang memfokuskan jejaring antar aktor dengan menjelaskan hubungan aktor dan aktan. Teori ini tidak hanya bertitikberat pada relasi antarmanusia tetapi juga terhadap relasi manusia dengan aktor nonmanusia, seperti alam dan lingkungan hidup (Hapsari et al, 2017).",
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"text": "Dengan gambaran permasalahan yang telah diuraikan di atas maka pertanyaan penelitian ini adalah “Bagaimana pembangunan pertanian pada pulau Buru yang dilakukan oleh transmigran dalam kerjasama dengan masyarakat lokal dan pemerintah?” Penulisan ini memiliki tujuan untuk menjelaskan pembangunan berkelanjutan di sektor pertanian di pulau Buru yang dilakukan oleh transmigran dalam kerjasama dengan masyarakat lokal dan pemerintah.",
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"text": "METODE",
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{
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"top": 366,
"width": 375,
"height": 69,
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"text": "Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penulisan ini adalah metode kualitatif karena memberikan penggambaran yang jelas mengenai subjek dalam penelitian. Menurut (Sugiyono, 2018) penelitian kualitatif digunakan untuk meneliti pada kondisi obyek yang alami, dimana peneliti adalah sebagai instrumen kunci.",
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"text": "Penelitian ini melibatkan pemerintah yaitu kepala desa yang ada di setiap desa di kecamatan Waeapo. Jumlah informan adalah dua puluh tiga orang terdiri dari tujuh orang kepalah desa, sepuluh orang transmigran Jawa Sembilan orang laki- laki, satu orang transmigran perempuan, serta enam orang penduduk lokal. Peneliti menentukan informan ini berdasarkan pengetahuan dan pengalaman mereka yang tingal di kecamatan Waeapo.",
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"text": "Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Waktu wawancara dilakukan 120 menit untuk setiap informan. Ada beberapa informan yang diwawancarai dua kali, dan ada yang satu kali. Observasi yang dilakukan peneliti yaitu mengamati lokasi penelitian dan melakukan dokumentasi saat melakukan wawancara dengan informan. Hasil wawancara dicatat untuk selanjutnya disajikan dalam bentuk narasi. Teori yang digunakan sebagai pisau analisis adalah teori Actor Network Theory ( ANT).",
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"text": "Aktor Transmigrasi Buru",
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"text": "135",
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"text": "HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN",
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"text": "Waeapo merupakan Kecamatan yang ada di Kabupaten Buru. Adapun batas wilayah Kecamatan Waeapo yaitu: Sebelah utara Kecamatan Namlea, sebelah selatan: Kecamatan Waelata, sebelah barat: Kecamatan Lolongkuba. Secara topografi kecamatan Waeapo berada pada dataran rendah dan berawa- rawa. Luas Waeapo 14.000 Ha dengan gunung dan sungai (BPS Kecamatan Waeapo, 2018).",
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"text": "Pembangunan yang dikembangkan di wilayah Waeapo merupakan pembangunan pada sektor pertanian. Salah satu komoditas pertanian yang dikembangkan di Waeapo adalah padi yang sebelumnya sudah dibudidayakan oleh transmigran. Program transmigrasi hadir di Waeapo pada tahun 1980 dan berakhir pada tahun 1982.",
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"text": "Perjalanan transmigran dari pulau Jawa menuju pulau Buru dilakukan dengan menggunakan kapal laut. Setelah tiba di Buru, mereka melanjutkan perjalanan menuju tempat tujuan mereka yaitu dataran Waeapo. Mereka melewati muara sungai Waeapo dan sampai pada sungai kaki air mendidi turun setelah itu mereka berjalan kaki masuk unit-unit yang sudah ditentukan oleh pemerintah.",
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"text": "Kondisi Waeapo saat itu masih berupa hutan, meskipun sebagian dari lahan Waeapo sudah dibabat oleh eks-tapol (mantan tahanan politik 1965) yang menggarap lahan sawah sebelumnya (Lesbatta et al, 2021). Perumahan transmigran pada saat itu belum ada, sehingga setibanya di Waeapo, sementara mereka menempati rumah bekas eks-tapol yang sangat terbatas. Setelah itu, dengan berjalannya waktu perumahan transmigran dibuat oleh kontraktor dalam bentuk rumah bertiang kayu, berdinding papan dan beratap daun rumbia.",
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"text": "“Kondisi perumahan transmigran kurang begitu baik sehingga isi rumah itu bekas rawa-rawa jadi ada airnya sehingga kami mengalas lantai mengunakan karpet (parlak) untuk bisa tidur. Setelah itu kami merenovasi sendiri untuk lebih nyaman ditempati” (Tono, transmigran, wawancara tahun 2019)",
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"text": "Transmigran juga diberikan jatah makanan dari pemerintah selama satu tahun. Aktivitas transmigran saat itu ada yang memancing ikan, mencari makanan tambahan dan yang memiliki keterampilan lain yang bisa dikembangkan seperti servis jam tangan yang dilakukan oleh masyarakat transmigran saat itu untuk mengisi waktu setiap hari mereka. Lokasi tempat tinggal transmigran juga berdekatan dengan penduduk lokal sehingga mereka membangun interaksi dengan cara saling menyapa, selain melalui interaksi jual beli antara penduduk lokal dan transmigran.",
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"text": "KRITIS, Vol. XXX No. 2, 2021: 131 - 143",
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"text": "136",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
"left": 72,
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"height": 141,
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"text": "Setahun kemudian transmigran diberikan jatah lahan oleh pemerintah. Mereka mendapatkan jatah lahan seluas dua hektar untuk setiap keluarga. Jatah lain juga diberikan oleh pemerintah, yaitu berupa ternak seperti sepasang ayam dan sapi untuk dipelihara oleh transmigran. Awalnya, sawah yang tersedia pada saat itu baru enam puluh dua hektar saja, sehingga dilakukan pengundian untuk menentukan lokasi lahan yang akan diperoleh tiap keluarga. Akhirnya, dapat ditentukan bahwa tiap kepala keluarga diberikan satu hektar sawah, tiga perempat ladang, dan pekarangan seperempat hektar jadi jumlah luasannya adalah dua hektar. Bibit padi dan jagung disediakan oleh pemerintah dan diberikan kepada transmigran.",
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"text": "Setelah mendapat lahan, transmigran mulai mengolah lahan dengan cara membersihkan areal lahan terlebih dahulu setelah itu mulai membuat sawah. Pembukaan sawah memakan waktu yang cukup lama karena saat itu belum tersedia piranti yang canggih. Piranti yang dipakai saat itu hanya seadanya seperti, cangkul, golok dan kapak.",
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"text": "“Di Wilaya h Waeapo tidak secara menyeluruh bekas sawah ada juga yang masih hutan. Transmigran masuk membuka areal sawah baru. Memang ada bekas sawah milik eks tapol tetapi sudah tertutup rumput. Maka masuk PT Muria untuk pembabatan hutan.” (Laim, transmigran, wawancara tahun 2019)",
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"text": "Dalam penggarapan lahan sawah transmigran juga pernah mengalami gagal panen. Gagal panen disebabkan oleh musim kemarau panjang selama enam bulan pada tahun 1989. Masyarakat transmigran pada saat itu beralih mengonsumsi sagu seperti penduduk lokal. Interaksi antar transmigran dan penduduk lokal juga terjadi melalui gagal panen, yaitu ketika transmigran beralih mengonsumsi pangan lokal Buru dan mengikuti penduduk dalam menyuling Kayu Putih untuk memenuhi kebutuhan mereka bersama.",
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"text": "Saat itu, penduduk lokal Waeapo juga mendapatkan makanan mereka dengan cara bercocok tanam. Alat yang dipakai untuk bercocok tanam adalah kapak dan golok dan tanaman yang dibudidayakan yaitu padi gogo, singkong, hotong - Setaria italica (L.) Beauv, sejenis padi yang mirip alang-alang, tumbuh di semua jenis lahan baik dataran rendah maupun dataran tinggi, dan merupakan pangan alternatif pengganti beras yang dimanfaatkan masyarakat Pulau Buru sehingga disebut sebagai Buru Hotong (Herodian, 2008) dan lain-lainnya. Biasanya, hasil mereka bercocok tanam tersebut dijual ke Namlea dan ada juga penduduk lokal yang menawarkan barang kepada para transmigran. Selain itu, penduduk lokal saat itu sudah menyuling minyak kayu putih secara tradisional untuk dijual ke Namlea, dan bahkan ke kota Ambon.",
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"text": "Aktor Transmigrasi Buru",
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"text": "Guna meningkatkan produktivitas padi, pemerintah membangun jaringan dengan penduduk lokal dan transmigran. Dinas Pertanian Kabupaten Buru, bahkan Dinas Pertanian Provinsi, dikerahkan untuk membekali penduduk lokal dan transmigran dengan berbagai pengetahuan di bidang pertanian. Harapannya, penyuluhan yang diberikan akan bisa mengembangkan komoditas pertanian mereka. Pemerintah pada saat itu melakukan upaya modernisasi sistim usaha tani untuk meningkatkan produksi padi sawah melalui revolusi hijau. Program revolusi hijau secara nasional, dilakukan melalui program panca usaha tani secara seragam di semua desa yang ada pada wilayah Indonesia. Program panca usaha tani meliputi (1) penyediaan bibit padi unggul, (2) pemupukan anorganik, (3) obat-obatan untuk membasmi hama, (4) pembangunan sistim irigasi dan, (5) perbaikan pola tanaman padi sawah (Iskandar, 2016).",
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"text": "Penerapan panca usaha tani yang dilakukan pada wilayah Waeapo telah menyebabkan perubahan pada petani sawah di wilayah Waeapo. Petani mulai menggantikan padi lokal dengan padi bibit unggul. Proses perawatan tanaman padi juga sudah menggunakan pupuk dan obat-obatan untuk mengusir hama serta penyakit tumbuhan. Hadirnya irigasi yang dibangun lebih modern lebih mudah untuk mengairi sawah, pola bercocok tanam juga mengalami perubahan dalam cara pengolahan lahan sawah. Jika dulunya para petani menggunakan ternak untuk membajak, kini mereka beralih menggunakan mesin untuk membajak sawah, memotong padi, dan menggiling padi.",
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"text": "Panen padi yang diperoleh dari transmigran membawa perubahan dari sebelumnya transmigran hanya mendapat jatah beras untuk bahan pangan, kini saatnya transmigran mulai memproduksi padi. Selain jenis pangan sudah berubah, penduduk lokal juga turut menikmati hasil dari panen padi yang diolah oleh transmigran sehingga terjadi pertukaran pangan lokal penduduk. Meskipun kehadiran transmigran untuk mendorong pertanian di Waeapo berjalan dengan baik, namun sempat terjadi kecemburuan sosial di Kecamatan Waeapo. Kecemburuan sosial dialami oleh penduduk lokal terhadap transmigran. Pada saat itu kecemburuan terhadap status desa dimana transmigrasi menjadi desa induk yang memiliki kewenangan mengatur penduduk lokal yang status desanya masih dusun.",
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"text": "“Kecemburuan sosial terjadi antara des a Gogrea dan desa Waetele yang merupakan desa induk. Terpisah karena mereka merupakan penduduk adat yang ada pada kecamatan Waeapo, mereka harus menjadi desa karenan transmigran pendatang saja bisa mekar dan jadi desa kenapa kami penduduk asli tidak, sehingga kebijakan bupati memekarkan mereka sehingga tidak menimbulkan konflik antara etnis dalam kecamatan Waeapo.” (Sen, penduduk lokal, wawancara tahun 2019).",
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{
"left": 72,
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"text": "Konflik antara etnis bukan persoalan baru di Indonesia. Tercatat ada beberapa wilayah yang menghadapi konflik, seperti yang terjadi di Jambi konflik yang timbul mengenai masalah tanah. Integrasi dan konflik di Jambi menunjukkan bahwa meskipun sebelumnya sudah terjadi integrasi di Jambi pada tahun 1970-2012 tetapi integrasi itu menimbulkan konflik karena berbagai persoalan. Persoalan yang menyebabkan konflik di Jambi terjadi adalah masyarakat setempat meminta pengembalian tanah (Lindayanti dan Zaiyardam, 2015). Berbeda dengan konflik yang terjadi di Jambi, di Waeapo konflik timbul dari kecemburuan sosial.",
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"text": "Namun demikian, kecemburuan sosial yang terjadi dalam kalangan masyarakat Waeapo tidak meluas karena ditangani secara baik oleh pemerintah setempat. Peristiwa itu tidak membawa dampak yang meluas sehingga dapat diselesaikan dengan cara membangun interaksi antara penduduk lokal, pemerintah dan transmigran sehingga masalah kecemburuan sosial dapat diatasi.",
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"text": "Konflik dapat menjadi salah satu faktor yang menghambat pembangunan, oleh karena itu penyelesaian konflik yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah memberikan kontribusi bagi pelaksanaan pembangunan di Waeapo. Terbukti, dengan diselesaikannya konflik, pembangunan pertanian di Waeapo dapat berlangsung dengan baik karena tidak ada kendala dalam membangun kerja sama dengan berbagai pihak.",
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"text": "Relasi antar aktor: Pendorong Keberhasilan Transmigrasi di Waeapo",
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"text": "Keberhasilan pembangunan pertanian di Waeapo merupakan kolaborasi antar aktor-aktor yang menyusun jejaring di dalamnya. Actor Network Theory menunjukkan bahwa semua elemen yang tergabung dalam sistim akan membentuk jaringan dengan secara alami (Hapsari et al., 2017). Aktor yang bisa mengontrol aktor lain disebut sebagai aktan dan aktanlah yang memiliki peran bergerak masuk dan keluar jaringan berdasarkan kepentingannya. Konsep Actor Network Theory bukan hanya membahas entitas manusia saja tetapi juga entitas non-manusia (Hapsari et al, 2017). Hubungan antar entitas, baik antar manusia maupun entitas manusia dengan non-manusia ditunjukkan melalui hubungan transmigran dan penduduk lokal dengan alam dimana mereka memanfaatkan hutan sebagai sumberdaya untuk memenuhi kebutuhan hidup manusia. Dalam hal ini, tampak bahwa aktor manusia dan non manusia saling berhubungan. Awalnya penduduk lokal mengandalkan hutan sebagai penyedia pangan untuk memenuhi kehidupan sehari-hari mereka. Pada tahap ini, tampak bahwa manusia bergantung pada hutan yang menyediakan pangan. Namun dengan berjalannya waktu, terjadilah perubahan. Jika awalnya hutan menjadi penyedia",
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"text": "Aktor Transmigrasi Buru",
"type": "Page header"
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"left": 427,
"top": 661,
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"text": "139",
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{
"left": 72,
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"width": 370,
"height": 25,
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"text": "utama pangan bagi manusia, dengan adanya teknologi seperti cangkul, dan parang manusia mengubah hutan menjadi sawah.",
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"left": 72,
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"text": "Interaksi antar manusia juga tampak dalam kehidupan transmigran, pemerintah, dan penduduk lokal. Interaksi sosial merupakan hubungan- hubungan sosial yang dinamis berkaitan dengan hubungan antara individu- individu maupun kelompok-kelompok manusia (Soekanto, 2014). Interaksi dibangun dalam kehidupan transmigrasi dan penduduk lokal melalui komunikasi antara satu dan yang lain maupun kelompok. Relasi yang dibangun oleh transmigrasi dan penduduk lokal merupakan jaringan relasi saling bergantung satu sama lain dalam membangun kerja sama. Relasi tersebut mencerminkan hubungan saling menerima percampuran budaya yang dianut masing-masing karena menyadari mereka saling membutuhkan satu dan yang lain, baik secara individu maupun kelompok.",
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"text": "Collective action merupakan tindakan kolektif dimulai dari kelompok orang yang berkumpul setelah itu mereka melakukan aksi atau tindakan secara bersama-sama (Wahyudi, 2005). Tindakan Collective action yang terjadi dalam lingkungan Waeapo terlihat saat transmigran dan penduduk lokal melakukan kegiatan pertanian dan penyulingan minyak kayu putih bersama dengan cara bergotong royong. Masyarakat masih menganut kuat nilai-nilai gotong royong yang dilakukan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari mereka, seperti gotong royong tolong menolong maupun gotong royong dalam kerja bakti (Rostiyati, 2012).",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "Dalam perjalanannya, terjalin hubungan kerja sama antara transmigran dan penduduk lokal untuk mengembangkan pertanian Waeapo. Pengembangan usaha-usaha pertanian berupa sawah, sayuran dan buah-buahan, dan usaha dagang merupakan perbaikan yang dilakukan sebagai adaptasi untuk meningkatkan taraf hidup transmigran dan penduduk lokal Waeapo. Sistem pertanian Waeapo mulai beragam dalam kehidupan bersama mereka dan penduduk lokal mulai bekerja sama dengan transmigran dalam pengembangan sistem pertanian.",
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"text": "Menurut Wright (1990) collective action merupakan setiap tindakan bertujuan untuk dapat memperbaiki kondisi kelompok (semacam status atau kekuasaan) yang disahkan oleh perwakilan kelompok. Peran pemerintah (Dinas Pertanian) selalu mendampinggi transmigrasi dan penduduk lokal untuk melakukan sosialisasi menyangkut pertanian dan agar mereka lebih mandiri dan berkembang dalam sektor pertanian. Pemerintah juga memberikan bantuan seperti pupuk dan obat-obatan pengusir hama.",
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"text": "Sistem pertanian juga berperan menjadi aktor dalam swasembada pangan di Waeapo melalui penerapan panca usaha tani. Namun dalam prosesnya,",
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"text": "KRITIS, Vol. XXX No. 2, 2021: 131 - 143",
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"text": "140",
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"width": 370,
"height": 69,
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"text": "pengembangan pertanian di Waeapo tidak selalu berjalan dengan mudah. Salah satu kendalanya adalah gagal panen. Perubahan hutan menjadi sawah menyebabkan sawah lebih mudah terserang hama, yaitu ulat dan keong. Oleh karena itu transmigran menggunakan obat-obatan untuk mengusir hama agar tidak terjadi gagal panen lagi.",
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"text": "Hadirnya sistem pertanian baru yang dikembangkan oleh transmigran membawa perubahan pada kehidupan penduduk lokal Waeapo. Ada berbagai- faktor yang mempengaruhi keberhasilan transmigrasi, yaitu kelembagaan sosial, kesehatan dan keamanan (Rachman dan Noviarini 2018). Sedangkan keberhasilan transmigrasi Tanjung Buka Kabupaten Bulungan dipengaruhi oleh peningkatan pendapatan, kemudahan pendidikan, dan fasilitas transportasi seperti jalan, jembatan maupun fasilitas umum lainnya (Susanto, et al. 2019). Pada akhirnya, studi ini menunjukkan bahwa keberhasilan program transmigrasi di Waeapo dipengaruhi oleh kolaborasi antar pemerintah, transmigran, dan penduduk lokal sebagai aktor manusia, serta hutan dan teknologi sebagai aktor non manusia.",
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"text": "Kehidupan di Waeapo mengalami perubahan dari aspek sosial ekonomi, Bahasa, budaya, dan kesenian. Penerapan aspek tersebut membawa parubahan dalam kehidupan transmigrasi dan penduduk lokal yang hidup bersamaan dalam kecamatan Waeapo. Perubahan transportasi juga terjadi dalam kehidupan penduduk lokal semula mengunakan transportasi laut hadirnya transmigrasi jalan darat mulai terbuka yang menghubungkan kecamtan Waeapo dengan kota Namlea. Agama juga mengalami perubahan awalnya penduduk lokal masih menganut animisme kini beralih memeluk agama Islam dan Kristen yang berkembang dalam kehidupan transmigran dan penduduk lokal. tingkat pendidikan juga mulai berkembang awalnya penduduk dan transmigran memiliki tingkat pendidikan terbatas mulai berubah sistem pendidikam mulai berkembang dari Sekolah Dasar sampai Perguruan Tinggi.",
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"text": "Pembangunan pemukiman transmigrasi pada dasarnya akan mempengaruhi lingkungan baik secara biografik, sosial, ekonomi, dan budaya yang menimbulkan perubahan terhadap tatanan ekosistem alam serta kehidupan masyarakat lokal sekitar (Suwarno, 1997). Pembangunan Waeapo membawa perubahan pada lingkungan hidup terlihat dari kehidupan penduduk lokal, transmigran serta hutan. Hutan Waeapo mengalami pengikisan yang ditimbulkan oleh alih fungsi hutan menjadi areal pertanian, sawah, pemukiman dan infrastruktur. Sama dalam hal lahan Kalimantan mengalami kehilangan hutan disebabkan karena hutan dialihkan menjadi areal perkebuanan kelapa sawit dan perkebunan kayu pulp (Wahyudi dan Suranto 2021).",
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"text": "Pada satu sisi, kehadiran transmigran membawa dampak positif dalam hal pembangunan fisik dan pembangunan manusia. Namun seperti dua sisi mata uang, pembangunan juga memiliki sisi negatif terlebih ketika dilakukan dengan mengeksploitasi ekosistem alami. Secara khusus alih guna lahan hutan di Waeapo menjadi areal persawahan membawa perubahan sifat ekosistem yang lebih beragam menjadi ekosistem yang lebih monokultur, sehingga akan berdampak secara negatif terhadap lingkungan hidup.",
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"text": "Hutan sagu mulai mengalami pengikisan, pangan lokal mulai bergeser yaitu padi gogo dan sagu mulai sulit ditemui dalam kalangan penduduk lokal Waeapo disebabkan karena perkembangan padi sawah yang meningkat sehingga penduduk beralih mengonsumsi padi sawah yang diolah menjadi nasi. Berbeda halnya dengan Merauke melalui proyek MIFEE ( Merauke Integrated Food and Energy Estate) dalam pengembangan perkebunan pangan dan energi terintegrasi terjadi eksplorasi hutan yang mempengaruhi tatanan demografi. Proyek tersebut mengundang kehadiran banyak pendatang, sehingga perubahan terjadi pada lingkungan, ekonomi, alih fungsi lahan dan demografi yang berdampak pada kehidupan sosial dan budaya masyarakat yang tingal pada tapak proyek MIFEE. Penduduk asli tersingkir dalam arus pembangunan yang berdampak pada jarak sosial anatara penduduk asli dan pendatang (Fitriani et al, 2019).",
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"text": "Dampak perubahan iklim Waeapo juga terjadi dimana transmigrasi membuka hutan menjadi lahan sawah mengakibatkan pengaruh iklim juga ikut berubah seperti awalnya udaranya sejuk beralih menjadi panas karena kehilangan hutan. Menurut (Pagiola, 2000) perubahan iklim terjadi karena perubahan hutan menjadi karena pengolahan lahan dan penebangan kayu, sehingga membawah perubahan iklim mimiliki efek pada konferensi hutan mengakibatkan berkurangnya keragaman menghayati, pemanasan global, kerusakan fungsi huatan, penurunan kapasitas karbon, perubahan signifikan lapisan hydrogen (permukaan air dan tanah) dan hilangnya nilai estetika dan kesempatan rekreasi.",
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"text": "KESIMPULAN",
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"text": "Keberadaan transmigran pada kecamatan Waeapo membawa pembangunan dari segi pertanian dalam wilayah tersebut. Keberhasilan program transmigrasi di Waeapo dalam hal pertanian disebabkan oleh kolaborasi antar aktor, yaitu pemerintah, transmigrasi, penduduk lokal, hutan, dan teknologi. Alih guna hutan juga berdampak terhadap lingkungan karena terjadi pergeseran pada hutan alami Waeapo menjadi nonhutan yaitu persawahan. Selain itu, kehadiran transmigran juga membaawa perubahan sosial seperti bertambahnya",
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{
"left": 72,
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"height": 40,
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"text": "penduduk, pertanian yang beragam, perubahan lingkungan fisik, percampuran budaya dan peralihan pangan penduduk lokal dari sagu beralih menjadi pangan nasi dalam lingkungan Waeapo.",
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"text": "The Effect Ease of Use and Perceived Risk On Purchasing Decisions On Marketplace Shopee",
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"text": "Dimas Setiawan Wicaksono 1 , M Dian Ruhamak 2 , Nonni Yap 3 1,2,3 Faculty of Economics and Business,",
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"text": "Kadiri University ARTICLE INFO Abstract Article History: Accepted : Desember 2023 Fixed : Desember 2023 Approved : Desember 2023",
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"text": "The purpose of this study is to determine the effect ease of use and Perceived risk on purchasing decisions on marketplace shopee in kediri city. This research is of the explanatory research type with a quantitative approach. The population of the study consists of Shopee marketplace users in Kediri city, and the exact population size is unknown. The sampling technique used in this study is non-probability sampling with purposive sampling technique. The sample size in this study is 100 respondents, determined using the Lemeshow formula. Data analysis is conducted using multiple linear regression or descriptive statistics. Data processing in this study is performed using SPSS version 23. The results of this study show that: (1) Ease of use has a partial significant positive effect on purchasing decisionss with a significance value of 0.000 < 0.05. (2) Perceived risk also has a partial significant negative effect on purchasing decisionss with a significance value of 0.002 < 0.05. (3) Simultaneously, ease of use and Perceived risk have a significant influence on purchasing decisionss, with a calculated F count of 19.831 > the F",
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"text": "table value of 2.69, and the obtained significance value is 0.00 < α 0.05",
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"text": "Keywords :",
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"text": "Marketplace; ease of use; Perceived risk; purchasing decisions",
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"text": "Abstraks Kata Kunci: Marketplace; Kemudahan penggunaan; Persepsi risiko; keputusan pembelian",
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"text": "Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh kemu- dahan penggunaan dan persepsi risiko terhadap keputusan pembelian pada marketplace shopee di kota kediri. Jenis penelitian ini adalah explana- tory research dengan pendekatan kuantitatif. Populasi penelitian terdiri dari pengguna marketplace Shopee di kota Kediri, dan jumlah populasi pastinya tidak diketahui. Teknik pengambilan sampel yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah non-probability sampling dengan teknik pur- posive sampling. Besar sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah 100 responden yang ditentukan dengan menggunakan rumus Lemeshow. Analisis data dilakukan dengan menggunakan regresi linier berganda atau statistik deskriptif. Pengolahan data dalam penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan SPSS versi 23. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa: (1) Kemudahan penggunaan secara parsial berpengaruh positif signifikan keputusan pembelian dengan nilai signifikansi 0,000 < 0,05. (2) Persepsi Risiko juga secara parsial berpengaruh negatif signifikan terhadap kepu- tusan pembelian dengan nilai signifikansi 0,002 < 0,05. (3) Secara simultan kemudahan penggunaan dan Persepsi risiko berpengaruh signifikan ter- hadap keputusan pembelian, dengan F hitung sebesar 19,831 > nilai F tabel sebesar 2,69, dan diperole h nilai signifikansi 0,00 < α 0,05.",
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"text": "DOI: 10.21107/jsmb.v10i2.20895",
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"text": "Correspondence: Name: Dimas Setiawan Wicaksono Email: dimassetiawanwicaksana92@gmail.com",
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"text": "ISSN: 2355-9543 (Print) ISSN: 2460-3775 (Online)",
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"text": "Jurnal Studi Manajemen dan Bisnis Vol. 10 (2) 2023: 208-214",
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"text": "INTRODUCTION",
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"text": "The rapid progress of time has brought about significant changes in various aspects of life, one of which is technology. Technological advancements have experienced significant growth in parallel with the progress of time. The existence of the internet is a manifestation of technological advancement that has transformed daily activities, including buying and selling transactions (Salsabila, 2021). In the past, purchases and sales were done manually through face-to-face interactions between sellers and buyers. However, now these transactions can be easily, quickly, and efficiently conducted through the internet. Sellers and buyers can engage in transactions without meeting in person, using the internet as a tool for buying and selling.",
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"text": "According to data ( Asosiasi Penyelenggara Jasa Internet Indonesia , n.d.) internet usage in Indonesia continues to increase every year. In the period of 2021-2022, approximately 210 million Indonesians were connected to the internet out of a total popula- tion of 272 million. The data indicates that 79% of the 7,568 respondents used the internet for online trans- actions, highlighting the importance of the internet in online buying and selling activities.",
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"text": "Marketplace is an online platform for buying and selling goods and services. Marketplaces have broad and unrestricted markets where transactions are conducted online, and buyers do not directly meet sellers. However, trust can still be built until a transaction occurs, and buyers can assess the seller's credibility through reviews made by other buyers (Yap et al., 2022). The facilities provided by market- places make it easy, fast, and affordable for people to transact without limitations of space, distance, or time (Ramadhani & Irda, 2022). The marketplace in- dustry in Indonesia has experienced rapid growth, leading to a shift in consumer behavior from tradi- tional shopping to online shopping, which is easier and more convenient for meeting their needs. This has encouraged market participants to compete in attracting buyers (Mar’atul Fahimah, 2019) . Accord- ing to data ( Iprice ,Top 50 E-Commerce Sites & Apps in Indonesia , n.d.) Shopee has become a popular marketplace in Indonesia with a high number of visitors in the first and second quarters of 2022. However, there has been a decline in visitors in the second quarter. This decline may be attributed to difficulties in using the Shopee application and high risks such as lost or incorrect items. Consumers may need to claim insurance or file complaints with the store, which can be time-consuming and may receive slow responses from the sellers.",
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"text": "According to (Agustiningrum & Andjarwati,",
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"text": "2021) the purchasing decision is the final decision in- dicating that a consumer is buying the desired and chosen product or service. One of the factors influ- encing the purchasing decision in the marketplace is ease of use. Ease of use is an important factor in the purchasing decision on marketplace applications or platforms. New potential customers who interact with online technology often face difficulties and tend to abandon their intention to make a purchase due to the complexity of the process. Incomplete, complex, and difficult-to-understand features can reduce user interest in using the platform (Septiani & Widayatsari, 2020). According to (Li e t al ., 2020) applications or platforms should be quick and easy to use for users because it helps them determine whether the application is user-friendly or difficult to use. According to (Sudarwanto et al., 2021) state that ease of use, also known as ease of use, should be designed to be as easy as possible without burden- ing the users with complex processes. According to Davis cited in the study by (Alatas et al., 2019) there are several indicators that can measure the ease of use for users, including: easy to learn, controllable, flexible, easy to use, clear, and understandable.",
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"text": "In addition, perceived has an influence on purchasing decisions (Yunita et al., 2019). Perceived refers to the unpleasant consequences of consumer decisions that are considered to have uncertain out- comes (Haryani, 2019). According to (Suaidi et al ., 2022) perceived is the main reason why consumers make purchasing decisions for both goods and ser- vices on marketplaces. Suresh and Shashikala, as cited in the study by (Rusilawati et al., 2022). identi- fied three indicators of perceived: product risk, transaction risk, and psychological risk. Therefore, marketplace companies must be able to minimize the risks present in the marketplace in order to foster trust in making purchasing decisions. Based on the aforementioned description, the researchers were interested in conducting a new study entitled \"The Effect Ease of Use and Perceived Risk on Purcasing Decisions on Marketplace Shopee \".",
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"text": "Hypothesis in this study is:",
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"text": "H1: Ease of Use has a significant effect on purchas- ing decisions.",
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"text": "H2: Perceived Risk has a significant effect on pur- chasing decisions.",
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"text": "H3: Ease of Use and Perceived Risk have a signifi- cant effect on purchasing decisions.",
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"text": "METHOD",
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"text": "This research is an explanatory research with",
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"text": "The Effect Ease Of Use And Perceived Risk On Purchasing Decisions On Marketplace Shopee",
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"text": "a quantitative approach. The study was conducted in Kediri City, with the population being the Shopee marketplace users in the city, for which the exact population size is unknown. The sampling technique used in this study was non-probability sampling with purposive sampling technique, with the criteria for respondents being residents of Kediri City, having used the Shopee marketplace, having made purchases on the Shopee marketplace, and aged between 20 and 40 years old.This study utilized primary data obtained through the distribution of questionnaires (surveys) via Google Form to residents of Kediri City who met the criteria as respondents in the study. The secondary data used in this study were from books, previous research findings, and other relevant literature.",
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"text": "The sample size used in this study was 100 respondents. The determination of the sample size in this study used the Lemeshow formula, as the population size was unknown (Levy & Lemeshow, 2013). The calculation using the Lemeshow formula yielded a result of 96 respondents, which was then rounded up by the researcher to 100 respondents for ease of research.",
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"text": "In this study, the researcher conducted validity and reliability tests to ensure the validity and reliability of the distributed questionnaires. The validity test compared the calculated r-value with the tabled r-value using the degree of freedom (df) = n - 2, with a significance level of 5% or 0.05. The reliability test used cronbach's alpha with a value of 0.60. The author used the spss version 23 for data analysis.",
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"text": "This study employed multiple linear regression analysis to meet the requirements of the multiple linear regression model. The classic assumption tests included: 1) normality test using graphical analysis and kolmogorov-smirnov statistical analysis, with the decision rule stating that if the asympotic significant value (2-tailed) > 0.05, then the residual values are normally distributed. 2) multicollinearity test by examining the tolerance and variance inflation factor (vif) values. The threshold for tolerance is 0.10 and the threshold for vif is 10, if the tolerance value is < 0.10 and the vif value is > 10, then multicollinearity is present. If the opposite is true, then multicollinearity is not present (Ghozali, 2016). 3) heteroscedasticity test can be examined by observing any patterns in the scatterplot graph. 4) autocorrelation test using the run test to examine autocorrelation. 5) linearity test using decision rule stating that if the calculated f- value < f-table, then there is a linear relationship.",
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"text": "Multiple linear regression analysis is",
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"text": "conducted using the least squares equation y = a + b1x1 + b2x2 + e to determine the strength of the independent variables on the dependent variable (Sugiyono, 2016). Hypothesis testing, partial t-test, simultaneous f-test, and determination test r2 are then conducted. The decision rule for the t-test (partial) is that if the calculated probability value < the significance level of 0.05 (sig < α 0.05), then h0 is rejected and ha is accepted. However, if the calculated probability value > the significance level of 0.05 (sig > α 0.05), then h0 is accepted and ha is rejected. The decision rule for the f-test (simultaneous) is that if the calculated f-value > the f-table v alue or sig < α, then h0 is rejected, and ha is accepted, indicating a significant simultaneous effect. The determination test r2 is conducted to examine how the variation in the dependent variable is influenced by the variation in the independent variables.",
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"text": "RESULTS Validity test",
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"text": "Table 1 Validity test results Variable Item r count r table Information X1 1 0,799 0,198 Valid 2 0,838 0,198 Valid 3 0,804 0,198 Valid 4 0,838 0,198 Valid 5 0,752 0,198 Valid 6 0,637 0,198 Valid X2 1 0,631 0,198 Valid 2 0,729 0,198 Valid 3 0,641 0,198 Valid 4 0,632 0,198 Valid 5 0,717 0,198 Valid 6 0,639 0,198 Valid Y 1 0,625 0,198 Valid 2 0,671 0,198 Valid 3 0,650 0,198 Valid 4 0,502 0,198 Valid 5 0,730 0,198 Valid 6 0,696 0,198 Valid",
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"text": "Source: Primary data processed by researchers (2023)",
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"text": "Based on the validity test conducted by the researcher, all 18 statements showed an r count greater than the r table of 0.198. Therefore, it can be concluded that all statements are considered valid.",
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"text": "Reliability test",
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"text": "Jurnal Studi Manajemen dan Bisnis",
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"text": "Vol. 10 (2) 2023: 208-214",
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"text": "Table 2 Reliability Test Results",
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"text": "Variable Cronbach's Alpha Easy of Use 0,869 Perceived Risk 0,738 purchasing decisions 0,718",
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"text": "Source: Primary data processed by researchers (2023)",
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"text": "The reliability test conducted by the researcher revealed that all statements had cronbach's alpha values greater than 0.60. Hence, it can be inferred that all statements are reliable. Classical Assumption Tests Normality Test Graphical Analysis.",
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"text": "The normality test using the Test Normal probability plot graph shows that the data is spread around the diagonal line and follows the direction of the diagonal line. This shows a normal distribution pattern.",
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"text": "Statistic Analysis",
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"text": "Based on the results of the normality test using the kolmogrov-smirnov test, an asymptotic (2- tailed) significance value was obtained of 0.200 > a significance level of 0.05. Therefore, it can be concluded that the data is normally distributed.",
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"text": "Multicollinearity Test",
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"text": "Based on the results of the Multicollinearity test, the tolerance value is 0.996 > 0.10, and the VIF value is 1.004 <10. Thus it can be concluded that there is no multicollinearity in this model.",
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"text": "Heteroscedasticity Test",
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"text": "Based on the heteroscedasticity test using the scatterplot graph, it can be seen that the data points are randomly scattered both above and below the value of 0 on the y axis. This shows that there is no heteroscedasticity in the regression model.",
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"text": "Autocorrelation Test",
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"text": "Based on the results of the autocorrelation test using the runs test, the asmp.sig (2-tailed) value of 0.315 is greater than the significance level of 0.05 or 0.315 > 0.05. Therefore, it can be concluded that there is no autocorrelation in the regression model .",
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"text": "Linearity test",
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"text": "Table 3 Linearity Test Results Variable F Count F Table Information Ease of use 1,195 2,69 Linier Perceived risk 2,565 2,69 Linier Source: Primary data processed by researchers (2023)",
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"text": "From the table above, the calculated F Count < F table, indicating that all variables have a linear relationship.",
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"text": "Multiple linear Regression Analysis Y= 19.228+0.356X1- 0.197X2+e Constant value 19.288, If the variables Ease of use (X1) and Perceived Risk (X2) are both 0, the purchasing decision (Y) will be 19.228.",
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"text": "Coefficient of X1 0.356, the Ease of use variable (X1) has a positive value, indicating that for every increase of 1 unit in the Ease of use variable (X1), the purchasing decision (Y) will increase by 0.356. Conversely, if the Ease of use variable decreases by 1 unit, it will decrease the purchasing decision by 0.356.",
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"text": "Coefficient of X2 - 0.197, the Perceived Risk variable (X2) has a negative value of 0.197, indicating a contrary effect. This means that for every increase of 1 unit in the Perceived Risk variable (X2), the purchasing decision will decrease by 0.197. Conversely, if the Perceived Risk variable decreases by 1 unit, it will increase the purchasing decision by 0.197.",
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"text": "Hypothesis testing T Test (Partial)",
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"text": "Based on partial test, the significance value of the Ease of Use variable is 0.000 < 0.05. This means that H0 is rejected and Ha is accepted, indicating that Ease of Use has a significant partial effect on purchasing decisions.",
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"text": "Similarly, the significance value of the Perceived Riskvariable is 0.002, < 0.05. This means that H0 is rejected and Ha is accepted, indicating that Perceived Riskhas a significant partial effect on purchasing decisions.",
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"text": "F Test (Simultaneous)",
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"top": 638,
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"text": "Based on Simultaneous test, the simultaneous testing results show that the F Count is 19.831, > F table of 2.69. Additionally, the significance value obtained is 0.00, < significance evel of 0.05. Therefore, H0 is rejected, and Ha is accepted. This indicates that there is a significant simultaneous influence between the Ease of Use variable (X1), Perceived Riskvariable (X2), and the Purchasing decisions variable (Y) on the Shopee marketplace in Kediri city.",
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"text": "The Effect Ease Of Use And Perceived Risk On Purchasing Decisions On Marketplace Shopee",
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"text": "Determination Test R2",
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"left": 62,
"top": 98,
"width": 232,
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"text": "Based on the table above, the Adjusted R- Square value is 0.276, which translates to 27.6% when expressed as a percentage. This means that the combined contribution of the Ease of Use and Perceived Riskvariables to the Purchasing decisions on Shopee marketplace in Kediri city is 27.6%, while the remaining 72.4% is influenced by other variables not examined in this study .",
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"text": "DISCUSSION",
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"text": "Ease of use has a significant influence on purchasing decisionss in the marketplace in Kediri city. This is supported by the results of the T-test, which indicates that the significance value for the ease of use variable is 0.00 < 0.05, this accepting hypothesis (Ha). This research reinforces previous studies conducted by (Sudarwanto et al. , 2021), (Jaya & Haryadi, 2022) and (Septiani & Widayatsari, 2020). According to (Muhammad Dimas Djoyo Naufal, 2022) ease of use is a level where individuals believe that an application or platform can be easily understood. The application or platform should be fast and easy to use for users, as it determines whether the application is user-friendly or difficult to use. According to (Li e t al ., 2020) a comfortable marketplace platform is a determining factor that enhances online purchasing decisionss (Petcharat & Leelasantitham, 2021).",
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"text": "Perceived risk has a significant effect on pur- chasing decisions in the marketplace in the city of Kediri. This is supported by the results of the T test which shows that the significance value of the per- ceived Riskvariable is 0.00 <0.05, so the hypothesis (Ha) is accepted. This finding is in line with the re- search conducted by (Alghifari, A.f., dan Rahayu, 2021), which showed that perceived risk signifi- cantly influences purchasing decisions on Shopee, an online marketplace. The coefficient for perceived risk is -0.197, indicating a negative effect on purchas- ing decisions on Shopee in Kediri city. The lower the perceived risk that may harm consumers in making purchases on Shopee, the higher their purchasing decisions will be. On the other hand, if users have a high perception of risk, it will lower their purchas- ing decisions on Shopee in Kediri city. This is in line with the research conducted by (Riyono et al., 2019) which found that perceived risk has a negative and significant impact on online purchasing decisionss. Individuals can assess the risk information of the products they are going to buy on the marketplace through positive or negative product reviews, which shapes their perception of the risk associated with the purchased product (Fernandes et al., 2022).",
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"height": 62,
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"text": "Negative comments reflect individuals' evalua- tion that the purchased product does not meet their expectations, and this factor influences others in making purchasing decisions on the marketplace (Yang et al., 2022).",
"type": "Text"
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"top": 148,
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"text": "The ease of use and perceived risk both have a significant simultaneous influence on purchasing decisions. The results of the F-test show that the F count of 19.831 is greater than the table F value of 2.69, and the significance value of 0.00 < α 0.05, indicating that the null hypothesis (H0) is rejected and the hypothesis (Ha) is accepted. This means that there is a significant simultaneous influence between the variables of Ease of Use (X1), Perceived Risk (X2), and Purchasing Decisions (Y) on the Shopee marketplace in Kediri city. These findings are consistent with the research conducted by (Salsabila, 2021) Therefore, the ease of using the application or platform and the risk associated with purchasing products or services on the application or platform will lead to a decision to purchase the products.",
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"text": "CONCLUSIONS",
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"text": "The first hypothesis was accepted, Ease of Use has a significant influence on purchasing decisions in the marketplace in Kediri city. The higher the level of ease of use provided to consumers, the higher their purchasing decisions for products or services in the marketplace.",
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"text": "The second hypothesis was accepted, Perceived Risk also has a significant influence on purchasing decisions in the marketplace in Kediri city. The lower the perceived risk of consumers, the higher their purchasing decisions in the marketplace. Conversely, if consumers have a high perception of risk, it will decrease their purchasing decisions.",
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"text": "The third hypothesis was accepted, Ease of Use and Perceived Risk simultaneously have a significant influence on purchasing decisions. This means that the variables of ease of use and perceived risk mutually affect each other in influencing consumer purchasing decisions in the marketplace in Kediri city.",
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"text": "ACKNOWLEDGMENTS",
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"text": "Thanks to everyone, especially my parents, college friends, management study program lecturers who have participated in the preparation of this research article",
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"text": "102784. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jre tconser.2021.102784 Yap, N., Rahmadi, A. N., Ruhamak, M. D., & Ayu, R. G. (2022). The Effect of After Sales Service on Online Shop Consumer Satisfaction ( Survey of Tokopedia and Shopee Consumers at Kadiri University ) . 7 (3), 325 – 332. Yunita, N. R., Sumarsono, H., & Farida, U. (2019).",
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"text": "DAN KEAMANAN TERHADAP KEPUTUSAN PEMBELIAN ONLINE DI BUKA LAPAK (Studi Kasus Pada Komunitas Buka Lapak Ponorogo). ISOQUANT : Jurnal Ekonomi, Manajemen Dan",
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"text": "PENGEMBANGAN APARATUR SIPIL NEGARA MELALUI BIMBINGAN TEKNIS (BIMTEK) PADA KANTOR SEKRETARIAT DEWAN PERWAKILAN RAKYAT DAERAH KABUPATEN SINTANG",
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"text": "Mikael Mahin",
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"text": "Fakultas Ilmu Sosial Dan Ilmu Politik, Universitas Kapuas Sintang, Jl. Y.C. Oevang Oeray No. 92, Sintang, Indonesia. Email: mahinmikael@gmail.com",
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"text": "Abstrak: Bimbingan teknis (Bimtek) pada Kantor Sekretariat Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah Kabupaten Sintang dilaksanakan sebagai proses belajar dalam rangka peningkatan kemampuan sumber daya manusia ASN yang profesional dan berkualitas untuk melaksanakan tugas- tugasnya. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menjawab permasalahan yang diteliti serta menganalisis, untuk mengetahui dan mendeskripsikan tentang Pengembangan Aparatur Sipil Negara Melalui Bimbingan Teknis (Bimtek) Pada Kantor Sekretariat Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah Kabupaten Sintang. Penelitian ini jenisnya penelitian deskriptif, yakni penelitian yang dimaksudkan untuk membuat gambaran atau mengambarkan keadaan ataupun kejadian. Terutama yang berkenaan dengan Pengembangan Aparatur Sipil Negara melalui Bimbingan Teknis (Bimtek) Pada Kantor Sekretariat Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah Kabupaten Sintang. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa Bimbingan Teknis (Bimtek) itu meliputi Bimtek Tentang Legal Drafting pada Sekretariat DPRD di Jakarta. Bimtek tentang penguatan jabatan, kinerja dan optimalisasi peran Setwan selaras dengan system kerja DPRD dalam menghadapi Tahun Politik 2024. Bimtek tentang fasilitasi penyusunan properda, penilaian mandiri pelaksanaan reformasi birokrasi di Jakarta. Workshop nasional Asdeksi di Bandung Jawa Barat. Workshop Nasional Asdeksi di Yogyakarta. Kendala-kendala Pengembangan Aparatur Sipil Negara meliputi biaya (dana pengembangan).",
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"text": "Kata Kunci: Pengembangan; Aparatur Sipil Negara; Bimbingan Teknis.",
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"text": "Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 2014 tentang Aparatur Sipil Negara (UU ASN) dianggap membawa dampak untuk keberhasilan reformasi birokrasi dan membawa perubahan di dalam manajemen sumber daya Aparatur Sipil Negara (ASN). Perubahan tersebut membawa konsekuensi bahwa pegawai ASN merupakan suatu profesi yang memiliki kewajiban untuk melakukan pengembangan diri dan wajib mempertanggungjawabkan kinerja serta",
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"text": "menerapkan prinsip merit dalam pelaksanaan manajemen ASN. Oleh karena itu profesi ASN harus dikelola secara profesional, dan pengelolaan manajemen juga harus memiliki konsep yang jelas untuk perbaikan pengelolaan manajemen dimasa depan.",
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"text": "Aparatur Sipil Negara (ASN) adalah unsur utama sumber daya manusia aparatur negara yang mempunyai peranan penting dalam menentukan keberhasilan penyelenggaraan",
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"text": "pemerintahan dan pembangunan. Oleh karena itu tidak dapat dipungkiri bahwa faktor manusia menjadi modal utama yang perlu diperhatikan dalam pemerintahan. Keberhasilan",
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"text": "suatu organisasi dalam mencapai tujuan ditentukan oleh kualitas sumber daya manusia.",
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"text": "Bimbingan teknis, atau yang sering disingkat dengan Bimtek adalah sebuah pelatihan, layanan bimbingan, atau penyuluhan yang diadakan guna meningkatkan kemampuan tertentu, kualitas sumber daya manusia, atau melatih tenaga kerja menjadi lebih kompeten. Bimbingan teknis merupakan salah satu upaya untuk meningkatkan kompetensi yang meliputi pengetahuan, keahlian, keterampilan, dan sikap. Sehingga pada akhirnya diharapkan dengan adanya peningkatan kompetensi tersebut dapat menghapus kesenjangan atau gap kompetensi pada peserta sehingga dapat memaksimalkan produktivitas kerja sehingga tujuan organisasi dapat dicapai dengan lebih optimal. Menurut Hasibuan (2011:68) Pengembangan (Development ) adalah “fungsi",
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"text": "operasional kedua dari manajemen Personalia, pengembangan pegawai perlu dilakukan secara terencana dan berkesinambungan agar pengembangan dapat dilaksanakan dengan baik, harus lebih dahulu ditetapkan suatu program",
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"text": "pengembangan pegawai”.",
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"text": "Menurut Nadler dalam Hardjana, (2011:11) pengembangan adalah “kegiatan-kegiatan belajar yang",
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"text": "diadakan dalam jangka waktu tertentu",
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"text": "guna memperbesar kemungkinan untuk meningkatkan kinerja”. Hasibuan (2011:69) Dalam bukunya Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia mengatakan bahwa Pengembangan adalah “suatu usaha untuk meningkatkan kemampuan teknis, teoritis, Konseptual, dan Moral karyawan sesuai dengan kebutuhan pekerjaan/jabatan melalui pendidikan dan latihan”.",
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"text": "Menurut pendapat P. Siagiaan (2012:254), menyatakan pengembangan ( development ) meliputi: Kesempatan belajar yang bertujuan untuk lebih meningkatkan pengetahuan ( knowledge) dan keahlian ( skill) yang diperlukan dalam pekerjaan yang sedang dijalani. Pengembangan lebih difokuskan untuk jangka panjang. Selanjutnya digunakan untuk mempersiapkan karyawan sesuai dengan pertumbuhan dan perubahan organisasi.",
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"text": "bahwa:“Pengembangan adalah suatu proses pendidikan jangka panjang menggunakan suatu prosedur yang sistematis dan terorganisasi dengan manajer belajar pengetahuan konseptual dan teoritis untuk tujuan umum”",
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"text": "Sebagaimana Pendapat Simamora (2010:287), menyatakan pengembangan adalah: Proses jangka panjang untuk meningkatkankan pabilitas dan motivasi karyawan agar dapat menjadi asset perusahaan yang berharga, mengemukakan pengembangan",
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"text": "biasanya berkaitan dengan peningkatan kemampuan intelektual atau emosional yang diperlukan untuk melaksanakan pekerjaan yang lebih baik, berpendapat",
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"text": "bahwa program pengembangan sumber daya manusia pada dasarnya adalah usaha untuk meningkatkan kualitas dan kompetensi sumber daya manusia dalam organisasinya.",
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"text": "Berdasarkan uraian diatas proses pengembangan dalam konteks perusahaan sangatlah berpengaruh pada kinerja juga tingkat produktivitas Karyawan, dalam pemberian Pendidikan kepada bagian-bagian Manajerial dan pelatihan pada bagian Operasional merupakan langkah kongkret yang harus direncanakan oleh perusahaan. Pengembangan Karir Saydam (2005:90) menyebutkan bahwa pengembangan SDM (Sumber",
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"text": "DayaManusia), merupakan kegiatan yang harus dilaksanakan organisasi,agar pengetahuan (knowledge), kemampuan ( ability), dan keterampilan (skill) mereka sesuai dengan tuntutan pekerjaan yang mereka lakukan.Pengembangan adalah peningkatan pribadi yang dilakukan seseorang untuk mencapai suatu rencana karier dan peningkatanoleh departemen personalia untuk mencapai suatu rencana kerjasesuai dengan jalur atau jenjang organisasi. Pengembangan karir merupakan upaya-upaya pribadi seorang karyawan untuk mencapai suatu rencana karir. Indikator Pengembangan Pengembangan merupakan upaya- upaya pribadi seorang pegawai untuk mencapai",
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"text": "suatu rencana karier.",
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"text": "indikator-indikator pengembangan Riva’i (2003:89) adalah sebagai berikut:",
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"text": "1. Kebutuhan karier Membantu para pegawai dalam menyesuaikan kebutuhan-kebutuhan karier internal mereka sendiri.",
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"text": "2. Dukungan perusahaan dalam bentuk moril Perusahaan memberikan umpan balik terhadap kinerja yaitudengan meningkatkan kemampuan kinerja pegawai untuk mengisiposisi jabatan/karier yang disediakan oleh perusahaan",
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"text": "4. Perusahaan memberikan umpan balik berupa fasilitas-fasilitas kerja yang mendukung dalam jabatannya",
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"text": "5. Pelatihan Meningkatkan kemampuan atau keterampilan pegawai dalam bidang operasional",
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"text": "6. Perlakuan yang adil dalam berkarier Memberikan kesempatan berkarier kepada pegawainya untuk mengembangkan diri. 7. Informasi karier Memberikan informasi kebutuhan karier yang dibutuhkan untuk mengetahui kemungkinan jabatan yang dapat dicapai pegawai untuk mengembangkan kariernya.",
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"text": "8. Promosi Memberikan pengakuan, jabatan, dan imbalan jasa yang semakin besar kepada pegawai yang berprestasi tinggi.",
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"text": "9. Mutasi Memindahkan dan menempatkan pegawai dalam jabatannya didasarkan pada prestasi kerja pegawai.",
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"text": "karyawan pada pekerjaan yang tepat Penempatan pegawai sesuai dengan keahlian dan kemampuan yang dimilikinya.",
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"text": "11. Pengembangan tenaga",
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"text": "Memberikan program pendidikan dan pelatihan untuk pegawai untuk meningkatkan potensi dalam dirinya. Pengembangan karier tidak hanya tergantung pada usaha-usaha individual saja, karena hal itu tidak selalu sesuai dengankepentingan organisasi. Untuk mengarahkan pengembangan karier agar menguntungkan organisasi dan pegawai, perlu",
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"text": "mengusahakan dukungan manajemen, memberikan umpan balik kepada pegawai dan membangun suatu lingkungan kerja yang nyaman untuk meningkatkan kemampuan dan keinginan pegawai dalam melaksanakan pengembangan karier.",
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"text": "Oleh karena itu, Bentuk",
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"text": "Pengembangan sebagaimana ditegaskan Fahmi (2010) adalah sebagai berikut:",
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"text": "1. Pendidikan dan Pelatihan merupakan usaha meningkatkan kemampuan kerja yang dimiliki pegawai dengan caramenambah pengetahuan dan keterampilanya.",
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"text": "2. Mutasi atau yang dikenal dengan mutasi personal diartikansebagai perubahan posisi/jabatan/pekerjaan tempat kerja dariseorang tenaga kerja yang dilakukan baik secara vertikal maupun horizontal.",
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"text": "3. Penangguhan Kenaikan Pangkat terjadi sebagai akibat dariketidakmampuan seorang tenaga kerja melaksanakan tugas dalam",
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"text": "jabatannya, karena pelanggaran disiplin, atau terkena hukuman pidana.",
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"text": "4. Pembebas tugasan tau lebih dikenal dengan skorsing merupakan bentuk mutasi vertikal yang dilakukan dengan membebas tugaskan seorang tenaga kerja dari posisi/jabatan/pekerjaannya, tetapi masih memperoleh pendapatan secara penuh..",
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"text": "5. Pemberhentian atau retiring merupakan bentuk mutasivertikal yang paling akhir berupa pemberhentian seorang tenaga kerja dari posisi/jabatan/pekerjaan yang sekaligus diikuti dengan pemutusan hubungan kerja dan pemberhentian.",
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"text": "Menurut Mangkunegara yang diterjemahkan dari Fubrin (dalam Fahmi, 2010:99), tujuan dan manfaat pengembangan karir adalah sebagai berikut:",
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"text": "1. Membantu dalam Pencapaian Tujuan Individu dan Perusahaan Pengembangan karir membantu pencapaian tujuan perusahaan dan tujuan individu.",
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"text": "2. Menunjukan Hubungan Kesejahteraan Karyawan Perusahaan merencanakan karir karyawan dengan meningkatkan kesejahteraannya agar karyawan lebih tinggi loyalitasnya. 3. Membantu Pegawai Menyadari Kemampuan Potensi Mereka Pengembangan karir membantu menyadarkan karyawan akan kemampuannya untuk menduduki suatu jabatan tertentu sesuai dengan potensi dan keahliannya.",
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"text": "Volume: 21 Nomor 2. September 2023 P-ISSN: 1693-0762 E-ISSN: 2599-3518",
"type": "Page header"
},
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"width": 460,
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"text": "FOKUS: Publikasi Ilmiah untuk Mahasiswa, Staf Pengajar dan Alumni Universitas Kapuas Sintang 233",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
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"text": "4. Memperkuat hubungan antara karyawan dan perusahaan. Pengembangan karir akan",
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"text": "memperkuat hubungan dan sikap pegawai terhadap organisasinya.",
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"text": "5. Membuktikan tanggung jawab sosial Pengembangan karir merupakan suatu cara menciptakaniklim kerja yang positif dan karyawan menjadi lebih bermental sehat.",
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"text": "6. Membantu memperkuat pelaksanaan program-program perusahaan. Pengembangan karir akan membantu program-program perusahaan lainnya agar tujuan perusahaan tercapai.",
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"text": "7. Mengurangi Turn Over dan Biaya Kepegawaian. Pengembangan karir dapat menjadikan turn over rendah danbegitu pula biaya kepegawaian menjadi lebih efektif.",
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"text": "8. Mengurangi keusangan profesi dan manajerial.Pengembangan karir",
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"top": 412,
"width": 222,
"height": 59,
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"text": "dapat menghindarkan dari keusangan dan kebosanan profesi dan manajerial. 9. Menggiatkan",
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"text": "Analisis dari Keseluruhan Karyawan Perencanaan karir dimaksudkan mengintegerasikan perencanaan kerja dan kepegawaian. 10. Menggiatkan suatu pemikiran (pandangan) jarak waktu yang panjang. Pengembangan karir",
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"text": "berhubungan dengan jarak waktu yang panjang. Hal ini karena penempatan suatu posisi jabatan memerlukan persyaratan dan kualifikasi yang sesuaidengan posisinya.",
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"top": 666,
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"text": "Berdasarkan Uraian diatas bahwa manfaat",
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"text": "pengembangan membantu",
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"text": "tujuan organisasi dalam mencapai tujuan yang diinginkan.",
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"text": "Pendapat Soekidjo Notoatmodjo, (2003:9-12)",
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"text": "Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pengembangan adalah: 1. Faktor",
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"text": "Internal ini mencakup keseluruhan kehidupan organisasi yang dapat dikendalikan baik oleh pimpinan maupun oleh anggota organisasi yang bersangkutan. Secara terinci faktor-faktor tersebut antara lain:",
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"text": "a. Misi dan tujuan organisasi Untuk mencapai tujuan diperlukan perencanaan yang baik, serta implementasi perencanaan secara tepat. Untuk mencapai tujuan ini diperlukan kemampuan tenaga (sumber daya manusia).",
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"text": "b. Strategi penilaian tujuan Setiap organisasi mempunyai strategi tertentu. Untuk itu diperlukan kemampuan karyawannya dalam memperkirakan dan mengantisipasi keadaan diluar yang dapat mempunyai dampak terhadap organisasi.",
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"top": 493,
"width": 208,
"height": 73,
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"text": "c. Sifat dan jenis kegiatan Sifat dan jenis kegiatan prganisasi sangat penting pengaruhnya terhadap pengembangan dalam prganisasi yang bersangkutan.",
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{
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"top": 567,
"width": 208,
"height": 89,
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"text": "d. Jenis teknologi yang digunakan Pengembangan diperlukan untuk mempersiapkan tenaga guna menangani terjadinya otomatisasi kegiatan-kegiatan yang semula dilakukan oleh manusia.",
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"top": 672,
"width": 115,
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"text": "2. Faktor Eksternal",
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"top": 37,
"width": 468,
"height": 27,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "Volume: 21 Nomor 2. September 2023 P-ISSN: 1693-0762 E-ISSN: 2599-3518",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 71,
"top": 717,
"width": 460,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "FOKUS: Publikasi Ilmiah untuk Mahasiswa, Staf Pengajar dan Alumni Universitas Kapuas Sintang 234",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 92,
"top": 84,
"width": 201,
"height": 44,
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"text": "Faktor eksternal berpengaruh pada lingkungan dimana organisasi itu berada tersebut antara lain:",
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"text": "a. Kebijakan Pemerintah, baik yang dikeluarkan melalui perundang- undangan, peraturan-peraturan",
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"left": 92,
"top": 173,
"width": 202,
"height": 179,
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"text": "pemerintah, dan sebagainya adalah merupakan arahan yang harus diperhitungkan oleh organisasi. b. Sosio-Budaya Masyarakat Faktor sosio-budaya tidak dapat diabaikan oleh suatu organisasi. Karena suatu organisasi apapun didirikan untuk kepentingan masyarakat yang mempunyai latar belakang sosio-budaya yang berbeda-beda.",
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"text": "c. Perkembangan Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Teknologi Perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi sangat pesat. Untuk itu organisasi harus mampu untuk memilih teknologi yang tepat untuk organisasinya.",
"type": "List item"
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"left": 71,
"top": 457,
"width": 222,
"height": 58,
"page_number": 6,
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"text": "Tujuan pengembangan pegawai sebagaimana pendapat Malayu S.P hasibuan, (1994: 77-79) adalah sebagai berikut :",
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"text": "a. Produktivitas kerja Dengan pengembangan maka produktivitas kerja karyawan akan meningkat, kualitas dan kuantitas produksi semakin baik, karena technical skill, human skill, dan managerial skill karyawan yang semakin baik.",
"type": "List item"
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{
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"top": 621,
"width": 222,
"height": 29,
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"text": "b. Efisiensi Pengembangan karyawan bertujuan untuk meningkatkan",
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{
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"top": 651,
"width": 201,
"height": 44,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 612,
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"text": "efisiensi tenaga, waktu, bahan baku, dan mengurangi ausnya mesin- mesin. Pemborosan berkurang, biaya",
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},
{
"left": 348,
"top": 84,
"width": 201,
"height": 29,
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"text": "produksi relatif kecil sehingga daya saing peruysahaan semakin besar.",
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"top": 114,
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"text": "c. Pengembangan karyawan bertujuan untuk mengurangi kerusakan",
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"left": 327,
"top": 144,
"width": 222,
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"text": "barang, produksi dan mesin-mesin karena karyawan semakin ahli dan trampil dalam melaksanakan pekerjaannya. d. Kecelakaan",
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"left": 348,
"top": 203,
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"text": "Pengembangan bertujuan untuk mengurangi tingkat kecelakaan karyawan sehingga jumlah biaya pengobatan yang dikeluarkan perusahaan berkurang.",
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"top": 278,
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"text": "e. Pelayanan Pengembangan bertujuan untuk meningkatkan pelayanan yang baik dari karyawan kepada nasabah perusahaan, karena pemberian pelayanan yang baik merupakan daya penarik yang sangat penting bagi rekan-rekan perusahaan yang bersangkutan.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
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"top": 397,
"width": 222,
"height": 14,
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"text": "f. Moral Dengan pengembangan,",
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"left": 327,
"top": 412,
"width": 429,
"height": 163,
"page_number": 6,
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"text": "moral karyawan akan lebih baik karena keahlian dan ketrampilannya sesuai dengan pekerjaannya sehingga mereka antusias untuk menyelesaikan pekerjaannya denganbaik. g. Karier Dengan pengembangan, kesempatan untuk meningkatkan karier karyawan semakin besar, karena keahlian, ketrampilan dan produksi kerjanya lebih baik.",
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"top": 576,
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"text": "h. Konseptual Manajer semakin cakap dan cepat dalam mengambil keputusan yang lebih baik, karena technical skill, human skill dan managerial skill-nya telah lebih baik.",
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"width": 222,
"height": 44,
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"text": "i. Kepemimpinan Kepemimpian seorang manajer akan lebih baik, human relationnya lebih luas,",
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{
"left": 71,
"top": 37,
"width": 468,
"height": 27,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "Volume: 21 Nomor 2. September 2023 P-ISSN: 1693-0762 E-ISSN: 2599-3518",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 71,
"top": 717,
"width": 460,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "FOKUS: Publikasi Ilmiah untuk Mahasiswa, Staf Pengajar dan Alumni Universitas Kapuas Sintang 235",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 92,
"top": 84,
"width": 201,
"height": 44,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "motivasinya lebih terarah sehingga pembinaan kerja sama vertical dan horizontal semakin harmonis.",
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"text": "j. Balas jasa Dengan pengembangan, balas jasa (gaji upah intensif dan benefits) karyawan akan meningka karena prestasi kerja mereka semakin besar.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 71,
"top": 203,
"width": 82,
"height": 14,
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"text": "k. Konsumen",
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"text": "Pengembangan karyawan akan memberikan manfaat yang baik bagi konsumen karena mereka akan memperoleh barang atau pelayanan yang lebih bermutu.",
"type": "Table"
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"top": 293,
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"height": 88,
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"text": "Sebagaimana pendapat diatas maka dapat disimpulkan pengembangan sangat diperlukan bagi organisasi agar sumber daya manusia bisa terlatih dan siap untuk bekerja dengan cara mengikuti pendidikan dan pelatihan.",
"type": "Text"
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"height": 59,
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"text": "Adapun Visi kantor sekretariat DPRD Kabupaten Sintang adalah “Terwujudnya Pelayanan Prima Terhadap DPRD Kabupaten Sintang”",
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"top": 442,
"width": 222,
"height": 44,
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"text": "Sedangkan Misi Kantor Sekretariat DPRD Kabupaten Sintang memiliki adalah:",
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"top": 487,
"width": 222,
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"text": "a. Meningkatkan penyediaan fasilitasi pelayanan secara bertahap untuk menunjang kinerja dan kelancaran tugas, fungsi dan wewenang DPRD.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 71,
"top": 546,
"width": 222,
"height": 44,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "b. Meningkatkan pengembangan organisasi melalui pendekatan system manajemen professional.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 71,
"top": 591,
"width": 222,
"height": 104,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "c. Meningkatkan komunikasi dan koordinasi dalam memediasi dan mensinergikan hubungan antara Badan Legeslatif Daerah dan Badan Eksekutif Daerah dalam rangka penyelenggaraan pemerintah yang baik.",
"type": "Text"
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"top": 84,
"width": 222,
"height": 59,
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"text": "d. Mengedepankan nilai-nilai etika, moral dan kesadaran dalam mengemban tugas dan fungsi Sekretariat DPRD.",
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"top": 144,
"width": 222,
"height": 28,
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"page_height": 792,
"text": "e. Meningkatkan kinerja Sekretariat DPRD.",
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"left": 327,
"top": 173,
"width": 222,
"height": 44,
"page_number": 7,
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"page_height": 792,
"text": "f. Meningkatkan jalinan kerjasama antara Sekretariat DPRD seluruh Indonesia.",
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},
{
"left": 327,
"top": 218,
"width": 223,
"height": 253,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 612,
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"text": "Permasalahan yang terjadi pada Kantor Sekretariat Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah Kabupaten Sintang tidak semua Aparatur Sipil Negara dapat mengikuti pelatihan teknis sehingga dampak pelatihan tersebut tidak merata dirasakan oleh semua pegawai. Oleh sebab itu fungsi pelatihan teknis ini sangat berpengaruh bagi peningkatan kompetensi jika dilakukan secara berkesinambungan bagi semua pegawai. Dalam penelitian ini peneliti menggunakan pendekatan ilmu Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia untuk mengkaji dan menganalisis masalah tentang pengembangan sumber daya manusia melalui Bimbingan teknis.",
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"text": "penelitian ilmiah membutuhkan suatu rancangan atau jenis penelitian. Hal ini dikarenakan dengan rancangan penelitian akan diperoleh pedoman dalam melakukan penelitian secara sistematis, dan terarah. Oleh karena itu setiap penelitian tentulah mempunyai sasaran atau objek, untuk menjadi sasaran dalam karya ilmiah. Kemudian disamping itu pula pemilihan terhadap jenis penelitian tersebut harus juga sesuai dan relevan dengan masalah dan tujuan dari",
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"text": "Volume: 21 Nomor 2. September 2023 P-ISSN: 1693-0762 E-ISSN: 2599-3518",
"type": "Page header"
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"width": 460,
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"text": "FOKUS: Publikasi Ilmiah untuk Mahasiswa, Staf Pengajar dan Alumni Universitas Kapuas Sintang 236",
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{
"left": 71,
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"text": "penelitian agar penelitian memperoleh data yang tapat ( valid ) sesuai dengan karakteristik variabel dan tujuan penelitian",
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"text": "Jenisnya ini adalah penelitian tipe deskriptif, yakni penelitian yang dimaksudkan untuk membuat gambaran atau mengambarkan keadaan ataupun kejadian. Penelitian deskriptif adalah dapat diartikan “Sebagai prosedur pemecahan masalah yang diselidik dengan menggambarkan/melukiskan keadaan subyek/obyek penelitian (seseorang, lembaga, masyarakat dan lain-lain)",
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"text": "pada saat sekarang berdasarkan fakta-fakta yang tampak atau sebagaimana adanya”. Terutama yang berkenaan dengan “Pengembangan Aparatur Sipil Negara Melalui Bimbingan Teknis (Bimtek) Pada Kantor Sekretariat Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah Kabupaten Sintang” Menurut Arikunto (2002:116)",
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"left": 71,
"top": 427,
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"height": 268,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 612,
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"text": "menyatakan subjek penelitian atau sasaran penelitian adalah satuan tertentu yang diperhitungkan sebagai subjek penelitian. Di kalangan peneliti kualitatif, istilah responden atau subjek penelitian disebut dengan informan, yaitu orang yang member informasi tentang data yang diinginkan peneliti berkaitan dengan penelitian yang sedang dilaksanakannya. Apabila subjek penelitian terbatas dan dapat dilakukan studi populasi, yaitu mempelajari seluruh subjek secara langsung, sebaliknya apabila subjek penelitian sangat banyak dan berada diluar jangkauan sumber daya peneliti, atau apabila batasan populasinya tidak mudah di definisikan, maka dapat",
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"text": "dilakukan studi sampel.” Berdasarkan pengertian tersebut, maka yang menjadi subjek/sasaran penelitian dalam penelitian ini adalah sebagai berikut:",
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"text": "Sekretaris DPRD (Sekwan), Aparatur Sipil Negara",
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"text": "Sekretariat DPRD",
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"text": "Kabupaten Sintang.",
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"text": "Teknik analisis yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah analisis kualitatif. Miles dan Huberman (1992:20) dalam analisis kualitatif, data yang muncul berwujud kata-kata dan bukan rangkaian angka. Data itu mungkin telah dimunculkan dalam aneka macam cara (observasi, wawancara, intisari dokumen, rekaman) dan yang biasanya diproses sebelum siap digunakan (melalui pencatatan, pengetikan, penyuntingan atau alih tulis), tetapi analisis kualitatif tetap menggunakan kata-kata, yang biasanya disusun ke dalam teks yang diperluas.",
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"text": "HASIL PENELITIAN DAN PEMBAHASAN",
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"text": "Pendidikan dan pelatihan merupakan salah satu bentuk upaya pembinaan terhadap pegawai Kantor Sekretariat Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah Kabupaten Sintang disamping upaya-upaya lainnya. Pendidikan dan pelatihan dilaksanakan sebagai proses belajar mengajar dalam rangka peningkatan kemampuan sumber daya manusia yang profesional dan berkualitas dalam melaksanakan tugas- tugasnya.",
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"text": "Berdasarkan Pasal 2 Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 101 Tahun 2000 tentang Pendidikan dan Pelatihan Jabatan Pegawai Negeri Sipil, dijelaskan",
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"text": "Volume: 21 Nomor 2. September 2023 P-ISSN: 1693-0762 E-ISSN: 2599-3518",
"type": "Page header"
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"text": "FOKUS: Publikasi Ilmiah untuk Mahasiswa, Staf Pengajar dan Alumni Universitas Kapuas Sintang 237",
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"text": "bahwa tujuan dan sasaran Diklat adalah Meningkatkan pengetahuan, keahlian, keterampilan dan sikap untuk dapat melaksanakan tugas jabatan secara profesional dengan dilandasi kepribadian dan etika PNS sesuai dengan kebutuhan",
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"text": "Menciptakan aparatur yang mampu berperan sebagai pembaharu dan perekat persatuan dan kesatuan bangsa; Memantapkan sikap dan semangat pengabdian yang beriorientasi pada pelayanan, pengayoman dan pemberdayaan masyarakat; Menciptakan kesamaan visi dan dinamika pola pikir dalam melaksanakan tugas pemerintahan umum dan pembangunan demi terwujudnya kepemerintahan yang baik.",
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"text": "Sumber Daya Manusia (SDM) Sekretariat DPRD Kabupaten Sintang dalam melaksanakan tugas pokok dan fungsi didukung oleh 46 orang Pegawai Negeri Sipil dengan komposisi sebagai berikut:",
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"text": "1. Dari segi Kepangkatan/Golongan Ruang, terdiri dari: a). Golongan I=1 Orang b). Golongan II=16 Orang c). Golongan III= 23 Orang d). Golongan IV= 6 Orang.",
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"text": "2. Dari segi kualifikasi pendidikan formal, terdiri dari: a). S2= 8 Orang b). S1=14 Orang c).D3=4 Orang d). SLTA/SLTP/SD= 20 Orang",
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"text": "3. Dari segi Jabatan Struktural/Eselon adalah sebagai berikut: a). Eselon II= 1 Orang b). Eselon III= 2 Orang c). Eselon IV = 9 Orang",
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"text": "Berikut Tabel Realisasi Kegiatan Bimtek Tahun 2022 Oleh Pejabat/Staf",
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"text": "Kantor Sekretariat Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah Kabupaten Sintang.",
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"text": "No Bimbingan Teknis (Bimtek) 1 Bimtek Tentang Legal Drafting pada Sekretariat DPRD di Jakarta 2 Bimtek tentang penguatan jabatan, kinerja dan optimalisasi peran Setwan selaras dengan system kerja DPRD dalam menghadapi Tahun Politik 2024 3 Bimtek tentang fasilitasi penyusunan properda, penilaian mandiri pelaksanaan reformasi birokrasi di Jakarta",
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"text": "4 Workshop nasional Asdeksi di Bandung Jawa Barat",
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"text": "Data: Kantor Sekretariat DPRD Sintang Berdasarkan data diatas dapat diketahui bahwa Bimtek di Kantor Sekretariat DPRD Sintang masih minim. Faktor anggaran menjadi salah satu penghambat bagi pegawai untuk mengikuti Bimtek.",
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"text": "Aparatur Sipil Negara Melalui Bimbingan Teknis (Bimtek) Pada Kantor Sekretariat Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah Kabupaten Sintang. Bimbingan Teknis (Bimtek) itu meliputi Bimtek Tentang Legal Drafting pada Sekretariat DPRD di Jakarta. Bimtek tentang penguatan jabatan, kinerja dan optimalisasi peran Setwan selaras dengan system kerja DPRD dalam menghadapi Tahun Politik 2024. Bimtek tentang fasilitasi penyusunan properda,",
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"page_height": 792,
"text": "Volume: 21 Nomor 2. September 2023 P-ISSN: 1693-0762 E-ISSN: 2599-3518",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 71,
"top": 717,
"width": 460,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 10,
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"text": "FOKUS: Publikasi Ilmiah untuk Mahasiswa, Staf Pengajar dan Alumni Universitas Kapuas Sintang 238",
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{
"left": 71,
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"width": 222,
"height": 29,
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"text": "pelaksanaan reformasi birokrasi di Jakarta. Workshop nasional Asdeksi di",
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"text": "Bandung Jawa Barat. Workshop Nasional Asdeksi di Yogyakarta. Kendala-kendala Pengembangan",
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"text": "Aparatur Sipil Negara meliputi biaya (dana pengembangan).",
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"left": 71,
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"width": 222,
"height": 119,
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"text": "Saran-saran sebaiknya Aparatur Sipil Negara Pada Kantor Sekretariat Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah Kabupaten Sintang dapat diberikan hak yang sama dalam mengikuti Bimbingan Teknis (Bimtek). Dukungan Dana pengembangan ASN sebaiknya lebih ditingkatkan pada masa akan datang.",
"type": "Text"
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"left": 71,
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"text": "DAFTAR PUSTAKA",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 71,
"top": 342,
"width": 223,
"height": 89,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "Arikunto, S. 2002. Metodologi Penelitian Suatu Pendekatan Proposal . Jakarta: PT. Rineka Cipta. Fahmi, Irham., 2010., Manajemen Kinerja: Teori dan Aplikasi, Bandung, Alfabeta. Miles, M. B. & Huberman, M. (1992).",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 71,
"top": 432,
"width": 222,
"height": 103,
"page_number": 10,
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"text": "Analisis Data Kualitatif. Jakarta: Penerbit Universitas Indonesia. Hasibuan, Malayu S.P, 2011 . Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia. Jakarta: PT Bumi Askara. Hardjana, Agus M. 2001. T raining SDM yang Efektif.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 71,
"top": 536,
"width": 223,
"height": 88,
"page_number": 10,
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"page_height": 792,
"text": "Notoatmodjo, Soekidjo, 2003, Pengembangan Sumber Daya Manusia, Jakarta : PT. Rineka Cipta. Rivai, Veitzal., 2003, Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia untuk Perusahaan : Dari Teori",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 141,
"top": 610,
"width": 152,
"height": 14,
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"text": "ke Praktik. Jakarta:",
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"left": 71,
"top": 625,
"width": 222,
"height": 74,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "PT.Rajagrafindo Persada. Siagian. Sondang P. 2012. Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia . Edisi I. Cetakan Ketiga Belas. Bumi aksara. Bumi Aksara. Jakarta.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 327,
"top": 84,
"width": 222,
"height": 28,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "Saydam, Gauzali. (2005). Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia: Suatu",
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{
"left": 327,
"top": 113,
"width": 222,
"height": 59,
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"text": "Pendekatan Mikro. Jakarta: Djambaran. Simamora, 2010. Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia, Edisi Ke-7, Cetakan Ketiga,: BP. STIE YKPN. Yogyakarta.",
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"text": "Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 2014 tentang Aparatur Sipil Negara Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 101 Tahun 2000 tentang Pendidikan dan Pelatihan Jabatan Pegawai Negeri Sipil,",
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"text": "Bahan tambahan pangan sering digunakan atau ditambahkan secara sengaja ke dalam produk olahan makanan atau minuman. Sirup merupakan salah satu produk yang sangat digemari karena warna yang menarik, rasa yang manis serta cara penyajiannya yang mudah dan sederhana. Sirup yang beredar di masyarakat banyak mengandung pemanis buatan, hal ini dilakukan produsen untuk menekan biaya produksi. Namun terkadang zat pemanis yang digunakan tersebut dapat berupa pemanis buatan yang diizinkan atau yang dilarang oleh pemerintah.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 339,
"width": 455,
"height": 112,
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"text": "Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi pemanis buatan siklamat pada sirup merah yang menjadi tambahan pada es campur yang dijual di Kelurahan Kalampangan, Palangka Raya. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah eksperimen atau percobaan dengan pendekatan laboratorium yang dilakukan dengan serangkaian pengujian. Sampel yang akan digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah sirup merah yang menjadi salah satu bahan tambahan dalam es campur yang dijual di Kelurahan Kalampangan Kota Palangka Raya dan teknik pengambilan sampel pada penelitian ini yaitu pengambilan sampel secara sampling jenuh. Sampel kemudian dibawa ke Laboratorium Kimia Fakultas Ilmu Kesehatan Universitas Muhammadiyah Palangkaraya.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 453,
"width": 454,
"height": 175,
"page_number": 1,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Dalam penelitian ini sampel sirup merah yang menjadi salah satu bahan tambahan dalam es campur dijual di Kelurahan Kalampangan Kota Palangka Raya diduga menggunakan pemanis buatan dianalisis secara kualitatif dengan menggunakan metode uji pengendapan dan dianalisis secara kuantitatif menggunakan metode gravimetri untuk sampel yang positif terdeteksi mengandung pemanis buatan siklamat. Dalam metode uji pengendapan perlakuan sampel dilakukan dengan menambahkan HCl 10%, BaCl2 10% dan NaNO2 10%. Hasil yang didapat pada sampel A, sampel B dan sampel C tidak terdapat endapan putih yang berarti bahwa ketiga sampel tersebut tidak terdeteksi mengandung siklamat. Saran yang dapat diberikan ialah lebih banyak lagi dilakukan penelitian terhadap pemanis buatan siklamat, pembeli harus lebih berhati-hati dan selektif dalam membeli dan mengkonsumsi makanan dan minuman yang dijual bebas serta sebaiknya para penjual lebih memperhatikan pengolahan makanan dan minuman yang dijual jangan sampai menambahkan pemanis buatan pada produk pangan karena bagaimanapun juga efek yang ditimbulkan pasti berdampak pada kesehatan masyarakat.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 643,
"width": 444,
"height": 23,
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Kata kunci : Analisis Kualitatif, Analisis Kuantitatif, Pemanis Buatan Siklamat, Sirup Merah, Uji Pengendapan dan Gravimetri.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 93,
"top": 38,
"width": 434,
"height": 22,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Analisis Kualitatif Dan Kuantitatif Pemanis Buatan Siklamat Pada Sirup Merah Dalam Es Campur Yang Dijual Di Kelurahan Kalampangan Kota Palangka Raya",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 783,
"width": 178,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 2,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Jurnal Surya Medika Volume 3 No. 1 [2017]",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 538,
"top": 771,
"width": 11,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 2,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "28",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 76,
"width": 88,
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"text": "PENDAHULUAN",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 95,
"width": 211,
"height": 237,
"page_number": 2,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Kesehatan merupakan hal yang paling utama yang sangat diperlukan dalam tubuh setiap orang. Tanpa ada kesehatan seluruh aktivitas yang dilakukan tidak akan berjalan dengan lancar. Kesehatan erat hubungannya dengan pangan. Manusia membutuhkan pangan sebagai sumber tenaga untuk melakukan aktivitas sehari-hari. Oleh karena itu, pangan yang dikonsumsi haruslah bergizi, aman, sehat dan tidak menimbulkan gangguan kesehatan serta haruslah layak dikonsumsi.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 341,
"width": 211,
"height": 314,
"page_number": 2,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Pangan diterima oleh suatu individu dipengaruhi oleh sifat estetika, seperti rasa, warna, bau dan tekstur. Rasa juga bergantung pada selera dan bau. Tanpa adanya rasa, rasa pangan terasa hambar karena membedakan kemanisan, rasa asin, keasaman, rasa pahit atau kombinasi keempat rasa hanya bisa dengan penasaran. Lidah adalah organ tubuh yang dapat membedakan rasa. Rasa manis dapat dirasakan pada ujung sebelah luar lidah. Rasa manis dihasilkan oleh berbagai senyawa organik, termasuk alkohol, glikol, gula dan turunan gula. Sukrosa adalah bahan pemanis pertama yang secara komersial karena pembuatannya paling ekonomis.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 664,
"width": 211,
"height": 86,
"page_number": 2,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Sekarang telah banyak diketahui bahwa bahan alami maupun sintesis mempunyai rasa manis. Bahan pemanis tersebut termasuk karbohidrat, protein, maupun senyawa sintesis yang bermolekul",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 315,
"top": 76,
"width": 211,
"height": 48,
"page_number": 2,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "sederhana dan tidak mengandung kalori seperti bahan pemanis alami (Cahyadi, 2012).",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 315,
"top": 133,
"width": 212,
"height": 351,
"page_number": 2,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Bahan sintesis yang mempunyai rasa manis itu lebih dikenal sebagai pemanis buatan atau pemanis sintetis yang menurut Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Nomor 033 Tahun 2012 termasuk ke Bahan Tambahan Pangan. Di Indonesia penggunaan bahan tambahan pangan, baik jenis maupun jumlahnya diatur dalam Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Nomor 033 Tahun 2012 tentang bahan tambahan pangan. Menurut Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan tersebut, pemanis sintesis adalah bahan tambahan pangan yang dapat menyebabkan rasa manis pada pangan, yang tidak atau hampir tidak mempunyai nilai gizi. Bahan pemanis sintesis yang diperbolehkan salah satunya adalah siklamat (Cahyadi, 2012).",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 315,
"top": 493,
"width": 212,
"height": 257,
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"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Siklamat merupakan pemanis buatan yang mempunyai rasa manis tanpa rasa ikutan yang kurang disenangi. Bersifat mudah larut dalam air dengan intensitas kemanisan ± 30 kali kemanisan sukrosa atau gula tebu. Pada industri pangan, natrium siklamat dipakai sebagai bahan pemanis yang tidak mempunyai nilai gizi ( non-nutritive ) untuk pengganti sukrosa atau gula tebu. Siklamat bersifat tahan panas, sehingga sering digunakan dalam pangan yang diproses dalam suhu tinggi, misalnya pangan dalam kaleng (Cahyadi, 2012).",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 50,
"width": 209,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Nurul Qamariah dan Eka Ary Rahmadhani",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 783,
"width": 178,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Jurnal Surya Medika Volume 3 No. 1 [2017]",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 538,
"top": 771,
"width": 11,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "29",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 76,
"width": 214,
"height": 370,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Pemanis buatan siklamat perlu diwaspadai karena dalam takaran yang berlebih dapat menimbulkan efek samping yang merugikan kesehatan manusia. Hasil penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation (WARF) tahun 1971 membuktikan bahwa pemanis buatan siklamat tergolong pada zat penyebab kanker (karsinogenik) berdasarkan uji yang dilakukan pada hewan uji. Selain itu pemanis buatan siklamat berpotensi menyebabkan sakit tenggorokkan, batuk, migrain dan sakit kepala, kehilangan daya ingat, bingung, insomnia, iritasi, asma, hipertensi, diare, sakit perut, alergi, impotensi dan gangguan seksual, kebotakan, tumor bersifat karsinogenik seperti kanker otak dan kanker kantung kemih (Silalahi, 2011).",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 455,
"width": 211,
"height": 181,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Kasus yang terjadi akibat mengkonsumsi siklamat melebihi standar pernah terjadi pada tahun 2014 di Wonogiri. Seorang anak bernama Salsa (7) mengalami kejang, sesak nafas, muntah-muntah, diare, pusing, gatal pada bagian tenggorokan dan mual setelah mengkonsumsi es potong dan gulali yang dibelinya dari pedagang jajanan (Nurbayani, 2014).",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 645,
"width": 211,
"height": 105,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Es campur adalah salah satu jenis minuman dingin yang berisi cincau, kolang kaling, roti tawar, serta berbagai macam campuran dari buah-buahan seperti melon, nanas, alpukat dan nangka. Es campur memiliki rasa yang manis dan",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 315,
"top": 76,
"width": 211,
"height": 256,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "menyegarkan, selain itu es campur tergolong lengkap jika dibandingkan dengan minuman es lainnya. Masyarakat Indonesia sangatlah menyukai es campur, bahkan es campur sudah menjadi minuman paling populer. Hal ini dikarenakan campuran buah-buahan yang terdapat pada es campur lebih banyak kemudian diberi es dan sirup berwarna merah segar yang sangat menggugah selera. Sirup merah pada es campur yang memiliki cita rasa manis yang diduga adanya penambahan pemanis buatan siklamat (Hardiman, 2011).",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 315,
"top": 341,
"width": 212,
"height": 333,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Berdasarkan Peraturan Kepala Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan Nomor 4 Tahun 2014 tentang Batas Maksimum Penggunaan Bahan Tambahan Pangan Pemanis menyatakan batas maksimum penggunaan bahan tambahan pangan pemanis dengan nomor kategori 11.4 kategori Gula dan sirup lainnya (misal xilosa, sirup maple , gula hias). Termasuk semua jenis sirup meja (misal sirup maple ), sirup untuk hiasan produk bakeri dan es (sirup karamel, sirup beraroma) dan gula untuk hiasan kue (contohnya kristal gula berwarna untuk kukis) batas maksimum 500mg/kg sebagai asam siklamat. Adanya peraturan bahwa penggunaan siklamat masih diperbolehkan,",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 315,
"top": 664,
"width": 212,
"height": 86,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "serta kemudahan mendapatkan dengan harga relatif murah dibandingkan dengan gula alam, hal tersebut menyebabkan produsen pangan dan minuman terdorong untuk",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 63,
"width": 209,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Nurul Qamariah dan Eka Ary Rahmadhani",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 783,
"width": 178,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Jurnal Surya Medika Volume 3 No. 1 [2017]",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 538,
"top": 771,
"width": 11,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "30",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 88,
"width": 211,
"height": 29,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "menggunakan pemanis buatan tersebut di dalam produk.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 126,
"width": 214,
"height": 428,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Perkembangan industri pangan dan minuman akan kebutuhan pemanis dari tahun ke tahun semakin meningkat. Industri pangan dan minuman lebih menyukai menggunakan pemanis sintesis karena selain harganya relatif murah, tingkat kemanisan pemanis sintesis jauh lebih tinggi dari pemanis alami. Hal tersebut mengakibatkan terus meningkatnya penggunaan pemanis sintesis terutama sakarin dan siklamat. Peningkatan penggunaan bahan pemanis sintesis di Indonesia untuk industri pangan dan minuman diperhitungkan dengan melihat perkembangan produksi pangan dan minuman jadi dan perkembangan pemakaian gula pasir sebagai bahan baku utama oleh industri tersebut. Sebagai contoh, dari data statistik industri menyebutkan bahwa pada rentang waktu antara 1980-1985 terjadi kenaikan produksi teh botol, limun dan sirup sebesar 47,9%; 1,2%; dan 52,7%.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 563,
"width": 211,
"height": 67,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Sementara pemakaian gula pasir pada industri teh botol dan limun kenaikannya hanya 2,4%, sedangkan pada sirup turun menjadi 49,9%.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 639,
"width": 211,
"height": 86,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Dengan demikian ada indikasi bahwa penurunan pemakaian gula pasir pada industri sirup telah diganti oleh bahan pemanis lain karena sirup tidak mungkin menggunakan gula merah dan gula cair",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 315,
"top": 88,
"width": 211,
"height": 29,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "karena penyediaan terbatas (Cahyadi, 2012).",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 315,
"top": 126,
"width": 212,
"height": 200,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Berdasarkan hasil observasi yang dilakukan di Pasar Besar Kota Palangka Raya yang merupakan pasar terbesar di Kota Palangka Raya ratarata pedagang di pasar tersebut menjual pemanis buatan siklamat. Di Kota Palangka Raya belum banyak dilakukan penelitian terhadap kandungan pemanis buatan jenis siklamat, terutama pada sampel sirup merah yang menjadi salah satu bahan tambahan dalam es campur. Kelurahan",
"type": "Text"
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"top": 335,
"width": 212,
"height": 143,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Kalampangan adalah salah satu kelurahan di Kecamatan Sebangau, Kota Palangka Raya, Kalimantan Tengah yang merupakan jalur trans Kalimantan Tengah dengan Kalimantan Selatan oleh karena itu banyak pedagang yang menjual berbagai macam minuman salah satunya es campur.",
"type": "Text"
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"left": 315,
"top": 506,
"width": 119,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "METODE PENELITIAN",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 315,
"top": 525,
"width": 171,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Jenis dan Rancangan Penelitian",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 315,
"top": 544,
"width": 212,
"height": 200,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Jenis penelitian pada penelitian ini adalah eksperimen atau percobaan ( experiment research ) dengan pendekatan laboratorium yang dilakukan melalui serangkaian percobaan. Metode penelitian eksperimen atau percobaan ( experiment research ) adalah kegiatan percobaan ( experiment ) yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui suatu gejala atau pengaruh yang timbul, sebagai akibat dari adanya perlakuan tertentu. Ciri khusus dari",
"type": "Text"
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"left": 72,
"top": 63,
"width": 209,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Nurul Qamariah dan Eka Ary Rahmadhani",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 783,
"width": 178,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Jurnal Surya Medika Volume 3 No. 1 [2017]",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 538,
"top": 771,
"width": 11,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "31",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 88,
"width": 211,
"height": 29,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "penelitian eksperimen adalah adanya percobaan atau trial (Notoatmodjo, 2005).",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 145,
"width": 153,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 5,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Waktu dan Tempat Penelitian",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 164,
"width": 211,
"height": 86,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Penelitian dilaksanakan selama 3 bulan, yang dimulai dari bulan April 2016 melakukan penyusunan proposal hingga bulan Juni 2016 mendapatkan hasil analisis.",
"type": "Text"
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"left": 144,
"top": 240,
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"text": "Tempat",
"type": "Table"
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 240,
"width": 212,
"height": 162,
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "percobaan/uji laboratorium ini dilakukan di LaboratoriumKimia Fakultas Ilmu Kesehatan Universitas MuhammadiyahPalangkaraya. Populasi dan Sampel 1. Populasi Populasi penelitian",
"type": "Table"
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{
"left": 90,
"top": 392,
"width": 193,
"height": 86,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "adalah keseluruhan objek penelitian atau objek yang diteliti (Notoatmodjo, 2010). Berdasarkan hasil observasi, terdapat 3 es campur yang dijual di",
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{
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"text": "Kelurahan Kalampangan",
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{
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"text": "Kota",
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{
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"text": "Palangka Raya.",
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"text": "2. Sampel",
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{
"left": 90,
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"width": 193,
"height": 181,
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"text": "Sampel adalah sebagian yang diambil dari keseluruhan objek yang diteliti dan dianggap mewakili seluruh populasi (Notoatmodjo, 2010). Sampel yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah sirup merah yang menjadi salah satu bahan tambahan dalam es campur dijual di Kelurahan Kalampangan Kota Palangka Raya yang jumlahnya sebanyak 3 sampel.",
"type": "Text"
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"left": 315,
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"width": 152,
"height": 10,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Teknik Pengambilan Sampel",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 315,
"top": 107,
"width": 212,
"height": 181,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Teknik pengambilan sampel dalam penelitian ini yaitu pengambilan sampel secara sampling jenuh. Teknik ini dilakukan dengan penentuan sampel semua anggota populasi digunakan sebagai sampel. Hal ini dilakukan bila jumlah populasi relatif kecil, kurang dari 30 atau penelitian yang ingin membuat generalisasi dengan kesalahan yang sangat kecil (Nasir, 2011).",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 315,
"top": 297,
"width": 211,
"height": 162,
"page_number": 5,
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"text": "Sampel yang digunakan pada penelitian ini diambil pada tanggal 17 Mei 2016. Sampel sirup merah diperoleh dengan membeli sirup merah secara terpisah dari pedagang es campur yang menetap. Sampel sirup merah dimasukan kedalam botol kemudian dibawa ke laboratorium kimia untuk kemudian diteliti lebih lanjut.",
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"text": "Alat-alat yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu neraca digital, labu ukur 250 mL, beaker glass 250 mL, pipet volume 50 mL, corong, pipet ukur 10 mL, ball pipet, erlenmeyer 250 mL, beaker glass 100 mL, kaca arloji, sendok tanduk, batang pengaduk, gelas ukur 100 mL, botol semprot dan kertas whatmann 42.",
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"text": "2. Bahan",
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"text": "Bahan –bahan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah sirup merah yang",
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"text": "Analisis Kualitatif Dan Kuantitatif Pemanis Buatan Siklamat Pada Sirup Merah Dalam Es Campur Yang Dijual Di Kelurahan Kalampangan Kota Palangka Raya",
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"text": "Jurnal Surya Medika Volume 3 No. 1 [2017]",
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"text": "32",
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"text": "menjadi bahan tambahan pada es campur, aquadest, HCl 10%, BaCl2 10%, NaNO2 10%, baku Natrium Siklamat dan arang aktif.",
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"text": "a. Sirup merah yang mengandung baku siklamat 1% dimasukkan ke dalam erlenmeyer.",
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"text": "larutan BaCl2 10% biarkan selama 30 menit.",
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"text": "c. Setelah itu disaring menggunakan kertas saring whatmann 42, kemudian ditambahkan 10 mL larutan NaNO2 10%.\\",
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"text": "d. Setelah itu dipanaskan diatas hot plate atau penangas air.",
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"text": "menit setelah dipanaskan, jika terdapat endapan berwarna putih berarti sampel positif mengandung siklamat (SNI 01-2893-1992).",
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"text": "a. Sirup merah yang tidak mengandung baku siklamat dimasukkan ke dalam erlenmeyer.",
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"text": "10 mL larutan HCl 10% dan 10 mL larutan BaCl2 10% biarkan selama 30 menit.",
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"text": "c. Setelah itu disaring menggunakan kertas saring whatmann 42, kemudian ditambahkan 10 mL larutan NaNO2 10%.",
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"text": "d. Setelah itu dipanaskan diatas hot plate atau penangas air.",
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"text": "e. Hasil yang didapat sekitar 20-30 menit setelah dipanaskan, jika terdapat endapan berwarna putih berarti sampel positif mengandung siklamat (SNI 01-2893-1992).",
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"text": "a. Sebanyak 100 mL sampel dimasukkan ke dalam erlenmeyer Kemudian ditambahkan sebanyak 10 mL larutan HCl 10% dan10 mL larutan BaCl2 10% biarkan selama 30 menit.",
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"text": "b. Setelah itu disaring menggunakan kertas saring whatmann 42, kemudian ditambahkan 10 mL larutan NaNO2 10%.",
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"text": "c. Setelah itu dipanaskan diatas hot plate atau penangas air.",
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"text": "Bila sampel berwarna, tambahkan arang aktif untuk menghilangkan warna tersebut, baru kemudian saring (SNI 01- 2893-1992).",
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"text": "4. Penetapan Kadar dengan metode Gravimetri a. Sebanyak 100 mL sampel dimasukkan ke dalam erlenmeyer. b. Kemudian ditambahkan dengan 10 mL larutan HCl 10% dan 10 mL larutan BaCl2 10% biarkan selama 30 menit.",
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"text": "d. Endapan yang terjadi, disaring,",
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"text": "dicuci, dikeringkan dan ditimbang (SNI-01-6684-2002).",
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"text": "Analisis yang dilakukan yaitu dengan cara pengamatan dengan mengidentifikasi apakah terdapat bahan atau campuran yang mengandung pemanis buatan siklamat pada sirup merah yang menjadi tambahan pada es campur yang dijual di Kelurahan Kalampangan Kota Palangka Raya dengan menggunakan uji pengendapan.",
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"text": "menunjukkan hasil sampel positif mengandung siklamat ditandai dengan adanya endapan putih.",
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"text": "A : Hasil kadar siklamat sebagai garam Na-siklamat",
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"text": "B1 : bobot endapan BaSO4 dalam gram B2 : volume sampel dalam liter Bm : berat moleku",
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"text": "Setelah diperoleh hasil perhitungan kadar pemanis buatan siklamat pada sampel berdasarkan rumus diatas, maka setiap perhitungan kadar siklamat yang diperoleh dikatakan aman jika tidak melebihi batas maksimum penggunaan pemanis buatan siklamat pada minuman.",
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"text": "Berdasakan Peraturan Kepala Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan Republik Indonesia Nomor 4 tahun 2014 tentang Batas Maksimum Penggunaan Bahan Tambahan Pangan Pemanis maksimum sirup sebagai asam siklamat yaitu 500 mg/kg.",
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"text": "Penelitian analisis pemanis buatan siklamat pada sirup merah yang menjadi salah satu bahan tambahan dalam es campur yang dijual di Kelurahan",
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"text": "Jurnal Surya Medika Volume 3 No. 1 [2017]",
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"text": "Universitas Muhammadiyah Palangkaraya bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah sirup merah tersebut mengandung pemanis siklamat. Analisis tersebut dilakukan dengan uji pengendapan dan apabila positif mengandung siklamat, maka dilanjutkan dengan penentuan kadar dengan menggunakan metode gravimetri. Sampel pada penelitian ini adalah 3 sirup merah yang diambil dari 3 pedagang es campur. Berdasarkan penelitian yang telah dilakukan, didapatkan hasil uji organoleptis pada sampel sirup merah dapat dilihat pada Tabel 1dibawah ini dan hasil analisis pemanis buatan siklamat secara kualitatif dapat dilihat pada Tabel 2 dibawah ini.",
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"text": "Pada analisis kualitatif pemanis buatan siklamat ini digunakan metode uji pengendapan pada pengujian baku natrium siklamat. Prinsip analisis adanya natrium siklamat dalam sampel yaitu dengan cara pengendapan. Pengendapan dilakukan dengan cara menambahkan barium klorida dalam suasana asam kemudian menambahkan natrium nitrit sehingga membentuk endapan barium sulfat. Uji pengendapan adalah suatu uji pendahuluan yang dilakukan untuk mengetahui adanya kandungan siklamat pada suatu sampel dengan ditandainya terbentuknya suatu endapan dari suatu sampel yang diuji, untuk analisis dengan uji pengendapan dibuat kontrol positif dan kontrol negatif sebagai pembanding yang digunakan untuk mengetahui reaksi kimia pada sampel jika terdeteksi mengandung siklamat atau tidak mengandung siklamat.",
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"text": "Pada preparasi kontrol dan sampel dilakukan penambahan karbon aktif atau arang aktif yang berfungsi untuk menghilangkan warna sampel sehingga",
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"text": "Penambahan HCl 10% dalam sampel berfungsi untuk memberikan suasana asam pada sampel, larutan dibuat dalam keadaan asam agar reaksi yang akan terjadi dapat lebih mudah bereaksi. Penambahan BaCl2 10% berfungsi untuk mengendapkan pengotor-pengotor yang ada dalam larutan.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 278,
"width": 211,
"height": 105,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Penambahan NaNO2 10% berfungsi untuk memutuskan ikatan sulfat dalam siklamat. Ketika ikatan sulfat telah diputus maka ion Ba2+ akan bereaksi dengan ion sulfat dan menghasilkan endapan barium sulfat (BaSO4).",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 392,
"width": 211,
"height": 29,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Natrium Siklamat Ba2+ + NO- NaO + BaSO4 (g) + N2",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 529,
"width": 211,
"height": 218,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Pembuatan kontrol positif siklamat digunakan sirup merah yang mengandung baku siklamat 1% selanjutnya menambahkan 10 mL larutan HCl 10% dan 10 mL larutan BaCl2 10% dan biarkan selama 30 menit kemudian saring dengan menggunakan kertas whatmann 42 kemudian menambahkan 10 mL larutan NaNO2 10% warna menjadi keruh dan berbuih setelah itu panaskan diatas penangas air ( hot plate ) dan didiamkan selama 30 menit. Hasil yang didapat",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 315,
"top": 88,
"width": 212,
"height": 219,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "setelah didiamkan yaitu endapan berwarna putih. Pembuatan kontrol negatif siklamat digunakan sirup merah yang tidak mengandung siklamat selanjutnya menambahkan 10 mL larutan HCl 10% dan 10 mL larutan BaCl2 10% dan biarkan selama 30 menit kemudian saring dengan menggunakan kertas whatmann 42 kemudian menambahkan 10 mL larutan NaNO2 10% warna menjadi keruh setelah itu panaskan diatas penangas air ( hot plate ) dan didiamkan selama 30 menit.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 315,
"top": 316,
"width": 212,
"height": 295,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Hasil yang didapat setelah didiamkan yaitu tidak terdapat endapan putih. Sampel pada penelitian ini adalah sirup merah yang menjadi salah satu bahan tambahan dalam es campur yang dijual di Kelurahan Kalampangan kota Palangka Raya. Pengujian organoleptis pada sampel A menunjukkan hasil sampel A berwarna merah dengan bau khas vanili dan rasa yang manis, pada sampel B menunjukkan hasil sampel B berwarna merah dengan bau khas vanili dan rasa yang manis, serta pada sampel C menunjukkan hasil sampel C berwarna merah dengan bau khas vanili dan rasa yang manis.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 315,
"top": 620,
"width": 212,
"height": 124,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Warna merah dari sampel A lebih merah dibandingkan dengan sampel B dan sampel C sedangkan rasa manis dari sampel C lebih manis dibandingkan dengan sampel A dan sampel B. Pengujian pada 3 (tiga) sampel sirup merah dilakukan dengan mengambil",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 93,
"top": 63,
"width": 434,
"height": 23,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Analisis Kualitatif Dan Kuantitatif Pemanis Buatan Siklamat Pada Sirup Merah Dalam Es Campur Yang Dijual Di Kelurahan Kalampangan Kota Palangka Raya",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 783,
"width": 178,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Jurnal Surya Medika Volume 3 No. 1 [2017]",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 538,
"top": 771,
"width": 11,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "36",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 101,
"width": 211,
"height": 276,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "masing-masing sampel sebanyak 100 mL kemudian memasukkan ke dalam erlenmeyer 250 mL selanjutnya menambahkan 10 mL HCl 10% dan 10 mL BaCl2 10% dan biarkan selama 30 menit kemudian saring menggunakan kertas whatmann 42, kemudian menambahkan 10 mL larutan NaNO2 10% selanjutnya panaskan diatas penangas air ( hot plate ) dan diamkan selama 30 menit. Jika sampel positif natrium siklamat maka hasil akan terbentuk endapan putih, namun jika sampel negatif mengandung natrium siklamat maka tidak terdapat endapan putih.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 386,
"width": 211,
"height": 332,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Masing-masing pengujian pada sampel dilakukan secara triplo (pengulangan sebanyak tiga kali) hal ini bertujuan untuk memastikan ada atau tidaknya siklamat dalam sampel tersebut. Berdasarkan analisis siklamat dengan metode uji pengendapan pada 3 (tiga) sampel sirup merah yang menjadi salah satu bahan tambahan dalam es campur yang dijual di Kelurahan Kalampangan Kota Palangka Raya diperoleh hasil yang menunjukkan semua sampel tidak terdeteksi mengandung pemanis buatan siklamat karena tidak terjadi adanya endapan putih. Penambahan karbon aktif atau arang aktif pada sampel tidak mempengaruhi hasil penelitian karena natrium siklamat tidak ikut mengendap",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 315,
"top": 101,
"width": 211,
"height": 29,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "bersama-sama dengan karbon aktif atau arang aktif.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 315,
"top": 139,
"width": 212,
"height": 124,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Penetapan kadar siklamat dengan menggunakan metode gravimetri tidak dilakukan karena diketahui bahwa hasil uji pengendapan menunjukkan semua sampel sirup merah tidak terdeteksi mengandung pemanis buatan jenis siklamat.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 315,
"top": 272,
"width": 212,
"height": 351,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Berdasakan Peraturan Kepala Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan Republik Indonesia Nomor 4 tahun 2014 tentang Batas Maksimum Penggunaan Bahan Tambahan Pangan Pemanis maksimum sirup sebagai asam siklamat yaitu 500 mg/kg. Es campur merupakan sajian kuliner minuman yang terdiri dari berbagai campuran bahan buah-buahan dengan tambahan bahan pelengkap lainya seperti cincau, kelapa serut, sirup merah, susu, dan bahan-bahan lainya. Siklamat yang ikut bersama pengkonsumsian sirup merah lama kelamaan akan mengendap dalam pencernaan dan bisa mengakibatkan sistem pencernaan terganggu. Metabolisme siklamat dalam perut akan menghasilkan senyawa sikloheksiamin yang bersifat karsinogen.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 315,
"top": 632,
"width": 212,
"height": 105,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Senyawa inilah yang mampu menyebabkan kanker pada kandung kemih dan kerusakan kromosom. Selain itu pemanis siklamat juga memunculkan banyak gangguan bagi kesehatan, diantaranya tremor, migrain atau sakit",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 63,
"width": 209,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 11,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Nurul Qamariah dan Eka Ary Rahmadhani",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 783,
"width": 178,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 11,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Jurnal Surya Medika Volume 3 No. 1 [2017]",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 538,
"top": 771,
"width": 11,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 11,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "37",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 88,
"width": 211,
"height": 181,
"page_number": 11,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "kepala, kehilangan daya ingat, bingung, insomnia, iritasi, asma, hipertensi, diare, sakit perut, alergi, impotensi dan gangguan seksual, kebotakan dan kanker otak (Indriasari, 2009). Melihat banyaknya efek yang diakibatkan jika mengkonsumsi siklamat maka perlu dilakukan pengawasan terhadap setiap makanan atau minuman yang dijual bebas untuk konsumsi masyarakat.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 278,
"width": 211,
"height": 219,
"page_number": 11,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Pemanis buatan siklamat adalah pemanis yang biasanya ditambahkan ke minuman agar mendapat rasa manis lebih dari gula asli meskipun ditambahkan sedikit saja, siklamat banyak dijual di pasar dan sangat mudah untuk di dapatkan. Hasil penelitian tentang analisis kualitatif dan kuatitatif pemanis buatan siklamat pada sirup merah yang menjadi salah satu bahan tambahan dalam es campur yang dijual di Kelurahan Kalampangan Kota Palangka Raya",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 506,
"width": 211,
"height": 105,
"page_number": 11,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "menunjukkan bahwa penjual es campur di KelurahanKalampangan Kota Palangka Raya tidak menambahkan pemanis buatan jenis siklamat pada sirup merah yang menjadi salah satu bahan tambahan dalam es campur yang dijual.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 620,
"width": 15,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 11,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "30",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 639,
"width": 76,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 11,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "KESIMPULAN",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 658,
"width": 211,
"height": 86,
"page_number": 11,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Berdasarkan hasil penelitian analisis pemanis buatan siklamat pada sirup merah yang menjadi salah satu bahan tambahan dalam es campur yang dijual di Kelurahan Kalampangan Kota Palangka",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 315,
"top": 88,
"width": 211,
"height": 29,
"page_number": 11,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Raya maka dapat diambil kesimpulan sebagai berikut :",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 315,
"top": 126,
"width": 212,
"height": 86,
"page_number": 11,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "1. Sirup merah pada es campur yang dijual di Kelurahan Kalampangan Kota Palangka Raya tidak terdeteksi mengandung pemanis buatan siklamat.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 315,
"top": 221,
"width": 212,
"height": 86,
"page_number": 11,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "2. Analisis kuantitatif dengan metode gravimetri tidak dilanjutkan karena tidak adanya sampel yang positif terdeteksi mengandung pemanis buatan siklamat.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 315,
"top": 354,
"width": 104,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 11,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "DAFTAR PUSTAKA",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 315,
"top": 373,
"width": 212,
"height": 200,
"page_number": 11,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan Republik Indonesia. 2014. Peraturan Kepala Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan Republik Indonesia Nomor 4 Tahun 2014 tentang Batas Maksimum Penggunaan Bahan Tambahan Pangan Pemanis . Jakarta. Badan Standarisasi Nasional. 1992. Standar Nasional Indonesia (SNI) 01- 2893- 1992 tentang Cara Uji Pemanis Buatan . Jakarta.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 315,
"top": 582,
"width": 212,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 11,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Badan Standarisasi Nasional. 1994.",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 337,
"top": 601,
"width": 187,
"height": 29,
"page_number": 11,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Standar Nasional Indonesia (SNI) 01- 3544- 1994 tentang Sirup . Jakarta.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 315,
"top": 639,
"width": 212,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 11,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Badan Standarisasi Nasional. 2002.",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 337,
"top": 658,
"width": 190,
"height": 48,
"page_number": 11,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Standar Nasional Indonesia (SNI) 01- 6684- 2002 tentang Minuman Energi . Jakarta.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 93,
"top": 63,
"width": 434,
"height": 23,
"page_number": 12,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Analisis Kualitatif Dan Kuantitatif Pemanis Buatan Siklamat Pada Sirup Merah Dalam Es Campur Yang Dijual Di Kelurahan Kalampangan Kota Palangka Raya",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 783,
"width": 178,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 12,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Jurnal Surya Medika Volume 3 No. 1 [2017]",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 538,
"top": 771,
"width": 11,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 12,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "38",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 101,
"width": 211,
"height": 67,
"page_number": 12,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Cahyadi, W. 2012. Analisis & Aspek Kesehatan Bahan Tambahan Pangan . Jakarta: PT. Bumi Aksara. Departemen Kesehatan",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 237,
"top": 158,
"width": 46,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 12,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Republik",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 72,
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"width": 211,
"height": 86,
"page_number": 12,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Indonesia. 1985. Keputusan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Nomor 208/Menkes/Per/IV/1985 tentang Pemanis Buatan . Jakarta. Departemen Kesehatan Republik",
"type": "Table"
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{
"left": 93,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Indonesia. 2012. Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Nomor 033 Tahun 2012 tentang Bahan Tambahan Pangan . Jakarta.",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Djajadi. 2014. Pengembangan Tanaman Pemanis Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni .",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 93,
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"width": 190,
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"page_number": 12,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Malang: Balai Penelitian Tanaman Pemanis dan Serat.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 424,
"width": 211,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 12,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Gandjar, I.G. & Abdul Rohman. 2012.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 72,
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"text": "Kimia Farmasi Analisis. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar. Hardiman, I. 2011. Ide Masak! Sehat,",
"type": "Text"
},
{
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Lezat dan Praktis Resep Es Campur ala Cafe . Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 93,
"top": 538,
"width": 35,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 12,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Utama.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 72,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Indriasari, L. 2006. Makanan Sehat Hidup Sehat . Jakarta: PT.Gramedia. Dalam",
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"text": "Rahmansyah, B. 2015. Identifikasi",
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{
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Siklamat Pada Jamu Gendong yang",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"width": 190,
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"type": "Table"
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{
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Palangkaraya . Palangka Raya: KTI Fakultas Ilmu Kesehatan Universitas Muhammadiyah Palangkaraya.",
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{
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"text": "Kandungan Pemanis Buatan (Sakarin",
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{
"left": 337,
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "dan Siklamat) Pada Jamu Gendong",
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},
{
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"type": "Table"
},
{
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"text": "Nasir, A. 2011. Metodologi Penelitian Kesehatan . Jakarta: Medical Book.",
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{
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{
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"text": "Nurbayani, S. 2014. Anak-anak, Sasaran dari Jajanan Jahat .",
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},
{
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "http://pb.acehmail.com/forum101/topic /tugas-laporan-investigasi-pb-03",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 337,
"top": 500,
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"page_number": 12,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "diakses pada 15/01/2015 dalam Amelia, N. 2015. Identifikasi Pemanis Buatan Siklamat pada Minuman Kelapa Muda yang Dijual di Bawah Jembatan Kahayan Kota Palangka Raya . Palangka Raya: KTI Fakultas",
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},
{
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"top": 613,
"width": 212,
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"page_number": 12,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Ilmu Kesehatan Universitas Muhammadiyah Palangkaraya. Nurheti, Y. 2007. Awas! Bahaya Dibalik",
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"text": "ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Brand Image; Interest; Decision This study aims to determine whether there is a positive and significant influence between brand image on student decisions, to find out whether there is a positive and significant influence between interest on student decisions, whether there is a positive and significant influence between brand image and interest in decisions. This type of research uses descriptive quantitative research methods, where this method aims to describe research results and draw conclusions. The population in this study amounted to 223 students using random sampling technique and calculated using the Slovin formula, the sample obtained was 143 respondents. The data analysis technique was carried out in several stages, namely data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The results showed that the brand image variable had a influence on student decisions. Where the t- count value of the brand image variable (X1) is 2.446 > t-table 1.977 with a significance value of 0.016 <0.05. So it can be concluded that Ha1 is accepted. While the interest variable does not have a influence on student decisions. Where the t- count value of the interest variable (X2) -1.765 < t-table 1.977 with a significant value of 0.080 <0.05. So it can be concluded that Ha2 is rejected. For the results of the simultaneous F test, the f-count value is 5.315 > f-table 3.06 with a significant value of 0.006 <0.05, it can be concluded simultaneously that the brand image variable and the interest variable have a effect on the decision variable. These results indicate that Ha3 is accepted.",
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"text": "Pendidikan adalah usaha sadar dan terencana untuk mewujudkan suasana belajar dan proses belajara agar peserta didik secara aktif mengembangkan potensi dirinya untuk memiliki pengetahuan,",
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"text": "spiritual keagamaan, pengendalian diri, kepribadian, akhlak mulia, serta keterampilan yang diperlukan diri kita dari ilmu yang telah kita pelajari. Pendidikan memiliki peranan yang sangat penting dalam meningkatkan taraf hidup seseorang dan pendidikan yang tinggi juga bukan suatu syarat mutlak untuk mencapai kesuksesan tetapi paling tidak pendidikan dapat memberikan jaminan untuk kehidupan yang lebih baik. Sekolah merupakan tempat untuk melakukan kegiatan proses belajar mengajar, sehingga sekolah harus memiliki beberapa faktor pendukung seperti brand image yang terdiri dari citra, fasilitas, produk, dan pelayanan yang baik sehingga dapat menarik minat dan keputusan siswa untuk bersekolah di sekolah tersebut. Menurut (Firmansyah, 2019) citra merek adalah persepsi yang muncul dibenak konsumen ketika mengingat suatu merek dari produk tertentu..",
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"text": "Saat ini banyak siswa yang berpersepsi bahwa suatu sekolah dikatakan bagus apabila sekolah tersebut telah memiliki brand image yang sudah dikenal banyak orang. Maka dari itu, kebanyakan dari siswa yang akan melanjutkan pendidikannya pasti akan memilih sekolah yang memiliki brand image yang bagus dan sudah terkenal di daerahnya. Persepsi tentang merek yang merupakan cara pandang siswa pada merek tersebut. Dalam penelitian ini yang akan dilakukan di SMP Negeri 2 Jawa Maraja Bahjambi yang merupakan sekolah yang belum lama berdiri didesa Mariah Jambi sehingga untuk menarik minat dan keputusan masyarakat untuk bersekolah di sekolah tersebut mereka memberikan citra, fasilitas, dan pelayanan baik agar sekolah ini dapat dikenal dan diminati oleh seluruh masyarakat sekitar dan sampai luar daerah.",
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"text": "Pada penelitian ini jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian kuantitaif. Metode penelitian kuantitatif digunakan untuk meneliti pada populasi atau sampel tertentu, pengumpulan data menggunakan instrumen penelitian, analisis data bersifat kuantitatif, dengan tujuan untuk menguji hipotesis yang telah ditetapkan (Sugiyono, 2015). Pada penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kuantitatif deskriptif. Analisis deskriptif adalah stastistik yang digunakan untuk menganalisis data dengan cara mendeskripsikan atau menggambarkan data yang telah terkumpul sebagaimana adanya tanpa bermaksud membuat kesimpulan yang berlaku untuk umum atau generalisasi. Penelitian ini dilakukan di SMP Negeri 2 Jawa Maraja Bahjambi yang ada di Huta Mariah Jambi, Kecamatan Jawa Maraja Bahjambi, Kabupaten Simalungun. Populasi pada penelitian ini berjumlah 223 siswa dengan menggunakan teknik random sampling serta dihitung dengan menggunakan rumus slovin, maka sampel diperoleh sebanyak 143 responden.",
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"text": "Teknik analisis data dilakukan dalam beberapa tahap yaitu pengumpulan data angket menggunakan angket (kuisioner). Sebelum digunakan dalam penelitian, instrument penelitian terlebih dahulu dilakukan uji coba validitas dan reliabilitas. Uji coba dilakukan untuk mengetahui valid atau sah tidak suatu instrument penelitian dan mengetahui tingkat reliabel instrument tersebut.Data yang terkumpul kemudian dianalisis dengan uji prasyarat analisisyang terdiri dari uji linearitas, uji normalitas, dan uji multikolinearitas untuk mengetahui gambaran hasil penelitian.Untuk pengujian hipotesis dilakukan dengan analisis regresi linier berganda uji secara parsial (uji t) dan uji simultan (F).",
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"text": "Deskriptif Karakteristik Responden",
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"text": "Responden pada penelitian ini adalah siswa/siswi SMP Negeri 2 Jawa Maraja Bahjambi. Dengan jumlah responden sebanyak 143 siswa dari jumlah siswa sebanyak 223 siswa. Cara yang dilakukan oleh peneliti dalam pengumpulan data yaitu dengan menyebar angket kepada masing masing responden dan diharap dapat memperoleh gambaran sesunguhnya. Adapun yang akan menjadi karakteristik responden pada penelitian ini, yaitu jenis kelamin.",
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"text": "Sumber. Data Primer, 2022 No Jenis Kelamin Jumlah Responden Persentase (%) 1 Laki – laki 66 46,16 % 2 Perempuan 77 53,84 % Total 143 100%",
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"text": "EDUKASI: Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pembelajaran, Vol. 3, 3 (December 2022): 549-554",
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"text": "Arya Pradana Damanik, Susy Alestriani Sibagariang, Lasma Siagian / Pengaruh Brand Image dann Minat terhadap Keputusan Siswa Sekolah di SMP Negeri 2 Jawa Maraja Bah Jambi",
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"text": "Berdasarkan tabel 1. dapat dilihat bahwa berdasarkan jenis kelamin responden pada penelitian ini lebih banyak perempuan yaitu sebesar 53,84% dan laki-laki sebesar 46,16%. Jadi pada penelitian ini lebih dominan perempuan yang menjadi responden.",
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"text": "a. Uji Linearitas",
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"text": "Uji linearitas dapat dilakukan dengan syarat jika nilai signifikan deviantion from linearity > 0,05, maka dapat dikatakan terdapat hubungan yang linear antara variabel bebas dengan variabel terikat. Sedangkan jika nilai signifikan deviantion from linearity < 0,05, maka dapat dikatakan tidak terdapat hubungan yang linear antara variabel bebas dengan variabel terikat. Pada hasil uji linearitas dapat dilihat nilai deviantion from linearity 0,115 > 0,05. Maka diperoleh kesimpulan bahwa variabel brand image (X1) memiliki hubungan yang linear terhadap variabel keputusan (Y).Pada tabel diatas dapat dilihat nilai deviantion from linearity 0,668 > 0,05. Maka diperoleh kesimpulan bahwa variabel minat (X2) memiliki hubungan yang linear terhadap variabel keputusan (Y).",
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"text": "b. Uji Normalitas",
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"text": "Uji normalitas dapat digunakan dengan menggunakan uji kolmogrov-smirnov test dengan syarat jika nilai asymp sig (2-tailed) > 0,05 maka data tersebut dinyatakan berdistribusi normal, sebaliknya syarat jika nilai asymp sig (2-tailed) < 0,05 maka data tersebut dinyatakan tidak berdistribusi normal. Berdasarkan hasil yang diperoleh nilai asymp sig (2-tailed) adalah 0,072. Kemudian nilai ini dibandingkan dengan taraf signifikan 0,05 untuk mengambil keputusaan. Berdasarkan hasil dari uji normalitas menggunakan one-sample kolmogrov-smirnov test diperoleh nilai angka asymp sig (2-tailed) sebesar 0,072> 0,05. Sehingga dapat dinyatakan bahwa distribusi data adalah normal.Selanjutnya uji normalitas data menggunakan kurva normal probability plot dengan ketentuan jika titik-titik pada grafik menyebar dan terhimpit mengikuti sekitar garis diagonal maka data yang digunakan berdistribusi secara normal.Hasil uji normalitas data kurva normal probability plot sebagai berikut.",
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"text": "Gambar 1. Uji Normalitas Probability Plot Sumber : Hasil Pengolahan Data SPSS 21,2022",
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"text": "Berdasarkan gambar plot diatas menunjukan bahwa data berdistribusi normal karena pada gambar tersebut menunjukan adanya titik – titik (data) yang tersebar disekitar garis diagonal dan penyebaran titik-titik (data) tersebut mengikuti arah garis diagonal. Hal ini berarti model regresi dalam penelitian ini memenuhi asumsi normalitas.",
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"text": "EDUKASI: Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pembelajaran, Vol. 3, 3 (December 2022): 549-554",
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"text": "553 of 554",
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"left": 72,
"top": 787,
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"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Arya Pradana Damanik, Susy Alestriani Sibagariang, Lasma Siagian / Pengaruh Brand Image dann Minat terhadap Keputusan Siswa Sekolah di SMP Negeri 2 Jawa Maraja Bah Jambi",
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"text": "c. Uji Multikolinearitas",
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"text": "Adapun gejala multikolinearitas dapat dikoreksi dengan menggunakan metode jika tolerance > 0,10 atau jika nilai VIF < 10,00 maka tidak terjdi gejala multikolinearitas. Dari tabel diatas diketahui bahwa variabel brand image (X1) diperoleh hasil VIF 1,023 < 10,00 dan tolerance 0,978> 0,10. Sedangkan untuk variabel minat (X2) diperoleh hasil VIF 1,023 < 10,00 dan tolerance 0,978> 0,10. Maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa kedua variabel tersebut tidak terdapat adanya gejala multikolinearitas pada kedua variabel tersebut.",
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"text": "Pengujian Hipotesis",
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"text": "a. Analisis Regresi Linear Berganda",
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"text": "Berdasarkan hasil pengujian untuk mengambarkan model persamaan regresi linear berganda, sebagai berikut. Y = 43,352 + 0,520 X1 +(-0,298) X2. Dari model persamaan regresi linear berganda tersebut dapat dijelaskan sebagai berikut.",
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"text": "Nilai konstanta sebesar 43,352. Artinya apabila nilai variabel independen brand image dan minat (X) bernilai nol, maka nilai keputusan (Y) mengalami peningkatan sebesar 43,532 .Nilai koefisien regresi variabel brand image (X1) sebesar 0,520. Menunjukan bahwa setiap terjadi peningkatan brand image sebesar 1%, maka variabel brand image akan meningkat sebesar 0,520 terhadap keputusan siswa sekolah di SMP Negeri 2 Jawa Maraja Bahjambi.Nilai koefisien regresi variabel minat (X2) bernilai sebesar -0,298.Menunjukan bahwa setiap terjadi peningkatan minat sebesar 1%, maka variabel minat meningkat sebesar -0,298 terhadap keputusan siswa sekolah di SMP Negeri 2 Jawa Maraja Bahjambi. b. Uji Parsial (Uji T)",
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"text": "Pada pengujian hipotesis variabel brand image (X 1 ) diketahui nilai t-hitung 2,446> nilai t-tabel 1,977, maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa Ha 1 diterima dan Ho 1 ditolak. Secara parsial dinyatakan bahwa ada pengaruh antara variabel brand image (X 1 ) tehadap keputusan siswa (Y). Pada pengujian hipotesis variabel minat (X 2 ) diketahui nilai t-hitung -1,765 < nilai t-tabel 1,977 maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa Ha 2 tolak dan Ho 2 diterima. Secara parsial dinyatakan bahwa tidak ada pengaruh yang signifikan antara variabel minat (X 2 ) tehadap keputusan siswa (Y). c. Uji Simultan (Uji F)",
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"text": "Pada hasil perhitungan uji F diperoleh f-hitung sebesar 5,315 > f-tabel sebesar 3,06. Maka berdasarkan hasil perhitungan diatas dapat disimpulkan bahwa Ha 3 diterima dan Ho 3 ditolak. Sehingga variabel brand image dan minat bersama sama atau simultan memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap keputusan siswa.",
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"text": "4. KESIMPULAN",
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"text": "Berdasarkan rumusan masalah dan hasil penelitian maka diperoleh kesimpulan, sebagai berikut: Pertama, brand image berpengaruh positif secara signifikan terhadap keputusan siswa. Kedua, minat berpengaruh positif secara signifikan terhadap keputusan siswa.Ketiga, brand image dan minat berpengaruh bersamasama secara positif dan signifikan terhadap keputusan siswa.",
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"text": "REFERENSI",
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"left": 72,
"top": 648,
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"text": "Anwar, H. (2014). Proses Pengambilan Keputusan untuk Mengembangkan Mutu Madrasah. Nadwa: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam , 8 (1), 37 – 56. https://doi.org/10.21580/nw.2014.8.1.569",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 675,
"width": 454,
"height": 37,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Febriani, T. (2019). Pengaruh Brand Image Terhadap Minat Siswa Melanjutkan Studi Ke Perguruan Tinggi Di Sekolah Menengah Atas Negeri 5 Tapung. Universitas Islam Negeri Sultan Syarif Kasim Riau.",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 715,
"width": 454,
"height": 37,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Firmansyah, A. (2019). Pemasaran Produk Dan Merek (Planning & Strategy) . Surabaya: Qiara Media. Sugiyono. (2015). Metode Penelitian Pendidikan: Pendekatan Kuantitatif, Kualitatif, R&D. In Bandung: CV Alfabeta (cet-22). Bandung: Alfabeta.",
"type": "List item"
},
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"text": "EDUKASI: Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pembelajaran, Vol. 3, 3 (December 2022): 549-554",
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"text": "554 of 554",
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"text": "Arya Pradana Damanik, Susy Alestriani Sibagariang, Lasma Siagian / Pengaruh Brand Image dann Minat terhadap Keputusan Siswa Sekolah di SMP Negeri 2 Jawa Maraja Bah Jambi",
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"text": "Abstract. Biodiesel derived from waste encourages the development of environment-friendly alternative energy. One of the wastes that can be used as biodiesel is waste cooking oil. Biodiesel from waste cooking oil has some advantages such as non-toxic, less Carbon monoxide (CO), and environment- friendly. The produce of biodiesel from waste cooking oil was through transesterification reaction using CaO catalyst derived from golden snail shell. This study aimed to determine the optimum amount of catalyst that produced the highest yield. In this study, methanol was used as solvent by the molar ratio of methanol/waste cooking oil of 30:1, reaction temperature of 65˚C, reaction time for 2 hour, and variations of amount catalyst 3%, 5% and 7% by weight waste cooking oil. Biodiesel was analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy showed that the highest yield achieved using 7% catalyst amounts was 93.28%.",
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"text": "Keywords: biodiesel, waste cooking oil, CaO catalyst, golden snail shell, transesterification reaction",
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"text": "a, b Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Islamic State University of Raden Fatah Palembang, Palembang 30126, South Sumatera, Indonesia",
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"text": "Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to Siti Rodiah ( email : siti.rodiah_uin@radenfatah.ac.id )",
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"text": "Waste cooking oil contains high free fatty acids and carcinogenic compounds (cancer) after used many times [1] produced free radical content that could attack cells in the body causing cancer. The waste cooking oil is very potentially polluting the environment, including lowering air quality, disrupting the balance of water biota and causing a foul odor due to bacterial degradation [2], [3].",
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"text": "One of the ways to reduce the environmental impact from waste cooking oil was utilizing it as biodiesel raw material. Biodiesel is biodegradable alternative fuel derived from acids – vegetable and animal fatty acids [4]. Biodiesel is produced via transesterification reaction generally using hydroxide-base catalysts such as NaOH, and KOH. Alkaline hydroxide is a homogeneous catalyst that can cause the formation of soap in biodiesel production [5]. These problems could be addressed by the use of heterogeneous catalysts.",
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"text": "Heterogeneous catalysts have several advantages, such as non-toxic, non-corrosive,",
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"text": "environment friendly, reuse-able, easily separated, can be made from natural materials and waste [6]. Some research reported that waste material could be utilized as a catalyst. Golden snail shell waste material was a potential resource of CaO catalyst for biodiesel production [7] that reached 94,43% of biodiesel yield [8]. The presence of CaO groups was investigated through Fourier Transform Infrared analysis.",
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"text": "Modified calcined golden snail shell with fly ash as a catalyst [9] has been investigated that 3% (by weight of oil) of unmodified calcined golden snail shell had good performances to convert waste cooking oil become biodiesel rather than modified catalyst. This study had not investigated the optimum mass which produced high yield biodiesel. Based on this research, the calcined golden snail shell used as catalyst for the production of biodiesel from oil, with variations in the number of CaO catalysts. The purpose of the study is to determine the number of optimum catalysts that yield the highest yield that analyzed using gas chromatography.",
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"text": "Experimental",
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"text": "Catalyst preparation",
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"text": "The golden snail shell was cleaned by removing meat from the shell. The shells were crushed and washed to remove impurities. Furthermore, the shell was dried in the oven at 110 C for 24 hours followed by calcined at 900 C for 2 hours to obtain the shell powder [9]. In order to determine the presence of CaO functional group and the crystalline phase, the catalyst was analyzed using FT-IR-ATR Bruker Alpha equipped with diamond crystal.",
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"text": "Transesterification Reaction",
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"text": "Transesterification reactions were carried out in 3 neck flasks equipped with a condenser and a magnetic stirrer. The reaction was set up with variations of catalyst 3%, 5% and 7% by weight waste cooking oil, molar ratio of methanol/waste cooking oil 30:1 at 65˚C for 2 hours. Product, catalyst, and by product was separated in separating funnel by adding n-hexane to extract biodiesel as main product. Biodiesel dissolved in n-hexane were obtained in the",
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"text": "upper layer, meanwhile the catalyst, methanol, and glycerol as by-product were at under layer. Biodiesel was analyzed with Gas Chromatography-MS to determine the yield.",
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"text": "Characterization of Biodiesel",
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"text": "Density of biodiesel",
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"text": "Procedures used to determine biodiesel density refers to ASTM D 1298-99. Biodiesel density was calculated using Eq. 1.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "Density = 𝑚𝑏− 𝑚𝑎 𝑉 (1)",
"type": "Formula"
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{
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"top": 648,
"width": 187,
"height": 40,
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"text": "ma = Mass of empty pycnometer (g) mb = Mass of biodiesel in pycnometer (g) v = Volume Pycnometer (ml)",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "Viscosity of biodiesel",
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"text": "Preheat biodiesel at 40 C and was included in the Ostwald viscometer tube on the sample charging side as much as 5 mL and the flow rate holes were closed. Open the lid of the flow rate hole and note the",
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"text": "ALKIMIA Jurnal Ilmu Kimia dan Terapan",
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"text": "ARTICLES | No. 2 Vol. 4: 88-92 | DOI: https:/doi.org/10.19109/alkimia.v4i2.8084",
"type": "Page footer"
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"text": "90",
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"text": "biodiesel time to reach the impressions mark. Viscosity can be determined by following formula.",
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"text": "Viscosity = ƞ x 𝑑2− 𝑡2 𝑑1−𝑡1 (2)",
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"text": "ƞ = Viscosity of aquadest in 40 C (0,6529 Cst) d1 = Density of aquadest in 40 C (0,993 g/ml) t1 = time for flow (aquadest) (s) d2 = Density of biodiesel in 40 C (g/ml)",
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"text": "t2 = time for flow (biodiesel) (s)",
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"text": "Results and Discussion",
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"top": 190,
"width": 239,
"height": 84,
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"text": "As shown in Figure 1, appearing peaks in area of 3645 cm -1 indicated OH absorption. The presence of OH was shown appearing peaks in area of 4000 – 3500 cm -1 [10]. The OH functional group derived from Ca(OH) 2 which was formed during the dissolution of CaO. The CaO absorption appeared under 600 cm -1",
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"text": "[4], which was seen at 454 cm -1 in current study. Furthermore, the absorption of CaCO 3 did not appear in the wavenumber of 1800 – 800 cm -1 , showed that the CaCO 3 from snail shell has been perfectly decomposed to form CaO, see Equation 3 [9].",
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"text": "CaCO3(s) → CaO(s) + CO2(g) (3)",
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"text": "Figure 1. FTIR Spectrum of CaO Catalyst from golden snail shell",
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"text": "Transesterification Reaction",
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"text": "CaO catalyst from golden snail shell applied to transesterification reaction to convert used cooking oil become biodiesel. The highest content of fatty acids in used cooking oil is palmitic acid, which has chain of fatty acids in clusters R1, R2, and R3, so that to convert palmitic acid become methyl ester (biodiesel) was needed 3 molecules of alcohol.",
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"text": "Transesterification reaction takes place in several stages as follows:",
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"text": "ROH + CaO → CaOH + + RO - (4)",
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"text": "The transesterification reaction began with the formation of alkoxy and protonation of the catalyst after reaction of CaO catalysts and (equation 4). The lone pair on the O atom of the catalyst pulls the H atom from the alcohol, thus the catalyst was protonated and the alcohol becomes an alkoxy ion. The nucleophilic alkoxy then attacked the carbonyl",
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"text": "ARTICLES | No. 2 Vol. 4: 88-92 | DOI: https:/doi.org/10.19109/alkimia.v4i2.8084",
"type": "Page footer"
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"text": "group (electrophilic) in triglycerides to form intermediate molecules then rearranged the atoms to produce methyl ester (biodiesel) and diglyceride anions (see Equation 5). Furthermore, alkoxy attacked other carbonyl groups in the diglyceride",
"type": "Text"
},
{
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"height": 55,
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"text": "molecules thereby forming a single methyl ester and monoglyceride. The reaction continued to form three molecules of methyl ester and one molecule of glycerol (equation 6",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 511,
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"text": "(5)",
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"text": "(6)",
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"top": 691,
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"height": 40,
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"text": "Figure 3 showed the pattern of catalyst mass to biodiesel yield. The more increase of catalytic mass, the more increase biodiesel yield. The high",
"type": "Text"
},
{
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"top": 691,
"width": 240,
"height": 26,
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"text": "amount of CaO provided more base sites which played an important role in the reaction.",
"type": "Text"
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"top": 23,
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"text": "ALKIMIA Jurnal Ilmu Kimia dan Terapan",
"type": "Page header"
},
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"top": 791,
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"text": "ARTICLES | No. 2 Vol. 4: 88-92 | DOI: https:/doi.org/10.19109/alkimia.v4i2.8084",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
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"text": "92",
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},
{
"left": 50,
"top": 182,
"width": 224,
"height": 25,
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"text": "Figure 3. The pattern of catalyst mass to biodiesel yield",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 43,
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"text": "Characterization of Biodiesel",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 43,
"top": 243,
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"text": "Density and viscosity of biodiesel obtained was compared to the quality of biodiesel based on Nasional Standard of Indonesia (SNI 7128:2015). Density and viscosity of biodiesel with variations of catalysts mass such as 3%, 5%, and 7% were shown in Figure 4a and Figure 4b respectively. Biodiesel density and viscosity in this study close to the SNI SNI",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"text": "7182:2015 namely 0.85 – 0.89 g/cm 3 and 2.3 – 6.0 mm 2 /s.",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"text": "Figure 4. The of catalyst mass to: a) density and b) viscosity",
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"text": "Conclusion",
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{
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"top": 273,
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"height": 54,
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"text": "Based on the research results that the CaO catalysts of the snail shell showed good catalytic activity for the transesterification reaction. The highest yield achieved using 7% catalyst amounts was 93.28%.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 43,
"top": 370,
"width": 63,
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"page_number": 5,
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"text": "References",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 43,
"top": 394,
"width": 240,
"height": 65,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "[1] H. Adhari, Yusnimar, and S. P. Utami, “Pemanfaatan Minyak Jelantah Menjadi Biodiesel Dengan Katalis ZnO Presipitan Zinc Karbonat : Pengaruh Waktu Reaksi dan Jumlah Katalis,” vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 1– 7, 2016.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
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"text": "[2] P. M. Anisah, D. Suwandi, M. Si, and E. A. M. Eng, “Pengaru h Waktu Transesterifikasi terhadap Konversi Minyak Jelantah menjadi Biodiesel,” vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 916– 922, 2018. [3] wiwik indrawati Mudatsir, “Pengaruh",
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] |
d68974cc-52b4-a8cf-f5b0-e39cdbfe656c | https://ejournal.iainkerinci.ac.id/index.php/islamika/article/download/617/359 | [
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"text": "1 Institut Agama Islam Negeri (IAIN) Kerinci e-mail: yokiirawan@iainkerinci.ac.id",
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"text": "ABSTRAK. Kajian tentang integrasi nilai-nilai moral, budaya dan agama dalam pembelajaran bahasa akhir-akhir ini menunjukkan peningkatan. Hal ini ditandai dengan banyaknya terkait topik tersebut. Indonesia sebagai negara dengan penduduk mayoritas muslim terbesar di dunia harus berperan dalam pengintegrasian nilai-nilai keislaman di dalam pembelajaran, khususnya dalam pembelajaran bahasa inggris sebagai bahasa asing. Meskipun demikian, dalam prakteknya ditemukan banyak masalah terutama tidak semua ahli setuju jika topik yang terkait dengan agama didiskusikan dalam pembelajaran bahasa. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk mendiskusikan secara komprehensif tentang urgensi dan strategi secara dalam mengintegrasikan nilai islam dalam pembelajaran bahasa inggris di Indonesia. Secara umum, Pengintegrasian nilai Islam dalam pembelajaran bahasa dapat dilakukan melalui pengintegrasian konten dan topik pada kurikulum, materi ajar, dan kegiatan pembelajaran. Dengan dilaksanakannya hal tersebut diharapkan siswa akan sadar akan nilai-nilai keislaman dalam kehidupan sehari-hari mereka di masyarakat untuk menyaring budaya yang tidak relevan dan dalam waktu yang bersamaan dapat memperoleh keterampilan bahasa asing dengan baik.",
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"text": "ABSTRACT. Studies on the integration of moral, cultural, and religious values in language learning have recently increased. This is characterized by the number of these research topics. Indonesia as the world's largest Muslim-majority country must play a role in integrating Islamic values into learning, especially in learning English as a foreign language. However, in practice, there are many problems especially not all experts agree if topics related to religion are discussed in language learning. This article aims to discuss comprehensively the urgency and strategies in integrating Islamic values in English language learning in Indonesia. In general, the integration of Islamic values in language learning can be done through the integration of content and topics into the curriculum, teaching materials, and learning activities. Through the implementation of this, it is expected that students will be aware of the Islamic values in their daily lives in society to filter out irrelevant cultures and at the same time be able to acquire foreign language skills properly.",
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"text": "Kata kunci: ELT, Islamic, values, practices,",
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"text": "INTRODUCTION",
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"text": "The success of learning a language is not only indicated by the ability in mastering language skills (listening, reading, writing, and speaking), but also cultural ability. It implies that language and culture are closely interconnected (Brown, 2007). Therefore, emphasizing the cultural values in the language classroom is required to developing students' awareness toward their own or other cultures. Consequently, Language teachers not merely focus on teaching students' language skills but also must pay big attention to students' backgrounds (value and belief systems) since these factors shape their attitudes towards the language (Widodo, Perfecto, and Buripakdi, 2018., Mohd-Asraf, 2005).",
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"text": "Yoki Irawan1",
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"text": "96 |",
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"text": "Jurnal Islamika: Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Keislaman, Vol. 20, No. 01 , Juli 2020, 95-103",
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"text": "As one of the students' backgrounds, religion plays an important rule since it influences human behavior (Kilp, 2011; Sasaki & Kim, 2011; Aldashev & Platteau, 2014). Recently, the interest to study the relationship between religion and pedagogy is significantly increasing (Wong, Kristjansson, & Dörnyei, 2013). The research results demonstrate that teachers' moral and religious viewpoints will affect the teaching and interaction process. (Johnston, 2003) and (Wicking, 2012)). Besides, one of the important aspects to be incorporated into the instructional design is students' ethnoreligious backgrounds (Liyanage, Bartlett, and Grimbeek, 2010). Moreover, in embracing spirituality into education either general or language education, all religions are possible to be situated into the classroom (Shahjahan's 2004, 2010). Also, it is fine for incorporating religious values in the learning process as long as the language materials are taught effectively (Foye, 2004).",
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"text": "However, in some Islamic countries, EFL is facing some challenges. English is often accepting a less positive attitude because of several reasons. For instance, the Muslim country experience colonialism, the anxiety that English may replace their native languages, and more important the apprehension about losing their identity and cultural value as a result of using English and Western coursebooks used in learning English (Pennycook&Coutand-Marin, 2003). For example, when the topics or issues provided in textbooks are insensitive toward local belief and culture (e.g., prostitution, woman exploitation, free sex), it might influence the community's way of life in some countries such as Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, and Malaysia (Widodo, Perfecto, and Buripakdi, 2018). To solve this problem, it was suggested to accommodating the need for socio-cultural factors in teaching English for Muslim students by providing appropriate literature to be used in the classroom concerning religious beliefs and value. Besides, giving them the comprehension that English is not a threat to their identities as Muslims and the importance of learning English to acquire contemporary knowledge (Mohd- Ashraf, 2014).",
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"text": "Indonesia is known as the home of cultural, ethnic groups, and religious diversity (Widodo & Fardhani, 2011). there are five officially recognized religions in Indonesia namely Islam, Christianity, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Confucianism. Among these religions, Islam is known as has the biggest one. The big number of Islam adherents in Indonesia makes it the world's biggest Muslim population. Therefore, the influences of Islam in many aspects of Indonesian life is very affected. In the educational aspect, this situation potentially benefitted in educational activities by situating the Islamic values in all lessons, especially English.",
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"text": "The integration of Islamic values in English language learning is essential to be conducted since the Muslim teachers also play a role in maintaining religious values through their classroom activities. Related to the integration of Islamic values into English teaching, a framework has been proposed that can be used to study the relationship between local Islamic values and the English language in other contexts (Mahboob, 2009). In other words, Islamic values and local culture can be situated in the teaching of a foreign language, like English. In this regard, this paper will demonstrate the discussion on the importance of situating Islamic values into foreign language learning especially English, what values should be situated and suggests the strategies to situate the Islamic values into the teaching of a foreign language, and further, to provide the best practices based on the empirical research that has been conducted by some practitioners/teachers in incorporating Islamic values in a particular level of education.",
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"text": ".",
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"text": "Situating Islamic Values in English Language Teaching: Documenting the Best Practices in Indonesia",
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"text": "Jurnal Islamika: Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Keislaman, Vol. 20, No. 01 , Juli 2020, 95-103",
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"text": "| 97",
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"text": "THE IMPORTANCE OF TEACHING ISLAMIC VALUES",
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"text": "Values refer to something valuable, qualified, and useful to human beings. Besides, Values are beliefs about what is right and wrong and what is important in life (Hornby, 2000). Furthermore, a consensus proposed on five common features of values: values are (a) concepts or beliefs, (b) about desirable end states or behaviors, (c) that transcend specific situations, (d) guide selection or evaluation of behavior and events, and (e) are ordered by relative importance (Van der Weide et al, 2009). In other words, Islamic values can be defined as a set of Islamic community beliefs as guidance to behave.",
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"text": "Islamic values are significant to be incorporated into all subjects in schools, including English because of several reasons. First, the rise of problems in Indonesia such as juvenile, bullying, violence, intolerance, corruption, and so forth requires educational stakeholders to take a part in solving these problems by implementing value education into their instruction. The concept of 'value education' refers to the teaching of good values in any aspects such as social, political, cultural, and aesthetic values (Veugelers & Vedder, 2003). These values are covered in religion because it is where everything is ruled. Second, it aimed to build religious and spiritual characters for students and as guidance to behave and reconstruct an adaptive and flexible educational system to the development of students' abilities that are colored by Islamic spiritual or ethical values in guiding their activities. And finally, the integration of Islamic values has been seen as a way to build the students' character as the description of KI (core competence) 1 and KI 2 in English subject. And it is also one way to build an Islamic spirit that can strengthen students in their behavior.",
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"text": "The next question is what are so-called Islamic values? Indonesian cultures are a mixture of different ethnic cultures and religious identities (Widodo, Perfecto, and Buripakdi, 2018). It is implied that the character values as formulated and promoted on the 2013 curriculum are relevant to the Islamic values that embrace (1) religiosity, (2) honesty, (3) tolerance, (4) self- discipline, (5) hard work, (6) creativity, (7) independence, (8) democracy, (9) curiosity, (10) patriotism, (11) nationalism, (12) respect for others, (13) friendliness, (14) peace-loving, (15) love to read, (16) environmental sensitivity, (17) social awareness, and (18) responsibility (Pusat Kurikulum, 2010). Furthermore, based on the values mentioned above, it implies that teaching of value becomes the basis for citizenship and the maintenance of the democratic nation.",
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"text": "STRATEGIES TO SITUATE ISLAMIC VALUES IN EFL CLASSROOM",
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"text": "The integration of Islamic values in the EFL classroom is considering complicated to be conducted in Indonesia. It is not as easy as some foreign languages commonly learned, for instance, the Arabic language. The Arabic language is closely linked to the Islamic religion since it is the language of Al Qur'an. Thus, incorporating Islamic values in Arabic language instruction is considered easy to be conducted. Therefore, mastering the Arabic language is suggested to be learned as a requirement to improve the comprehension and understanding of Islam (Mat & Wan Abas, 2016). In other words, Arabic learning will not face any significant obstacles in integrating Islamic values. However, what about learning other foreign languages such as English, Mandarin, and even Korean?",
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"text": "Some researchers have done some studies and practices. For instance, (Rohmah, 2012) suggests some ways in situating Islamic values in ELT. First, developing a special English",
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"text": "Yoki Irawan1",
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"text": "98 |",
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"text": "Jurnal Islamika: Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Keislaman, Vol. 20, No. 01 , Juli 2020, 95-103",
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"text": "textbook with Islamic contents. In this way, the textbook's writer provides and explore an English book which contains Islamic messages, topics, or texts. For example, the topics or texts related to 'How to Perform Wudhu', 'Economic Concept in Islam' openly display the message of Islam. Thus, students can express their opinion and ideas related to Islamic content in English. Besides, 'implicit' ways, providing the Islamic messages indirectly through images, names, buildings, activities, language, and so on. The images used in the book should adjust to the reality of Muslim society, for example, pictures of veiled women, pictures of mosques, etc. Further, it is found some practical ways to do this integration as follows:",
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"text": "Curriculum",
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"text": "By adapting the curriculum development model proposed by Kerr's, it would be very practical for an educational institution is willing to deal to design, implement and implement the English curriculum developed by determining the existing challenges and the advantages of the Islamic education model based on tawhid (Shah, Muhamad, and Ismail, 2012)",
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"text": "Figure.1 Shah’s Adaptation of Kerr’s Curriculum development model",
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"text": "Through adapting this model, the \"western\" models can be Islamized and support the development of an Islamic English language curriculum. Figure 1 above shows that the aspects of the curriculum with Islamic messages are the explanation of the vision and mission of the Islamic institutions. In other words, when the schools are not Islam-based, teachers are probably not encouraged to incorporating Islamic values.",
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"text": "Furthermore, in ELT the teacher can choose a topic or theme, text, and tasks, which contain Islamic values by adapted genre-based approach. For example, a teacher can teach a recount text using \"The Life of Al-Khawarizmi\" one of the prominent Islamic mathematicians. Teachers and students can discuss moral and Islamic values in the text. The teacher can also provide students with various texts that expose students to the different moral values and virtues of Islam.",
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"text": "Learning materials",
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"text": "The integration of Islamic content in teaching materials has rooted in the education system in Indonesia and not surprised anymore. Interest related to the relationship between religion and",
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"text": "OBJECTIVE",
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"text": "PURPOSE",
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"text": "The use English as medium of instruction and interface for an interdisciplinary approach based on tauhid MEASUREMENT Feedback & measuring effectiveness of educator &curriculum in enhancing life skills, emotion& spiritual aptitude apart from intellectual & academic Ability KNOWLEDGE The English language as a vehicle for the dissemination of knowledge grounded in Tawhid SCHOOL LEARNING EXPERIENCE The earlier formative influences of the gaps in the students’s Islamic understanding of practices",
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"text": "Situating Islamic Values in English Language Teaching: Documenting the Best Practices in Indonesia",
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"text": "Jurnal Islamika: Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Keislaman, Vol. 20, No. 01 , Juli 2020, 95-103",
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"text": "| 99",
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"text": "language learning is growing. In this respect, to address value aspects in language learning especially in designing materials in ELT in a particular situation, therefore, needs to pay attention to contextual aspects of learners, teachers, classrooms, and institutions (McDonough et al. 2013). Religious values can be reflected in the material used for teaching. In the Islamic education context, ELT can be incorporated with Islamic values that are the life guidance of Muslim communities. Therefore, negative issues related to ELT inappropriate topics can be avoided. The studies and practice in recent years show the integration between Islamic Value and English language learning material as explained below.",
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"text": "First, (Rohmah, 2012) provided learning materials that reflected the amalgam of the Islamic messages in English language teaching. One of the available course books is \"English in Context\" trainers under the Islamic Schools English Language Project (ISELP). This book is used by the teachers in pesantren. In this book, the Islamic messages are included in two ways: 1) directly mentioning Islamic topics like \"How to wudhu\", \"Muslim to Muslim\" and so forth. 2) incorporating the Islamic messages in the materials indirectly through pictures, names, building, language activities, messages, etc. In pursuit of finding the Islamic values instilled in English textbooks. It was found that the integration of Islamic values in Indonesian especially in pesantren could be conducted by using the existing textbooks containing Islamic values (Umam, 2014). According to this research, there are some books; for instance, \"English for Muslim Learners\" (Irwansyah, 2015) and \"Islamic Learning in English Academic Purpose (Oktradiksa, 2015).",
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"text": "The other alternative was using value-based authentic materials. Today it eases for teachers and students to find authentic material from newspapers, TV programs, menus, magazines, the internet, movies, songs, brochures, comics, literature (novels, poems, and short stories), and many others. Moreover, today's learning context, using the kind of ICT-based media is highly recommended (Shyamlee & Phil, 2012) since the learners are very familiar with technological devices. Since it is also easy to get the materials containing Islamic values from the internet, the teachers should consider using this for teaching foreign languages with Islamic values in a fun way. Further, some changes in materials have to be examined. For example, some learning materials once used to be appropriate and effective might not apply to the current digital classroom anymore. by examining values presented in ELT materials, a teacher would be able to assist students in maintaining their identities and Islamic values prevailing in the society.",
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"text": "Learning activities",
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"text": "To situate the Islamic values in English language teaching also can be conducted through the learning activities in four ways i.e. (1) by performing code-mixing or code-switching between English and the Islamic expressions based on the particular context; (2) by linking the topic discussed to the relevant Islamic teaching which is done either by quoting the verses of Al- Qur'an and/or Al-Hadith, or by explaining the relevant Islamic teaching; (3) by using the Islamic names for persons like Ahmad instead of John, places like Mecca, or events in making the example of sentences or dialog script; (4) by giving students tasks to write or find a kind of text related to the Islamic values relevant to the being taught ( Khamdan, 2018., Amelia 2012 )",
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"text": "BEST PRACTICES",
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"text": "Even though the situating of Islamic values into English language learning is quite challenging, there are many successful works in their implementation and practices as follow:",
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"text": "100 |",
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"text": "In the junior high school level, the Islamic values in the English language teaching reflected in lesson plans in the section of the learning materials and the learning activities of SMP Islam Al-Azhar 15 Cilacap. The integration was done by embedding the Islamic values supported by verses of Al-Qur'an and/or Al-Hadith which are relevant to the main materials selected based on predetermined learning objectives (Khamdan, 2008). In addition, Islamic and value and Jambi local wisdom also incorporated in MTs Laboratorium Kota Jambi through implementing The English module based on Islamic values and Jambi local wisdom (Nafiah, 2020).",
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"text": "Furthermore, in the Senior high school context, all English teachers in SMA Negeri Banjarbaru integrate the values of existing characters in English learning that is honest, responsibility, discipline, cooperation, hard work, curiosity, likes to read. It was implemented through various methods in every meeting, for instance, discussion, demonstration, lecture, and question and answer. With the existence of Islamic character values that have been integrated into every subject in school, especially in English lessons then it is expected that students can apply the values of Islamic character in daily life (Irveanty, 2013). The other practice was conducted in MAN Model Palangka Raya. The English English teacher is implementing developed learning material intended to provide a set of learning materials to accommodate the Islamic characteristics and the needs of the students through adopted and adapted from some Islamic textbooks and Islamic reading websites (Qamariyah, 2015).",
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"text": "Moreover, the practice was the use of Islamic magazines in teaching reading comprehension for the students of the English Education Department of IAIN Batusangkar. Because of more colorful, made with quality papers, layout attractiveness, and accessible by the students, the magazine was motivating. After being this researched, this teaching strategy proves that the articles in the Islamic magazine empirically enhanced the students reading comprehension and built their character values (Munir & Hartono, 2016).",
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"text": "SOME CHALLENGES",
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"text": "Situating Islamic values in foreign language teaching which can be included in the term \"value education\" always has some challenges as mentioned below.",
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"text": "The Teacher’s Capability",
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"text": "Teachers are role models for their students. Therefore, when teaching they should share their good character (Lumpkin, 2008). One of the reasons why Muslim teachers should situate Islamic values while teaching is because there must be a different method and materials when teaching Muslim students. In other words, an English teacher in Madrasah Aliyah, differing from general or non- Islamic schools, should be able to creatively integrate Islamic values so that the Muslim students feel familiar with the content of the material and in the same time develop their ability in a foreign language. This is challenging since not all teachers can do since not all Muslim teachers have such good knowledge of Islam and know how to effectively deliver it in instructional activities. Hence, decision-makers in schools need to pay big attention to this issue when they are hiring a new teacher. Their status at both institutional and national levels, teacher's profile in terms of training, teaching experiences, mother tongue, attitudes to their job, and expectations will play an important role in value cultivation issues in English language programs. The success of language programs, to some degree, depends on how much teachers are capable of equipping themselves with the right tools for attaining an achievable goal.",
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"text": "Situating Islamic Values in English Language Teaching: Documenting the Best Practices in Indonesia",
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"text": "Jurnal Islamika: Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Keislaman, Vol. 20, No. 01 , Juli 2020, 95-103",
"type": "Page footer"
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"text": "| 101",
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"text": "What values should be taught?",
"type": "Section header"
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"height": 76,
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"text": "Islam covers wide aspects in human’s life; and therefore it is challenging the teacher to see what kind of Islamic values that they should teach to their students. This is task of the teachers and stakeholders to decide since it is impossible to integrate all Islamic values in the learning process. In Indonesian context, especially 2013 curriculum, Indonesian cultures are a mixture of different ethnic cultures and religious identities. Widodo.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "It is imples that the character values as formulated and promoted on 2013 curriculum are relevant to the Islamic values that embrace (1) religiosity, (2) honesty, (3) tolerance, (4) self- discipline, (5) hard work, (6) creativity, (7) independence, (8) democracy, (9) curiosity, (10) patriotism, (11) nationalism, (12) respect for others, (13) friendliness, (14) peace-loving, (15) love to read, (16) environmental sensitivity, (17) social awareness, and (18) responsibility (Pusat Kurikulum, 2010). These 18 character values are included in Islam.",
"type": "Text"
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"left": 85,
"top": 288,
"width": 227,
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"text": "When to teach Islamic values in classroom?",
"type": "Section header"
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"top": 304,
"width": 443,
"height": 138,
"page_number": 7,
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"text": "Some questions raising from the teachers are about the time of teaching values in learning process. Since the teaching and learning process in the classroom consists of pre-teaching, while-teaching and post-teaching, the teachers sometimes get difficulties to allocate time to teach the Islamic values. They are willing to teach the values but, at the same time, they are worried of overlapping the learning materials. To answer this question, prefer to apply integrated approach by which the teachers both stimulate certain values and teaching language skills to better communicate on values, andalso improve the active participation of students. However, using this approach, some teachers confused in what part of learning they should situate the Islamic values (Veugelers & Vedder, 2003).",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "CONCLUSION",
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"text": "Today's English language teaching is not only teaching English as a language but also fostering students' understanding of how to use recognized English as a language that appropriates with situating religious values both theoretically and practically. In Indonesian, situating religious values especially Islamic values in teaching English as a foreign can be implemented in various ways, for instances, adapting the integrated language curriculum with an Islamic approach, situating Islamic contents on learning materials, and incorporate meaningful activities related to the integration of Islamic value in the learning process. Based on the explanation above, the are some considerable recommendations to be useful for the authors, English teachers, and the school's stakeholders to situating Islamic values.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "REFERENCES",
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"text": "Banyak bisnis mulai muncul dengan melibatkan pengembangan teknologi internet. Salah satunya adalah bisnis di aplikasi berbasis penyedia layanan di bidang moda transportasi berbasis online yang ternyata dapat memberikan solusi dan menjawab berbagai kekhawatiran publik tentang layanan transportasi umum. Kemacetan lalu lintas di kota-kota besar dan ketegangan publik dengan keamanan transportasi umum diselesaikan dengan adanya aplikasi transportasi online seperti Grab dan Gojek yang memberikan kemudahan dan kenyamanan bagi penggunanya Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menganalisa keaktifan percakapan brand jasa transportasi online di jejaring sosial Twitter berdasarkan properti jaringan. Penelitian dilakukan dengan dengan mengambil data dari percakapan pengguna di social media Twitter dengan cara crawling menggunakan Bahasa pemrograman R programming dan software R Studio dan pembuatan model jaringan dengan software Gephy. Setelah itu data dianalisis menggunakan metode social network analysis yang terdiri berdasarkan properti jaringan yaitu size, density, modularity, diameter, average degree, average path length, dan clustering coefficient dan nantinya hasil analisis akan dibandingkan dari setiap properti jaringan kedua brand jasa transportasi Online dan ditentukan strategi dalam meningkatkan dan mempertahankan keaktifan serta tingkat kehadiran brand jasa transportasi online, Grab dan Gojek.",
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"text": "Kata Kunci: Analisis peringkat brand, Social Network Analysis, top brand, transportasi online, Twitter",
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"text": "Abstract",
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"text": "Many businesses began to emerge involving the development of internet technology. One of them is a business in an application based on service providers in the field of online-based transportation that turns out to be able to provide solutions and answer various public concerns about public transportation services. Traffic congestion in big cities and public tensions with public transportation security is solved by the presence of online transportation applications that provide convenience and comfort for its users. This research was conducted to analyze the activeness of brand conversations online transportation services on Twitter social networks based on network properties. The research was conducted by retrieving data from users' conversations on Twitter social media by crawling using R programming language and R Studio software and making network models with Gephy software. After that the data is analyzed using the social network analysis method based on network properties namely size, density, modularity, diameter, average degree, average path length, and clustering coefficient and later the results of the analysis will be compared from each network property of both Online transportation service brands and determined strategy in improving and maintaining the activity and presence level of online transportation service brands, Grab and Gojek.",
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"text": "Keywords: Brand ranking analysis, Social Network Analysis, top brand, online transportation, Twitter",
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"text": "Aminudin, Anggraini, Analisis Peringkat Top… https://doi.org/10.35760/ik.2019.v24i2.2365",
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"text": "PENDAHULUAN",
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"text": "Perkembangan teknologi internet yang cepat menyebabkan perubahan kebiasaan di masyarakat. Banyak bisnis mulai muncul dengan melibatkan pengembangan teknologi internet. Salah satunya adalah bisnis di aplikasi berbasis penyedia layanan di bidang moda transportasi berbasis online yang ternyata dapat memberikan solusi dan men- jawab berbagai kekhawatiran publik tentang layanan transportasi umum. Kemacetan lalu lintas di kota-kota besar dan ketegangan publik dengan ke-amanan transportasi umum diselesaikan dengan adanya aplikasi trans- portasi online yang memberikan kemudahan dan Kenya-manan bagi penggunanya. Bisnis transportasi online yang akhir-akhir ini sangat dikenal adalah Grab dan Gojek. Kedua perusahaan transportasi berbasis aplikasi terbukti menyebabkan perubahan signifikan terutama untuk kehidupan masyarakat umum. Bahkan, perusahaan-perusahaan ini telah menjadi perusahaan layanan di bidang moda transportasi berbasis online sebagai pilihan utama publik terutama di kota-kota besar[1].",
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"text": "Dari hasil peringkat Top Brand Award tahun 2018 fase 2 pada peringkat pertama dalam kategori jasa transportasi online diraih oleh Grab dengan nilai 48% kemudian diikuti oleh Gojek pada peringkat kedua dengan nilai 44.9%. Dilakukan survey dengan menyebar- kan kuesioner ke 11 kota di Indonesia secara manual (konveksional) untuk mendapatkan hasil brand mana yang paling diminati dan",
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"text": "dipilih oleh konsumen [2]. Metode Social Network Analysis (SNA) digunakan untuk mengetai strategi layanan transportasi manakah yang memiliki keaktifan lebih tinggi dengan membandingkan properti jaringan yang melekat yang ada di media sosial Twitter. Data pengguna media sosial Twitter digunakan agar memberikan hasil keputusan lebih cepat, serta efisiensi biaya dan efektifitas waktu bagi perusahaan dalam pengambilan keputusan yang cepat.",
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"text": "Dalam penelitian [3] menunjukkan perbandingan nilai yang didapat dari masing- masing properti jaringan kedua ritel waralaba Alfamart dan Indomaret menggunakan meto- de Social Network Analysis, mendapatkan hasil yang sama dengan penentuan peringkat brand menggunakan Top Brand Award atau metode konvensional. Dari kedua ritel waralaba tersebut, Alfamart memiliki jaringan yang paling banyak mendapatkan nilai tertinggi dari masing-masing properti jaringan yang dihitung, dengan total empat dari tujuh perhitungan properti jaringan, yaitu pada: density, diameter, average path length , dan clustering coefficient . Sedangkan Indomaret memiliki jaringan dengan tiga nilai tertinggi pada properti jaringan yang dihitung, yaitu pada: size, modularity, dan average degree . Sehingga urutan peringkat brand yang dihasilkan pada ritel waralaba menggunakan metode SNA adalah Alfamart mendapat peringkat pertama dan Indomaret mendapat peringkat kedua dengan perbedaan sangat",
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"text": "Jurnal Ilmiah Informatika Komputer Volume 24 No. 2 Agustus 2019",
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"height": 28,
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"text": "tipis yaitu Alfamart unggul salah satu nilai dari properti jaringan yang dihitung.",
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"text": "Penelitian lain yaitu pada penelitian [4] juga menunjukkan bahwa hasil perhitungan dan analisis perbandingan berdasarkan properti jaringan didapat nilai untuk masing – masing jaringan smartphone . Setelah dila- kukan perbandingan, didapat peringkat berda- sarkan metriknya, yaitu Samsung unggul pada 2 properti yaitu average degree dan clustering coefficient . Berarti dengan unggul pada average degree , Samsung memiliki banyak jumlah link yang menghubungkan node maka penyebaran informasi mengenai Samsung akan semakin cepat. Sedangkan clustering coefficient menunjukan hubungan node yang ada dalam jaringan Samsung itu kuat. Nokia unggul pada 2 properti juga yaitu diameter dan average path length, artinya jaringan Nokia memiliki shortcut dengan jalur terpendek. Nokia juga unggul pada metric average path length untuk menunjukan jarak rata–rata antara suatu node dengan node lain, semakin kecil nilai average path length berarti semakin cepat penyebaran informasi- nya. Blackberry juga unggul pada 2 properti yaitu density dan modularity . Dimana density menunjukan kepadatan suatu jaringan, hal ini berarti Blackberry memiliki jaringan yang paling padat diantara yang lain. Sedangkan modularity menunjukan kelompok yang terbentuk didalam jaringan Blackberry sangat tinggi, yang berarti jaringan tersebut membentuk kelompok–kelompok yang banyak. Iphone unggul pada 2 properti yaitu",
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"text": "size dan connected component . Size menun- jukan bahwa aktor yang berperan di jaringan Iphone banyak. Sedangkan Connected com- ponent merupakan kumpulan dari “pecahan” dalam satu graf yang saling terpisah. Artinya semakin tinggi nilai connected component dari Iphone menunjukan bahwa jaringan tersebut dapat membentuk banyak kelompok yang saling terhubung satu sama lain. Dalam meningkatkan dan mempertahankan pering- kat keaktifan smartphone di jejaring sosial percakapan di Twitter, yaitu dengan me- nentukan strategi dengan menarik perhatian pengguna dengan konten yang menarik dalam akun media sosial Twitter. Hal ini secara otomatis dapat menarik perhatian pengguna sehingga dapat menyebabkan banyak inte- raksi didalamnya.",
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"text": "Pada tahun 2017, upaya meningkatkan brand awareness tranportasi online dilakukan [5] dengan pengambilan data melalui wawan- cara. Penelitian ini dilakukan melalui aktivitas public relation untuk mengatasi persaingan di antara perusahan-perusahaan transportasi online, sehingga perlu diciptakannya brand yang kuat ditengah masyarakat. Kegiatan marketing public relations berlaku dalam meningkatkan brand awareness ke 7 strategi marketing public relations . Kegiatan seperti publikasi, melaksanakan kegiatan-kegiatan menarik, establish good hubungan dengan masyarakat, menjalin kerjasama dengan perusahaan lain dilakukan untuk memberikan pelayanan terbaik kepada konsumen.",
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"text": "Transportasi Online",
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"text": "Transportasi merupakan sarana yang sangat dibutuhkan pada zaman sekarang, karena dengan adanya transportasi dapat mengefektifkan pekerjaan dan membantu dalam memenuhi kebutuhan sehari-hari. Transportasi terbagi menjadi tiga bagian, yaitu: jalur darat, laut, dan udara. Ketergan- tungan masyarakat tehadap transportasi sangat tinggi, dengan alasan untuk mempersingkat waktu perjalanan. Kemajuan yang sangat pesat di bidang teknologi infor- masi memberikan pengaruh yang besar terhadap berbagai aspek kehidupan manusia. Salah satu hasil kemajuan teknologi informasi yang berkontribusi besar terhadap perubahan ini adalah internet. Kehadiran jasa trans- portasi berbasis aplikasi online yang meng- gunakan internet sangat berpengaruh bagi masyarakat dalam segala aktivitas secara cepat dan efisien. Salah satu bisnis yang sedang berkembang saat ini adalah bisnis jasa transportasi dengan sepeda motor atau yang dulu biasa disebut ojek. Jika dahulu ojek dikelola secara konvensional dan kepemilikan tunggal, sekarang muncul bisnis baru taxi motor yaitu suatu usaha komersial, yang menyediakan jasa transportasi bagi umum dan dikelola secara profesional. Berawal dari banyaknya jasa transportasi yang bermun- culan mengakibatkan semakin kuat pula persaingan yang dihadapi oleh para penge- mudi ojek. Hampir disetiap sudut jalan besar dan area kampus banyak ditemui para pengemudi ini. Apabila dicermati ada banyak",
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"text": "hal yang harus dibenahi dalam layanan ojek yang ada saat ini khususnya masalah keselamatan, kesopanan dan kewajaran harga layanan. Masalah harga yang paling sering menjadi ganjalan penumpang. Pengemudi ojek memasang tarif semau mereka sendiri. Tarif ojek untuk jarak dekat tidak terpaut jauh dengan taksi mobil biasa. Muncul ide peru- sahaan taksi motor, dengan member value added yang berbeda dengan ojek umumnya.",
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"text": "Dikelola secara profesional, dengan menye- diakan call center dan kantor. Pelayanan yang diberikan memang lebih standar seperti standar keselamatan, etika kesopanan pengen- dara dan yang termasuk penting tarif yang sudah baku [6].",
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"text": "Internet",
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"text": "Menurut data yang dihasilkan oleh APJII pengguna internet di Indonesia terus meningkat sejak tahun 1998 hingga tahun 2017 yaitu sebesar 143 juta penggu- na. Jumlah pengguna internet di Indonesia diproyeksikan tembus 175 juta pada 2019, atau sekitar 65,3% dari total penduduk 268 juta. Peningkatan pengguna internet terutama ditopang oleh semakin meluasnya penggu- naan ponsel pintar di Indonesia. Peningkatan jumlah pengguna internet yang signifikan itu pun diharapkan bisa memberikan dampak positif ke berbagai kegiatan produktif yang akan mendongkrak ekonomi nasional, teru- tama ekonomi digital termasuk di dalamnya layanan di bidang moda transportasi berbasis online [7] .",
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"text": "Jejaring Sosial",
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"text": "Jejaring sosial bisa dikatakan sebagai sebuah teknologi yang kini meningkat penggunaannya sebagai sumber informasi karena teknologi ini memungkinkan orang- orang untuk dapat mengirim dan menerima informasi dengan cepat. Jejaring ini meru- pakan sebuah aplikasi yang para penggunanya dapat melakukan kolaborasi untuk mencip- takan dan mendistribusikan sebuah konten dan jejaring sosial ini dibangun berdasarkan karakteristik web 2.0 [8].",
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"text": "Twitter adalah sebuah jaringan infor- masi yang terdiri dari pesan 140 karakter yang disebut tweet [9]. Suh, Hong, Pirolli dan Chi [10] mengungkapkan Twitter adalah layanan microblogging yang memungkinkan pengguna untuk mengirim dan membaca pesan singkat sebanyak 140 karakter yang dikenal sebagai tweets , yang memungkinkan penggunanya untuk berbagi dan menemukan topik yang menarik secara real time .",
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"text": "Social Network Analysis (SNA) dapat dideskripsikan sebagai suatu ilmu yang mempelajari hubungan manusia dengan bantuan teori graf. SNA mempelajari struktur hubungan yang mengaitkan individu atau unit sosial lain dan ketergantungan dalam perilaku atau sikap yang berhubungan dengan susunan hubungan sosial. Hubungan tersebut di- gambarkan dengan nodes , atau bisa disebut",
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"text": "vertices yang melambangkan aktor atau user dan ties atau disebut juga edges , link s atau connections yang melambangkan hubungan antar actor [3][4][5].",
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"text": "SNA bukan hanya sebuah metodologi namun sebuah perspektif yang unik tentang bagaimana fungsi masyarakat. Sedangkan dalam praktik bisnis, SNA dapat di- manfaatkan untuk menganalisis dan me- ningkatkan alur komunikasi dalam suatu organisasi atau dengan network partner dan pelanggan[5]. SNA menggunakan graf untuk menggambarkan hubungan ini, jenis graf ini disebut Sociogram [13].",
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"text": "Jaringan memiliki beberapa atribut yang dapat dihitung dan dianalisis yang disebut properti jaringan. Properti jaringan ini dapat digunakan untuk menentukan model sebuah jaringan dengan menggunakan metode SNA. Adapun properti jaringan yang akan digunakan adalah sebagai berikut: size, density, modularity, diameter, Average Degree, Average Path Length, dan Clustering Coefficient .",
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"text": "Network size (N) menunjukkan jumlah komponen dalam suatu sistem [3] [8]. Secara sederhana, network size bisa didapatkan dengan menghitung jumlah node yang ada dalam suatu network [8]. Menurut [5] network density merupakan jumlah dari seluruh hubungan yang ada ( actual ties ), dibagi dengan jumlah hubungan yang mungkin terjadi ( possible ties ) dalam suatu network.",
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"text": "Density bisa dikatakan juga sebagai ukuran seberapa erat hubungan antar node dalam suatu network .",
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"text": "Modularity didefinisikan sebagai seke- lompok link dalam suatu komunitas dikurangi nilai yang diharapkan dari kelompok tersebut apabila posisi link tersebut diacak[4][10].",
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"text": "Modularity digunakan untuk mengukur kekuatan dari pembagian jaringan dalam kelompok-kelompok [9][10]. Semakin tinggi nilai modularity dari suatu network tersebut berisikan kelompok-kelompok didalamnya. Modularity menunjukkan bagaimana group yang berbeda dibentuk dalam suatu jaringan. Koefisien modularity yang lebih besar berarti lebih jelas batas antara kelompok-kelompok dalam jaringan. Dengan demikian modularity yang lebih tinggi dapat meningkatkan kesadaran akan merk, jika lebih beragam komunitas maka penyebaran informasi produk lebih me-ningkat. Diameter network dilambangkan dengan dmax adalah jalur terdekat maksimal dalam suatu network atau bisa disebut juga jarak terbesar antara sepasang node [7][11].",
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"text": "Average degree merupakan salah satu bagian penting dalam properti jaringan, dimana average degree dari network mem- berikan derajat rata-rata dari jumlah link yang menghubungkan satu node dengan node yang lain [11]. Semakin banyak link yang menghubungkan suatu node kepada node yang lain, berarti penyebaran informasi akan semakin cepat dan mudah.",
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"text": "Average path length dilambangkan dengan <d>, adalah jarak rata–rata antara satu node dengan node yang lain dalam suatu network[11]. Dalam implementasi di media sosial, average path length diterjemahkan sebagai jumlah rata–rata akun atau node yang harus dilewati oleh suatu akun untuk mencapai suatu akun tertentu. Semakin banyak akun yang dilewati maka semakin baik.",
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"text": "Clustering coefficient menggambarkan bagaimana suatu node berhubungan dengan node lain di sekitarnya. Clustering coefficient dilambangkan dengan Ci, apabila Ci=0, ber- arti node di sekitar node i tidak berhubungan satu sama lain. Sedangkan apabila Ci=1, berarti node di sekitar node i semuanya saling terhubung. Semakin besar nilai Ci, berarti hubungannya semakin padat dan mengin- dikasikan fenomena small world [11]. Apa- bila aktor dalam network saling mengenal (terhubung) satu sama lain, berarti informasi yang disebarkan akan lebih cepat diketahui.",
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"text": "Top Brand Award merupakan apresiasi merek yang dikategorikan sebagai merek teratas. Top Brand Award diberikan kepada merek di kategori produk tertentu yang memenuhi kriteria. Kriteria didasarkan pada survei yang dilakukan oleh Frontier Consulting Group. Brand teratas pada survey yang dilakukan oleh Frointier Consulting Group untuk menghasilkan Top Brand Award terdiri dari dua panel yaitu B2B responden",
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"text": "dan B2C responden. B2C responden melibatkan 7500 sampel acak dan 1600 sampel booster. Survei ini dilakukan di sebelas kota, yaitu Jakarta, Bandung, Semarang, Surabaya, Medan, Makassar, Pekanbaru,",
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"text": "Samarinda dan Denpasar. Sementara itu, Top Brand survei untuk B2B responden me- libatkan 1600 perusahaan berlokasi di Jakarta, Bandung, dan Surabaya[2]",
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"text": "Metode sampling untuk sampel acak B2C adalah sampling acak bertahap sedang- kan metode untuk B2C booster sampel adalah sampel purposive . Survei dilakukan melalui wawancara pribadi tatap muka dengan menggunakan kuesioner terstruktur. Metode sampling untuk B2B adalah stratified sam- pling acak , dengan menggunakan jalur bisnis sebagai database .",
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"text": "R adalah suatu bahasa komputer dan merupakan lingkungan pemograman in- teraktif untuk analisis data dan grafik. Bahasa R adalah bahasa tingkat tinggi ( very high level language ) untuk komputasi. Bahasa R memungkinkan untuk menghitung, melihat data dan program secara interaktif dengan umpan balik yang cepat. R dapat digunakan pada berbagai bidang seperti analisis keuangan, penelitian statistika, manajemen, akademis, matematika, grafik dan analisis data. R Studio merupakan Integrated Development Environment (IDE) khusus bagi bahasa pemrograman R[21].",
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"text": "Software Gephi adalah sebuah aplikasi yang bersifat open source untuk melakukan eksplorasi dan manipulasi jaringan. Sebuah modul jaringan yang akan dikembangkan dapat diolah dengan diimpor, divisuali- sasikan, dipetakan, difilter, dimanipulasi dan diekspor di dalam softwareGephi tersebut.",
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"text": "Gephi didasarkan pada paradigma visualisasi dan manipulasi yang memungkinkan setiap pengguna untuk menemukan jaringan dan properti data. Selain itu, dirancang untuk mengikuti rantai studi kasus, dari file data ke peta yang dapat.",
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"text": "Crawling adalah suatu teknik yang digunakan untuk mengumpulkan informasi yang ada dalam web . Crawling bekerja secara otomatis, dimana informasi yang dikum- pulkan berdasarkan atas kata kunci yang diberikan oleh pengguna. Alat yang diguna- kan untuk melakukan crawling disebut dengan crawler . Crawler berbentuk program yang diprogram dengan algoritma tertentu, sehingga dapat melakukan pemindaian ke halaman-halaman web , sesuai dengan alamat web ataupun kata kunci yang diberikan pengguna. Pada saat melakukan pemindaian, crawler akan membaca teks yang ada, hyperlink dan berbagai tag yang digunakan di halaman web tersebut. Berdasarkan informasi tersebut, crawler akan mengindeks informa- sinya atau pun menyimpan informasi tersebut ke dalam sebuah file atau ke dalam database .",
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"text": "Aminudin, Anggraini, Analisis Peringkat Top… https://doi.org/10.35760/ik.2019.v24i2.2365",
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"text": "Text mining adalah sebuah penelitian yang mencoba memecahkan masalah infor- masi yang overload, dengan menggunakan teknik dari data mining , machine learning, Natural Language Processing (NLP), Infor- mation Retrieval (IR), dan knowledge management . Text mining melibatkan pre- processing koleksi dokumen (kategorisasi teks, ekstraksi informasi, ekstraksi istilah), penyimpanan representasi menengah, teknik untuk menganalisis representasi menengah ini (seperti analisis distribusi, pengelompokan, analisis tren, dan peraturan asosiasi), dan visualisasi hasilnya [13].",
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"text": "Dalam penelitian ini penulis meng- gunakan metode Social Network Analysis yang terdiri dari beberapa tahapan. Pada tahap 1 menggunakan Social Network Analysis , karena tujuan utama dari penelitian ini adalah dapat menganalisasi keaktifan percakapan brand jasa transportasi online , menentukan peringkat Top Brand jasa transportasi online , dan menentukan strategi dalam meningkatkan dan mempertahankan keaktifan dan tingkat kehadiran brand jasa transportasi online melalui percakapan di jejaring sosial Twitter dengan membandingkan properti jaringan.",
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"text": "Tahap 2, mengindentifikasi masalah yang ditemukan dari latar belakang. Penen- tuan peringkat dengan melihat keaktifan dan",
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"text": "tingkat kehadiran brand jasa transportasi online menggunakan jejaring sosial Twitter dengan metode Social Network Analysis (SNA) berdasarkan properti jaringan meru- pakan suatu strategi baru yang dapat digunakan. Data percakapan yang terbentuk dalam jejaring sosial belum dimanfaatkan secara maksimal untuk menghimpun infor- masi terhadap pola komunikasi jaringan secara jelas.",
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"text": "Pada tahap 3, Pengumpulan data berbasis pada konsep User Generated Content (UGC), dimana data yang diambil berasal dari jejaring sosial yang berisikan konten-konten yang dibuat sendiri oleh pengguna. Media yang digunakan sebagai sumber data adalah media sosial Twitter dengan tweet sebagai konten data yang akan diambil. Data yang diambil adalah seluruh tweet baik berupa retweet, reply , maupun mention yang berisi kata kunci ‘Grab dan ‘Gojek’. Data yang diambil dalam penelitian diambil dengan rentang waktu dari tanggal 4 Juni 2019 sampai dengan tanggal 11 Juni 2019 dan dibatasi hanya 500 data. Pengumpulan data dilakukan menggunakan software R Studio dengan cara crawling menggunakan R Programming .",
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"text": "Selanjutnya data yang diperoleh dalam bentuk CSV yang masih memiliki memiliki dimensi yang tinggi, terdapat noise pada data, dan terdapat struktur teks yang tidak baik. Maka dilakukan proses text mining agar atribut-atribut yang tidak diperlukan dihi- langkan agar sisa data sesuai dengan",
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"text": "kebutuhan penelitian sehingga data akan lebih mudah untuk dianalisis.",
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"text": "menggunakan metode Social Network Analysis (SNA) dengan membandingkan property jaringan yang dihasilkan otomatis melalui software Gephi Setelah memban- dingan properti jaringan pada kedua jaringan brand jasa transportasi online , maka akan dipaparkan kesimpulan dari hasil analisis yang diperoleh, selain itu dapat ditentukan peringkat keaktifan dan tingkat kehadiran brand melalui percakapan di jejaring sosial Twitter dan menentukan strategi agar kedua brand jasa transportasi online tersebut bisa mempertahankan atau bahkan meningkatkan kualitasnya dengan membuat keputusan yang cerdas mengenai kebutuhan, sikap, pendapat, tren terbaru dan berbagai faktor yang mempe- ngaruhi pengguna dari hasil perbandingan properti jaringan yang telah dianalisis. Kemudian hasil penelitian akan dipaparkan agar dapat bermanfaat untuk penelitian selanjutnya.",
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"text": "Jaringan Transportasi Online Setelah melakukan proses crawling data, text mining dan pembuatan model jaringan dengan menggunakan software Gephy, selanjutnya dilakukan pembahasan mengenai setiap model jaringan dari setiap brand jasa transportasi online yaitu Grab dan Gojek. Jenis graph yang digunakan adalah",
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"text": "undirected graph dimana graph ini tidak mempertimbangkan arah hubungan antar node . Jenis graph tidak menunjukan indegree ( node yang dituju) dan outdegree ( node asal).",
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"text": "Layout graf yang dipilih dalam pembuatan model jaringan ini adalah layout Yifan Hu Proportional. Algoritma tata letak Multilevel Yifan Hu Proportional adalah suatu algoritma yang menyatukan bagian- bagian yang baik dari algoritma yang diarahkan gaya dan algoritma multilevel untuk mengurangi kompleksitas algoritma. Ini adalah salah satu algoritma yang bekerja sangat baik dengan jaringan besar.",
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"text": "Jaringan Grab",
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"text": "Hasil visualisasi model jaringan Grab menunjukan setiap actor atau node yang membicarakan Grab dalam media social Twitter diambil dari seluruh tweet baik berupa retweet, reply , maupun mention yang berisi kata kunci ‘Grab’ dengan rentang waktu dari tanggal 4 Juni 2019 sampai dengan tanggal 11 Juni 2019. Selain itu ditunjukan juga antar node yang terhubung melalui garis atau edge . Selain itu ditunjukan juga antar node yang terhubung melalui garis atau edge pada jaringan Grab. Hasil vi- sualisasi model jaringan Grab dapat dilihat pada Gambar 1. Setelah dilakukan pembuatan visualisasi model jaringan, diperlukan perhi- tungan properti jaringan agar dapat dianalisa lebih lanjut. Perhitungan dapat dilakukan secara otomatis melalui software Gephy. Perhitungan tersebut didapatkan hasil nilai",
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"text": "dari masing-masing properti jaringan pada jaringan Grab dapat dilihat pada Tabel 1. Properti jaringan pertama yaitu size terdiri dari node dan edge dengan hasil perhitungan properti size pada jaringan grab sebanyak 1446 nodes dan 3895 edges, h al ini berarti pada jaringan Grab dapat dikatakan cukup aktif, karena banyak aktor yang berinteraksi. Properti jaringan kedua yaitu density , dida- patkan hasil yaitu jaringan grab memiliki nilai density yaitu 0.004, hal ini menunjukkan pada jaringan Grab memiliki hubungan yang erat antar node dan memiliki hubungan yang kuat.",
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"text": "Properti jaringan ketiga yaitu modula- rity dengan nilai yaitu 0.216, hal ini menunjukan akan ada kelompok yang berbeda-beda terbentuk dalam jaringan Grab.",
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"text": "Setiap kelompok yang terbentuk dapat menjadi komunitas yang berbeda sehingga butuh spesifikasi lebih terhadap produk di setiap komunitas.",
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"text": "Properti jaringan keempat yaitu diameter sebesar 4, hal ini menunjukan bahwa pada jaringan Grab memiliki diameter yang kecil sehingga akan memudahkan node untuk saling berkomunikasi karena jaraknya yang pendek.",
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"text": "Properti jaringan Kelima yaitu average degree dengan nilai sebesar 5.387, hal ini menunjukan bahwa penyebaran informasi pada jaringan Grab akan semakin cepat dan mudah karena memiliki derajat rata–rata dari jumlah link yang menghubungkan node satu dengan node lain link .",
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"text": "No Properti Jaringan Hasil 1 Size Nodes : 1446 Edges : 3895 2 Density 0.0004 3 Modularity 0.216 4 Diameter 4 5 Average Degree 5.387 6 Average Path Length 3.374 7 Clustering Coefficient 0",
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"text": "Properti jaringan keenam yaitu average path length dengan nilai sebesar 3.374, hal ini menunjukan bahwa jaringan grab memiliki kecepatan informasi antar actor yang cukup cepat.",
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"text": "Properti jaringan ketujuh yaitu clustering coefficient yang 0, hal ini berarti dalam jaringan grab tidak ada node berhubungan dengan node lain di sekitar.",
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"text": "Hasil visualisasi model jaringan Gojek menunjukan setiap actor atau node yang membicarakan Gojek dalam media social Twitter diambil dari seluruh tweet baik berupa retweet, reply, maupun mention yang berisi kata kunci ‘Gojek dengan rentang waktu dari tanggal 4 Juni 2019 sampai",
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"text": "dengan tanggal 11 Juni 2019. Hasil vi- sualisasi model jaringan Gojek dapat dilihat pada Gambar 2.",
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"text": "Setelah dilakukan pembuatan visuali- sasi model jaringan, diperlukan perhitungan properti jaringan agar dapat dianalisa lebih lanjut. Perhitungan dapat dilakukan secara otomatis melalui software Gephy Tabel 2 merupakan perhitungan tersebut didapatkan hasil nilai dari masing-masing properti ja- ringan pada jaringan Gojek.",
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"text": "Properti jaringan pertama yaitu size terdiri dari node dan edge dengan memiliki jaringan sebanyak 1073 nodes dan 2704 edges , hal ini berarti pada jaringan Gojek dapat dikatakan cukup aktif, karena banyak aktor yang berinteraksi.",
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"text": "Tabel 2 Perhitungan Jaringan Gojek No Properti Jaringan Hasil 1 Size Nodes : 1073 Edges : 2704 2 Density 0.0005 3 Modularity 0.226 4 Diameter 4 5 Average Degree 5.04 6 Average Path Length 3.407 7 Clustering Coefficient 0",
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"text": "Aminudin, Anggraini, Analisis Peringkat Top… https://doi.org/10.35760/ik.2019.v24i2.2365",
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"text": "Properti jaringan kedua yaitu density dengan memiliki nilai 0.005, hal ini me- nunjukkan pada jaringan Grab memiliki hubungan yang sangat erat antar node dan memiliki hubungan yang sangat kuat.",
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"text": "Properti jaringan ketiga yaitu modula- rity dengan memiliki nilai yaitu 0.226, hal ini menunjukan akan ada kelompok yang berbeda-beda terbentuk dalam jaringan Gojek. Setiap kelompok yang terbentuk dapat menjadi komunitas yang berbeda sehingga butuh spesifikasi lebih terhadap produk di setiap komunitas.",
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"text": "Properti jaringan keempat yaitu dia- meter dengan nilai yaitu 4, hal ini menun- jukan bahwa pada jaringan Gojek memiliki diameter yang kecil sehingga akan memu- dahkan node untuk saling berkomuni-kasi karena jaraknya yang pendek.",
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"text": "Properti jaringan Kelima yaitu average degree dengan memiliki nilai 5.04, hal ini menunjukan bahwa penyebaran informasi pada jaringan Gojek akan semakin cepat dan mudah karena me-miliki derajat rata–rata dari jumlah link yang menghubungkan node satu dengan node lain link .",
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"text": "Properti jaringan keenam yaitu average path length dengan memiliki nilai yaitu 3.407, hal ini menunjukan bahwa jaringan Gojek memiliki kecepatan informasi antar actor yang cepat. Properti jaringan ketujuh yaitu clustering coefficient dengan memiliki nilai clustering coefficient yaitu 0, hal ini berarti dalam jaringan Gojek tidak ada node ber-hubungan dengan node lain di sekitar.",
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"text": "Perbandingan Properti Jaringan Grab dan Gojek",
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"text": "Masing-masing perhitungan properti jaringan pada kedua brand jasa transportasi online yaitu Grab dan Gojek, diperoleh nilai pada setiap properti jaringan. Perbandingan nilai properti jaringan dari masing masing brand jasa transportasi online Grab dan Gojek dapat dilihat pada Tabel 3.",
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"text": "Properti jaringan yang pertama adalah size . Size dikatakan aktif apabila terdapat banyak node dalam suatu jaringan sehingga banyak node yang berinteraksi. Semakin tinggi node maka semakin banyak aktor yang terlibat dalam jaringan sosial. Hal ini dapat diartikan bahwa banyak aktor yang aware terhadap keberadaan jasa transportansi online . Pada properti jaringan size terbagi menjadi nilai node dan nilai edge .",
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"text": "Nilai node yang tertinggi adalah Grab yaitu 1446 nodes yang menunjukkan terdapat 1446 aktor yang membicarakan di media sosial Twitter sedangkan gojek hanya memiliki 1073 nodes . Sedangkan edge me- nunjukkan interaksi yang terjadi antar aktor. Semakin tinggi nilai edge akan menunjukkan bahwa banyak percakapan yang mem- bicarakan kedua brand jasa transportasi online di media sosial Twitter. Grab memiliki nilai edge tertinggi yaitu sebanyak 3895 edges , sedangkan gojek hanya memiliki 2704 edges.",
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"text": "Jurnal Ilmiah Informatika Komputer Volume 24 No. 2 Agustus 2019",
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"text": "Tabel 3. Perbandingan Properti Jaringan Grab dan Gojek No Properti Jaringan Grab Gojek Peringkat 1 Size Nodes: 1446 Edges: 3895 Nodes: 1073 Edges: 2074 1. Grab 2. Gojek 2 Density 0.0004 0.0005 1. Gojek 2. Grab 3 Modularity 0.216 0.226 1. Grab 2. Gojek 4 Diameter 4 4 1. Grab 2. Gojek 5 Average Degree 5.387 5.04 1. Grab 2. Gojek 6 Average Path Length 3.374 3.407 1. Grab 2. Gojek 7 Clustering Coefficient 0 0 1. Grab 2. Gojek",
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"text": "Properti jaringan yang kedua adalah density , dimana semakin padat jaringan akan menghasilkan nilai density yang lebih besar.",
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"text": "Semakin besar nilai density dari suatu jaringan maka semakin baik karena aktor- aktor yang ada di dalam jaringan tersebut lebih banyak terhubung. Dari kedua brand jasa transportasi online tersebut yang memiliki nilai density yang paling besar adalah Gojek dengan nilai 0.005 diban- dingkan Grab yang memiliki nilai density 0.004.",
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"text": "Properti jaringan selanjutnya adalah modularity . Modularity merupakan pe- ngukuran untuk mendeteksi banyaknya komunitas/group/genk yang ada di dalam suatu graf. Semakin besar nilai modularity maka semakin jelas kelompok yang ter- bentuk. Setiap kelompok yang terbentuk dapat diasumsikan sebagai komunitas yang",
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"text": "berbeda sehingga butuh spesifikasi lebih terhadap produk di setiap komunitas. Dari kedua brand jasa transportasi online tersebut yang mendapatkan peringkat pertama untuk nilai modularity adalah Grab dengan nilai 0.216 dan Gojek yang memiliki nilai modularity 0.226.",
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"text": "Diameter merupakan jarak maksimal antar node s. Semakin kecil diameter, maka akan semakin cepat informasi beredar dalam jaringan sosial tersebut. Grab dan Gojek memiliki nilai diameter yang sama yaitu 4, yang berarti memiliki kecepatan yang sama dalam penyebaran informasi.",
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"text": "Average degree menunjukkan jumlah rata-rata hubungan yang dimiliki aktor dalam jaringan sosial. Semakin tinggi nilai average degree semakin baik dikarenakan setiap aktor dalam jaringan tersebut memiliki banyak",
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"text": "hubungan sehingga akan memperluas pe- nyebaran informasi dengan cepat dan mudah. Dari kedua brand jasa transportasi online tersebut yang mendapatkan peringkat pertama untuk nilai average degree adalah Grab dengan nilai 5.387 dan Gojek yang memiliki nilai average degree 5.04.",
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"text": "Properti Average Path Length",
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"text": "Average path length adalah jarak rata- rata antar node . Semakin sedikit aktor yang dilewati maka semakin baik karena berarti jaringan sosial tersebut memiliki hubungan yang kuat. Maka untuk nilai average path length grab mendapat peringkat pertama dengan nilai 3.374 sedangkan gojek yang memiliki nilai 3.407.",
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"text": "Clustering coefficient menunjukan bagaimana suatu node berhubungan dengan node lain di sekitarnya. Apabila aktor dalam jaringan saling mengenal dan terhubung satu sama lain, berarti informasi yang disebarkan akan lebih cepat diketahui. Grab maupun gojek sama sama memiliki nilai clustering coefficient 0, yang berarti dalam jaringan tersebut tidak ada akun yang saling mengenal satu sama lain.",
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"text": "Strategi Meningkatkan Jaringan pada",
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"text": "Transportasi Online Strategi yang harus dilakukan Grab dan Gojek dari hasil perbandingan peringkat kedua brand jasa transportasi online ber-",
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"text": "dasarkan properti jaringannya dengan mem- pertahankan dan meningkatkan peringkatnya berdasarkan tinggi rendahnya nilai dari masing-masing properi pada jaringan brand jasa transportasi online tersebut. Brand jasa transportasi online baik grab dan gojek harus lebih aktif dalam mengirim tweet dengan konten yang kekinian, dan menarik perhatian pengguna media sosial Twitter terkait masing-masing brand , sehingga akan menim- bulkan banyak interaksi untuk me-ningkatkan nilai dari properti jaringan size. Selain itu akan terbentuk hubungan yang lebih banyak dan padat didalam jaringan tersebut.",
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"text": "Mengadakan event atau acara tertentu yang mengharuskan syarat peserta untuk mengajak orang lain dengan mewajibkan membuat tweet ajakin dan mention untuk mengajak bergabung ke dalam event tersebut untuk meningkatkan nilai dari properti jaringan density .",
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"text": "Perusahaan dapat melakukan kampanye dengan topik tertentu agar kelompok- kelompok yang terbentuk dalam jaringan semakin kecil dan penyebaran informasi antar aktor pada kelompok di dalam jaringan bisa semakin cepat untuk meningkatkan nilai properti modularity dan clustering coefficient .",
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"text": "Perusahaan dapat melakukan kerja sama dengan akun popular seperti selebgram atau berkolaborasi dengan perusahaan lain untuk saling mengikuti satu sama lain. Sehingga jarak yang terbentuk akan semakin pendek untuk meningkatkan nilai properti jaringan diameter dan average path length .",
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"text": "Hal ini akan memudahkan antar node saling berkomunikasi.",
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"text": "Menggunakan hashtag ‘#’ dalam penyebaran informasi melalui tweet pada Twitter. Sehingga penyebaran informasi akan lebih mudah diketahui dan cepat untuk meningkatkan properti jaringan average degree .",
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"text": "KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN",
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"text": "Berdasarkan hasil analisis terhadap kedua brand jasa transportasi online yaitu Grab dan Gojek, maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa dari hasil perhitungan dan analisis berdasarkan properti jaringan yaitu, size, density, modularity, diameter, average degree, average path length , dan clustering coefficient , didapat nilai untuk masing– masing jaringan brand jasa transportasi online .",
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"text": "Setelah dilakukan perbandingan, didapat peringkat berdasarkan properti jaringan, yaitu Grab unggul pada 4 properti jaringan seperti size, modularity, average degree, dan average path length . Sedangkan Gojek hanya unggul pada 1 properti jaringan yaitu density . Properti lainnya yaitu diameter, dan clustering coefficient jaringan Grab dan jaringan Gojek memiliki nilai yang sama. Perbandingan nilai yang didapat dari masing- masing properti jaringan kedua brand jasa transportasi online Grab dan Gojek men- dapatkan hasil yang sama dengan penentuan peringkat brand menggunakan Top Brand",
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"text": "Award, yaitu Grab menempati peringkat 1 dan Gojek menempati peringkat 2.",
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"text": "Strategi yang bisa dilakukan oleh kedua brand jasa transportasi online yaitu Grab dan Gojek yang ingin mempertahakan atau meningkatkan peringkatnya berdasarkan pro- perti jaringan yaitu mereka harus membuat konten yang menarik agar dapat menarik perhatian pengguna sehingga secara otomatis akan menyebabkan banyak interaksi didalam- nya dan juga brand jasa transportasi online harus bekerja sama dengan akun popular untuk saling follow sehingga jaraknya akan semakin pendek dan penyebaran informasi- nya lebih cepat dan mudah.Hasil analisis dalam menentukan peringkat dengan menggunakan metode social networkanalysis pada kedua jasa trans-portasi online yaitu Grab dan gojek dapat di-jadikan sebagai alternatif penentuan peringkat Top Brand dengan membandingkan dari setiap properti jaringan pada media sosial Twitter. Dua metode dalam menentukan pe-ringkat brand dapat digunakan pada kondisi yang berbeda. Apabila perusahaan ingin menentukan peringkat brand dengan hasil yang lebih dalam dan detail serta memiliki waktu dan biaya yang cukup, maka peru-sahaan dapat menggunakan metode konven-sional dengan cara menyebarkan kuesioner dan melakukan wawancara. Sedangkan apa-bila perusahaan ingin menentukan peringkat dengan waktu yang lebih efisien atau meng-inginkan hasil cepat dan real time analytic dan biaya yang rendah, maka perusahaan dapat menggunakan",
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"text": "metode social network analysis , dengan mengambil data berdasarkan kata kunci yang akan digunakan pada jejaring sosial Twitter.",
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"text": "Penelitian ke depan, perhitungan pro- perti jaringan dapat dilakukan lebih dari satu. Selain itu yang dipergunakan tidak hanya dengan software Gephy. Hal ini agar dapat menjadi pembanding dan dapat mengukur keakuratan dari perhitungan properti jaringan. Selanjutnya penelitian selanjutnya dapat meneliti objek yang berbeda dengan meng- gunakan metode yang sama sebagai sarana memperkaya sumber pustaka dan pengeta- huan yang dibutuhkan dalam penelitian terkait untuk metode Social Network",
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"text": "Abstract . STEM literacy can be defined as an ability to identify, apply, and to integrate the concept of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics to innovate and solve the complex problem. Especially in science learning that approached by the strategies like STEM. Because this revolution industry 4.0 era, students are demand to workface in integrate to their living life. So, they are asked can solved the problem properly, giving the solution for global problem wisely. In the process of learning science with project, somehow students show their own performance. The results of project-based learning pointing the different result of performing based on gender differences. The method that is used is descriptive. The subject in this research is the student’s preservice teacher of science and biology education study program for about 21 students with 4 boys and 17 girls in the second semester of the freshmen. The research is conducted in basic physic laboratory. The laboratory activity is using STEM approach with project. The students are divided into 4 groups and each group consist of boy’s students. The research instrument to take the data that is used are observation sheet for student’s performance in laboratory activity and questionnaire of students for their laboratory activity per-aspect that describes their competences in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. The technique to take the data that is used in this research are video recording, observation, and informal interview. The results are student’s STEM literacy has different score based on the gender differences. In the first project, sailor boat, boys reach the higher percentages in aspect science, engineering, and technology, while girls reach the higher percentages in science and technology. The second project, let’s fun with music, boys reach the higher percentages in aspect science, engineering, and technology, while girls reach the higher percentages in science and engineering. In both of project, boys and girls reach the lowest percentages in mathematics aspect. But, in whole score boys has reached higher than girls. It can be concluded that boys are outperformed than girls in STEM literacy in science learning especially in basic physics laboratory activity.",
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"text": "Commonly, science learning delivered by the method that enhance student’s performance. Not only students conceptual learning, but also their affective and physicomotoric. It can be named as students cantered. The methods are inquiry-based learning, project-based learning, discovery learning, and many more. Recently, science learning should integrate for not only physic chemistry, and biology subject but also it can be integrated toward technology, mathematics, society, environment, and all problem surround the living life to contribute development of industrialized and modern society [1][2]. Pertaining the integration of science learning, recently we are in 21 st century and it demands all the skills that can solve the global problem.",
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"text": "The problem or issues that happened recently similar with sosioscientific issues and need a complex design solution which is technology involved. The problems also needed an innovation of integration between technology, engineering, mathematic, and science. So, over the decade the notions of developing learning strategies to accept global demand in revolution industry 4.0. skills that using technologies as a tools to overcome the current issues, developed countries such as US, Europe, Japan, construct STEM on science teaching [3][4].",
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"text": "STEM education has already evolved to meta- discipline that become international topic to discuss [2]. It removes the traditional barriers of teaching learning in science that separates the subjects to become integration learning. STEM refers to integrating between science, technology, engineering, and mathematics all over grades and students from pre-school until post-doctoral program and in informal also formal education. It is applied in order to they can face the work life and solve the global issues in this [5]. STEM brings the two concepts together of learning science through those four disciplines. There is scientific inquiry that contain the formulation of a question that can be answered by the investigation, while engineering design contain formulation of the problem that can be solved by constructing and evaluating during the post design [2].",
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"text": "The purposes of STEM education especially in science learning are to motivate students in order to practice using integrated skills to solve problems and become meaningful learning [6][7][8]. STEM also can develop students as innovator, inventor, logical thinker, independent, and someone who capable of using technology in their life [9] The other purposes is to develop STEM-literate society, it means that in this century, the students need to be future citizens to apply knowledge from STEM discipline in real life [4][2]. This can be named as STEM literacy.",
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"text": "STEM literacy can be defined as an ability to identify, apply, and to integrate the concept of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics to innovate and solve the complex problem [10]. STEM literacy refers to knowledges, attitudes, understanding of the characteristic or STEM, Awareness of how STEM discipline, and willingness to engage in STEM-related issues [11]. STEM literacy driven the literacy from each subject that combined in STEM. Scientific literacy can be defining the understanding of science concept and process. Technology literacy is understanding, evaluate the technology principle and strategies that needed to solve the problem. Engineering literacy as understanding of how the technology develop through engineering design. Mathematic literacy the capacity to identify, understand, and engaged the role of mathematics in private life, occupational life, and social life [12].",
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"text": "STEM literacy of students can be reached by the process of learning using project [4][13]. The project is emphasised to engineering design that can make a student reach their creativity [14][15][16]. The students are received the task to solve some problem pertaining the integration of concept science, engineering, technology, and mathematics. The project-based learning collaborated with STEM learning can promote students higher order thinking to design the problem solving for the issues that they faced to solve. Decision making are really important to build the project. Project based-learning with STEM education also can develop students learning competences [17], students’ attitude [18][19], science process skill [20][21], and effective learning [22]",
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"text": "In the process of learning science with project, somehow students show their own performance. The results of project-based learning pointing the different result of performing based on gender differences. The boys can show they best performance at mathematics, engineering, and computation [23]. While girls show their best performance at arts, science, technology. and memories but not good enough in technical material [24].",
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"text": "So that, this article would analyse the students STEM literacy through project-based and STEM learning based on gender differences in science learning.",
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"text": "II. RESEARCH METHOD",
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"text": "This research is used descriptive method. The subject in this research is the student’s preservice teacher of science and biology education study program for about 21 students with 4 boys and 17 girls in the second semester of the freshmen. The research is conducted in basic physic laboratory. The laboratory activity is using STEM approach with project. The students are divided into 4 groups and each group consist of boy’s students. The project that is given to students are “Sailor boat” and “Let’s fun with music”. Both of project ask students to make a prototype of boat and music instrument by their own idea. Each project is conducted for 3 meetings (designing, making, and testing). The stages of this learning is used modified design learning",
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"text": "with project from The Steps of Engineering Design Process [25] such as:",
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"text": "Table 1 Description Of Learning Stages Stages Description Aspect Designing Students design the prototype (project) based on science concept from each problem Science Students design the prototype (project) with consideration of how to construct the prototype, what material that is used? why we use those material? Engineering Students design the prototype (project) with consideration of what tools and the technique to construct the prototype? The modern one or the traditional one? Technology Students design the prototype (project) with consideration the size, length, calculations to make it perfect and useful project Mathematics Presentation Students present their design in front of their friends and receive the advice, so that they can revise the design before they construct. Making Students construct the prototype from each problem using the material that has been decided and calculated. Engineering Students construct the prototype from each problem using the technique that has been decided and calculated. Technology Testing and Communicating",
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"text": "Students demonstrate the prototype in front of their friends.",
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"text": "The research instrument to take the data that is used are observation sheet for student’s performance in laboratory activity and questionnaire of students for their laboratory activity per-aspect that describes their competences in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. The technique to take the data that is used in this research are video recording, observation, and informal interview.",
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"text": "The results of this research pertaining students’ STEM literacy based on Gender differences in science learning are depend on the results of student’s performance in basic physic laboratory with two sub-themes about Archimedes law and Waves and Sound project.",
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"text": "The first laboratory activity is talked about Archimedes law with “Sailor Boat” project. In this project, students are asked to design the boat that can be load difference liquid with different density. The boat which can sail and load those liquid in container. They can design, considering all the tools, substances, and technique in specific worksheet that has been given in the first week. After that, in second week, they can construct the boat based on their design in the first week. Next, the third week they can test the boat. It will sail and carry the liquid container properly or not. The students also asked to measure the level of water in boat when it carries different liquid. So, they can conclude the results and relate it with Archimedes Law about density.",
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"text": "Second laboratory activity is talked about Waves and Sounds with “Let’s Fun with Music” project. This project, students asked to design their music instrumental that can be applied together like percussion. They have to understand",
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"text": "first about relation of frequency, amplitude, timbre, and the material of things that is used as instrument. So, the students can decide what tools and material which can they use.",
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"text": "Fig. 1 The Sample of Test Activity in Sailor Boat Project.",
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"text": "Then, they have to measure the tone of music calibrate with the application in Google Play named Da Tunes. Students can know what tunes that is produced by their instrument material. Second week, students construct the music instrumental and make sure those are have been calibrated with the Da Tunes application in order it has their tunes.",
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"text": "Fig. 2 The Sample of Designing Activity in Let’s Fun with Music Project.",
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"text": "In this construct activity, there are groups that provide the instrumental music from plastic, can, glass bottle, and etc. All of the instrumental music are collected from waste product. Then, they have to decided what song that will they perform next week based on their instrumental music. The final week of laboratory activity, students are asked to perform as a band with different song for each group. Most of them choose the pop and up beat music such as Kisah Klasik untuk Masa Depan, Yamko Rambe Yamko, Buka Semangat Baru , and Jadikanlah Aku Pacarmu .",
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"text": "Students do the project in groups and each group consist of boys and girls. So, in the activity those are students have different characteristic, easiness, and difficulty to figure out the project. Pertaining the STEM literacy of students after the project and scored during the project have different result between boys and girls. The results are shown as graph below briefly.",
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"text": "Fig. 3 The Result Percentages of Student’s STEM Literacy in Sailor Boat Project.",
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"text": "From this result above, it shows that boys and girls have different result in STEM literacy that brief as science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. Boys got the higher results percentages performance in science, technology, and engineering. Meanwhile, girls got the higher percentages performance in technology and the second one in science. Nevertheless, the lowest percentages performance of boys is mathematics. Similar with boys, girls also got the lowest percentages performance in mathematics and additional in engineering. This result is only from one project in laboratory activity. The other one can be shown as data bellow.",
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"text": "Fig. 4 The Result Percentages of Student’s STEM Literacy in Let’s Fun with Music Project.",
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"text": "From this result above, it shows that boys and girls have different result in STEM literacy that brief as science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. Boys got the higher results percentages performance in science, technology, and engineering. Meanwhile, girls got the higher percentages performance in engineering and the second one in science. Nevertheless, the lowest percentages performance of boys is mathematics. Similar with boys, girls also got the lowest percentages performance in mathematics and additional in engineering. Boys result nearly the same with sailor boat project, while girls’ results have differences in engineering and technology result. It is caused some factor that make the result as shown in graph. From the survey in",
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"text": "0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Science Technology Engineering Mathematics Sailor Boat Project (%) Girls Boys 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Science Technology Engineering Mathematics Let's Fun with Music (%) Girls Boys",
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"text": "questionnaire, girls more like doing the second project (Let’s Fun with Music) rather than the first one with the result 88%. Likewise, the girls, Boys prefer the first project (Sailor Boat) rather than the second one with the result 75%.",
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"text": "From both performance project results in STEM literacy, boys have outperformed than the girls in all aspect. It can be reviewed from STEM generation and has a boarder meaning fit includes environment, economic, education, medicine, and industrial and tends to logic, calculation, prediction, hard skill that students must have in this global era industry revolution 4.0 [12]. So, it can’t be argued that boys have outperformed in STEM literacy result than the girls. The same result shown by [24] boys takes more in STEM major rather that girls, and boys is outperformed in concrete material (i.e., fact, data) and abstract material (i.e., concept, theories). But, in hands-on material (i.e., experiment) boys and girls has not big differences, they quite similar. So, when this research result shows girls in first project has higher percentage in technology and the second project is engineering. Similar results with [26] that boys have higher performance in STEM than girls.",
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"text": "This research results shows the differences of STEM literacy between boys and girls in every singe aspect. Although the girls reach higher percentages result in on of the aspect for instance science, technology, and engineering, the score is not higher than the boys. It can be caused not only from their attitude or habituation in learning or learning style, but also from their human body anatomy is already different. For instance, boys have dominant in left hemisphere of his brain [27]. The left hemisphere of brain has the characteristic i.e. reading, writing, calculating, using logic, mathematics, and using more fact. While the girls are different with boys, they have dominant in right hemisphere of his brain which has the characteristic such as imagination, searching the idea, love the arts, creativity, and intuition. Based on that discussion, that is the reason that the boys are outperformed in engineering with the activity construction and designing, science with the activity relate the theory with the project that pertaining their living life problems.",
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"text": "From the secondary result of this research, it is correlated with that discussion, girls with 94% are like to decorate the boat activity rather than calculate and make comparison in measurement for making boat in sailor boat project, also they more like decide the song that will they do in performance activity in let’s fun with music project rather than calibrate the instrumental music with Da Tunes application for make a tune. So, it is also strengthening the results that boys more like sailor boat project rather than let’s fun with music project, likewise the girl’s preferences. It is caused that sailor boat project contains more calculation, logic, comparison in math rather than in let’s fun with music project that contain more arts activity and not to difficult to construct the instrumental music because it is taken from waste material. And also this research is conducted in basic physics laboratory activity, so it can be driven as an attitude toward learning STEM in Physics has different result between boys and girls, that the result shows boys more active, interest, and passionate than girls. Similar with the",
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"text": "research result [27] that boys have more interest than girls in physics classes.",
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"text": "Technology aspect in STEM literacy results shows that girls also reach the higher percentages and also the boys in sailor boat project. They are the gen Z that have already familiar and skilled to use technology, to decided what tools and material that suitable with the project. But, in let’s fun with music girls in technology aspect reach not more than the sailor boat project. It can be caused, most of them sometimes do not know how to operate the Da Tunes application. Sometimes they afraid to make mistake in application [27] when they face the devices.",
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"text": "The last aspect is mathematics, that shows the anomaly results from both of project and both of students, boys and girls reach the lowest score in this aspect. Even the boys said that more skilled in mathematics, but in this case, they reach the lowest score in this aspect. It can be caused boys still confuse in calculation and making comparison of boat and determine the tune for instrumental music. They lack of habituation to do learning based on project like this research. Also, the girls can be driven lack of confident in calculation. Several studies found that girls are less confident than males in mathematics [28].",
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"text": "The research can be concluded that student’s STEM literacy result has different based on the gender differences. In the first project, sailor boat, boys reach the higher percentages in aspect science, engineering, and technology, while girls reach the higher percentages in science and technology. The second project, let’s fun with music, boys reach the higher percentages in aspect science, engineering, and technology, while girls reach the higher percentages in science and engineering. In both of project, boys and girls reach the lowest percentages in mathematics aspect. From whole results, can be said that boys are outperformed than girls in STEM literacy in science learning especially in basic physics laboratory activity.",
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"text": "[1] Ratelle, C.F., Larose, S., Guay, F., & Senécal, C. 2005 . Perceptions of parental involvement and support as predictors of college students' persistence in a science curriculum . Journal of Family Psychology , 19(2), 286–293.. 19.2.286.",
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"text": "Volume 04, Number 01, Maret 2020, Page 21 - 25",
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] |
3e786077-d2a1-c648-a656-ea1c630ebd35 | https://ejournal.nusamandiri.ac.id/index.php/pilar/article/download/157/135 | [
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"text": "136 Jurnal Pilar Nusa Mandiri Volume 13 No.1, Maret 2017",
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"text": "ISSN 1978-1946 & E-ISSN 2527 - 6514 | Analisa Faktor-faktor…",
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"text": "ANALISA FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI PENERIMAAN DAN PENGGUNAAN APLIKASI GO-JEK MENGGUNAKAN UNIFIED THEORY OF ACCEPTANCE AND USE OF TECHNOLOGY (UTAUT)",
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"text": "Lovianevy Firtian Soebali Putri 1 , Irfan Mahendra 2 1, 2 Program Studi Sistem Informasi STMIK Nusa Mandiri Jakarta",
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"text": "Jl. Damai No. 8 Warung Jati Barat, Margasatwa Jakarta Selatan",
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"text": "lovi.first@gmail.com, irfan.iha@nusamandiri.ac.id",
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"text": "Abstract Gojek Application is android based application that is the entrance for customers to obtain services provided by PT Gojek Indonesia. This research was conducted to analyze the factors that affect the acceptance and use of the Gojek Application using United Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT). This reseacrh was conducted on 50 people Gojek Application users are found in several locations of offices, malls, schools, colleges and the environment surrounding the housing in Jakarta. Based on research, it is known that the simultaneous factor performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, and facilitating conditions and significant positive effect on use behavior Gojek Application. While partially, it is known that performance expectancy and social influence which has positive and significant effect on use behavior Gojek Application. While effort expectancy and facilitating condititions not have a positive and significant effect on use behavior Gojek Application.",
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"text": "Intisari Aplikasi Gojek merupakan aplikasi berbasis android yang menjadi pintu masuk bagi pelanggan untuk mendapatkan layanan yang disediakan PT Gojek Indonesia. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menganalisis faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi penerimaan dan penggunaan Aplikasi Gojek menggunakan United Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT). Penelitian ini dilakukan terhadap 50 orang pengguna Aplikasi Gojek yang ditemui di beberapa lokasi perkantoran, mall, sekolah, kampus dan lingkungan di sekitar perumahan di Jakarta. Berdasarkan penelitian yang dilakukan diketahui bahwa secara simultan, faktor performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, dan facilitating conditions berpengaruh secara positif dan signifikan terhadap perilaku menggunakan (use behavior) Aplikasi Gojek. Sementara secara parsial, hanya faktor performance expectancy dan social influence yang memiliki pengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap perilaku menggunakan (use behavior) Aplikasi Gojek. Sedangkan faktor effort expectancy dan facilitating conditition tidak",
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"text": "memiliki pengaruh yang posistif dan signifikan terhadap perilaku menggunakan (use behavior) Aplikasi Gojek.",
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"text": "Kata Kunci : Aplikasi go-jek, Effort expectancy, Facilitating conditions, Performance expectancy, , Social influence, Use behavior, Utaut.",
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{
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"text": "PENDAHULUAN",
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"top": 343,
"width": 215,
"height": 141,
"page_number": 1,
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"text": "Tingkat kepadatan lalu lintas di DKI Jakarta terus meningkat. Hal ini telah menyebabkan tingkat kemacetan semakin tinggi, yang menimbulkan kerugian di masyarakat. Menurut Arie Setiadi Moerwanto, Kepala Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kementerian Pekerjaan Umum dan Perumahan Rakyat, kerugian yang diakibat kemacetan di Jakarta mencapai Rp.65 triliun per tahun (Republika, 2015). Sementara berdasarkan laporan dari Masyarakat Transportasi Indonesia (MTI), yang dikutip Andri Yansyah, Kepala Dinas",
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"text": "Perhubungan DKI Jakarta, menyatakan bahwa kerugian masyarakat dari dampak kemacetan di sejumlah wilayah Jakarta mencapai sebesar 150 triliun rupiah per tahun (Koran-Jakarta, 2016).",
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"height": 130,
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"text": "Kondisi inilah yang kemudian melatarbelakangi lahirnya moda transportasi umum menggunakan sepeda motor yang dapat diakses secara online, yang dikenal dengan istilah ojek online. Layanan ojek online ini didukung dengan software aplikasi berbasis android, yang dapat menghubungkan driver ojek dengan customer yang membutuhkan jasa ojek. Aplikasi ini memberi kemudahan bagi pengguna jasa ojek untuk mendapatkan layanan transportasi umum yang cepat dengan biaya yang terjangkau.",
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"height": 106,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "Dengan menggunakan aplikasi ini, para pengguna ojek tidak perlu lagi mencari ojek ke pangkalan ojek. Pelanggan bisa mendapatkan layanan ojek sesuai dengan kebutuhannya, dengan mengakses aplikasi ojek online melalui smartphone. Kemudian driver yang menerima pesanan akan menjemput pengguna jasa tersebut ke lokasi yang telah ditentukannya pada saat memesan layanan.",
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"text": "137",
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"width": 299,
"height": 14,
"page_number": 2,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Jurnal Pilar Nusa Mandiri Volume 13 No.1, Maret 2017",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 202,
"top": 783,
"width": 315,
"height": 13,
"page_number": 2,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "ISSN 1978-1946 & E-ISSN 2527 - 6514 | Analisa Faktor-faktor…",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 71,
"width": 137,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 2,
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"text": "Dalam perkembangannya,",
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"top": 71,
"width": 215,
"height": 82,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "selain memberikan layanan transportasi (jemput- antar), layanan ojek online juga memberikan layanan lain, seperti pemesanan makanan, pengiriman barang, hingga menyediakan jasa pijatdan cleaning service, dan lain-lain. PT.",
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"left": 85,
"top": 141,
"width": 215,
"height": 118,
"page_number": 2,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Go-jek Indonesia merupakan perusahaan pertama yang memulai bisnis transportasi online ini. PT Go-jek Indonesia berdiri pada tahun 2010. Dalam menjalankan bisnisnya, PT Gojek Indonesia mengembangkan aplikasi berbasis android yang dikenal dengan Aplikasi Go-jek. Hingga Juni 2016, Aplikasi Go-jek telah diunduh sebanyak hampir 10 juta kali di Google Play pada sistem operasi Android (wikipedia, 2016).",
"type": "Text"
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"left": 85,
"top": 258,
"width": 215,
"height": 95,
"page_number": 2,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "Berdasarkan data yang dirilis melalui website resminya, hingga tahun 2016 ini PT Go- jek Indonesia telah bermitra dengan sekitar 200.000 driver ojek yang tersebar di sepuluh kota besar di Indonesia, di antaranya Jakarta, Bandung, Bali, Surabaya, Makassar, Yogyakarta, Medan, Semarang, Palembang, dan Balikpapan (Go-jek Indonesia, 2016).",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 352,
"width": 215,
"height": 118,
"page_number": 2,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Sejak tahun 2015, bisnis ojek online mulai ramai dengan munculnya para pesaing, seperti GrabBike, Uber Motor, dan banyak penyedia jasa ojek online lainnya. Meningkatnya persaingan, membuat Go-jek Indonesia harus terus meningkatkan keunggulan bersaingnya. Di antaranya yaitu dengan meningkatkan kualitas software Aplikasi Go-jek, yang menjadi pintu masuk bagi pengguna untuk mendapatkan layanan yang disediakan.",
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"text": "Apabila pengguna menemukan banyak kesulitan dan kerumitan dalam mengakses dan menggunakan aplikasi, maka pengguna dengan mudah akan beralih untuk menggunakan aplikasi yang disediakan oleh pesaing yang lebih sesuai dengan harapannya.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "Salah satu cara yang dapat dilakukan perusahaan untuk terus meningkatkan kualitas aplikasi adalah dengan melakukan evaluasi terhadap aplikasi yang digunakan. Evaluasi ini penting untuk mengetahui tingkat penerimaan pengguna terhadap aplikasi yang digunakan, serta sekaligus untuk mengetahui apa saja faktor- faktor yang mendorong pengguna untuk menerima dan menggunakan aplikasi tersebut. Berdasarkan hasil dari proses evaluasi tersebut, manajemen perusahaan dapat secara proaktif merancang intervensi yang diperlukan.",
"type": "Text"
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"top": 681,
"width": 215,
"height": 82,
"page_number": 2,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) merupakan teori yang banyak diadopsi untuk melakukan penelitian mengenai penerimaan dan penggunaan suatu teknologi informasi oleh penggunanya. UTAUT dikembangkan oleh Venkatesh et al. (2003) berdasarkan delapan teori mengenai penerimaan",
"type": "Text"
},
{
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"top": 71,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "teknologi, yaitu Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA), Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), Motivational Model (MM), Theory of Planned Behavior (PTB), Model Combining the Technology Acceptance Model and Theory of Planned Behavior, Model of PC Utilization (MPCU), Innovation Diffusion Theory (IDT), dan Social Cognitive Theory (SCT).",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 312,
"top": 153,
"width": 215,
"height": 106,
"page_number": 2,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Berdasarkan paparan di atas, maka penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk menganalisis apa saja faktor-faktor yang mendorong pengguna dalam menerima dan menggunakan Aplikasi Go-jek, serta sekaligus untuk mengetahui seberapa besar tingkat penerimaan pengguna terhadap Aplikasi Go- jekdengan menggunakan United Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT).",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "BAHAN DAN METODE",
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{
"left": 312,
"top": 294,
"width": 215,
"height": 70,
"page_number": 2,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Ojek Online Secara terminologi, berdasarkan Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (1989), ojek adalah sepeda atau sepeda motor yang ditambangkan dengan cara memboncengkan penumpang atau penyewanya (Pusat Bahasa, 2016).",
"type": "Text"
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"top": 364,
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"text": "Di Indonesia, hingga saat ini ojek masih dianggap sebagai sarana transportasi informal atau dikenal juga dengan istilah paratransit. Paratransit merupakan pelayanan transportasi yang disediakan oleh operator dan dapat digunakan oleh setiap orang dengan menyetujui suatu kondisi/perjanjian, dengan menyesuaikan keinginan dari pengguna (Handayani et al, 2009).",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "Sehingga dengan demikian, dalam makna yang lebih luas ojek dapat diartikan sebagai sarana transportasi informal menggunakan sepeda motor, yang dapat digunakan untuk memindahkan atau mengangkut manusia maupun barang berdasarkan kesepakatan antara pengguna dan pengendara, sesuai dengan keinginan dari penggunanya.",
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"text": "Berkembangnya ojek sebagai sarana transportasi umum, didorong karena adanya kekosongan dan rendahnya kualitas layanan transportasi formal yang tersedia. Menurut Adisasmita (2014), kualitas layanan transportasi harus memenuhi beberapa aspek, sebagai berikut:",
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"text": "b. Aman (safety);",
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"text": "c. Cukup (adequacy);",
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"text": "d. Frekuensi (frequency);",
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"text": "e. Teratur (regularity);",
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"width": 165,
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"text": "f. Bertanggungjawab (responsibility);",
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"top": 704,
"width": 210,
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"text": "g. Murah (acceptable cost atau affordable price);",
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"left": 312,
"top": 716,
"width": 170,
"height": 12,
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"text": "h. Nyaman (comfort atau convenience).",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 312,
"top": 739,
"width": 215,
"height": 24,
"page_number": 2,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "Perkembangan teknologi informasi dan komunikasi telah mendorong terjadinya",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "138 Jurnal Pilar Nusa Mandiri Volume 13 No.1, Maret 2017",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 93,
"top": 783,
"width": 315,
"height": 13,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "ISSN 1978-1946 & E-ISSN 2527 - 6514 | Analisa Faktor-faktor…",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 71,
"width": 215,
"height": 82,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "transformasi besar-besaran dalam industri ojek, yaitu dengan lahirnya ojek online. Ojek online merupakan sarana transportasi informal menggunakan sepeda motor yang memungkinkan penggunanya mendapatkan layanan jasa ojek secara online menggunakan teknologi smartphone.",
"type": "Table"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 165,
"width": 215,
"height": 105,
"page_number": 3,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "Aplikasi Android Android merupakan suatu sistem operasi telepon seluler dan komputer tablet layar sentuh (touch screen) yang berbasis Linux (Kasman, 2015). Android juga dapat diartikan sebagai suatu software yang digunakan pada perangkat mobile yang mencakup sistem operasi, middleware, dan aplikasi kunci yang dirilis oleh Google (Tim EMS, 2015).",
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"text": "Sejak diakuisisi oleh Google pada Agustus 2005 silam, Android berkembang dengan sangat pesat. Bahkan dalam beberapa tahun terakhir, Android berhasil menjadi sistem operasi yang paling banyak digunakan. Hal ini dipicu juga karena semakin banyak vendor smartphone yang mengadopsi sistem operasi Android di dalam berbagai produk yang dilemparnya ke pasar.",
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"text": "Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology",
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"left": 113,
"top": 399,
"width": 186,
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"text": "Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of",
"type": "Table"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 411,
"width": 215,
"height": 117,
"page_number": 3,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "Technology (UTAUT) merupakan teori yang dapat digunakan untuk memprediksi tingkat penerimaan dan penggunaan teknologi informasi oleh penggunanya. Venkatesh et al. (2003) menyimpulkan terdapat empat konstruk utama yang mempengaruhi minat keperilakuan (behavioral intention) dan perilaku menggunakan (use behavior) teknologi informasi. Keempat konstruk tersebut adalah :",
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"text": "a. Ekspentansi Kinerja Ekspektansi kinerja (performance expectancy) diartikan sebagai seberapa tinggi seseorang percaya bahwa menggunakan suatu sistem akan membantunya untuk mendapatkan keuntungan-keuntungan kinerja dalam pekerjaannya.",
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{
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"top": 610,
"width": 215,
"height": 59,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "b. Ekspektansi usaha Ekspektansi usaha (effort expectancy) diartikan sebagai tingkat kemudahan yang dihubungkan dengan penggunaan suatu sistem.",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 669,
"width": 215,
"height": 70,
"page_number": 3,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "c. Pengaruh Sosial Pengaruh sosial (social influence) diartikan sebagai sejauh mana seorang individu mempersepsikan kepentingan yang dipercaya oleh orang lain yang akan mempengaruhinya menggunakan sistem yang baru.",
"type": "List item"
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"width": 141,
"height": 12,
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"text": "d. Kondisi-kondisi Pemfasilitasi",
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{
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"top": 71,
"width": 201,
"height": 59,
"page_number": 3,
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"text": "Kondisi-kondisi pemfasilitasi (facilitating conditions) diartikan sebagai sejauh mana seseorang percaya bahwa infrastruktur organisasional dan teknikal tersedia untuk mendukung sistem.",
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"text": "Selain itu, UTAUT juga menggunakan empat variabel moderasi, yaitu gender, age, experience, dan voluntariness of use.",
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"text": "Venkatesh et al. (2003) menggambarkan UTAUT tersebut sebagaimana dapat dilihat pada Gambar 2, berikut :",
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"text": "Gambar 1. Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology Sumber : Venkatesh et al. (2003)",
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "Model Penelitian dan Hipotesis",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 312,
"top": 446,
"width": 215,
"height": 59,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Model UTAUT yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Model UTAUT yang dimodifikasi oleh Shuwei Huang dan Xueying Wang, sebagaimana dirujuk oleh Yulianti dan Putu",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 312,
"top": 493,
"width": 215,
"height": 47,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Wuri Handayani (2011) dalam penelitiannya yang berjudul Analisis Faktor- Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Penerimaan Pengguna Dalam Menggunakan Sistem ERP",
"type": "Table"
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{
"left": 312,
"top": 540,
"width": 124,
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"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Dengan Studi Kasus PT XYZ.",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"width": 215,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "Pada model tersebut, terdapat empat variabel utama dan empat variabel moderasi yang dapat mempengaruhi use behavior atau perilaku menggunakan teknologi. Keempat variabel utama dimaksud, adalah performance expectance, effort expectance, social influence, dan facilitating conditions. Sementara itu, keempat variabel moderasi, yaitu usia, jenis kelamin, pengalaman, dan pendidikan diabaikan dalam model ini.",
"type": "Text"
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"top": 669,
"width": 215,
"height": 35,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Sehingga dengan demikian, model penelitian ini dapat dinyatakan sebagaimana pada gambar berikut :",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"top": 255,
"width": 38,
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"text": "Effort Expectancy Social",
"type": "Picture"
},
{
"left": 317,
"top": 298,
"width": 40,
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"text": "Influence Facilitating Conditions",
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{
"left": 316,
"top": 224,
"width": 205,
"height": 149,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Behavioral Intention Use Behavior Gender Age Experience Performance Expectancy Voulantariness of Use",
"type": "Picture"
},
{
"left": 532,
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"width": 22,
"height": 13,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "139",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
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"top": 28,
"width": 299,
"height": 14,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Jurnal Pilar Nusa Mandiri Volume 13 No.1, Maret 2017",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 202,
"top": 783,
"width": 315,
"height": 13,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "ISSN 1978-1946 & E-ISSN 2527 - 6514 | Analisa Faktor-faktor…",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 247,
"width": 215,
"height": 59,
"page_number": 4,
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"text": "Gambar 2. Model Penelitian Berdasarkan model penelitian sebagaimana di atas, maka dapat disusun hipotesis sebagai berikut :",
"type": "Table"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 305,
"width": 215,
"height": 36,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "H1 : Performance expectancy memiliki pengaruh yang positif dan signifikan terhadap use behavior dari Aplikasi Go-jek.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 341,
"width": 215,
"height": 35,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "H2 : Effort expectancy memiliki pengaruh yang positif dan signifikan terhadap behavioral intention dari Aplikasi Go-jek.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 376,
"width": 215,
"height": 35,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "H3 : Social influence memiliki pengaruh yang positif dan signifikan terhadap use behavior dari Aplikasi Go-jek.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 411,
"width": 215,
"height": 35,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "H4 : Facilitating conditions memiliki pengaruh yang positif dan signifikan terhadap use behavior dari Aplikasi Go-jek.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 446,
"width": 215,
"height": 59,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "H5 : Performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, dan facilitating conditions secara simultan memiliki pengaruh yang positif dan signifikan terhadap use behavior dari Aplikasi Go-jek.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 528,
"width": 86,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Metode Penelitian",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 540,
"width": 215,
"height": 224,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Penelitian ini dilakukan melalui beberapa tahapan, sebagaimana digambarkan pada tabel berikut : Tabel 1. Tahapan Penelitian Tahapan Metode Hasil Tahap 1 : Perencanaan - Observasi - Studi Pustaka Temuan berupa latar belakang masalah yang layak untuk dikaji dalam penelitian terkait. Dan melakukan studi pustaka. Tahap 2 : Pengumpulan Data Kuesioner Perolehan data dalam bentuk dokumen kuesioner yang",
"type": "Table"
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"left": 317,
"top": 71,
"width": 196,
"height": 118,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "merupakan data primer dalam penelitian ini. Tahap 3 : Kesimpulan dan Penulisan Laporan Penyusunan Laporan Menarik kesimpulan yang dituangkan dalam bentuk laporan",
"type": "Table"
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"text": "Populasi dan Sampel",
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{
"left": 312,
"top": 225,
"width": 215,
"height": 70,
"page_number": 4,
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"text": "Populasi adalah wilayah generalisasi yang terdiri dari obyek atau subyek yang mempunyai kualitas dan karakteristik tertentu yang ditetapkan oleh peneliti untuk dipelajari dan kemudian ditarik kesimpulannya (Sugiyono, 2014).",
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{
"left": 312,
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"width": 215,
"height": 153,
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"text": "Populasi yang diambil dalam penelitian ini adalah pengguna Aplikasi Go-jek yang ada di Jakarta. Alasan dipilihnya populasi ini, karena berdasarkan pengamatan yang dilakukan, kebanyakan pengguna Aplikasi Go-jek berada di Jakarta. Mengingat adanya keterbatasan waktu, tenaga, dan biaya yang tersedia dalam melakukan penelitian, maka kegiatan pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan mengambil sampel dari populasi. Sampel adalah bagian dari populasi yang mewakili keseluruhan anggota populasi yang bersifat representatif (Morissan, 2015).",
"type": "Text"
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"left": 312,
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"text": "Metode penarikan sampel yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah probabilility sampling, dengan teknik sampel klaster multitahap. Menurut Morissan (2015), dalam metode ini penentuan sampel dilakukan melalui dua tahapan. Pada tahap pertama, dilakukan sampling awal terhadap kelompok-kelompok anggota populasi atau disebut dengan klaster (cluster). Di tahap kedua dilakukan penentuan atau pemilihan anggota yang berada di setiap klaster, yaitu dengan menggunakan teknik sampel aksidental. Teknik sampel aksidental adalah teknik penentuan sampel berdasarkan kebetulan, yaitu siapa saja yang secara kebetulan bertemu dengan peneliti dapat digunakan sebagai sampel, bila dipandang orang yang ditemui itu cocok sebagai sumber data (Sugiyono, 2014).",
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"text": "Pengumpulan Data",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 312,
"top": 670,
"width": 215,
"height": 83,
"page_number": 4,
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"text": "Pada penelitian ini, pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan kuesioner. Kuesioner atau angket adalah teknik pengumpulan data yang dilakukan dengan cara memberi seperangkat pertanyaan atau pernyataan tertulis kepada responden untuk dijawab Sugiyono (2014).",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 95,
"top": 81,
"width": 187,
"height": 143,
"page_number": 4,
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"text": "Performance Expectancy Effort Ekspectancy Social Influence Facilitating Condition Use Behavior",
"type": "Picture"
},
{
"left": 58,
"top": 28,
"width": 334,
"height": 14,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "140 Jurnal Pilar Nusa Mandiri Volume 13 No.1, Maret 2017",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 93,
"top": 783,
"width": 315,
"height": 13,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "ISSN 1978-1946 & E-ISSN 2527 - 6514 | Analisa Faktor-faktor…",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 71,
"width": 215,
"height": 74,
"page_number": 5,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "Kuesioner disusun berdasarkan model UTAUT sebagaimana dimuat di dalam model penelitian. Item kuesioner dinilai dengan menggunakan skala likert 6 poin . Di mana setiap skala memiliki definisi, sebagai berikut :",
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"text": "S kala 1 : Sangat Tidak Setuju (STS) Skala 2 : Tidak Setuju (TS) Skala 3 : Kurang Setuju (KS) Skala 4 : Netral (N) Skala 5 : Setuju (S) Skala 6 : Sangat Setuju (SS)",
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"text": "Uji Validitas dan Reliabilitas Uji validitas adalah pengujian yang dilakukan untuk menunjukkan sejauh mana suatu alat pengukur dapat mengukur apa yang ingin diukur. Sehingga dapat dikatakan bahwa semakin tinggi validitas suatu alat pengukur, maka alat pengukur tersebut semakin mengena sasarannya, atau semakin menunjukkan apa yang seharusnya diukur (Indrawati, 2015).",
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"text": "Pengukuran validitas dalam penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan uji statistik korelasi product moment, yang dikemukakan oleh Karl Pearson. Dasar pengambilan keputusan pada uji validatas adalah :",
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"text": "1. Dinyatakan valid jika nilai r hitung lebih besar daripada r tabel.",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 416,
"width": 214,
"height": 23,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "2. Dinyatakan tidak valid jika nilai r hitung lebih kecil daripada r tabel",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 439,
"width": 215,
"height": 106,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Sementara itu, uji reliabilitas adalah pengujian yang dilakukan untuk mengetahui sejauh mana hasil suatu pengukuran dapat dipercaya atau dengan kata lain sejauh mana skor hasil pengukuran terbebas dari kekeliruan pengukuran (measurement error). Reliabitas adalah menyangkut tingkat keterpecayaan, keterandalan, konsistensi, atau kestabilan hasil suatu pengukuran (Indrawati, 2015).",
"type": "Text"
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"top": 545,
"width": 215,
"height": 70,
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Pengukuran realibilitas dalam penelitian ini dilakukan dengan cara one shot (pengukuran sekali saja). Disini pengukuran hanya dilakukan sekali dan kemudian hasilnya dibandingkan dengan pertanyaan lain atau mengukur korelasi antar jawaban pertanyaan.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "Dasar pengambilan keputusannya, adalah : 1. Item pertanyaan dinyatakan reliabel apabila nilai alpha lebih besar daripada nilai r tabel.",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"top": 650,
"width": 214,
"height": 35,
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"text": "2. Item pernyataan dinyatakan tidak reliabel apabila nilai alpha lebih kecil daripada nilai r tabel.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 697,
"width": 177,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Teknik Analisis Data dan Uji Hipotesis",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 709,
"width": 215,
"height": 59,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Teknik analisis data yang digunakan untuk menguji hipotesis adalah analisis regresi, yaitu metode statistik yang berguna untuk memodelkan fungsi hubungan antara variabel dependen dengan variabel independen. Dalam",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 312,
"top": 71,
"width": 215,
"height": 71,
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "model regresi, variabel dependen adalah variabel yang dipengaruhi kedudukannya oleh variabel independen. Sedangkan variabel independen adalah variabel yang berkedudukan sebagai variabel penjelas, variabel yang memengaruhi variabel dependen (Yamin et al, 2011).",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 312,
"top": 141,
"width": 215,
"height": 47,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Analisis regresi yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah analisis regresi linear berganda, dengan persamaan regresi sebagai berikut:",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"top": 188,
"width": 149,
"height": 12,
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"text": "Y = a + b 1 X 1 + b 2 X 2 + b 3 X 3 + b 4 X 4 + e",
"type": "Text"
},
{
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"top": 212,
"width": 40,
"height": 12,
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"text": "Dimana :",
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{
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"top": 223,
"width": 164,
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"text": "a : Konstanta b : Slope regresi Y : Variabel Use Behavior X 1 : Variabel Performance Expectancy X 2 : Variabel Effort Expectancy X 3 : Variabel Social Influence",
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{
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"top": 294,
"width": 154,
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"text": "X 4 : Variabel Facilitating Conditions e : Error",
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"text": "Uji regresi linier berganda terdiri dari uji secara simultan (uji F) dan uji secara parsial (uji T). Uji F digunakan untuk mengetahui apakah variabel-variabel independen secara simultan berpengaruh signifikan terhadap variabel dependen. Sedangkan uji T digunakan untuk mengetahui apakah variabel-variabel independen secara parsial berpengaruh nyata atau tidak terhadap variabel dependen.",
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"text": "Pengujian Asumsi Klasik",
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{
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"top": 458,
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"height": 59,
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"text": "Terdapat empat pengujian yang harus dilakukan sebagai syarat penggunaan teknik regresi, yaitu uji normalitas, uji multikolinearitas, uji autokorelasi, dan uji heteroskedastisitas, sebagai berikut :",
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"text": "1) Uji Normalitas",
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{
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"top": 528,
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"text": "Uji normalitas adalah pengujian untuk mengetahui apakah data nilai residual terdistribusi secara normal atau tidak. Model regresi yang baik adalah model regresi yang memiliki nilai residual yang terdistribusi normal. Uji normalitas pada penelitian ini menggunakan teknik Kolmogorov-Smirnov Goodness of Fit Test. Di mana apabila nilai Asymp.Sig (2-tailed) lebih besar dari 0,05 maka dapat dinyatakan bahwa data nilai residual berdistribusi normal.",
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"text": "2) Uji Multikolinearitas",
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{
"left": 312,
"top": 669,
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"text": "Uji multikolinieritas bertujuan untuk menguji apakah dalam model regresi ditemukan adanya korelasi antar variable-variabel bebas. Model regresi yang baik seharusnya tidak terjadi korelasi di antara variabel bebas (Ghozali, 2013).",
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{
"left": 312,
"top": 727,
"width": 215,
"height": 36,
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"text": "Apabila terdapat korelasi yang kuat di antara sesama variabel bebas, maka konsekuensinya adalah:",
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"text": "141",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 218,
"top": 28,
"width": 299,
"height": 14,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "Jurnal Pilar Nusa Mandiri Volume 13 No.1, Maret 2017",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 202,
"top": 783,
"width": 315,
"height": 13,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "ISSN 1978-1946 & E-ISSN 2527 - 6514 | Analisa Faktor-faktor…",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 72,
"width": 214,
"height": 24,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "a. Koefisien-koefisien regresi menjadi tidak dapat ditaksir.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 96,
"width": 215,
"height": 24,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "b. Nilai standar error setiap koefisien regresi menjadi tidak terhingga.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 120,
"width": 215,
"height": 152,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Dengan demikian berarti semakin besar korelasi diantara sesama variabel bebas, maka tingkat kesalahan dari koefisien regresi semakin besar yang mengakibatkan standar error-nya semakin besar pula. Menurut Priyatno (2013), uji multikolonieritas dapat dilihat dari nilai tolerance dan Variance Inflation Factors (VIF). Di mana semakin kecil nilai tolerance dan semakin besar VIF, maka semakin mendekati terjadinya multikolonieritas. Dalam kebanyakan penelitian menyebutkan jika tolerance lebih dari 0,1 dan VIF kurang dari 10, maka terjadi multikolonieritas.",
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"text": "3) Uji Autokorelasi",
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 296,
"width": 215,
"height": 58,
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"text": "Menurut priyatno (2013), pengujian autikorelasi digunakan untuk mengetahui apakah terjadi kolerasi diantara data pengamatan atau tidak. Adanya autokorelasi dapat memberikan kesimpulan yang salah pada penelitian.",
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"text": "Metode pengujian yang sering digunakan adalah dengan uji Durbin-Watson. Dasar pengambilan keputusan pada uji autokorelasi adalah apabila nilai statistik Durbin Watson (DW) lebih besar daripada dL dan atau nilai DW lebih kecil dari 4-dL, maka tidak terdapat autokorelasi.",
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 436,
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"text": "4) Uji Heteroskedastisitas Menurut Ghozali (2013) uji heteroskedastisitas bertujuan untuk menguji apakah dalam model regresi terjadi ketidaksamaan dari residual dari satu pengamatan ke pengamatan lain, jika variance dari residual satu pengamatan ke pengamatan lain berbeda maka disebut heteroskedastisitas.",
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 530,
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"text": "Untuk mengetahui terjadinya gejala heteroskedastisitas dapat dilakukan dengan mengamati grafik scatterplot. Apabila tidak ada pola yang jelas, serta titik-titik menyebar di atas dan di bawah sumbu Y, maka bebas dari heteroskedastisitas.",
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"text": "HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 636,
"width": 215,
"height": 70,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Uji Validitas dan Reliabilitas Berdasarkan uji validitas yang dilakukan, dapat diketahui bahwa seluruh item pertanyaan yang digunakan dalam penelitian adalah valid, dengan hasil pengujian selengkapnya, sebagai berikut :",
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"text": "Tabel 2. Hasil Uji Validitas Variabel Nilai r hitung Keterangan X1.a 0,841 Valid X1.b 0,826 Valid X1.c 0,843 Valid X1.d 0,834 Valid X2.a 0,837 Valid X2.b 0,824 Valid X2.c 0,857 Valid X2.d 0,842 Valid X3.a 0,823 Valid X3.b 0,763 Valid X3.c 0,762 Valid X3.d 0,812 Valid X4.a 0'876 Valid X4.b 0'837 Valid X4.c 0,800 Valid Y.a 0,885 Valid Y.b 0,839 Valid Y.c 0,811 Valid Sumber : data primer yang diolah (2016) Sementara itu, berdasarkan hasil uji reliabitas yang dilakukan diketahui bahwa seluruh item pertanyaan pada semua variabel di dalam kuesioner adalah reliabel, dengan hasil pengujian sebagai berikut :",
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"left": 312,
"top": 421,
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"text": "Tabel 3. Hasil Uji Reliabilitas Variabel Nilai Cronbach Alpha Keterangan X1.a 0,756 Reliabel X1.b 0,756 Reliabel X1.c 0,758 Reliabel X1.d 0,758 Reliabel X2.a 0,758 Reliabel X2.b 0,758 Reliabel X2.c 0,758 Reliabel X2.d 0,759 Reliabel X3.a 0,754 Reliabel X3.b 0,756 Reliabel X3.c 0,756 Reliabel X3.d 0,756 Reliabel X4.a 0,759 Reliabel X4.b 0,758 Reliabel X4.c 0,757 Reliabel Y.a 0,755 Reliabel Y.b 0,758 Reliabel Y.c 0,759 Reliabel Sumber : data primer yang diolah (2016) Data Demografi Responden Di dalam penelitian ini, dipilih sebanyak 50",
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{
"left": 312,
"top": 736,
"width": 215,
"height": 23,
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"text": "orang responden, yang merupakan pengguna Aplikasi Gojek yang ditemui peneliti dibeberapa",
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"width": 334,
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"text": "142 Jurnal Pilar Nusa Mandiri Volume 13 No.1, Maret 2017",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 93,
"top": 783,
"width": 315,
"height": 13,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "ISSN 1978-1946 & E-ISSN 2527 - 6514 | Analisa Faktor-faktor…",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 71,
"width": 215,
"height": 24,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "lokasi perkantoran, mall, sekolah, kampus dan lingkungan di sekitar perumahan di Jakarta.",
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 94,
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"text": "Adapun data demografi responden, sebagaimana pada tabel sebagai berikut.",
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"text": "Tabel 4. Data Demografi Responden Klasifikasi Responden Jumlah % Jenis Kelamin Laki-laki 33 66 % Perempuan 17 34 % Total 50 100 % Usia < = 20 15 30 % > 20 s.d. 30 30 60 % > 30 5 10 % Total 50 100% Lokasi Penyebaran Kuesioner Mall 10 20% Kampus 10 20% Kantor 10 20% Sekolah 10 20% Lingkungan Rumah 10 20% Total 50 100% Sumber : data primer yang diolah (2016)",
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"left": 84,
"top": 445,
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"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Berdasarkan Tabel 1 di atas, diketahui bahwa mayoritas responden adalah laki-laki, yaitu sebanyak 33 orang atau 66 %. Sementara berdasarkan usia, sebagian besar responden berusia antara 21 s.d. 30 tahun, yaitu sebanyak 30 orang responden atau 60 %.",
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"text": "Analisis Data dan Uji Hipotesis",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 539,
"width": 215,
"height": 35,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Berdasarkan uji statistik regresi linear berganda yang dilakukan, diketahui hasil sebagai berikut :",
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"top": 586,
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"text": "1) Hasil Uji F Tabel 5. Hasil Uji F",
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{
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"text": "Sumber : Data primer (diolah 2016)",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 81,
"top": 702,
"width": 218,
"height": 36,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "2) Hasil Uji T Sedangkan hasil Uji T diketahui, sebagai berikut :",
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{
"left": 312,
"top": 71,
"width": 218,
"height": 112,
"page_number": 7,
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"text": "Tabel 6. Hasil Uji T Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t Sig. B Std. Error Beta (Constant) 1,046 1,381 ,757 ,453 X1 ,408 ,097 ,549 4,184 ,000 X2 -,036 ,114 -,047 -,313 ,755 X3 ,184 ,088 ,282 2,090 ,042 X4 ,163 ,166 ,157 ,982 ,331 Sumber : Data primer (diolah 2016)",
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{
"left": 312,
"top": 194,
"width": 214,
"height": 24,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Berdasarkan tabel diatas terdapat hasil pengujian hipotesis, sebagai berikut.",
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"top": 218,
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"text": "1) Uji F : Diketahui nilai sig. uji F 0,000 < 0,05, maka hipotesis H 0 ditolak, artinya menerima hipotesis Ha. Dengan demikian berarti bahwa simultan atau bersama-sama variabel independen berpengaruh positif terhadap variabel dependen.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 312,
"top": 288,
"width": 147,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "2) Uji T : Pengujian secara parsial",
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{
"left": 312,
"top": 300,
"width": 215,
"height": 94,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "a) Pengujian terhadap variabel Performance Expectancy (X1) terhadap variabel Use Behaviour (Y). Diketahui nilai sig. 0,000 < 0,05 maka hipotesis H 0 ditolak, artinya menerima hipotesis Ha . Sehingga dengan demikian berarti bahwa secara parsial variabel Performance Expectancy (X1) berpengaruh positif terhadap variabel Use Behaviour (Y).",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 312,
"top": 394,
"width": 215,
"height": 94,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "b) Pengujian terhadap variabel Effort Expectancy (X2) terhadap variabel Use Behaviour (Y). Diketahui nilai sig. 0,755 > 0,05 maka hipotesis H 0 diterima. Sehingga dengan demikian berarti bahwa secara parsial variabel Effort Expectancy (X2) tidak berpengaruh positif terhadap variabel Use Behaviour (Y).",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 312,
"top": 488,
"width": 215,
"height": 94,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "c) Pengujian terhadap variabel Social Influence (X3) terhadap variabel Use Behaviour (Y). Diketahui nilai sig. 0,042 < 0,05 maka hipotesis H 0 ditolak, artinya menerima hipotesis Ha . Sehingga dengan demikian berarti bahwa secara parsial variabel Social Influence (X3) berpengaruh positif terhadap variabel Use Behaviour (Y).",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 312,
"top": 581,
"width": 215,
"height": 94,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "d) Pengujian terhadap variabel Facilitating condition (X4) terhadap variabel Use Behaviour (Y). Diketahui nilai sig. 0,331 > 0,05 maka hipotesis H 0 diterima. Sehingga dengan demikian berarti bahwa secara parsial variabel Facilitating condition (X4) tidak berpengaruh positif terhadap variabel Use Behaviour (Y).",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 312,
"top": 687,
"width": 115,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Pengujian Asumsi Klasik",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 311,
"top": 699,
"width": 215,
"height": 70,
"page_number": 7,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "1) Uji Normalitas Berdasarkan uji normalitas dengan Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test diperoleh nilai KSZ sebesar 0,543 dan Asymp. Sig (2 tailed) sebesar 0,930 lebih besar daripada 0,05. Sehingga dengan demikian dapat dinyatakan bahwa model regresi",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 93,
"top": 614,
"width": 206,
"height": 55,
"page_number": 7,
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"text": "Model Sum of Squares F Mean Square F Sig. Regression 264,532 4 66,133 34,172 ,000 b Residual 87,088 45 1,935 Total 351,620 49",
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"left": 532,
"top": 29,
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"text": "143",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 218,
"top": 28,
"width": 299,
"height": 14,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Jurnal Pilar Nusa Mandiri Volume 13 No.1, Maret 2017",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 202,
"top": 783,
"width": 315,
"height": 13,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "ISSN 1978-1946 & E-ISSN 2527 - 6514 | Analisa Faktor-faktor…",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 84,
"top": 71,
"width": 215,
"height": 47,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "memiliki data residual yang terdistribusi normal. Dengan kata lain, tidak ada data yang muncul terlalu ekstrim, baik yang terlalu tinggi maupun sebaliknya.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 118,
"width": 114,
"height": 12,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "2) Uji Multikolinearitas",
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{
"left": 84,
"top": 130,
"width": 215,
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"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Berdasarkan uji multikolinearitas yang dilakukan, dapat diketahui bahwa nilai Tolerance dan nilai VIF untuk model regresi, sebagai berikut:",
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"top": 176,
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"text": "Tabel 7. Hasil Uji Multikolinearitas Variabel Nilai Tolerance Nilai VIF X1 0,320 3,129 X2 0,250 4,001 X3 0,302 3,307 X4 0,214 4,668 Sumber : Data Primer diolah (2016)",
"type": "Table"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 285,
"width": 215,
"height": 71,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Berdasarkan hasil uji multikolinearitas di atas, diketahui bahwa nilai tolerance adalah lebih besar dari 0,10 dan nilai VIF lebih kecil daripada 10,00. Sehingga dengan demikian dapat dinyatakan bahwa dalam model regresi tidak terjadi gejala multikolinearitas.",
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"text": "3) Uji Autokorelasi",
"type": "Table"
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"top": 367,
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"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Berdasarkan uji autokorelasi yang dilakukan, dapat diketahui bahwa nilai nilai statistik Durbin Watson untuk setiap persamaan, sebagai berikut : Tabel 8. Hasil Uji Autokorelasi Nilai DW dL dU 4-dL 4-dU 2,079 1,3263 1,72 2,6737 2,28 Sumber : Data Primer diolah (2016) Berdasarkan hasil uji autokorelasi sebagaimana pada Tabel 12 di atas, diketahui nilai statistik Durbin Watson (DW) adalah lebih besar daripada dL dan atau nilai DW lebih kecil dari 4-dL. Sehingga dengan demikian, maka dapat dinyatakan bahwa tidak terdapat autokorelasi.",
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"text": "4) Uji Heteroskedastisitas",
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"text": "Berikut",
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"text": "adalah hasil dari uji heteroskedastisitas yang dilakukan, dapat dilihat memiliki scatterplot yang menyebar dari atas dan bawah pada sumbu Y yang berarti bebas dari heteroskedastisitas.",
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"text": "Gambar 3. Scatterplot UjiHeteroskedastisistas",
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"text": "KESIMPULAN",
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"top": 118,
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"height": 35,
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"text": "Berdasarkan penelitian yang telah dilakukan, dapat ditarik beberapa kesimpulan, sebagai berikut :",
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"text": "1. Secara simultan, faktor performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, dan facilitating conditions berpengaruh secara positif dan signifikan terhadap perilaku menggunakan (use behavior) Aplikasi Go-jek.",
"type": "List item"
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{
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"top": 212,
"width": 215,
"height": 105,
"page_number": 8,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "2. Secara parsial, hanya faktor performance expectancy dan social influence yang memiliki pengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap perilaku menggunakan (use behavior) Aplikasi Gojek. Sementara faktor effort expectancy dan facilitating conditition tidak memiliki pengaruh yang posistif dan signifikan terhadap perilaku menggunakan (use behavior) Aplikasi Gojek.",
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"text": "REFERENSI",
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"text": "the existence of a medical rehabilitation program for addicts and victims of narcotics abuse, Gorontalo National Narcotics Agency (BNNP) synergized and coordinated with several institutions including the police, the Obligatory Report Receiving Institution (IPWL) facilitated by the local government, Penitentiary Institutions and also community elements . During the implementation of medical rehabilitation, there are residents or patients who come voluntarily to be rehabilitated by the Gorontalo BNNP or IPWL and there are also patients who come from the results of police raids or BNNP. Inpatient rehabilitation patients are required to undergo 3 stages of treatment beginning with hospitalization with a maximum of 3 months, followed by outpatient and further assessment. The inhibiting factors for the implementation of medical rehabilitation are inseparable from the role of the community, especially addicts and victims of drug abuse who do not actively participate in existing rehabilitation programs Keywords: Effectiveness, Medical Rehabilitation, Addicts, Abusers, Narcotics",
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"text": "Ironis memang seiring zaman yang semakin maju, semakin “maju” pula modus operandi kejahatan tersebut yang bahkan melibatkan jaringan internasional. Penyelundupan narkotika lewat jalur laut, udara, darat dengan berbagai cara untuk mengelabui para petugas dan bahkan tidak sedikit penyelundupan narkotika dengan melibatkan oknum petugas dan penegak hukum yang seharusnya menjadi tameng masuk dan beredarnya barang haram tersebut di Indonesia. Dari peredaran narkotika yang tidak terkendali menjerumuskan generasi usia produktif pada penyalahgunaan narkotika dari yang awalnya sekedar coba-coba sampai kecanduan.",
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"text": "Sebenarnya dalam dunia medis, narkotika bukanlah barang yang asing yang tidak dikenal. Bahkan narkotika ini memiliki manfaat dalam dunia medis. Digunakan oleh dokter dalam pengobatan, juga digunakan untuk kepentingan ilmu pengetahuan dan penelitian ilmiah. Narkotika diperlukan oleh manusia untuk pengobatan sehingga untuk memenuhi kebutuhan dalam bidang pengobatan dan studi ilmiah diperlukan suatu produksi narkotika yang terus-menerus untuk para residen yang menjalani pengobatan. Hal tersebut sejalan dengan konsideran Undang-Undang Nomor 35 Tahun 2009 tentang Narkotika yang menjelaskan bahwa narkotika di satu sisi merupakan obat atau bahan yang bermanfaat di bidang pengobatan atau pelayanan kesehatan dan pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan di sisi lain dapat pula menimbulkan ketergantungan yang sangat merugikan apabila disalahgunakan atau digunakan tanpa pengendalian dan pengawasan yang ketat dan saksama.",
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"text": "Peredaran gelap narkotika di Indonesia tampaknya semakin tindak terkendali. Indonesia masuk kategori darurat narkoba, dimana berasarkan data hasil survey Badan Narkotika Nasional (BNN) total penyalahguna narkoba 2017 terdapat 3.376.115 orang dengan proporsi penyalahguna terbesar berdasarkan kelompok 59 % pekerja, 24 % pelajar, 17 % populasi umum. Proporsi berdasarkan jenis kelamin, 72 % laki-laki dan 28 % perempuan. 1",
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"text": "1 . Badan Narkotika Nasional. Survey Nasional Penyalahgunaan Narkoba di 34 Provinsi tahun 2017 . Pusat Penelitian Data Dan Informasi Badan Narkotika Nasional Republik Indonesia. Hal. 29.",
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"text": "Dan Korban Penyalahgunaan Narkotika",
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"text": "Jurisprudentie | Volume 5 Nomor 2 Desember 2018 168",
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{
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"width": 400,
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"text": "Pada tahun 2017, BNN telah merehabilitasi 18.311 orang penyalahguna narkoba, baik di balai rehabilitasi maupun di dalam lembaga pemasyarakatan, dan telah memberikan layanan pasca rehabilitasi kepada 7.829 orang mantan penyalahguna narkoba. 2",
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"text": "Di Provinsi Gorontalo sendiri sudah dalam kondisi darurat narkoba. Menurut data Badan Narkotika Nasional Provinsi (BNNP) Gorontalo hingga akhir tahun 2017 tercatat penggunan narkoba di Provinsi Gorontalao sudah mencapai angka 6.700 orang dimana sebagian para penggunanya menjalani rehabilitasi di sejumlah tempat baik rehabilitasi rawat jalan maupun rawat inap. Untuk rehabilitasi rawat inap maka dipusatkan di Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Tombulilato, sedangkan rawat jalan dilaksanakan di puskesmas-puskesmas yang sudah ditunjuk. Tahun 2016, Tim Asesmen Terpadu sudah melaksanakan asesmen terhadap 50 orang tersangka. Sementara di tahun 2017 hingga bulan Agustus tercatat, asesmen dilakukan kepada 48 tersangka. 3 Penyalahgunaan narkoba oleh berbagai kalangan tentunya telah merusak kualitas sumber daya manusia di Indonesia khususnya bagi generasi penerus bangsa yang merupakan pelanjut masa depan ( leader for tomorrow ).",
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"text": "Dari aspek hukumnya, penyalahgunaan narkotika termasuk yang kecanduan maka perlakuan hukum terhadap mereka juga haruslah berbeda sehingga pengadilan yang memeriksa dan mengadili perkara penyalahgunaan narkotika harus tunduk pada ketentuan Pasal 127 ayat (2) Undang-Undang No. 35 Tahun 2009 tentang Narkotika, yang pada intinya wajibnya pelaksanaan rehabilitasi baik medis maupun sosial terhadap pecandu narkotika dan korban penyalahgunaan narkotika.",
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"text": "Seperti halnya pada Badan Narkotika Nasional (BNN) Provinsi Gorontalo yang memiliki bidang rehabilitasi yang memiliki tugas melaksanakan pelayanan secara terpadu rehabilitasi medis dan rehabilitasi sosial, fasilitasi pengkajian dan pengembangan rehabilitasi, dan pelayanan wajib lapor serta memberikan dukungan informasi dalam rangka pelaksanaan Pencegahan, Pemberantasan, Penyalahgunaan dan Peredaran Gelap Narkoba (Narkotika, psikotropika dan bahan adiktif lainnya) untuk selanjutnya disebut P4GN.",
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"text": "Berdasarkan latar belakang di atas maka pokok permasalahan yang menjadi pembahasan adalah bagaimanakah pelaksanaan rehabilitasi medis terhadap",
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"text": "2 . Badan Narkotika Nasional, Press Release Akhir Tahun 2017 “Kerja Bersama Perang Melawan Narkoba” Jakarta, 27 Desember 2017. Hal. 4.",
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"text": "3 . http://mediacerdasbangsa.com/pengguna-narkoba-di-gorontalo-mencapai-6-700-orang. Diakses Maret 2018",
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"text": "Dan Korban Penyalahgunaan Narkotika",
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"text": "Jurisprudentie | Volume 5 Nomor 2 Desember 2018 169",
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"text": "pecandu dan korban penyalahgunaan narkotika oleh BNNP Gorontalo serta faktor penghambat pelaksanakan rehabilitasi medis tersebut di Provinsi Gorontalo.",
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"text": "METODE PENELITIAN",
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"text": "Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian yuridis normatif ( normative legal research ), yaitu penelitian yang dilakukan dengan cara mengkaji peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku atau diterapkan terhadap suatu permasalahan hukum tertentu. Penelitian hukum normatif adalah jenis penelitian yang lazim dilakukan dalam kegiatan pengembangan ilmu hukum yang biasa juga disebut dogmatika hukum ( Rechtsdogmatik ). 4 Adapun pendekatan yang digunakan adalah pendekatan perundang-undangan ( statute approach ), pendekatan kasus ( case approach ), pendekatan konseptual ( conceptual approach ). 5",
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"text": "Sumber data yang digunakan adalah data sekunder yang terdiri dari bahan hukum primer, bahan hukum sekunder dan bahan hukum tersier. Teknik pengumpulan data yaitu dengan studi kepustakaan atau dokumen disertai dengan penelitian lapangan berupa wawancara. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah kualitatif melalui penalaran dan argumentasi hukum.",
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"text": "A. Pelaksanaan Rehabilitasi Medis terhadap Pecandu dan Korban Penyalahgunaan Narkotika oleh BNNP Gorontalo",
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"text": "Sesuai dengan amanat Pasal 67 Undang-Undang Nomor 35 Tahun 2009 tentang Narkotika, BNN melakukan Pencegahan dan Pemberantasan Penyalahgunaan dan Peredaran Gelap Narkoba (P4GN) dengan berbagai kegiatan melalui Bidang Pencegahan, Bidang Pemberdayaan Masyarakat, Bidang Rehabilitasi, Bidang Pemberantasan dan Bidang Hukum dan Kerja Sama. Melalui kelima bidang tersebut BNN bersinergi dengan seluruh elemen/komponen bangsa untuk melakukan perlawanan terhadap kejahatan Narkoba.",
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"text": "Pengertian rehabilitasi menurut Undang-Undang No. 35 Tahun 2009 tentang Narkotika dibagi menjadi 2 (dua) peristilahan yaitu rehabilitasi medis dan rehabilitasi sosial. Rehabiltasi medis adalah suatu proses kegiatan pengobatan secara terpadu untuk membebaskan pecandu dari ketergantungan narkotika.",
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"text": "4 . Sulistyowati Irianto dan Sidharta, 2009, Metode Penelitian Hukum : Konsistensi dan Refleksi , Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia, Jakarta. Hlm. 142",
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{
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"text": "5 . Peter Mahmud Marzuki, 2009. Penlitian Hukum , Kencana, Jakarta. Hlm. 93",
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"text": "Rasdianah dan Fuad Nur",
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"text": "Dan Korban Penyalahgunaan Narkotika",
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"text": "Sedangkan rehabilitasi sosial adalah suatu proses kegiatan pemulihan secara terpadu, baik fisik, mental maupun sosial, agar bekas pecandu narkotika dapat kembali melaksanakan funsgi sosial dalam kehidupan masyarakat.",
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"text": "Begitu pula pengertian pecandu narkotika adalah orang yang menggunakan atau menyalahgunakan narkotika dan dalam keadaan ketergantungan pada narkotika, baik secara fisik maupun psikis. Sedangkan Penyalah guna adalah orang yang menggunakan narkotika tanpa hak atau melawan hukum.",
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"text": "Dari data Kepolirian Daerah (Polda) Gorontalo, telah terjadi peningkatan kasus narkoba yang dapat dilihat terkait penanganan kasus narkoba di tahun 2016 terdapat 42 kasus dan di tahun 2017 terdapat 54 kasus. Penanganan kasus tersebut telah melebihi target penanganan kasus narkoba untuk Polda Gorontalo. Dan menurut Kabid Humas Polda Gorontalo Akbp Wahyu Tri Cahyono. S.Ik bahwa narkoba merupakan salah satu kejahatan yang menjadi prioritas bagi Polri untuk diberantas karena sebagaimana disampaikan oleh presiden dimana Indonesia masuk kategori darurat narkoba, artinya penyebaran narkoba sudah sangat meresahkan dan masuk disemua lini, dan Polri sebagai aparat penegak hukum punya tanggung jawab untuk memberantasnya dengan terus bersinergi dan berkoordinasi dengan BNN.",
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"text": "Di Provinsi Gorontalo sendiri telah ada program layanan rehabilitasi narkoba sebagai upaya penyelamatan terhadap para pecandu dan penyalahguna narkoba. Dari data BNNP Gorontalo di tahun 2017, total yang direhabilitasi medis sebanyak 356 orang dengan tempat rehabilitasi yang berbeda-beda yaitu 304 orang direhabilitasi di lembaga rehabilitasi milik pemerintah dan 52 orang rehabilitasi komponen masyarakat. Dari 356 orang yang direhabilitasi medis, terdapat 13 orang rawat inap dan 343 rawat jalan.",
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"text": "Dalam pelaksanaan rehabilitasi, terdapat dua jenis rehabilitasi, yaitu rehabilitasi sosial dan rehabilitasi medis yang disesuaikan dengan kondisi pecandu atau pelaku penyalahgunaan narkotika dengan berbagai jenis narkotika yang mereka gunakan yaitu mulai dari narkotika jenis obat-obatan dextro, jenis heroin, jenis ganja, jenis cocain baik laki-laki maupun perempuan.",
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"text": "Mereka yang direhabilitasi medis maupun sosial oleh BNNP Gorontalo berasal dari yang datang secara sukarela ( voluntary ) meminta layanan rehabilitasi kepada BNNP maupun petugas kesehatan atau dari terjaring razia oleh pihak berwajib ( compulsary ) dengan penanganan rehabilitasi yang berbeda-beda tergantung tingkat pemakaian narkoba, kondisi tubuh dan juga kesepakatan bersama keluarga. Adapun cara penanganannya, misalnya residen compulsary maka langkah awal yang dilakukan adalah dilakukan asesmen. Asesmen ini tidak hanya berlangsung sekali, namun berulang untuk mengetahui latar belakang",
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"text": "Dan Korban Penyalahgunaan Narkotika",
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"text": "calon residen rehabilitasi, keterbukaan diri, kesadaran, kemauan untuk direhabilitasi. Dari situlah dapat diputuskan untuk pelaksanaan rehabiltasi dapat dilakukan dengan rawat inap atau rawat jalan.",
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"text": "Wajibnya rehabilitasi sebagaimana ditegaskan dalam Pasal 54 UU Narkotika bahwa pecandu narkotika dan korban penyalahgunaan narkotika wajib menjalani rehabilitasi medis dan rehabilitasi sosial, sehingga Mahkaham Agung mengeluarkan Surat Edaran No. 4 tahun 2010 tentang Penempatan Korban Penyalahgunaan dan Pecandu Narkotika ke Dalam Lembaga Rehabilitasi Medis dan Rehabilitasi Sosial.",
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"text": "Sebagai pelaksanaannya juga, rehabilitasi diatur pula dalam Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Nornor 46 Tahun 2012 Tentang Petunjuk teknis Pelaksanaan Rehabilitasi Medis Bagi Pecandu, Penyalahguna dankorban Penyalahgunaan Narkotika yang Dalam Proses Atau Yang Telah Diputus oleh Pengadilan.",
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"text": "Untuk rehabilitasi sosial, maka diatur dalam Peraturan Menteri Sosial Nomor 56/HUK/2009 Tentang Pelayanan dan Rehabilitasi Sosial Korban Penyalahgunaan Narkotika, Psikotropika dan Zat Adiktif Lainnya.",
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"text": "Dalam menjalankan fungsi rehabilitas BNNP Gorontalo melakukan upaya “jemput bola” sehingga bersinergi dan menjalin koordinasi dengan berbagai elemen guna memaksimalkan pelaksanaan fungsinya. Seperti sinergitas BNNP Gorontalo dengan Kepolisian, Institusi Penerima Wajib Lapor (IPWL) , Lembaga Pemasyarakatan dan juga dengan masyarakat. 6",
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"text": "Hal ini didasarkan pada Perpres Pasal 52 No. 23 Tahun 2010 yang menyatakan “semua unsur di lingkungan BNN dalam melaksanakan tugasnya wajib menerapkan prinsip koordinasi, hubungan dengan instansi pemerintah terkait dan komponen masyarakat di tingkat nasional, regional dan internasional.",
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"text": "Sebagaimana juga dijelaskan dalam Pasal 56 ayat (1) Perpres No. 23 Tahun 2010 tentang BNN berbunyi : Fungsi koordinasi dengan bidang P4GN dilaksanakan melalui koordinasi dengan pimpinan lembaga pemerintah baik pusat",
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"left": 113,
"top": 596,
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"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "6 . Dalam peningkatan Layanan Asesmen Terpadu di bidang rehabilitasi BNNP Gorontalo telah menjalin kordinasi lintas sektor seperti Polda dan Polres di Gorontalo, Kementrian Hukum dan HAM, Dinas Kesehatan, Kejaksaan Negeri, Pengadilan Negeri serta BNN Kabupaten dan Kota di Provinsi Gorontalo. Koordinasi lintas sektor diperlukan guna mengefektifkan fungsi rehabilitasi BNN. Kordinasi ini dilakukan secara berkesinambungan khususnya terkait optimalisasi kinerja Tim Asesmen Terpadu, serta sinkronisasi dan distribusi informasi dari masing-masing instansi guna memaksimalkan pelaksanaan penanganan pecandu dan korban penyalahgunaan narkotika dalam proses hukum dan evaluasi menyeluruh terkait pelaksanaan Peraturan Bersama di tingkat kementerian/lembaga instansi pemerintah.",
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Efektivitas Pelaksanaan Rehabilitasi Medis terhadap Pecandu",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 401,
"top": 38,
"width": 109,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Rasdianah dan Fuad Nur",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 49,
"width": 174,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Dan Korban Penyalahgunaan Narkotika",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 245,
"top": 730,
"width": 269,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Jurisprudentie | Volume 5 Nomor 2 Desember 2018 172",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 124,
"width": 400,
"height": 27,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "maupun daerah, lembaga internasional, komponen masyarakat dan pihak lain yang dianggap perlu.",
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{
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"top": 156,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "1. Kepolisian",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 113,
"top": 172,
"width": 400,
"height": 74,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Kepolisian Daerah Gorontalo memegang peranan yang sangat penting dalam melakukan koordinasi dengan BNNP Gorontalo. Hal ini dikarenakan selain BNNP yang melakukan penyelidikan dan penyidikan tindak pidana narkotika, kepolisian juga memiliki peranan dan kewenangan yang sama dengan BNNP Gorontalo.",
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{
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"top": 251,
"width": 401,
"height": 122,
"page_number": 7,
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"text": "Berdasarkan tugas pokok Polri sebagaimana dijelaskan dalam Pasal 13 UU No. 2 Tahun 2002 bahwa tugas pokok polri adalah memelihara keamanan dan ketertiban, menegakkan hukum dan memberi perlindungan pengamanan serta pelayanan kepada masyarakat. penyelidikan dan penyidikan adalah merupakan salah satu dari 12 tugas pokok Polri. Sebagaimana yang termuat dalam ketentuan Pasal 14 huruf (g) menyebutkan bahwa Polri memiliki tugas melakukan penyelidikan dan penyidikan terhadap semua tindak pidana sesuai dengan hukum acara pidana dan peraturan perundang-undangan lainnya.",
"type": "Text"
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"top": 378,
"width": 400,
"height": 106,
"page_number": 7,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Menurut Pasal 81 UU No. 35 Tahun 2009 tentang Narkotika, baik BNN maupun pihak Kepolisian, keduanya memiliki kewenangan untuk melakukan penyelidikan maupun penyidikan terhadap kasus tindak pidana narkotika. Kemudian yang menjadi perbedaan kewenangan antara BNNP dengan kepolisian dalam hal penyidikan adalah BNNP hanya sebatas melakukan penyidikan kejahatan narkotika saja sementara kepolisian melakukan penyidikan terhadap semua kejahatan termasuk kejahatan narkotika.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 113,
"top": 489,
"width": 401,
"height": 27,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Bentuk koordinasi yang telah dilakukan oleh pihak BNNP Gorontalo dengan Polda Gorontalo yang selama ini berjalan adalah sebagai berikut:",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 521,
"width": 164,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "a. Tukar menukar data informasi",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 117,
"top": 537,
"width": 396,
"height": 27,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "1) Memfasilitiasi sistem SIN TPN; para pihak menunjuk dan menugaskan petugas entri data masing-masing badan dan jajarannya.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 117,
"top": 568,
"width": 396,
"height": 43,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "2) Para pihak saling melakukan entri data kasus tindak pidana narkotika dan prekursor narkoba yang telah diungkap oleh pihak melalui SIN TPN setiap bulan.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 117,
"top": 616,
"width": 396,
"height": 27,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "3) Selama proses kerjasama saling bertukar data diajukan dengan permintaan tertulis dan ditandangani oleh pejabat yang berwenang.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 648,
"width": 285,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "b. Assesmen dan penerbitan rekomendasi rehabilitasi",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 117,
"top": 664,
"width": 396,
"height": 27,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "1) Dalam melaksanakan assesmen, masing-masing pihak membentuk tim assesmen terpadu yang terdiri dari unsur medis, hukum dan penyidik.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 38,
"width": 259,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Efektivitas Pelaksanaan Rehabilitasi Medis terhadap Pecandu",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 401,
"top": 38,
"width": 109,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Rasdianah dan Fuad Nur",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 49,
"width": 174,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Dan Korban Penyalahgunaan Narkotika",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 245,
"top": 730,
"width": 269,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Jurisprudentie | Volume 5 Nomor 2 Desember 2018 173",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 117,
"top": 124,
"width": 396,
"height": 43,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "2) Melakukan assesmen atas permintaan pemohon dalam rangka analisis medis dan sosial, analisis jaringan/sindikat dan analisa hukum terhadap tersangka (pengguna narkotika).",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 117,
"top": 172,
"width": 396,
"height": 26,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "3) Menerbitkan rekomendasi berdasarkan hasil assesmen yang disepakati oleh tim assesmen terpadu.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 117,
"top": 203,
"width": 268,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "4) Menyampaikan hasil assesmen kepada pemohon",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 117,
"top": 219,
"width": 396,
"height": 43,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "5) Memberikan dukungan dalam hal pengiriman tersangka yang akan dilakukan assesmen atas permintaan tertulis yang ditandatangani oleh pejabat yang berwenang.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 267,
"width": 168,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "c. Bantuan sarana dan prasarana",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 117,
"top": 283,
"width": 396,
"height": 58,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "1) Para pihak dapat saling mengajukan permintaan bantuan sarana prasarana yang dibuat secara tertulis dalam rangka menyelidikan dan/atau penyidikan tindak pidana narkotika, prekursor narkotika dan tindak pidana pencucian uang yang kejahatan asalnya adalah dari tindak pidana narkotika.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 117,
"top": 346,
"width": 397,
"height": 43,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "2) Saran dan prasarana yang dimaksud adalah tes urine di lapangan, alat-alat laboratorium, ruang perawatan tahan yang sakit, ruang tahanan untuk yang kecanduan.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 394,
"width": 400,
"height": 74,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Polri dan BNNP dalam melakukan proses penyidikan penyalahgunaan narkotika tercantum dalam undang- undang No. 35 tahun 2009 tentang narkotika. Dalam undang-undang tersebut telah disebutkan beberapa kewenangan yang seharusnya dilaksanakan dalam proses penindakan penyidikan terkait penyalahgunaan narkotika tersebut.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 473,
"width": 400,
"height": 43,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Pada prinsipnya rehabilitasi bagi tersangka dan/atau terdakwa pecandu dan korban penyalahgunaan narkotika dalam proses peradilan harus tetap sesuai dengan prinsip-prinsip dasar terapi dan rehabilitasi, yaitu :",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 521,
"width": 320,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "a. Tidak ada satu terapi tunggal yang sesuai bagi semua individu;",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 537,
"width": 153,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "b. Terapi harus selalu tersedia;",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 553,
"width": 401,
"height": 42,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "c. Terapi yang efektif tidak hanya memperhatikan masalah penggunaan narkotikanya tetapi juga berbagi kebutuhan individu dan permasalahan lain terkait masalah penggunaan narkotika;",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 600,
"width": 401,
"height": 27,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "d. Rencana terapi individu harus dinilai terus menerus dan dimodifikasi sesuai kebutuhan;",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 632,
"width": 401,
"height": 27,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "e. Menjalankan terapi memerlukan waktu yang cukup dalam mendukung keberhasilan terapi;",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 664,
"width": 401,
"height": 27,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "f. Konseling individu dan/atau kelompok serta terapi perilaku lain adalah komponen penting bagi keberhasilan terapi adiksi;",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 695,
"width": 401,
"height": 27,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "g. Pemeberian obat-obatan adalah unsur yang terpenting dalam terapi, dengan tetap mengkombinasikan konseling dan terapi perilaku lainnya;",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 38,
"width": 259,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Efektivitas Pelaksanaan Rehabilitasi Medis terhadap Pecandu",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 401,
"top": 38,
"width": 109,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Rasdianah dan Fuad Nur",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 49,
"width": 174,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Dan Korban Penyalahgunaan Narkotika",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 245,
"top": 730,
"width": 269,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Jurisprudentie | Volume 5 Nomor 2 Desember 2018 174",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 124,
"width": 400,
"height": 27,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "h. Individu yang mempunyai gangguan penggunaan narkotika dan gangguan mental harus mendapat terapi untuk keduanya secara bersamaan;",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 156,
"width": 401,
"height": 27,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "i. Detoksifikasi medis merupakan langkah awal terapi penyalahgunaan narkotika; 7",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 187,
"width": 357,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "j. Terapi tidak perlu harus dilakukan secara sukarela untuk bisa efektif;",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 203,
"width": 400,
"height": 27,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "k. Kemungkinan penggunaan narkotika selama menjalani terapi harus dimonitor secara terus menerus;",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 235,
"width": 400,
"height": 27,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "l. Program-program terapi haruslah menyediakan assesmen untuk HIV dan AIDS, hepatitis B dan C dan penyakit infeksi lainnya; dan",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 267,
"width": 400,
"height": 27,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "m. Pemulihan penyalahgunaan narkotika dapat merupakan proses jangka panjang dan seringkali membutuhkan beberapa episode terapi.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 299,
"width": 400,
"height": 42,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Adapun pelaksanaan rehabilitasi dalam tahap pemeriksaan di kepolisian ataupun pada proses peradilan bagi korban penyalahgunaan narkotika memiliki mekanisme tersendiri yang meliputi:",
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"top": 346,
"width": 181,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "1. Persiapan rehabilitasi terdiri dari :",
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},
{
"left": 128,
"top": 362,
"width": 198,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "a. Melengkapi persyaratan administrasi:",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 142,
"top": 378,
"width": 146,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "1) Berita Acara Serah Terima",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 142,
"top": 394,
"width": 371,
"height": 27,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "2) Surat Pengantar yang dilampiri dengan hasil rekomendasi Tim Asesmen Terpadu (TAT)",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 142,
"top": 426,
"width": 374,
"height": 42,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "3) Surat persetujuan dari keluarga (bukan menyangkut rehabilitasinya, tetapi penyakit lain yang perlu tindakan dan biaya lain yang tidak ditanggung)",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 128,
"top": 473,
"width": 386,
"height": 59,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "b. Membawa rencana terapi hasil asesmen Tim Asesmen Terpadu (TAT) dari Institusi Penerima Wajib Lapor (IPWL) yang telah ditetapkan oleh Kemenkes dan Kemensos serta Berita Acara Pemeriksaan (BAP) dari penyidik.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 128,
"top": 537,
"width": 385,
"height": 27,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "c. Mengisi lembar persetujuan pelaksanaan rehabilitasi untuk tidak melarikan diri dan mematuhi semua aturan yang berlaku; dan",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 128,
"top": 568,
"width": 385,
"height": 27,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "d. Penempatan tersangka dan/atau terdakwa ke lembaga rehabilitasi instansi pemerintah dilaksanakan pada jam kerja atau sesuai dengan kesepakatan",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 622,
"width": 400,
"height": 90,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "7 . Detoksifikasi dapat diartikan sebagai suatu rangkaian intervensi yang bertujuan untuk menatalaksanakan kondisi akut dari intoksikasi (keracunan) maupun putus zat diikuti dengan pembersihan zat dari tubuh penyalahguna atau ketergantungan narkoba, sehingga dapat meminimalisasi dampak terhadap fisik karena penggunaan narkoba. Waktu yang dibutuhkan menjalani program detoksifikasi biasanya dilaksanakan paling lama dua minggu di tempat yang telah disiapkan sedemikian rupa dengan mengutamakan aspek kesehatan dan keselamatan residen. Proses detoksifikasi pun dilaksanakan oleh petugas yang memiliki kualifikasi tertentu.",
"type": "Footnote"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 38,
"width": 259,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Efektivitas Pelaksanaan Rehabilitasi Medis terhadap Pecandu",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 401,
"top": 38,
"width": 109,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Rasdianah dan Fuad Nur",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 49,
"width": 174,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Dan Korban Penyalahgunaan Narkotika",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 245,
"top": 730,
"width": 269,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Jurisprudentie | Volume 5 Nomor 2 Desember 2018 175",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 142,
"top": 124,
"width": 371,
"height": 27,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "masing-masing wilayah dan diantar oleh keluarga, penyidik, serta personil dari BNN/BNNP/BNNK.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 156,
"width": 401,
"height": 58,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "2. Pelaksanaan rehabilitasi bagi tersangka dan/atau terdakwa pecandu dan korban penyalahgunaan narkotika dilaksanakan di lembaga rehabilitasi yang telah ditunjuk oleh pemerintah sesuai dengan hasil asesmen TAT yang telah ditetapkan berdasarkan Surat Keputusan Kepala Badan Narkotika Nasional.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 219,
"width": 401,
"height": 59,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "3. Pelaksanaan rehabilitasi bagi tersangka dan/atau terdakwa pecandu narkotika merangkap pengedar dilaksanakan di rutan selama menunggu putusan sesuai dengan hasil asesmen TAT yang telah ditetapkan berdasarkan Surat Keputusan Kepala BNN.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 283,
"width": 401,
"height": 74,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "4. Pelaksanaan rehabilitasi dapat dilakanakan berdasarkan hasil rekomendasi Tim Asesmen Terpadu (TAT). Hasil rekomendasi akan dilampirkan dalam BAP untuk diserahkan ke kejaksaan melalui penyidik selanjutnya dibawa ke persidangan sebagai bahan pertimbangan dalam proses pelaksanaan putusan oleh hakim.",
"type": "List item"
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{
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"top": 362,
"width": 400,
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"text": "5. Pelaksanaan rehabilitasi berlangsung maksimal selama 3 (tiga) bulan dengan rawat inap.",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 113,
"top": 394,
"width": 401,
"height": 27,
"page_number": 10,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "6. Pihak lembaga rehabilitasi memberikan informasi ke pengadilan yang menetapkan 2 (dua) minggu sebelum masa rehabilitasi selesai.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 426,
"width": 401,
"height": 26,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "7. Jika tersangka dan/atau terdakwa tidak mentaati peraturan yang berlaku atau melarikan diri, koordinasi dengan pihak kepolisian setempat.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 457,
"width": 400,
"height": 43,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "8. Keluarga atau penyidik boleh melakukan komunikasi setelah 2 (dua) minggu masa rehabilitasi sesuai dengan Standar Prosedur Operasional (SOP) masing- masing lembaga rehabilitasi.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 505,
"width": 400,
"height": 201,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "BNNP Gorontalo berkoordinasi dengan Kepolisian melalui TAT (Tim Asesmen Terpadu) dengan membuat surat permohonan dilakukan asesmen pengguna/tersangka yang positif menggunakan narkoba/dikenai sanksi Pasal 127 UU Narkotika. Sehingga dengan pasal tersebut pelaku dimungkinkan untuk direhabilitasi. Contoh koordinasi BNNP Gorontalo dengan kepolisian mengenai rehabilitasi seperti yang dialami langsung oleh pengguna narkoba yang berinisial IK yang ditangkap Polda Gorontalo karena keterlibatannya dalam penyalahgunaan narkotika kemudian dirawat jalan di Klinik Pratama BNNP Gorontalo. Menurut keterangannya setelah ditangkap oleh Polda karena keterlibatan tindak pidana narkotika (pengguna) dia langsung di rawat jalan di Klinik Pratama. Dia juga berharap tidak dipidana dan hanya direhabilitasi sampai sembuh karena merasa hanya sebagai korban bukan pengedar. Harapan tidak dipidana dan memilih direhabilitasi juga diharapkan oleh korban penyalahgunaan narkotika lainnya",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "Efektivitas Pelaksanaan Rehabilitasi Medis terhadap Pecandu",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 401,
"top": 38,
"width": 109,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 11,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Rasdianah dan Fuad Nur",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 49,
"width": 174,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 11,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Dan Korban Penyalahgunaan Narkotika",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 245,
"top": 730,
"width": 269,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 11,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Jurisprudentie | Volume 5 Nomor 2 Desember 2018 176",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 124,
"width": 400,
"height": 27,
"page_number": 11,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "seperti yang berinisial AD, IP, AA yang kesemuanya pernah menjalani rehabilitasi medis oleh BNNP Gorontalo.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 113,
"top": 156,
"width": 400,
"height": 90,
"page_number": 11,
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"text": "Pentingnya koordinasi antara BNNP Gorontalo dengan Kepolisian menjalankan fungsi rehabilitasi terhadap pecandu dan korban penyalahgunaan narkotika. Hal ini sebagaimana diatur dalam Peraturan Bersama antara BNN dan Kepolisian serta beberapa lembaga lainnya No. 1 Tahun 2014 dan No. 01/III/2014/BNN tentang Penanganan Pecandu Narkotika dan Korban Penyalahgunaan Narkotika ke dalam Lembaga Rehabilitasi.",
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{
"left": 131,
"top": 251,
"width": 228,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 11,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "2. Institusi Penerima Wajib Lapor (IPWL)",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 113,
"top": 267,
"width": 400,
"height": 122,
"page_number": 11,
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"text": "Awalnya ketiadaan Balai Rehabilitasi Narkoba Nasional di Provinsi Gorontalo menjadi kendala tersendiri BNNP Gorontalo dalam memaksimalkan pelayanan rehabilitasi karena untuk merehabilitasi pecandu narkoba harus mengirimnya ke Baddoka di Makassar atau Lido di Bogor. 8 Dengan jarak yang jauh tentu akan memerlukan banyak biaya bagi BNNP Gorontalo untuk mengirim residen rehabilitasi balai tersebut. Begitu pula keluarga yang ingin mengetahui perkembangan anggota keluarganya yang direhab akan mengeluarkan biaya yang tidak sedikit.",
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"height": 122,
"page_number": 11,
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"text": "Namun sekarang ini BNNP Gorontalo menjalin kerja sama dengan pemerintah daerah sehingga beberapa rumah sakit dan puskesmas ditunjuk oleh pemerintah sebagai Institusi Penerima Wajib Lapor (IPWL) untuk membantu BNNP Gorontalo melaksanakan fungsi rehabilitasi bagi para pecandu dan penyalah guna narkoba, baik itu dengan rawat inap maupun rawat jalan. Pelaksanaan rehabilitasi bagi para pecandu dan penyalah guna narkoba di Gorontalo kini dipusatkan di Rumah Sakit (RS) Tumbulilato Kabupaten Bone Bolango. 9",
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{
"left": 113,
"top": 521,
"width": 400,
"height": 27,
"page_number": 11,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "IPWL adalah pusat kesehatan masyarakat, rumah sakit, dan/atau lembaga rehabilitasi medis dan lembaga rehabilitasi sosial yang ditunjuk oleh Pemerintah",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 113,
"top": 576,
"width": 400,
"height": 36,
"page_number": 11,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "8 . Untuk sekarang ini di Indonesia baru terdapat 4 Balai Rehabilitasi Nasional di bawah naungan Badan Narkotika Nasional yaitu di Baddoka Makassar, Lido di Bogor, Tanah Merah di Samarinda, dan Balai Rehabilitasi di Batam.",
"type": "Footnote"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 625,
"width": 400,
"height": 63,
"page_number": 11,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "9 . Sebelumnya R.S. Tumbulilato adalah salah satu rumah sakit umum di Kabupaten Bone Bolango. Namun karena semakin meningkatnya pengguna narkoba, sehingga menjadikan rumah sakit tersebut sebagai pusat rehabilitasi bagi pecandu maupun korban penyalah guna narkoba baik rawat inap maupun rawat jalan. Selain dijadikan pusat rehabilitasi untuk pengguna narkoba, rumah sakit tersebut menjadi pusat perawatan untuk pasien gangguan jiwa.",
"type": "Footnote"
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{
"left": 113,
"top": 38,
"width": 259,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 12,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Efektivitas Pelaksanaan Rehabilitasi Medis terhadap Pecandu",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 401,
"top": 38,
"width": 109,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 12,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Rasdianah dan Fuad Nur",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 49,
"width": 174,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 12,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Dan Korban Penyalahgunaan Narkotika",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 245,
"top": 730,
"width": 269,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 12,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Jurisprudentie | Volume 5 Nomor 2 Desember 2018 177",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 124,
"width": 400,
"height": 106,
"page_number": 12,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "yang terintegrasi pula dengan Badan Narkotika Nasional sehingga dapat dilakukan rehabilitasi. Keberadaan institusi atau lembaga ini merupakan implementasi Undang-Undang Nomor 35 Tahun 2009 tentang Narkotika khususnya Pasal 55. Dan berdasarkan Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 25 Tahun 2011 tentang Pelaksanaan Wajib Lapor Bagi Pecandu Narkotika, maka masyarakat dapat langsung melapor ke Institusi Penerima Wajib Lapor (IPWL) untuk direhabilitasi medis.",
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"top": 233,
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"height": 13,
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"text": "Adapun beberapa IPWL di Provinsi Gorontalo yaitu: 10",
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"top": 251,
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"text": "1. Rumah Sakit Aloe Saboe.",
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{
"left": 113,
"top": 267,
"width": 145,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 12,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "2. Rumah Sakit MM. Dunda.",
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{
"left": 113,
"top": 283,
"width": 186,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 12,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "3. Rumah Sakit Hasri Ainun Habibie.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 299,
"width": 145,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 12,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "4. Rumah Sakit Tombulilato.",
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{
"left": 113,
"top": 314,
"width": 400,
"height": 27,
"page_number": 12,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "5. Rumah Sakit Otanaha dan beberapa puskesmas di Kota Gorontalo serta Dinas Kesehatan Provinsi dan Kabupaten/Kota",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 142,
"top": 346,
"width": 372,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 12,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Pelaksanaa rehabilitasi medis di IPWL RS. Tumbulilato terhadap pecandu,",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 362,
"width": 400,
"height": 122,
"page_number": 12,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "penyalahguna, dan korban penyalahgunaan narkotika yang telah mendapatkan penetapan atau putusan pengadilan maka harus mengikuti segala peraturan rumah sakit hasil kerja sama antara BNNP Gorontalo dan RS. Tumbulilato demi memberi efek perubahan perilaku yang positif terhadap residen. Pada tahapan ini, residen wajib menjalani 3 (tiga) tahap perawatan, yaitu program rawat inap awal dimana terpidana dengan waktu yang telah ditentukan, misalnya 3 bulan masa rehabilitasi untuk rawat inap dan dilanjutkan dengan rawat jalan tergantung pada tingkat adiksi dan asesmen lanjutan.",
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"text": "Pada saat proses rehabilitasi yang berlangsung selama 3 (tiga) bulan, maka prosedur pelaksanaannya adalah sebagai berikut:",
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{
"left": 113,
"top": 521,
"width": 401,
"height": 27,
"page_number": 12,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "1) Pemeriksaan kesehatan meliputi pemeriksaan fisik dasar dan laboratorium dasar;",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 553,
"width": 201,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 12,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "2) Detoksifikasi selama 1 (satu) minggu;",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 568,
"width": 273,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 12,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "3) Tahapan stabilisasi/orientasi selama 1 (satu) minggu;",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 584,
"width": 335,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 12,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "4) Program inti, fokus pada perubahan perilaku selama 2 (dua) bulan",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 600,
"width": 401,
"height": 27,
"page_number": 12,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "5) Persiapan sampai putusan hakim terdiri dari pencegahan kekambuhan dan edukasi sistem peradilan selama (dua) minggu;",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 632,
"width": 147,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 12,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "6) Rujukan akibat komplikasi",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 648,
"width": 400,
"height": 27,
"page_number": 12,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Pada layanan rehabilitasi medis bagi pecandu maupun korban penyalahgunaan narkotika yang mendapatkan rekomendasi IPWL BNNP",
"type": "Text"
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"left": 113,
"top": 701,
"width": 24,
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"page_number": 12,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "10 Ibid",
"type": "Footnote"
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{
"left": 113,
"top": 38,
"width": 259,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 13,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Efektivitas Pelaksanaan Rehabilitasi Medis terhadap Pecandu",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 401,
"top": 38,
"width": 109,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 13,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Rasdianah dan Fuad Nur",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 49,
"width": 174,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 13,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Dan Korban Penyalahgunaan Narkotika",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 245,
"top": 730,
"width": 269,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 13,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Jurisprudentie | Volume 5 Nomor 2 Desember 2018 178",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 124,
"width": 400,
"height": 59,
"page_number": 13,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Gorontalo maupun dari Tim Assesmen Terpadu (TAT) untuk mengikuti program terapi dan rehabilitasi di lembaga rehabilitasi di bawah kordinasi BNNP Gorontalo baik milik pemerintah maupun milim masyarakat dengan memperhatikan sebagai berikut:",
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{
"left": 121,
"top": 187,
"width": 393,
"height": 59,
"page_number": 13,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "a. Orang yang datang ke IPWL BNNP Gorontalo sebagai inisiatif pribadi dan/atau keluarga ( voluntary ) untuk direkomendasikan mengikuti program terapi dan rehabilitasi pada Balai Rehabilitasi BNN, lembaga kesehatan dan lembaga masyarakat sebagaimana diatur dala Pasal 54 UU Narkotika.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 121,
"top": 251,
"width": 392,
"height": 59,
"page_number": 13,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "b. Orang yang diantar oleh institusi penegak hukum ke Tim Assesmen Terpadu (TAT) Polri dan BNNP Gorontalo untuk direkomendasikan untuk menjalani rehabilitasi berdasarkan keputusan hakim atau vonis pengadilan ( compulsary ) sebagaimana diatur dalam Pasal 127 UU Narkotika.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 131,
"top": 315,
"width": 161,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 13,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "3. Lembaga Pemasyarakatan",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 330,
"width": 400,
"height": 154,
"page_number": 13,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Pelaksanaan rehabilitasi medis bagi terdakwa ataupun terpidana dapat ditempatkan di lembaga rehabilitasi medis yang ditunjuk pemerintah atau di Lapas dengan ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan yang ada. Seperti di Lapas Kelas IIA Gorontalo telah ada ruang rehabilitasi medis penyalahguna narkoba berupa Klinik Pratama. BNNP juga terlibat dalam rehabilitasi medis tersebut dan ini merupakan wujud memaksimalkan fungsi rehabilitasi BNNP dan juga koordinasi nyata antara BNNP Gorontalo dengan Kanwil Hukum dan HAM Gorontalo. Koordinasi tersebut lebih menekankan pada pelaksanaan rehabilitasi medis di Lembaga Pemasyarakatan terhadap warga binaan yang terjerat kasus narkoba.",
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{
"left": 113,
"top": 489,
"width": 400,
"height": 72,
"page_number": 13,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Rehabilitasi medis yang dimaksud yaitu dengan memberi perawatan terhadap warga binaan kasus narkoba sebagai bentuk pemulihan dari penyalahgunaan narkoba. Rehabilitasi medis ini juga memiliki tujuan agar memberi kesadaran terhadap warga binaan agar tidak lagi terlibat dalam penyalahgunaan narkoba.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 142,
"top": 566,
"width": 348,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 13,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Adapun bentuk perawatan dilaksanakan di Lapas IIA Gorontalo seperti:",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 121,
"top": 582,
"width": 393,
"height": 42,
"page_number": 13,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "1. Pemeriksaan kesehatan secara rutin terhadap warga binaan narkoba, baik darah, urin dan lainnya yang juga bertujuan mengantisipasi penularan penyakit menular.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 121,
"top": 629,
"width": 242,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 13,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "2. Menyiapkan pelayanan rujukan ke rumah sakit.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 645,
"width": 400,
"height": 75,
"page_number": 13,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Selain adanya rehabilitasi medis, di Lapas IIA Gorontalo juga dikenal rehabilitasi sosial yang diperuntukkan untuk semua warga binaan, baik kasus narkoba maupun kasus lainnya. Lapas sendiri memiliki fungsi mengembalikan pelaku kejahatan ke dalam fungsi sosialnya dengan menghilangkan segala stigma negatif yang melekat padanya khususnya pelaku tindak pidana narkotika.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 38,
"width": 259,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 14,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Efektivitas Pelaksanaan Rehabilitasi Medis terhadap Pecandu",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 401,
"top": 38,
"width": 109,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 14,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Rasdianah dan Fuad Nur",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 49,
"width": 174,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 14,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Dan Korban Penyalahgunaan Narkotika",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 245,
"top": 730,
"width": 269,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 14,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Jurisprudentie | Volume 5 Nomor 2 Desember 2018 179",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 124,
"width": 401,
"height": 122,
"page_number": 14,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Untuk rehabilitasi medis di Lapas Kelas II Gorontalo, maka telah ada ruang rehabilitasi penyalahguna narkoba berupa Klinik Pratama yang hanya diperuntukkan bagi warga binaan tindak pidana narkotika yang menderita adiksi tinggi sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 127 ayat (3) UU Narkotika. Untuk teknisnya, maka rehabilitasi kesehatan ini lebih lanjut diatur dalam Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan No. 46 Tahun 2012 Tentang Petunjuk Teknis Pelaksanaan Rehabilitasi Medis Bagi Pecandu, Penyalahguna, dan Korban Penyalahgunaan Narkotika yang dalam Proses atau yang Telah Diputus oleh Pengadilan.",
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"height": 59,
"page_number": 14,
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"text": "Sedangkan rehabilitasi sosial secara tekhnis sejalan dengan Pasal 14 Peraturan Menteri Sosial No. 56/HUK/2009 Tentang Pelayanan dan Rehabilitasi Sosial Korban Penyalahgunaan Narkotika, Psikotropika, Dan Zat Adiktif Lainnya, yaitu dengan cara:",
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"text": "a. Pendekatan awal b. Pengungkapan dan pemahaman masalah;",
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"text": "c. Rencana intervensi",
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"text": "d. Intervensi e. Evaluasi f. Terminasi",
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"page_width": 595,
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"text": "g. Bimbingan lebih lanjut",
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{
"left": 113,
"top": 426,
"width": 400,
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"text": "Pelaksanaan kedua rehabilitasi ini dengan tetap sejalan dengan Undang- Undang No. 12 Tahun 1995 Tentang Pemasyarakatan, Peraturan Pemerintah No. 32 Tahun 1999 tentang Pembinaan dan Bimbingan Warga Binaan Pemasyarakatan, Peraturan Pemerintah No. 32 tahun 2006 tentang Syarat dan Tata Cara Pelaksanaan Hak Warga Binaan Pemasyarakatan.",
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"text": "4. Masyarakat",
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"top": 521,
"width": 401,
"height": 105,
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"text": "Peran masyarakat termasuk pondasi dalam pelaksanaan fungsi rehabilitasi BNNP Gorontalo yang tentunya berkaitan dengan penanggulangan penyalahgunaan narkotika. Peran serta masyarakat telah diatur dalam Pasal 104 – 108 UU Narkotika. Dalam pasal tersebut dinyatakan bahwa “masyarakat mempunyai kesempatan yang seluas-luasnya untuk berperan serta membantu pencegahan dan pemberantasan penyalahgunaan dan peredaran narkotika dan prekursor narkotika”.",
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"text": "Selanjutnya pasal 106 UU Narkotika mengatur bentuk peran masyarakat dalam menanggulangi penyalahgunaan narkotika diwujudkan dengan :",
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"text": "a. Mencari, memperoleh dan memberikan informasi adanya dugaan telah terjadi tindak pidana narkotika dan prekursor narkotika.",
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"left": 121,
"top": 695,
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"text": "b. Memperoleh pelayanan dalam mencari, memperoleh dan memberikan informasi tentang adanya dugaan telah terjadi tindak pidana narkotika dan",
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"text": "Efektivitas Pelaksanaan Rehabilitasi Medis terhadap Pecandu",
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"width": 109,
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"text": "Rasdianah dan Fuad Nur",
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"left": 113,
"top": 49,
"width": 174,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 15,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Dan Korban Penyalahgunaan Narkotika",
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"top": 730,
"width": 269,
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"page_number": 15,
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"text": "Jurisprudentie | Volume 5 Nomor 2 Desember 2018 180",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
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"width": 378,
"height": 27,
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"page_width": 595,
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"text": "prekursor narkotika kepada penegak hukum atau BNN yang menangani perkara tindak pidana narkotika dan prekursor narkotika.",
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{
"left": 121,
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"text": "c. Memperoleh jawaban atas pertanyaan tentang laporannya yang diberikan kepada penegak hukum atau BNN.",
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{
"left": 121,
"top": 187,
"width": 392,
"height": 27,
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"text": "d. Memperoleh perlindungan hukum pada saat yang bersangkutan melaksanakan haknya atau diminta hadir dalam proses peradilan",
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{
"left": 121,
"top": 219,
"width": 392,
"height": 43,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "e. Melaporkan kepada pejabat yang berwenang atau BNN jika mengetahui adanya penyalahgunaan atau peredaran gelap narkotika dan prekursor narkotika.",
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{
"left": 113,
"top": 267,
"width": 400,
"height": 27,
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"text": "Peran masyarakat yang dibutuhkan oleh BNNP Gorontalo dalam menanggulangi penyalahgunaan dan peredaran narkoba di Gorontalo;",
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"text": "a. Kesadaran hukum masyarakat itu sendiri akan bahaya penyalahgunaan narkotika.",
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{
"left": 121,
"top": 330,
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"text": "b. Memberikan informasi atau laporan terkati tindak pidana penyalahgunaan narkotika.",
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{
"left": 121,
"top": 362,
"width": 392,
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"text": "c. Melakukan kerja sama dengan masyarakat dengan menaruh informan di setiap kalangan masyarakat.",
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"left": 113,
"top": 394,
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"text": "d. Pembentukan gerakan anti narkoba di lingkungan masyarakat. Untuk memaksimalkan pelaksanaan rehabilitasi BNNP Gorontalo maka menurut Kepala BNNP Gorontalo, Brigjenpol Drs. Oneng Subroto, SH, MH, bahwa harus ada peran aktif masyarakat dalam mengatasi masalah penyalahgunaan narkoba terutama dalam mendukung layanan rehabilitasi dan pasca rehabilitasi bagi pecandu narkoba. 11",
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"height": 106,
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"text": "Dia menambahkan, saat ini secara umum BNN sedang menggalakkan program wajib lapor bagi pecandu dan keluarga pengguna narkoba. Karena itu, apabila menemukan tetangga atau kerabat yang menjadi pengguna narkoba agar segera dilaporkan ke BNN sehingga pada saat melapor nanti akan dilakukan pemeriksaan atau assesment terlebih dahulu kepada pecandu untuk mengetahui sejauh mana ketergantungannya pada narkoba, lalu mereka akan ditentukan apakah perlu direhabiltasi atau rawat jalan dengan diberi obat.",
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"left": 113,
"top": 600,
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"text": "Peran masyarakat telah terlihat di Gorontalo, seperti kehadiran organisasi kemasyarakatan (ormas) gerakan anti narkoba yang sangat membantu peran",
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"width": 400,
"height": 63,
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"text": "11 . Disampaikan dalam Sosialisasi Program Layanan Rehabilitasi dan Pasca Rehabilitasi dengan tema “Optimalisasi Peran Lembaga Pendidikan dalam Mendukung Pelaksanaan Program Layanan Rehabilitasi dan Pasca rehabilitasi” yang bertempat di Hotel Magna, Kota Gorontalo pada tanggal 13 Februari 2018. Sosialisasi ini dihadiri dari berbagai unsur perguruan tinggi seperti dari Badan Eksekutif Mahasiswa dan dosen di beberapa kampus di Gorontalo.",
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"text": "Efektivitas Pelaksanaan Rehabilitasi Medis terhadap Pecandu",
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"left": 401,
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"width": 109,
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"text": "Rasdianah dan Fuad Nur",
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"left": 113,
"top": 49,
"width": 174,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 16,
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"text": "Dan Korban Penyalahgunaan Narkotika",
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"width": 269,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 16,
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"text": "Jurisprudentie | Volume 5 Nomor 2 Desember 2018 181",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
"left": 113,
"top": 124,
"width": 400,
"height": 106,
"page_number": 16,
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"text": "BNNP Gorontalo menanggulangi penyalahgunaan dan peredaran narkoba di Gorontalo. Sebagaimana diungkapkan Mahmud Marhaba selaku Ketua DPD Granat (Gerakan Nasional Anti Narkotika) Gorontalo bahwa Granat melakukan kegiatan pencegahan penyalahgunaan dan peredaran narkotika, khususnya di kalangan generasi muda di Gorontalo karena pencegahan ini tidak mungkin hanya dilakukan oleh BNN dan kepolisian namun dilakukan bersama-sama dengan unsur masyarakat agar generasi muda terbebas dari barang haram tersebut.",
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"text": "Menurut penulis bahwa peran BNNP Gorontalo dalam melakukan koordinasi dengan semua unsur masyarakat merupakan hal yang utama, mengingat masyarakatlah yang menjadi korban dari peredaran gelap narkotika. Memberi pemahaman kepada masyarakat akan lingkungan yang steril dari narkoba adalah suatu yang urgen dan perlu langkah-langkah antisipatif dalam mencegah beredarnya narkoba dalam masyarakat. Begitu juga dalam meningkatkan fungsi rehabilitasi BNNP Gorontalo, maka informasi akan adanya anggota yang terindikasi sebagai korban peredaran narkoba maka keaktifan masyarakat untuk menindaklanjuti dengan melapor ke BNNP atau langsung membawa korban ke IPWL untuk dapat direhabilitasi atau pengobatan sedini mungkin.",
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"text": "Selain itu masyarakat harus diberi pemahaman bahwa pengguna itu sangat berbeda dengan pengedar. Pengguna belum tentu dipenjarakan atau dipidanakan, bahkan justru harus mendapatkan perawatan karena menggunakan narkotika untuk dirinya sendiri. Pengguna adalah korban atau orang sakit sehingga harus disembuhkan, bukan dipenjara. Perawatan terhadap pengguna narkoba ini dikenal dengan istilah rehabilitasi. Kalau dijelaskan dengan bahasa formal, rehabilitasi adalah proses refungsionalisasi dan pengembangan untuk memungkinkan seseorang mampu melaksanakan fungsi sosialnya secara wajar dalam kehidupan masyarakat sebagaimana masyarakat pada umumnya.",
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"text": "Untuk lebih jelasnya dapat dilihat pada klasifikasi delik pidana narkotika dalam UU No. 35 Tahun 2009 tentang Narkotika yang dibagi menjadi 2 (dua) yang kesemuanya disebut sebagai penyalah guna narkotika, yaitu:",
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"text": "a) Sebagai pengguna narkotika, diatur dalam Pasal 116, 121 dan 127.",
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"text": "1) Pengguna narkotika untuk diberikan ke orang lain, diatur dalam Pasal 116 dan 121.",
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"top": 648,
"width": 334,
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"text": "2) Pengguna narkotika untuk dirinya sendiri, diatur dalam Pasal 127.",
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{
"left": 121,
"top": 664,
"width": 392,
"height": 27,
"page_number": 16,
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"text": "b) Sebagai bukan pengguna narkotika, diatur dalam Pasal 112, 113, 114, 119 dan 129.",
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"left": 135,
"top": 695,
"width": 263,
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"text": "1) Pemilik narkotika, diatur dalam Pasal 111 dan 112.",
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"width": 229,
"height": 11,
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"text": "2) Pengolah narkotika, diatur dalam Pasal 113,",
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"width": 174,
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"text": "Dan Korban Penyalahgunaan Narkotika",
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"text": "Jurisprudentie | Volume 5 Nomor 2 Desember 2018 182",
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"text": "3) Pembawa dan pengantar narkotika, diatur dalam Pasal 114 dan 119,",
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"left": 135,
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"text": "4) Pengedar, diatur dalam Pasal 129.",
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"text": "B. Faktor Penghambat Rehabilitasi Medis terhadap Pecandu dan Korban Penyalahgunaan Narkotika oleh BNNP Gorontalo",
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{
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"text": "Dalam menjalankan fungsi rehabilitasi BNNP Gorontalo terhadap pecandu dan penyalah guna narkotika setidaknya yang menjadi penghambat untuk memaksimalkan pelaksanaan rehabilitasi oleh BNNP Gorontalo karena rendahnya kesadaran masyarakat untuk.",
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"text": "Bagi sebagian masyarakat, membahas narkoba terkadang serba salah. Di satu sisi mayoritas masyarakat sudah mengetahui bahwa narkoba itu salah dan berbahaya, namun tidak sedikit pula keterlibatan masyarakat terhadap penyalahgunaan narkoba. Kalau pun ada masyarakat yang menjadi korban peredaran narkoba, kadang masyarakat enggan untuk menindaklanjuti dengan melaporkannya ke pihak terkait atau ke IPWL.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "Berdasarkan hasil penelitian penulis dari beberapa responden mengemukakan bahwa didapati fakta sabagian masyarakat merasa takut jikalau anggota keluarganya yang terjebak narkoba lalu dipenjara. Sehingga masyarakat takut jika harus melaporkan anggota keluarganya bahwa dia sudah terperangkap dalam jejaring narkoba. Padahal, bisa jadi dia hanyalah korban penyalahgunaan narkoba yang harus mendapatkan penanganan dan perawatan khusus.",
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"text": "Lingkungan rehabilitasi pengguna narkoba sangat berbeda dengan lingkungan penjara. Seseorang yang masuk ke dalam rehabilitasi akan menjalani proses pengobatan atau pemulihan dan diawasi dengan ketat sehingga ketergantungan terhadap narkoba sedikit demi sedikit akan hilang. Di sana tidak ada kekerasan atau intimidasi dari sesama residen rehabilitasi. Hal tersebut tentunya berbeda dengan lingkungan penjara yang memungkinkan terjadinya kekerasan.",
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"text": "Hal di atas berkaitan erat dengan kekurangpahaman masyarakat khususnya para pecandu dan penyalah guna narkotika serta keluarganya bahwa dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 35 Tahun 2009 tentang Narkotika bahwa korban peredaran narkotika tersebut untuk dapat lebih awal dibawa ke pusat rehabilitasi atau kantor BNN untuk direhabilitasi.",
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"text": "Adapun faktor penghambat pelaksanaan program rehabilitasi tidak lepas dari masyarakat khususnya pecandu dan korban penyalahgunaan narkoba yang tidak berpartisipasi dalam program rehabilitasi yang disebabkan karena beberapa faktor, diantaranya:",
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"text": "1. Merasa mampu mengontrol/berhenti sendiri.",
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"text": "Penyalahguna melakukan pengobatan sendiri (membeli obat bebas seperti jamu, ramuan tradisional) untuk mengatasi kecanduan narkoba (sakau).",
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"text": "2. Minimnya pengetahuan tentang rehabilitasi.",
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"text": "Adanya korban penyalahgunaan narkotika tidak segera dibawa ke IPWL untuk segera mendapatkan penanganan hal ini disebabkan karena kurangnya pemahaman masyarakat seputar rehabilitasi, selain itu tidak mengetahui pula tempat rehabilitasi di kotanya terutama bagi di pecandu suntik.",
"type": "List item"
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"top": 235,
"width": 220,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "2. Kekhawatiran berhadapan dengan hukum.",
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{
"left": 128,
"top": 251,
"width": 385,
"height": 59,
"page_number": 18,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Hukum di Indonesia memang mengatur penyalah guna akan diproses dan diberi hukuman dan inilah yang dikhawatirkan oleh sebagian masyarakat akan dampak hukum jika terbukanya informasi adanya anggota keluarga yang menjadi korban narkoba.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 128,
"top": 314,
"width": 386,
"height": 107,
"page_number": 18,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Hal ini juga menjadi kendala dalam efektivitas pelaksanaan program rehabilitasi karena adanya kekhawatiran orang tua/wali atau keluarga jika anaknya/keluarganya akan dipenjara setelah melapor dan ketahuan tentang keterlibatannya dalam penalah gunaan narkotika. Masyarakat kurang memahami bahwa pecandu dan penyalah guna tidak selalu masuk penjara tetapi bisa juga dimasukan tempat rehabilitasi dengan syarat mau datang secara suka rela ke IPWL untuk direhabilitasi.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 113,
"top": 426,
"width": 401,
"height": 122,
"page_number": 18,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "3. Tercorengnya nama baik keluarga Nama baik adalah prioritas utama bagi sebagian masyarakat, khususnya masyarkat Gorontalo. Menjaga nama baik adalah suatu keharusan agar tetap disegani dalam masyarakat, sehingga jika ada salah satu anggota keluarga menjadi pecandu atau penyakah guna narkoba maka bukan hanya nama baik dirinya yang rusak tapi juga nama baik keluarga. Pertimbangan inilah sehingga masyarakat enggan melaporkan adanya anggota keluarga yang menjadi korban peredaran narkoba.",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 113,
"top": 553,
"width": 280,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 18,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "4. Dikucilkan dari pekerjaan dan lingkungan masyarakat.",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 128,
"top": 568,
"width": 386,
"height": 59,
"page_number": 18,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Narkoba tidak saja merusak kesehatan seseorang, tapi akan berdampak pula pada profesi atau pekerjaan seseorang. Umumnya tidak ada perusahaan yang mempekerjakan pengguna atau pecandu narkoba begitu pula akan menimbulkan stigma negatif di masyarakat.",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 113,
"top": 632,
"width": 400,
"height": 74,
"page_number": 18,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Keterangan yang diperoleh dari orang tua yang anaknya bernama RM yang saat menggunakan narkoba jenis tablet/koplo masih berstatus pelajar SD. Menurut keterangannya, awalnya orang tuanya merasa malu karena anaknya terlibat narkoba, namun karena masukan dari beragai pihak dan pertimbangan kesembuhan, masa depan dan sebelum terjaring rasia dia pun melaporkan anaknya",
"type": "Text"
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"left": 113,
"top": 38,
"width": 259,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 19,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Efektivitas Pelaksanaan Rehabilitasi Medis terhadap Pecandu",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 401,
"top": 38,
"width": 109,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 19,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Rasdianah dan Fuad Nur",
"type": "Page header"
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{
"left": 113,
"top": 49,
"width": 174,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 19,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Dan Korban Penyalahgunaan Narkotika",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 245,
"top": 730,
"width": 269,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 19,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Jurisprudentie | Volume 5 Nomor 2 Desember 2018 184",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 124,
"width": 400,
"height": 27,
"page_number": 19,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "ke Klinik Pratama di BNNP Gorontalo karena merasa anaknya hanyalah korban dari peredaran narkoba di Gorontalo yang semakin marak.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 113,
"top": 156,
"width": 401,
"height": 122,
"page_number": 19,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Pada dasarnya rehabilitasi sifatnya terbagi 2 (dua), yaitu bersifat sukarela dan bersifat wajib. Sukarela jika pengguna yang dimaksud secara sukarela melapor dan juga sukarela menjalani rehabilitasinya. Sedangkan wajib karena berdasarkan putusan pengadilan. Wajib lapor sendiri diartikan sebagai kegiatan melaporkan diri yang dilakukan oleh pecandu narkotika yang sudah cukup umur atau keluarganya, dan/atau orang tua atau wali dari pecandu narkotika yang belum cukup umur kepada IPWL untuk mendapatkan pengobatan dan/atau perawatan melalui rehabilitasi medis dan rehabilitasi sosial.",
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{
"left": 113,
"top": 283,
"width": 400,
"height": 74,
"page_number": 19,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Menurut penulis meskipun sudah ada korban atau pengguna narkotika yang melaporkan dirinya ke IPWL namun BNNP Gorontalo harus berupaya semaksimal mungkin dalam membangun kesadaran masyarakat melalui program- program pencegahannya dan memperlihatkan bukti konkrit dukungan kepada pecandu atau penyalah guna narkoba untuk segera melapor dan juga berobat.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 113,
"top": 362,
"width": 400,
"height": 75,
"page_number": 19,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Menurut penulis bahwa untuk terlaksananya fungsi rehabilitasi secara efektif maka diperlukan sarana dan prasarana yang memadai, baik jumlah tempat rehabilitasi maupun letak atau lokasi tempat rehabilitasi yang disesuaikan dengan kebutuhan. Menurut penulis, hal-hal yang perlu diperhatikan dalam pelayanan rehabilitasi tersebut adalah seperti;",
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{
"left": 121,
"top": 441,
"width": 392,
"height": 27,
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "a. Tempat rehabilitasi yang relatif tenang, aman, sehat dan nyaman tidak digabung dengan residen lainnya.",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 121,
"top": 473,
"width": 392,
"height": 27,
"page_number": 19,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "b. Tempat rehabilitasi yang luas dan proporsional dengan jumlah residen/penghuni yang ada.",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 121,
"top": 505,
"width": 194,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 19,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "c. Tersedianya sarana air bersih, listrik.",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 113,
"top": 521,
"width": 400,
"height": 106,
"page_number": 19,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "d. Jaringan komunkasi dan lain-lain sesuai standar kelayakan rehabilitasi. Selain eksistensi IPWL, pembangunan pusat rehabilitasi narkoba di Gorontalo yang berada di bawah pengawasan langsung dari BNN adalah sesuatu yang dibutuhkan, mengingat semakin bertambahnya pecandu dan penyalah guna narkotika di Provinsi Gorontalo. Kehadiran pusat rehabilitasi yang sesuai standar semakin mengefektifkan pelaksanaan rehabilitasi terhadap pecandu dan penyalah guna narkotika.",
"type": "List item"
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{
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"top": 648,
"width": 60,
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"text": "PENUTUP",
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"top": 664,
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"text": "A. Kesimpulan",
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"left": 149,
"top": 677,
"width": 301,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 19,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Adapun kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah sebagai berikut:",
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"left": 149,
"top": 693,
"width": 364,
"height": 27,
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"text": "1. Guna mengefektifkan program rehabilitasi medis terhadap pecandu dan korban penyalahgunaan narkotika maka Badan Narkotika Nasional",
"type": "List item"
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{
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"top": 38,
"width": 259,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 20,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Efektivitas Pelaksanaan Rehabilitasi Medis terhadap Pecandu",
"type": "Page header"
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"left": 401,
"top": 38,
"width": 109,
"height": 9,
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Rasdianah dan Fuad Nur",
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"left": 113,
"top": 49,
"width": 174,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 20,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Dan Korban Penyalahgunaan Narkotika",
"type": "Page header"
},
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"left": 245,
"top": 730,
"width": 269,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 20,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Jurisprudentie | Volume 5 Nomor 2 Desember 2018 185",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 167,
"top": 124,
"width": 347,
"height": 186,
"page_number": 20,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Provinsi (BNNP) Gorontalo bersinergi dan menjalin koordinasi yang di antaranya dengan kepolisian, Institusi Penerima Wajib Lapor (IPWL) yang difasilitasi oleh pemerintah setempat, Lembaga Pemasyarakatan dan juga elemen masyarakat. Pada pelaksanaan rehabilitasi medis, ada residen yang datang secara sukarela ( voluntary ) meminta layanan rehabilitasi kepada BNNP Gorontalo atau ke IPWL dan ada residen yang berasal dari hasil razia pihak berwajib ( compulsary ). Residen rehabilitasi wajib menjalani 3 tahapan perawatan yang diawali dengan rawat inap dengan waktu maksimal 3 bulan, dilanjutkan dengan rawat jalan dan asesmen lanjutan. Penanganannya pun dapat berbeda-beda tergantung tingkat adiksi, kondisi tubuh dan juga kesepakatan bersama keluarga residen.",
"type": "Table"
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{
"left": 149,
"top": 314,
"width": 364,
"height": 138,
"page_number": 20,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "2. Adapun faktor penghambat pelaksanaan program rehabilitasi tidak lepas dari masyarakat khususnya pecandu dan korban penyalahgunaan narkoba yang tidak berpartisipasi aktif dalam program rehabilitasi yang disebabkan karena beberapa faktor, diantaranya merasa mampu mengontrol/berhenti sendiri dengan cara melakukan pengobatan sendiri, adanya kekhawatiran berhadapan dengan hukum, pertimbangan nama baik keluarga dan lingkungan pekerjaan. Hal inilah yang membuat masyarakat enggan untuk memanfaatkan program rehabilitasi yang ada.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 473,
"width": 49,
"height": 11,
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "B. Saran",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 131,
"top": 489,
"width": 382,
"height": 59,
"page_number": 20,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "1. Penyalah guna narkoba khususnya yang menjadi pecandu harus dipandang sebagai korban dari peredaran gelap narkoba. Karena statusnya korban maka penanganannya pun harus dimaksimalkan melalui program rehabilitasi medis.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 131,
"top": 553,
"width": 382,
"height": 74,
"page_number": 20,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "2. Selain adanya IPWL maka yang tidak kalah pentingnya pembangunan pusat rehabilitasi narkoba di Provinsi Gorontalo yang berada langsung di bawah pengawasan BNN. Pada pusat rehabilitasi tersebut dapat dijadikan sebagai pusat pengkajia, pusat layanan, dan pusat pelatihan ( center of excellent ) dalam bidang rehabilitasi terhadap penyalahguna narkoba.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 38,
"width": 259,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 21,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Efektivitas Pelaksanaan Rehabilitasi Medis terhadap Pecandu",
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{
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"text": "Dan Korban Penyalahgunaan Narkotika",
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{
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"width": 269,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 21,
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"text": "Jurisprudentie | Volume 5 Nomor 2 Desember 2018 186",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
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"text": "DAFTAR PUSTAKA",
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{
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"page_number": 22,
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"text": "Jurisprudentie | Volume 5 Nomor 2 Desember 2018 187",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
"left": 113,
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"text": "Tatas Nur Arifin, “ Implementasi Rehabilitasi Pecandu Narkotika Dalam Undang- Undang Nomor 35Tahun 2009 tentang Narkotika Sebagai Upaya Non Penal Badan Narkotika Nasional ”, Jurnal Ilmiah , Fakultas Hukum Universitas Brawijaya Malang.",
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"text": "Aturan Perundang-Undangan",
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"text": "Peraturan Menteri Sosial Nomor 56/HUK/2009 Tentang Pelayanan dan Rehabilitasi Sosial Korban Penyalahgunaan Narkotika, Psikotropika dan Zat Adiktif Lainnya.",
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"text": "Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 25 Tahun 2011 tentang Pelaksanaan Wajib Lapor Bagi Pecandu Narkotika",
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"text": "Peraturan Bersama antara BNN dan Kepolisian serta beberapa lembaga lainnya No. 1 Tahun 2014 dan No. 01/III/2014/BNN tentang Penanganan Pecandu Narkotika dan Korban Penyalahgunaan Narkotika ke dalam Lembaga Rehabilitasi.",
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"text": "http://gorontalo.bnn.go.id http://mediacerdasbangsa.com/pengguna-narkoba-di-gorontalo-mencapai-6-700- orang http://bangka.tribunnews.com/tag/narkoba http://www.tribunnews.com/bnn/2016/11/03/layanan-rehabilitasi-rawat-inap-di- bnnp-gorontalo-perlu-diperkuat",
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"text": "Jurnal Nukleus Peternakan (Desember 2015), Volume 2, No. 2:135 - 143 ISSN : 2355-9942",
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"text": "PENGARUH SUPLEMENTASI TEPUNG BIJI ASAM TERFERMENTASI Saccharomyces cerevisiae DALAM RANSUM BASAL INDUK TERHADAP LITTER SIZE, BERAT LAHIR DAN PERSENTASE LAHIR HIDUP ANAK BABI PERANAKAN VDL",
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"text": "EFFECT OF Saccharomyces cerevisiaeFERMENTED TAMARIND SEEDS MEAL SUPPLEMENTATION INTO THE BASAL DIET ON LITTER SIZE, BIRTH WEIGHT AND BIRTH",
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"text": "LIFE PERCENTATEGE OF NEW BORN VDL CROSS BRED PIGLET",
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"text": "Stef Amiron Ratu, Thomas Mata Hine, Johanis Ly",
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"text": "Fakultas Peternakan, Universitas Nusa Cendana, Jln Adisucipto Penfui, Kupang 85001. Email : stiven.ratu@yahoo.com",
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"text": "ABSTRAK",
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"width": 442,
"height": 193,
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"text": "Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan level suplementasi terbaik tepung biji asam terfermentasi Saccharomyces cerivisiae dalam ransum basal induk bunting yang menghasilkan litter size , berat lahir dan persentase lahir hidup anak babi peranakan VDL terbaik. Penelitian ini menggunakan 12 ekor ternak babi betina berumur 1-2 tahun dengan rata – rata bobot badan awal 153,80 kg (KV=12,22%). Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) terdiri dari 4 perlakuan dan 3 ulangan. Ransum perlakuan adalah R0: pakan basal (pakan induk 15 PK, tanpa tepung biji asam) R1: pakan basal + 5% tepung biji asam fermentasi, R2: pakan basal + 7,5% tepung biji asam fermentasi. R3: pakan basal + 10% tepung biji asam fermentasi. Variabel yang diuji adalah: litter size , berat lahir dan persentase lahir hidup anak. Prosedur analisis ragam dan uji jarak berganda Duncan digunakan dalam analisis data yang diperoleh. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan suplementasi tepung biji asam terfermentasi Saccharomyces cerivisiae dalam ransum basal berpengaruh sangat nyata (P<0,01) terhadap persentase kelahiran hidup, tetapi berpengaruh tidak nyata (P>0.05) terhadap litter size dan bobot lahir anak. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah suplementasi tepung biji asam terfermentasi Saccharomyces cerevisiae 5-10% dalam ransum basal meningkatkan litter size , bobot lahir dan meningkatkan persentase lahir hidup anak. ________________________________________________ Kata Kunci : tepung biji asam, Saccharomyces cerevisiae , litter size induk babi VDL, berat lahir, persentase lahir hidup",
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"text": "ABSTRACT",
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"text": "The study purpose was to find out the best level of fermented tamarind seeds meal supplementation in pregnant sow’s basal diet performing the highest litter size, birth weight and born life percentage of newborn cross bred VDL piglets. There were 12 pregnant sows of 1 – 2 years of age with body weight average was 153.80Kg (CV= 12.22%) were used in the study. Block design 4 X 3 were administrated in the study. The 4 following diets were R0: basal diet (pregnant sow diet 15 CPl); R1: R0 + 5% fermented tamarind seeds meal, R2: R0 + 7,5% fermented tamarind seeds meal; and R3: R0 + 10% fermented tamarind seeds meal. The variables evaluated were birth weight and born life percentage. Analysis of variance (Anova) and Duncan’s multiple range test were applied in data analysis. Statistical results showed that effect of Saccharomyces cerivisiae fermented tamarind seeds meal was highly significant (P<0.01) on born life percentage, but not significant (p>0.05) on either litter size or birth weight of the new born piglets. The conclusion drawn in that supplementation of Saccharomyces cerivisiae fermented tamarind seeds meal 5 – 10% improved litter size, birth weight and born life percentage of the new born piglets. ________________________________________________ Keywords :tamarind seeds meal, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, litter size, birth weight, born life percentage.",
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"text": "Ratu et aPengaruh suplementasi tepung biji asam terfermentasi",
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"text": "PENDAHULUAN",
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"height": 339,
"page_number": 2,
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"text": "Babi merupakan ternak yang potensial untuk dikembangkan di Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT) karena didukung oleh budaya masyarakat. Namun di sisi lain produktivitas ternak babi di wilayah ini tergolong rendah yakni hanya 5,8% selama 10 tahun : 2004 – 2013 (BPS NTT, 2013) yang diduga sangat berhubungan dengan rendahnya kinerja reproduksi induk. Perbaikan kinerja reproduksi induk merupakan salah satu upaya yang harus dilakukan untuk meningkatkan produktivitas ternak babi di NTT. Cara yang lazim digunakan untuk memperbaiki kinerja seekor induk babi adalah suplementasi pakan bermutu pada induk menjelang kawin. Kendala yang dihadapi dalam pengadaan pakan babi bermutu adalah biaya pakan karena bahan pakan babi adalah biji-bijian yang sebagian besar adalah bahan makanan pokok manusia dan bahan penyusun pakan komersil. Hal ini menyebabkan terjadinya persaingan penggunaan bahan makanan antara manusia, ternak babi dan industri pakan komersil. Oleh karena itu, penggunaan pakan lokal yang murah dan mudah diperoleh merupakan langkah alternatif untuk mengurangi biaya pengadaan pakan.",
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"text": "Biji asam merupakan pakan lokal yang potensial karena mengandung nutrisi lengkap dan bukan makanan pokok manusia. Potensi nutrisi biji asam yang sangat bermanfaat bagi perbaikan kinerja reproduksi induk babi adalah kandungan asam lemak yang lengkap terutama jenis asam lemak tak jenuh oleat dan linoleat yang diketahui dapat memperbaiki kinerja hormon reproduksi induk babi ( Luzia and Jorge, 2011). Akan tetapi, pemanfaatan biji asam di Indonesia sampai saat ini masih terbatas karena tiga kendala, yakni kesulitan dalam pengolahan karena kulit biji asam keras sehingga tidak dapat digunakan langsung secara utuh tanpa diolah terlebih dahulu, biji asam diketahui mengandung antinutrisi dengan indikasi awal rasa sepat bila dimakan secara utuh sehingga tidak disukai ternak babi, data",
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"left": 315,
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"height": 554,
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"text": "kandungan nutrisi dan antinutrisi biji asam di Indonesia secara lengkap belum tersedia, sehingga rekomendasi pemanfaatan biji asam tidak kuat (Ly, 1998; Ulu, 2011). Fermentasi merupakan cara yang telah terbukti dapat mengurangi aktvitas antitnutrisi dalam bahan pakan. Penggunaan ragi ( Saccharomyces cerevisiae ) terbukti efektif dalam fermentasi dan dapat meningkatkan nilai nutrisi ampas pati aren (Umiyasih dan Aggraeni, 2008). Saccharomyces cerevisiae dikenal sebagai mikroba yang mengandung protein sel tunggal dan telah terbukti sangat bermanfaat dalam fermentasi pakan, meningkatkan kandungan protein pakan dan terindikasi mengandung enzim tannase yang dapat mengurai senyawa tannin, Aguskrisno (2011). Oleh karena itu, Saccharomyces cerevisiae diharapkan dapat mengurai senyawa tannin dalam biji asam sehingga dapat dimanfaatkan secara maksimal oleh ternak. Suplementasi biji asam terfermentasi Saccharomyces cerevisiae diharapkan dapat memperbaiki kualitas asam lemak tak jenuh dalam ransum sehingga bermanfaat bagi perbaikan kinerja reproduksi babi. Indikator kinerja reproduksi seekor babi betina umumnya diukur dalam berbagai bentuk antara lain, yakni: konsentrasi hormon progesteron, perkembangan folikel, litter size ( jumlah anak per kelahiran), jumlah anak yang lahir hidup, jumlah anak yang lahir mati, bobot lahir anak dan jumlah anak yang hidup sampai umur sapih . Berdasarkan latar belakang di atas maka telah dilaksanakan suatu penelitian dengan judul: Pengaruh suplementasi tepung biji asam terfermentasi Saccharomyces cerevisiae dalam ransum basal induk terhadap litter size, berat lahir dan persentase lahir hidup anak babi peranakan VDL. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan level biji asam fermentasi dalam ransum basal untuk menghasilkan litter size , berat lahir dan persentase lahir hidup anak babi peranakan VDL.",
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"text": "Jurnal Nukleus Peternakan (Desember 2015), Volume 2, No. 2:135 - 143 ISSN : 2355-9942",
"type": "Page header"
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"text": "METODE PENELITIAN",
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"text": "Materi Penelitian",
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"width": 213,
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"page_number": 3,
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"text": "Materi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah ternak babi induk peranakan VDL sebanyak 12 ekor dan kisaran umur 1-2 tahun dengan puting susu 6-8 pasang. Kandang yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah kandang",
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"text": "individu dengan lantai semen kasar yang dibuat agak miring. Kandang terdiri dari 12 petak, dengan ukuran masing-masing kandang adalah 1 x 1,5 m. Kandang beratap seng dan dilengkapi dengan tempat pakan dan tempat minum.",
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"text": "Tablel 1. Kebutuhan zat-zat makanan babi fase grower-finisher ( *) Zat-zat makanan Satuan 20-50 kg Berat badan 50 - 80 kg Berat badan 80-120 kg Berat badan Energi dt dicerna Protein kasar Mineral P Ca Kkal/kg % % % Mg 3.400 18 0.5 0.23 2.0 3400 15.5 0.45 0.20 2.00 3400 13.2 0.4 0.17 2.0",
"type": "Table"
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"text": "Keterangan: (*) NRC 1998)",
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"text": "Tabel 2. Kandungan nutrisi bahan pakan penyusun ransum penelitian ( *)",
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"text": "Bahan Pakan Zat-Zat Nutrisi PK LK SK Ca P GE Jagung 8,48 4,8 2,27 0,03 0,28 4110,09 Pollard 17,01 4,41 8,41 0,15 0,27 4282,71 Konsentrat 4,11 0,29 0,61 0,3 0,4 3781,38 Keteragan: (*) hasil analisis Lab Kimia Fapet UB-Malang, 2014",
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"text": "Table 3. Komposisi dan kandungan nutrisi ransum basal hasil perhitungan (*)",
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"text": "Bahan Pakan Zat-Zat Nutrisi % PK LK SK Ca P GE Jagung 48 4,24 2,3 1,09 0,01 0,13 1987,24 Pollard 42 7,14 1,85 3,53 0,06 0,3 1798,73 Konsentrat 10 4,11 0,29 0,61 0,3 0,14 378,13 Total 100 15,49 4,44 5,23 0,37 0,57 4164,11",
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"text": "Keterangan :(*) dihitung berdasarkan hasil analisis Lab Kimia Fapet UB-Malang,2014",
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"text": "Prosedur Penelitian",
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"height": 86,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Sebelum pengacakan dimulai, dilakukan pemberian nomor pada ternak percobaan dan setiap petak kandang dari nomor urut 1-12, kemudian ternak babi ditimbang untuk mengetahui berat badan awal. Selanjutnya ternak diurutkan dari bobot badan terendah sampai bobot badan tertinggi untuk dihitung",
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"text": "koefesien variasinya dan kemudian dikelompokkan menjadi 3 kelompok sebagai jumlah ulangan dan masing-masing kelompok terdiri dari 4 ekor ternak. Kemudian keempat macam perlakuan diacak untuk masing-masing kelompok, sehingga masing-masing ternak dalam kelompok mendapat salah satu dari 4 macam perlakuan.",
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"text": "Ratu et aPengaruh suplementasi tepung biji asam terfermentasi",
"type": "Page header"
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"width": 21,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "138",
"type": "Page footer"
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"text": "Tabel 4.Bobot Badan Awal Hasil Pengacakan (kg) *",
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"text": "Ulangan Perlakuan RO R1 R2 R3 I II III 149 154 190 137 159 186 146 155 172 139 163 180 Total 493 482 473 482 Rataan 164,33 160,67 157,67 160,67 Keterangan: KV 12,22%",
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"text": "Pengolahan Biji Asam Van Der Stege et al ., (2010).",
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"page_number": 4,
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"text": "1. Biji asam disangrai selama 15 menit pada suhu ±80 0 C, kemudian didinginkan selama",
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"left": 99,
"top": 306,
"width": 198,
"height": 48,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "2 jam. Lama pengolahan 15 menit merupakan waktu yang memberikan hasil terbaik berdasarkan percobaan berulang- ulang.",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 357,
"width": 212,
"height": 48,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "2. Biji asam hasil sangrai dingin selanjutnya digiling untuk melepaskan kulit dari daging bijinya dengan menggunakan mesin giling dengan kecepatan rendah.",
"type": "List item"
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"left": 85,
"top": 407,
"width": 212,
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"text": "3. Daging biji asam kemudian digiling menjadi tepung.",
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"width": 108,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 4,
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"text": "Perlakuan Fermentasi",
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"text": "1. Tepung biji asam ditimbang sebanyak 5kg dan diletakkan di atas hamparan plastik.",
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"left": 85,
"top": 483,
"width": 210,
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"text": "2. Menimbang Saccharomyces cerevisiae sebanyak 150g.",
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"top": 508,
"width": 212,
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"text": "3. Melarutkan 150g Saccharomyces cerevisiae dalam 3 liter air hingga membentuk larutan Saccharomyces cerevisiae homogen.",
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"text": "4. Mencampur larutan",
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"text": "Saccharomyces cerevisiae homogen dengan 5kg tepung biji asam dan diaduk hingga membentuk campuran merata dan tidak lengket pada tangan bila diremas.",
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{
"left": 85,
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"text": "5. Memasukkan campuran tepung biji asam dengan Saccharomyces cerevisiae dalam wadah (ember) plastik berkapasitas 5kg yang memiliki tutup. Selanjutnya, ember",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 99,
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"text": "plastik tersebut ditutup rapat untuk menciptakan kondisi anaerob sehingga terjadi proses fermentasi. Lamanya fermentasi adalah 12 jam. Rasio air:ragi roti dalam larutan Saccharomyces",
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"text": "cerevisiae merupakan rasio yang",
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"text": "menghasilkan campuran yang tidak lengket pada tangan tangan dan partikel tepung biji asam hasil fermentasi yang terlepas satu sama lain ( hasil percobaan berulang-ulang).",
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"text": "Penghentian Proses Fermentasi",
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"left": 315,
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"width": 213,
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"text": "Setelah 12 jam, ember dibuka dan campuran tepung biji asam yang telah mengalami proses fermentasi oleh Saccharomyces cerevisiae dikeluarkan dan diangin – anginkan di atas plastik hingga kering. Campuran kering inilah yang akan diberikan sebagai suplemen kepada ternak babi sesuai level yang ditetapkan. Lama fermentasi 12 jam merupakan waktu fermentasi dengan hasil terbaik dari penelitian sebelumnya.",
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"text": "Metode Penelitian",
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"text": "Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode percobaan dengan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) dengan 4 perlakuan dan 3 kali ulangan sehingga diperoleh 12 unit percobaan. Keempat perlakuan yang dicobakan, yaitu :",
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"text": "R0: pakan basal (pakan induk 15% PK, tanpa tepung biji asam)",
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"text": "R1: pakan basal + 5% tepung biji asam fermentasi R2: pakan basal + 7,5% tepung biji asam fermentasi.",
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"text": "R3: pakan basal + 10% tepung biji asam fermentasi.",
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"text": "Variabel Penelitian",
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"text": "Variabel yang akan diukur dalam Penelitian ini adalah",
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"text": "Litter size : jumlah anak yang dilahirkan tiap induk pada saat beranak.",
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"text": "Berat lahir anak : berat individu anak saat lahir",
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"text": "Jurnal Nukleus Peternakan (Desember 2015), Volume 2, No. 2:135 - 143 ISSN : 2355-9942",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 282,
"top": 757,
"width": 21,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 5,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "139",
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{
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"top": 102,
"width": 213,
"height": 35,
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"text": "Persentase anak lahir hidup/mati: jumlah anak per induk yang lahir dalam keadaan hidup dan yang mati.",
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"text": "Analisis Data",
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{
"left": 71,
"top": 165,
"width": 212,
"height": 23,
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"text": "Data yang diperoleh dianalisis menurut prosedur sidik ragam (ANOVA) sesuai jenis",
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{
"left": 301,
"top": 102,
"width": 212,
"height": 22,
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"page_width": 595,
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"text": "rancangan yang digunakan untuk mengetahui pengaruh perlakuan terhadap parameter,",
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"text": "sementara untuk menguji perbedaan antar perlakuan akan digunakan uji jarak berganda Duncan menurut prosedur Steel and Torie (1993).",
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"text": "HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN",
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{
"left": 71,
"top": 228,
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"text": "Hasil Analisis Proksimat Ransum Penelitian",
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{
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"text": "Untuk mengetahui komposisi nutrisi ransum penelitian dilakukan analisis proksimat dengan hasil seperti pada Tabel 5. Pada Tabel 5 terlihat bahwa total bahan kering ransum basal (R0) lebih tinggi, tetapi kandungan bahan organik (BO), protein kasar (PK), lemak kasar (LK), serat kasar (SK), karbohidrat (CHO), bahan ekstrak tanpa nitrogen (BETN) dan energi lebih rendah dibanding R1, R2, R3. Ini menjadi gambaran bahwa suplementasi tepung biji asam terfermentasi (Tbaf) Saccharomyces cerevisiae selama 12 jam meningkatkan",
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"text": "kandungan BO, PK, LK, SK, CH, BETN dan energi dalam ransum, walaupun kandungan total bahan kering menjadi rendah. Terlihat bahwa peningkatan tersebut semakin tinggi dengan meningkatnya level suplementasi tepung biji asam hasil ferementasi (Tbaf) dalam ransum. Hal ini dimungkinkan karena total bahan kering tepung biji asam terfermentasi lebih rendah sedangkan",
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"text": "kandungan BO, PK, LK, SK, CH, BETN dan energi lebih tinggi dari pada yang tersedia dalam ransum basal.",
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"text": "Tabel 5. Hasil analisis proksimat ransum penelitian dan tepung biji asam (1) Ransum BK (%) BO (%K) PK (%BK) LK (%BK) SK (%BK) CHO (%BK) BETN (%BK) Energi Kkal/kg BK R 0 90,99 93,69 15,69 5,18 6,68 72,82 66,14 4325,41 R 1 88,55 95,18 17,97 5,27 7,08 71,93 64,84 4428,24 R 2 89,73 93,93 18,16 5,41 7,29 70,36 63,07 4385,53 R 3 88,98 94,98 18,30 5,61 7,59 71,07 63,48 4439,23 Tbs (2) 96,66 97,01 17,68 5,94 10,00 73,38 63,39 4525,77 Tbaf (3) 71,85 97,04 18,75 6,14 9,54 72,15 62,61 4552,27",
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"text": "Ket: 1 :Hasil analisis laboratorium kimia pakan Fapet Undana 2015; komposisi R1-R3 termasuk suplemen; 2 :Tbs: Tepung biji asam sangrai; 3 : Tbaf : Tepung biji asam terfermentasi Saccharomyces cerevisiae",
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"text": "Tingginya total kandungan bahan kering ransum basal disebabkan karena bahan penyusun ransum tersebut terdiri dari tepung jagung, pollard, gandum dan konsentrat Hi- grow yang mengandung kadar air rendah dan bahan kering tinggi, sedangkan tepung biji asam terfermentasi mengandung kadar air yang lebih tinggi karena proses fermentasi sehingga mengurangi total persentase kandungan bahan kering. Secara umum terlihat bahwa terjadi penuruan total persentase kandungan bahan",
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"text": "kering, serat kasar, CHO dan BETN, tetapi terjadi peningkatan kandungan bahan organik, PK, LK dan energi. Gambaran ini menunjukkan bahwa proses fermentasi telah berhasil meningkatkan kandungan nutrisi yang dibutuhkan dan menurunkan kandungan nutrisi yang kurang bermanfaat bagi ternak. Penurunan total kandungan bahan kering pada tepung biji asam terfermentasi disebabkan oleh adanya peningkatan kadar air akibat fermentasi",
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"text": "Ratu et aPengaruh suplementasi tepung biji asam terfermentasi",
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"text": "140",
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"text": "sehingga dalam kalkulasi mengurangi total persentase kandungan bahan kering.",
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"text": "Salah satu cara yang paling efektif digunakan dalam mengeliminasi kandungan antinutrisi adalah dengan cara disangrai. Kandungan nutrisi tepung biji asam sangrai yang difermentasi dengan Saccharomyces cerevisiae selama 12 jam hasil penelitian ini lebih tinggi: yakni PK (18,75%), LK lebih rendah (6,14%) dan SK lebih rendah (9,54%) dibandingkan dengan hasil yang dilalporkan Pugalenthi et al . (2004) yang mendapatkan PK: 16,2%, LK 7,84% dan SK16,90%. Hal ini dimungkinkan karena perbedaan lokasi pengambilan biji asam, karena kandungan nutrisi biji asam dipengaruhi oleh kesuburan tanah tempat tumbuhnya. Faktor lain yang diduga berpengaruh adalah metoda pengolahan. Metoda yang digunakan Pugalenthi et al., (2004) adalah pembakaran sedangkan dalam penelitian ini dilakukan dengan cara sangrai dan fermentasi. Fermentasi memungkinkan terjadinya peningkatan nilai protein karena mikroba Saccharomyces cerevisiae adalah jenis protein sel tunggal sehingga menyebabkan peningkatan kandungan protein dalam pakan. Dipihak lain, terjadi penurunan kandungan CHO, BETN dan serat kasar dapat terjadi karena proses fermentasi pada prinsipnya membongkar dan memutuskan senyawa dan ikatan karbohidrat sulit tercerna menjadi jenis senyawa mudah dicerna sehingga mengurangi kandungan serat",
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"text": "kasar dan karbohidrat secara keseluruhan. Hasil ini sejalan dengan hasil penelitian Pugalenthi et al. (2004) dengan menggunakan enzim α- galactosidase dalam fermentasi tepung biji asam yang berhasil menurunkan kandungan jenis karbohidrat golongan oligosakarida.",
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"text": "Pengaruh Perlakuan terhadap Litter Size",
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"text": "Pengaruh pemberian tepung biji asam terfermentasi Saccharomyces cerevisiae sebagai bahan pakan terhadap Litter Size pada awal sampai akhir pengambilan data dapat dilihat pada table 6. Dari Tabel 6 terlihat bahwa pengaruh dari penambahan tepung biji asam terfermentasi Saccharomyces cerevisiae dalam ransum basal terhadap litter size sejalan dengan level suplemen tepung biji asam terfermentasi Saccharomyces cerevisiae dalam ransum basal. Litter size tertinggi ditunjukkan ternak yang mendapat perlakuan R 2 : 12,33 dan R 3 : 12,33 dan terendah pada R 0: 10,67. Kelihatannya peningkatan litter size hanya terjadi pada suplementasi > 7,5%, kemudian merata pada level 10%. Tampaknya efektifitas suplementasi pada ransum dengan PK 15% seperti pada penelitian ini cukup sampai dengan > 7,5%, diduga suplementasi diatas level tersebut akan efektif pada ransum basal berkualitas rendah. Hal ini terlihat dari pergerakan data di mana terjadi peningkatan hingga level 7,5% dan peningkatan mendatar pada level 10%.",
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"text": "Tabel 6. Pengaruh Perlakuan terhadap Litter size , bobot lahir, dan Persentase Kelahiran Hidup",
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"text": "Variabel Perlakuan R 0 R 1 R 2 R 3 Litter size (ekor) 10.67 a 12.00 a 12.33 a 12.33 a bobot lahir (kg) 1.87 ab 1.79 a 1.99 ab 2.04 b Persentase Kelahiran Hidup 81.11 a 86.29 ab 94.87 b 97.62 b",
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"text": "Superscript dengan huruf yang sama pada baris yang sama menunjukkan perbedaan tidak nyata (P>0,05)",
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"text": "Uji statistik menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan berpengaruh tidak nyata (P>0.05) terhadap litter size ternak babi penelitian. Komposisi nutrisi dari ransum penelitian ini yang relatif sama diduga sebagai faktor yang",
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"text": "sangat menetukan dalam penelitian ini, yang dapat dijelaskan sebagai berikut : 1). Kandungan nutrisi terutama kandungan asam lemak yang berpengaruh diduga dalam ransum basal telah hampir memenuhi kebutuhan ternak",
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "Jurnal Nukleus Peternakan (Desember 2015), Volume 2, No. 2:135 - 143 ISSN : 2355-9942",
"type": "Page header"
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{
"left": 282,
"top": 757,
"width": 21,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "141",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
"left": 71,
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"width": 213,
"height": 149,
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"text": "bunting dan penambahan tepung biji asam 5% dianggap telah cukup, sehingga penambahan diatas level tersebut diduga tidak efektif. Hal ini dapat dilihat dari kandungan nutrisi ransum basal yang telah memadai; 2). Potensi reproduksi induk babi penelitian secara rata- rata dari seluruh perlakuan tidak berbeda sehingga dengan pemberian pakan dengan kandungan nutrisi yang sama menghasilkan liter size yang relatif sama. Hal ini dapat dilihat dari jumlah puting susu pada seluruh perlakuan secara rata-rata 7 pasang.",
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"text": "Pengaruh Perlakuan terhadap Bobot Lahir",
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"text": "Pada Tabel 6 terlihat bahwa rataan bobot badan lahir tertinggi dicapai oleh ternak yang mendapat perlakuan R3 (2,04/kg), kemudian diikuti oleh ternak yang mendapat perlakuan R 2 (1,99/kg), R 0 (1,87/kg) dan R 1 (1,79/kg). Hasil analisis ragam menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan berbeda tidak nyata (P>0,05) terhadap rataan bobot badan ternak babi penelitian. Hal ini mengindikasikan bahwa penggunaan tepung biji asam dengan presentase (5%, 7,5%, dan 10%) tidak dapat meningkatkan bobot badan. Namun setelah Uji Duncan membuktikan bahwa R 0 -R 1 , R 0 -R 2, R 0 - R 3 , R 1 -R 2 berbeda tidak nyata (p>0,05), sedangkan perlakuan R 1 -R 3 berbeda nyata (p<0.05). Dengan demikian dapat dikatakan bahwa pemberian tepung biji asam terfermentasi Saccharomyces cerevisiae pada 10% dapat memperbaiki pertambahan bobot badan anak babi karena secara empiris terlihat bahwa R3 menampilkan angka bobot badan yang lebih tinggi dan secara statistik perbedaan tersebut nyata pada tingkat ketelitian (p=6%). Hal ini mungkin disebabkan oleh adanya kandungan growth hormone di dalam tepung biji asam, yang mana hormon ini sangat berperan untuk proliferasi sel dan pertumbuhan jaringan tubuh. Secara alami hormon ini diproduksi di dalam hipofisa anterior yang selanjutnya diedarkan ke seluruh jaringan tubuh melalui peredaran darah. Dihubungkan dengan keadaan fetus yang berada di dalam kandungan, dimana semua kebutuhan nutrisi berasal dari induk maka dapat dipahami bahwa ketersediaan nutrisi dalam jumlah dan kualitas yang memadai akan memengaruhi",
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"text": "pertumbuhan fetus tersebut yang bermuara pada tampilan bobot lahir.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "Pengaruh Perlakuan terhadap Persentase Kelahiran Hidup",
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"text": "Rataan pengaruh perlakuan terhadap persentase kelahiran hidup anak dapat dilihat pada Table 6.",
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"text": "Pada Tabel 6 terlihat bahwa persentase kelahiran hidup tertinggi dicapai oleh ternak yang mendapat perlakuan R3 (97,62%) kemudian diikuti ternak yang mendapat perlakuan R2 (97,87/%), R1 (86,29/%) dan R0 (81,11). Hasil analisis ragam menunjukkan bahwa persentase kelahiran hidup berbeda nyata (p<0,05) antara perlakuan. Hal ini diduga bahwa tambahan asam lemak tak jenuh (terutama oleat dan linoleat) memungkinkan perbaikan kualitas dan zat kekebalan dalam air susu induk sehingga anak babi yang mendapat perlakuan suplementasi biji asam memiliki kekebalan yang tubuh lebih baik, dengan demikian memiliki daya tahan hidup yang lebih baik. Kondidi ini dimungkinkan karena hasil analisis menunjukkan tepung biji asam memiliki kandungan asam lemak jenis oleat dan linoleat yang tinggi, yakni 10,53% dan 21.20% dari total lemak dalam tepung biji asam.",
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"text": "Hasil uji Duncan menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan persentase kelahiran hidup yang sangat nyata (P<0,01) antar perlakuan R 0 -R 2; R 1 -R 2, R 1 -R 3 berbeda nyata (P<0,05), sedangkan ternak yang mendapatkan perlakuan R 0 -R 1, R 2 -R 3 berbeda tidak nyata (p>0,005). Ini menunjukkan bahwa sedikit peningkatan kandungan asam lemak oleat dan linoleat menyebabkan perbedaan dalam kekebalan dan ketahan hidup anak babi penelitian.",
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"text": "Menurut Barb et al. , (1995) dan Prunier and Quesnel (2000), potensi nutrisi biji asam yang telah terbukti dapat meningkatkan kinerja reproduksi babi adalah asam lemak linoleat dan oleat, karena berperan dalam mengatur sekresi hormon LH, GH dan GnrH. Jones et al. , (2008) melaporkan bahwa kombinasi asam linoleat dan linolenat sangat bermanfaat dalam mengatasi kekurangan energi ( negative energy balance /NEB) selama proses reproduksi pada",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "Ratu et aPengaruh suplementasi tepung biji asam terfermentasi",
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"text": "142",
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"left": 85,
"top": 102,
"width": 213,
"height": 22,
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"text": "babi. Mattos et al. , (2000) menyatakan bahwa linoleat dapat disintesis menghasilkan",
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"text": "arachidonat untuk sintesis postanoids yang merupakan seri sintesis prostaglandin.",
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"text": "SIMPULAN",
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"text": "Berdasarkan hasil penelitian tersebut maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa suplementasi tepung biji asam terfermentasi Saccharomyces cerevisiae sebesar 5 sampai 10 % dalam ransum basal induk sejak pre-estrus sampai dengan masa menyusui dapat memperbaiki",
"type": "Text"
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"height": 61,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "litter size, berat lahir anak dan persentase kelahiran hidup anak. Tingkat suplementasi 10% memberikan hasil yang paling baik dalam bentuk litter size , berat lahir anak dan persentase lahir hidup anak babi.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "DAFTAR PUSTAKA",
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"text": "Studi Akuntansi dan Keuangan Indonesia, Vol. 3, No. 1, 2020 |E-ISSN: 2654-6221",
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"text": "Determinants of Bank Profitability of Indonesian Banks Based on Core Capital Size",
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"text": "in Category 3 And 4",
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"text": "Karen Santoso, Weindytha Patrizia Wibowo, Sammy Kristamuljana, Rathria Arrina Rachman *)",
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"text": "Sekolah Bisnis dan Ekonomi - Universitas Prasetiya Mulya BSD City Kavling Edutown I.1 , Jl. BSD Raya Utama, BSD City, Tangerang 15339",
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"text": "Indonesian banks are categorized into four classes based on core capital size that determines the scope of banks’ business activities. This research aimed to identify the determinants of profitability of banks with the core capital size of IDR 5-30 trillion (called “Buku 3” category) and banks with the core capital size of more than IDR 30 trillion (called “Buku 4” category). The data sample was 27 conventional commercial banks listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI) from 2009 to 2018. These banks are divided into three different sample classes namely Buku 3 only, Buku 4 only, and Buku 3 and Buku 4 categories. By applying a panel regression model, the results showed that net interest margin (NIM) positively affected profitability of the banks in Buku 3, banks in Buku 4, as well as banks in Buku 3 and Buku 4 category. Moreover, operating expense to operating income ratio (BOPO) and non-performing loans (NPL) negatively affected profitability of those banks in the three sample classes. However, loan to deposit ratio (LDR) and capital adequacy ratio (CAR) have negative relationships with profitability for banks in the Buku 4 category only. Accordingly, this study finds that banks in different sizes of core capital categories have different factors affecting profitability in the Indonesian banking sector.",
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"text": "Bank-bank di Indonesia dikelompokan ke dalam empat kelas berdasarkan besarnya modal inti yang menentukan ruang lingkup kegiatan bisnis bank. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor penentu profitabilitas bank dengan modal inti antara Rp. 5-30 triliun (disebut dengan kategori \"Buku 3\") dan bank dengan modal inti lebih dari Rp. 30 triliun (disebut dengan kategori \"Buku 4\"). Sampel data adalah 27 bank umum konvensional yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia (BEI) dari tahun 2009 hingga 2018. Bank-bank `ini dibagi menjadi tiga kelas sampel yang berbeda yaitu Buku 3 saja, Buku 4 saja, serta Buku 3 dan Buku 4. Dengan menggunakan model regresi data panel, hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa rasio pendapatan bunga bersih (NIM) berpengaruh positif terhadap profitabilitas bank di Buku 3, bank di Buku 4, serta bank di Buku 3 dan Buku 4. Selain itu, rasio biaya operasional terhadap pendapatan operasional (BOPO) dan kredit bermasalah (NPL) berpengaruh negatif terhadap profitabilitas bank-bank dalam tiga kelas sampel tersebut. Namun, rasio pinjaman terhadap deposito (LDR) dan rasio kecukupan modal (CAR) memiliki hubungan negatif dengan profitabilitas bank dalam kategori Buku 4 saja. Dengan demikian, penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa bank dengan kelompok modal inti yang berbeda memiliki faktor penentu yang berbeda yang mempengaruhi profitabilitas di sektor perbankan Indonesia.",
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"text": "Keywords:",
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"text": "Banking Sector, Core Capital, Bank Profitability",
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"text": "Kata Kunci: Sektor Perbankan, Modal Inti, Profitabilitas Bank",
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"text": "*Corresponding Author: rathria.rachman@pmbs.ac.id",
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"text": "Studi Akuntansi dan Keuangan Indonesia, Vol. 3, No. 1, 2020 |E-ISSN: 2654-6221",
"type": "Page header"
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"text": "Introduction",
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"text": "To enhance the resilience and competitiveness of the Indonesian banking system, the central Bank of Indonesia (Bank Indonesia) formally issued a regulation in December 2012 governing banking activities and office networks. It was based on bank core capital stated in Bank Indonesia Regulation No.14/26/2012, which was updated by the Financial Services Authority (Otoritas Jasa Keuangan /OJK) Regulation No. 6/POJK.03/2016. According to these regulations, banks in Indonesia are grouped into four classes called “Buku” (Commercial Banks Business Activities) based on the size of their core capital. The underlying reason for this policy is the importance of core capital for banks’ level of security and strength in dealing with operational risk. There are 4 categories for Indonesian banks, namely Buku 1, Buku 2, Buku 3 and Buku 4. Banks in Buku 1 have the lowest core capital ranging from Rp 100 billion to Rp 1 trillion so that they can only run the basic banking business activities. On the other hand, banks in Buku 4 have the highest core of capital above Rp 30 trillion. As a consequence, these banks are allowed to undertake the most complex business activities among others.",
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"text": "In line with data from Financial Services Authority of Indonesia ( Otoritas Jasa Keuangan,",
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"text": "2018), 53 per cent of the total bank assets in Indonesia come from banks in Buku 4 and 35 per cent come from banks in Buku 3 category (Figure 1). In other words, almost 90 per cent of total assets in the Indonesian banking sector belong to the banks in these two classes. These banks have a systemic impact on the overall economy by contributing 80 percent of all Indonesian banking activities. Consequently, it is of paramount importance for the government to closely supervise the financial performance of banks in Buku 3 and Buku 4 to ensure the fluency of the overall economic activities.",
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"text": "Studi Akuntansi dan Keuangan Indonesia, Vol. 3, No. 1, 2020 |E-ISSN: 2654-6221",
"type": "Page header"
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{
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"text": "Figure 1. Asset Size (in Trillion IDR) and Proportion of Asset (percentage) of Indonesian Banks Based on Core Capital Size (“Buku”) in December 2018",
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"text": "(Source: Otoritas Jasa Keuangan, 2018)",
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"text": "According to Harahap (2002) and Christiano (2014), the most appropriate indicator to measure performance of a bank is profitability. It reflects the ability of the banks to generate profits. There are various financial ratios to measure profitability; however, return on assets (ROA) can be used to measure bank profitability well (Sutrisno, 2012). The graph in Figure 2 shows the ROA ratio of Indonesian banks from 2015 to 2018. As can be seen, banks in Buku 4 have the highest profitability that is above banks in Buku 3 as well as the average ROA of all commercial banks in Indonesia over the period.",
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"text": "Figure 2. Trends of ROA of Banks in Indonesia",
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"text": "(Source: Otoritas Jasa Keuangan, 2018)",
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"text": "There are numerous previous empirical studies that scrutinized factors contributing to banks’ financial performance. However, studies on banks’ profitability determinants based on core capital- based classes were considered very limited. This research categorized banks based on capital-based classes, namely Buku 3 category, Buku 4 category and the combination of Buku 3 and Buku 4 category. Furthermore, this study strives to scrutinize factors that contribute to the bank's profitability from bank-level data of the Indonesian banking sector. By identifying bank-specific factors, banks are able to take action in regards with effort to promote their profitability level.",
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"text": "Studi Akuntansi dan Keuangan Indonesia, Vol. 3, No. 1, 2020 |E-ISSN: 2654-6221",
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"text": "Literature Review and Hypotheses Development",
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"text": "Literature Review",
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"text": "According to the Law of the Republic of Indonesia No. 10 Year 1998 dated 10 November 1998, about the Law of Banking, banks are defined as business institutions that collect funds from the public in the form of deposits and allocate them to the community in the form of loans and or other forms to promote the lives of the society. According to Bank Indonesia Regulation No.14/26/2012, banks in Indonesia are divided into 4 categories called “Buku” based on the size of banks’ core capital (Table 1).",
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"text": "Table 1. Bank Classification in Indonesia Based on Core Capital Category Size of Core Capital Business Activities Buku 1 < Rp 1 trillion Basic business activities Buku 2 Rp 1 trillion – 5 trillion Broader business activities and private equity Buku 3 Rp 5 trillion – Rp 30 trillion Broader business activities and private equity Buku 4 >Rp 30 trillion Complex business activities and participation",
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{
"left": 232,
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"text": "(Source: Bank Indonesia, 2012)",
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"text": "Pursuant to Circular Letter of Bank Indonesia No. 6/23/DPNP/2011, assessment of the healthiness of banks in Indonesia can be classified based on the following criteria:",
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"text": "Table 2. Criteria for Bank Healthiness",
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"text": "(Source: Bank Indonesia, 2011)",
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"text": "Based on a study by Sofyan (2003), banking performance can be measured using bank profitability. Wibowo (2013) states that Return on Assets (ROA) is used to measure bank profitability because Bank Indonesia as a bank supervisor and regulator prioritizes the value of bank profitability",
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"text": "Studi Akuntansi dan Keuangan Indonesia, Vol. 3, No. 1, 2020 |E-ISSN: 2654-6221",
"type": "Page header"
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"text": "as measured by assets, which the funds come from the majority of public savings. Return on Assets (ROA) reflects a company's capability in generating profits through its operational activities. Moreover, Siamat (2002) argues that profitability ratio that is suitable for the banking sector is the Return on Assets (ROA).",
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"text": "According to previous empirical studies, there are many factors that contribute to the profitability of banks. These factors come from macroeconomic level and bank level. Recognizing different characteristics of commercial banks in Indonesia such as core capital size and business activities, understanding the determinant of the bank's performance within the bank-level data is valuable for identifying behavior of individual banks as well as for the micro-prudential objectives (Rachman, et al, 2018). There are previous empirical studies in Indonesia that scrutinize the bank- level determinants of the bank’s profitability finding that net interest margin (NIM), loan to deposit ratio (LDR), operating expense to operating income ratio (BOPO), capital adequacy ratio (CAR) and non-performing loan (NPL) contribute to the profitability of the banks (e.g. Wibowo; 2013, and Widowati and Suryono, 2015).",
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"text": "In their study, Purwoko and Sudiyatno (2013) stated that the increase of interest income will spontaneously result in a decrease in the probability of a bank having a problematic situation. Therefore, an increase in a bank's NIM will cause an increase in bank profitability as indicated by an increase in ROA. The results of the study were in line with several studies conducted by Suryani et al. (2016), Ahmad (2015) and Suryani et al. (2016). However, research from Aini (2013) showed different results, where NIM had a insignificant negative effect on changes in earnings because banks tend to tighten lending and improve portfolio management. One study conducted by Marlina (2016) found that LDR of Buku 3 banks was the biggest among the other banks. This showed that Buku 3 banks' ability to repay depositors' withdrawals was better than the others. The results of the study were also supported by research conducted by Setiawan and Hermanto (2016). However, Ahmad (2015) showed slightly different results, where the LDR had a positive but not significant effect because banks were not in an optimal condition in providing loans and lending. In contrast to the previous results, the results of research in Greece conducted by Alexiou and Vogiazas (2009) found that LDR had a",
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"text": "Studi Akuntansi dan Keuangan Indonesia, Vol. 3, No. 1, 2020 |E-ISSN: 2654-6221",
"type": "Page header"
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"text": "significant negative effect on bank profitability. The results of the study were in line with other studies by Bordeleau and Graham (2010) conducted in Canada and by Tan (2016) conducted in China.",
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{
"left": 79,
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"text": "Based on the results of study conducted by Aini (2013) and Sudiyatno and Suroso (2010), there is a negative relationship between BOPO and ROA. Because BOPO reflects the ability of a bank to maintain its operating efficiency, the lower BOPO had a fruitful impact on banks’ profitability. Other studies conducted in other countries also showed the same results; one of them was by Athanasoglou et al. (2006) on banking in southeast Europe. The results of the study found that BOPO negatively affects bank profitability. The results of the study were in line with research conducted in Turkey by Akbas (2012) and in Greece by Alexiou and Vogiazas (2009). However, there was one study in China by Tan (2016) showing the opposite result, where overhead cost over total assets had a significant positive effect on earnings. He suggests that the more business activities run by banks, the higher cost was incurred so that the income might exceed the cost.",
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"text": "In a study conducted by Aini (2013), the high ratio of CAR showed large capital of a bank; thus, banks could excessively place funds from capital for a productive assets portfolio and that might impact interest income as well as earnings. This was also in line with the study conducted by Sudiyatno and Suroso (2010) as well as Athanasoglou et al. (2006) in southeast Europe. However, the results of study conducted by Widowati and Suryono (2015) showed the opposite. According to their research, CAR had a significant negative effect on ROA because the huge amount of capital possessed by banks was not managed effectively and was placed on investments that generate profits. Finally, this high CAR was not able to contribute to the level of profitability of banks. The results of the study were in line with the research conducted by Ahmad (2015), Akbas (2012), Alexiou and Vogiazas (2009) and Tan (2016).",
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"text": "According to Hindarto (2011), NPL significantly had a significant negative effect on ROA because with the increase in the amount of loans disbursed, the NPL also increased. As a result, this higher NPL caused ROA to decrease. This research was also supported by Purwoko and Sudiyatno (2013) findings that if a bank has high NPL, it might raise costs, both the cost of reserves for productive",
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"text": "Studi Akuntansi dan Keuangan Indonesia, Vol. 3, No. 1, 2020 |E-ISSN: 2654-6221",
"type": "Page header"
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"text": "assets and other assets. This potentially caused losses to banks and the impact on bank performance would be increasingly decreased. However, according to Suryani et al. (2016), NPL had no effect on profitability. The reason was the low credit risk can be anticipated by banks that have large capital. Research conducted by Aini (2013) also concluded the same results. Other studies conducted in other countries showed the same results, one of which was research in Greece by Alexiou and Vogiazas (2009), which found that high NPL could be caused by less integrated risk management and policies that provided indecisive loans. The results of this study were supported by other studies carried out by Athanasoglou et al. (2006), Görevlisi (2012) and Tan (2016).",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 79,
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"text": "One study conducted by Athanasoglou et al. (2006) in southeast Europe showed that bank size had a significant positive effect on profitability. This was in accordance with the European Commission that concluded when the banking system reached a higher level in terms of technology and productivity, the opportunity to conduct economic activities was greater. This research was supported by Alexiou and Vogiazas (2009) where the logarithm of total assets (bank size) had a strong positive impact on profitability of the banks. On the other hand, research conducted by Tan (2016) in China showed that the logarithm of total assets (bank size) had a negative influence on bank profitability. That was because small banks were easier to regulate and bank managers could focus more on managing business activities, which had an impact on increasing profitability. This research was supported by Akbas (2012).",
"type": "Text"
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"left": 79,
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"height": 136,
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"text": "Based on previous empirical studies, scrutinizing bank-specific factors are important to understand the behavior of individual banks (Rachman, et. al, 2018). Moreover, based on the findings from studies by Wibowo (2013) and Widowati and Suryono (2015), there are five factors that affect bank’s profitability, namely net interest margin (NIM), loan to deposit ratio (LDR), operating expense to operating income ratio (BOPO), capital adequacy ratio (CAR) and non-performing loan (NPL). Based on previous empirical studies in various countries, the hypotheses development is as follow.",
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"text": "Hypotheses Development",
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"text": "The Effect of Net Interest Margin (NIM) on Return on Asset (ROA)",
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"text": "Studi Akuntansi dan Keuangan Indonesia, Vol. 3, No. 1, 2020 |E-ISSN: 2654-6221",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
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"text": "107",
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{
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"text": "When bank deposits increase, banks can channel these funds in the form of credit that can create interest income. With the increase in net interest income, the NIM will also increase as well as profitability. This shows that if the bank is effective in placing its productive assets in the form of credit, thus having an impact on increasing net income (Purwoko and Sudiyatno, 2013). Thus, bank profitability described by ROA will increase.",
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"text": "H 1 a: NIM has a positive effect on the profitability of BUKU 4 Banks.",
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"text": "H 1 b: NIM has a positive effect on the profitability of BUKU 3 Banks.",
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"text": "The Effect of Loan to Deposit Ratio (LDR) on Return on Asset (ROA)",
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{
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"text": "The bank collects third party funds for being distributed in the form of credit. When the amount of credit increases, the LDR ratio will also increase. The more loans are given to the customers, the greater the interest income. This shows that banks are effective in managing third party funds to generate interest income (Marlina, 2016). Thus, net income will increase along with bank profitability.",
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"text": "H 2 a: LDR has a positive effect on the profitability of BUKU 4 Banks.",
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"text": "H 2 b: LDR has a positive effect on the profitability of BUKU 3 Banks.",
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{
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"text": "The Effect of Operating Expense to Operating Income (BOPO) on Return on Asset (ROA)",
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"text": "Banks in BUKU 3 and BUKU 4 categories tend to have large operational costs due to its wide span of business activities. If these large operational costs are not accompanied by an increase in bank operating income, the BOPO ratio will increase. This illustrates that the bank is inefficient in managing its operating expenses thus it has an impact on decreasing net income and decreasing profitability (Aini, 2013; Sudiyatno and Suroso, 2010).",
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"text": "H 3 a: BOPO has a negative effect on the profitability of BUKU 4 Banks.",
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"text": "H 3 b: BOPO has a negative effect on the profitability of BUKU 3 Banks.",
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"text": "The Effect of Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) on Return on Asset (ROA)",
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"text": "Studi Akuntansi dan Keuangan Indonesia, Vol. 3, No. 1, 2020 |E-ISSN: 2654-6221",
"type": "Page header"
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"text": "108",
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{
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"text": "With the large bank capital owned by a bank, it is able to fund risk-weighted assets to prevent a decrease in profitability. In addition, also with large bank capital, banks have the opportunity to expand credit to generate profits by placing these funds in productive asset portfolios. Thus, interest income and net income will increase along with the larger capital, which will also have an impact on increasing bank profitability (Aini, 2013; Athanasoglou et al., 2006; Sudiyatno and Suroso, 2010).",
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"text": "H 4 a: CAR has a positive effect on the profitability of BUKU 4 Banks.",
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"text": "H 4 b: CAR has a positive effect on the profitability of BUKU 3 Banks.",
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"text": "The Effect of Non-Performing Loan (NPL) on Return on Asset (ROA)",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 79,
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"height": 111,
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"text": "When banks use third party funds to be channeled into credit, more customers will borrow money. If lending is not done carefully, there will be a chance for problematic credit, where there is a possibility for customers who are unable to repay the loan principal and interest. The more customers who fail to pay, the higher the NPL ratio. With the increase in NPL ratio, net income will decrease and affect bank profitability (Hindarto, 2011; Purwoko and Sudiyatno, 2013)",
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"text": "H 5 a: NPL has a negative effect on the profitability of BUKU 4 Banks.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "H 5 b: NPL has a negative effect on the profitability of BUKU 3 Banks.",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"text": "The Effect of Buku Categories (Buku) on Return on Asset (ROA)",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 79,
"top": 543,
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"height": 137,
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"text": "If seen from the ROA trend over the past 4 years, there was a positive correlation between the Buku category and profitability generated by banks. The amount of core capital will affect the Buku category. The higher the Buku category, the more permissible business activities, where these activities will affect a bank's income. Thus, if the bank has a lot of business activities that can be done, the profitability shown through ROA will also increase. This hypothesis is built based on the proof that bank size had a significant positive effect on profitability (Athanasoglou et al., 2006).",
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"text": "H 6 : Core capital-based (Buku) category and bank profitability have a positive relationship.",
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"text": "Research Framework",
"type": "Section header"
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"text": "Studi Akuntansi dan Keuangan Indonesia, Vol. 3, No. 1, 2020 |E-ISSN: 2654-6221",
"type": "Page header"
},
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{
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"text": "Base on literature review and hypotheses development above, we construct the research framework below:",
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"text": "Figure 3. Hypothese",
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{
"left": 229,
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"text": "Figure 3. Research Framework",
"type": "Section header"
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{
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"text": "Method",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 79,
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"text": "Population and Sample",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 79,
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"text": "The population in this research is all banks in Indonesia with a total number of 116 banks. The technique in determining the sample was purposive sampling, namely commercial banks categorized as Buku 3 and Buku 4 class according to the 2018 list of banks by core capital or “Buku” category.",
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"text": "There were 24 banks from Buku 3 class and 3 banks from Buku 4 class with a total of 27 banks as the sample. The data was derived from financial statements of banks downloaded from the website of each bank and the Bloomberg terminal over the period of 2009 - 2018 resulting in 270 observations. The type of data used in this study is panel data which is a combination of time series and cross section.",
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"text": "Variables",
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"text": "There was one dependent variable, Return on Assets (ROA), and five independent variables applied in this study. ROA is a financial ratio that can assess a company's ability to create profits at the level of income and assets. Based on Bank Indonesia Circular Letter (SE) No. 3/30 / DPNP dated 14 December 2001, this ratio is calculated as follows:",
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"text": "Net Interest Margin (NIM)",
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"text": "Loan to Deposit Ratio (LDR)",
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"text": "Operating Expense to Operating Income Ratio (BOPO) Return on Asset (ROA) Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR)",
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"text": "Bank category based on Buku",
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"text": "Non-Performing Loan (NPL)",
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"text": "Studi Akuntansi dan Keuangan Indonesia, Vol. 3, No. 1, 2020 |E-ISSN: 2654-6221",
"type": "Page header"
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"text": "Net Interest Margin is the ratio of the interest income produced by the bank and the value of the interest paid to the creditor against the total productive interest on the asset. Based on Bank Indonesia Circular Letter (SE) Number 3/30 / DPNP dated 14 December, 2001, the NIM ratio can be computed as follows.",
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"text": "Loan to Deposit Ratio is a liquidity ratio used to see the effectiveness and efficiency of banks in managing funds to be distributed in the form of credit to produce banks’ profitability. Based on Bank Indonesia Circular Letter (SE) No. 3/30 / DPNP dated 14 December, 2001, LDR can be formulated as follows:",
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"text": "Operational Expenses to Operating Income is a ratio that can assess the level of efficiency of bank management in controlling costs incurred for daily operations with income derived from operations. Based on Bank Indonesia Circular Letter (SE) No. 3/30 / DPNP dated 14 December 2001, BOPO is formulated as follows:",
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"text": "Capital Adequacy Ratio is able to show the ability of banks to supply funds to be allocated to conquer the possibility of loss risk. Based on Bank Indonesia Circular Letter (SE) No. 3/30 / DPNP dated 14 December, 2001, CAR can be formulated as follows:",
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"text": "Studi Akuntansi dan Keuangan Indonesia, Vol. 3, No. 1, 2020 |E-ISSN: 2654-6221",
"type": "Page header"
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"text": "111",
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"height": 61,
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"text": "Non-Performing Loans is a ratio that is able to assess the quality of productive assets. Based on Bank Indonesia Circular Letter (SE) No. 3/30 / DPNP dated 14 December, 2001, NPL is formulated as follows:",
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"text": "The equation model for this study is as follows:",
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"text": "Buku category",
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"text": "In this study, the sample banks are grouped into 2 classes namely Buku 4 and Buku 3 category. Banks that have core capital of more than Rp 30 trillion are classified as the member of Buku 4 category while banks that have core capital of Rp 5-30 trillion are classified as the member of Buku 3 category. To analyze the effect of the group classification on the dependent variable, dummy variables are applied where “1” indicates banks in Buku 4 and “0” indicates banks in Buku 3.",
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"text": "Data Analysis",
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"text": "The method used to analyze the effect of dependent variables to independent variables is fixed effect regression for Buku 4 only as well as Buku 4 and Buku 3, and random effect regression for Buku 3. Regressions were carried out separately three times, namely for the sample of Buku 4 banks only, Buku 3 banks only, and the combination of Buku 4 and Buku 3 banks. However, before regressions were applied, the model was estimated using the Chow test, Hausman test, and Lagrange Multiplier test. Having estimated the model, a classic assumption test was undertaken to make sure that the regressions resulted in the Best Linear Unbiased Estimator (BLUE) (Gujarati, 2012). This study applies a significance level of 5 percent in conducting the t-test and F-test. For heteroskedasticity problems, Wald Test and Robust Test were applied to eliminate heteroscedasticity in all estimation models by increasing the range of the standard error.",
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"text": "Results and Discussion",
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"text": "Descriptive statistics",
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"text": "Studi Akuntansi dan Keuangan Indonesia, Vol. 3, No. 1, 2020 |E-ISSN: 2654-6221",
"type": "Page header"
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"text": "112",
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"text": "Table 3. Descriptive Statistics (in percent)",
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"text": "Overall, there are 4 banks in the Buku 4 class and 23 banks in Buku 3 class over 2009-2018 resulting in 40 observations in the Buku 4 model, 230 observations in the Buku 3 model and 270 observations in the combined model. As can be seen in Table 3, ROA of the sample banks averagely stands at 3.5% for the Buku 4 class, 1.96% for the Buku 3 class, and 2.19% for the combined classes. Moreover, the standard deviation of the ROA in the Buku 4 class is 0,77% while in the Buku 3 and in the combined model the standard deviation is around 1.1%. This shows that the banks in the Buku 4 model are on average more profitable than banks in other categories with relatively less dispersion compared to the other categories.",
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"text": "In terms of NIM, banks in the Buku 4 class have an average NIM of 6.6% while banks in the Buku 3 and the combined classes have lower NIM of 5.5% and 5.67% respectively. In addition, standard deviation of the NIM in the Buku 4 class is 1.36% where in the Buku 3 category and the combination of Buku 4 and Buku 3 category have 2.3% and 2.2% respectively. It means that banks in the Buku 4 class relatively have higher but less dispersed NIM. When we look at the LDR, we can see that banks in the Buku 4 class have a lower LDR of 78.7% than other classes where the LDR is 98.6% in the Buku 3 category and 95.6% in the combination of Buku 4 and Buku 3 category. However, when the standard deviations of the LDR are observed, banks in the Buku 4 have a narrow distribution compared to banks in other categories.",
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"text": "In addition, the average BOPO ratio of banks in the Buku 4, Buku 3 and combination of Buku 4 and Buku 3 is 68.5%, 80.8% and 78.9% respectively while the standard deviation is 5.9%, 12% and 12.1 for the three categories. When CAR is observed, banks in the Buku 4 category have the lowest average value of 17.6% while the banks in the Buku 3 and in the combined category have around",
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"text": "Studi Akuntansi dan Keuangan Indonesia, Vol. 3, No. 1, 2020 |E-ISSN: 2654-6221",
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"text": "18.6%. Similarly, the banks in the Buku 4 category also have the lowest NPL ratio of 2.1% while the banks in the Buku 3 class and in the combined category have NPL ratio of 2.3%. In terms of dispersion of the CAR, banks in the Buku 4 class have the lowest standard deviation of 3.1% compared to 5.4% and 5.1% in the Buku 3 category and in the combined category. Similarly, banks in the Buku 4 class also have the lowest standard deviation of 1% compared to the other category.",
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"text": "Based on the healthiness criteria for bank set forth in Circular Letter of Bank Indonesia No. 6/23/DPNP/2011, it can be summarized that in the category of Buku 4 banks, the ROA, NIM, BOPO and CAR ratios were classified as very good, while the LDR and NPL ratios were classified as good. For Buku 3 banks, it can be concluded that the ROA, NIM, BOPO and CAR ratios were classified as very good, the LDR ratio was classified as acceptable and NPL was classified as good. For the combined category of 4 Buku 4 and 23 Buku 3 banks, it can be concluded that the ROA, NIM, BOPO and CAR ratios were classified as very good, the LDR ratio was classified as acceptable and NPL was classified as good.",
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"text": "Hypotheses Testing",
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"text": "For the Buku 3 category, a random effect panel regression model is applied while for the Buku 4 category as well as the combination of Buku 3 and Buku 4 category, a fixed effect panel regression model is used. The summary of the regression results for the three models is presented in Table 4.",
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"text": "Table 4. Regression Results",
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"text": "Studi Akuntansi dan Keuangan Indonesia, Vol. 3, No. 1, 2020 |E-ISSN: 2654-6221",
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"text": "Notes:* significant at 10 percent confidence level; ** significant at 5 percent confidence level; *** significant at 1 percent confidence level",
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"text": "For the Buku 4 model, NIM, LDR, BOPO, CAR, and NPL are proven to significantly affect ROA. Furthermore, NIM is found to have a negative relationship with ROA while LDR, BOPO, CAR, and NPL have a positive relationship with ROA. Moreover, from the result of the Buku 4 model we can see that the constant value is 9.509, meaning that when all independent variables have the value of 0, the ROA is 9.509. NIM has a coefficient of +0.3271 means that when it increases by one percent, ROA will increase by 0.3271 or 32.71 per cent. The coefficient of the LDR variable of -0.0103 indicates that when LDR increases by one per cent, ROA will decrease by 0.0103 or 1.03 per cent. The coefficient of the BOPO variable of -0.0982 means that when it increases by one per cent, ROA will decrease by 0.0982 or 9.82 per cent. The coefficient of the CAR variable of -0.0237 indicates that when CAR increases by one per cent, the value of profitability (ROA) will decrease by 0.0237 or 2.37 per cent. The coefficient on the NPL variable of -0.0972 indicates that when NPL increases by one per cent, the profitability value (ROA) will decrease by 9.72 per cent. Among other independent variables, BOPO has the highest contribution to ROA.",
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"text": "On the other hand, for the Buku 3 model, only NIM, BOPO, and NPL are significant to affect ROA. Furthermore, similar to the Buku 4 model, NIM is found to have a negative relationship with ROA while BOPO and NPL have a positive relationship with ROA. The constant value is 5,787, meaning that when all independent variables have the value of 0, the ROA value is 5.7868. The coefficient of NIM of +0.1900 indicates that when the NIM increases by one per cent, the profitability value (ROA) will increase by 0.1900 or 19 per cent. The coefficient on the BOPO variable of -0.0601 indicates that when BOPO increases by one per cent, ROA will decrease by 0.0601 or 6.01 per cent. The coefficient of NPL of -0.1742 indicates that when NPL increases by one per cent, the ROA will decrease by 0.1742 or 17.42 percent. Among other independent variables, NIM has the highest contribution to ROA.",
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"text": "Studi Akuntansi dan Keuangan Indonesia, Vol. 3, No. 1, 2020 |E-ISSN: 2654-6221",
"type": "Page header"
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"text": "For the combination of Buku 4 and Buku 3 model, the results show consistency with the Buku 3 model where NIM has a significant positive relationship with ROA but BOPO and NPL have a negative relationship with ROA. Since the sample for Buku 3 is larger than Buku 4, the results of the combined model show consistency with Buku 3 only model. The constant value in the regression is 6.03513, meaning that when all the independent variables have the value of 0, the ROA value is 6.03513. The coefficient of NIM of +0.2043 indicates that when it increases by one percent, ROA will increase by 0.2043 or 20.43 per cent. The coefficient of BOPO of -0.6052 indicates that when it increases by one per cent, ROA will decrease by 0.0605 or 6.05 percent. The coefficient of NPL of - 0.1701 indicates that when it increases by one per cent, ROA will decrease 17.01 per cent. Among all independent variables, BOPO has the highest contribution that affects ROA.",
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"text": "In addition, all the three models are found significant in terms of the F-test indicating that independent variables are able to affect the variance in the ROA. Furthermore, among the three models, Buku 4 model is the best model proven by the highest adj-R 2 of 87.34 per cent where Buku 3 model has adj-R 2 of 72.32 per cent and the combined model has adj-R 2 of 74.81 per cent.",
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"text": "Discussion",
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"text": "The Effect of Net Interest Margin (NIM) on Return on Asset (ROA)",
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"text": "The regression results of the three models show that there is a significant positive relationship between NIM and ROA. The reason is that an increase in the third-party deposits disbursed in the form of loans will generate loan interest income that will increase the value of the NIM, which reflects that the bank is effective in placing its productive assets in the form of credit. This will have an impact on an increasing net income. The results of this study were in line with studies conducted by Purwoko and Sudiyatno (2013), Suryani et al. (2016), Ahmad (2015) and Suryani, et al (2016).",
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"text": "The Effect of Loan to Deposit Ratio (LDR) on Return on Asset (ROA)",
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"text": "LDR and CAR are only found significant in the Buku 4 model. This is because not all third- party deposits of Buku 4 banks were channeled in the form of credit, meaning Buku 4 banks were more selective in providing loans. This had an impact on small non-performing loans; thus, optimal",
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"text": "interest income will increase net income. This was consistent with previous research by Alexiou and Vogiazas (2009), Bordeleau and Graham (2010) and Tan (2016).",
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"text": "The Effect of Operating Expense to Operating Income (BOPO) on Return on Asset (ROA)",
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"text": "It is also found that BOPO has a significant negative effect on profitability (ROA). This result was in accordance with the initial hypotheses. Increased operating expenses that are not followed by an increase in operating income showed that banks were less effective and efficient in managing operational costs to be used as operating income. Thus, the BOPO will increase, meaning net income will decrease followed by a decrease in profitability. The results of this study were also in line with previous studies of Aini (2013), Sudiyatno and Suroso (2010), Suryani et al (2016), Athanasoglou et al. (2006), Görevlisi (2012) and Alexiou and Vogiazas (2009).",
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"text": "The Effect of Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) on Return on Asset (ROA)",
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"text": "The reason why CAR had a significant negative effect on ROA is that banks in Buku 4 category have a large amount of capital which will make more idle cash increase so that there are additional costs in managing the idle cash. These results were consistent with the results of research conducted by Widowati and Suryono (2015). When large amounts of capital that banks were not effectively managed and not allocated to investments that generated profits (for example, development of fee- based income), the contribution to increase profitability was not achieved. The results of this study were supported by the results of other studies conducted by Ahmad (2015), Akbas (2012), Alexiou and Vogiazas (2009) and Tan (2016).",
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"text": "The Effect of Non-Performing Loan (NPL) on Return on Asset (ROA)",
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"text": "The results show that there is a significant negative relationship between NPL and ROA. This indicates that if a bank is not careful in providing credit, it will increase the chance of problematic loans so that resulting in an increase in the NPL. This will have an impact on lowering net income that will ultimately reduce bank profitability. The results of this study were in accordance with previous research Hindarto (2011), Purwoko and Sudiyatno (2013), Alexiou and Vogiazas (2009), Athanasoglou et al. (2006), Akbas (2012), and Tan (2016).",
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"text": "Studi Akuntansi dan Keuangan Indonesia, Vol. 3, No. 1, 2020 |E-ISSN: 2654-6221",
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"text": "The Effect of Buku Categories (Buku) on Return on Asset (ROA)",
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"text": "From the regression results, it is shown that the relationship between buku category and profitability is not significant indicating that the bank classification has no effect on bank profitability. Moreover, it means that banks in the Buku 4 category with larger core capital and more complex business activities are not proven to have different profitability level than those banks in the Buku 3 category with lower core capital size and more limited business activities.",
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"text": "Conclusion, Implication, Limitation and Recommendation",
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"text": "This study aims at scrutinizing bank-specific factors that contribute to the profitability of Indonesian banks having core capital size of above Rp 5 trillion that is classified as banks in Buku 3 category (core capital within Rp 5 – 30 trillion) and Buku 4 category (core capital > Rp 30 trillion). By applying a panel regression model, it is concluded that NIM, BOPO and NPL significantly affect the profitability of Indonesian banks. NIM is found to have a negative effect on profitability while BOPO and NPL affect profitability in a positive way. However, LDR and CAR are only found significant to affect profitability of banks having more than Rp 30 trillion core capital (banks in Buku 4 class). These results demonstrate that profitability of banks that have the highest core capital are affected by more factors than banks with lower core capital meaning that largest banks should pay attention to more factors to oversee its profitability. In addition, core capital categorization is proven to have no effect on bank profitability meaning that banks with larger core capital and more complex business activities are not necessarily more profitable than those banks with lower capital.",
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"text": "By understanding these bank-specific factors that contribute to the variability of bank profitability, management of banks as well as banking sector authority might be able to oversee that particular financial ratios to oversee the bank’s individual profitability. Moreover, management of the largest banks should improve its effectiveness in capital management and allocation of funds invested to generate higher profits. One example is improving fee-based or non-interest income that can be derived from various business activities. The higher core capital should be used with more optimal, effective and efficient operations of the bank itself. Without the effort given by a bank, it will not",
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"text": "Studi Akuntansi dan Keuangan Indonesia, Vol. 3, No. 1, 2020 |E-ISSN: 2654-6221",
"type": "Page header"
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"text": "118",
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"text": "increase bank profitability. The results of this study also support the reasons banks do not always set targets to become a bank in the Buku 4 category.",
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"text": "In terms of limitation, this research applies to a considerably limited number of samples especially on the banks in Buku 4 category. The reason is that in the Indonesian banking sector, there are only a few banks that have a core capital size of more than Rp 30 trillion. Furthermore, bank profitability might be affected by other factors that are not under the banks’ control such as macroeconomic factors. However, these factors are not analyzed in our study.",
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"text": "Considering the limitation of this study, it is suggested that future studies can increase the number of observations and also consider macroeconomic indicators, such as inflation rate, interest rate, gross domestic product, and many others. It would aim to provide a broad picture of the determinants of bank profitability, both microeconomic and macroeconomic variables. In addition, because the Buku 4 bank sample is too small in Indonesia, it was suggested to use a fairly long horizon to obtain accurate results. Moreover, further research can apply the core capital in amount instead of classification to find variability in bank profitability. Lastly, it is also suggested that future study might investigate the source of revenue between non-interest revenue and interest revenue for the banking industry to provide more interesting insight. This research topic can be explored deeper in the next few years, given the banking conditions in Indonesia that are still in a developing state and have the potential to be more advanced going forward.",
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"text": "References",
"type": "Section header"
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"text": "Nicholas Renaldo 1 , Suhardjo 2 , Suyono 3 , Ienne Yoseria Putri 4 , Cindy 5 1,2,3,&4 Institut Bisnis dan Teknologi Pelita Indonesia Email: nicholasrenaldo@gmail.com",
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"text": "Environmental performance is a topic of concern of the increase in carbon emissions due to the greenhouse effect. Generation Z as the nation's successor will face this problem. This study aims to improve environmental performance through a green information system, green purchasing, and green training based on the perspective of generation Z. The sample of this study was 69 students of the Pelita Indonesia Institute of Business and Technology. Data processing using SMART PLS application. The results showed that only the green information system had a positive effect on environmental performance, while the other two variables had no effect. Generation Z's perspective still prioritizes technology and information systems but has not paid much attention to other green accounting concepts. It is hoped that the next research can combine the perspectives of various generations so that the research results will be more diverse. Future research is also expected to be able to use other green accounting variables and develop its dimensions and indicators better.",
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"text": "Kinerja lingkungan merupakan topik yang menjadi perhatian sejak adanya peningkatan emisi karbon karena efek rumah kaca. Generasi Z sebagai penerus bangsa akan menghadapi permasalahan ini. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kinerja lingkungan melalui green information system , green purchasing , dan green training berdasarkan perspektif generasi Z. Sampel penelitian ini sebanyak 69 mahasiswa Institut Bisnis dan Teknologi Pelita Indonesia. Pengolahan data menggunakan aplikasi SMART PLS. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hanya green information system yang berpengaruh positif terhadap kinerja lingkungan, sedangkan kedua variabel lainnya tidak berpengaruh. Perspektif generasi Z masih mengutamakan sistem teknologi dan informasi, tetapi belum terlalu memperhatikan konsep green accounting lainnya. Diharapkan penelitian berikutnya dapat menggabungkan perspektif berbagai generasi sehingga hasil penelitian akan lebih beragam. Penelitian berikutnya juga diharapkan dapat menggunakan variabel green accounting lainnya serta mengembangkan dimensi dan indikatornya dengan lebih baik.",
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"text": "Kata kunci: Kinerja Lingkungan; Green Accounting ; Generasi Z",
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"text": "Bagaimana Cara Meningkatkan Kinerja Lingkungan Menggunakan Green Accounting? Perspektif Generasi Z (Nicholas Renaldo, Suhardjo, Suyono, Ienne Yoseria Putri, dan Cindy)",
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"text": "Kinerja lingkungan merupakan topik yang menjadi perhatian sejak adanya peningkatan emisi karbon karena efek rumah kaca. Penipisan lapisan ozon meningkatkan suhu bumi ditandai dengan pencairan es di kutub bumi. Di satu sisi pertumbuhan populasi manusia yang telah mencapai lebih dari tujuh miiar penduduk, membutuhkan banyak sumber daya, dan beberapa sumber daya tersebut malah menyebabkan masalah pada lingkungan. Konsep green accounting dapat menjadi solusi untuk mengatasi fenomena tersebut. Salah satunya adalah proses pengataran dokumen yang menggunakan transportasi, baik darat, laut, maupun udara.",
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"text": "Kesadaran telah tumbuh mengenai dampak buruk terhadap degradasi lingkungan dari berbagai kegiatan bisnis. Oleh karena itu, semakin banyak upaya telah dicurahkan untuk menemukan praktik-praktik berkelanjutan untuk mengurangi atau bahkan membalikkan degradasi. Generasi Z (Hafni, Renaldo, Chandra, & Thaief, 2020; Nyoto, Renaldo, Karuppannan, Bhuiyan, & Kumarasamy, 2021; Renaldo, Sudarno, & Hutahuruk, 2020) adalah generasi penerus bangsa yang akan menghadapi permasalahan ini. Bermodalkan teknologi canggih di abad ke-21 ini, teknologi informasi memainkan peran penting dalam keseluruhan proses ini. Sistem informasi hijau yang dibangun di atas teknologi informasi telah muncul sebagai alat yang sangat praktis untuk memfasilitasi kegiatan berkelanjutan perusahaan seperti, menciptakan inisiatif hijau, meningkatkan komunikasi unit fungsional yang berbeda, meningkatkan efisiensi produksi dan kemampuan manajemen, dan lain-lain.",
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"text": "Dalam berbagi informasi (Chandra, Renaldo, & Putra, 2018), selama pemanfaatan sistem informasi hijau, bagaimanapun, membutuhkan pengetahuan yang tergabung, keterampilan yang relevan, dan prestasi untuk melatih keterampilan individu, yang telah menjadi salah satu kunci yang memperbolehkan pengurangan emisi karbon dari transportasi data serta dalam ketentuan penambahan dan harmonisasi database . Sistem informasi hijau menawarkan informasi penting untuk membuat hasil tentang desain ramah lingkungan, dalam kondisi objek dan pengeluaran daya, daur ulang, dan kebangkitan peralatan. Namun gambaran berbagi informasi tersebut merupakan hasil kinerja lingkungan yang secara fungsional terurbanisasi dari tingkat untuk berkembang (Ahmed, Khan, Paul, & Kazmi, 2019).",
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"text": "Selain pada dokumen (yang dapat diatasi dengan digitalisasi dan virtualisasi), permasalah karbon juga terjadi karena pembelian suatu barang. Bayangkan membeli sayur dari provinsi yang berbeda atau membeli produk atau part dari supplier di luar negeri (sering terjadi pada indsutri otomotif). Ini juga dapat meningkatkan emisi karbon dari transportasi tersebut. Green purchasing dapat diterapkan dalam hal ini. Fungsi pembelian adalah langkah pertama dalam rantai nilai (Çankaya & Sezen, 2019). Keberhasilannya akan tergantung pada integrasi upaya lingkungan, kegiatan pembelian dan tujuan lingkungan dari perusahaan. Untuk alasan ini, fungsi pembelian hijau juga merupakan komponen penting dari manajemen rantai pasokan.",
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"text": "Atas perhatian pada sistem informasi dan sistem pembelian, kita juga membutuhkan sumber daya manusia yang kompeten. Pelatihan hijau menjadi solusinya. Pelatihan hijau adalah salah satu kegiatan sumber daya manusia hijau terbesar yang signifikan untuk kinerja manajemen hijau dalam bisnis. Pelatihan lingkungan adalah teknik yang efektif untuk pengembangan sumber daya manusia (Ahakwa, Yang, Tackie, & Asamany, 2021).",
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"text": "Penelitian (Arulrajah, Senthilnathan, & Rathnayake, 2020) menunjukkan pengaruh positif green information technology terhadap kinerja lingkungan. Penelitian (Ahmed et al., 2019) juga menunjukkan pengaruh positif green information system terhadap kinerja lingkungan. Akan tetapi penelitian (Gholami, Sulaiman, Ramayah, & Molla, 2013) sangat unik. Green information system dengan pengukuran product stewardship memberikan pengaruh negatif pada kinerja lingkungan, tetapi dengan pengukuran pollution prevention tidak memberikan pengaruh terhadap kinerja lingkungan.",
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"text": "Penelitian mengenai pengaruh green purchasing terhadap kinerja lingkungan, baik oleh (Green, Zelbst, Meacham, & Bhadauria, 2012), (Younis, Sundarakani, & Vel, 2016), dan (Çankaya & Sezen, 2019) menunjukkan pengaruh yang tidak signifikan. Dari referensi yang peneliti temukan, belum didapatkan referensi mengenai pengaruh signifikan green purchasing terhadap kinerja lingkungan. Sedangkan untuk pengaruh green training terhadap kinerja lingkungan, penelitian (Ahakwa et al., 2021) dan (Sakharina et al., 2020) menunjukkan pengaruh positif, tetapi belum ada ditemukannya pengaruh negatif atau pengaruh tidak signifikan.",
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"text": "Atas dasar fenomena dan research gap tersebut, akan menjadi penelitian yang menarik untuk membahas ketiga faktor tersebut yang dapat mempengaruhi kinerja lingkungan. Ketiga faktor ini dapat disebut sebagai Green IPT ( Information system , Purchasing , and Training ), yang dapat mendongkrak kinerja lingkungan karena sampai saat ini masih menarik untuk dibahas. Kebaruan yang diajukan dalam penelitian ini adalah pengukuran variabel yang lebih sederhana dan pengembangan dimensi pembentuk variabel.",
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"text": "TINJAUAN PUSTAKA Stakeholder Theory",
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"text": "Berdasarkan teori stakeholder , manajemen organisasi diharapkan dapat melakukan kegiatan yang dianggap penting oleh pemangku kepentingan dan melaporkan kembali kegiatan tersebut kepada pemangku kepentingan. Teori pemangku kepentingan, menjelaskan bahwa manajemen organisasi diharapkan dapat melakukan kegiatan",
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"text": "Kurs : Jurnal Akuntansi, Kewirausahaan dan Bisnis",
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"text": "Kurs : Jurnal Akuntansi, Kewirausahaan dan Bisnis--- Vol. 7 No. 2, Desember 2022",
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"text": "yang dianggap penting oleh pemangku kepentingan dan melaporkan kembali kegiatan tersebut pada pemangku kepentingan (Hariyati, Nuswantara, & Venusita, 2020). Teori stakeholder mendukung strategi yang diterapkan perusahaan dapat meningkatkan keuntungan bagi pemangku kepentingan perusahaan. Keuntungan disini dapat berupa finansial maupun non-finansial seperti lingkungan.",
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"text": "Dari perspektif informasi, organisasi dipandang sebagai sistem fungsional pemrosesan informasi. Untuk mencapai pemrosesan informasi yang efisien, struktur internal yang tepat diperlukan untuk mengatasi kesesuaian antara kemampuan organisasi dalam menangani informasi dan jumlah informasi yang dibutuhkan. Information Processing Theory (IPT) menyoroti dengan jelas bagaimana desain dan struktur organisasi berubah sesuai dengan kebutuhan untuk memproses sejumlah informasi tertentu selama operasinya. Menerapkan operasi ramah lingkungan tidak hanya berfokus pada pemilihan praktik yang tepat di dalam perusahaan tetapi juga mencakup pemahaman interaksi dengan pemangku kepentingan eksternal yang lebih luas seperti pihak rantai pasokan, lingkungan, masyarakat, pemerintah, dan lain-lain. Oleh karena itu, jumlah informasi yang akan dikeluarkan selama proses ini, informasi bervolume tinggi mungkin menjadi tantangan besar bagi perusahaan dengan kapasitas pemrosesan informasi yang terbatas (Liu, Wang, & Li, 2018).",
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"text": "Green information system yang dirancang dengan baik dapat memecahkan masalah ini dengan memungkinkan komunikasi yang efisien dengan berbagai pemangku kepentingan eksternal, serta kontrol dan manajemen operasi internal yang efektif. Ini juga dapat membantu secara aktif memantau jejak lingkungan operasi dan mengurangi dampak lingkungan yang merugikan secara signifikan. Oleh karena itu, IPT menawarkan wawasan yang signifikan tentang kemampuan pemrosesan informasi di bawah skenario keberlanjutan secara efektif mengelola semua pemangku kepentingan terkait lingkungan dan berbagai operasi hijau.",
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"text": "Social Learning Theory",
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"text": "Teori pembelajaran sosial yang diajukan oleh Albert Bandura mungkin telah menjadi teori pembelajaran yang paling berpengaruh dan telah banyak digunakan untuk menjelaskan berbagai perilaku organisasi. Teori ini berpendapat bahwa orang dapat mempelajari informasi dan perilaku baru dengan mengamati orang lain. Dikenal sebagai pembelajaran observasional (atau pemodelan), jenis pembelajaran ini terdiri dari empat langkah: perhatian, retensi, reproduksi, dan motivasi. Dalam organisasi, pemimpin memiliki status yang lebih tinggi, otoritas formal, dan kontrol sumber daya, dan mereka lebih mungkin menjadi panutan bagi pengikut untuk mengamati dan belajar (Su et al., 2020).",
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"text": "Pemimpin lingkungan akan dengan jelas menjelaskan nilai-nilai lingkungan kepada pengikut dan mengambil tindakan praktis untuk menerapkan konsep perlindungan lingkungan. Perilaku tersebut menunjukkan sinyal penting kepada pengikut, yaitu praktik lingkungan didorong dalam organisasi, yang akan meningkatkan kemauan karyawan untuk berpartisipasi dalam praktik lingkungan. Selain itu, dengan menunjukkan perilaku lingkungan secara langsung, para pemimpin dapat menunjukkan kepada karyawan cara berpartisipasi dalam praktik lingkungan di tempat kerja. Terlebih lagi, pemimpin lingkungan juga akan memberi karyawan kesempatan belajar yang sesuai untuk membantu mereka meningkatkan kemampuan mereka untuk mengatasi masalah lingkungan, sehingga mempromosikan praktik lingkungan organisasi secara keseluruhan, salah satunya adalah green purchasing .",
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"text": "Contingency Theory",
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"text": "Teori Kontingensi adalah tidak adanya konsep atau desain organisasi yang dapat diterapkan secara universal di mana-mana atau dalam setiap kondisi secara efektif. Sebuah desain organisasi hanya sesuai atau cocok untuk konteks atau kondisi tertentu Penggunaan teori kontingensi harus mendukung peneliti untuk mengidentifikasi kondisi yang tepat untuk merancang organisasi tertentu dan mengembangkan teori yang dapat mendukungnya. Teori Kontingensi mengidentifikasi bentuk optimal untuk mengendalikan organisasi di bawah kondisi operasi yang berbeda dan mencoba menjelaskan prosedur operasi pengendalian organisasi (Hariyati et al., 2020). Pelatihan yang akan diterapkan perusahaan yang bergerak di sektor tertentu tidak dapat diterapkan secara umum. Setiap perusahaan memiliki hak untuk melakukan atau tidak melakukan pelatihan yang ada dan rigid secara teori karena perusahaan memiliki kebebasan menentukan pelatihan karyawan yang paling efektif mencapai tujuan perusahaan.",
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"text": "Green Accounting",
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"text": "Green accounting merupakan sarana pelaporan perusahaan yang terkait dengan lingkungan. Tujuannya adalah untuk memberikan informasi tentang kinerja operasional perusahaan berbasis perlindungan lingkungan. Akuntansi konvensional hanya memberikan informasi ekonomi yang bersifat keuangan kepada pemegang saham dan pemegang obligasi untuk pengambilan keputusan. Ukuran kinerja perlu ditingkatkan untuk meningkatkan",
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"text": "Bagaimana Cara Meningkatkan Kinerja Lingkungan Menggunakan Green Accounting? Perspektif Generasi Z (Nicholas Renaldo, Suhardjo, Suyono, Ienne Yoseria Putri, dan Cindy)",
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"text": "ukuran kinerja yang ada. Dampak lingkungan perlu dilaporkan sebagai bentuk tanggung jawab kepada pemangku kepentingan (Ashari & Anggoro, 2021; Sudarno et al., 2022).",
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"text": "Kinerja Lingkungan",
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"text": "Banyak organisasi mencari cara untuk memahami, mendemonstrasikan, dan meningkatkan kinerja lingkungan mereka. Hal ini dapat dicapai dengan mengelola secara efektif elemen-elemen kegiatan, produk, dan layanan mereka yang dapat berdampak signifikan terhadap lingkungan. Kinerja lingkungan didefinisikan sebagai komitmen perusahaan untuk melindungi lingkungan dan untuk menunjukkan parameter operasional terukur yang berada dalam batas yang ditentukan dari perawatan lingkungan. Ukuran kinerja lingkungan yang komprehensif mencakup pengurangan insiden, peningkatan berkelanjutan, kinerja daur ulang, persepsi pemangku kepentingan, audit independen, pengurangan limbah, konsumsi sumber daya, dan penghematan biaya. Manajer memainkan peran penting dalam mencapai tujuan kinerja lingkungan melalui rekrutmen, pelatihan, penilaian, dan insentif untuk tempat kerja yang sadar lingkungan (Olayeni et al., 2021).",
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"text": "Peningkatan kinerja lingkungan bertujuan untuk meningkatkan reputasi perusahaan, yang secara tidak langsung meningkatkan kemampuannya dalam mengelola sumber dayanya. Menggabungkan sumber daya dan kemampuan di semua bagian yang berbeda dari suatu perusahaan akan memberikan nilai tambah. Kinerja lingkungan perusahaan menjadi sangat penting karena kebutuhan untuk menyelaraskan kembali strategi perusahaan untuk mengatasi masalah lingkungan alami seperti perubahan iklim, kelangkaan sumber daya, dan polusi (Fuadah, Kalsum, & Arisman, 2021).",
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"text": "Kinerja lingkungan dapat diukur dengan pengelolaan lingkungan suatu organisasi untuk tidak merusak lingkungan alam. Dalam konteks saat ini, pengelolaan lingkungan yang efektif dapat membawa perusahaan mencapai keunggulan kompetitif. Oleh karena itu, kinerja lingkungan dapat didefinisikan sebagai hasil dari suatu organisasi yang tidak merusak lingkungan alam sebagai hasil dari kegiatan organisasi dalam menggunakan tanah dan sumber daya lainnya dan melepaskan polutan (udara, air, gas, dan lain-lain) ke alam (Arulrajah et al., 2020).",
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"text": "Green Information System",
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"text": "Sistem informasi hijau adalah konsekuen dari keunikan pengaturan tersebut dikembangkan oleh berbagi informasi yang merupakan keterampilan untuk sinkron membagi informasi langsung dengan orang lain. Selanjutnya kemampuan untuk secara eksplisit berbagi informasi dengan individu dengan cara yang tepat. Informasi tersebut dapat diperoleh dengan segera oleh semua rekanan rantai pasokan. Secara umum, diakui bahwa jenis informasi ini sepenuhnya dapat diperoleh selama membangun sistem Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP). Selain itu, sistem informasi hijau digunakan untuk mengamati prosedur untuk menjamin stabilitas lingkungan. Sistem informasi tersebut digunakan untuk mengikuti informasi kinerja lingkungan yang mengurangi konsumsi daya, dan mengamati emisi dan menghancurkan produksi. Tambahan, sistem informasi hijau menawarkan informasi yang mendukung opsi hijau oleh individu untuk meningkatkan pengambilan keputusan oleh manajer terkait dengan masalah keberlanjutan (Ahmed et al., 2019).",
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"text": "Sistem informasi hijau mengacu pada informasi sistem yang menangani masalah lingkungan dan mendukung atau memungkinkan inisiatif berkelanjutan. Sistem informasi hijau dipandang mampu membantu sebagian memecahkan banyak masalah lingkungan. Sistem informasi hijau sangat membantu dalam mencapai simbiosis industri yang merupakan sistem efisien yang menampilkan penggunaan kembali energi dan limbah secara mutualistik di berbagai industri dengan sangat sedikit dampak lingkungan yang merugikan (Liu et al., 2018).",
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"text": "Green Purchasing",
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"text": "Pembelian hijau dapat didefinisikan sebagai mengintegrasikan masalah lingkungan dan perhatian ke dalam proses pengadaan/pembelian barang. Memilih pemasok yang tepat memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan dalam mewujudkan tujuan lingkungan perusahaan. Namun, memilih pemasok yang sesuai tidak cukup dengan sendirinya untuk meningkatkan kinerja lingkungan. Setelah pemasok yang sesuai telah dipilih, proses pasokan harus dikelola dengan mengadopsi pemahaman strategis dan kolaboratif dengan pemasok. Selain pemilihan dan pengelolaan pemasok, penting juga untuk menilai apakah pemasok memenuhi kriteria lingkungan perusahaan (Çankaya & Sezen, 2019).",
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"text": "Pembelian hijau dapat didefinisikan sebagai inisiatif pembelian lingkungan yang bertujuan untuk memastikan bahwa produk dan bahan yang dibeli memenuhi tujuan lingkungan yang ditetapkan oleh perusahaan pembelian seperti mengurangi sumber limbah, mendorong daur ulang, penggunaan kembali, dan penggantian bahan (Younis et al., 2016). Pembelian hijau berfokus pada kerja sama dengan pemasok untuk tujuan mengembangkan produk yang ramah lingkungan (Green et al., 2012).",
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"text": "Green Training",
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"text": "Pelatihan hijau adalah salah satu kegiatan sumber daya manusia hijau terbesar yang signifikan untuk kinerja manajemen hijau dalam bisnis. Pelatihan lingkungan merupakan teknik yang efektif untuk pengembangan sumber",
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"text": "Kurs : Jurnal Akuntansi, Kewirausahaan dan Bisnis",
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{
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"text": "138",
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"text": "e-ISSN 2527-8215",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "Kurs : Jurnal Akuntansi, Kewirausahaan dan Bisnis--- Vol. 7 No. 2, Desember 2022",
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{
"left": 72,
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"width": 454,
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"text": "daya manusia. Tujuannya adalah untuk mempromosikan perhatian publik terhadap isu-isu lingkungan dan kesadaran mereka, membangun sikap aktif terhadap inisiatif penghijauan dan meningkatkan pengurangan limbah dan penghematan energi (Ahakwa et al., 2021).",
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"text": "Pelatihan hijau meningkatkan kemampuan pekerja untuk mengidentifikasi masalah terkait lingkungan, memiliki pengetahuan yang luas mengenai masalah sulit yang dihadapi lingkungan dan pemahaman yang efisien tentang bagaimana lingkungan dipengaruhi melalui praktik kerja mereka. Penghargaan untuk pelatihan hijau karena mendukung keterampilan pekerja untuk mengenali masalah lingkungan, mengambil keputusan yang sesuai, dan bereaksi secara tepat melalui kegiatan mereka untuk peningkatan kinerja lingkungan (Sakharina et al., 2020).",
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"text": "Pengembangan Hipotesis",
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"text": "Sistem informasi hijau dapat digunakan untuk mendaur ulang dan memulihkan fasilitas mengenai investasi berlebih organisasi seperti inventaris, skrap, dan peralatan modal berlebih lainnya. Berdasarkan IPT, kapasitas pemrosesan informasi yang ditingkatkan dapat memungkinkan informasi dikumpulkan, dibagikan, dan disintesis dengan segera ke seluruh organisasi. Hal ini akan dapat meningkatkan kinerja lingkungan suatu organisasi. Berbagai studi empiris juga menemukan bahwa sistem informasi hijau berpengaruh positif terhadap kinerja lingkungan (Ahmed et al., 2019; Arulrajah et al., 2020; Liu et al., 2018). Berdasarkan uraian tersebut, maka dirumuskan hipotesis sebagai berikut:",
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"text": "H 1 : Green information system berpengaruh positif terhadap kinerja lingkungan.",
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"text": "Inisiatif dari supplier yang menerapkan praktik green sangat diperlukan apabila kita ingin menjaga lingkungan alam. Organisasi harus selektif dalam memilih supplier sehingga produk yang ditawarkan organisasi kepada konsumen juga terjaga kualitasnya. Berbagai studi empiris masih belum menemukan pengaruh positif yang signifikan green purchasing terhadap kinerja lingkungan, tetapi penelitian (Younis et al., 2016) menunjukkan pengaruh positif yang tidak signifikan. Berdasarkan uraian tersebut, maka dirumuskan hipotesis sebagai berikut:",
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"text": "H 2 : Green purchasing berpengaruh positif terhadap kinerja lingkungan.",
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"text": "Rencana strategis yang ditetapkan oleh organisasi mempengaruhi bagaimana organisasi melatih karyawannya. Penerapan pelatihan hijau memberikan peluang yang mendorong pengembangan perusahaan dan meminimalkan ancaman lingkungan dalam kegiatan operasional. Berbagai studi empiris juga menemukan bahwa pelatihan hijau berpengaruh positif terhadap kinerja lingkungan (Ahakwa et al., 2021; Sakharina et al., 2020). Berdasarkan uraian tersebut, maka dirumuskan hipotesis sebagai berikut:",
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"text": "H 3 : Green training berpengaruh positif terhadap kinerja lingkungan.",
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"text": "Kerangka Pemikiran",
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"top": 467,
"width": 430,
"height": 9,
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"text": "Berdasarkan pengembangan hipotesis, maka kerangka pemikiran dari penelitian ini adalah sebagai berikut.",
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"text": "Gambar 1. Kerangka Pemikiran Hijau",
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{
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"text": "Sumber: Elaborasi berbagai artikel penelitian, 2022",
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{
"left": 185,
"top": 503,
"width": 233,
"height": 237,
"page_number": 5,
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"text": "Variabel Independen H 1 (+) Variabel Dependen H 2 (+) H 3 (+) Variabel Kontrol Green Training (GT) Green Purchasing (GP) Green Information System (GIS) Environmental Performance (EP) GPA Status (Stat) Semester (Sem)",
"type": "Picture"
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"text": "139",
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"text": "e-ISSN 2527-8215",
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"text": "Bagaimana Cara Meningkatkan Kinerja Lingkungan Menggunakan Green Accounting? Perspektif Generasi Z (Nicholas Renaldo, Suhardjo, Suyono, Ienne Yoseria Putri, dan Cindy)",
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{
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"text": "METODOLOGI PENELITIAN Populasi dan Sampel",
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{
"left": 72,
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"width": 454,
"height": 67,
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"text": "Populasi penelitian ini adalah para mahasiswa yang mengambil kuliah di Institut Bisnis dan Teknologi Pelita Indonesia. Dengan adanya empat buah variabel, maka jumlah sampel minimum menurut (Bujang, Sa’at, & Sidik, 2017) adalah minimal 12 responden. Sedangkan menurut (Hair, Black, Babin, & Anderson, 2019), rule of thumb adalah sepuluh kali jumlah variabel bebas, yakni tiga variabel kali sepuluh, hasilnya minimal 30 responden. Penelitian ini menggunakan 69 repsonden sebagai sampel penelitian sehingga sudah memenuhi ketentuan minimum sampel pengamatan.",
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"text": "Defenisi Operasional Variabel",
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"text": "Penelitian ini menggunakan pertanyaan sederhana berupa “Penerapan green information system penting dalam organisasi”, “Penerapan green purchasing penting dalam organisasi”, “Penerapan green training penting dalam organisasi”, dan “Kinerja lingkungan penting dalam organisasi” dengan enam tingkat skala pengukuran mulai dari 1 (sangat tidak setuju) sampai dengan 6 (sangat setuju). Penelitian ini juga akan mengembangkan dimensi dan indikator masing-masing variabel.",
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"text": "Teknik Analisis Data",
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"text": "Penelitian ini menggunakan analisis statistik deskriptif untuk menggambarkan karakteristik responden. Kemudian dilanjutkan dengan uji asumsi klasik seperti uji linieritas (uji F yang signifikan (Sureiman & Mangera, 2020)), uji normalitas (uji Kolmogorov-Smirnov dengan ketentuan tidak signifikan (Razali & Wah, 2011)), uji multikolinieritas (nilai VIF dibawah 10 (Raheem, Udoh, & Gbolahan, 2019)), dan uji heteroskedastisitas (uji glejser yang tidak signifikan (Machado & Silva, 2000)). Uji autokolerasi tidak diperlukan karena ini adalah data cross-section . Apabila menggunakan statistik paramterik dan data tidak berdistribusi normal, maka akan menggunakan statistik non-parametrik dengan bantuan aplikasi SMART PLS.",
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"text": "Kemudian dilanjutkan dengan analisis regresi linier berganda. Persamaan pertama yang dibentuk adalah sebagai berikut.",
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"text": "EP = a 1 + b 1 GIS + b 2 GP + b 3 GT + e 1",
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"text": "Sedangkan persamaan kedua diuji dengan menambahkan karakteristik responden sebagai variabel kontrol. Tujuannya adalah untuk mengetahui model manakah yang paling tepat untuk mengukur kinerja lingkungan berdasarkan prespektif generasi Z. Adapun persamaan kedua yang dibentuk adalah sebagai berikut.",
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"text": "EP = a 2 + b 4 GIS + b 5 GP + b 6 GT + b 7 GPA + b 8 Stat + b 9 Sem + e 2",
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"text": "Keterangan:",
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"text": "EP",
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"text": ": Environmental Performance / Kinerja Lingkungan GIS : Green Information System / Sistem Informasi Hijau GP : Green Purchasing / Pembelian Hijau GS : Green Training / Pelatihan Hijau GPA : Indeks Prestasi Kumulatif Stat : Status Pekerjaan Sem : Tingkatan Semester a 1 & a 2 : Konstanta regresi b 1 …b 9 : Koefisien regresi e 1 & e 2 : Error",
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"text": "Koefisien Determinasi",
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"text": "Koefisien determinasi menunjukkan proporsi varians dan variabel dependen yang dijelaskan oleh variabel independen secara bersama-sama. Semakin tinggi nilai R 2 (mendekati 1) maka agregasi persamaan regresi semakin baik, karena tingkat ketepatan variabel bebas dalam mempengaruhi variabel terikat semakin tinggi (Yusrizal, Renaldo, & Hasri, 2021).",
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"text": "Uji Hipotesis",
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"text": "Pengujian hipotesis digunakan untuk menjelaskan pengaruh variabel independen terhadap dependen (Suyono et al., 2021). Hipotesis akan diterima ketika nilai signifikansi lebih kecil daripada nilai alfa yang ditetapkan (Hafni, et al., 2020). Nilai alfa yang ditetapkan adalah 0,05.",
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"text": "HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN Statistik Deskriptif",
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{
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"text": "Statisitk deskriptif diperlukan untuk mengetahui karakteristik responden sehingga Peneliti dapat menafsirkan hasil penelitian dengan lebih baik. Analisa statistik deskriptif dapat dilihat pada tabel 1.",
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"text": "Kurs : Jurnal Akuntansi, Kewirausahaan dan Bisnis",
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{
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"top": 38,
"width": 19,
"height": 11,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "140",
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"text": "e-ISSN 2527-8215",
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"text": "Kurs : Jurnal Akuntansi, Kewirausahaan dan Bisnis--- Vol. 7 No. 2, Desember 2022",
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{
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"text": "Tabel 1. Statistik Deskriptif Karakteristik Responden Karakteristik Responden Jumlah Karakteristik Responden Jumlah Usia Status dibawah 20 tahun 35 50,7% Belum bekerja 14 20,3% 21-23 30 43,5% Sudah bekerja 54 78,3% diatas 24 tahun 4 5,8% Wirausaha 1 1,4% GPA Semester Dibawah 2,0 3 4,3% Semester 1 0 0,0% 2,1 sampai dengan 2,5 3 4,3% Semester 3 35 50,7% 2,6 sampai dengan 3,0 0 0,0% Semester 5 1 1,4% 3,1 sampai dengan 3,5 14 20,3% Semester 7 33 47,8% 3,6 sampai dengan 4,0 49 71,0%",
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Sumber: Hasil olahan data, 2022",
"type": "Section header"
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"width": 454,
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"text": "Berdasarkan tabel 1, terlihat para generasi Z di lingkungan kampus Institut Bisnis dan Teknologi Pelita Indonesia didominasi usia dibawah 20 tahun. Generasi Z di lingkungan kampus memiliki indeks prestasi kumulatif yang cukup tinggi, dimana 71 persen berada pada interval 3,6 sampai dengan 4,0. Generasi Z pada lingkungan kampus didominasi oleh mahasiswa yang kuliah sambil bekerja. Kebanyakan mahasiswa yang menjadi responden berasal dari tingkatan semester tiga. Dari data karakteristik tersebut, dapat dilihat bahwa mereka sudah memumpuni untuk menjadi responden karena berdasarkan usia, indeks prestasi, pengalaman kerja, dan tingkatan semester, mereka setidaknya telah menguasai sistem informasi pada komputer, mempelajari manajemen pemasaran dan sumber daya manusia, serta dasar akuntansi.",
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"text": "Analisis Regresi Linier Berganda",
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"text": "Berdasarkan hasil uji menggunakan statistik parametrik, diketahui data tidak berdistribusi normal. Oleh karena itu, digunakan statistik non-parametrik untuk mengatasi hal ini. Hasil analisis terlihat pada tabel 2.",
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"text": "Tabel 2. Hasil Analisis Regresi Linier Berganda Model 1",
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"text": "Hipotesis Model Original Sample T Statistics P Values VIF Adjusted R Square 1 GIS > EP 0,514 2,936 0,003 2,342 0,417 2 GP > EP 0,226 1,191 0,234 1,685 3 GT > EP -0,020 0,091 0,928 1,973 Sumber: Hasil olahan data, 2022",
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"text": "Berdasarkan tabel 2, dapat dibentuk persamaan model 1 sebagai berikut. EP = 0,514GIS + 0,226 GP – 0,020GT Ketika Green Information System ditingkatkan satu satuan, maka kinerja lingkungan akan meningkat 0,514 satuan. Ketika Green Purchasing ditingkatkan satu satuan, maka kinerja lingkungan akan meningkat 0,226 satuan. Ketika Green Training ditingkatkan satu satuan, maka kinerja lingkungan akan turun 0,020 satuan.",
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"text": "Tabel 3. Hasil Analisis Regresi Linier Berganda Model 2",
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{
"left": 78,
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"width": 439,
"height": 81,
"page_number": 7,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Hipotesis Model Original Sample T Statistics P Values VIF Adjusted R Square 1 GIS > EP 0,483 2,736 0,006 2,559 0,411 2 GP > EP 0,246 1,127 0,260 1,800 3 GT > EP 0,018 0,071 0,944 2,112 GPA > EP 0,021 0,183 0,855 1,080 Status > EP -0,146 1,458 0,145 1,074 Semester > EP -0,016 0,178 0,859 1,056",
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Sumber: Hasil olahan data, 2022",
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"text": "Berdasarkan tabel 3, untuk tiga variabel utama, hanya green training yang mengalami perubahan arah dari negatif menjadi positif. Asumsi klasik yang digunakan ketika mengolah data menggunakan SMART PLS adalah multikolinieritas dengan syarat nilai VIF dibawah 10. Karena kedua model sudah memenuhi asumsi ini, maka dapat dilanjutkan ke tahap berikutnya.",
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"text": "Koefisien Determinasi",
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"text": "Nilai adjusted R square pada model 1 sebesar 0,417. Ini berarti pengaruh green information system , green purchasing , dan green training terhadap kinerja lingkungan sebesar 41,7 persen, sedangkan sisanya dipengaruhi faktor lain di luar model penelitian. Sedangkan pada model 2 nilainya adalah 0,411. Meskipun model 2 memiliki 6 variabel prediktor, akan tetapi model 1 tetap lebih baik dalam menjelaskan perubahan pada kinerja lingkungan.",
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"text": "Bagaimana Cara Meningkatkan Kinerja Lingkungan Menggunakan Green Accounting? Perspektif Generasi Z (Nicholas Renaldo, Suhardjo, Suyono, Ienne Yoseria Putri, dan Cindy)",
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"text": "Uji Hipotesis",
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"text": "Berdsarkan tabel 2, nilai P Values variabel GIS lebih rendah dari 0,05 sehingga hipotesis pertama diterima. Variabel GP memiliki P Values lebih besar dari 0,05 sehingga hipotesis kedua gagal diterima. Variabel GT memiliki P Values lebih besar dari 0,05 sehingga hipotesis ketiga gagal diterima. Hasil ini konsisten untuk model 1 dan model 2. Sedangkan untuk variabel control, meskipun GPA, Status, dan Semester tidak dihipotesiskan, ketiga variabel ini masing-masing tidak memberikan pengaruh terhadap kinerja lingkungan.",
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"text": "Green information system memberikan pengaruh positif terhadap kinerja lingkungan. Hal ini sejalan dengan penelitian (Ahmed et al., 2019), (Liu et al., 2018), dan (Arulrajah et al., 2020) tetapi tidak sejalan dengan penelitian (Gholami et al., 2013). Dengan adanya suatu sistem yang mendukung kinerja lingkungan, tentu ini akan menjadi roda penggerak bagi perusahaan untuk mengembangkan sistem tersebut. Semakin cepat sistem ini diterapkan, semakin cepat juga peningkatan kinerja lingkungan. Pengaruh green information system terhadap kinerja lingkungan sejalan dengan stakeholder theory dan information processing theory . Dengan sistem yang berjalan, informasi dapat diproses lebih cepat dan akan diterima oleh pemangku kepentingan lebih cepat juga sehingga dapat mengambil kebijakan yang tepat untuk mencapai keunggulan kompetitif perusahaan. Informasi adalah senjata yang sangatlah kuat untuk menghadapi persaingan pasar. Perspektif generasi Z ini mengandalkan teknologi yang memumpuni untuk mencapai keunggulan pasar.",
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"text": "Green purchasing tidak memberikan pengaruh terhadap kinerja lingkungan. Hal ini sejalan dengan penelitian (Green et al., 2012), (Younis et al., 2016), dan (Çankaya & Sezen, 2019). Berdasarkan penelitian terdahulu yang ditemukan ditambah dengan hasil penelitian, salah satu indikator green supply chain management ini masih konsisten tidak memberikan pengaruh terhadap kinerja lingkungan. Hal ini dapat disebabkan karena green purchasing ini memiliki banyak kegiatan yang dapat dikatakan menjadi beban perusahaan sehingga terkesan membuang waktu perusahaan. Padahal jika dapat diterapkan, keunggulan kompetitif perusahaan dapat meningkat melalui kinerja lingkungan. Pengaruh green purchasing terhadap kinerja lingkungan sejalan dengan stakeholder theory dan social learning theory . Manajemen cenderung meniru apa yang dilakukan oleh perusahaan sekitarnya sehingga apa yang sering dilakukan pihak lain (meskipun tidak diketahui benar atau salah), akan tetap ditiru, termasuk oleh para pemangku kepentingan. Perspektif generasi Z masih belum memikirkan pentingnya tindakan green purchasing dalam transaksi pembelian barang karena mereka sangat memanfaat sistem informasi untuk membeli barang yang dibutuhkan secara online dan masih belum memikirkan bahwa jarak pengantaran produk dengan alat transportasi (emisi karbon yang meningkat seiring bertambahnya jarak apabila menggunakna kendaraan dengan bahan bakar minyak) dapat merusak lingkungan.",
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"text": "Green training tidak memberikan pengaruh terhadap kinerja lingkungan. Hal ini tidak sejalan dengan penelitian (Ghouri, Mani, Khan, Khan, & Srivastava, 2020), (Sakharina et al., 2020), dan (Ahakwa et al., 2021). Menurut para generasi Z, pelatihan tenaga kerja memang diperlukan, tetapi masih belum memikirkan dari aspek green . Ini perlu untuk ditegaskan bahwa green training dan training adalah hal yang berbeda. Green training fokus pada aspek lingkungan sehingga karyawan yang dilatih akan lebih peduli terhadap lingkungan dan juga akan terbiasa untuk lebih hemat energi. Pengaruh green training terhadap kinerja lingkungan sejalan dengan stakeholder theory dan contingency theory . Para pemangku kepentingan akan menerapkan sistem yang mereka anggap baik untuk perusahaan mereka. Ketika mereka beranggapan bahwa konsep green kurang diperlukan, maka akan menjadi ciri khas perusahaan dan akan berbeda untuk setiap orang.",
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"text": "Meskipun GPA, Status, dan Semester dari generasi Z tidak dihipotesiskan, Peneliti mencoba untuk membahas makna dari perspektif mereka. Peningkatan GPA akan meningkatkan pemahaman akan kinerja lingkungan. Ini berarti ilmu yang mereka pelajari di era virtualisasi ini dapat mendongkrak pemahanan yang lebih ramah lingkungan. Sedangkan status pekerjaan dan tingkat semester, dimana semakin tinggi akan semakin kurang dalam pemahaman konsep lingkungan. Ini berarti seiring bertambahnya tingkatan semester dan ketika sudah membuka usaha sendiri, sudah tidak terlalu mementingkan lingkungan lagi. Hal ini dapat disebabkan karena mereka fokus pada kinerja keuangan saja karena sadar keuangan lebih penting daripada lingkungan. Dari hasil penelitian, dapat dilihat bahwa generasi Z ini memang mendukung adanya pemanfaatan green information system untuk peningkatan kinerja lingkungan, tetapi belum mendukung sepenuhnya pada green purchasing dan green training . Setiap aspek green accounting ini sangatlah diperlukan untuk mencapai kinerja lingkungan yang keberlanjutan, baik generasi Z, Y (milenial), X, baby boomers , dan generasi lainnya yang akan muncul di masa depan. Pada dasarnya generasi Z sudah memahami pentingnya lingkungan (terutama dalam penerapan sistem teknologi informasi) tetapi masih belum paham dalam metode aplikasi manajemen, salah satunya green purchasing dan green training .",
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"text": "Pengembangan dimensi dan indikator diperlukan sebagai acuan untuk penelitian berikutnya. Tabel 4 menyajikan dimensi, indikator, dan sumber yang dapat digunakan sebagai referensi penelitian berikutnya.",
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"text": "Tabel 4. Pengembangan Dimensi dan Indikator Variabel Atribut Dimensi Indikator Sumber",
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"text": "Green Information System",
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"text": "GIS1 Teknologi Informasi*",
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"text": "Perusahaan menerapkan sistem tanpa kertas dan mengurangi pekerjaan di kertas",
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"text": "(Arulrajah et al., 2020) GIS2 Perusahaan tertarik untuk membeli komputer, printer, dan peralatan lainnya yang hemat energi GIS3 Berlatih cloud computing seperti sistem online, seluler, mudah, aplikasi mandiri, otomatisasi, dan lain-lain GIS4 Perusahaan mengadopsi pusat data hijau/manajemen data hemat energi GIS5 Perusahaan meningkatkan efisiensi dan efektivitas melalui virtualisasi dan digitalisasi GIS6 Jaringan hemat energi dan ada efisiensi tinggi dalam pemanfaatan energi perusahaan GIS7 Perusahaan mengurangi jumlah server/komputer yang diperlukan dan mengadopsi penggunaan sumber daya komputasi yang efisien seperti teknologi konsolidasi server GIS8 Perusahaan mengadopsi sistem inti untuk sebagian besar database GIS9 Perusahaan mendaur ulang limbah elektronik secara efektif GIS10 Perusahaan menggunakan sistem dan pemrosesan real-time GIS11 Sistem Informasi* Perusahaan memiliki sistem formal mengenai perbaikan lingkungan dalam operasi (Liu et al., 2018; Sudarno et al., 2022) GIS12 Perusahaan memiliki departemen formal yang bertanggung jawab untuk urusan lingkungan GIS13 Praktik dan langkah-langkah dalam sistem mengenai praktik hijau tersedia secara luas GIS14 Perusahaan secara resmi melacak dan melaporkan kinerja lingkungan GIS15 Perusahaan secara teratur melacak, memantau, dan berbagi informasi lingkungan di dalam perusahaan GIS16 Perusahaan memiliki database yang dikembangkan dengan baik untuk melacak dan memantau masalah lingkungan Green Purchasing GP1 Aspek Sosial* Perusahaan memberikan spesifikasi desain kepada pemasok yang mencakup persyaratan lingkungan untuk barang yang dibeli (Çankaya & Sezen, 2019; Sudarno et al., 2022) GP2 Perusahaan melakukan kerjasama dengan pemasok untuk tujuan lingkungan GP3 Perusahaan memilih pemasok berdasarkan kriteria lingkungan GP4 Evaluasi* Perusahaan memastikan sertifikasi ISO14000 pemasok GP5 Perusahaan melakukan audit lingkungan untuk manajemen internal pemasok GP6 Perusahaan melakukan evaluasi praktik ramah lingkungan pemasok lapis kedua (Younis et al., 2016) Green Training GT1 Sadar dan Butuh* Perusahaan memberikan pelatihan lingkungan kepada anggota organisasi untuk meningkatkan kesadaran lingkungan (Ghouri et al., 2020) GT2 Perusahaan mempertimbangkan kebutuhan masalah lingkungan saat kebutuhan pelatihan dianalisis GT3 Program* Perusahaan mengikuti program Induksi yang menekankan pada masalah lingkungan GT4 Semua materi pelatihan tersedia online bagi karyawan untuk mengurangi biaya kertas GT5 Pelatihan lingkungan adalah prioritas jika dibandingkan dengan jenis pelatihan perusahaan lainnya GT6 Perusahaan mengembangkan program pelatihan dalam manajemen lingkungan untuk meningkatkan kompetensi karyawan (Islam, Jantan, Yusoff, Chong, & Hossain, 2020)",
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"text": "Bagaimana Cara Meningkatkan Kinerja Lingkungan Menggunakan Green Accounting? Perspektif Generasi Z (Nicholas Renaldo, Suhardjo, Suyono, Ienne Yoseria Putri, dan Cindy)",
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"text": "Atribut Dimensi Indikator Sumber Environmental Performance EP1 Internal* Kami selalu mematuhi peraturan lingkungan (Olayeni et al., 2021) EP2 Kami membantu organisasi dalam mengurangi krisis lingkungan EP3 Kami selalu berusaha untuk membatasi dampak lingkungan di luar kepatuhan terhadap peraturan EP4 Karyawan dan masyarakat selalu teredukasi dan tercerahkan tentang lingkungan hijau EP5 Eksternal* Perusahaan melakukan lebih baik daripada perusahaan saingan (Petera, Wagner, & Pakšiová, 2021) EP6 Produk/layanan perusahaan lebih ramah lingkungan dibandingkan produk sejenis dari perusahaan pesaing",
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"text": "*) Kebaruan dengan membentuk dimensi variabel",
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"text": "Sumber: Elaborasi Artikel dan Peneliti, 2022",
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"text": "Seluruh indikator yang Peneliti temukan sudah sangat baik, akan tetapi belum memiliki dimensi yang memadai. Peneliti menambahkan dimensi-dimensi sesuai dengan sifat dari indikatornya. Dari hal ini akan menjadi peluang untuk pengembangan dimensi baru atau penambahan indikator baru per dimensinya.",
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"text": "Berdasarkan hasil analisis, maka kesimpulan dari artikel ini adalah green information system berpengaruh postiif terhadap kinerja lingkungan, sedangkan green purchasing dan green training masing-masing tidak memberikan pengaruh terhadap kinerja lingkungan. Variabel green information system memberikan pengaruh terbesar terhadap kinerja lingkungan. Ini berarti semakin cepat dalam pemanfaatan sistem informasi, sistem yang baik dibutuhkan untuk mencapai kinerja lingkungan yang optimal. Perspektif generasi Z masih mengutamakan sistem teknologi dan informasi, tetapi belum terlalu memperhatikan konsep green accounting lainnya.",
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"text": "Keterbatasan penelitian ini adalah hasil yang masih belum sesuai dengan ekspektasi Peneliti, dimana masih ada dua variabel utama yang tidak berpengaruh signifikan. Diharapkan penelitian berikutnya dapat menggabungkan perspektif berbagai generasi sehingga hasil penelitian akan lebih beragam. Penelitian berikutnya juga diharapkan dapat menggunakan variabel green accounting lainnya serta mengembangkan dimensi dan indikatornya dengan lebih baik.",
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"text": "DOI: https://doi.org/10.38035/jihhp.v1i2 Received: 1 Mei 2021 , Revised: 15 Juli 2021, Publish: 8 September 2021",
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"text": "DETERMINASI KEPUASAN KERJA DAN KINERJA PEGAWAI: KOMPENSASI DAN LINGKUNGAN KERJA (SUATU KAJIAN STUDI LITERATUR MANAJEMEN SUMBERDAYA MANUSIA)",
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"text": "1) Mahasiswa Program Magister Manajemen, Universitas Terbuka, sri.nurwati800@gmail.com",
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"text": "Abstract : Riset terdahulu atau riset yang relevan sangat penting dalam suatu riset atau artikel ilmiah. Riset terdahulu atau riset yang relevan berfungsi untuk memperkuat teori dan Fenomena hubungan atau pengaruh antar variable. Artikel ini mereview Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi Kepuasan Kerja Pegawai dan Kinerja Pegawai, yaitu: Kompensasi dan Lingkungan Kerja, Suatu Studi Literatur Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia. Hasil dari library research ini adalah bahwa: 1) Kompensasi berpengaruh terhadap Kepuasan Kerja Pegawai; 2) Lingkungan Kerja berpengaruh terhadap Kepuasan Kerja Pegawai; 3) Kompensasi berpengaruh terhadap Kinerja Pegawai; 4) Lingkungan Kerja berpengaruh terhadap Kinerja Pegawai; 5) Kepuasan Kerja Pegawai berpengaruh terhadap Kinerja Pegawai.",
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"text": "Keyword: Kinerja Pegawai, Kepuasan Kerja Pegawai, Kompensasi dan Lingkungan Kerja",
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"text": "Sumber daya manusia (SDM) adalah salah satu faktor yang sangat penting bahkan tidak dapat dilepaskan dari sebuah organisasi. Manusia di dalam sebuah organisasi berperan sebagai penggerak, pemikir dan perencana untuk mencapai tujuan organisasi. Pengelolaan sumber daya manusia menjadi sangat penting karena setiap organisasi pasti menginginkan sumber daya manusia yang mereka miliki dapat memberikan kinerja yang maksimal untuk kesuksesan suatu organisasi. Pentingnya mengelola sumber daya manusia menunjukkan pula bahwa sukses atau tidaknya sebuah organisasi sangat tergantung pada tenaga kerja yang dimiliki oleh organisasi tersebut. Seperti yang diungkapkan oleh Moekijat (1999), manusia merupakan sumber daya organisasi yang paling berharga untuk mencapai sasaran organisasi. Posisi sumber daya manusia yang sangat penting dalam organisasi dijelaskan juga oleh Rivai (2012), bahwa sumber daya manusia merupakan satu-satunya sumber daya yang memiliki akal perasaan, keinginan, keterampilan, pengetahuan, dorongan, daya, dan karya. Semua potensi SDM tersebut berpengaruh terhadap upaya organisasi dalam mencapai tujuan. Untuk dapat memperoleh kinerja organisasi yang maksimal, maka SDM yang ada harus dikelola dengan baik. Menurut Sedarmayanti, penulis buku Sumber Daya Manusia Dan Produktivitas Kerja (2009), salah satu Tujuan Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia adalah tujuan fungsional atau functional objective. Yakni untuk mempertahankan konstribusi dari sumber daya manusia",
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"text": "ditiap departemen perusahaan yang dibutuhkan. Sumber daya tersebut dipelihara agar memberikan konstribusi yang optimal. Dengan demikian tujuan personal atau individual setiap anggota organisasi harus diarahkan pula untuk tercapainya tujuan organisasi. Tujuan individu digunakan sebagai motivasi para karyawan untuk lebih berkontribusi dalam melaksanakan tugasnya di dalam organisasi.",
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"text": "Untuk dapat mengelola SDM dengan baik, tentunya diperlukan pengetahuan mengenai faktor-faktor apa saja yang dapat mempengaruhi kinerja pegawai sehingga bisa dilakukan langkah-langkah dalam rangka pencapaian kinerja pegawai yang maksimal yang akhirnya bermuara pada kinerja organisasi keseluruhan. Menurut Wirawan (2009) faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kinerja sumber daya manusia meliputi:",
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"text": "1) Faktor internal pegawai, yaitu faktor-faktor dari dalam diri pegawai yang merupakan faktor bawaan dari lahir dan faktor yang diperoleh ketika ia berkembang. Faktor-faktor bawaan, misalnya bakat, sifat pribadi, serta keadaan fisik dan kejiwaan. Sementara itu, faktor yang diperoleh, misalnya seperti pengetahuan, ketrampilan, etos kerja, pengalaman kerja, dan motivasi kerja.",
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"text": "2) Faktor lingkungan internal organisasi. Dalam melaksanakan tugasnya, pegawai memerlukan dukungan organisasi tempat ia bekerja. Dukungan tersebut sangat mempengaruhi tinggi rendahkan kinerja pegawai. Faktor internal organisasi antara lain teknologi robot, sistem kompensasi, iklim kerja, strategi organisasi, dukungan sumber daya yang diperlukan untuk melaksanakan pekerjaan, serta sistem manajemen",
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"text": "3) Faktor lingkungan eksternal organisasi. Faktor-faktor lingkungan eksternal organisasi adalah keadaan, kejadian, atau situasi yang terjadi di lingkungan eksternal organisasi, misalnya krisis ekonomi.",
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"text": "Simamora (1995:19) mengatakan bahwa di dalam konsep sumber daya manusia terdapat juga filosofi yaitu: 1. Pegawai atau karyawan dipandang sebagai investasi, jika dikelola dengan perencanaan yang baik akan memberikan imbalan bagi organisasi dalam bentuk produktivitas yang lebih besar 2. Manajer membuat berbagai kebijakan, program dan praktek yang memuaskan baik bagi kebutuhan ekonomi maupun kepuasan karyawan 3. Manajer menciptakan lingkungan kerja yang di dalamnya para pegawai di dorong untuk menggunakan keahlian serta kemampuan semaksimal mungkin 4. Program dan praktek personalia diciptakan dengan tujuan agar terdapat keseimbangan antara kebutuhan karyawan dan kebutuhan organisasi.",
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"text": "Berdasarkan konsep di atas jelas bahwa di dalam pengelolaan SDM terdapat filosofi Manajer membuat berbagai kebijakan, program dan praktek yang memuaskan baik bagi kebutuhan ekonomi maupun kepuasan karyawan dan juga menciptakan lingkungan kerja yang di dalamnya para pegawai di dorong untuk menggunakan keahlian serta kemampuan semaksimal mungkin. Namun dalam kenyataannya manajemen sering luput memperhatikan hal-hal tersebut. Manajemen beranggapan bahwa kinerja pegawai yang optimal adalah suatu keharusan atau kewajiban setiap pegawai untuk mewujudkannya karena telah ada kontrak sebelumnya tanpa dibarengi upaya-upaya untuk meningkatkan kenyamanan dan kepuasan pegawai dalam bekerja yang bermuara pada peningkatan kinerja pegawai.",
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"text": "Berangkat dari hal tersebut artikel ini khusus membahas Kompensasi (X 1 ) dan Lingkungan Kerja (X 2 ), yang mempengaruhi Kepuasan Kerja Pegawai (Y 1 ) dan Kinerja Pegawai (Y 2 ), (Suatu Studi Literatur Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia). Tentu tidak semua faktor yang mempengaruhi Kepuasan Kerja Pegawai dan Kinerja Pegawai akan dikaji dan direview pada artikel ini, hanya sebagian kecil saja yang akan dikaji dan direview.",
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"text": "Berdasarkan latar belakang akan di rumuskan masalah yang akan di bahas pada artikel literature review agar lebih focus pada kajian pustaka dan hasil serta pembahasan nanti, yaitu: 1) Apakah Kompensasi memiliki hubungan dan berpengaruh terhadap Kepuasan Kerja Pegawai.",
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"text": "Colquitt et al, (2011) menyatakan bahwa kinerja adalah nilai serangkaian perilaku pekerja yang memberikan kontribusi, baik secara positif maupun negatif, ada penyelesaian tujuan organisasi. Pendapat lain menyatakan bahwa kinerja adalah hasil dari pekerjaan yang berkaitan dengan tujuan organisasi seperti kualitas, efisiensi dan kinerja lain dari efektivitas (Gibson, et al, 2012). Rogelberg (2007), telah menetapkan kinerja kegiatan yang biasanya merupakan bagian dari pekerjaan dan aktivitas individu dan harus melakukannya.",
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"text": "Menurut Sinambela (2016) kinerja pegawai adalah kemampuan pegawai dalam melakukan sesuatu keahlian tertentu. Kinerja pegawai sangatlah perlu, sebab dengan kinerja ini akan diketahui seberapa jauh kemampuan mereka dalam melaksanakan tugas yang dibebankan kepadanya. Mangkunegara (2011) kinerja merupakan hasil kerja secara kualitas dan kuantitas yang dicapai oleh seorang karyawan dalam melaksanakan tugasnya sesuai dengan tanggung jawab yang diberikan kepadanya. Wibowo (2016) kinerja adalah tentang melakukan pekerjaan dan hasil yang dicapai dari pekerjaan tersebut. Kinerja adalah tentang apa yang dikerjakan dan bagaimana cara mengerjakannya.",
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"text": "Berdasarkan uraian di atas dapat disintesiskan bahwa kinerja karyawan adalah adalah keseluruhan hasil kerja yang dilakukannya dan taraf kesuksesan yang dicapai oleh pegawai dalam bidang pekerjaannya yang secara langsung dapat tercermin dari output yang dihasilkan.",
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"text": "Faktor-faktor yang Mempengaruhi Kinerja",
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"text": "Secara teori banyak faktor yang dapat mempengaruhi kinerja, menurut Mangkunegara (2011) menyatakan bahwa faktor-faktor yang dapat mempengaruhi kinerja adalah:",
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"height": 10,
"page_number": 4,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "Volume 1, Issue 2, 2021, E-ISSN: 2747-1993, P-ISSN: 2747-2000",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 809,
"width": 205,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 596,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Available Online: https://dinastirev.org/JIHHP",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 483,
"top": 809,
"width": 43,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 596,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Page 238",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 83,
"width": 451,
"height": 90,
"page_number": 4,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "1) Faktor kemampuan (ability. Secara psikologis, kemampuan (ability) pegawai terdiri dari kemampuan potensi (IQ) dan kemampuan reality (knowledge + skill). Artinya pegawai yang memiliki IQ di atas rata-rata (IQ 110-120) dengan pendidikan yang memadai untuk jabatannya dan terampil dalam mengerjakan pekerjaan sehari-hari, maka ia akan lebih mudah mencapai kinerja yang diharapkan. Oleh karena itu, pegawai perlu ditempatkan pada pekerjaan yang sesuai dengan keahliannya.",
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 178,
"width": 451,
"height": 122,
"page_number": 4,
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"text": "2) Faktor motivasi. Motivasi terbentuk dari sikap (attitude) seseorang pegawai dalam menghadapi situasi (situation) kerja. Motivasi merupakan kondisi yang menggerakkan diri pegawai yang terarah untuk mencapai tujuan organisasi (tujuan kerja). Sikap mental merupakan kondisi mental yang mendorong diri pegawai untuk berusaha mencapai prestasi kerja secara maksimal. Sikap mental pegawai harus sikap mental yang secara psikofisik (siap secara mental, fisik, tujuan,dan situasi), artinya seorang pegawai harus siap secara mental, mampu secara fisik, memahami secara fisik, memahami tujuan utama dari target kerja yang akan dicapai, mampu memanfaatkan, dan menciptakan situasi kerja.",
"type": "List item"
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"width": 450,
"height": 27,
"page_number": 4,
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"text": "Sedangkan menurut Wirawan (2009) faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kinerja sumber daya manusia meliputi:",
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"text": "1. Faktor internal pegawai, yaitu faktor-faktor dari dalam diri pegawai yang merupakan faktor bawaan dari lahir dan faktor yang diperoleh ketika ia berkembang. Faktor-faktor bawaan, misalnya bakat, sifat pribadi, serta keadaan fisik dan kejiwaan. Sementara itu, faktor yang diperoleh, misalnya seperti pengetahuan, ketrampilan, etos kerja, pengalaman kerja, dan motivasi kerja.",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 72,
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"width": 451,
"height": 90,
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"text": "4) Faktor lingkungan internal organisasi. Dalam melaksanakan tugasnya, pegawai memerlukan dukungan organisasi tempat ia bekerja. Dukungan tersebut sangat mempengaruhi tinggi rendahkan kinerja pegawai. Faktor internal organisasi antara lain teknologi robot, sistem kompensasi, iklim kerja, strategi organisasi, dukungan sumber daya yang diperlukan untuk melaksanakan pekerjaan, serta sistem manajemen dan kompensasi",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 527,
"width": 451,
"height": 43,
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"text": "5) Faktor lingkungan eksternal organisasi. Faktor-faktor lingkungan eksternal organisasi adalah keadaan, kejadian, atau situasi yang terjadi di lingkungan ekternal organisasi, misalnya krisis ekonomi.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 591,
"width": 455,
"height": 27,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 596,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Menurut Amstrong dan Baron (2000) secara lengkap menjelaskan bahwa empat faktor yang mempengaruhi kinerja yaitu:",
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"text": "1) faktor personal, meliputi ketrampilan individual, kompetensi, motivasi, dan komitmen,",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 638,
"width": 455,
"height": 27,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 596,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "2) faktor kepemimpinan, yaitu kualitas dari pemberian motivasi, bimbingan dan dorongan yang diberikan oleh pimpinan,",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 670,
"width": 371,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 4,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "3) faktor sistem pekerjaan dan fasilitas yang diberikan oleh organisasi, dan",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 686,
"width": 441,
"height": 11,
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"text": "4) faktor situasional, meliputi perubahan dan penekanan dari factor internal dan eksternal.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 702,
"width": 455,
"height": 58,
"page_number": 4,
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"text": "Berdasarkan teori-teori yang telah dikemukan tersebut diatas, akhirnya penulis menyimpulkan bahwa faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kinerja individu dalam organisasi dapat bersumber dari lingkungan (termasuk organisasi) maupun faktor-faktor yang berasal dari dalam diri pegawai sendiri. Faktor lingkungan yakni faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan",
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"left": 72,
"top": 43,
"width": 455,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 596,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Volume 1, Issue 2, 2021, E-ISSN: 2747-1993, P-ISSN: 2747-2000",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 809,
"width": 205,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 596,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Available Online: https://dinastirev.org/JIHHP",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 483,
"top": 809,
"width": 43,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 596,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Page 239",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 83,
"width": 455,
"height": 106,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 596,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "organisasi, seperti dukungan kepemimpinan, lingkungan kerja, Perceived organizational support, kompensasi, komunikasi, budaya organisasi, penilaian prestasi kerja dan lain-lain sebagainya. Sedangkan faktor yang berasal dari pegawai itu sendiri (individu) yakni yang berhubungan dengan watak, kelakuan dan kualifikasi pribadi dari pegawai yang diimplementasikan dalam bentuk kepuasan kerja, motivasi, komitmen organisasi, loyalitas, disiplin kerja, dan lain sebagainya. Adapun faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kinerja karyawan digambarkan sebagai berikut:",
"type": "Text"
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"width": 240,
"height": 9,
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"text": "Gambar 1. Faktor-faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Kinerja",
"type": "Caption"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 477,
"width": 95,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 5,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "Indikator Kinerja",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 493,
"width": 455,
"height": 58,
"page_number": 5,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "Menurut Mitchel dalam Sedarmayanti (2013) kinerja karyawan dapat di ukur melalui: 1) Quality of work (Kualitas hasil kerja); 2) Promptness (Ketepatan waktu); 3) Initiative (Prakarsa dalam menyelesaikan tugas); 4) Capability (Kemampuan menyelesaikan tugas); dan 5) Communication (Kemampuan menjalin kerjasama dengan pihak lain).",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 72,
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"width": 461,
"height": 170,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "Selanjutnya Gomes (2013), menyatakan untuk menilai kinerja dapat diukur melalui beberapa indikator sebagai berikut: 1) Quantity of work yaitu jumlah kerja yang dilakukan dalam suatu periode waktu yang telah ditentukan; 2) Quality of work yaitu kualitas kerja yang dicapai berdasarkan syarat-syarat kesesuain dan kesiapannya; 3) Job knowledge yaitu luasnya pengetahuan mengenai pekerjaan dan keterampilan; 4) Creativiness yaitu keaslian gagasan yang dimunculkan dan tindakan keterampilan; 5) Cooperation yaitu kesediaan untuk bekerjasama dengan orang lain; 6) Dependability yaitu kesadaran dan dapat dipercayakan dalam hal kehadiran dan penyelesaian kerja; 7) Initiative yaitu semangat untuk menyelesaikan tugas-tugas baru dalam memperbesar tangung jawabnya; dan 8) Personal quality yaitu menyangkut kepribadian, kepemimpinan, keramah tamahan, dan integritas pribadi.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "Faktor Lingkungan",
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"text": "1. Kepemimpinan",
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"text": "2. Lingkungan Kerja",
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"text": "3. Budaya Organisasi",
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"text": "4. Penilaian Prestasi Kerja",
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{
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"text": "5. Perceived organizational support",
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"text": "6. Kompensasi",
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"text": "7. Komunikasi",
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"text": "8. Dan lain-lain.",
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"text": "Kinerja",
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{
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"text": "Faktor Individu",
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"text": "1. Kepuasan Kerja",
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"text": "2. Motivasi",
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"text": "3. Komitmen Organisasi",
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"text": "4. Loyalitas",
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"text": "5. Disiplin Kerja",
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"text": "6. Dan lain-lain.",
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"text": "Volume 1, Issue 2, 2021, E-ISSN: 2747-1993, P-ISSN: 2747-2000",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 809,
"width": 205,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 596,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Available Online: https://dinastirev.org/JIHHP",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
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"width": 43,
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"text": "Page 240",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
"left": 72,
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"width": 455,
"height": 27,
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"text": "Kemudian menurut Werther dan Davis (2010) penilaian kinerja karyawan dalam suatu organisasi dapat di ukur melalui indicator sebagai berikut:",
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"text": "a) Performance improvement yaitu memungkinkan pegawai dan manajer untuk mengambil tindakan yang berhubungan dengan peningkatan kinerja.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 146,
"width": 458,
"height": 27,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 596,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "b) Compensation adjustment yaitu membantu para pengambil keputusan untuk menentukan siapa saja yang berhak menerima kenaikan gaji atau sebaliknya.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 178,
"width": 359,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 6,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "c) Placement decision yaitu menentukan promosi, transfer, dan demotion.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 194,
"width": 455,
"height": 27,
"page_number": 6,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "d) Training and development needs yaitu mengevaluasi kebutuhan pengembangan bagi pegawai agar kinerja mereka lebih optimal.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 226,
"width": 455,
"height": 26,
"page_number": 6,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "e) Carrer planning and development yaitu memandu untuk menentukan jenis karir dan potensi yang dapat dicapai.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 257,
"width": 403,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 596,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "f) Staffing process deficiencies yaitu mempengaruhi prosedur perekrutan pegawai.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 273,
"width": 455,
"height": 43,
"page_number": 6,
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"text": "g) Informational inaccuracies and job-design errors yaitu membantu menjelaskan apa saja kesalahan yang telah terjadi dalam manajemen sumber daya manusia terutama di bidang informasi job-analysis, job-design, dan sistem informasi manajemen sumber daya manusia.",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 72,
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"width": 455,
"height": 27,
"page_number": 6,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "h) Equal employment opportunity yaitu menunjukkan bahwa placement decision tidak diskriminatif.",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 72,
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"width": 455,
"height": 74,
"page_number": 6,
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"text": "i) External challenges. Kadang-kadang kinerja pegawai dipengaruhi oleh faktor eksternal seperti keluarga, keuangan pribadi, kesehatan, dan lain-lainnya. Biasanya faktor ini tidak terlalu kelihatan, namun dengan melakukan penilaian kinerja, faktor-faktor eksternal ini akan kelihatan sehingga membantu departemen sumber daya manusia untuk memberikan bantuan bagi peningkatan kinerja pegawai.",
"type": "List item"
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{
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"width": 429,
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"text": "j) Feedback. Memberikan umpan balik bagi urusan kepegawaian maupun bagi pegawai.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 458,
"width": 455,
"height": 106,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 596,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Berdasarkan uraian di atas dapat disintesiskan bahwa kinerja karyawan adalah adalah keseluruhan hasil kerja yang dilakukannya dan taraf kesuksesan yang dicapai oleh pegawai dalam bidang pekerjaannya yang secara langsung dapat tercermin dari output yang dihasilkan baik yang berupa jumlah maupun kualitasnya, menurut kriteria yang diberlakukan untuk pekerjaan tersebut. Yang dapat diukur melalui beberapa indikator sebagai berikut: 1) Quality of work; 2) Quantity of work; 3) Job knowledge; 4) Attitude; 5) Communication; dan 6) Initiative.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "Kinerja Karyawan sudah banyak di teliti oleh peneliti sebelumnya diantaranya adalah: (Ali et al., 2016), (Prihartono & Ali, 2020), (Harini et al., 2020), (Riyanto, Pratomo, et al., 2017), (Brata, Husani, Hapzi, 2017), (Agussalim, Kristin, et al., 2016), (Desfiandi et al., 2017), (Sulaeman et al., 2019), (Djojo & Ali, 2012), (Riyanto, Sutrisno, et al., 2017), (Prayetno & Ali, 2017), (Ridwan et al., 2020), (Djoko Setyo Widodo, P. Eddy Sanusi Silitonga, 2017), (Agussalim, Ayu Rezkiana Putri, et al., 2016),",
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"text": "Kepuasan Kerja Pegawai",
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"text": "Kepuasan kerja adalah sikap yang positif dari tenaga kerja meliputi perasaan dan tingkah laku terhadap pekerjaannya melalui penilaian salah satu pekerjaan sebagai rasa menghargai dalam mencapai salah satu nilai-nilai penting pekerjaan (Afandi, 2018 : 74).",
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"text": "Menurut Nuraini, (2013 :114), kepuasan kerja adalah kepuasan kerja yang dinikmati dalam pekerjaan yang memperoleh pujian, hasil kerja, penempatan, perlakuan, peralatan dan suasana lingkungan kerja yang baik. Karyawan yang lebih suka menikmati kepuasan kerja dalam pekerjaan akan lebih mengutamakan pekerjaan dari pada balas jasa walaupun balas jasa itu penting. Sedangkan menurut Dadang, (2013:15) kepuasan kerja merupakan keadaan emosional yang menyenangkan atau tidak menyenangkan terhadap pekerjaan, kepuasan kerja mencerminkan perasaan seseorang terhadap pekerjaannya. Sedangkan menurut Badeni, (2017:43) kepuasan kerja karyawan adalah sikap seseorang terhadap pekerjaannya yang dapat berupa sikap positif atau negative, puas atau tidak puas. Seorang karyawan yang merasa puas cenderung lebih jarang absen, memberikan konstribusi positif, dan bertahan di perusahaan. Sebaliknya, karyawan yang tidak merasa puas mungkin lebih sering absen, dapat mengalami stress yang mengganggu rekan kerja, dan mungkin secara terus menerus mencari pekerjaan lain (Moorhead dan Griffin 2013:71).",
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"text": "Menurut Wexley dan Yukl (1977) teori-teori tentang kepuasan kerja ada tiga macam yang lazim dikenal yaitu:",
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"text": "1. Teori Perbandingan Intrapersonal (Discrepancy Theory)",
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"text": "Kepuasan atau ketidakpuasan yang dirasakan oleh individu merupakan hasil dari perbandingan atau kesenjangan yang dilakukan oleh diri sendiri terhadap berbagai macam hal yang sudah diperolehnya dari pekerjaan dan yang menjadi harapannya. Kepuasan akan dirasakan oleh individu tersebut bila perbedaan atau kesenjangan antara standar pribadi individu dengan apa yang diperoleh dari pekerjaan kecil, sebaliknya ketidakpuasan akan dirasakan oleh individu bila perbedaan atau kesenjangan antara standar pribadi individu dengan apa yang diperoleh dari pekerjaan besar.",
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"text": "2. Teori Keadilan (Equity Theory)",
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"text": "Seseorang akan merasa puas atau tidak puas tergantung apakah ia merasakan adanya keadilan atau tidak atas suatu situasi. Perasaan equity atau inequity atas suatu situasi diperoleh seseorang dengan cara membandingkan dirinya dengan orang lain yang sekelas, sekantor, maupun di tempat lain.",
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"text": "3. Teori Dua – Faktor (Two Factor Theory)",
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"text": "Prinsip dari teori ini adalah bahwa kepuasan dan ketidakpuasan kerja merupakan dua hal yang berbeda. Menurut teori ini, karakteristik pekerjaan dapat dikelompokkan menjadi dua kategori, yang satu dinamakan Dissatisfier atau hygiene factors dan yang lain dinamakan satisfier atau motivators. Satisfier atau motivators adalah faktor-faktor atau situasi yang dibuktikannya sebagai sumber kepuasan kerja yang terdiri dari prestasi, pengakuan, wewenang, tanggungjawab dan promosi. Dikatakan tidak adanya kondisi-kondisi ini bukan berarti membuktikan kondisi sangat tidak puas, tetapi kalau ada, akan membentuk motivasi kuat yang menghasilkan prestasi kerja yang baik. Oleh sebab itu aktor ini disebut sebagai pemuas. Hygiene factors adalah faktor-faktor yang terbukti menjadi sumber kepuasan, terdiri dari gaji, insentif, pengawasan, hubungan pribadi, kondisi kerja dan status. Keberadaan kondisi-kondisi ini tidak selalu menimbulkan kepuasan bagi karyawan, tetapi ketidakberadaannnya dapat menyebabkan ketidakpuasan bagi karyawan. As’ad (2004, p.104).",
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"text": "Sebuah kelompok psikolog Universitas Minnesota pada akhir tahun 1950-an membuat suatu program riset yang berhubungan dengan problem umum mengenai penyesuaian kerja. Program ini mengembangkan sebuah kerangka konseptual yang, diberi nama Theory of Work Adjustment (Wayne dan Cascio, 1990, p.277). Theory of Work Adjustment didasarkan pada hubungan antara individu dengan lingkungan kerjanya. Hubungan tersebut dimulai ketika individu memperlihatkan kemampuan atau keahlian yang memungkinkan untuk memberikan tanggapan terhadap kebutuhan kerja dari suatu lingkungan kerja. Dari lain pihak, lingkungan kerja menyediakan pendorong atau penghargaan tertentu seperti gaji, status, hubungan pribadi, dan lain-lain dalam hubungannya dengan kebutuhan individu. Jika individu memenuhi persyaratan kerja, maka karyawan akan dianggap sebagai pekerja-pekerja yang memuaskan dan diperkenankan untuk tetap bekerja di dalam badan usaha. Di lain pihak, jika kebutuhan kerja memenuhi kebutuhan individu atau memenuhi kebutuhan kerja, pekerja dianggap sebagai pekerja-pekerja yang puas. Individu berharap untuk dievaluasi oleh penyelia sebagai pekerja yang memuaskan ketika kemampuan dan keahlian individu memenuhi persyaratan kerja. Apabila pendorong-pendorong dari pekerjaan memenuhi kebutuhan kerja dari individu, mereka diharapkan untuk jadi pekerja yang puas. Seorang karyawan yang puas dan memuaskan diharapkan untuk melaksanakan pekerjaannya. Jika kemampuan dan persyaratan kerja tidak seimbang, maka pengunduran diri, tingkat pergantian, pemecatan dan penurunan jabatan dapat terjadi. Model Theory of Work Adjustment mengukur 20 dimensi yang menjelaskan 20 kebutuhan elemen atau kondisi penguat spesifik yang penting dalam menciptakan kepuasan kerja.",
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"text": "Dampak Kepuasan dan Ketidakpuasan Kerja:",
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"text": "1. Produktifitas atau kinerja (Unjuk Kerja)",
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"text": "Lawler dan Porter mengatakan bahwa produktivitas yang tinggi menyebabkan peningkatan dari kepuasan kerja hanya jika tenaga kerja mempersepsikan bahwa ganjaran instrinsik dan ganjaran ekstrinsik yang diterima kedua-duanya adil dan wajar dan diasosiasikan dengan unjuk kerja yang unggul. Jika tenaga kerja tidak mempersepsikan ganjaran intrinsik dan ekstrinsik yang berasosiasi dengan unjuk kerja, maka kenaikan dalam unjuk kerja tidak akan berkorelasi dengan kenaikan dalam kepuasan kerja. Asad (2004, p. 113).",
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"text": "2. Ketidakhadiran dan Turn Over",
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"text": "Porter & Steers mengatakan bahwa ketidakhadiran dan berhenti bekerja merupakan jenis jawaban yang secara kualitatif berbeda. Ketidakhadiran lebih bersifat spontan sifatnya dan dengan demikian kurang mungkin mencerminkan ketidakpuasan kerja. dalam Asad (2004, p.115). Lain halnya dengan berhenti bekerja atau keluar dari pekerjaan, lebih besar kemungkinannya berhubungan dengan ketidakpuaan kerja. Menurut Robbins (1996) ketidakpuasan kerja pada tenaga kerja atau karyawan dapat diungkapkan ke dalam berbagai macam cara. Misalnya, selain meninggalkan pekerjaan, karyawan dapat mengeluh, membangkang, mencuri barang milik organisasi, menghindari sebagian dari tanggung jawab pekerjaan mereka.",
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"text": "Empat cara mengungkapkan ketidakpuasan karyawan, (p. 205) :",
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"text": "1. Keluar (Exit):",
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"text": "Ketidakpuasan kerja yang diungkapkan dengan meninggalkan pekerjaan. Termasuk mencari pekerjaan lain.",
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"text": "2. Menyuarakan (Voice):",
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"text": "Ketidakpuasan kerja yang diungkap melalui usaha aktif dan konstruktif untuk memperbaiki kondisi termasuk memberikan saran perbaikan, mendiskusikan masalah dengan atasannya.",
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"text": "3. Mengabaikan (Neglect):",
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"text": "Kepuasan kerja yang diungkapkan melalui sikap membiarkan keadaan menjadi lebih buruk, termasuk misalnya sering absen atau dating terlambat, upaya berkurang, kesalahan yang dibuat makin banyak.",
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"text": "4. Kesetiaan (Loyalty):",
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"text": "Ketidakpuasan kerja yang diungkapkan dengan menunggu secara pasif sampai kondisinya menjadi lebih baik, termasuk membela perusahaan terhadap kritik dari luar dan percaya bahwa organisasi dan manajemen akan melakukan hal yang tepat untuk memperbaiki kondisi.",
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"text": "5. Kesehatan",
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"text": "Meskipun jelas bahwa kepuasan kerja berhubungan dengan kesehatan, hubungan kausalnya masih tidak jelas. Diduga bahwa kepuasan kerja menunjang tingkat dari fungsi fisik mental dan kepuasan sendiri merupakan tanda dari kesehatan. Tingkat dari kepuasan kerja dan kesehatan mungkin saling mengukuhkan sehingga peningkatan dari yang satu dapat meningkatkan yang lain dan sebaliknya penurunan yang satu mempunyai akibat yang negative.",
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"text": "Gambar 2. Theory of Work Adjustment",
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"text": "Berdasarkan pendapat definisi yang dikemukakan oleh para ahli terkait kepuasan kerja, maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa kepuasan kerja adalah perasaan emosional yang dirasakan oleh seorang karyawan atas apa yang dikerjakannya. Kepuasan kerja muncul ketika harapan sebanding dengan balas jasa yang diberikan perusahaan atas pekerjaan yang diberikan,",
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"text": "a. Ability Utilization",
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"text": "b. Achievement c. Activity d. Advancement",
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"text": "e. Authority f. Company Policies and Practices g. Compensation h. Co-workers",
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"text": "i. Creativity j. Independence",
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"text": "k. Moral",
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"text": "l. Recognition m.Responsibility n. Security o. Social Service p. Social Status q. Supervision-Human Relations r. Supervision-Technical",
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"text": "s. Variety",
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"text": "t.Working Conditions",
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"text": "Kepuasan Ketidakpuasan - Produktifitas atau Kinerja",
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"text": "- Ketidakhadiran dan Turn Over",
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"text": "sehingga karyawan dapat memenuhi kebutuhan fisik dan psikisnya.",
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"text": "Faktor-faktor yang Mempengaruhi Kepuasan Kerja",
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"text": "Menurut Robbins (2002:36), kepuasan kerja karyawan dipengaruhi oleh banyak faktor, antara lain :",
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"text": "1. Kerja yang menantang secara mental. Pada umumnya individu lebih menyukai pekerjaan yang memberi peluang untuk menggunakan keterampilan dan kemampuan serta memberi beragam tugas, kebebasan dan feedback tentang seberapa baik pekerjaanya. Hal ini akan membuat pekerjaan lebih menantang secara mental. Pekerjaan yang kurang menantang akan menciptakan kebosanan, akan tetapi yang terlalu menantang juga dapat menciptakan frustasi dan perasaan gagal.",
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"text": "2. Penghargaan yang sesuai. Karyawan menginginkan sistem bayaran yang adil, tidak ambigu, dan selaras dengan harapan karyawan. Saat bayaram dianggap adil, dalam arti sesuai dengan tuntutan pekerjaan, tingkat keterampilan individual, dan standar bayaran masyarakat, kemungkinan akan tercipta kepuasan.",
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"text": "3. Kondisi kerja yang mendukung. Karyawan berhubungan dengan lingkungan kerjanya untuk kenyamanan pribadi dan kemudahan melakukan pekerjaan yang baik. Yang termasuk didalamnya seperti tata ruang, kebersihan ruang kerja, fasilitas dan alat bantu, temperatur, dan tingkat kebisingan.",
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"height": 75,
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"text": "4. Kolega yang suportif. Individu mendapatkan sesuatu yang lebih daripada uang atau prestasi yang nyata dari pekerjaan tetapi karyawan juga memenuhi kebutuhan interaksi sosial. Perilaku atasan juga merupakan faktor penentu kepuasan yang utama. Oleh karena itu, perlu diterapkan rasa saling menghargai, loyal dan toleran antara satu dengan yang lain, sikap terbuka, dan keakraban antar karyawan.",
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{
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"width": 452,
"height": 26,
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"text": "Menurut Malayu S.P. Hasibuan (2011) yang belakangan menunjukkan bahwa faktor- faktor yang menentukan kepuasan di antaranya :",
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"text": "1) Pengharapan.",
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"text": "Sesuatu yang diharapkan oleh karyawan tetapi tidak terpenuhi maka akan menimbulkan rasa kecewa. Sebaliknya, apabila pengharapan terpenuhi maka kepuasan yang akan terjadi.",
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"text": "2) Penilaian Diri",
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{
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"text": "Anggapan dari diri masing-masing karyawan tentang dirinya terhadap pekerjaan dan penyesuaian diri yang menimbulkan sikap pada pekerjaannya.",
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"text": "3) Norma-norma Sosial",
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{
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"text": "Perhatian dari atasan atau teman kerja yang dapat memberikan kepuasan karena hal tersebut memberikan semangat kerja pada seorang karyawa.",
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"text": "4) Perbandingan-perbandingan Sosial",
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{
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"height": 43,
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"text": "Perbedaan pekerjaan yang membuat iri, seperti pekerjaan yang menarik atau sesuia dengan keahlian adalah salah satu faktor timbulnya ketidakpuasan. Hal ini perlu diperhatikan agar jangan sampai terjadi pada karyawan.",
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"text": "5) Hubungan Input atau Output",
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"left": 72,
"top": 43,
"width": 455,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 11,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "Volume 1, Issue 2, 2021, E-ISSN: 2747-1993, P-ISSN: 2747-2000",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 809,
"width": 205,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 11,
"page_width": 596,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Available Online: https://dinastirev.org/JIHHP",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 483,
"top": 809,
"width": 43,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 11,
"page_width": 596,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Page 245",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 90,
"top": 83,
"width": 437,
"height": 42,
"page_number": 11,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "Kepuasan terjadi pada karyawan tergantung pada bagaimana penilaian karyawan mengenai hubungan antara apa yang masuki dalam pekerjaan (input) dan apa yang diperoleh karyawan (output).",
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"text": "6) Keikatan",
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{
"left": 90,
"top": 146,
"width": 437,
"height": 59,
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"text": "Pekerjaan yang dipilih karyawan dari kesempatan memilih berbagai pekerjaan membuat karyawan tersebut mempunyai ikatan dengan perusahaan. Hal tersebut menimbulkan rasa segan untuk mengakui bahwa ia merasa pekerjaannya kurang menguntungkan atau secara tidak langsung ia akan merasa puas dengan pekerjaannya.",
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"text": "7) Dasar pemikiran",
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{
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"top": 226,
"width": 437,
"height": 58,
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"text": "Hal-hal yang sering dibicarakan kepada sesama karyawan yang menjadiakan hal tersebut menjadi penting dan dijadikan salah satu alat pemenuhan kepuasan. Sebagai contoh apabila banyak karyawan membicarakan gaji, maka gaji adalah salah satu penentu kepuasan kerja mereka.",
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"top": 305,
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"text": "Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kepuasan kerja menurut Gilmer dalam buku Edy Sutrisno (2009: p.77-78) adalah:",
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"text": "1. Kesempatan untuk maju. Dalam hal ini, ada tidaknya kesempatan untuk memperoleh pengalaman dan peningkatan kemampuan selama kerja.",
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},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 368,
"width": 455,
"height": 27,
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"text": "2. Keamanan kerja. Faktor ini disebut sebagai penunjang kepuasan kerja, baik bagi karyawan. Keadaan yang aman sangat mempengaruhi perasaan karyawan selama kerja.",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 400,
"width": 455,
"height": 27,
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"text": "3. Gaji. Gaji lebih banyak menyebabkan ketidakpuasan, dan jarang orang mengekspresikan kepuasan kerjanya dengan sejumlah uang yang diperolehnya.",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 432,
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"height": 27,
"page_number": 11,
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"text": "4. Perusahaan dan manajemen. Perusahaan dan manajemen yang baik adalah yang mampu memberikan situasi dan kondisi kerja yang stabil.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 464,
"width": 455,
"height": 27,
"page_number": 11,
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"text": "5. Pengawasan. Sekaligus atasannya. Supervisi yang buruk dapat berakibat absensi dan turnover.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 495,
"width": 455,
"height": 43,
"page_number": 11,
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"text": "6. Faktor Intrinsik dari pekerjaan. Atribut yang ada dalam pekerjaan mensyaratkan keterampilan tertentu. Sukar dan mudahnya serta kebanggaan akan tugas dapat meningkatkan atau mengurangi kepuasan.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 543,
"width": 455,
"height": 27,
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"text": "7. Kondisi kerja. Termasuk di sini kondisi kerja tempat, ventilasi, penyiaran, kantin dan tempat parkir.",
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},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 575,
"width": 455,
"height": 27,
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"text": "8. Aspek sosial dalam pekerjaan. Merupakan salah satu sikap yang sulit digambarkan tetapi dipandang sebagai faktor yang menunjang puas atau tidak puas dalam bekerja.",
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},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 607,
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"height": 58,
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"text": "9. Komunikasi. Komunikasi yang lancar antar karyawan dengan pihak manajemen banyak dipakai alasan untuk menyukai jabatannya. Dalam hal ini adanya kesediaan pihak atasan untuk mau mendengar, memahami dan mengakui pendapat ataupun prestasi karyawannya sangat berperan dalam menimbulkan rasa puas terhadap kerja.",
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},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 670,
"width": 455,
"height": 27,
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"text": "10. Fasilitas. Fasilitas rumah sakit, cuti, dana pensiun, atau perumahan merupakan standar suatu jabatan dan apabila dapat dipenuhi akan menimbulkan rasa puas.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 702,
"width": 455,
"height": 27,
"page_number": 11,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "Sedangkan menurut As’ad dalam buku Donni Juni Priansa (2014: p.301) menyatakan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kepuasan kerja adalah:",
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{
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"text": "1. Faktor Psikologi",
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{
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"top": 43,
"width": 455,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 12,
"page_width": 596,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Volume 1, Issue 2, 2021, E-ISSN: 2747-1993, P-ISSN: 2747-2000",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 809,
"width": 205,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 12,
"page_width": 596,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Available Online: https://dinastirev.org/JIHHP",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 483,
"top": 809,
"width": 43,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 12,
"page_width": 596,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Page 246",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 90,
"top": 83,
"width": 437,
"height": 27,
"page_number": 12,
"page_width": 596,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Merupakan faktor yang berhubungan dengan kejiwaan pegawai, yang meliputi: minat; ketentraman dalam bekerja, sikap terhadap kerja, bakat, dan keterampilan.",
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"text": "2. Faktor Sosial",
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{
"left": 90,
"top": 130,
"width": 437,
"height": 27,
"page_number": 12,
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"text": "Merupakan faktor yang berhubungan dengan interaksi sosial, baik antara sesama pegawai, dengan atasannya maupun pegawai yang berbeda jenis pekerjaannya.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "3. Faktor Fisik",
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{
"left": 90,
"top": 178,
"width": 437,
"height": 59,
"page_number": 12,
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"text": "Merupakan faktor yang berhubungan dengan kondisi fisik lingkungan kerja dan kondisi fisik pegawai, meliputi jenis pekerjaan, pengaturan waktu kerja dan istirahat, perlengkapan kerja, keadaan ruangan, suhu udara, penerangan, pertukaran udara, kondisi kesehatan pegawai, umur dan sebagainya.",
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"text": "4. Faktor Finansial",
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{
"left": 90,
"top": 257,
"width": 437,
"height": 43,
"page_number": 12,
"page_width": 596,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Merupakan factor yang berhubungan dengan jaminan serta kesejahteraan pegawai, yang meliputi sistem dan besarnya gaji atau upah, jaminan sosial, macam-macam tunjangan, fasilitas yang diberikan, promosi dan sebagainya.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "Menurut Munandar 2001, Dalam (Ariati, 2010) Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kepuasan kerja adalah imbalan, promosi, rekan kerja, supervisi, dan pekerjaan itu sendiri . Pendapat yang mendukung juga diutarakan oleh Johan (2002) bahwa terdapat faktor ekstrinsik dan intrinsik yang berpengaruh terhadap kepuasan kerja yang dirasakan oleh seseorang. Faktor intrinsik adalah faktor yang berasal dari dalam diri dan dibawa oleh setiap karyawan sejak mulai bekerja di tempat pekerjaannya dan faktor ekstrinsik menyangkut hal-hal yang berasal dari luar diri karyawan, antara lain kondisi fisik lingkungan kerja, interaksinya dengan karyawan lain,dan gaji yang diterima.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "Berdasarkan teori-teori yang telah dikemukan tersebut diatas, akhirnya penulis menyimpulkan bahwa faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kepuasan kerja pegawai dalam organisasi dapat bersumber terdapat faktor ekstrinsik dan intrinsik yang berpengaruh terhadap kepuasan kerja yang dirasakan oleh seseorang. Faktor intrinsik adalah faktor yang berasal dari dalam diri dan dibawa oleh setiap karyawan sejak mulai bekerja di tempat pekerjaannya dan faktor ekstrinsik menyangkut hal-hal yang berasal dari luar diri karyawan, antara lain kondisi fisik lingkungan kerja, interaksinya dengan karyawan lain,dan gaji yang diterima. . Adapun faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kepuasan kerja pegawai digambarkan sebagai berikut:",
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"text": "Faktor intrinsic:",
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"text": "- Minat",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 115,
"top": 772,
"width": 142,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 12,
"page_width": 596,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "- ketentraman dalam bekerja",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 115,
"top": 786,
"width": 110,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 12,
"page_width": 596,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "- sikap terhadap kerja",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 115,
"top": 800,
"width": 39,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 12,
"page_width": 596,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "- bakat",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 115,
"top": 814,
"width": 76,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 12,
"page_width": 596,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "- keterampilan",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 115,
"top": 828,
"width": 70,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 12,
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"text": "- dan lain-lain",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 43,
"width": 455,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 13,
"page_width": 596,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Volume 1, Issue 2, 2021, E-ISSN: 2747-1993, P-ISSN: 2747-2000",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 809,
"width": 205,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 13,
"page_width": 596,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Available Online: https://dinastirev.org/JIHHP",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 483,
"top": 809,
"width": 43,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 13,
"page_width": 596,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Page 247",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
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"width": 254,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 13,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "Gambar 3. Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kepuasan kerja",
"type": "Caption"
},
{
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"text": "Indikator Kepuasan Kerja",
"type": "Section header"
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{
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"width": 308,
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"text": "Indikator kepuasan kerja menurut Hasibuan (2014) antara lain:",
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"text": "1) Kesetiaan",
"type": "List item"
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{
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"top": 334,
"width": 437,
"height": 43,
"page_number": 13,
"page_width": 596,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Penilai mengukur kesetiaan karyawan terhadap pekerjaannya, jabatannya, dan organisasi. Kesetiaan ini dicerminkan oleh kesediaan karyawan menjaga dan membela organisasi di dalam maupun di luar pekerjaan dari orang lain yang tidak bertanggung jawab.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "2) Kemampuan",
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{
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"height": 27,
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"text": "Penilai menilai hasil kerja baik kualitas maupun kuantitas yang dapat dihasilkan karyawan tersebut dari uraian pekerjaannya.",
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"text": "3) Kejujuran",
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{
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"text": "Penilai menilai kejujuran dalam melaksanakan tugas – tugasnya memenuhi perjanjian bagi dirinya sendiri maupun terhadap orang lain.",
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"text": "4) Kreatifitas",
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{
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"text": "Penilai menilai kemampuan karyawan dalam mengembangkan kreatifitasnya untuk menyelesaikan pekerjaannya, sehingga akan dapat bekerja lebih baik.",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"top": 524,
"width": 98,
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"text": "5) Kepemimpinan",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 90,
"top": 540,
"width": 437,
"height": 27,
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"text": "Penilai menilai kemampuan untuk memimpin, memiliki pribadi yang kuat, dihormati, beribawa, dan dapat memotivasi orang lain atau bawahnnya untuk bekerja secara efektif.",
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"text": "6) Tingkat gaji",
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{
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"height": 27,
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"text": "Penilai menilai jumlah gaji yang diberikan perusahaan dan diterima karyawan harus sesuai dengan apa yang karyawan berikan kepada perusahaan agar mereka merasa puas.",
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{
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"text": "7) Kepuasan kerja tidak langsung",
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{
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"top": 636,
"width": 437,
"height": 58,
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"text": "Penilai menilai pemberian balas jasa yang memadai dan layak kepada para karyawan atas kontribusi mereka membantu perusahaan mencapai tujuannya. Pemberian balas jasa atau imbalan atas tenaga, waktu, pikiran serta prestasi yang telah diberikan seseorang kepada perusahaan.",
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"text": "8) Lingkungan kerja",
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{
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"top": 715,
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"height": 27,
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"text": "Penilai menilai lingkungan kerja yang baik dapat membuat karyawan merasa nyaman dalam bekerja.",
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{
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"text": "Faktor ekstrinsik:",
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"text": "- Pekerjaan itu sendiri",
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{
"left": 115,
"top": 209,
"width": 72,
"height": 12,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "- Kompensasi",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 115,
"top": 223,
"width": 94,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 13,
"page_width": 596,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "- lingkungan kerja",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 115,
"top": 238,
"width": 73,
"height": 12,
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"page_width": 596,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "- dan lain-lain",
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},
{
"left": 367,
"top": 137,
"width": 111,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 13,
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"text": "Kepuasan Kerja Pegawai",
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{
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"top": 43,
"width": 455,
"height": 10,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "Volume 1, Issue 2, 2021, E-ISSN: 2747-1993, P-ISSN: 2747-2000",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 809,
"width": 205,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 14,
"page_width": 596,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Available Online: https://dinastirev.org/JIHHP",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 483,
"top": 809,
"width": 43,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 14,
"page_width": 596,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Page 248",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 83,
"width": 455,
"height": 27,
"page_number": 14,
"page_width": 596,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Sedangkan menurut Colquitt et al., (2013) terdapat beberapa indikator kepuasan kerja, yaitu:",
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 114,
"width": 45,
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"text": "1) Gaji",
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{
"left": 90,
"top": 130,
"width": 437,
"height": 75,
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"text": "Gaji sebagai faktor multidimensi dalam kepuasan kerja merupakan sejumlah upah atau uang yang diterima dan tingkat dimana hal ini bisa dipandang sebagai hal yang dianggap pantas dibandingkan dengan orang lain dalam organisasi. Uang tidak hanya membantu orang memperoleh kebutuhan dasar, tetapi juga alat untuk memberikan kebutuhan kepuasan pada tingkat yang lebih tinggi.",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"text": "2) Promosi",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 90,
"top": 226,
"width": 437,
"height": 58,
"page_number": 14,
"page_width": 596,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Promosi adalah kesempatan untuk maju dalam organisasi, sepertinya memiliki pengaruh yang berbeda pada kepuasan kerja. Hal ini dikarenakan promosi memiliki sejumlah bentuk yang berbeda dan memiliki penghargaan, seperti promosi atas dasar senioritas atau kinerja dan promosi kenaikan gaji.",
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{
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"top": 289,
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"text": "3) Pengawasan (supervisi)",
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{
"left": 90,
"top": 305,
"width": 437,
"height": 122,
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"text": "Pengawasan merupakan kemampuan penyelia untuk memberikan bantuan teknis dan dukungan perilaku. Ada 2 (dua) dimensi gaya pengawasan yang dapat mempengaruhi kepuasan kerja. Pertama adalah berpusat pada karyawan, diukur menurut tingkat dimana penyelia menggunakan ketertarikan personal dan peduli pada karyawan, seperti memberikan nasehat dan bantuan kepada karyawan, komunikasi yang baik dan meneliti seberapa baik kerja karyawan. Kedua adalah iklim partisipasi atau pengaruh dalam pengambilan keputusan yang dapat mempengaruhi pekerjaan karyawan. Secara umum, kedua dimensi tersebut sangat berpengaruh pada kepuasan kerja karyawan.",
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"text": "4) Rekan kerja",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 90,
"top": 448,
"width": 437,
"height": 90,
"page_number": 14,
"page_width": 596,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Pada umumnya, rekan kerja yang kooperatif merupakan sumber kepuasan kerja yang paling sederhana pada karyawan secara individu. Kelompok kerja, terutama tim yang ‘kuat’ bertindak sebagai sumber dukungan, kenyamanan, nasehat, dan bantuan pada anggota individu. Karena kelompok kerja saling tergantung antar anggota dalam menyelesaikan pekerjaan. Kondisi seperti itu efektif membuat pekerjaan menjadi lebih menyenangkan, sehingga membawa efek positif yang tinggi pada kepuasan kerja.",
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{
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"text": "5) Pekerjaan itu sendiri",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 90,
"top": 559,
"width": 437,
"height": 43,
"page_number": 14,
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"text": "Kepuasan pekerjaan itu sendiri merupakan sumber utama kepuasan, dimana pekerjaan tersebut memberikan tugas yang baik, kesempatan untuk belajar, kesempatan untuk menerima tanggung jawab dan kemajuan untuk karyawan.",
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"text": "6) Altruism",
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{
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"top": 622,
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"height": 43,
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"text": "Altruism adalah tindakan suka rela yang dilakukan oleh seseorang atau sekelompok orang untuk menolong orang lain tanpa mengharapkan imbalan apapun, kecuali mungkin perasaan telah melakukan perbuatan baik.",
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{
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"text": "7) Status",
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{
"left": 90,
"top": 686,
"width": 437,
"height": 58,
"page_number": 14,
"page_width": 596,
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"text": "Status merupakan salah satu faktor yang dapat mempengaruhi kepuasan kerja. Status yang dapat diklasifikasikan ke dalam beberapa cara seperti keterampilan & keahlian, jangka waktu latihan, jumlah tanggung jawab sosial ataupun sikap kerja dapat mempengaruhi kepuasan kerja individu.",
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"text": "8) Lingkungan sosial",
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 43,
"width": 455,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 15,
"page_width": 596,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Volume 1, Issue 2, 2021, E-ISSN: 2747-1993, P-ISSN: 2747-2000",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 809,
"width": 205,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 15,
"page_width": 596,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Available Online: https://dinastirev.org/JIHHP",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 483,
"top": 809,
"width": 43,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 15,
"page_width": 596,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Page 249",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 90,
"top": 83,
"width": 437,
"height": 58,
"page_number": 15,
"page_width": 596,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Terdiri dari lingkungan kerja fisik dan psikologis. Karyawan akan mudah mengerjakan dan menyelesaikan pekerjaannya bila kondisi sekitarnya bersih, terang, tidak terlalu sempit dan bising. Sehingga karyawan akan mudah mengerjakan dan menyelesaikan pekerjaan dalam suasana atau kondisi yang harmonis.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 162,
"width": 314,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "Menurut Luthans ( 2012 ) Indikator dalam kepuasan kerja, yaitu",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 178,
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"text": "1) Pekerjaan itu sendiri",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 90,
"top": 194,
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"height": 58,
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"text": "Setiap pekerjaan memerlukan suatu keterampilan tertentu sesuai dengan bidang nya masing-masing. Sukar tidaknya suatu pekerjaan serta perasaan seseorang bahwa keahliannya dibutuhkan dalam melakukan pekerjaan tersebut, akan meningkatkan atau mengurangi kepuasan kerja.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "2) Atasan",
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{
"left": 90,
"top": 273,
"width": 437,
"height": 27,
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"text": "Atasan yang baik berarti mau menghargai pekerjaan bawahannya. Bagi bawahan, atasan bisa dianggap sebagai figur ayah/ibu/teman dan sekaligus atasannya.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "3) Teman sekerja",
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},
{
"left": 90,
"top": 321,
"width": 437,
"height": 27,
"page_number": 15,
"page_width": 596,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Merupakan faktor yang berhubungan dengan hubungan antara pegawai dengan atasannya dan dengan pegawai lain, baik yang sama maupun yang berbeda jenis pekerjaannya.",
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"text": "4) Promosi",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 90,
"top": 368,
"width": 437,
"height": 27,
"page_number": 15,
"page_width": 596,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Merupakan faktor yang berhubungan dengan ada tidaknya kesempatan untuk memperoleh peningkatan karier selama bekerja.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 416,
"width": 410,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 15,
"page_width": 596,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Menurut Veithzal Rivai (2004; p.479-480) indikator dari kepuasan kerja terdiri dari:",
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{
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"text": "1. Isi pekerjaan",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 90,
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"width": 437,
"height": 43,
"page_number": 15,
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"text": "Penampilan tugas pekerjaan yang aktual dan sebagai kontrol terhadap pekerjaan. Karyawan akan merasa puas bila tugas kerja dianggap menarik dan memberikan kesempatan belajar dan menerima tanggung jawab.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "2. Supervisi",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 90,
"top": 511,
"width": 437,
"height": 59,
"page_number": 15,
"page_width": 596,
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"text": "Adanya perhatian dan hubungan yang baik dari pimpinan kepada bawahan, sehingga karyawan akan merasa bahwa dirinya merupakan bagian yang penting dari organisasi kerja akan meningkatkan kepuasan kerja karyawan. Sebaliknya, supervisi yang buruk dapat meningkatkan turn over dan absensi karyawan.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "3. Organisasi dan manajemen",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 90,
"top": 591,
"width": 437,
"height": 27,
"page_number": 15,
"page_width": 596,
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"text": "Yang mampu memberikan situasi dan kondisi kerja yang stabil, untuk memberikan kepuasan kepada karyawan.",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"text": "4. Kesempatan untuk maju",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 90,
"top": 638,
"width": 437,
"height": 27,
"page_number": 15,
"page_width": 596,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Adanya kesempatan untuk memperoleh pengalaman dan kemampuan selama bekerja akan memberikan kepuasan pada karyawan terhadap pekerjaannya.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
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"text": "5. Rekan kerja",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 90,
"top": 686,
"width": 437,
"height": 43,
"page_number": 15,
"page_width": 596,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Adanya hubungan yang dirasa saling mendukung dan saling memperhatikan antar rekan kerja akan menciptakan lingkungan kerja yang nyaman dan hangat sehingga menimbulkan kepuasan kerja pada karyawan.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 733,
"width": 109,
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"page_number": 15,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "6. Kondisi pekerjaan",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 43,
"width": 455,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 16,
"page_width": 596,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Volume 1, Issue 2, 2021, E-ISSN: 2747-1993, P-ISSN: 2747-2000",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 809,
"width": 205,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 16,
"page_width": 596,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Available Online: https://dinastirev.org/JIHHP",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 483,
"top": 809,
"width": 43,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 16,
"page_width": 596,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Page 250",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 90,
"top": 83,
"width": 437,
"height": 42,
"page_number": 16,
"page_width": 596,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Kondisi kerja yang mendukung akan meningkatkan kepuasan kerja pada karyawan. Kondisi kerja yang mendukung artinya tersedianya sarana dan prasarana kerja yang memadai sesuai dengan sifat tugas yang harus diselesaikannya.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 72,
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"width": 458,
"height": 75,
"page_number": 16,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "Berdasarkan uraian di atas dapat disintesiskan bahwa kepuasan kerja merupakan perasaan yang dirasakan individu baik itu berupa perasaan puas terhadap pekerjaan maupun tidak puas terhadap pekerjaannya yang dapat terlihat dari indicator-indikator kepuasan kerja yaitu: 1. Kesetiaan, 2. Kemampuan, 3. Kejujuran, 4. Kreatifitas, 5. Kepemimpinan, 6. Tingkat gaji, 7. Lingkungan kerja, 8. Supervisi dan 9. Promosi.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 236,
"width": 452,
"height": 74,
"page_number": 16,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "Kepuasan Kerja sudah banyak di teliti oleh peneliti sebelumnya diantaranya adalah: (Azhar M. E., Nurdin D. U., Siswadi Y., 2020), (Sitinjak L. N., 2018), (Harahap D. S., Khair H., 2019), (Saprudin, 2018), (Putra I., Ardana I., 2016), (Sulasmi, 2017), (Nurul Hidayah, 2016), (Fitriana K., 2018), (Putra G. H. G., 2017), (Nor A., 2016), (Prasetiyo S., 2014)",
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},
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"text": "Kompensasi",
"type": "Section header"
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{
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"text": "Hasibuan (2017:119) Kompensasi adalah semua pendapatan yang berbentuk uang, barang langsung atau tidak langsung yang diterima karyawan sebagai immbalan atas jasa yang diberikan kepada perusahaan. Pembentukan sistem kompensasi yang efektif merupakan bagian penting dari manajemen sumber daya manusia karena membantu menarik dan mempertahankan pekerjaan–pekerjaan yang berbakat. Selain itu sistem kompensasi perusahaan memiliki dampak terhadap kinerja strategis. Menurut Handoko (2014:155) Kompensasi adalah segala sesuatu yang diterima para karyawan sebagai balas jasa untuk kerja mereka. Program- program kompensasi juga penting bagi perusahaan, karena mencermintakan upaya organisasi untuk mempertahankan sumber daya manusia. Menururt Wibowo (2016:271) Kompensasi adalah jumlah paket yang ditawarkan organisasi kepada pekerja sebagai imbalan atas penggunaan tenaga kerjanya. Menurut Nawawi (2011:314). Kompensasi adalah penghargaan/ganjaran pada para pekerja yang telah memberikan kontribusi dalam mewujudkan tujuannya, melalui kegiatan yang disebut bekerja. Menurut Yani tahun 2012 (dalam Widodo, 2016:155). Kompensasi adalah bentuk pembayaran dalam bentuk manfaat dan insentif untuk memotivasi karyawan agar produktivitas kerja semakin meningkat. Menurut Marwansyah (2016:269) Kompensasi adalah penghargaan atau imbalan langsung maupun tidak langsung, finansial maupun non finansial, yang adil dan layak kepada karyawan, sebagai balasan atau kontribusi/jasanya terhadap pencapaian tujuan perusahaan. Menurut Umar (2002:16) kompensasi adalah sesuatu yang diterima karyawan sebagai balas jasa untuk kerja mereka. Selain sebagai balas jasa juga bisa memotivasi mereka dalam mencapai tujuan dari organisasi atau perusahaan. Kompensasi adalah segala sesuatu yang diterima karyawan sebagai balas jasa untuk kerja mereka. Kompensasi adalah salah satu cara organisasi untuk meningkatkan prestasi kerja, motivasi, dan kepuasan kerja pada karyawan. Rachmawati (2007:144)",
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"text": "Menurut Hasibuan (2017:121), tujuan pemberian kompensasi antara lain adalah:",
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"text": "1. Ikatan kerja sama",
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"text": "Volume 1, Issue 2, 2021, E-ISSN: 2747-1993, P-ISSN: 2747-2000",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
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"top": 809,
"width": 205,
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"text": "Available Online: https://dinastirev.org/JIHHP",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
"left": 483,
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"width": 43,
"height": 10,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "Page 251",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
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"top": 83,
"width": 437,
"height": 42,
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"text": "Dengan pemberian kompensasi terjalinlah ikatan kerjasama formal antara majikan dengan karyawan. Karyawan harus mengerjakan tugasnya dengan baik, sedangkan pengusaha/majikan harus membayar kompensasi",
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"text": "2. Kepuasan kerja",
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{
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"top": 146,
"width": 413,
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"text": "Karyawan dapat memenuhi kebutuhan-kebutuhannya dengan pemberian kompensasi",
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"text": "3. Pengadaan efektif",
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{
"left": 90,
"top": 178,
"width": 437,
"height": 27,
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"text": "Jika program kompensassi ditetapkan cukup besar, pengadaan karyawan yang qualified untuk perusahaan lebih mudah",
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"text": "4. Motivasi",
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"text": "Jika balas jasa yang diberikan cukup besar, manajer akan lebih mudah memotivasi bahawannya",
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"text": "5. Stabilitas karyawan",
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{
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"top": 273,
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"text": "Dengan program kompensasi atas prinsip adil dan layak serta eksternal konsistensinya yang kompetitif maka stabilitasnya karyawan lebih terjamin karena turnover yang relatife kecil",
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"text": "6. Disiplin",
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"text": "Dengan pemberian balas jasa yang cukup besar maka disiplin karyawan semakin baik",
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"text": "7. Pengaruh serikat buruh",
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{
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"top": 353,
"width": 437,
"height": 26,
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"text": "Dengan program kompensasi yang baik pengaruh Serikat Buruh dapat dihindarkan dan karyawan akan konsenterasi pada pekerjaannya",
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"top": 384,
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"text": "8. Pengaruh buruh",
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{
"left": 90,
"top": 400,
"width": 437,
"height": 27,
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"text": "Jika program kompensasi sesuai dengan undang-undang perburuhan yang berlaku (seperti batas upah minimum), maka intervensi pemerintah dapat dihindari.",
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"text": "Menurut Hasibuan (2017:122), asas kompensasi harus berdasarkan asas adil dan asas layak serta mempertahankan undang-undang perburuhan yang berlaku:",
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"top": 480,
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"text": "1. Asas adil",
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},
{
"left": 90,
"top": 495,
"width": 437,
"height": 27,
"page_number": 17,
"page_width": 596,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Besarnya kompensasi harus sesuai dengan prestasi kerja, jenis pekerjaan, tanggung jawab dan jabatan",
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{
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"text": "2. Asas layak dan wajar",
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},
{
"left": 90,
"top": 543,
"width": 437,
"height": 43,
"page_number": 17,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "Suatu kompensasi harus disesuaikan dengan kelayakannya. Meskipun tolak ukur layak sangat relatif, perusahaan dapat mengacu pada batas kewajaran yang sesuai dengan ketentuan yang diterapkan oleh pemerintah dan aturan lain secara konsisten.",
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{
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"height": 26,
"page_number": 17,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "Menurut Nawawi (2011:316) Kompensasi dalam hal ini dapat dikategorikan ke dalam dua golongan besar yaitu:",
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"text": "1. Kompensasi langsung artinya adalah suatu balas jasa yang diberikan perusahaan kepada karyawan karena telah memberikan prestasinya demi kepentigan perusahaan. Kompensassi ini diberikan, karena berkaitan secara langsung dengan pekerjaan yang dilakukan oleh karyawan tersebut. Contohnya: upah/gaji, insentif/bonus, tunjangan jabatan.",
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},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 702,
"width": 455,
"height": 42,
"page_number": 17,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "2. Kompensasi tidak langsung adalah pemberian kompensasi kepada karyawan sebagai tambahan yang didasarkan kepada kebijakan pimpinan dalam rangka upaya meningkatkan kesejahteraan karyawan. Tentu kompensasi ini tidak secara langsung berkaitan dengan",
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},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 43,
"width": 455,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 18,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "Volume 1, Issue 2, 2021, E-ISSN: 2747-1993, P-ISSN: 2747-2000",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 809,
"width": 205,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 18,
"page_width": 596,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Available Online: https://dinastirev.org/JIHHP",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 483,
"top": 809,
"width": 43,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 18,
"page_width": 596,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Page 252",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 90,
"top": 83,
"width": 437,
"height": 27,
"page_number": 18,
"page_width": 596,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "pekerjaan yang dilakukan oleh karyawan tersebut. Contoh: tunjangan hari raya, tunjangan pensiun, tunjangan kesehatan dan lainnya",
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 124,
"width": 455,
"height": 138,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "Menurut Marwansyah (2016:278), beberapa macam insentif yang dapat diberikan kepada karyawan antara lain. 1. Dorongan material uang atau barang 2. Kesempatan untuk mendapatkan kehormatan, prestasi dan kekuasaan perseorangan 3. Syarat-syarat pekerjaan yang diinginkan bersih, lingkungan yang tenang atau ruang kotor yang tersendiri 4. Kebanggaan akan pekerjaannya, jasa untuk keluarga, dan patriotisme atau perasaan keagamaan 5. Kesenangan perseorangan dan kepuasan dalam hubungan-hubungan sosial dan organisasi 6. Persesuaian dengan kebiasaan praktik dan sikap biasa, serta dapat menerima aturan dan pola- pola tingkah laku perusahaan 7. Perasaan turut serta dalam kejadian atau peristiwa yang penting dalam perusahaan.",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"height": 43,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "Berdasarkan pendapat definisi yang dikemukakan oleh para ahli terkait kompensasi, maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa kompensasi adalah segala sesuatu yang diterima para karyawan sebagai balas jasa untuk kerja mereka baik secara langsung maupun tidak langsung.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 72,
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"text": "Kompensasi sudah banyak di teliti oleh peneliti sebelumnya diantaranya adalah: (Azhar M. E., Nurdin D. U., Siswadi Y., 2020), (Harahap D. S., Khair H., 2019), (Saprudin, 2018), (Sulasmi, 2017), (Nurul Hidayah, 2016), (Fitriana K., 2018), (Nor A., 2016), (Prasetiyo S., 2014).",
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"text": "Faktor-faktor yang Mempengaruhi Kompensasi",
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{
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"text": "Faktor yang mempengaruhi Kompensasi Menurut Mangkuprawira (2006:197), yang mempengaruhi kompensasi adalah :",
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"text": "1) Penawaran dan Permintaan",
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"text": "Jika pencari kerja (penawaran) lebih banyak daripada lowongan pekerja (permintaan) maka kompensasi relatif kecil. Sebaliknya jika pencari kerja lebih sedikit daripada lowongan pekerjaan maka kompensasi relatif semakin besar.",
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"text": "2) Kemampuan dan Kesediaan Perusahaan Apabila kemampuan dan kesediaan perusahaan untuk membayar semakin baik, maka tingkat kompensasi akan semakin besar. Tetapi sebaliknya, jika kemampuan dan kesediaan perusahaan untuk membayar kurang, maka tingkat kompensasi relatif kecil.",
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"text": "3) Serikat buruh / organisasi karyawan",
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{
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"height": 43,
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"text": "Apabila serikat buruhnya kuat dan berpengaruh maka tingkat kompensasi semakin besar. Sebaliknya jika serikat buruh tidak kuat dan kurang berpengaruh maka tingkat kompensasi relatif kecil.",
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"text": "4) Produktivitas Kerja Karyawan",
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{
"left": 90,
"top": 662,
"width": 437,
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"text": "Jika produktivitas kerja karyawan baik dan banyak maka kompensasi akan semakin besar.",
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},
{
"left": 90,
"top": 678,
"width": 426,
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"text": "Sebaliknya kalau produktivitas kerjanya buruk serta sedikit maka kompensasinya kecil.",
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"text": "5) Pemerintah dan Undang-undang dan keppres",
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{
"left": 90,
"top": 710,
"width": 437,
"height": 59,
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"text": "Pemerintah dengan undang-undang dan keppres menetapkan besarnya batas upah/balas jasa minimum. Peraturan pemrintah ini sangat penting supaya pengusaha tidak sewenang- wenang menetapkan besarnya balas jasa bagi karyawan. Pemerintah berkewajiban melindungi masyarakat dan tindakan sewenang-wenang.",
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"text": "Volume 1, Issue 2, 2021, E-ISSN: 2747-1993, P-ISSN: 2747-2000",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 809,
"width": 205,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 19,
"page_width": 596,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Available Online: https://dinastirev.org/JIHHP",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 483,
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"width": 43,
"height": 10,
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"page_width": 596,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Page 253",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
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"text": "6) Biaya Hidup",
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"text": "Apabila biaya hidup didaerah itu tinggi maka tingkat kompensasi / upah semakin besa. Sebaliknya, jika tingkat biaya hidup didaerah itu rendah maka tingkat kompensai / upah relatif kecil. Seperti tingkat upah di jakarta lebih besar dari pada di Bandung.",
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"text": "7) Posisi Jabatan Karyawan",
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{
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"text": "Karyawan yang menduduki jabatan Lebih tinggi akan menerima gaji / kompensasi lebih besar. Sebaliknya karyawan yang menduduki jabatan yang lebih rendah akan memperoleh gaji / kompensasi yang kecil. Hal ini wajar karena seseorang ang mendapat kewenangan dan tanggung jawab yang besar harus mendapat gaji / kompensasi yang lebih besar pula.",
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"text": "8) Pendidikan dan pengalaman kerja",
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{
"left": 90,
"top": 241,
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"text": "Jika pendidikan lebih tinggi dan pengalaman kerja lebih lama maka gaji / balas jasanya akan semakin besar, karena kecakapan serta keterampilannya lebih baik. Sebaliknya, karyawan yang berpendidikan rendah dan pengalaman kerja yang kurang maka tingkat gaji kompensasinya kecil.",
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"text": "Indikator Kompensasi",
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"text": "Indikator kompensasi yang di kemukakan oleh Husein Umar (2007:16) adalah:",
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"text": "1) Gaji. Imbalan yang di berikan oleh pemberi kerja kepada pegawai, yang penerimaannya bersifat rutin dan tetap setiap bulan walaupun tidak masuk kerja maka gaji akan tetap diterima secara penuh.",
"type": "List item"
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{
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"text": "2) Insentif. Penghargaan atau ganjaran yang diberikan untuk memotivasi para pekerja agar produktivitas kerjanya tinggi, sifatnya tidak tetap atau sewaktu-waktu",
"type": "List item"
},
{
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"text": "3) Bonus. Pembayaran sekaligus yang diberikan karena memenuhi sasaran kinerja.",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 72,
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"width": 402,
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"page_number": 19,
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"text": "4) Upah. Pembayaran yang diberikan kepada pegawai dengan lamanya jam kerja.",
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"width": 455,
"height": 42,
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"text": "5) Premi. Premi adalah sesuatu yang diberikan sebagai hadiah atau derma atau sesuatu yang dibayarkan ekstra sebagai pendorong atau perancang atau sesuatu pembayaran tambahan di atas pembayaran normal.",
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{
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"text": "6) Pengobatan. Pengobatan di dalam kompensasi adalah pemberian jasa dalam penanggulan resiko yang dikaitkan dengan kesehatan karyawan.",
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{
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"text": "7) Asuransi. Asuransi merupakan penanggulangan risiko atas kerugian, kehilangan manfaat dan tanggung jawab hukum kepada pihak ketiga yang timbul dari peristiwa yang tidak pasti.",
"type": "List item"
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{
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"width": 455,
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"text": "Menurut Simamora (2004), indikator untuk mengukur kompensasi karyawan diantaranya sebagai berikut:",
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"text": "1. Upah dan gaji, Upah adalah basis bayaran yang seringkali digunakan bagi para pekerja produksi dan pemeliharaan. Upah pada umumnya berhubungan dengan tarif gaji per jam dan gaji biasanya berlaku untuk tarif bayaran tahunan, bulanan atau mingguan.",
"type": "List item"
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{
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"width": 455,
"height": 27,
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"text": "2. Insentif, Pengertian Insentif adalah tambahan kompensasi di atas atau di luar gaji atau upah yang diberikan oleh perusahaan.",
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{
"left": 72,
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"width": 455,
"height": 42,
"page_number": 19,
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"text": "3. Tunjangan, Pengertian Tunjangan adalah asuransi kesehatan dan jiwa, program pensiun, liburan yang ditanggung perusahaan, dan tunjangan lainnya yang berkaitan dengan hubungan kepegawaian.",
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"text": "Volume 1, Issue 2, 2021, E-ISSN: 2747-1993, P-ISSN: 2747-2000",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 72,
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"width": 205,
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"text": "Available Online: https://dinastirev.org/JIHHP",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
"left": 483,
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"text": "Page 254",
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{
"left": 72,
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"width": 455,
"height": 42,
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"text": "4. Fasilitas, Pengertian Fasilitas adalah pada umumnya berhubungan dengan kenikmatan seperti mobil perusahaan, akses ke pesawat perusahaan, tempat parkir khusus dan kenikmatan (baca: perlakuan khusus) yang diperoleh karyawan.",
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"text": "Berdasarkan uraian di atas dapat disintesiskan bahwa kompensasi adalah segala sesuatu yang diterima para karyawan sebagai balas jasa untuk kerja mereka baik secara langsung maupun tidak langsung dengan indicator-indikator sebagai berikut:1. Gaji/upah, 2. Insentif, 3. Tunjangan, dan 4. Fasilitas.",
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"text": "Lingkungan Kerja",
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{
"left": 72,
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"page_number": 20,
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"text": "Menurut Danang (2015, p.38) lingkungan kerja adalah segala sesuatu yang ada di sekitar para pekerja dan yang dapat mempengaruhi dirinya dalam menjalankan tugas-tugas yang dibebankan. Menurut Sedarmayanti dalam Desi (2015, p.25) lingkungan kerja adalah keseluruhan alat perkakas dan bahan yang dihadapi, lingkungan sekitarnya dimana seseorang bekerja, metode kerjanya, serta pengaturan kerjanya baik sebagai perseorangan maupun sebagai kelompok.",
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"text": "Jenis Lingkungan Kerja Menurut Sedarmayanti (2015) menyatakan bahwa jenis-jenis lingkungan kerja terbagi menjadi dua yaitu:",
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"text": "1. Lingkungan kerja fisik merupakan semua keadaan berbentuk fisik yang terdapat disekitar tempat kerja yang dapat mempengaruhi karyawan baik secara langsung maupun tidak langsung. Lingkungan kerja fisik dapat dibagi menjadi dua kategori yaitu: a. Lingkungan kerja yang langsung berhubungan dengan pegawai seperti pusat kerja, kursi, meja dan sebagainya. b. Lingkungan perantara atau lingkungan umum dapat juga disebut lingkungan kerja yang mempengaruhi kondisi manusia misalnya temperatur, kelembaban, sirkulasi udara, pencahayaan, kebisingan getaran mekanik, bau tidak sedap, warna dan lain-lain",
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"left": 72,
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"width": 455,
"height": 280,
"page_number": 20,
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"text": "2. Lingkungan kerja non fisik merupakan semua keadaan kerjadian yang berkaitan dengan hubungan kerja, baik hubungan dengan atasan maupun dengan hubungan sesama rekan kerja, ataupun dengan bawahan. Lingkungan kerja non fisik ini juga merupakan kelompok lingkungan kerja yang tidak bisa diabaikan. Perusahaan hendaknya dapat mencerminkan kondisi yang mendukung kerja sama antara tingkat atasan, bawahan maupun yang memiliki status jabatan yang sama di perusahaan. Kondisi yang hendaknya diciptakan adalah suasana kekeluargaan, komunikasi yang baik dan pengendalian diri. Kondisi lingkungan kerja non fisik meliputi: a. Faktor lingkungan social. Lingkungan sosial yang sangat berpengaruh terhadap kinerja kryawan adalah latar belakang keluarga, yaitu antara status keluarga, jumlah keluarga, tingkat kesejahteraan dan lain-lain. b. Faktor status social. Semakin tinggi jabatan seseorang semakin tinggi kewenangan dan keleluasaan dalam mengambil keputusan. c. Faktor hubungan kerja dalam perusahaan. Hubungan kerja yang ada dalam perusahaan adalah hubungan kerja antara karyawan dengan karyawan dan antara karyawan dengan atasan. d. Faktor sistem informasi. Hubungan kerja akan dapat berjalan dengan baik apabila ada komunikasi yang baik diantara anggota perusahaan. Dengan adanya komunikasi yang baik di lingkungan perusahaan maka anggota perusahaan akan berinteraksi, saling memahami, saling mengerti satu sama lain menghilangkan perselisihan salah faham.",
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"text": "Volume 1, Issue 2, 2021, E-ISSN: 2747-1993, P-ISSN: 2747-2000",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 809,
"width": 205,
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"text": "Available Online: https://dinastirev.org/JIHHP",
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{
"left": 483,
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"page_number": 21,
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"text": "Page 255",
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{
"left": 72,
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"text": "Berdasarkan pendapat definisi yang dikemukakan oleh para ahli terkait lingkungan kerja, maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa lingkungan kerja adalah kondisi di sekitar karyawan yang dapat mempengaruhi dirinya dalam menjalankan tugas yang dia emban atau yang menjadi tanggung jawabnya.",
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"text": "Faktor-faktor Lingkungan Kerja",
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"left": 72,
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"text": "Faktor-faktor lingkungan kerja yang diuraikan oleh Sedarmayanti (2009) yang dapat mempengaruhi terbentuknya suatu kondisi lingkungan kerja dikaitkan dengan kemampuan karyawan,diantaranya:",
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{
"left": 82,
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"text": "1. Warna merupakan faktor yang penting untuk memperbesar efisiensi kerja para pegawai. Khususnya warna akan mempengaruhi keadaan jiwa mereka. Dengan memakai warna yang tepat pada dinding ruangan dan alat-alat lainnya, kegembiraan dan ketenangan bekerja para pegawai akan terpelihara.",
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{
"left": 82,
"top": 283,
"width": 445,
"height": 106,
"page_number": 21,
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"text": "2. Kebersihan lingkungan kerja secara tidak langsung dapat mempengaruhi seseorang dalam bekerja, karena apabila lingkungan kerja bersih maka karyawan akan merasa nyaman dalam melakukan pekerjaannya. Kebersihan lingkungan bukan hanya berarti kebersihan tempat mereka bekerja, tetapi jauh lebih luas dari pada itu misalnya kamar kecil yang berbau tidak enak akan menimbulkan rasa yang kurang menyenangkan bagi para karyawan yang menggunakannya, untuk menjaga kebersihan ini pada umumnya diperlukan petugas khusus, dimana masalah biaya juga harus dipertimbangkan disini.",
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{
"left": 82,
"top": 394,
"width": 445,
"height": 43,
"page_number": 21,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "3. Penerangan dalam hal ini bukan terbatas pada penerangan listrik saja, tetapi juga penerangan sinar matahari. Dalam melaksanakan tugas karyawan membutuhkan penerangan yang cukup, apabila pekerjaan yang dilakukan tersebut menuntut ketelitian.",
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{
"left": 82,
"top": 442,
"width": 445,
"height": 106,
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"text": "4. Pertukaran udara yang cukup akan meningkatkan kesegaran fisik para karyawan, karena apabila ventilasinya cukup maka kesehatan para karyawan akan terjamin. Selain ventilasi, konstrusi gedung dapat berpengaruh pula pada pertukaran udara. Misalnya gedung yang mempunyai plafond tinggi akan menimbulkan pertukaran udara yang banyak dari pada gedung yang mempunyai plafond rendah selain itu luas ruangan apabila dibandingkan dengan jumlah karyawan yang bekerja akan mempengaruhi pula pertukan udara yang ada.",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 82,
"top": 553,
"width": 445,
"height": 75,
"page_number": 21,
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"text": "5. Jaminan terhadap keamanan menimbulkan ketenangan. Keamanan akan keselamatan diri sendiri sering ditafsirkan terbatas pada keselamatan kerja, padahal lebih luas dari itu termasuk disini keamanan milik pribadi karyawan dan juga konstruksi gedung tempat mereka bekerja. Sehingga akan menimbulkan ketenangan yang akan mendorong karyawan dalam bekerja.",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 82,
"top": 632,
"width": 445,
"height": 75,
"page_number": 21,
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"text": "6. Kebisingan merupakan suatu gangguan terhadap seseorang karena adanya kebisingan, maka konsentrasi dalam bekerja akan terganggu. Dengan terganggunya konsentrasi ini maka pekerjaan yang dilakukan akan banyak menimbulkan kesalahan atau kerusakan. Hal ini jelas akan menimbulkan kerugian. Kebisingan yang terus menerus mungkin akan menimbulkan kebosanan.",
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{
"left": 82,
"top": 712,
"width": 445,
"height": 42,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "7. Tata ruang merupakan penataan yang ada di dalam ruang kerja yang biasa mempengaruhi kenyamanan karyawan dalam bekerja. Menurut RobbinsCoulter (2010) lingkungan dirumuskan menjadi dua, meliputi lingkungan umum dan lingkungan khusus.",
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"page_number": 22,
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"text": "Volume 1, Issue 2, 2021, E-ISSN: 2747-1993, P-ISSN: 2747-2000",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 809,
"width": 205,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 22,
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"text": "Available Online: https://dinastirev.org/JIHHP",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
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"text": "Page 256",
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"width": 151,
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"text": "Indikator Lingkungan Kerja",
"type": "Section header"
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{
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"text": "A.A Anwar Prabu Mangkunegara (2005) menguraikan indicator lingkungan kerja sebagai berikut:",
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"text": "1. Penerangan / cahaya di tempat kerja.",
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{
"left": 108,
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"width": 419,
"height": 75,
"page_number": 22,
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"text": "Cahaya lampu sangat besar manfaatnya bagi karyawan guna mendapat keselamatan dan kelancaran kerja, karena jika cahaya lampu yang tidak memadai akan berpengaruh terhadap keterampilan karyawan yang dalam melaksanakan tugas-tugasnya banyak mengalami kesalahan yang pada akhirnya pengerjaannya kurang efisien sehingga tujuan perusahaan sulit untuk dicapai.",
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{
"left": 90,
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"width": 437,
"height": 107,
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"text": "2. Temperatur / suhu udara di tempat kerja. Setiap anggota tubuh manusia mempunyai temperatur yang berbeda. Manusia selalu mempertahankan tubuhnya dalam keadaan normal, dengan suatu sistem tubuh yang sempurna sehingga dapat menyesuaikan diri dengan perubahan yang terjadi di luar tubuh. Tetapi kemampuan untuk menyesuaikan diri tersebut ada batasnya. Manusia dapat menyesuaikan dirinya dengan temperatur luar jika perubahan temperatur luar tubuh tidak lebih dari 20% untuk kondisi panas dan 35% untuk kondisi dingin, dari keadaan normal tubuh.",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 90,
"top": 353,
"width": 439,
"height": 106,
"page_number": 22,
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"text": "3. Kelembaban di tempat kerja. Kelembaban adalah banyaknya air yang terkandung dalam udara, biasanya dinyatakan dalam persentase. Kelembaban ini berhubungan atau dipengaruhi oleh temperatur udara. Jika keadaan dengan temperatur udara sangat panas dan kelembaban tinggi, akan menimbulkan pengurangan panas dari tubuh secara besar, karena sistem. Selain itu, semakin cepatnya denyut jantung diakibatkan aktifnya peredaran darah untuk memenuhi kebutuhan oksigen, dan tubuh manusia akan selalu berusaha untuk mencapai keseimbangan antara panas tubuh dengan suhu disekitarnya.",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 90,
"top": 464,
"width": 437,
"height": 138,
"page_number": 22,
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"text": "4. Sirkulasi udara di tempat kerja. Udara disekitar dikatakan kotor apabila kadar oksigen dalam udara tersebut telah berkurang dan telah bercampur dengan gas atau bau-bauan yang berbahaya bagi kesehatan tubuh. Oksigen merupakan gas yang dibutuhkan oleh makhluk hidup untuk menjaga kelangsungan hidup, yaitu proses metabolisme. Dengan cukupnya oksigen di sekitar tempat kerja, maka akan memberikan kesejukan dan kesegaran pada jasmani, sumber utamanya adalah tanaman di sekitar tempat kerja, karena tanaman merupakan penghasil oksigen yang dibutuhkan oleh manusia. Dengan terciptanya rasa sejuk dan segar selama bekerja akan membantu mempercepat pemulihan tubuh akibat lelah setelah bekerja.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 90,
"top": 607,
"width": 437,
"height": 90,
"page_number": 22,
"page_width": 596,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "5. Kebisingan di tempat kerja. Kebisingan merupakan suatu bunyi yang tidak dikehendaki oleh telinga, karena jika dalam jangka panjang bunyi tersebut dapat mengganggu ketenangan dalam bekerja, merusak pendengaran, dan menimbulkan kesalahan dalam berkomunikasi. Bahkan menurut penelitian, kebisingan serius dapat menyebabkan kematian. Kriteria pekerjaan membutuhkan konsentrasi, maka suara bising hendaknya dihindarkan agar pelaksanaan pekerjaan dapat dilakukan dengan efisien.",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 90,
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"width": 437,
"height": 58,
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"text": "6. Hubungan Karyawan. Dalam hubungan karyawan ini terdapat dua hubungan yaitu hubungan sebagai individu dan hubungan sebagai kelompok. Hubungan sebagai individu, motivasi yang diperoleh seorang karyawan datangnya dari rekanrekan sekerja maupun atasan. Menjadi sebuah motivasi, jika hubungan karyawan dengan rekan",
"type": "List item"
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"left": 72,
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"height": 10,
"page_number": 23,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "Volume 1, Issue 2, 2021, E-ISSN: 2747-1993, P-ISSN: 2747-2000",
"type": "Page header"
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"text": "Page 257",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
"left": 108,
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"width": 419,
"height": 42,
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"text": "sekerja maupun atasannya berlangsung harmonis. Begitu juga dengan sebaliknya, jika hubungan di antara mereka tidak harmonis, maka akan mengakibatkan kurangnya atau tidak ada motivasi di dalam diri karyawan yang bekerja.",
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"text": "7. Dekorasi di tempat kerja. Dekorasi ada hubungannya dengan tata warna yang baik, karena dekorasi tidak hanya berkaitan dengan hiasan ruang kerja saja, akan tetapi berkaitan juga dengan cara mengatur tata letak, tata warna, perlengkapan, dan lainnya untuk bekerja.",
"type": "List item"
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"left": 90,
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"width": 437,
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"text": "8. Musik di tempat kerja. Menurut para pakar, musik yang nadanya lembut sesuai dengan suasana, waktu dan tempat dapat membangkitkan dan merangsang karyawan untuk bekerja. Oleh karena itu, lagu-lagu perlu dipilih dengan selektif untuk dikumandangkan di tempat kerja.",
"type": "List item"
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"left": 90,
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"width": 437,
"height": 75,
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"text": "9. Keamanan di tempat kerja. Guna menjaga tempat dan kondisi lingkungan kerja tetap dalam keadaan aman, maka perlu diperhatikan adanya keamanan dalam bekerja. Oleh karena itu faktor kemanan perlu diwujudkkan keberadaannya. Salah satu upaya untuk menjaga keamanan di tempat kerja adalah dengan memanfaatkan tenaga Satuan Petugas Keamanann (SATPAM).",
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"text": "Indikator-indikator lingkungan kerja oleh Nitisemito (1992,159) yaitu sebagai berikut:",
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"text": "10. Suasana kerja",
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"text": "Suasana kerja adalah kondisi yang ada disekitar karyawan yang sedang melakukan pekerjaan yang dapat mempengaruhi pelaksanaan pekerjaan itu sendiri. Suasana kerja ini akan meliputi tempat kerja, fasilitas dan alat bantu pekerjaan, kebersihan, pencahayaan, ketenangan termasuk juga hubungan kerja antara orang-orang yang ada ditempat tersebut (Saydam, 1996:381).",
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"text": "11. Hubungan dengan rekan kerja",
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"text": "Hubungan dengan rekan kerja yaitu hubungan dengan rekan kerja harmonis dan tanpa ada saling intrik diantara sesama rekan sekerja. Salah satu faktor yang dapat mempengaruhi karyawan tetap tinggal dalam satu organisasi adalah adanya hubungan yang harmonis diantara rekan kerja. Hubungan yang harmonis dan kekeluargaan merupakan salah satu faktor yang dapat mempengaruhi kinerja karyawan.",
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"text": "12. Tersedianya fasilitas kerja",
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"text": "Hal ini dimaksudkan bahwa peralatan yang digunakan untuk mendukung kelancaran kerja lengkap/mutakhir. Tersedianya fasilitas kerja yang lengkap, walaupun tidak baru merupakan salah satu penunjang proses dalam bekerja.",
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"text": "Berdasarkan uraian di atas dapat disintesiskan bahwa lingkungan kerja adalah segala sesuatu yang diterima para karyawan sebagai balas jasa untuk kerja mereka baik secara langsung maupun tidak langsung dengan indicator-indikator sebagai berikut:1. Gaji/upah, 2. Insentif, 3. Tunjangan, dan 4. Fasilitas, 5. Suasana kerja, dan 6. Hubungan dengan Rekan Kerja.",
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"text": "Lingkungan Kerja sudah banyak di teliti oleh peneliti sebelumnya diantaranya adalah: (Sitinjak L. N., 2018), (Putra I., Ardana I., 2016), (Fitriana K., 2018), (Putra G. H. G., 2017), (Nor A., 2016)",
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"text": "Berdasarkan Kajian teori dan hubungan antar variabel maka model atau Conceptual Framework artikel ini dalam rangka membagun hipotesis adalah sebagai berikut:",
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"text": "Gambar 3: Conceptual Framework",
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"text": "Kompensasi (x1), dan Lingkungan Kerja (x2) berpengaruh terhadap Kepuasan Kerja (y1) dan Kinerja Karyawan (y2) baik secara langsung dan tidak langsung. Selain dari variabel Kompensasi (x1), dan Lingkungan Kerja (x2) yang mempengaruhi berpengaruh terhadap Kepuasan Kerja (y1) dan Kinerja Karyawan (y2), masih banyak variabel lain diataranya adalah:",
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"text": "1) Motivasi Kerja (x4) : (Riyanto, Sutrisno, et al., 2017a), (Bastari et al., 2020), (Prayetno & Ali, 2017), (Rivai et al., 2017), (Chauhan et al., 2019);",
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"text": "2) Budaya Kerja (x5): (Harini et al., 2020), (Elmi et al., 2016);",
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{
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"text": "3) Gaya Kepemimpinan (x6): (Riyanto, Pratomo, et al., 2017), dan (Purba et al., 2017)",
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"text": "4) Perceived Organizational Support (POS) (x7): (Ridwan et al., 2020) .",
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{
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"text": "METODE PENELITIAN",
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 524,
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"height": 75,
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"text": "Metode penulisan artikel ilmiah ini adalah dengan metode kualitatif dan studi literature atau Library Research. Mengkaji Buku-buku literature sesuai dengan teori yang di bahas khususnya di lingkup Manajemen Sumberdaya Manusia (MSDM). Disamping itu menganalisis artikel-artikel ilmiah yang bereputasi dan juga artikel ilmiah dari jurnal yang belum bereputasi. Semua artikel ilmiah yang di citasi bersumber dari Mendeley dan Scholar Google.",
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{
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"text": "Dalam penelitian kualitatif, kajian pustaka harus digunakan secara konsisten dengan asumsi-asumsi metodologis. Artinya harus digunakan secara induktif sehingga tidak mengarahkan pertanyaan-pertanyaan yang diajukan oleh peneliti. Salah satu alasan utama untuk melakukan penelitian kualitatif yaitu bahwa penelitian tersebut bersifat eksploratif, (Ali & Limakrisna, 2013).",
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"text": "Selanjutnya dibahas secara mendalam pada bagian yang berjudul” Pustaka Terkait” (Related Literature) atau Kajian pustaka(“Review of Literature”), sebagai dasar perumusan hipotesis dan selanjutnya akan menjadi dasar untuk melakukan perbandingan dengan hasil atau temuan-temuan yang terungkap dalam penelitian, (Ali & Limakrisna, 2013).",
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"text": "Kompensasi (X 1 ) Lingkungan Kerja (X 2 ) Kepuasan Kerja (Y 1 ) Kinerja Pegawai (Y 2 )",
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"text": "Volume 1, Issue 2, 2021, E-ISSN: 2747-1993, P-ISSN: 2747-2000",
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"text": "Page 259",
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"text": "HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN",
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"text": "Kompensasi berpengaruh terhadap Kepuasan Kerja",
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"left": 72,
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"height": 218,
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"text": "Kompensasi memiliki pengaruh terhadap kepuasan kerja, hal ini dikemukakan oleh Anak Agung Ngurah Bagus Dhermawan, I Gde Adnyana Sudibya, I Wayan Mudiartha Utama (2012) dalam penelitiannya yang menyatakan bahwa kompensasi berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kepuasan kerja pegawai diterima, hal ini ditunjukkan dari nilai koefisien standardized regression weight sebesar 0,637, C.R sebesar 4,502, dan probability 0,000. Hasil yang positif dan signifikan didapatkan pada hubungan antara variabel kompensasi terhadap variabel kepuasan kerja. Ini berarti kenaikan kompensasi yang diperoleh para pegawai akan meningkatkan kepuasan kerja pegawai di kantor tersebut dan sebaliknya, saat semakin kecil perolehan kompensasi yang dirasakan pegawai maka akan menurunkan kepuasan kerja pegawai. Hasil ini mendukung penelitian lainnya yang dilakukan oleh ( Akhwanul Akmal & Ihda Tamini, 2015) dimana berdasarkan hasil penelitiannya dapat disimpulkan bahwa hasil uji korelasi ganda antara kompensasi dan kepuasan kerja memiliki hubungan yang kuat sebesar 0,777, hasil uji determinasi menunjukkan bahwa variabel bebas (upah pokok, THR, dan insentif) mampu menjelaskan variabel terikatnya (kepuasan kerja) sebesar 60,4%.",
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"text": "Menurut Madura (2001) program kompensasi yang adil dan layak adalah salah satu faktor yang dapat mempengaruhi kepuasan kerja. Kepuasan terhadap kompensasi ditentukan oleh keadilan kompensasi, tingkat kompensasi, dan praktik-praktik administrasi kompensasi. Kepuasan kerja yang tinggi diharapkan membuat karyawan menjadi semakin setia kepada organisasi, semakin termotivasi dalam bekerja, merasa senang dalam bekerja, dan pada gilirannya akan meningkatkan produktivitas. Sebagian besar manager beranggapan bahwa kompensasi adalah faktor utama yang mempengaruhi kepuasan kerja seorang karyawan. Kompensasi seringkali menjadi pemicu ketidakpuasan karyawan.",
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"text": "Berdasarkan hasil riset Caugemi dan Claypool yang dikutip oleh As’ad (2000), menemukan bahwa faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan kepuasan kerja antara lain adalah penghargaan, pujian, prestasi, dan kenaikan jabatan, sedangkan faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan ketidakpuasan adalah supervisor, kondisi kerja, kebijaksanaan perusahaan, dan gaji. Menurut Siagian (1997) organisasi sebaiknya dapat membuat suatu sistem kompensasi yang dapat mendorong adanya kepuasan kerja bagi karyawannya, yang pada gilirannya akan membentuk sikap positip dan produktif.",
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"text": "Kompensasi sudah banyak di teliti oleh peneliti sebelumnya diantaranya adalah: (Azhar M. E., Nurdin D. U., Siswadi Y., 2020), (Harahap D. S., Khair H., 2019), (Saprudin, 2018), (Sulasmi, 2017), (Nurul Hidayah, 2016), (Fitriana K., 2018), (Nor A., 2016), (Prasetiyo S., 2014).",
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"text": "Lingkungan Kerja berpengaruh terhadap Kepuasan Kerja",
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"text": "Lingkungan kerja berpengaruh positif terhadap kepuasan kerja karyawan, ini diperkuat oleh hasil penelitian ( Quinerita Stevani Aruan, Mahendra Fakhri, 2015 ), (Sitinjak, Lulu Novena, 2018) and (Tamali H, Munasip A, 2019) yang menyatakan bahwa lingkungan kerja berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap kepuasan kerja karyawan, yang mengindikasikan",
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"text": "Volume 1, Issue 2, 2021, E-ISSN: 2747-1993, P-ISSN: 2747-2000",
"type": "Page header"
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"text": "bahwa Lingkungan kerja yang baik mampu membawa pengaruh terhadap kegairahan atau semangat karyawan dalam bekerja. Lingkungan kerja yang kondusif memberikan rasa aman dan memungkinkan karyawan untuk dapat bekerja optimal, begitu pula sebaliknya.",
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"text": "Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kepuasan kerja karyawan adalah sebagai berikut Menurut (Moh As’ad, 2001:115) yaitu: a. Faktor psikologis, yaitu faktor yang berhubungan dengan kejiwaan pegawai yang meliputi penghargaan, ketentraman kerja, dan perasaan kerja. b. Faktor phisik, yaitu faktor yang berhubungan dengan phisik lingkungan kerja dan kondisi phisik pegawai meliputi, jenis pekerjaan, pengaturan waktu kerja, perlengkapan kerja, sirkulasi udara dan kesehatan pegawai. c. Faktor finansial, yaitu faktor yang berhubungan dengan jaminan serta kesejahteraan pegawai yang meliputi, penggajian, jaminan sosial, besarnya tunjangan, fasilitas yang diberikan, promosi dan lainnya..",
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"text": "Lingkungan kerja merupakan salah satu faktor yang dapat mempengaruhi kepuasan kerja karyawan untuk mencapai tujuan perusahaan. Robbins (1996:181) menyatakan bahwa salah satu faktor yang mendorong kepuasan kerja adalah kondisi kerja yang mendukung.",
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"text": "Lingkungan Kerja sudah banyak di teliti oleh peneliti sebelumnya diantaranya adalah: (Sitinjak L. N., 2018), (Putra I., Ardana I., 2016), (Fitriana K., 2018), (Putra G. H. G., 2017), (Nor A., 2016)",
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"text": "Kompensasi berpengaruh terhadap Kinerja Pegawai",
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"text": "Kompensasi berpengaruh positif terhadap kinerja pegawai. Hal ini sejalan dengan penelitian yang dilakukan oleh (Yuli Suwati, 2013), (Purnawati E. B., Heryanda K. K., Rahmawati P. I., 2020) dan (Qustolani A., 2017), yang mengemukakan bahwa kompensasi berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap kinerja karyawan, sehingga adanya peningkatan pemberian kompensasi akan meningkatkan kinerja karyawan. Sedangkan hasil penelitian (Hidayat S., Lubis A. R., Majid M., 2019) kompensasi secara tidak langsung berpengaruh terhadap kinerja karyawan melalui kepuasan kerja karyawan.",
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"text": "Menurut Siagian (1997) organisasi sebaiknya dapat membuat suatu sistem kompensasi yang dapat mendorong adanya kepuasan kerja bagi karyawannya, yang pada gilirannya akan membentuk sikap positif dan produktif dan bermuara pada optimalnya kinerja pegawai. Setiap organisasi perlu memandang keputusan kompensasi secara strategis dengan tujuan antara lain untuk meningkatkan produktivitas kerja karyawan (Dessler, 1997; Flippo, 1994; Madura, 2001; Schuler dan Jackson, 1996; Handoko, 1995).",
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"text": "Kompensasi sudah banyak di teliti oleh peneliti sebelumnya diantaranya adalah: (Yuli Suwati, 2013), (Purnawati E. B., Heryanda K. K., Rahmawati P. I., 2020) dan (Qustolani A., 2017).",
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"text": "Lingkungan Kerja berpengaruh terhadap Kinerja Karyawan",
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"text": "Lingkungan Kerja berpengaruh positif terhadap kinerja karyawan, ini diperkuat oleh hasil penelitian . (Triastuti D. A., 2019), (Putra Pane D. S., 2019), (Heruwanto J.,",
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"text": "Wahyuningsih R., Nurpatria E., 2020) dan (Parashakti R. D., Putriawati, 2020) yang memperlihatkan bahwa lingkungan kerja berpengaruh positif terhadap kinerja pegawai. Artinya jika lingkungan kerja ditingkatkan, maka kinerja pegawai akan meningkat pula.",
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"text": "“Lingkungan kerja adalah segala sesuatu hal atau unsur-unsur yang dapat mempengaruhi secara langsung atau tidak langsung terhadap organisasi atau perusahaan yang akan memberikan dampak baik atau buruk terhadap kinerja dan kepuasan kerja karyawan, hal ini dikemukakan Soetjipto (2008:87)”. Salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi kinerja dan kepuasan kerja pegawai dalam melaksanakan tugas adalah lingkungan kerja yaitu segala sesuatu yang ada di sekitar pekerja, yang dapat mempengaruhi dirinya dalam menjalankan tugas (Nitisemito, 1996). Faktor lingkungan kerja bisa berupa kondisi fisik kantor yang meliputi penerangan, suhu udara, dll yang mampu meningkatkan suasana kondusif dan semangat kerja serta berpengaruh terhadap kinerja pegawai (Sedarmayanti, 2001). Lingkungan kerja yang tidak memuaskan dapat menurunkan semangat kerja dan akhirnya menurunkan produktifitas kerja pegawai (Ahyari, 1986).",
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"text": "Lingkungan Kerja sudah banyak di teliti oleh peneliti sebelumnya diantaranya adalah: (Triastuti D. A., 2019), (Putra Pane D. S., 2019), (Heruwanto J., Wahyuningsih R., Nurpatria E., 2020).",
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"text": "Kepuasan Kerja memiliki hubungan dan berpengaruh terhadap Kinerja Pegawai",
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"text": "Kepuasan Kerja memilik hubungan dan berpengaruh terhadap Kinerja Pegawai, hal ini diperkuat oleh hasil penelitian ( Hanafi B. D., Yohana C., 2017), dimana variabel kepuasan kerja terhadap kinerja karyawan dengan nilai t-value -2.73 >t-tabel 1.96, jadi dapat diartikan variabel kepuasan kerja berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap kinerja karyawan. Beberapa hasil penelitian lain yang sejalan ( Wirya K. S., Andiani N. D., Telagawathi N. L. W. S., 2020), (Ghozali I., 2017), (Wardani A., 2017), (Nurayda E., 2017.)",
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"text": "Kepuasan kerja adalah faktor pendorong meningkatnya kinerja pegawai yang pada gilirannya akan memberikan kontribusi kepada peningkatan kinerja organisasi (Gorda, 2004). Menurut Robbins (2003), kepuasan kerja adalah sikap umum seorang individu terhadap pekerjaan dimana seseorang dengan tingkat kepuasan kerja tinggi menunjukkan sikap yang positif terhadap pekerjaan. Morse (Panggabean, 2004), menyebutkan bahwa pada dasarnya kepuasan kerja tergantung kepada apa yang diinginkan seseorang dari pekerjaannya dan apa yang diperoleh. Salah satu variabel yang mempengaruhi kepuasan kerja adalah motivasi karyawan yang ditunjukkan dengan dukungan aktivitas yang mengarah pada tujuan (Sulistiyani dan Rosidah, 2003).",
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"text": "Kepuasan Kerja sudah banyak di teliti oleh peneliti sebelumnya diantaranya adalah: (Azhar M. E., Nurdin D. U., Siswadi Y., 2020), (Sitinjak L. N., 2018), (Harahap D. S., Khair H., 2019), (Saprudin, 2018), (Putra I., Ardana I., 2016), (Sulasmi, 2017), (Nurul Hidayah, 2016), (Fitriana K., 2018), (Putra G. H. G., 2017), (Nor A., 2016), (Prasetiyo S., 2014)",
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"text": "Berdasarkan hasil dan pembahasan, maka dapat disimpulkan untuk membangun suatu hipoteis guna untuk riset selanjutnya seperti di bawah ini:",
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"text": "1) Kompensasi berpengaruh terhadap Kepuasan Kerja",
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"text": "5) Kepuasan Kerja memiliki hubungan dan berpengaruh terhadap Kinerja Karyawan",
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"text": "Saran",
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"text": "Berdasarkan Kesimpulan di atas, maka saran pada artikel ini adalah bahwa masih banyak faktor lain yang mempengaruhi Kepuasan Kerja dan Kinerja Pegawai pada semua tipe dan level organisasi, oleh karena itu masih di perlukan kajian yang lebih lanjut untuk melengkapi factor-faktor lain apa sajakah yang dapat mempengaruhi Kepuasan Kerja dan Kinerja Pegawai",
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"text": "Abdurachman Saleh,",
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"text": "Universitas Ibn Khaldun Bogor, Indonesia abdurachmansaleh1977@gmail.com",
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"text": "A BSTRACT",
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"text": "The purpose of this research is to know the relationship between the Obedience Teachers and the Habit of the Z uhur Prayers’ Companions with PAI (islamic studies) Student Achievement. The research was carried out at 1 Gunungputri Vocational High School, Bogor Regency. The research respondents were students with population 349 taken proportionally random sampling. The method used is a survey with a correlational approach. In order to obtain data in the field, a questionnaire is prepared based on the indicators in the research variable. From the results of the study produced three conclusions; are: First, there is a significant positive relationship between Teacher Exemplary (X1) and PAI Student Learning Achievement (Y) are 35,63 % . Second, there is a signifi cant positive relationship between the Variation of the zuhur Prayers’ Companions (X2) and the PAI Student Achievement (Y) are 43,04 %. Third, There is a significant positive relationship between Teacher Exemplary variables (X1) and Habit of Zuhur Prayers (X2) together with Student PAI Learning Achievement (Y) are 47,85 %. Based on these points it can be concluded that Student PAI Learning Achievement can be improved through Teacher's Exemplary and Habit of the Zuhur Prayers.",
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"text": "Keywords: Obedience Teachers; Habits of the Zuhur Prayers’ Companions; Student Achievement; Islamic Studies.",
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"text": "A BSTRAK",
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"text": "Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mempelajari hubungan antara Keteladanan Guru dan Pembiasaan Shalat Zuhur Berjamaah dengan Prestasi Belajar PAI Siswa. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di SMKN 1 Gunung putri Kabupaten Bogor. Responden penelitian adalah Siswa dengan populasi 349 yang diambil secara Proporsional Random Sampling. Metode yang digunakan yaitu survei dengan pendekatan korelasional. Untuk mendapatkan data di lapangan digunakan kuesioner yang disusun berdasarkan indikator-indikator yang ada pada variabel penelitian. Dari hasil penelitian menghasilkan tiga kesimpulan; yaitu: Pertama, terdapat hubungan positif yang signifikan antara Keteladanan Guru (X1) dan Prestasi Belajar PAI Siswa (Y) sebesar 35,63 %. Kedua, Terdapat hubungan positif yang signifikan antara Variabel Pembisaan Shalat",
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"text": "TAWAZUN JURNAL PENDIDIKAN ISLAM",
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"text": "Strategi Keteladanan Guru Dan Pembiasaan Shalat Zuhur Berjamaah...",
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"text": "Tawazun , Vol. 12, No. 1, Juni 2019",
"type": "Page footer"
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"left": 508,
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"text": "37",
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"text": "Zuhur Berjamaah (X2) dengan Prestasi Belajar PAI Siswa (Y) sebesar 43,04 %. Ketiga, Terdapat hubungan positif yang signifikan antara variabel Keteladanan Guru (X1) dan Pembiasaan Shalat Zuhur Berjamaah (X2) secara bersama-sama dengan Prestasi Belajar PAI Siswa (Y) sebesar 47,85 %. Berdasarkan hal-hal tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa Prestasi Belajar PAI Siswa dapat ditingkatkan melalui Keteladanan Guru dan Pembiasaan Shalat Zuhur Berjamaah.",
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"text": "Kata kunci: Keteladanan Guru; Pembiasaan Shalat Zuhur Berjamaah; Prestasi Belajar; Pendidikan Agama Islam",
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"text": "I. P ENDAHULUAN",
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"text": "Setiap manusia memiliki potensi untuk memperoleh ilmu pengetahuan baik diperoleh dengan cara belajar maupun dengan pengalaman. Masing-masing individu pun memiliki potensi dan kemampuan yang berbeda antara satu dengan yang lainnya. Manusia sebagai makhluk Tuhan, telah dikaruniai kemampuan-kemampuan dasar yang bersifat rohaniah dan jasmaniah. Agar dengannya, manusia mampu mempertahankan hidup serta memajukan kesejahteraannya. Kemampuan dasar manusia tersebut dalam sejarah pertumbuhannya merupakan modal dasar untuk mengembangkan kehidupannya di segala bidang.",
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"text": "Sarana utama yang dibutuhkan untuk mengembangkan kehidupan manusia tidak lain adalah pendidikan, dalam dimensi yang setara dengan tingkat daya cipta, daya rasa dan daya karsa masyarakat beserta anggota-anggotanya. Imam Ghazali menaruh perhatian yang besar akan penyebarluasan ilmu dan pendidikan, karena beliau yakin bahwa pendidikan adalah sebagai sarana untuk menyebarluaskan keutamaan, membersihkan jiwa dan sebagai media untuk mendekatkan manusia kepada Allah Azza wa Jalla. Dengan itulah, pendidikan menurut Al-Ghazali adalah suatu ibadah dan sarana kemaslahatan untuk membina umat. (Fatchurohmah, 2006)",
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"text": "Lebih khusus lagi, tujuan pendidikan agama Islam di sekolah dalam kurikulum PAI yaitu untuk menumbuhkan dan meningkatkan keimanan melalui pemberian dan pemupukan pengetahuan, penghayatan, serta pengalaman peserta didik tentang agama Islam sehingga menjadi manusia muslim yang terus berkembang dalam hal keimanan, ketakwaan, berbangsa dan bernegara, serta untuk dapat melanjutkan pada jenjang pendidikan yang lebih tinggi. Dalam UU No. 20 Tahun 2003 tentang Sistem Pendidikan Nasional yang ditindak lanjuti dengan disahkannya PP No. 55 Tahun 2007 tentang pendidikan agama dan keagamaan memang menjadi babak baru bagi dunia pendidikan agama dan keagamaan di Indonesia",
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"text": "Abdurachman Saleh",
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"text": "38",
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"text": "Tawazun, Vol. 12, No. 1, Juni 2019",
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"text": "Berdasarkan tujuan tersebut, maka dibutuhkan peranan guru dalam mendidik, mengarahkan dan membina siswa sebagai anak didiknya untuk mendapatkan hasil dari pendidikan yang diharapkan. Guru adalah komponen utama dalam pendidikan, jika gurunya memiliki kualitas yang baik keterbatasan apa pun yang mempengaruhi proses pendidikan dapat diatasi atau diminimalkan. Sebagai komponen yang utama, keberhasilan dalam pendidikan sebagian besar ditentukan oleh mutu profesionalisme seorang guru. Ahmad Tafsir memandang bahwa guru merupakan pendidik yang tugasnya mendidik, menjadi teladan bagi muridnya, dewasa, ahli, berkesusilaan, berkepribadian Muslim, dan, berdedikasi tinggi. (Badruzaman, 2019)",
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"text": "Guru yang profesional bukanlah guru yang hanya dapat mengajar dengan baik tetapi juga guru yang dapat mendidik. Untuk ini selain menguasai ilmu yang diajarkan dan cara mengajarkannya dengan baik sekaligus memiliki akhlak yang mulia. Dengan demikian seorang guru tidak hanya menjadi sumber informasi, ia juga dapat menjadi motivator, inspirator, dinamisator, fasilitator, evaluator dan contoh hidup bagi peserta didik dan masyarakatnya. (Roqib & Nurfuadi, 2009)",
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"text": "Guru merupakan suatu profesi yang tidak dapat dilakukan oleh sembarang orang tapi memerlukan keahlian khusus (profesionalisme). Memang dalam setiap bidang pekerjaan memerlukan keahlian sebagaimana hadits Nabi SAW:",
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"text": "“Apabila suatu pekerjaan dikerjakan/diisi oleh orang yang bukan ahlinya, maka tunggulah saat kehancurannya. (H.R. Bukhari)",
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"text": "Dengan demikian jelas bahwa guru merupakan salah satu pendukung terhadap keberhasilan pendidikan anak dan merupakan contoh suri teladan utama di sekolah. Masa usia anak sekolah adalah merupakan masa di mana anak sedang mencari tokoh idolanya dan anak dengan mudah mengidentifikasi tokoh-tokoh popularitasnya di antaranya yaitu guru dari sisi kewibawaannya.",
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"text": "Guru dikatakan profesional, karena guru telah menerima dan memikul beban dari orang tua untuk mendidik anak-anaknya. Dalam hal ini, orang tua harus tetap sebagai pendidik yang pertama dan utama bagi anak-anaknya, sedangkan guru adalah tenaga profesional yang membantu orang tua untuk mendidik anak-anak pada jenjang pendidikan sekolah.",
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"text": "Di antara faktor penyerahan tugas dan kewajiban orang tua dalam mendidik anak kepada guru di sekolah adalah karena keterbatasan waktu yang tersedia bagi orang tua, keterbatasan ilmu dan teknologi yang dimiliki, efisiensi biaya yang dibutuhkan dalam proses pendidikan anak dan efektivitas program kependidikan anak (Karena pada umumnya anak lebih konsentrasi dan serius apabila diajar oleh guru daripada orang",
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"text": "Strategi Keteladanan Guru Dan Pembiasaan Shalat Zuhur Berjamaah...",
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"text": "Tawazun , Vol. 12, No. 1, Juni 2019",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
"left": 508,
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"text": "39",
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"text": "tuanya sendiri meskipun orang tuanya mungkin lebih mumpuni dalam penguasaan ilmu) (Roqib & Nurfuadi, 2009)",
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"text": "Dalam dunia pendidikan guru memiliki berbagai peranan di antaranya adalah sebagai pendidik (peran yang paling utama), sebagai model atau teladan, sebagai pengajar dan pembimbing, dan lain-lain. (Yustista, 2012) Sebagai seorang pemilik peran sebagai model atau teladan, guru harus bisa menjaga diri dengan tetap mengedepankan profesionalismenya dengan penuh amanah, arif dan bijaksana sehingga siswa lebih mudah meneladani guru yang berkepribadian baik. (Roqib & Nurfuadi, 2009)",
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"text": "Keteladanan sendiri dalam pendidikan adalah metode paling ampuh dan efektif dalam pembentukan anak secara moral, spiritual dan sosial. Karena guru adalah sosok contoh ideal dalam pandangan anak didiknya, yang tingkah lakunya akan ditiru. Meskipun memiliki potensi untuk mendapatkan sifat-sifat baik dan dasar-dasar pendidikan yang mulia ia akan jauh dari kenyataan positif atau perbuatan baik tersebut bila ia melihat langsung pendidikan yang tidak bermoral.",
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"text": "Dalam kaitannya dengan pendidikan Agama (Islam), keteladanan dikatakan sebagai metode yang paling efektif. Konsep keteladanan yang dapat dijadikan sebagai cermin dan model dalam pembentukan kepribadian seorang muslim sendiri adalah keteladanan yang dicontohkan oleh Rasulullah SAW. Rasulullah SAW mampu mengekspresikan kebenaran, kebijakan, kelurusan dan ketinggian pada akhlaknya.",
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"text": "Dapat dikatakan bahwa keteladanan guru akan lebih besar pengaruhnya dari pada kepandaian dan ilmunya, terutama bagi anak didik yang masih dalam usia kanak-kanak dan masa meningkat remaja, yaitu tingkat pendidikan dasar dan menengah, karena anak didik pada tingkat tersebut masih dalam masa pertumbuhan dan perkembangan kepribadiannya. Oleh karena itu, setiap guru hendaknya mempunyai kepribadian yang patut dicontoh dan diteladani oleh anak didik, baik secara sengaja ataupun tidak.",
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"text": "Maka dari itu antara guru dengan anak didik oleh Al-Ghazali di ibaratkan bagai tongkat dengan bayang-bayang. Bagaimana bayang-bayang akan lurus, apabila tongkatnya saja bengkok. Imam Al-Ghazali berkata:(Fatchurohmah, 2006)",
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"text": "Perumpamaan guru dengan murid adalah bagaikan ukiran dengan tanah liat dan bayang-bayang dengan sepotong kayu. Maka bagaimanakah tanah itu bisa terukir indah, padahal ia adalah material yang tidak sedia diukir dan bagaimana pula bayang-bayang itu menjadi lurus, sedangkan kayu yang tersinar itu bengkok.",
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{
"left": 72,
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"text": "Untuk mewujudkan hasil pendidikan yang maksimal khususnya dalam bidang kekuatan spiritual keagamaan, seorang guru harus mencontohkan terlebih dahulu kepada anak didik. Dasar Pendidikan keagamaan secara umum adalah shalat, seperti",
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"text": "Abdurachman Saleh",
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"left": 72,
"top": 764,
"width": 11,
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "40",
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"left": 374,
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"width": 144,
"height": 12,
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"text": "Tawazun, Vol. 12, No. 1, Juni 2019",
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 114,
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"height": 97,
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"text": "yang dilakukan oleh Rasulullah SAW sebelum memerintahkan shalat, baik itu shalat sunah ataupun shalat fardu beliau melaksanakannya terlebih dahulu. Dengan pendidikan shalat beserta penghayatannya seseorang diharapkan mampu dan dapat menerjemahkan dua dimensi kehidupan secara total yaitu dimensi ketuhanan dan dimensi kemanusiaan yang akan menjadikannya pemimpin di muka bumi. (Sholikhin, 2009)",
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"text": "Selain itu orang tua juga menaruh perhatian lebih terhadap shalat, karena masyarakat pada umumnya mengidentikkan kesalehan seseorang dengan salatnya. Ketika melihat seseorang yang rajin melaksanakan shalat lima waktu, masyarakat akan menilai bahwa dia adalah anak yang taat beragama. Permasalahannya bagaimana mendidik shalat yang benar-benar mampu membuat anak unik secara sadar tanpa ada pengaruh-pengaruh dari pihak lain untuk melaksanakan shalat lima waktu. Karena sulit untuk membiasakan anak untuk tetap shalat dalam keadaan apa pun",
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"text": "Dengan melihat manfaat yang terkandung dalam shalat berjamaah, para guru pada Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan Negri 1 Gunung putri Kabupaten Bogor telah mewajibkan bagi siswanya untuk mengikuti shalat berjamaah di sekolah. Hal tersebut ditempuh dengan tujuan untuk membiasakan siswanya dalam beribadah, untuk menunjang keberhasilan proses belajar mereka di sekolah tersebut, selain membiasakan siswanya dalam beribadah dan shalat berjamaah tersebut juga diharapkan adanya peningkatan kedisiplinan siswa dalam proses pembelajaran.",
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"left": 72,
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"text": "Adapun penelitian-penelitian yang satu tema dengan penelitian penulis yaitu: Jurnal Dini Nariyah menyimpulkan Terdapat hubungan positif dan sangat signifikan antara Pembiasaan Shalat Zuhur berjamaah (variabel X) dengan Kedisiplinan Belajar Siswa (variabel Y). Keduanya beriring sejalan, dalam artian semakin baik Pembiasaan Shalat Zuhur berjamaah maka akan mengakibatkan semakin tinggi pula Kedisiplinan Belajar Siswa. Kadar hubungan ini ditunjukkan dengan nilai koefisien korelasi r y1 = 0,8475 > r tabel = 0.2732 (dengan n = 50 ; α = 0,05) dan nilai t hitung = 11,0634 > t tabel = 0.2306, serta koefisien determinasi r 2 y1 = 0.7183.(Dini, 2016)",
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"text": "Hasil penelitian Novita Eka Wulandari dalam jurnalnya menyimpulkan bahwa keteladanan guru yang di tunjukan oleh guru Mts Muhammadiyah Srumbung adalah salah satu faktor yang efektif dalam meningkatkan kesadaran shalat lima waktu siswa kelas VIII. Dikatakan efektif karena hampir seluruh siswa kelas VIII mengalami peningkatan kesadaran salatnya walau tidak terlalu besar dibandingkan dengan kesadaran shalat sebelum diberi keteladanan guru dan masih tergolong kurang. (Wulandari, 2015)",
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"text": "Tawazun , Vol. 12, No. 1, Juni 2019",
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"text": "41",
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{
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"width": 143,
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"text": "II. M ETODE P ENELITIAN",
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 143,
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"text": "Penelitian ini menggunakan metode survei dengan pendekatan korelasional. Untuk mendapatkan data di lapangan, digunakan kuesioner yang disusun berdasarkan indikator-indikator yang ada pada variabel penelitian. Kuesioner setiap butir instrumen menggunakan skala penilaian dengan skor terendah 1 (satu) dan skor tertinggi 5 (lima) untuk pernyataan positif dan sebaliknya untuk pernyataan negatif. Adapun data primer yang diperlukan adalah data tentang Keteladanan Guru (X 1 ), Pembiasaan Shalat Zuhur Berjamaah (X 2 ), dan Prestasi Belajar PAI (Y). Kuesioner ditujukan kepada siswa-siswi SMK di SMK Negeri 1 Gunung putri Kabupaten Bogor, sekaligus sebagai unit analisis dalam penelitian. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh siswa-siswi Kelas XII SMKN 1 Gunung putri yang ada di Kecamatan Gunung putri Kabupaten Bogor, yang berjumlah 349 orang.",
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"text": "III. H ASIL DAN P EMBAHASAN",
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{
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"top": 362,
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"text": "A. Deskripsi Data",
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"text": "Deskripsi data hasil penelitian ini dimaksudkan agar dapat memberikan gambaran umum penyebaran data hasil penelitian yang diperoleh dari responden sebanyak 349 siswa siswi kelas XII SMKN Gunung putri yang ada di Kecamatan Gunung putri Kabupaten Bogor. Butir-butir instrumen disusun berdasarkan indikator dari tiga variabel penelitian yakni; Prestasi Belajar PAI sebagai variabel terikat serta Keteladanan Guru dan Pembiasaan Shalat Zuhur Berjamaah sebagai variabel bebas.",
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"text": "1. Prestasi Belajar PAI Siswa (Y)",
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"text": "Tabel 1.1. Deskripsi Statistik Data Prestasi Belajar Siswa (Y)",
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"top": 553,
"width": 151,
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"text": "Statistik Nilai Rerata 87,6417 Median 88 Modus 88 Standard Deviation 5,9047 Nilai Maximum 98 Nilai Minimum 75 Rentang Data 23 Jumlah 16.389",
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{
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"top": 89,
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"text": "Abdurachman Saleh",
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"width": 11,
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"text": "42",
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{
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"width": 144,
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"text": "Tawazun, Vol. 12, No. 1, Juni 2019",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 114,
"width": 455,
"height": 63,
"page_number": 7,
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"text": "Deskripsi data di atas menunjukkan nilai rerata, median dan modus relatif sama. Skor empirik dari pernyataan responden memiliki nilai tertinggi 144 nilai terendah 98 dan rentang data 75, sehingga dapat diartikan bahwa data cenderung terdistribusi secara simetris, dengan simpangan baku 5,9047",
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 189,
"width": 455,
"height": 48,
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"text": "Tabel distribusi berkelompok disusun dengan pendekatan rumus Sturges (Sugiono, 2009) sehingga diperoleh jumlah kelas 98 dan interval kelas 3 sebagaimana di urai pada tabel berikut:",
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"top": 250,
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"text": "Tabel 1.2. Distribusi Frekuensi Data Prestasi Belajar PAI Siswa (Y)",
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{
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"top": 271,
"width": 307,
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"text": "Kls Interval Frekuensi mutlak Frekuensi Relatif % 1 75 – 77 9 4,81% 2 78 – 80 16 8,56% 3 81 – 83 24 12,83% 4 84 – 86 28 14,97% 5 87 – 89 34 18,18% 6 90 – 92 29 15,51% 7 93 – 95 29 15,51% 8 96 – 98 18 9,63% Jumlah 187 100%",
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"top": 449,
"width": 139,
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"text": "2. Keteladanan Guru (X 1 )",
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{
"left": 151,
"top": 477,
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"text": "Tabel 1.3. Deskripsi Statistik Data Keteladanan Guru (X 1 ) Statistik Nilai Rerata 115,5027 Median 115 Modus 115 Standard Deviation 11,7845 Nilai Maximum 141 Nilai Minimum 94 Rentang Data 47 Jumlah 21.599",
"type": "Table"
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 680,
"width": 455,
"height": 63,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Deskripsi data di atas menunjukkan nilai rerata, median dan modus relatif sama. Skor empirik dari pernyataan responden memiliki nilai tertinggi 142, nilai terendah 94 dan rentang data 47, sehingga dapat diartikan bahwa data cenderung terdistribusi secara simetris, dengan simpangan baku 11,7845",
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"text": "Strategi Keteladanan Guru Dan Pembiasaan Shalat Zuhur Berjamaah...",
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"text": "Tawazun , Vol. 12, No. 1, Juni 2019",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
"left": 508,
"top": 764,
"width": 13,
"height": 12,
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"text": "43",
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 114,
"width": 455,
"height": 30,
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"text": "Tabel distribusi berkelompok disusun dengan jumlah kelas sebanyak 8 dan interval kelas sebesar 6 sebagaimana di urai pada tabel berikut:",
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"text": "Tabel 1.4. Distribusi Frekuensi Data Keteladanan Guru (X 1 ) Kelas Interval Frekuensi Mutlak Frekuensi Relatif 1 94 - 99 14 7,49% 2 100 - 105 27 14,44% 3 106 - 111 33 17,65% 4 112 - 117 41 21,93% 5 118 - 123 25 13,37% 6 124 - 129 20 10,70% 7 130 - 135 14 7,49% 8 136 - 141 13 6,95% Jumlah 187 100%",
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"text": "1. Pembiasaan Shalat Zuhur Berjamaah (X 2 )",
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{
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"text": "Tabel 1.5. Deskripsi Statistik Data Pembiasaan Shalat Zuhur Berjamaah (X 2 ) Statistik Nilai Rerata 118,0374 Median 117 Modus 117 Standard Deviation 11,9777 Nilai Maximum 142 Nilai Minimum 96 Rentang Data 46 Jumlah 22.073",
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 595,
"width": 455,
"height": 64,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Skor empirik dari pernyataan responden memiliki nilai tertinggi 142, nilai terendah 96 dan rentang data 46. Deskripsi data nilai rerata, median dan modus relatif sama, sehingga dapat diartikan bahwa data cenderung terdistribusi secara simetris, dengan simpangan baku 11,9777",
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"text": "Tabel distribusi berkelompok disusun dengan jumlah kelas sebanyak 8 dan interval kelas sebesar 6 sebagaimana diuraikan pada tabel berikut:",
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{
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"text": "Tabel 1.6. Distribusi Frekuensi Data Pembiasaan Shalat Zuhur Berjamaah (X 2 )",
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"text": "Abdurachman Saleh",
"type": "Section header"
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"left": 72,
"top": 764,
"width": 11,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "44",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
"left": 374,
"top": 764,
"width": 144,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 9,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Tawazun, Vol. 12, No. 1, Juni 2019",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
"left": 164,
"top": 114,
"width": 273,
"height": 185,
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"text": "Kelas Interval Frekuensi Mutlak Frekuensi Kumulatif 1 85 – 91 9 4,15% 2 92 – 98 13 5,99% 3 99 - 105 21 9,68% 4 106 - 112 35 16,13% 5 113 - 119 52 23,96% 6 120 - 126 40 18,43% 7 127 - 133 24 11,06% 8 134 - 140 13 5,99% Jumlah 187 100%",
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"text": "A. Pengujian Prasyarat Analisis",
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{
"left": 72,
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"text": "Sebelum melakukan pengujian hipotesis dalam penelitian ini, terlebih dahulu dilakukan uji persyaratan analisis yakni uji normalitas galat baku taksiran dan uji homogenitas data variabel. Sesuai dengan jenis datanya, maka uji Lilifors digunakan untuk mengujinnormalitas galat baku taksiran dan uji Barlet digunakan untuk menguji homogenitas varians",
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"text": "1. Uji Normalitas Galat Baku Taksiran",
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{
"left": 90,
"top": 478,
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"height": 32,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "a. Uji Normalitas Data Galat Baku Taksiran (Y – Ŷ ) Persamaan Regresi antara Variabel Keteladanan Guru (X 1 ) dengan Variabel Prestasi Belajar PAI Siswa (Y)",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 522,
"width": 455,
"height": 148,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Berdasarkan perhitungan uji normalitas galat baku taksiran (Y – Ŷ 1 ) persamaan regresi antara variabel Keteladanan Guru (X 1 ) dengan variabel Prestasi Belajar PAI Siswa(Y), diperoleh nilai terbesar luas daerah (L max ) sebesar 0,0496, sementara L tabel untuk n = 187 dan taraf signifikansi = 0,05 sebesar 0,0648. Persyaratan galat baku terdistribusi normal adalah jika L max < L t . Dengan demikian, galat baku taksiran (Y – Ŷ 1 ) persamaan regresi antara variabel Keteladanan Guru (X 1 ) dengan variabel Prestasi Belajar Siswa (Y): Ŷ = 53,0661 + 0,2994 X 1 berasal dari populasi yang terdistribusi normal, karena L max sebesar 0,0496< L t sebesar 0,0648 pada taraf kepercayaan α = 0,05 dan n = 187.",
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"text": "Tabel 4.7. Hasil Uji Normalitas Data Y atas X 1 Galat L max L tabel Kesimpulan Y – Ŷ 0,0496 0,0648 Normal",
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"left": 220,
"top": 89,
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"text": "Strategi Keteladanan Guru Dan Pembiasaan Shalat Zuhur Berjamaah...",
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"text": "Tawazun , Vol. 12, No. 1, Juni 2019",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 508,
"top": 764,
"width": 13,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 10,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "45",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
"left": 125,
"top": 118,
"width": 138,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 10,
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"text": "Persyaratan Normal L max < L tabel",
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{
"left": 90,
"top": 145,
"width": 437,
"height": 47,
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"text": "b. Uji Normalitas Data Galat Baku Taksiran (Y – Ŷ ) Persamaan Regresi antara Variabel Pembiasaan shalat Zuhur Berjamaah (X 2 ) dengan Variabel Prestasi Belajar PAI Siswa (Y)",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 205,
"width": 455,
"height": 131,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Berdasarkan perhitungan uji normalitas galat baku taksiran (Y – Ŷ 1 ) persamaan regresi antara variabel Kinerja Guru (X 2 ) dengan variabel Prestasi Belajar Siswa(Y), diperoleh nilai terbesar luas daerah (L max ) sebesar 0,0560, sementara L tabel untuk n = 187 dan taraf signifikansi = 0,05 sebesar 0,0648. Persyaratan galat baku terdistribusi normal adalah jika L max < L t . Dengan demikian, galat baku taksiran (Y – Ŷ 1 ) persamaan regresi antara variabel Kinerja Guru (X 2 ) dengan variabel Prestasi Belajar Siswa(Y): Ŷ = 49,4655+ 0,3234 X 2 berasal dari populasi yang terdistribusi normal, karena L max sebesar 0,0560 < L t sebesar 0,0648 pada taraf kepercayaan α = 0,05 dan n = 187.",
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"text": "Tabel 1.8. Hasil Uji Normalitas Data Y atas X 2 Galat L max L tabel Kesimpulan Y – Ŷ 0,0560 0,0648 Normal Persyaratan Normal L max < L tabel",
"type": "Table"
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{
"left": 90,
"top": 441,
"width": 152,
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"text": "2. Uji Homogenitas Varians",
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 467,
"width": 455,
"height": 65,
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"text": "Uji homogenitas bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah sampel yang diteliti mempunyai varians yang sama. Kriteria pengujian untuk syarat hipotesis diterima, bahwa data mempunyai varians yang sama (homogen) jika nilai X 2 hitung < X 2 tabel , pada taraf signifikansi = 0,05",
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"text": "a. Uji Homogenitas Varians Data Prestasi Belajar PAI Siswa (Variabel Y) atas Keteladanan Guru (Variabel X 1 )",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 587,
"width": 455,
"height": 64,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Berdasarkan perhitungan uji homogenitas diketahui bahwa harga X 2 hitung = 44,909 sedang harga X 2 tabel , dengan dk (n-1) adalah 65,7077. Maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa kelompok data memiliki varians yang sama (homogen) sebagaimana dapat dilihat pada tabel berikut",
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"text": "Tabel 1.9. Hasil Uji Homogenitas Data Y atas X 1 Pengelompokan dk X 2 hitung X 2 tabel Kesimpulan Y atas X 1 187 44,909 65,7077 Homogen",
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{
"left": 125,
"top": 729,
"width": 164,
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"text": "Persyaratan Homogen X 2 hitung < X 2 tabel",
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"height": 13,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Abdurachman Saleh",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 764,
"width": 11,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 11,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "46",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
"left": 374,
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"width": 144,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 11,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Tawazun, Vol. 12, No. 1, Juni 2019",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 90,
"top": 114,
"width": 437,
"height": 31,
"page_number": 11,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "b. Uji Homogenitas Varians Data Prestasi Belajar PAI Siswa( Y) atas Pembiasaan Shalat Zuhur Berjamaah ( X 2 )",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 157,
"width": 455,
"height": 64,
"page_number": 11,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Berdasarkan perhitungan uji homogenitas diketahui bahwa harga X 2 hitung = 42,740 sedang harga X 2 tabel , dengan dk (n-1) 187 adalah 64,0011. Maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa kelompok data memiliki varians yang sama (homogen) sebagaimana dapat dilihat pada tabel berikut",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "Tabel 4.10. Hasil Uji Homogenitas Data Y atas X 2 Pengelompokan dk X 2 hitung X 2 tabel Kesimpulan Y atas X 1 187 42,740 64,0011 Homogen Persyaratan Homogen X 2 hitung < X 2 tabel",
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"text": "B. Pengujian Hipotesis",
"type": "Section header"
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{
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"top": 352,
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"height": 80,
"page_number": 11,
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"text": "Pengujian hipotesis dimaksudkan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara Keteladanan Guru (X 1 ) dengan Prestasi Belajar PAI Siswa(Y), hubungan Pembiasaan Shalat Zuhur Berjamaah (X 2 ) dengan Prestasi Belajar PAI Siswa (Y) serta hubungan antara Keteladanan Guru (X 1 ) dan Pembiasaan Shalat Zuhur Berjamaah (X 2 ) secara bersama- sama dengan Prestasi Belajar PAI Siswa(Y).",
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"text": "Pertama-tama dilakukan uji signifikansi dan linieritas terhadap persamaan regresi, baik terhadap persamaan regresi sederhana maupun persamaan regresi ganda. Kemudian dilakukan uji korelasi sederhana dan ganda untuk mengetahui koefisien korelasi antar variabel serta signifikansinya. Uji korelasi parsial juga dilakukan untuk mengetahui hubungan antar variabel – variabel bebas dengan variabel terikatnya. Di mana salah satu variabel bebasnya dikendalikan.",
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{
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"text": "1. Uji Linieritas dan Signifikansi",
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"text": "a. Analisis Regresi Sederhana antara Keteladanan Guru (X 1 ) dengan Prestasi Belajar PAI Siswa(Y)",
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 623,
"width": 455,
"height": 64,
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"text": "Analisis regresi sederhana antara Keteladanan Guru (variabel X 1 ) dengan Prestasi Belajar PAI Siswa (variabel Y) menunjukkan persamaan garis Ŷ = 53,0661 + 0,2994X 1 . Uji signifikansi dan linieritas terhadap persamaan regresi dilakukan dengan menggunakan uji F",
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"text": "Hubungan dinyatakan signifikan apabila nilai F hitung > F tabel pada taraf α = 0,05, sedangkan persamaan regresi dinyatakan linier, apabila nilai F hitung < F tabel . Berdasarkan hasil uji signifikansi tersebut, diperoleh bahwa harga F hitung = 265,866 dan F tabel dengan",
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"text": "Strategi Keteladanan Guru Dan Pembiasaan Shalat Zuhur Berjamaah...",
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"text": "Tawazun , Vol. 12, No. 1, Juni 2019",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
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"width": 13,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 12,
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"text": "47",
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{
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"text": "dk pembilang = 1 dan dk penyebutnya 187 pada taraf α = 0,05 adalah 3,892 dan α = 0,01 adalah 6,774. Dari data tersebut dapat dinyatakan bahwa harga F hitung > F tabel , dengan demikian persamaan Ŷ = 53,0661 + 0,2994 X 1 dapat digunakan sebagai acuan untuk memprediksi Prestasi Belajar PAI Siswa melalui Keteladanan Guru.",
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"text": "Pengujian linieritas regresi menghasilkan nilai F hitung = 0,065 yang lebih kecil dari nilai F tabel = 1,456 pada taraf α = 0,05 dan pada taraf α = 0,01. Dengan demikian, dapat dikatakan bahwa persamaan regresi Ŷ = 53,0661 + 0,2994 X 1 adalah linier. Persamaan regresi tersebut menunjukkan bahwa setiap kenaikan satu unit skor Keteladanan Guru (X 1 ) akan mengakibatkan kenaikan 0,2994 unit skor Prestasi Belajar PAI Siswa (Y) pada konstanta 53,0661.",
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"text": "Kekuatan hubungan antara dengan variabel Keteladanan Guru (X 1 ) Prestasi Belajar PAI Siswa(Y) ditunjukkan oleh hasil hitung koefisien korelasi r y.1 = 0,5969 dengan koefisien determinasi r 2 y.1 = 0,3563 yang memberikan pengertian bahwa Keteladanan Guru memberikan kontribusi sebesar 35,63 % terhadap Prestasi Belajar PAI Siswa",
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"text": "Pengujian signifikansi hubungan positif antar variabel, dilakukan melalui uji signifikansi koefisien korelasi dengan uji t. Jika t hitung. > t tabel , maka koefisien korelasi dinyatakan sangat signifikan. Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan diperoleh t hitung. = 10,6776 sedang nilai t tabel (0,05). = 1,9729 dan t tabel (0,01). = 2,60267, karena t hitung. > t tabel , maka koefisien korelasi antara Keteladanan Guru (X 1 ) dengan Prestasi Belajar PAI Siswa(Y) dinyatakan sangat signifikan. Dengan demikian dapat pula disimpulkan bahwa hipotesis nol (H 0 ) ditolak dan hipotesis alternatif (H 1 ) yakni terdapat hubungan positif antara Keteladanan Guru dengan prestasi Belajar PAI siswa.",
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"text": "b. Analisis Regresi Linier Sederhana antara Pembiasaan Shalat Zuhur Berjamaah (X 2 ) dengan Prestasi Belajar PAI Siswa (Y)",
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{
"left": 72,
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"text": "Analisis regresi sederhana antara Pembiasaan Shalat Zuhur Berjamaah (X 2 ) dengan Prestasi Belajar PAI Siswa( Y) menunjukkan persamaan garis Ŷ = 49,4655 + 0,3234 X 1 . Uji signifikansi dan linieritas terhadap persamaan regresi dilakukan dengan menggunakan uji F",
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{
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"text": "Hubungan dinyatakan signifikan apabila nilai F hitung > F tabel pada taraf α = 0,05, sedangkan persamaan regresi dinyatakan linier, apabila nilai F hitung < F tabel . Berdasarkan hasil uji signifikansi tersebut, diperoleh bahwa harga F hitung = 346,172 dan F tabel dengan dk pembilang = 1 dan dk penyebutnya 185 pada taraf α = 0,05 adalah 3,892 dan α = 0,01 adalah 6,774. Dari data tersebut dapat dinyatakan bahwa harga F hitung > F tabel , dengan demikian persamaan Ŷ = 49,4655 + 0,3234 X 2 dapat digunakan sebagai acuan",
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"text": "Abdurachman Saleh",
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"text": "48",
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"width": 144,
"height": 12,
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"text": "Tawazun, Vol. 12, No. 1, Juni 2019",
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 114,
"width": 455,
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"page_number": 13,
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"text": "untuk memprediksi Prestasi Belajar PAI Siswa melalui Pembiasaan Shalat Zuhur Berjamaah",
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"left": 72,
"top": 157,
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"text": "Pengujian linieritas regresi menghasilkan nilai F hitung = 0,068 yang lebih kecil dari nilai F tabel = 1,459 pada taraf α = 0,05 dan 1,704 pada taraf α = 0,01. Dengan demikian, dapat dikatakan bahwa persamaan regresi Ŷ = 49,4655 + 0,3234 X 2 adalah linier. Persamaan regresi tersebut menunjukkan bahwa setiap kenaikan satu unit skor Pembiasaan Shalat Zuhur Berjamaah (X 2 ) akan mengakibatkan kenaikan 0,3234 unit skor Prestasi Belajar PAI Siswa ( Y) pada konstanta 49,4655.",
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{
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"text": "Kekuatan hubungan antara variabel Pembiasaan Shalat Zuhur Berjamaah (X 2 ) dengan Prestasi Belajar PAI Siswa(Y) ditunjukkan oleh hasil hitung koefisien korelasi r y.2 = 0,6561 dengan koefisien determinasi r 2 y.1 = 0,4304 yang memberikan pengertian bahwa Pembiasaan Shalat Zuhur Berjamaah memberikan kontribusi sebesar 473,04% terhadap Prestasi Belajar PAI Siswa Guru.",
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{
"left": 72,
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"width": 455,
"height": 130,
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"text": "Pengujian signifikansi hubungan positif antar variabel, dilakukan melalui uji signifikansi koefisien korelasi dengan uji t. Jika t hitung. > t tabel , maka koefisien korelasi dinyatakan sangat signifikan. Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan diperoleh t hitung. = 11,8877 sedang nilai t tabel (0,05). = 1,972 dan t tabel (0,01). = 2,6027, karena t hitung. > t tabel , maka koefisien korelasi antara Pembiasaan Shalat Zuhur Berjamaah dengan Prestasi Belajar PAI Siswa dinyatakan sangat signifikan. Dengan demikian dapat pula disimpulkan bahwa hipotesis nol (H 0 ) ditolak dan hipotesis alternatif (H 1 ) yakni terdapat hubungan positif antara Pembiasaan Shalat Zuhur Berjamaah dengan Prestasi Belajar PAI Siswa.",
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"text": "c. Analisis Regresi Ganda antara Keteladanan Guru (X 1 ) dan Pembiasaan Shalat Zuhur Berjamaah (X 2 ) dengan Prestasi Belajar PAI Siswa(Y)",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 545,
"width": 455,
"height": 81,
"page_number": 13,
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"text": "Analisis regresi linier ganda antara variabel Keteladanan Guru (X 1 ) dan variabel Pembiasaan Shalat Zuhur Berjamaah (X 2 ) secara bersama-sama terhadap variabel Prestasi Belajar PAI Siswa (Y), menghasilkan persamaan garis: Ŷ = 43,7508 + 0,1461 X1 + 0,2289 X 2 . Uji signifikansi terhadap persamaan regresi dilakukan dengan menggunakan uji F.",
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"text": "Syarat signifikan adalah jika F hitung > F tabel . Hasil hitung uji signifikansi regresi ganda menunjukkan bahwa F hitung = 39,122, sedangkan F tabel untuk db 2: 184 (pembilang = 2 dan penyebut = 184) dengan taraf signifikansi 0,05 = 3,045, dan taraf signifikansi 0,01 = 4,722. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa F hitung > F tabel . Sehingga regresi ganda antara variabel Keteladanan Guru (X 1 ) dan Pembiasaan Shalat Zuhur Berjamaah (X 2 ) secara bersama-sama dengan variabel Prestasi Belajar PAI Siswa (Y) yang ditunjukkan oleh persamaan Ŷ = 43,7508 + 0,1461 X 1 + 0,2289 X ₂ bersifat sangat signifikan (F h =",
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"text": "Strategi Keteladanan Guru Dan Pembiasaan Shalat Zuhur Berjamaah...",
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"width": 147,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Tawazun , Vol. 12, No. 1, Juni 2019",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
"left": 508,
"top": 764,
"width": 13,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 14,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "49",
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{
"left": 72,
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"width": 455,
"height": 64,
"page_number": 14,
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"text": "39,122> F t( = 0,01) = 4,722). Dengan demikian, hipotesis nol (H 0 ) ditolak dan hipotesis alternatif (H 1 ) diterima. Artinya, terdapat hubungan positif yang sangat signifikan antara Keteladanan Guru dan Pembiasaan Shalat Zuhur Berjamaah secara bersama-sama dengan Prestasi Belajar PAI Siswa.",
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{
"left": 72,
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"text": "Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan koefisien korelasi, kekuatan hubungan antara variabel Keteladanan Guru (X 1 ) dan variabel Pembiasaan Shalat Zuhur Berjamaah (X 2 ) secara bersama-sama dengan variabel Prestasi Belajar PAI Siswa (Y) adalah R y12 = 0,6917, dan nilai koefisien determinasi R 𝑦12 2 sebesar 0,4785. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa 47,85 % variabel Prestasi Belajar PAI Siswa dapat diterangkan baik oleh variabel Keteladanan Guru dan variabel Pembiasaan Shalat Zuhur Berjamaah.",
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"text": "2. Uji Korelasi Parsial",
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{
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"top": 328,
"width": 455,
"height": 47,
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"text": "Penentuan terhadap variabel yang dominan dalam memberikan kontribusi kepada variabel Y dapat dilihat dari koefisien korelasi parsial. Uji signifikansi terhadap nilai korelasi parsial, dilakukan dengan uji t.",
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"left": 72,
"top": 387,
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"text": "Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan, diperoleh nilai korelasi parsial antara Keteladanan Guru (X 1 ) dengan Prestasi Belajar PAI Siswa (Y) jika Pembiasaan Shalat Zuhur Berjamaah (X 2 ) dikendalikan sebesar r y1.2 = 0,2906. Untuk menguji signifikansi koefisien korelasi parsial dengan variabel X 2 sebagai kontrol didapat t hitung sebesar 4,1192 sedangkan nilai t tabel (0,01) = 2,603 dan nilai t tabel (0,05) = 1,973. nilai t hitung yang lebih besar dari t tabel (0,05) menunjukkan bahwa hubungan antara Keteladanan Guru (X 1 ) dengan Prestasi Belajar PAI Siswa (Y) jika pembiasan Shalat Zuhur Berjamaah (X 2 ) dikendalikan adalah sangat signifikan dengan kontribusi sebesar r 2 x1y = 0,0844 (8,44%).",
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"left": 72,
"top": 530,
"width": 455,
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"text": "Perhitungan korelasi parsial antara Pembiasaan Shalat Zuhur Berjamaah (X 2 ) dengan Prestasi Belajar PAI Siswa (Y) jika Keteladanan Guru (X 1 ) dikontrol menghasilkan nilai r y2.1 = 0,4357. Untuk menguji signifikansi koefisien korelasi parsial dengan variabel X 1 sebagai kontrol didapat t hitung sebesar 6,5657 sedangkan nilai t tabel (0,01) = 2,603 dan nilai t tabel (0,05) = 1,973. nilai t hitung yang lebih besar dari t tabel (0,05) menunjukkan bahwa hubungan antara Pembiasaan Shalat Zuhur Berjamaah (X 2 ) dengan Prestasi Belajar PAI Siswa (Y) jika Keteladanan Guru (X 1 ) dikontrol adalah sangat signifikan. dengan kontribusi sebesar r 2 x1y = 0,1898 (18,98%). Hasil perhitungan dapat dilihat pada tabel berikut:",
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"text": "C. Pembahasan Hasil Penelitian",
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 715,
"width": 455,
"height": 31,
"page_number": 14,
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"text": "Hasil analisis keseluruhan, diperoleh keadaan di mana hasil penelitian ini terdapat hubungan positif antara variabelnya, yaitu 1) Keteladanan Guru dengan Prestasi Belajar",
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"width": 89,
"height": 13,
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"text": "Abdurachman Saleh",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 764,
"width": 11,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 15,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "50",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
"left": 374,
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"width": 144,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 15,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Tawazun, Vol. 12, No. 1, Juni 2019",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 114,
"width": 455,
"height": 97,
"page_number": 15,
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"text": "PAI Siswa saling memiliki hubungan positif, 2) Pembiasaan Shalat Zuhur Berjamaah dengan Prestasi Belajar PAI Siswa memiliki hubungan positif dan 3) Keteladanan Guru dan Pembiasaan Shalat Zuhur Berjamaah bersama-sama dengan Prestasi Belajar PAI Siswa memiliki hubungan positif. Dengan pembahasan tersebut, maka indikator- indikator dalam Keteladanan Guru dan Pembiasan Shalat Zuhur Berjamah dapat meningkatkan Prestasi Belajar PAI Siswa.",
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"left": 90,
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"text": "1. Hubungan antara Keteladanan Guru (X 1 ) dengan Prestasi Belajar PAI Siswa (Y)",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 250,
"width": 455,
"height": 163,
"page_number": 15,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Untuk menguji hipotesis bahwa terdapat hubungan positif antara variabel Keteladanan Guru (X 1 ) dengan variabel Prestasi Belajar PAI Siswa (Y) diperlukan uji signifikansi koefisien korelasi yaitu dengan uji t. Kriteria pengujian signifikansi koefisien korelasi adalah jika t hitung > t tabel , maka koefisien korelasi dinyatakan signifikan. Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan diperoleh t hitung = 10,0929 sedangkan t tabel = 1,9729 (n = 187 dan α = 0,05), dan t tabel = 2,60267 (n = 187 dan α = 0,01) berarti koefisien korelasi antara Keteladanan Guru (X 1 ) dengan Prestasi Belajar PAI Siswa (Y) adalah sangat signifikan. Dengan demikian, hipotesis nol (H0) ditolak dan hipotesis alternatif (H1) diterima. Artinya, terdapat hubungan positif yang sangat signifikan antara Keteladanan Guru dengan Prestasi Belajar PAI Siswa.",
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"text": "Kekuatan hubungan antara Keteladanan Guru (X 1 ) dengan Prestasi Belajar PAI Siswa (Y). Hal ini ditunjukkan dengan koefisien korelasi (r y1 ) = 0,5969 dan koefisien determinasi (r 2 y 1 ) sebesar 0,3563. Hal ini berarti bahwa 35,63 % variabel Prestasi Belajar PAI Siswa dapat dihasilkan dari adanya variabel Keteladanan Guru",
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"text": "Pola hubungan antara variabel Keteladanan Guru (X 1 ) dengan Prestasi Belajar Siswa dinyatakan dengan persamaan regresi sederhana Ŷ = 53,0661 + 0,2994 X 1 diprediksi bahwa kenaikan satu unit Keteladanan Guru dapat meningkatkan 0,2994 unit Prestasi Belajar Siswa pada konstanta 53, 0661 dapat dilakukan dengan meningkatkan Keteladanan Guru. Semakin baik Keteladanan Guru, maka akan semakin tinggi tingkat Prestasi Belajar PAI Siswa.",
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"text": "Mengacu pada sudut pandang sintesis teori yang menyatakan bahwa Sedangkan prestasi belajar Pendidikan Agama Islam adalah hasil atau taraf kemampuan yang telah dicapai siswa setelah mengikuti proses belajar mengajar dalam waktu tertentu baik berupa perubahan tingkah laku, keterampilan dan pengetahuan kemudian akan diukur dan dinilai yang kemudian diwujudkan dalam angka atau pernyataan pada pelajar Pendidikan Agama Islam. Sedangkan Keteladanan Guru adalah perilaku yang di tunjukkan oleh pendidik yang dapat di contoh oleh siswanya (teladan yang baik).",
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"text": "Strategi Keteladanan Guru Dan Pembiasaan Shalat Zuhur Berjamaah...",
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"text": "Tawazun , Vol. 12, No. 1, Juni 2019",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 508,
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"width": 13,
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"text": "51",
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"left": 72,
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"text": "Dalam sebuah keberhasilan dalam pendidikan tentunya selalu ada panutan yang membuat peserta didik berprestasi dalam hal ini adalah prestasi dalam pembelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam. Seorang guru tentunya yang menjadi panutan peserta didik sampai mencapai berprestasi yang baik.",
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"text": "Menurut Akmal Hawi ada beberapa kriteria keteladanan guru: a) Bersikap adil terhadap sesama murid, seorang guru harus memperlakukan anak didik dengan cara yang sama, b) Berlaku sabar karena pekerjaan guru dalam mendidik siswa tidak dapat ditunjukkan dan tidak dapat dilihat hasilnya secara seketika di dalam memberikan teladan, c) Bersifat kasih sayang, sebagai seorang pendidik dan pembimbing sifat terpenting yang harus dimiliki oleh guru adalah lemah lembut dan kasih sayang, d) Berwibawa, seorang guru hendaklah mempunyai kewibawaan, e) Memiliki pengetahuan dan keterampilan, untuk mengajar, seorang guru harus membekali diri dengan berbagai ilmu pengetahuan disertai pula seperangkat latihan keterampilan keguruan, f)Mendidik dan membimbing, seorang guru menjadi pendidik sekaligus pembimbing, g) Bekerja sama dengan demokratis maksudnya adalah mendidik murid, tidak hanya dilakukan oleh seorang guru saja, namun harus ada kerja sama yang baik sesama guru",
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"text": "Sentara Muhammmad Yaumi mengatakan salah satu karakteristik yang perlu dimiliki oleh guru sehingga dapat diteladani oleh muridnya adalah kerendahan hati, ketakwaan, keikhlasan, keluasan ilmu, sopan santun dan tanggung jawab. Kemudian guru harus memahami bahwa teladan yang paling utama baginya adalah Nabi Muhammad SAW. Guru tidak boleh mengambil tokoh yang diteladani selain Nabi Muhammad SAW. Sebab, Nabi Muhammad SAW adalah suri teladan yang terbaik. Setelah itu guru harus bisa berperan mengajar, membimbing, mendidik, dan mengarahkan peserta didiknya menuju kehidupan yang lebih dewasa dan lebih baik lagi. Sebagaimana Nabi Muhammad SAW dulu membimbing sahabat sahabatnya.",
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"text": "Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dan pembahasan di atas maka dapat diindikasikan bahwa salah satu upaya untuk meningkatkan Prestasi Belajar Siswa adalah dengan meningkatkan Keteladanan Guru.",
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"text": "2. Hubungan antara Pembiasaan Shalat Zuhur Berjamaah (X 2 ) dengan Prestasi Belajar PAI Siswa (Y)",
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 677,
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"text": "Untuk menguji hipotesis bahwa terdapat hubungan positif antara variabel X 2 dengan variabel Y diperlukan uji signifikansi koefisien korelasi yaitu dengan uji t. Kriteria pengujian signifikansi koefisien korelasi adalah jika t hitung > t tabel , maka koefisien korelasi dinyatakan signifikan. Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan diperoleh t hitung = 11,8877",
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"text": "Abdurachman Saleh",
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"text": "52",
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{
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"text": "Tawazun, Vol. 12, No. 1, Juni 2019",
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"left": 72,
"top": 114,
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"text": "sedangkan t tabel = 1,9729 (n = 178 dan α = 0,05), dan t tabel = 2,602 (n = 187 dan α = 0,01) berarti koefisien korelasi antara Pembiasaan Shalat Zuhur Berjamaah (X 2 ) dengan Prestasi Belajar PAI Siswa(Y) adalah sangat signifikan. Dengan demikian, hipotesis nol (H0) ditolak dan hipotesis alternatif (H1) diterima. Artinya, terdapat hubungan positif yang sangat signifikan antara Pembiasaan Shalat Zuhur Berjamah dengan Prestasi Belajar PAI Siswa.",
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"text": "Kekuatan hubungan antara Pembiasaan Shalat Zuhur Berjamah (X 2 ) dengan Prestasi Belajar PAI Siswa (Y). Hal ini ditunjukkan dengan koefisien korelasi (r y2 ) = 0,6561 dan koefisien determinasi (r 2 y1 ) sebesar 0,4304. Hal ini berarti bahwa 43,04 % variabel Prestasi Belajar PAI Siswa dapat dihasilkan dari adanya Pembiasaan Shalat Zuhur Berjamah. Pola hubungan antara variabel Kinerja Guru (X 2 ) dengan Prestasi Belajar PAI Siswa dinyatakan dengan persamaan regresi sederhana Ŷ = 49,4655+ 0,3234 X 2 diprediksi bahwa kenaikan satu unit Pembiasaan Shalat Zuhur Berjamaah dapat meningkatkan 0,3234 unit Prestasi Belajar PAI Siswa pada konstanta 49,4655 dapat dilakukan dengan meningkatkan Pembiasaan Shalat Zuhur Berjamaah. Semakin baik Pembiasaan Shalat Zuhur Berjamaah, maka akan semakin tinggi tingkat Prestasi Belajar PAI Siswa.",
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"text": "Mengacu pada sintesis teoritis yang menyatakan bahwa pembiasaan shalat Berjamaah Zuhur adalah: Suatu proses membiasakan Shalat yang dilaksanakan secara bersama, minimal dua orang (satu orang menjadi imam dan satu orang lainnya menjadi makmum) pada waktu Zuhur, sedangkan Prestasi Belajar PAI Siswa adalah hasil yang telah dicapai siswa dalam proses pembelajaran.",
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"text": "Definisi tersebut sesuai dengan pendapat Sulaiman Rasyid bahwa Shalat berjamaah adalah shalat yang dilakukan oleh dua orang atau lebih, di mana salah seorang di antara mereka menjadi imam dan lainnya menjadi makmum. Orang yang diikuti dinamakan imam, dan yang mengikuti di belakang dinamakan makmum. Apabila dua orang sembahyang bersama-sama dan salah seorang di antara mereka mengikut yang lain, keduanya dinamakan shalat berjamaah. Shalat berjamaah adalah shalat bersama- sama, di mana salah satu orang menjadi imam dan yang lain menjadi makmum.",
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"text": "Mengerjakan shalat fardu secara berjamaah hukumnya sunat muakadah. Shalat berjamaah dapat dilakukan di masjid maupun di rumah. Keutamaan-keutamaan shalat berjamaah antara lain; Pengutamaan shalat berjamaah atas shalat sendirian dengan 27 derajat, di samping itu orang yang senantiasa shalat Berjamaah psikologisnya akan tenang, membiasakan disiplin dan mengausi diri, dan senantiasa berlomba-lomba di dalam kebaikan. Siswa yang selalu menjaga Shalat Berjamaah, senantiasa disiplin, tertib,",
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"text": "Strategi Keteladanan Guru Dan Pembiasaan Shalat Zuhur Berjamaah...",
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"text": "Tawazun , Vol. 12, No. 1, Juni 2019",
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{
"left": 508,
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"text": "53",
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"text": "dan akan melahirkan pribadi yang santun dan tentunya pula akan meningkatkan prestasi dalam pembelajaran, terutama dalam pembelajaran PAI.",
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"text": "Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dan pembahasan di atas, maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa salah satu upaya untuk meningkatkan Prestasi Belajar PAI Siswa adalah dengan meningkatkan Pembiasaan Shalat Zuhur Berjamaah..",
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"text": "3. Hubungan antara Keteladanan Guru (X 1 ), Pembiasaan Shalat Zuhur Berjamaah (X 2 ) bersama-sama dengan Prestasi Belajar PAI Siswa(Y)",
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"left": 72,
"top": 260,
"width": 455,
"height": 213,
"page_number": 18,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Menguji hipotesis bahwa terdapat hubungan positif antara variabel Keteladanan Guru (X 1 ) dan Pembiasaan Shalat Zuhur Berjamaah (X 2 ) dengan Prestasi Belajar PAI Siswa (Y) diperlukan uji signifikansi yaitu dengan uji F. Kriteria pengujian signifikan koefisien korelasi ganda adalah jika F hitung > F tabel, maka koefisien korelasi ganda adalah sangat signifikan. Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan diperoleh F hitung = 84,4198 sedangkan F tabel = 3,038 ( dk pembilang = 2, dk penyebut = 178, dan α = 0,05), dan F tabel = 4,705 (dk pembilang = 2, dk penyebut = 178, dan α = 0,01) berarti koefisien korelasi antara Keteladanan Guru (X 1 ) dan Pembiasaan Shalat Zuhur Berjamaah (X 2 ) dengan Prestasi Belajar PAI Siswa (Y) adalah R 0,6917 dan koefisien determinasi 0,4785, dan persamaan regresi 43,7508 + 0,1461 X 1 + 0,2289X 2 . Dengan demikian, hipotesis nol (H 0 ) ditolak dan hipotesis alternatif (H 1 ) diterima. Artinya terdapat hubungan positif yang sangat signifikan antara Keteladanan Guru dan Pembiasaan Shalat Zuhur Berjamaah secara bersama-sama dengan Prestasi Belajar PAI Siswa.",
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"text": "Dari sudut pandang sintesis teori yang melandasi penelitian dinyatakan bahwa yang dimaksud dengan Prestasi Belajar PAI Siswa adalah hasil atau taraf kemampuan yang telah dicapai siswa setelah mengikuti proses belajar mengajar dalam waktu tertentu baik berupa perubahan tingkah laku, keterampilan dan pengetahuan kemudian akan diukur dan dinilai yang kemudian diwujudkan dalam angka atau pernyataan pada pelajar Pendidikan Agama Islam. Berdasarkan kemampuan Kognitif, Afektif yang psikomotorik siswa. Keteladanan Guru adalah hal-hal yang baik dari guru, baik itu perbuatan, ucapan, dan tingkah laku yang patut ditiru dan dicontoh oleh peserta didik. Pembiasaan Shalat Zuhur Berjamaah adalah pembiasaan shalat Berjamaah Zuhur adalah Suatu proses membiasakan Shalat yang dilaksanakan secara bersama, minimal dua orang (satu orang menjadi imam dan satu orang lainnya menjadi makmum) pada waktu Zuhur.",
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"text": "Keteladanan Guru dan Pembiasaan Shalat Zuhur memiliki peranan yang sangat penting yang menunjang Prestasi Belajar PAI Siswa. Dengan Keteladanan Guru yang baik maka akan berpengaruh terhadap prestasi Belajar PAI siswa dengan keteladanan guru maka siswa akan merasa termotivasi dalam belajar. Dengan Pembiasaan Shalat",
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"text": "Abdurachman Saleh",
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"text": "54",
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"text": "Tawazun, Vol. 12, No. 1, Juni 2019",
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{
"left": 72,
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"height": 63,
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"text": "Zuhur Berjamaah siswa akan senantiasa disiplin, tertib, skologinya kan tenang, bersikap santun dengan kata lain dia akan bisa mengendalikan situasi bukan situasi yang mengendalikannya, supaya bisa melaksanakan pembelajaran sesuai dengan tujuan yang diharapkan.",
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"text": "Tujuan pendidikan yang diharapkan oleh semua pihak, yakni pendidikan yang berkualitas, seorang guru dituntut untuk bisa berbuat dan berperilaku profesional dalam menjalankan tugasnya. Seorang guru bukan hanya harus memiliki pengetahuan dan keterampilan supaya bisa menciptakan suasana pembelajaran yang inovatif dan kreatif. Guru harus memiliki kompetensi pendukung untuk mencapai keberhasilan tersebut. Guru juga di tuntut untuk menjadi teladan bagi siswa. Kedua variabel tersebut di duga memiliki kontribusi kepada guru sebagai komponen pendidik yang berperan dalam mencapai tujuan pendidikan, sebab variabel tersebut memberikan kontribusi positif pada Prestasi Belajar PAI Siswa",
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"text": "Keteladanan Guru dan Pembiasaan Shalat Berjamaah Zuhur yang berkorelasi secara bersama-sama merupakan faktor yang paling mendukung untuk mencapai Prestasi Belajar PAI Siswa yang tinggi.",
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"text": "IV. K ESIMPULAN",
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"text": "Berdasarkan penelitian di atas maka dapat ditarik beberapa kesimpulan sebagai berikut: Terdapat hubungan positif dan signifikan antara variabel Keteladanan Guru (X1) dengan variabel Prestasi Belajar PAI Siswa (Y). Kekuatan hubungan antara Keteladanan Guru (X1) dengan Prestasi Belajar PAI Siswa (Y). Hal ini ditunjukkan dengan koefisien korelasi (ry1) = 0,5969 dan koefisien determinasi (r2y1) sebesar 0,3563. Hal ini berarti bahwa 35,63 % variabel Prestasi Belajar PAI Siswa dapat dihasilkan dari adanya variabel Keteladanan Guru. Pola hubungan antara variabel Keteladanan Guru (X1) dengan Prestasi Belajar Siswa dinyatakan dengan persamaan regresi sederhana Ŷ = 53,0661 + 0,2994 X1 diprediksi bahwa kenaikan satu unit Keteladanan Guru dapat meningkatkan 0,2994 unit Prestasi Belajar Siswa pada konstanta 53, 0661 dapat dilakukan dengan meningkatkan Keteladanan Guru. Semakin baik Keteladanan Guru, maka akan semakin tinggi tingkat Prestasi Belajar PAI Siswa.",
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"text": "Terdapat hubungan positif dan signifikan antara Pembiasaan Shalat Zuhur Berjamaah (X2) dengan variabel Prestasi belajar PAI siswa (Y). Kekuatan hubungan antara Pembiasaan Shalat Zuhur Berjamaah (X2) dengan Prestasi Belajar PAI Siswa (Y). Hal ini ditunjukkan dengan koefisien korelasi (ry2) = 0,6561 dan koefisien determinasi (r2y1) sebesar 0,4304. Hal ini berarti bahwa 43,04 % variabel Prestasi Belajar PAI Siswa",
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"top": 89,
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"text": "Strategi Keteladanan Guru Dan Pembiasaan Shalat Zuhur Berjamaah...",
"type": "Text"
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"left": 72,
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"width": 147,
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"text": "Tawazun , Vol. 12, No. 1, Juni 2019",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 508,
"top": 764,
"width": 13,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 20,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "55",
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 114,
"width": 455,
"height": 113,
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"text": "dapat dihasilkan dari adanya Pembiasaan Shalat Zuhur Berjamaah. Pola hubungan antara variabel Shalat Zuhur Berjamaah (X2) dengan Prestasi Belajar PAI Siswa dinyatakan dengan persamaan regresi sederhana Ŷ = 49,4655 + 0,3234 X2 diprediksi bahwa kenaikan satu unit Pembiasaan Shalat Zuhur Berjamaah dapat meningkatkan 0,3234 unit Prestasi Belajar PAI Siswa pada konstanta 49,4655 dapat dilakukan dengan meningkatkan Pembiasaan Shalat Zuhur Berjamaah. Semakin baik Pembiasaan Shalat Zuhur Berjamaah, maka akan semakin tinggi tingkat Prestasi Belajar PAI Siswa.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 240,
"width": 455,
"height": 130,
"page_number": 20,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Terdapat hubungan positif antara variabel Keteladanan Guru (X1) dan Pembiasaan Shalat Zuhur Berjamaah (X2) dengan Prestasi Belajar PAI Siswa (Y). berarti koefisien korelasi antara Keteladanan Guru (X1) dan Pembiasaan Shalat Zuhur Berjamaah (X2) dengan Prestasi Belajar PAI Siswa (Y) adalah R 0,6917 dan koefisien determinasi R2 0,4785 dan persamaan regresi 43,7508 + 0,1461 X1 + 0,2289 X2. Dengan demikian, hipotesis nol (H0) ditolak dan hipotesis alternatif (H1) diterima. Artinya terdapat hubungan positif yang signifikan antara Keteladanan Guru dan Pembiasaan Shalat Zuhur Berjamaah secara bersama-sama dengan Prestasi Belajar PAI Siswa.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 236,
"top": 390,
"width": 128,
"height": 17,
"page_number": 20,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "V. D AFTAR P USTAKA",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 415,
"width": 456,
"height": 44,
"page_number": 20,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Badruzaman, J. (2019). PEMIKIRAN AHMAD TAFSIR TENTANG GURU DALAM PENDIDIKAN ISLAMI DAN RELEVANSINYA DENGAN SISTEM PENDIDIKAN NASIONAL (Vol. 10). Tawazun: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 458,
"width": 456,
"height": 44,
"page_number": 20,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Dini. (2016). Nahriyah Qurbaniyah, Keterlibatan Guru Dalam Pembiasaan Shalat Zuhur Berjamaah Dan Hubungannya Dengan Disiplin Belajar Siswa Pada Mata Pelajaran Akidah Akhlak. Jurnal peneitian.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 72,
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"width": 456,
"height": 29,
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Fatchurohmah, S. (2006). Sosok Guru Menurut Al-Ghazali dan Zakiah Daradjat (Studi Komparatif) Skripsi. In Universitas UIN Mulana Malik Ibrahim. Malang.",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 530,
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Roqib, M., & Nurfuadi. (2009). Kepribadian Guru: Upaya Mengembangkan Kepribadian Guru yang Sehat Di Masa Depan. Yogyakarta: grafindo letera Media. Sholikhin, M. (2009). The Power of sabar Solo. Tiga Serangkai. Sugiono. (2009). Statistika untuk Penelitian. Bandung: Alfabeta.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 588,
"width": 457,
"height": 43,
"page_number": 20,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Wulandari, N. E. (2015). Efektifvitas Keteladanan Guru dalam Mengingkatkan kesadaran shalat lima waktu siswa kelas VIII di Mts Muhammadiyah Srumbung MageLang Jawa Tengah. Jurnal.",
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},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 631,
"width": 456,
"height": 29,
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"text": "Yustista, N. (2012). Hypnotaching: Seni Ajar Mengeksplorasi otak Peserta Didik. Yogyakarta: Ar Ruzz Media.",
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6c1f4f3a-ff2f-4963-28a4-5cec13a823e0 | https://journal.arrus.id/index.php/soshum/article/download/2335/1547 | [
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"text": "Abstract: The goal of this research is to analyze the effectiveness of digital marketing through Instagram in increasing Online Engagement on Rotiyu's Instagram account. This research is an ethnographic survey research conducted online. The research was conducted on the @rotiyu account which utilizes Instagram social media for digital promotion media. The types of data in this research are primary and secondary. Primary data collection was carried out using a questionnaire and the results of mechanical observations. Secondary data was obtained through literature study from various journals and articles related to research. This study uses virtual ethnography with cyber media analysis methods to find out digital marketing through Instagram in increasing online engagement. In the results of the study, researchers made categorizations to make it easier to present findings in the field, either through interviews or observational data on social media.",
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"text": "Teknologi telah berkembang secara signifikan serta telah membawa perubahan terhadap bagaimana pelanggan melakukan komunikasi, menjembatani arus informasi dan interaktivitas dengan cara yang lebih cepat dan efisien. Penggunaan Internet yang luas telah membantu para manajer memanfaatkan keunggulan ketersediaan teknologi sebagai penunjang komunikasi konvesnional yang biasa terjadi melalui mulut ke mulut, menjadikannya sebagai komunikasi online dengan dan di antara palanggan. Strategi promosi menggunakan media sosial telah menjadi salah satu tren pemasaran paling signifikan dalam beberapa tahun terakhir, dengan merek besar dan kecil memanfaatkan promosi melalui Internet (Petrescu, 2014).",
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"text": "Perkembangan media sosial memiliki dampak yang tak terbantahkan pada cara komunikasi antara konsumen dan perusahaan. Petrescu mengungkapkan bahwa media sosial meningkatkan interaksi konsumen ke konsumen dan konsumen ke merek, meningkatkan hubungan merek, dapat memperpanjang waktu pemaparan untuk pesan merek, dan dapat secara signifikan meningkatkan potensi difusi untuk pesan pemasaran (Petrescu, 2014). Media sosial memiliki manfaat khusus bagi pemasar karena adanya akses luar biasa yang dimiliki oleh konsumen, serta adanya potensi pengembangan hubungan antara konsumen dengan perusahaan sebagai cara untuk menciptakan nilai lebih bagi kedua pihak. Kekuatan luar biasa yang dimiliki konsumen dengan adanya media sosial, melalui konten buatan pengguna sebagai cara untuk mengomunikasikan perasaan mereka tentang suatu merek. Pada sisi lain,",
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"text": "perusahaan mengadopsi peluang pemasaran produk dengan menggunakan media sosial sebagai media komunikasi untuk mengenalkan produk kepada konsumen (Plume et al., 2015).",
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"text": "Media sosial adalah aplikasi web 2.0 yang memungkinkan pembuatan, pengeditan, dan penyebaran konten buatan pengguna (Plume et al., 2015). Definisi ini mencakup berbagai macam situs dan penggunaan, dari situs yang menitikberatkan pada berbagi konten buatan pengguna, tetapi tidak harus mempertahankan interaksi antara pengguna yang berbeda, seperti YouTube atau TripAdvisor, hingga situs, atau lebih tepatnya aplikasi, yang berfokus pada kontak terus menerus dan berkelanjutan antar pengguna (Dahl, 2018). Quesenberry mengungkapkan bahwa media sosial bergantung pada teknologi berbasis web dan teknologi seluler untuk menciptakan platform yang sangat interaktif untuk bersama-sama membuat, berbagi, berdiskusi, dan memodifikasi konten yang dibuat oleh pengguna (Quesenberry, 2019). Sementara itu Charlesworth mendefinisikan media sosial sebagai 'istilah kolektif untuk berbagai jejaring sosial dan situs komunitas termasuk aplikasi online seperti blog, podcast, ulasan, dan wiki'. Lebih lanjut menurut Charlesworth menyebutkan bahwa deskripsi yang lebih nyata mengenai media sosial yaitu sebagai web di mana pengguna dapat menambahkan atau memiliki konten tetapi tidak memiliki kendali atas situs dengan sepertihalnya situs web mereka sendiri (Charlesworth, 2015).",
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"text": "Pemasar memiliki banyak teknik yang mungkin untuk mempromosikan barang, jasa, ide, tempat, atau orang. Meskipun ada kemungkinan lusinan tujuan promosi tertentu yang mungkin ingin dicapai pemasar, ada dua tujuan menyeluruh yang relevan dengan penggunaan pemasaran media sosial sebagai bagian dari bauran promosi merek: 1. Memperluas dan memanfaatkan liputan media merek, dan 2. Mempengaruhi konsumen selama proses pengambilan keputusan (Tuten & Solomon, 2014). Social media marketing merupakan bentuk pemasaran yang dipakai untuk meciptakan kesadaran, pengakuan, ingatan dan bahkan tindakan terhadap suatu merek, produk, bisnis, individu, atau kelompok baik secara langsung maupun tidak langsung dengan menggunakan alat dari web sosial seperti blogging, microblogging, dan jejaring sosial (Gunelius, 2011). Konsumen dapat mengambil kebebasan dengan suatu merek dan perusahaan akan kesulitan menegakkan hak kekayaan intelektualnya. Dalam skenario terburuk, ada kemungkinan perubahan merek tidak terkendali. Kondisi ini pada gilirannya akan berdampak pada pemasaran, biro iklan, dan manajemen merek secara umum. Dampak ini pada dasarnya bersifat nonlinier dan tersebar, sehingga mungkin tidak mudah diukur sehingga dapat menimbulkan kecemasan di antara para pemasar yang menjadi sifat dari dampak penyebaran dari mulut ke mulut di media sosial (Heggde & Shainesh, 2017).",
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"text": "Instagram tergolong jenis media sosial yang dipergunakan oleh pelanggan maupun pengusaha dalam jumlah yang besar. Instagram yakni sebuah aplikasi dari Smartphone yang dapat memberikan inspirasi bagi penggunanya dan juga dapat meningkatkan kreatifitas, karena Instagram mempunyai fitur yang dapat membuat foto menjadi lebih indah, lebih artistik dan menjadi lebih bagus (Atmoko, 2012). Pengusaha dapat memilih untuk memposting foto atau video produk mereka di Instagram dan mereka dapat mengatur kontes foto atau video yang berbeda untuk menyebarkan publisitas tentang bisnis mereka. Pengguna juga dapat menautkan akun Instagram ke situs web bisnis tetapi pengguna juga dapat menyebutkan hal yang sama di setiap posting di situs media sosial lainnya (Kennedy, 2015).",
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"text": "Pengguna Instagram di Indonesia pada Oktober 2018 sebanyak 60.970.000, yang merupakan 22,2% dari seluruh populasi. Pengguna instagram pria sedikit lebih banyak dibanding dengan pengguna wanita yaitu 50,5% berbanding 49,5%. Dilihat dari rentang usia, pengguna terbesar yaitu pada rentang usia antara 18 sampai 24 tahun sebanyak 24 juta jiwa atau 39,4% dari jumlah pengguna instagram (NapoleonCat, 2018). Sementara itu, tercatat ada 25 juta akun komunitas bisnis Instagram yang didominasi oleh Usaha Kecil dan Menengah (UKM). Secara global, tercatat sebanyak 800 juta pengguna aktif yang menggunakan platform Instagram untuk kegiatan bisnis (Widyastuti, 2017). Sementara itu, hasil survei instagram pada 2018 menunjukkan bahwa, 87% responden yang merupakan Usaha Kecil dan Menengah (UKM) mengaku penjualannya meningkat karena menggunakan media sosial ini (Setyowati, 2019).",
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"text": "Salah satunya Rotiyu yang menggunakan platform Instagram untuk aktivitas promosi digital Rotiyu salah satu produk yang dikelola oleh Afgandi Food merupakan pelaku usaha berskala mikro yang berlokasi di Jl. Cijerah No.99. Sebuah industri rumah tangga untuk produk makanan dengan memberdayakan masyarakat yang berkeja sebagai ibu rumah tangga berpenghasilan di bawah rata-rata sebagai karyawan. Rotiyu meluncurkan produknya pada tahun 2019 yang pemasarannya hanya melalui word of mouth (tradisional pemasaran). Kegiatan pemasaran word of mouth mendapatkan apresiasi yang baik untuk dapat melanjutkan pemasaran melalui digital dengan menggunakan media sosial Instagram (Wawancara, 2021).",
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"text": "Tahun 2019 @rotiyu mengenalkan produknya terlebih dahulu kepada masyarakat bahwa rotiyu hadir dengan memberikan roti yang berbeda dari segi pengolahannya. Rotiyu memposisikan pada produk olahan berbasis bahan baku/pangan lokal hanjeli yang kaya akan nutrisi asam amino esensial, antioksidan, Hi-fiber, Hi-Calsium sebagai pangan fungsional. Pengembangan produk bakery terletak pada pemilihan bahan baku berkualitas tinggi yang memenuhi kriteria pangan halal dan toyyib.",
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"text": "Rotiyu Merupakan brand produk bakery yang dikembangkan berdasarkan hasil penelitian. Roti yang dibuat dari olahan tepung lokal hanjeli yang difermentasi menggunakan bakteri asam laktat. Sehingga secara konsep tervisualiasasi dalam merk dan logo yang mengkolaborasikan warna alami dari bahan baku seperti visual pohon hanjeli, biji, tepung hanjeli dan yoghurt sebagai media fermentasi tepung hanjeli.",
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"text": "Sumber: https://www.instagram.com/rotiyu.id/",
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"text": "Instagram memiliki peranan yang signifikan untuk menjadikan konsumen mendekatkan diri mereka pada segala sesuatu yang mampu membuat mereka tertarik, yang sesuai dengan minat konsumen. Fasilitas yang tersedia pada Instagram dikembangkan untuk menciptakan terjadinya interaksi yang interaktif antara pengusaha dan konsumen dengan kemudahan, kenyamanan, dan cara yang lebih menarik dibanding melalui teknik konvensional. Hal tersebut memungkinkan terjalinnya interaksi antara pebisnis dan pelanggan yang bermakna dalam menjalin komunikasi dengan komunitas. Hal ini dapat meningkatkan customer engagement, yang dimana aktivitas psikologis yang merupakan tahapan yang menjadi landasan untuk terbentuknya loyalitas pelanggan baru terhadap merek sebuah produk/jasa, juga sebagai proses terbentuknya kesetiaan yang membuat terjadinya pembelian yang berulang oleh pelanggan yang sama (Bowden, J.L.H. (2009) 17(1), 63–74. Membangun hubungan dengan",
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"text": "customer (community engagement) dapat dilakukan juga dengan implementasi penggunaan hashtag dalam setiap promosi Satyadewi et al., 2017.",
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"text": "Penelitian ini untuk untuk menganalisa efektivitas penggunaan Instagram untuk melakukan promosi UMKM yang ada di Kota Bandung. Menyadari bahwa UMKM memiliki keharusan untuk memanfaatkan teknologi digital, utamanya di era disrupsi ini, yang menjadi pertimbangan peneliti untuk meneliti adalah bagaimana UMKM melakukan pemasaran ptroduk dengan pemanfaatan media sosial sebagai upaya meingkatkan penjualan, menjalin hubungan dengan customer (customer online engagement) yang menghasilkan kepada keputusan konsumen untuk membeli produknya. Perkembangan teknologi digital saat ini tentunya harus bisa dimanfaatkan oleh UMKM untuk meningkatkan usahanya Pemanfaatan media sosial untuk melakukan promosi produk merupakan salah satu strategi yang bisa dilakukan oleh UMKM untuk meningkatkan penjualan (Deriani, 2017; Maharani et al., 2019). Pemasaran produk dengan memanfaatkan media sosial akan memperluas jangkauan pemasaran sehingga pemasaran produk tidak hanya menjangkau konsumen di area lokal semata, tetapi bisa menjangkau wilayah yang lebih luas dengan biaya yang dikeluarkan sekecil-kecilnya.",
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"text": "Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian survei etnografi yang dilakukan secara online. Penelitian etnografi yang dilakukan pada komunitas online sebagai subjek dikenal dengan sebutan netnografi. Menurut Kozinets, dalam riset konsumen dan pemasaran, umumnya menggunakan istilah tunggal netnografi untuk merujuk pada pendekatan etnografi yang diterapkan pada studi budaya dan komunitas online (Kozinets, 2010). Sementara itu, menurut Bakry, etnografi dapat digunakan sebagai sebuah pendekatan yang dilakukan guna mengkaji antropologi melalui internet, memanfaatkan data yang sudah ada yang bisa diakses secara bebas untuk dibagikan kepada publik menggunakan perantara media sosial (Bakry, 2017).",
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"text": "Penelitian dilakukan pada akun @rotiyu yang memanfaatkan media sosial Instagram untuk media promosi digital. Data yang terkumpul dapat diketegorikan sebagai data primer dan sekunder. Data primer diperoleh menggukan penyebaran kuesioner serta pelaksanaan observasi mekanik. Sedangkan untuk data sekunder dikumpulkan dengan cara melaksanakan kajian kepustakaan dengan pemanfaatan artikel yang terpublikasi secara online yang sesuai untuk menjawab pertanyaan penelitian.",
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"text": "Analisis penggunaan media sosial sebagai media promosi online dalam penelitian ini menggunakan metode analisis siber namun peneliti tidak mengambil pengalaman. Metode analisis media siber (AMS) merupakan metode untuk menganalisis etnografi virtual. AMS memiliki unit analisis yakni level mikro dan makro atau dapat dikatakan level teks dan konteks. Tahapan analisis media siber pada level makro dan mikro terbagi menjadi empat level diantaranya ruang media (media space), dokumen media (media archive), objek media (media object), dan pengalaman (experiential stories).",
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"text": "Gambar 2. Analisis Media Siber",
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"text": "Sumber: Nasrullah, R. 2014. Teori dan Riset Cyber Media, Jakarta: Preneda Media",
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"text": "Ruang serta dokumen media tersedia pada unit makro atau teks, sedangkan objek dan pengalaman media dapat diperoleh pada unit makro atau konteks. Level pertama, level ruang media dimaksud pada gambar 1 adalah media siber yang bukan sekedar menjadi medium,",
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"text": "Primasari, et.al., ARRUS Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vol. 3, No. 6 (2023) https://doi.org/10.35877/soshum2335",
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"width": 149,
"height": 8,
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"text": "ISSN: 2776-7930 (Print) / 2807-3010 (Online)",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 193,
"top": 783,
"width": 259,
"height": 16,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "This open access article is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY-NC) 4.0 license.",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 505,
"top": 785,
"width": 13,
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"text": "807",
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{
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"text": "perantara, lokasi, atau tempat budaya terjadi. Pada level ini dijelaskan bahwa bagaimana struktur perangkat media dan penampilan.",
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"text": "Level kedua yakni level dokumen media dengan menkaji konten (dilihat layaknya sebuah teks serta maknanya yang tersirat maupun tersurat) dibuat serta disebarluaskan dengan pemanfaatn internet yang dapat meningkatkan pengunjung. Tahap ini lebih melihat isi, pemaknaan teks/grafis. Level ketiga, level objek media melihat pada interkasi yang terjadi di media siber dengan melihat teks yang ada di media siber maupun melalui direct messages. Pada level ini hanya fokus pada teks ditanggapi atau berinteraksi dengan pengguna siber lainnya. Level keempat yakni pengalaman. Pengalaman dilihat dari tujuan, pengaruh, kebermanfaatan atau realita yang terkoneksi melaui perantara offline serta online.",
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"text": "Uji keabsahan data yang dilakukan pada penelitian etnogarfi virtual (netnografi) adalah menghubungi subjek, memberikan hasil wawancara serta pengamatan di media sosial. Peneliti juga melakukan teknik triangulasi data.",
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"text": "3. Hasil Penelitian",
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"text": "Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan pendekatan etnografi virtual serta metode AMS untuk mengetahui pemasaran digital melalui Idalam meningkatkan online engagement. Pada hasil penelitian, peneliti membuat kategorisasi agar lebih mudah dalam memaparkan temuan- temuan di lapangan baik melalui wawancara maupun data pengamatan di media sosial. Kategorisasi tersebut mengikuti empat level media siber dari Nasrullah. Pertama, level ruang media dilihat dari struktur dan penampilan akun @rotiyu.id di Instagram. Kedua, level dokumen media yaitu pada isi atau konten yang disajikan yang dapat berhubungan dengan virality. Ketiga, level objek media melihat pada aspek mengetahui kinerja akun rotiyu.id terutama pada engagement.",
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"text": "3.1. Level Ruang Media",
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{
"left": 132,
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"text": "Pada level ini dijelaskan kerangka media sosial Instagram, mulai dari tahapan pembuatan akun baru sampai tahap publikasi. Pembuatan akun Instagram baru tidak membutuhkan waktu yang lama, proses yang lebih mudah, tidak ada prosedur khusus yang diberikan dari Instagram untuk pembuatan akun baru. Instagram adalah sebuah aplikasi yang dapat diakses melalui berbagai perangkat elektronik. Instagram memiliki fitur yang dapat digunakan oleh pelaku usaha untuk aktivitas pemasaran, diantaranya followers, upload foto, kamera, efek foto, geotagging, like/dislike, instagram story, video reels (Wahyuni, 2016).",
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"text": "Afgandi food memasarkan produk rotiyu melalui Instagram di tahun 2019. Marketing plan dilakukan pertama adalah mengenalkan brand pada masyarakat. Rotiyu Merupakan brand produk bakery yang dikembangkan berdasarkan hasil penelitian. Roti yang dibuat dari olahan tepung lokal hanjeli yang difermentasi menggunakan bakteri asam laktat. Sehingga secara konsep tervisualiasasi dalam merk dan logo yang mengkolaborasikan warna alami dari bahan baku seperti visual pohon hanjeli, biji, tepung hanjeli dan yoghurt sebagai media fermentasi tepung hanjeli. Rotiyu memposisikan pada produk olahan berbasis bahan baku/pangan lokal hanjeli yang kaya akan nutrisi asam amino esensial, antioksidan, Hi- fiber, Hi-Calsium sebagai pangan fungsional. Pengembangan produk bakery terletak pada pemilihan bahan baku berkualitas tinggi yang memenuhi kriteria pangan halal dan toyyib (Wawancara, 2022)",
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"text": "Rotiyu.id memiliki pengikut Instagram sebanyak 5.526 dan 74 postingan. Awal pemasaran di Instagram hanya memiliki pengikut sebanyak 200 namun karena kami mengiklankan di akun @bdgsociety dan @foofestivalbandung jadi meningkat pengikut kami (Wawancara, 2022).",
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"page_number": 6,
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"text": "Primasari, et.al., ARRUS Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vol. 3, No. 6 (2023) https://doi.org/10.35877/soshum2335",
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"text": "ISSN: 2776-7930 (Print) / 2807-3010 (Online)",
"type": "Page header"
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"left": 193,
"top": 783,
"width": 259,
"height": 16,
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"text": "This open access article is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY-NC) 4.0 license.",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
"left": 505,
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"text": "808",
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"text": "Gambar 3. Profil Instagram Rotiyu.id",
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"text": "Sumber: https://www.instagram.com/rotiyu.id/",
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"text": "Rotiyu.id memiliki jangakauan pengikut Instagram yakni 74.5% perempuan dan 25.4% laki- laki. Rentang usia dari 25-hingga 54 tahun. Presentase jangkauan Instagram rotiyu.id dilihat dari rentang usia pengikutnya dapat dilihat pada tabel berikut:",
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"text": "Tabel 1. Jangkauan Pengikut Instagram Dilihat dari Rentang Usia",
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"text": "No Rentang Usia Pengikut Instagram Rotiyu.id 1 25-34 tahun 52.7% 2 35-44 tahun 30% 3 18-24 tahun 8.4% 4 45-54 tahun 7.8% Jumlah 160 Sumber: Wawancara, 2022",
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{
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"text": "Temuan lainnya berdasarkan wawancara semi terstruktur bahwa jangkauan promosi melalui Instagram yang dilakukan oleh @rotiyu.id masih berada pada wilayah Provinsi Jawa Barat seperti Bekasi, Depok, Bogor, Karawang dan lain sebagainya. Mayoritas pembeli adalah mereka yang tinggal di kota Bandung dan sekitarnya (Wawancara, 2022).",
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"text": "3.2. Level Dokumen Media",
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"text": "Pada level ini dilihat isi teks kemudian peneliti mendeskripsikan makna yang tersirat maupun tersurat pada teks yang dikaji. Teks secara umum mampu menjadi representasi opini pengguna media serta representasi sebuah identitas. Pada level ini diungkapkan video dan foto yang dipublikasikan di Instagram. Informasi yang disajikan oleh rotiyu adalah foto, video reels, video yang disertai caption baik di video maupun di tubuh Instagram. Penambahan teks di video ditampilkan secara singkat karena sudah didukung dengan audio visual. Seperti yang terdapat pada gambar 4.",
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"text": "Primasari, et.al., ARRUS Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vol. 3, No. 6 (2023) https://doi.org/10.35877/soshum2335",
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"text": "ISSN: 2776-7930 (Print) / 2807-3010 (Online)",
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"top": 783,
"width": 259,
"height": 16,
"page_number": 7,
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"text": "This open access article is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY-NC) 4.0 license.",
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{
"left": 505,
"top": 785,
"width": 13,
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"text": "809",
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"text": "Gambar 4. Rotiyu mensejahterakan petani",
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"text": "Sumber: https://www.instagram.com/rotiyu.id/",
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"text": "Gambar 4 berupa foto dengan teks yang mengandung makna tersirat. Selain penggunaan teks pada foto akun @rotiyu menambahkan caption yang singkat yang disertai hashtag:",
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"text": "Hanjeli merupakan salah satu tanaman serealia yang ada di Jawa Barat yang kaya akan nutrisi, Protein tinggi, serat pangan yang bermanfaat bagi tubuh, namun dalam pemanfaatan masih terbatas. terkait program ketahanan pangan yang digaungkan oleh pemerintah, tidak serta merta pangan lokal ini melesat menjadi trending topic, dan masih dianggap B aja. yang jadi perhatian adalah para petani hanjelinya ketika program ini digencarkan tidak diimbangi dengan pengolahan pasca panennya walhasil petani hanjeli hanya berharap dan berharap ada keajaiban yang dapat mengubah butiran emas hanjeli ini menjadi lebih bernilai... Yuk bread lovers bantu petani hanjeli agar bisa sejahtera. Mengkonsumsi RotiYU berarti anda telah membantu mensejahterakan Petani Hanjeli di Jawa Barat (gambar 4).",
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"text": "“Jika kalian tidak menemukan aku di surga, maka tanyakanlah tentang aku kepada Allah. Ucapkan: wahai Rabb kami, hambaMu fulan, dulu dia pernah mengingatkan kami untuk mengingat Engkau” (gambar 5) Selamat datang Juli 2021. Jaga Iman dan Imun yaa Gaes. Welcome to Indonesia dengan beragam makanan khas lokal. Super sekali hanjeli ini jadi roti. Thanks RotiYu (gambar 6).",
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"text": "Gambar 5. Sahabat.",
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"text": "Sumber: https://www.instagram.com/rotiyu.id/",
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"text": "Publikasi berupa video singkat durasi 20 detik pun menjadi aktivitas pemasaran @rotiyu.id yang mendapat perhatian baik oleh pengguna Instagram yang ditonton dari sebesar 599.",
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"text": "This open access article is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY-NC) 4.0 license.",
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"text": "Gambar 6. Video Mengenalkan Produk Rotiyu",
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"top": 261,
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"text": "Sumber: https://www.instagram.com/rotiyu.id/",
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"text": "Pemilihan video Welcome to Indonesia (gambar 6) mengikuti video viral yang beredar di media sosial yakni tiktok. Lirik welcome to Indonesia ini banyak digunakan pengguna media sosial untuk mewakili perasaannya terhadap Indonesia. Disini @rotiyu pun menghadirkan varian produk yang menggunakan bahan dasar hanjeli yang mengangkat kearifan lokal Indonesia (Wawancara, 2022).",
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"text": "Postingan yang berupa informasi mengenai manfaat mengkonsumsi hanjeli juga menjadi konten dalam strategi pemasaran digital di Instagram (gambar 7).",
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"text": "Gambar 7. Informasi Hanjeli",
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"text": "Sumber: https://www.instagram.com/rotiyu.id/",
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"text": "Penggunaan hashtag di setiap publikasi merupakan salah satu strategi E-WOM atau elecronic word of mouth atau yang lebih dikenalnya dengan viral marketing. Viral marketing merupakan komunikasi pemasaran yang mengandalkan pelanggan untuk menyebarkan produk kepada pelanggan lainnya (Helm, 2000). Penggunaan tagar dapat memberikan keuntungan tersendiri kepada @rotiyu.id untuk mengenalkan produk dan brand nya yang tujuan akhirnya pada keputusan konsumen untuk membeli.",
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"text": "#hanjeli #inovasiproduk #petanimillenial #petanimuda #panganlokal #petanihanjeli #panganlokaljabar #bantupetani #viral #trendingtopic #jali #jobstear #coixlacrymajobi #bandung #tepung #freegluten #kayaserta #panganfungsional (gambar 3, postingan ke 25 di Instagram)",
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"text": "#sahabatsejati #sahabat #sahabatsurga #syafaat #kebersamaan #temanbaik #rotihanjeli #rotiyu #motivasi #quotestagram #muslimquotes #sohib (gambar 4, postingan ke 24 di Instagram)",
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"text": "Primasari, et.al., ARRUS Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vol. 3, No. 6 (2023) https://doi.org/10.35877/soshum2335",
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"text": "This open access article is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY-NC) 4.0 license.",
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"text": "#panganlokal #welcometoindonesia #ragamkuliner #rotifungsional #hanjeli #kulinerbandung #info #kuliner #bandungkuliner #makananbandung #jajananbandung (gambar 5, postingan ke 34 di Instagram, Juli 2020).",
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"height": 49,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "#rotiempuk #rotienakbandung #rotiviral #rotiviralbandung #rotikekinian #kulinerbandung #kulinerviralbandung #rotilembut #cinammonrolls #viral #makananviral #makananenak #yummy #yummyfood #bread #rotimurah #rotisehat #makanansehat #healthyfood #hanjeli #teknologipangan (Gambar 7, postingan 60-61, Desember 2021).",
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"text": "3.3. Level Objek Media",
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"top": 218,
"width": 394,
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"text": "Level objek media melihat interaksi yang terjadi di media sosial. Komentar-komentar yang ditulis oleh para pengikut (folowers) yang juga menunjukkan bagaimana gambaran dari realitas offlne yang dituangkan dalam bentuk teks secara online pada ruang siber. Temuan pada level ini ini tidak hanya melihat interaksi komentar pada kolom komentar, highlight instagram, tapi juga yang terjadi di direct messages.",
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"text": "Sekali makan langsung habis, rotinya super lembut, bikin nagih. Toppingnya favoritku cokelat yang ada crunchy-crunchynya. (@ghina.alz)",
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"text": "Nemu aneka roti dan cinro yang endul, lembut, empuk gak giung, gak pelit toping, mantap buat temen ngeteh atau ngopi. Belum bisa move on dari rotiyu (@bdgsociety.",
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"text": "Mau beli kak. Yg green tea (bnhannover)",
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"text": "Maacih yaa landing dgn selamat, harga merakyat rasa macam hotel bintang 5 @rotiyu (@metimediya)",
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"text": "Ini cinammon rollsnya beda ama yang lain, rotinua empuk. biasa kalo beli suka keras (@meilindanora)",
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"text": "Saking enaknya, ga kerasa udah tinggal sparo…Masyaalloh (@verryati)",
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"text": "Terlalu enak jadi lupa laporan (@ratnynk)",
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{
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"top": 452,
"width": 299,
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"text": "Kami ingin mensejahterakan petani hanjeli, kamu mau juga? (@faisal20hanafi)",
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{
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"text": "Cinnamon rolls mango @rotiyu.id langsung ludes jadi rebutan. Next cheese n almond choice (@harfianaabaheffi)",
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"text": "3.4. Engangement",
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"text": "Engagement dilakukan dengan tujuan mengidentifikasi kegiatan UMKM yang dilakukan guna mengembangkan konten Instagram dan umpan balik (feedback) dari mereka yang mengikuti akun instragram maupun yang tidak mengikuti akun @rotiyu.id. Adanya umpan balik atau feedback memberikan kebaikan pemasaran @rotiyu.id. Beberapa umpan balik diberikan pada direct messages diantaranya:",
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"text": "@ing_murhadi memberikan respon positif dengan menuliskan terima kasih kak untuk jawaban-jawabannya ya ka. Sukses selalu untuk usahanya.",
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"text": "@bnhannover juga memberikan respon positif. Iiih masih kebayang lembut dan enaknya walaupun saya chohocoholic, tapi tetap suka yg green tea.",
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"text": "Berinteraksi secara aktif dengan konsumen melalui direct messages memberikan hubungan yang baik atau mempererat kedekatan dengan calon konsumen online. Pertanyaan-pertanyaan dari calon konsumen segera dijawab dengan cepat. Hal ini berhubungan dengan pelayanan customer online. (Wawancara, 2022).",
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"text": "Aktivitas pemasaran yang dilakukan @rotiyu.id dalam mempertahankan engagement rate yaitu dengan melakukan promosi melalui postingan berupa foto, storytelling. Penggunaan storytelling merupakan strategi digital pemasaran. Rotiyu juga menggunakan promosi berbayar seperti instagram ads juga menggunakan promosi di akun @bandungsociety @bandungfoodfstival",
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"text": "4. Pembahasan",
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"text": "Mengikuti kategorisasi empat level media siber Nasrullah, dari hasil penelitian di dapatkan bahwa pada level pertama yaitu level ruang media, pemasaran produk rotiyu dengan menggunakan media sosial Instagram terbukti merupakan langkah yang efektif. Prosedur pembuatan akun Instagram untuk melakukan pemasaran produk rotiyu tidak membutuhkan waktu yang lama dan langkah yang rumit. Hal ini menunjukkan komitmen dari pihak media sosial seperti Instagram untuk membantu para pemilik usaha dalam melakukan strategi pemasaran produk mereka melalui platform digital secara efisien. Keberadaan fitur-fitur dalam Instagram telah dapat digunakan untuk melakukan aktivitas pemasaran. Pengenalan brand rotiyu kepada masyarakat melalui Instagram sejak tahun 2019 diakui efektif dengan pemanfaatan berbagai fitur tersedia. Visualisasi produk-produk olahan rotiyu yang diunggah dalam berbagai bentuk, seperti foto, video reel, Instastory memudahkan pihak rotiyu dalam menghadirkan brand image secara dinamis dan menggugah minat pembeli melalui perpaduan antara warna dan estetika yang diperkuat dengan berbagai pilihan filter yang dihadirkan oleh Instagram. Hal ini senada dengan apa yang disampaikan oleh (Green et al., 2018) bahwa yang membuat Instagram unik adalah fitur pengeditan dan berbagi foto dan video instan dengan audiens 800 juta lebih pengguna aktif memberikan manfaat dari penentuan posisi yang baik dan dapat memanfaatkan peluang iklan yang menarik dan kemajuan teknologi. Serta keberadaannya mampu memberikan peluang bagi bisnis kecil untuk menumbuhkan eksistensi bisnis mereka di dunia digital.",
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"text": "Efektivitas penggunaan Instagram sebagai sarana pemasaran rotiyu terbukti dari jumlah follower yang telah didapatkan. Jumlah follower yang telah mengikuti akun Instagram rotiyu merupakan bukti atas pengakuan masyarakat terhadap brand dan produk-produk hasil olahan yang telah dipasarkan oleh rotiyu. Bukan hanya itu, hal ini juga merupakan bentuk kepercayaan terhadap rotiyu yang mereka dapatkan setelah melihat dari postingan-postingan yang dilakukan dalam memperkenalkan produk-produk olahan mereka. Pemasaran melalui platform digital dalam kasus rotiyu ini juga telah terbukti efektif mengingat lonjakan pengikut dari akun Instagram rotiyu yang semula hanya 200 pengikut pada awal pembuatan akun menjadi 25 kali lipat dan diharapkan untuk terus meningkat. Jangkauan akun Instagram rotiyu yang hampir mencapai angka pengikut 75% perempuan dan 25 % lainnya laki-laki dengan rentang usia dari 18-54 tahun, menunjukkan bahwa produk rotiyu dapat dinikmati oleh berbagai kalangan dengan kecenderungan jumlah konsumen rotiyu yang semakin meningkat, mengingat jangkauan promosi akun Instagram rotiyu. Meskipun masih terbatas pada wilayah Provinsi Jawa Barat seperti Bekasi, Depok, Bogor, Karawang dan lain sebagainya dengan mayoritas pembeli berasal dari Bandung dan sekitarnya, tidak menutup kemungkinan untuk kedepannya rotiyu akan menjangkau pasar dengan skala yang lebih luas lagi. Ini diperkuat dengan adanya hasil penelitian yang dilakukan oleh (Pourkhani et al., 2019) di mana dalam dekade terakhir, keberadaan media sosial telah memberikan pengaruh signifikan terhadap pertumbuhan dan kinerja bisnis di berbagai negara dengan berbagai pencapaian dan tren yang berkembang dalam bisnis dunia.",
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"text": "Dari sisi level dokumen media, penggunaan teks dan hashtag dalam setiap unggahan baik itu unggahan foto, video dengan caption maupun video reels dalam pemasaran digital melalui Instagram terbukti mampu menyampaikan pesan dan makna dari pendirian usaha rotiyu ini. Pemilik usaha menyampaikan visi dan misi yang mereka miliki saat mendirikan brand rotiyu ini melalui foto-foto yang estetik dan penuh makna, kampanye-kampanye yang menyentuh dan penuh semangat optimisme serta hashtag yang mengundang rasa penasaran. Seperti yang disampaikan dalam penelitian (Jaakonmaki et al., 2017) di mana konten dan konteks yang disuguhkan dalam postingan dapat menarik perhatian dan meningkatkan keterlibatan pengguna sosial media untuk berinteraksi dengan kreator. Postingan-postingan dalam akun Instagram maupun unggahan video singkat yang sedang viral di media sosial menunjukkan komitmen rotiyu untuk mengenalkan produk-produk yang sarat kearifan lokal secara lebih",
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"text": "mendalam dengan memberikan pemahaman kepada masyarakat atas setiap hasil olahan mereka. Hal ini juga menunjukkan komitmen untuk memajukan produk-produk olahan lokal serta mengedukasi masyarakat bahwa hanjeli juga dapat diolah sebagai produk dengan nilai ekonomis. Melalui rotiyu, pemilik usaha menghadirkan produk yang bukan saja ekonomis dan inovatif, akan tetapi produk olahan hanjeli yang mereka pasarkan juga sehat serta halal mengingat kandungan gizi hanjeli dalam salah satu unggahan dalam instagram.",
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"text": "Nilai efektivitas dari pemasaran produk rotiyu melalui Instagram juga terbukti dapat membantu pemasaran produk rotiyu. Dari berbagai komentar serta pesan-pesan terhadap produk rotiyu yang para konsumen tinggalkan menunjukkan tanggapan serta reaksi positif dari kehadiran rotiyu. Hal ini juga sekaligus menunjukkan penerimaan dan tingkat kepuasan konsumen terhadap produk rotiyu. Tanggapan positif dari konsumen yang ditinggalkan dalam Instagram ini kedepannya dapat digunakan untuk sarana pemasaran yang lebih luas lagi. Bukan saja secara online mampu memberikan gambaran realitas bagi para calon konsumen (pengguna Instagram lain) yang ingin tahu tentang produk rotiyu. Secara offline, komentar- komentar positif ini dapat dijadikan referensi untuk memperkenalkan produk rotiyu kepada orang-orang disekitar. Pernyataan ini selaras dengan apa yang telah ditemukan oleh (Ceyhan, 2019) bahwa nilai fungsional, nilai sosial dan persepsi keselarasan citra diri merek terhadap halaman Instagram merek yang bersangkutan berpengaruh positif terhadap loyalitas merek.",
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"width": 394,
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"text": "Pesan dan komentar ini juga menjadi sarana komunikasi antara konsumen dengan pemilik usaha yang dapat dijadikan sebagai media untuk melakukan interaksi secara personal. Interaksi ini membantu pihak rotiyu untuk dapat memasarkan produk-produk mereka secara lebih detail (Ceyhan, 2019). Hal ini juga menjadi kesempatan bagi pemilik usaha untuk mendapatkan informasi terkait respon dan saran dari pelanggan dalam rangka smenciptakan inovasi selanjutnya, baik itu inovasi produk maupun strategi pemasaran ke depannya. Dengan demikian, ke depannya rotiyu dapat menjangkau pasar yang lebih luas dengan produk-produk yang lebih bervariasi yang tentunya dengan kualitas terbaik.",
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"text": "Tingkat engagement yang ditunjukkan oleh akun Instagram rotiyu telah menunjukkan tingkat yang baik dilihat dari bagaimana setiap pesan dari calon pelanggan pada akun rotiyu selalu ditanggapi dan dijawab dengan cepat. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa rotiyu memberikan perhatian penuh terhadap proses interaksi (costumer servise) antara mereka dengan pelanggan. Respon yang cepat dan ramah menunjukkan komitmen rotiyu untuk memberikan pelayanan yang berkualitas bagi para pelanggannya. Dengan demikian akan membantu mereka dalam membangun dan mempertahankan brand image yang baik dari rotiyu. Engagement rate yang baik ini memberikan keuntungan bagi rotiyu untuk melakukan aktivitas pemasarannya dengan lebih efektif, di mana kepercayaan terhadap rotiyu akan meningkat. Seperti yang telah disampaikan oleh (Farook & Abeysekara, 2016) sebelumnya bahwa keterlibatan pelanggan diyakini secara langsung dan positif terkait dengan sejumlah hasil hubungan seperti kepuasan, kepercayaan, komitmen afektif, dan loyalitas. Hal ini memberikan kesempatan bagi rotiyu untuk dapat melakukan strategi pemasaran digital lainnya yang melibatkan kerjasama dengan pihak lain seperti yang dilakukan melalui promosi berbayar seperti instagram ads maupun promosi di akun @bandungsociety @bandungfoodfstival. Dengan jangkauan promosi yang meluas di masa depan, tidak menutup kemungkinan bagi rotiyu untuk melakukan promosi serupa dengan akun-akun lainnya. Engagement rate yang baik dari rotiyu ini akan memberikan kemudahan dalam mendapatkan kepercayaan dari akun yang hendak mereka ajak untuk bekerja sama.",
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"text": "Pemasaran digital melalui instagram yang dilakukan oleh rotiyu dalam memperkenalkan produk-produk olahan hanjeli bagi konsumen efektif dalam meningkatkan consumer engagement terhadap produk brand rotiyu. Hal ini terlihat dari jumlah follower yang bertambah sejak akun instagram rotiyu pertama kali dibuat pada tahun 2019 serta keberhasilan dari postingan-postingan baik berupa foto, video, video reels maupun instastory yang diunggah akun instagram rotiyu dalam menjaring perhatian dan respon dari konsumen.",
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"text": "Online engangement atas brand rotiyu sangat positif dan memiliki potensi untuk dapat terus berkembang dilihat dari tingkat kepercayaan konsumen yang disampaikan melalui komentar- komentar positif dalam akun instagram rotiyu. Pelayanan konsumen yang cepat dan ramah terhadap respon konsumen maupun pertanyaan dari calon konsumen yang merasa tertarik setelah melihat konten promosi dalam akun instagram rotiyu juga turut membantu meningkatkan online engagement terhadap brand rotiyu lebih jauh lagi. Peningkatan online engagement atas akun instagram rotiyu membuka kesempatan bagi usaha ini untuk melakukan promosi digital dengan jangkauan yang lebih luas untuk kemajuan dan pertumbuhan bisnis.",
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"left": 134,
"top": 244,
"width": 317,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 12,
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"text": "Atmoko, B. D. (2012). Instagram Handbook Tips Fotografi Ponsel. Media Kita.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 134,
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Bakry, U. S. (2017). Pemanfaatan Metode Etnografi dan Netnografi Dalam Penelitian",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 158,
"top": 274,
"width": 368,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 12,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Hubungan Internasional. Jurnal Global & Strategis, 11(1), 15.",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 158,
"top": 287,
"width": 199,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 12,
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"text": "https://doi.org/10.20473/jgs.11.1.2017.15-26",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 134,
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"width": 392,
"height": 38,
"page_number": 12,
"page_width": 595,
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c74ed190-bc2a-3aee-b531-f4c278f8a2b2 | https://ejournal.uinsaizu.ac.id/index.php/raushanfikr/article/download/1011/805 | [
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"text": "AL- H AYÂ’ SEBAGAI SOLUSI BAGI PERMASALAHAN MORAL BANGSA",
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"text": "Mahasiswa Psikologi Universitas Muhammadiyah Purwokerto Email: psycho_riim@yahoo.com",
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"text": "abstrak",
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"text": "Tujuan dari penulisan artikel ini adalah untuk mengkaji mengenai konsep Al-haya’ atau malu yang positif dalam perspektif Islam, beserta manfaat, dan solusi yang ditawarkannya bagi permasalahan yang terkait dengan kemunduran moral masyarakat. Peneliti juga akan memberikan benang merah yang menunjukkan kaitan antara al-hayâ’ dengan kondisi moral. Metode yang digunakan dalam artikel ini adalah studi literatur. Rasa malu banyak dikenal melalui perspektif umum yang cenderung berkiblat kepada teori barat dan banyak dimaknai secara negatif khususnya mengenai efek dari sifat tersebut bagi individu yang memilikinya. Dalam perspektif Islam, Al- haya’ justru dimaknai sebagai sifat malu yang positif yang tidak merugikan pemilik sifatnya dan bahkan akan membawakan kepada kebaikan perilaku. Bangsa Indonesia sejak dahulu telah dikenal dengan rasa malunya, namun belakangan terlihat bahwa rasa malu yang ada kian meluntur. Artikel ini akan mengungkap konsep malu yang positif dari perspektif Islam beserta manfaat dan solusi yang ditawarkan bagi permasalahan moral yang dihadapi oleh bangsa.",
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"text": "Kata kunci : Al-haya’, Malu, Permasalahan Moral",
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"text": "A. PENDAHULUAN",
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"text": "Belakangan ini marak sekali dijumpai berbagai permasalahan- permasalahan terkait kemerosotan moral yang ada di masyarakat, mulai dari kejadian yang bisa dilihat secara langsung dilingkungan masyarakat maupun yang tidak langsung melalui media massa baik elektronik maupun cetak. Permasalahan yang ada meliputi banyaknya pejabat negara dan para pegawai yang melakukan korupsi, pergaulan anak muda yang semakin permisif dan bebas, tingginya angka kriminalitas, serta kian menjamurnya pornografi dan pornoaksi.",
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"text": "Banyak sekali bukti yang menjelaskan bahwa telah terjadi penurunan rasa malu yang ada di masyarakat kita. Bangsa Indonesia yang pada",
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"text": "rima nasir Basalamah 101",
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"left": 60,
"top": 761,
"width": 284,
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"text": "102 Al-hayâ’ Sebagai Solusi Bagi Permasalahan Moral Bangsa",
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{
"left": 402,
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"height": 12,
"page_number": 2,
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"text": "Vol. 3 No. 2, Januari 2014",
"type": "Page header"
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"text": "masa lalu dikenal sebagai bangsa yang santun, saat ini predikat tersebut semakin lama semakin memudar. Para pelaku tindakan tak bermoral tidak lagi merasa malu atas perbuatannya, bahkan ada saja yang merasa bangga dengan perbuatannya karena berhasil di ekspos oleh berbagai media. Kini permasalahan-permasalahan tersebut sudah menjadi hal umum di masyarakat dan hampir tidak pernah absen dari jangkauan disetiap harinya. Permasalahan yang bertentangan dengan moral ini kian merebak dan sudah semakin terbiasa didengar, hingga akhirnya masyarakat semakin mudah untuk memaklumi kasus-kasus tersebut. Salah satu penyebab utama dari permasalahan-permasalahan moral yang dihadapi adalah putusnya urat malu dari bangsa ini.",
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"height": 152,
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"text": "Fenomena hilangnya rasa malu begitu jelas terlihat dalam tayangan media yang semakin rusak dan tidak layak tonton. Rasa santun yang biasanya ditunjukkan bangsa ini dalam proses interaksi dengan sesama, berubah menjadi perilaku kasar dan anarkis. Para pelajar juga turut mengambil peran dengan melakukan tindak kekerasan di sekolah ( bullying ). Maraknya fenomena pornografi dan pornoaksi yang terkadang membuat pelakunya digugat pun terus di tentang dengan dalih kebebasan berekspresi dan seni. Selain itu, generasi muda kita pun terus terhipnotis dengan bujukan sesat narkoba. 1",
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"text": "Bangsa kita sudah terjangkit gejala “masochisme moral”, yaitu hilangnya rasa malu dan rasa sakit hati untuk mencederai/ melukai martabat bangsa sendiri. Gejala masochisme moral itu akhirnya menimbulkan perasaan bangga dan senang ketika bisa mengungkapkan sekian skandal korupsi, kolusi dan kejahatan lain yang dilakukan di kalangan elite birokrasi. 2 Seolah-oleh dengan banyaknya jumlah kasus yang terjadi, kita memperoleh rekor dalam kebaikan. Bangsa Indonesia kini menghadapi tantangan untuk mengatasi berbagai penyimpangan dan permasalahan moral yang disebabkan oleh terkikisnya rasa malu dari jiwa penduduknya. Hilangnya rasa malu terjadi di setiap kalangan, baik pada generasi muda maupun yang tua.",
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"text": "B. KONSEP MALU DAN AL- H AYÂ’",
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"text": "Collins & Bahar mengungkapkan bahwa rasa malu adalah representasi internal individu yang terbentuk dari tuntutan tuntutan budaya masing- masing. 3 Rasa malu tidak dapat hanya di definisikan secara sempit sebagai kondisi yang dirasakan seseorang, tetapi juga mencakup pembentukan",
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"text": "rima nasir Basalamah 103",
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"text": "Vol. 3 No. 2, Januari 2014",
"type": "Page header"
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"height": 50,
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"text": "budaya dan identitas yang ditampilkan. 4 Hal tersebut berarti bahwa malu dibentuk dan dimaknai secara berbeda oleh tiap orang tergantung kebudayaan yang dimiliki.",
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"text": "Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa setelah diamati melalui perbandingan kebudayaan, rasa malu di dunia barat dianggap sebagai sebuah sifat yang kurang penting dibandingkan dengan negara-negara timur dan non-barat. 5 Menurut kebanyakan teori psikologi, rasa malu adalah suatu kondisi kegelisahan, kecemasan, tidak menyenangkan dan terhambat, disebabkan oleh kehadiran orang lain. Menurut Mc Dougall, rasa malu juga dapat merupakan ketidaknyamanan dalam kehadiran orang lain, yang timbul dari kesadaran diri yang kuat disebabkan oleh timbulnya perasaan diri yang positif dan negatif secara serentak. 6",
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"text": "Sementara itu al-hayâ’ adalah rasa malu yang asal katanya diambil dari bahasa arab. Dalam bahasa arab dikenal juga beberapa istilah lain untuk menyebut rasa malu, namun pada hakikatnya setiap kata tersebut memiliki kandungan makna yang berbeda di dalam esensinya. Telah disepakati oleh para penutur bahasa arab bahwa al-hayâ’ secara resmi adalah sebuah perasaan yang baik, sehingga semakin kuat rasa hayâ’ yang dimiliki maka semakin baik pula bagi pemiliknya. Al-hayâ’ adalah sebuah rasa malu yang positif, namun kata malu dengan makna yang sama hampir tidak bisa dijumpai dalam bahasa Inggris sehingga cukup sulit untuk penterjemahannya. 7",
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"text": "Jenis emosi hayâ’ sangat terkait dengan nilai-nilai sosial, norma- norma, beserta adat dan kebudayaan yang ada. Bisa dikatakan bahwa hayâ’ adalah pengontrol dari perilaku seseorang. Berperilaku tidak baik menandakan kurangnya rasa malu yang dimiliki seseorang tersebut. 8 Cara pandang seseorang mengenai sifat malu akan sangat dipengaruhi oleh latar belakang kebudayaannya. Menurut Geertz (dalam Jama’an), bagi orang-orang jawa belajar untuk merasa malu (ngerti isin) adalah langkah menuju kepribadian Jawa yang matang. 9",
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"text": "Budaya jawa, memiliki nilai-nilai yang tertanam pada masyarakatnya. Beberapa nilai tersebut adalah wedi , isin dan sungkan . Geertz (dalam Dewi) menjelaskan bahwa wedi berarti memiliki rasa takut pada akibat dari tindakan yang dilakukan. Isin berarti memiliki rasa malu terlebih ketika melakukan suatu hal. Sungkan adalah perasaan yang biasanya digunakan untuk menghormati orang lain atau orang yang belum dikenal. Sungkan merupakan perasaan yang serupa dengan isin (malu), namun",
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"left": 85,
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"text": "berbeda. Sungkan muncul dalam diri individu karena adanya perasaan lebih rendah dari orang atau individu yang akan dihadapinya, entah terkait kedudukan di masyarakat, ilmu, status sosial, atau wibawa. 10",
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"left": 85,
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"text": "Banyak orang menyangka bahwa malu dan sungkan adalah perasaan yang sama, padahal pada hakikatnya dua sikap itu sangat bertentangan. Sungkan sebagian besar disebabkan karena kurangnya rasa percaya diri, karena merasa lebih lemah dan merasa tidak mampu berhadapan dengan orang lain, walaupun sejatinya dia tidak melakukan kesalahan. Perasaan ini jelas sangat berbeda dengan hayâ’, yang timbulnya disebabkan oleh keagungan serta kemuliaan jiwa yang mencegah seseorang dari melakukan perbuatan yang hina. Hayâ’ dapat menyebabkan seseorang tidak terima jika jiwanya tercampak dalam perbuatan yang rendah. Sementara sungkan, jika ia memiliki kesempatan dan tidak ada orang yang melihatnya ia akan melakukan perbuatan rendah tersebut. 11",
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"text": "Ibnu Qayyim al-Jauziyah menjelaskan, al-hayâ’ ( ) atau malu berasal dari kata al-hayâh ( ) yang artinya kehidupan. Hujan disebut hayy (dengan alif maqsurah) karena ia merupakan sumber kehidupan bagi bumi, tanaman dan hewan ternak. Kehidupan dunia dan akhirat juga dinamakan al-hayah. Oleh sebab itu, siapa yang tidak memiliki hayâ’ ibarat mayat di dunia ini dan sungguh, dia akan celaka di akhirat. Dalam konteks ini, bisa juga berarti hidup dan matinya hati seseorang sangat mempengaruhi hayâ’ yang dimiliki orang tersebut. Begitu pula dengan hilangnya hayâ’, dipengaruhi oleh kadar kematian hati dan ruh seseorang. Sehingga setiap kali hati hidup, pada saat itu pula rasa hayâ’ menjadi lebih sempurna. 12",
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"top": 529,
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"text": "Al-Junaid rahimahullah berkata, “Hayâ’ yaitu melihat kenikmatan dan keteledoran sehingga menimbulkan suatu kondisi yang disebut dengan malu. Hakikat h ayâ’ ialah sikap yang memotivasi untuk meninggalkan keburukan dan mencegah sikap menyia-nyiakan hak pemiliknya’”. 13 Imam An-Nawawi dalam Riyadhush Shalihin menulis bahwa para ulama pernah berkata, “Hakikat dari hayâ’ adalah akhlak yang muncul dalam diri untuk meninggalkan keburukan, mencegah diri dari kelalaian dan penyimpangan terhadap hak orang lain.”.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 85,
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"width": 438,
"height": 33,
"page_number": 4,
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"text": "Selain itu dalam riwayat shahih Muslim, disebutkan sebuah hadits yang berbunyi,",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 442,
"top": 711,
"width": 77,
"height": 26,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 822,
"text": "هكل يرخ ءايلحا",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 404,
"top": 760,
"width": 132,
"height": 18,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 822,
"text": "rima nasir Basalamah 105",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 419,
"top": 45,
"width": 117,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 822,
"text": "Vol. 3 No. 2, Januari 2014",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 102,
"top": 96,
"width": 414,
"height": 16,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 822,
"text": "Artinya, “Al-hayâ’ seluruhnya adalah kebaikan” (HR. Muslim: no. 87).",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 102,
"top": 133,
"width": 438,
"height": 118,
"page_number": 5,
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"page_height": 822,
"text": "Jika al-haya’ seluruhnya adalah membawa kepada kebaikan, maka tidaklah seseorang kehilangan sifat hayâ’nya kecuali akan menyisakan keburukan semata dalam dirinya. Dalam arti jika seseorang memiliki hayâ’ yang dominan, maka segala perilaku dan tindakannya akan baik dan sebaliknya, jika hayâ’ itu melemah maka sikap buruk seseorang akan menguap dan menjadi lebih dominan serta kebaikan dirinya akan memudar.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 102,
"top": 255,
"width": 438,
"height": 220,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Rasulullah juga bersabda, “Sesungguhnya seseorang apabila bertambah kuat hayâ’nya maka ia akan melindungi kehormatannya, mengubur dalam-dalam kejelekannya, dan menyebarkan kebaikan-kebaikannya. Siapa yang hilang rasa hayâ’nya, pasti hilang pula kebahagiaannya; siapa yang hilang kebahagiaannya, pasti akan hina dan dibenci oleh manusia; siapa yang dibenci manusia pasti ia akan disakiti; siapa yang disakiti pasti akan bersedih; siapa yang bersedih pasti memikirkannya; siapa yang pikirannya tertimpa ujian, maka sebagian besar ucapannya menjadi dosa baginya dan tidak mendatangkan pahala. Tidak ada obat bagi orang yang tidak memiliki hayâ’; tidak ada hayâ’ bagi orang yang tidak memiliki sifat setia; dan tidak ada kesetiaan bagi orang yang tidak memiliki kawan. Siapa yang sedikit hayâ’nya, ia akan berbuat sekehendaknya dan berucap apa saja yang disukainya.”",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 102,
"top": 478,
"width": 438,
"height": 136,
"page_number": 5,
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"text": "Dari beberapa hadits di atas dapat diketahui bahwa al-haya’ atau malu dalam perspektif Islam adalah suatu akhlak terpuji yang mendorong seseorang untuk meninggalkan segala perbuatan yang mencoreng jiwa dan martabat dirinya. Malu adalah suatu akhlak yang bisa mendorong seseorang untuk berbuat kebaikan dan menjauhi kemungkaran. Seseorang yang memiliki rasa malu akan memiliki batasan antara dirinya dengan perbuatan yang tercela. Selain itu dengan rasa malu pula manusia dapat dibedakan dari makhluk lain seperti hewan.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 102,
"top": 617,
"width": 438,
"height": 118,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Dapat disimpulkan pula bahwa hayâ’ dimaknai sebagai perasaan yang harus ditanamkan dan ditumbuh kembangkan sebagai satu nilai yang dapat mencegah perbuatan amoral. Hayâ’ dapat terwujud misalnya malu untuk berbuat kejahatan, malu yang seperti ini merupakan nilai alami dan merupakan salah satu nilai yang baik. Dengan definisi tersebut maka esensi al-hayâ’ adalah berbeda dari kebanyakan pengertian malu pada umumnya.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 60,
"top": 761,
"width": 284,
"height": 17,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 822,
"text": "106 Al-hayâ’ Sebagai Solusi Bagi Permasalahan Moral Bangsa",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
"left": 402,
"top": 45,
"width": 117,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 822,
"text": "Vol. 3 No. 2, Januari 2014",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 60,
"top": 95,
"width": 166,
"height": 17,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 822,
"text": "C. PEMBAGIAN AL- H AYÂ’",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 116,
"width": 438,
"height": 50,
"page_number": 6,
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"page_height": 822,
"text": "Setelah melihat konsep perbedaan hayâ’ dari rasa malu yang lain, maka perlu diketahui pula bembagian dari hayâ’. Hayâ’ dapat ditujukan kepada beberapa golongan berikut: 14",
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 170,
"width": 136,
"height": 16,
"page_number": 6,
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"text": "1. Malu kepada Allah",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 111,
"top": 189,
"width": 293,
"height": 16,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 822,
"text": "Rasulullah shallallahu ‘alaihi wasallam bersabda,",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 320,
"top": 215,
"width": 199,
"height": 26,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 822,
"text": ")يذمترلا( هنم ايحتسُي نأ قحأ للهاف",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 111,
"top": 253,
"width": 412,
"height": 33,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 822,
"text": "Artinya, “Sungguh Allah adalah Dzat yang paling berhak untuk kalian malu kepada-Nya.” (HR. At-Tirmidzi).",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 111,
"top": 307,
"width": 327,
"height": 16,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 822,
"text": "Rasulullah Shallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam juga bersabda,",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 122,
"top": 320,
"width": 397,
"height": 73,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 822,
"text": "ِظَفْحَي ْلَف ِءاَيَحـْلا َّقَح ِللها َنِم َ ْحَتْسا ِنَم ،ِءاَيَحـْلا َّقَح ِللها َنِم اْوُيْحَتْسِا ةَرِخ َ لأ ْ ا َداَر َ أ ْنَمَو ، َلِ ْ لاَو َتْوَمـ",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 173,
"top": 350,
"width": 346,
"height": 75,
"page_number": 6,
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"text": "ْ لا ِر ُكْذَ ْلَو ىَوَح اَمَو َنْطَ ْلاَو َعَو اَمَو َسْأَّرلا .ءاَيَحـ ْ لا َّقَح ِللها َنِم اَيْحَتْسا ِدَقَف َكِلَذ َلَعَف ْنَمَف ،اَيْنُّلدا َةَنْيِز َكَرَت",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 111,
"top": 431,
"width": 412,
"height": 169,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 822,
"text": "Artinya: “Hendaklah kalian malu kepada Allah Azza wa Jalla dengan sebenar-benar malu. Barang-siapa yang malu kepada Allah Azza wa Jalla dengan sebenar-benar malu, maka hendaklah ia menjaga kepala dan apa yang ada padanya, hendaklah ia menjaga perut dan apa yang dikandungnya, dan hendaklah ia selalu ingat kematian dan busuknya jasad. Barangsiapa yang menginginkan kehidupan akhirat hendaklah ia meninggalkan perhiasan dunia. Dan barangsiapa yang mengerjakan yang demikian, maka sungguh ia telah malu kepada Allah Azza wa Jalla dengan sebenar-benar malu.” (HR. At-Tirmidzi no. 2458).",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 111,
"top": 604,
"width": 412,
"height": 135,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 822,
"text": "Dari sari hadits di atas dapat dipetik bahwa konsekuensi dari rasa malu kepada Allah adalah timbulnya penjagaan diri terhadap apa-apa yang ada di pikiran kita, sehingga alat indera seperti mata, telinga, mulut, dan hidung hanya akan di fungsikan dengan baik tanpa melanggar ketentuan Allah yang mengakibatkan kerusakan bagi moral di masyarakat. Begitu juga terhadap penjagaan terhadap pikiran di kepala kita. Ketika pikiran terlindungi, maka tidak akan terlintas suatu niat pun untuk melakukan berbuatan yang buruk atau",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 404,
"top": 760,
"width": 132,
"height": 18,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 822,
"text": "rima nasir Basalamah 107",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 419,
"top": 45,
"width": 117,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 822,
"text": "Vol. 3 No. 2, Januari 2014",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 128,
"top": 96,
"width": 412,
"height": 50,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 822,
"text": "tercela. Seseorang yang tidak memiliki rasa malu kepada Allah, maka pikirannya akan tertutup sehingga hal-hal burukpun dapat terbersit di pikiran dan semakin mudah untuk menjadi suatu perbuatan buruk.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 102,
"top": 150,
"width": 207,
"height": 16,
"page_number": 7,
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"text": "2. Malu Kepada Sesama Manusia",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 128,
"top": 170,
"width": 412,
"height": 152,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 822,
"text": "Imam Ibnu Hibban Al-Busti rahimahullaah berkata, “Wajib bagi orang yang berakal untuk bersikap malu terhadap sesama manusia. Diantara berkah yang mulia yang didapat dari membiasakan diri bersikap malu adalah akan terbiasa berperilaku terpuji dan menjauhi perilaku tercela. Disamping itu berkah yang lain adalah selamat dari api neraka, yakni dengan cara senantiasa malu saat hendak mengerjakan sesuatu yang dilarang Allah. Karena, manusia memiliki tabiat baik dan buruk saat bermuamalah dengan Allah dan saat berhubungan sosial dengan orang lain.”",
"type": "Text"
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"left": 102,
"top": 325,
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"text": "3. Malu Kepada Diri Sendiri",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 128,
"top": 345,
"width": 412,
"height": 101,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 822,
"text": "Malu kepada diri sendiri adalah malunya orang-orang yang berjiwa mulia. Seseorang malu karena telah membiarkan diri diliputi oleh kekurangan dan diselubungi oleh kehinaan. Ketika seseorang malu kepada dirinya sendiri, tentunya dia lebih malu kepada yang lain. Dengan kata lain, orang yang memiliki rasa malu akan selalu menjaga nama baik atau citra diri sehingga ia tidak akan merusaknya.",
"type": "Text"
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"left": 77,
"top": 466,
"width": 390,
"height": 17,
"page_number": 7,
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"text": "D. FUNGSI AL- H AYÂ’ BAGI PERMASALAHAN MORAL BANGSA",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 102,
"top": 487,
"width": 438,
"height": 135,
"page_number": 7,
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"page_height": 822,
"text": "Al-hayâ’ merupakan salah satu sifat terpuji karena sifat ini mampu menghindarkan seseorang dari berbuat kesalahan dan dosa, berbuat perbuatan buruk dan juga kemaksiatan. Barangsiapa yang tidak memiliki hayâ’ dalam hatinya, tentu ia akan seenaknya untuk melakukan perbuatan yang buruk ataupun terjatuh dalam perbuatan dosa tanpa mempedulikan pandangan manusia akan dirinya dan kelakuannya; dan juga tidak mempedulikan nilai-nilai moralitas yang berlaku, seolah ia tidak mempunyai hati nurani lagi. 15",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 102,
"top": 626,
"width": 438,
"height": 101,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 822,
"text": "Al- hayâ’ adalah sebuah konsep malu yang tidak mengurangi kebaikan apapun dalam kehidupan, bahkan justru meningkatkan kebaikan yang dimiliki. Sifat hayâ’ dapat diibaratkan sebagai rem atas perbuatan negatif pada diri manusia, sehingga sifat ini sangat dianjurkan dalam ajaran agama Islam maupun agama-agama sebelumnya yang dibawakan oleh para nabi. Dalam sebuah hadits disebutkan,",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 60,
"top": 761,
"width": 284,
"height": 17,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 822,
"text": "108 Al-hayâ’ Sebagai Solusi Bagi Permasalahan Moral Bangsa",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 402,
"top": 45,
"width": 117,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 822,
"text": "Vol. 3 No. 2, Januari 2014",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 156,
"top": 101,
"width": 362,
"height": 26,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 822,
"text": "تئشام عنصاف حتست مل اذا لىولاا ةوبلنا ملاك نم سالنا كردأ امم نإ",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 139,
"width": 438,
"height": 50,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 822,
"text": "Artinya, “Sesungguhnya termasuk yang pertama diketahui manusia dari ucapan kenabian adalah ‘jika kamu tidak malu, berbuatlah sesukamu!’” (Shahih Bukhari: 5769).",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 111,
"top": 210,
"width": 392,
"height": 16,
"page_number": 8,
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"text": "Dalam menjelaskan maksud hadits di atas, Ibnul Qayyim berkata:",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 100,
"top": 235,
"width": 419,
"height": 116,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 822,
"text": "تىح ةيكللاب هنم خلسنا امبر تىح دبعلا نم ءايلحا فعضت بونلذا نا دوصقلماو بريخ مهنم يرثك لب هيلع مهعلاطاب لاو لهاح ءوسب سالنا ملعب رثأتيلا هنا امبر دبعلا لصو اذإو ءايلحا نم هخلاسنا كلذ على لمالحاو هلعفي ام حبقو لهاح نع .عمطم هحلاص في قبي مل ةلالحا هذه لىا",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 381,
"width": 438,
"height": 118,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 822,
"text": "Maksudnya yaitu, dosa-dosa akan melemahkan rasa malu seorang hamba, bahkan bisa menghilangkannya secara keseluruhan. Akibatnya, pelakunya tidak lagi terpengaruh atau merasa risih saat banyak orang mengetahui kondisi dan perilakunya yang buruk. Lebih parah lagi, banyak di antara mereka yang menceritakan keburukannya. Semua ini disebabkan hilangnya hayâ’. Jika seseorang sudah sampai pada kondisi tersebut, tidak dapat diharapkan lagi kebaikannya. 16",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 502,
"width": 438,
"height": 152,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 822,
"text": "Dari hadits yang telah dijelaskan sebelumnya dapat kita renungkan bahwa rasa malu sifatnya adalah opsional/ pilihan. Ketika seseorang lebih memilih untuk tidak mempunyai rasa malu, maka seolah-olah ia bebas untuk berbuat sesuka hatinya tanpa memikirkan apakah hal tersebut baik atau tidak dan tanpa perlu memikirkan apakah ia merampas hak- hak milik orang lain atau tidak, sehingga semuanya tidak lagi dihiraukan. Akan tetapi, ketika seseorang lebih memilih untuk memiliki rasa malu tentu ia tidak akan berlaku sewenang-wenang, karena ia masih memiliki sandaran pedoman berupa nilai baik-buruk.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 658,
"width": 438,
"height": 84,
"page_number": 8,
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"text": "Rasûlullâh bersabda, “Seseorang tidak akan mencuri bila ia beriman, tidak akan berzina bila ia beriman.” Al-hayâ’ adalah benteng bagi seseorang untuk mencegah dirinya dari perbuatan dosa yang melanggar nilai moral, jika seseorang tidak lagi memiliki hayâ’ maka dia akan melakukan perbuatan apapun dengan mudahnya. Maknanya, seseorang yang tidak",
"type": "Text"
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"left": 404,
"top": 760,
"width": 132,
"height": 18,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 822,
"text": "rima nasir Basalamah 109",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 419,
"top": 45,
"width": 117,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 822,
"text": "Vol. 3 No. 2, Januari 2014",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 102,
"top": 96,
"width": 438,
"height": 50,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 822,
"text": "memiliki rasa malu, maka ia akan berbuat apapun sekehendak hatinya dan tidak memperhatikan kemaslahatan tindakannya bagi diri sendiri dan juga orang lain.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 102,
"top": 150,
"width": 438,
"height": 101,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 822,
"text": "Dengan demikian, malu yang menyebabkan pelakunya menyia- nyiakan hak Allah Azza wa Jalla sehingga ia beribadah kepada Allah dengan kebodohan tanpa mau bertanya tentang urusan agamanya, menyia-nyiakan hak-hak dirinya sendiri, hak-hak orang yang menjadi tanggungannya, dan hak-hak kaum muslimin, adalah malu yang tercela karena pada hakikatnya sifat tersebut adalah kelemahan dan ketidakberdayaan. 17",
"type": "Text"
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"left": 102,
"top": 255,
"width": 438,
"height": 118,
"page_number": 9,
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"text": "Dalam hadits shahih disebutkan kelebihan dari memiliki sifat hayâ’, Rasulullah bersabda yang artinya, “Sesungguhnya Allah Maha Malu dan Maha Tertutup, Dia meyukai ketertutupan dan rasa malu.” (HR. Imam Abu Dawud dan Imam an-Nasaa’i). Dengan arti serupa disebutkan pula dalam riwayat lain suatu hadits yang artinya, “Sesungguhnya Allah mencintai orang yang pemalu (memiliki sifat hayâ’) dan menjaga kehormatan” (Shahih Al-Jami’ Al-Shaghir no. 1.711).",
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"text": "Dari kedua hadits tersebut diketahui bahwa rasa malu pada esensinya juga dimiliki oleh Allah, bahkan Allahlah Sang Maha Pemalu. Dengan memiliki rasa malu sebagai Rabb yang menciptakan manusia, sudah tentu bahwa sifat tersebut adalah sifat yang agung. Dengan memiliki hayâ’ maka kita juga akan mendapatkan kemuliaan diri dan kecintaan dari Allah Ta’ala. Kecintaan Allah adalah sebuah anugrah yang tertinggi. Dalam sebuah hadits shahih disebutkan,",
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"text": "ُش ُطْبَي ِت َّلا ُهَدَيَو ،ِهِب ُ ِصْبُي ىِ َّلذا ُهَ َصَبَو ،ِهِب ُعَمْسَي يِ َّلذا ُهَعْمَس ُتْنُك ُهُتْبَبْحَأ اَذِإَف .اَهِب ِشْمَي ِت َّلا ُهَلْجِرَو ،اَهِب Artinya, “Jika Aku mencintai seorang hamba maka Akulah yang memberikan taufiq, menjaga telinganya, menjaga pandangannya, menjaga tangannya, dan menjaga kakinya” (HR. Al-Bukhari 5/2384, no. 6137).",
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"text": "Seseorang yang memiliki hayâ’ sudah tentu akan menjaga segala tindakannya karena memiliki kesadaran yang baik akan pentingnya nilai positif. Orang yang memiliki hayâ’ akan selalu menjaga segala tindakan yang dilakukannya baik disaat ada yang melihat ataupun tidak, karena ia mengimani bahwa Allah-lah yang Maha Melihat. Apabila masyarakat Indonesia terus menanamkan nilai hayâ’ kepada generasinya maka",
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"text": "110 Al-hayâ’ Sebagai Solusi Bagi Permasalahan Moral Bangsa",
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{
"left": 402,
"top": 45,
"width": 117,
"height": 12,
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"text": "Vol. 3 No. 2, Januari 2014",
"type": "Page header"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 96,
"width": 438,
"height": 101,
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"text": "martabat diri, keluarga dan bangsa akan senantiasa terjaga. Dengan demikian, Indonesia pun akan mejadi bangsa yang menjunjung tinggi moral dan lebih dikenal sebagai bangsa berkebudayaan yang santun dan terhormat. Tidak akan lagi ditemukan orang yang dengan bangga melakukan korupsi dan berbagai jenis perbuatan kriminal lainnya karena rasa malu yang positif tersebut sudah tertanam kuat.",
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"text": "Dengan mengetahui banyaknya manfaat untuk memiliki sifat al-haya, seseorang hendaknya belajar untuk memiliki sifat positif ini. Ath-Thahir menjelaskan bahwa untuk memiliki sifat Al-hayâ’ terdapat beberapa langkah yang dapat ditempuh 18 :",
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"text": "1. Hendaknya sebagai hamba terus mengingat bahwa Allah Ta’ala senantiasa memperhatikannya, sehingga tidak akan ada keberanian untuk melakukan perbuatan maksiat atau dosa.",
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"text": "2. Hendaknya seorang hamba selalu mengingat nikmat Allah yang telah dianugerahkan kepadanya agar mampu mensyukuri semua nikmat- Nya.",
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"text": "3. Hendaknya seorang hamba terus mengingat bahwa Allah akan meminta pertanggungjawaban atas segala sesuatu yang telah dilakukan, baik yang besar maupun yang kecil, dan juga baik yang sedikit maupun yang banyak.",
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"text": "Jika penanaman sifat tersebut berhasil, maka seseorang tentu dapat memiliki sifat hayâ’ yang terpuji.",
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"text": "E. KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN",
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"text": "1. Kesimpulan",
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"text": "Al-hayâ’ adalah sebuah konsep malu dari sudut pandang Islam dengan pengertian positif yang jauh berbeda dari sifat malu lain yang selama ini dipelajari dan dipahami. Al-hayâ’ tidak seharusnya disalah artikan dengan makna malu yang lain, karena al-hayâ’ adalah rasa malu yang tidak mengurangi kebaikan apapun dalam kehidupan, bahkan justru meningkatkan kebaikan pemilik sifatnya. Jika penanaman sifat hayâ’ berhasil, maka seseorang tentu akan memiliki sifat yang terpuji. Berbagai manfaat akan diperoleh seseorang dengan memiliki sifat al-haya, yaitu tidak merugikan pemilik sifatnya, dapat melindungi seseorang dari melakukan perbuatan buruk, dan yang lebih utama adalah dicintai dan akan dijaga oleh Allah Ta’ala.",
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"text": "Al-hayâ’ merupakan prasyarat bagi orang yang ingin memiliki",
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"text": "rima nasir Basalamah 111",
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"left": 419,
"top": 45,
"width": 117,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 11,
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"text": "Vol. 3 No. 2, Januari 2014",
"type": "Page header"
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{
"left": 128,
"top": 96,
"width": 412,
"height": 169,
"page_number": 11,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "akhlak mulia dan pendidikan nilai yang baik. Darinya muncul kebencian pada kelalaian, kesalahan, kejahatan dan juga perilaku buruk. 19 Secara tidak langsung, seseorang yang memiliki sifat hayâ’ akan menjauhkan dirinya dari segala perbuatan tercela sebagaimana orang yang memiliki benteng diri dari hal negatif. Orang yang memiliki hayâ’ akan membenci segala bentuk kerusakan moral terlebih lagi yang diakibatkan oleh perbuatannya. Dengan memiliki dan penanaman sifat hayâ’ permasalahan-permasalahan moral yang terjadi di masyarakat dapat teratasi dengan baik, karena adanya kesadaran diri yang tinggi dari pemiliki sifatnya.",
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"text": "2. Saran",
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"width": 412,
"height": 186,
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"text": "Himbauan bagi para muslimin dan muslimat untuk mengkaji kembali Al-Qur’an dan Al-hadits khususnya yang membahas esensi al-hayâ’ sehingga dapat menerapkankannya secara tepat dan akan terhindar dari perbuatan yang tercela dan bertentangan dengan moral. Budaya malu bangsa yang semakin terkikis harus ditanamkan kembali dalam diri bangsa, hal tersebut bisa diawali dari lingkungan terkecil yaitu keluarga. Oleh karena itu penulis menghimbau adanya penyebaran hakikat al-hayâ’ beserta keutamaan dan keindahan memiliki sifat tersebut. Para orang tua harus bisa menanamkan nilai- nilai positif dan juga menerapkannya dengan contoh nyata agar anak dapat mengikuti jejak yang konkrit.",
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"text": "Berbagai media massa baik cetak maupun elektronik harus lebih menampilkan nilai yang menjunjung tinggi moral sehingga penanaman hayâ’ akan semakin mudah untuk digencarkan. Peran pemerintah juga dibutuhkan dalam pengendalian media tersebut dengan memperketat sistem sensor yang dirasa masih terlalu longgar dan masih banyak menyajikan hal-hal yang bertentangan dengan nilai moral dan akhlakul karimah. Dengan media yang terjamin mutunya, maka contoh yang ada akan membantu untuk membentuk kebudayaan di masyarakat yang lebih baik.",
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"text": "Endnotes",
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"text": "1 Muhammad Idrus, Pendidikan Karakter Pada Keluarga Jawa , Jurnal Pendidikan Karakter, Vol. II, No. 2, Juni 2012, hlm. 124.",
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{
"left": 77,
"top": 700,
"width": 462,
"height": 26,
"page_number": 11,
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"text": "2 Komaruddin Hidayat, the wisdom of life: menjawab kegelisahan hidup dan agama , (Jakarta: Penerbit Buku Kompas, 2008), hlm.131-132.",
"type": "List item"
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"left": 77,
"top": 730,
"width": 462,
"height": 13,
"page_number": 11,
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"text": "3 Collins & Bahar, to Know Shame: Malu and Its Uses in Malay Societies , Crossroads Journal,",
"type": "List item"
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"width": 284,
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"text": "112 Al-hayâ’ Sebagai Solusi Bagi Permasalahan Moral Bangsa",
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"height": 12,
"page_number": 12,
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"text": "Vol. 3 No. 2, Januari 2014",
"type": "Page header"
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{
"left": 77,
"top": 96,
"width": 145,
"height": 13,
"page_number": 12,
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"text": "Vol. 14, No. 1, 2000, hlm. 37.",
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"text": "4 Susie Scott, Shyness and Society: the Illusion of competence , (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007), hlm. 35.",
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{
"left": 60,
"top": 144,
"width": 462,
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"text": "5 Daniel M. T. Fessler, Shame in two cultures: Implication for Evolutionary Approaches , Journal of Cognition and Culture, Vol. 4, No. 2, 2004, hlm. 211.",
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{
"left": 60,
"top": 173,
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"text": "6 Retno Kumolohadi, Efektivitas Pelatihan Komunikasi Interpersonal Untuk Mengurangi rasa Malu (Shyness) , Naskah Publikasi Universitas Islam Indonesia, 2007, hlm. 8-9.",
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{
"left": 60,
"top": 203,
"width": 462,
"height": 25,
"page_number": 12,
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"text": "7 Nader Al-Jallad, the concept of “shame” in Arabic: bilingual dictionaries and the challenge of defining culture-based emotions , Language Design Vol. 12, 2010, hlm. 37.",
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{
"left": 60,
"top": 233,
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"text": "8 Nader Al-Jallad, the concept of “shame” in Arabic: bilingual dictionaries and the challenge of defining culture-based emotions , Language Design Vol. 12, 2010, hlm. 38.",
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"text": "9 H.R. Chalifah Jama’an, Potensi Selametan dalam Mempersatukan Masyarakat Jawa Abangan , Wahana Akademika, Vol. 6, No. 2, September 2004, hlm. 191.",
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"text": "10 Windy Chintya Dewi, nilai Anak pada Ibu Dewasa Madya Etnis Jawa Ditinjau Dari tingkat Pendidikan , Calypta: Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Universitas Surabaya, Vol. 2, No.1, 2013, hlm. 3.",
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"text": "11 Amru Khalid, Suara Hati: Jalan Menuju Tobat, (Cirebon: Embun Publishing, 2004), hlm. 147.",
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"text": "12 Ibn Qayyim Al Jawziyyah, Kiat Membersihkan Hati Dari Kotoran Dan Maksiat, (Jakarta: PT Serambi Ilmu Semesta, 2008), hlm. 58",
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"text": "13 Ibnu Hajar al-Asqalani, Fathul Bari jilid X (Jakarta: Pustaka Azzam, 2002) hlm. 522",
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"text": "14 Yunahar Ilyas, Kuliah Akhlaq, (Yogyakarta: Lembaga Pengkajian dan Pengamalan Islam (LPPI), 2009) hlm. 129.",
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"text": "15 Musfir bin Said Az-Zahrani, Konseling Terapi, (Jakarta: Gema Insani, 2005), hlm. 222.",
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"text": "16 Dr. Amin Abdullah Asy-Syaqawy, Sifat Malu, 2009, http://d1.islamhouse.com/data/id/ ih_articles/single/id_rasa_malu.pdf (diunduh pada 7 Mei 2014)",
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"text": "17 Yazid bin Abdul Qadir Jawas, Malu: Akhlak Islam, Majalah As-Sunnah, Edisi 12, Tahun XII, 2009.",
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"text": "18 Dr. Hamid Ahmad Ath-Thahir, Nasehat Rasulullah untuk Anak Berakhlaq Mulia, (Bandung, Irsyad Baitus Salam, 2006), hlm. 27-29.",
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{
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"text": "19 Musfir bin Said Az-Zahrani, Konseling Terapi, (Jakarta: Gema Insani, 2005), hlm. 224.",
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"text": "Collins & Bahar, to Know Shame: Malu and Its Uses in Malay Societies , Crossroads Journal, Vol. 14, No. 1, 2000, hlm. 37.",
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{
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"text": "Daniel M. T. Fessler, 2004. Shame in two cultures: Implication for Evolutionary Approaches . Journal of Cognition and Culture Vol. 4 No. 2. UCLA. Los Angles.",
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"text": "Dr. Amin Abdullah Asy-Syaqawy, Sifat Malu, 2009, http://d1.islamhouse.",
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"text": "Hamid Ahmad Ath-Thahir, 2006. nasihat rasulullah untuk Anak agar Berakhlaq Mulia . Bandung: Irsyad Baitus Salam.",
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"text": "H.R. Chalifah Jama’an, 2004. Potensi Selametan dalam Mempersatukan Masyarakat Jawa Abangan. Wahana Akademika, Vol. 6, No.2",
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"text": "Ibn Qayyim Al Jawziyyah, Kiat Membersihkan Hati Dari Kotoran Dan Maksiat, (Jakarta: PT Serambi Ilmu Semesta, 2008), hlm. 58",
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"text": "Ibnu Hajar al-Asqalani, Fathul Bari jilid X (Jakarta: Pustaka Azzam, 2002) hlm. 522",
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"text": "Komaruddin Hidayat, 2008. the Wisdom of Life: Menjawab Kegelisahan Hidup dan Agama . Jakarta: Penerbit Buku Kompas.",
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{
"left": 77,
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"text": "Muhammad Idrus, 2012. Pendidikan Karakter Pada Keluarga Jawa. Jurnal Pendidikan Karakter, Volume II, Nomor 2. FAI Universitas Islam Indonesia Yogyakarta.",
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"text": "Musfir bin Said Az-Zahrani, 2005. Konseling Terapi. Jakarta: Gema Insani",
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"text": "Nader Al-Jallad, 2010. the concept of “shame” in Arabic: bilingual dictionaries and the challenge of defining culture-based emotions . Language Design Vol. 12. University of Cordoba.",
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"text": "Retno Kumolohadi, 2007. Efektivitas Pelatihan Komunikasi Interpersonal Untuk Mengurangi rasa Malu (Shyness) . Naskah Publikasi. Universitas Islam Indonesia: Yogyakarta.",
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{
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"text": "Susie Scott, 2007. Shyness and Society: The Illusion of Competence. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.",
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{
"left": 77,
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"text": "Windy Chintya Dewi, 2013. Nilai Anak pada Ibu Dewasa Madya Etnis Jawa Ditinjau Dari Tingkat Pendidikan. Calypta: Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Universitas Surabaya, vol.2, no.1.",
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"text": "Yazid bin Abdul Qadir Jawas, 2009. Malu: Akhlak Islam. Majalah As-Sunnah Edisi 12.",
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"text": "Yunahar Ilyas, 2009. Kuliah Akhlaq. Yogyakarta: Lembaga Pengkajian dan Penelitian Islam (LPPI).",
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"text": "Vol. 8, No. 2, April 2022 p-ISSN : 2442-9511, e-2656-5862 DOI: 10.36312/jime.v8i2.3218/http://ejournal.mandalanursa.org/index.php/JIME",
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"text": "Article Info ABSTRACT Article history: Accepted: 07 April 2022 Publish: 12 April 2022 Karya tulis ini merupakan “Penelitian Kualitatif Lapangan”(field research) Adapun subyek penelitiannya “multitasking orang tua” . Dengan teknik pengumpulan datanya berupa wawancara, observasi dan dokumentasi. Bertujuan untuk menganalisis dan mendeskripsikan peran multitasking orang tua dalam membimbing belajar anak diantaranya menjual dagangan sambil merapikan toko, merapikan baju sambil memasak, mengerjakan tugas kantor selama bekerja dari rumah, mengajar santri mengaji yang semua itu dilakukan sembari membimbing belajar anak. Peran multitasking ini dilakukan para orang tua saat ini selama kegiatan belajar dari rumah dan bekerja dari rumah. Kata Kunci: peran orang tua, multi tasking, dan belajar.",
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"text": "Keywords: The Role Of Parents, Multi-",
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"text": "Tasking, And Learning.",
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"text": "Abstract Article history: Diterima: 07 April 2022 Terbit: 12 April 2022 This paper is \"Qualitative Field Research\" (field research). The subject of research is \"multitasking parents\". With data collection techniques in the form of interviews, observation and documentation. It aims to analyze and describe the multitasking roles of parents in guiding children's learning, including selling merchandise while tidying up shops, tidying clothes while cooking, doing office assignments while working from home, teaching students the Koran which are all done while guiding children's learning. This multitasking role is carried out by parents at this time during learning from home and working from home. Keywords: the role of parents, multi-tasking, and learning This is an open access article under the Lisensi Creative Commons Atribusi-BerbagiSerupa 4.0 Internasional",
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"text": "1. PENDAHULUAN",
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"text": "Multitasking adalah istilah teknologi informasi yang mengacu kepada sebuah metode dimana banyak pekerjaan atau dikenal juga sebagai proses diolah dengan menggunakan sumberdaya CPU yang sama. Dalam kasus sebuah komputer dengan prosesor tunggal, hanya satu instruksi yang dapat bekerja dalam satu waktu, berarti bahwa CPU tersebut secara aktif mengolah instruksi untuk satu pekerjaan tersebut. Multitasking memecahkan masalah ini dengan menjadwalkan pekerjaan mana yang dapat berjalan dalam satu waktu, dan kapan pekerjaan yang lain menunggu untuk diolah dapat dikerjakan. (wikipedia). Istilah multitasking dewasa ini dihubungkan dengan aktivitas manusia. Sebagian orang percaya bahwa mereka memiliki kemampuan multitasking.",
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"text": "Para orang tua pada saat ini sedang mengerjakan tugas kantor sambil memutar musik sekaligus mendampingi anaknya belajar di rumah. Sesungguhnya otak akan terfokus hanya",
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"text": "1429 | Peran Multitasking Orang Tua Dalam Membimbing Belajar Anak (Metros Prihatin)",
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"text": "pada satu pekerjaan. Apakah itu mendengarkan musik , mengerjakan tugas dan mendampingi belajar anak . Pilihan ada pada perintah kita terhadap otak mau fokus ke mana. Biasanya ketika kita fokus mengerjakan tugas, lirik lagu yang kita dengar hanya lewat saja dan mendampingi belajar anak kurang fokus. Tetapi, jika kita berfokus mendengarkan lagu dan ikut bernyanyi biasanya pikiran kita terhadap tugas akan terhenti sejenak dan menikmati lagu tersebut. Ketika terfokus kembali pada tugas, kembali mendampingi belajar anak maka kita bisa bekerja kembali dan begitu seterusnya. Saat ini mungkin kita telah melakukan apa yang disebut multi tasking tersebut. Contoh multitasking lainnya yaitu ketika kita sedang mengerjakan tugas kantor sambil mendampingi anak belajar, memasak, bahkan sambil menyimak chat di whatssapp group kita.",
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"text": "Ketika mendidik anak, peranan orang tua amatlah dibutuhkan, untuk memberikan bekal kehidupan anak-anak di masa yang akan datang. Aliran empirisme dengan tokoh terkenalnya John Locke (1632- 1704) dengan doktrinnya yang termasyhur “tabula rasa”, sebuah istilah Bahasa Latin yang berarti buku tulis kosong atau lembaran kosong. Doktrin ini menekankan bahwa anak adalah lembaran kosong yang akan diisikan segala sesuatu oleh orangtuanya, yang berupa sebuah pengalaman, lingkungan, dan pendidikan, maka perkembangan manusia pun semata- mata bergantung pada lingkungan dan pengalaman pendidikannya. ( http://eprints.walisongo.ac.id/6122/3/BAB%20II.pdf )",
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"text": "Maka dari itu peran orang tua dalam pendidikan merupakan sesuatu yang sangat penting untuk menentukan keberhasilan pendidikan anak-anaknya. Pendidik pertama dan utama adalah orang tua. Nur (2015:22-23) menyatakan bahwa “peran orang tua dalam pendidikan adalah sebagai pendidik, pendorong, fasilitator dan pembimbing”.",
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"text": "Lebih lanjut dijelaskan oleh Oemar Hamalik (2001: 79) bahwa “Pendidikan adalah suatu proses dalam rangka mempengaruhi siswa agar dapat menyesuaikan diri sebaik mungkin terhadap lingkungan dan dengan demikian akan menimbulkan perubahan dalam dirinya yang memungkinkannya untuk berfungsi secara kuat dalam kehidupan masyarakat”. Pendidikan merupakan bimbingan atau pertolongan yang diberikan oleh orang dewasa kepada perkembangan anak untuk mencapai kedewasaanya dengan tujuan agar anak cukup cakap melaksanakan tugas hidupnya sendiri tidak dengan bantuan orang lain. Dalam UU No. 20 Tahun 2003 tentang SISDIKNAS, dijelaskan bahwa :Pendidikan adalah usaha sadar dan terencana untuk mewujudkan suasana belajar dan proses pembelajaran agar peserta didik secara aktif mengembangkan potensi dirinya untuk memiliki kekuatan spiritual keagamaan, pengendalian diri, kepribadian, kecerdasan, akhlak mulia, serta keterampilan yang diperlukan dirinya, masyarakat, bangsa dan negara.",
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"text": "Belajar adalah perubahan yang relatif permanen dalam perilaku atau potensi perilaku sebagai hasil dari pengalaman atau latihan yang diperkuat. Belajar merupakan akibat adanya interaksi antara stimulus dan respons. Seseorang dianggap telah belajar sesuatu jika dia dapat menunjukkan perubahan perilakunya. Menurut teori ini, dalam belajar yang penting adalah input yang berupa stimulus dan output yang berupa respons.",
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"text": "Stimulus adalah apa saja yang diberikan guru kepada pelajar (siswa), sedangkan respons berupa reaksi atau tanggapan pelajar terhadap stimulus yang diberikan oleh guru tersebut. Proses yang terjadi antara stimulus dan respons tidak penting untuk diperhatikan karena tidak dapat diamati dan tidak dapat diukur, yang dapat diamati adalah stimulus dan respons. Oleh karena itu, apa yang diberikan oleh guru (stimulus) dan apa yang diterima oleh pelajar (respons) harus dapat diamati dan diukur. (Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas)",
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"text": "Menurut HERIYANI -2010 Pendidikan tidak hanya berlangsung di sekolah saja, bahkan pendidikan yang pertama berlangsung di keluarga. Dalam hal ini peran orang tua sebagai pendidik pertama dalam hidup ini berperan penting pada proses belajar anak. Selanjutnya peran orang tua dalam membimbing anak belajar dirumah melalui berbagai macam cara. Peran orang tua merupakan tanggung jawab yang dipegang orang tua khususnya dalam bidang pendidikan. Dalam hal ini orang tua memiliki peran dalam membimbing anak belajar dirumah untuk",
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"text": "menggantikan fungsi guru di sekolah. Diantara peran orang tua dalam membimbing anak belajar yaitu :",
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"text": "1. Orang tua dapat menjadi seorang pendidik bagi anaknya.",
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"text": "3. Orang tua dapat menjadi motivator.",
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"text": "5. Orang tua dapat menjadi pembimbing anak dalam belajar. Berdasarkan paparan di atas, maka peran multitasking orangtua pada saat ini menarik untuk dikaji berdasarkan fakta banyaknya orangtua yang memiliki tugas ganda (multitasking) dalam mendampingi belajar anak. Setelah peneliti amati ternyata pada umumnya orang tua murid di MI Al Islam Majasem banyak yang melakukan peran multitasking dalam mendampingi belajar anak, khususnya pada era pandemi saat ini. Maka kami memilih orang tua murid sebagai obyek penelitiannya.",
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"text": "Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif. Dimana menurut Bodgan dan Taylor, metodologi kualitatif adalah prosedur penelitian yang menghasilkan data deskriptif berupa kata-kata tertulis atau lisan dari orang- orang dan perilaku dapat diamati. Pendekatan ini diarahkan pada latar dan individu tersebut secara utuh . Jenis penelitian yang kami gunakan adalah “Penelitian Kualitatif Lapangan”(field research) yaitu : “Suatu penelitian yang dilakukan secara sistematis dengan mengangkat data yang ada dilapangan”.",
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"text": "Menurut Patto (2002) menyajikan tiga jenis data. Diantaranya adalah: Pertarna, data yang diperoleh melalui wawancara yang mendalam (indepth) dengan rnenggunakan pertanyaan open-ended. Data yang diperoleh berupa persepsi, pendapat, perasaan dan pengetahuan. Adapun para orangtua murid yang kami wawancarai diantaranya: Warid Munandar, Slamet Budiyanto, Imam Maftukhin, Muh.Latif Arifin, Moh.Nurafif, Imam Mukhadir, Ali Imron, Titik Muliarti, Emi Haryanti, Rosita, Wal Kho’tiah, Heni Setianingsih.",
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"text": "Kedua, data yang diperoleh melalui pengamatan (observation). Data yang diperoleh berupa gambaran yang ada di lapangan dalam bentuk sikap, tindakan, pembicaraan, interaksi interpersonal dan lain-lain. Observasi yang kami lakukan dengan mengamati kegiatan apa saja yang dilakukan para orang tua murid kelas IV pada saat sedang mendampingi belajar anak. Selain itu kami juga melakukan interaksi dengan orangtua murid melalui chat di whatssapp sebagai upaya observasi yang berhubungan pembicaraan",
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"text": "Ketiga , adalah dokumen. Dokumen berupa material yang tertulis yang tersimpan. Dokumen dapat berupa memorabilia atau korespondensi. Ada juga dokumen yang berupa audiovisual. Adapun dokumennya berupa buku kegiatan pendampingan orangtua pada saat mendampingi belajar anak",
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"text": "Jadi data penelitian kualitatif diperoleh dengan berbagai macarn cara, diantaranya wawancara, observasi, dokumen. Perolehan data dengan berbagai macam cara ini disebut triangulasi (triangulation). Alasan menggunakan triangulasi adalah bahwa tidak ada metode pengumpulan data tunggal yang sangat cocok dan dapat benar-benar sempurna. Penggunaan triangulasi sangat membantu, tetapi sekaligus juga sangat mahal. Dalam banyak penelitian kualitatif, peneliti umumnya menggunakan teknik triangulasi dalam arti menggunakan interview dan observasi.",
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"text": "2.3.Teknik Analisis Data Komponen dalam analisis data (interactive model) Miles dan Huberman (Sugiyono, 2014:247):",
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"text": "1431 | Peran Multitasking Orang Tua Dalam Membimbing Belajar Anak (Metros Prihatin)",
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{
"left": 93,
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"width": 452,
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"text": "1. Reduksi data Data yang peneliti peroleh selama di lapangan jumlahnya cukup banyak, untuk itu maka perlu dicatat secara teliti dan rinci. Mereduksi data berarti merangkum, memilih hal-hal yang pokok, memfokuskan pada hal-hal yang penting, dicari tema dan polanya. Dengan demikian data yang telah direduksi akan memberikan gambaran yang lebih jelas dan memudahkan peneliti untuk melakukan pengumpulan data selanjutnya, dan mencarinya bila diperlukan. Dalam mereduksi data,setiap peneliti dipandu oleh tujuan yang akan dicapai. Tujuan utama dari penelitian kualitatif adalah pada temuan. Dalam penelitian ini reduksi data dilakukan pada saat peneliti mendapatkan data dari seluruh orang tua murid MI Al Islam Majasem, Kecamatan Kemangkon, Kabupaten Purbalingga, lalu data disederhanakan dengan mengambil data-data yang mendukung dalam pembahasan penelitian ini. Sehingga data-data tersebut mengarah pada kesimpulan yang dapat dipertanggungjawabkan.",
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{
"left": 93,
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"width": 449,
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"text": "2. Penyajian Data Setelah data direduksi, Maka langkah selanjutnya adalah mendisplaykan data. Dalam penelitian kualitatif penyajian data bisa dilakukan dalam bentuk uraian singkat, bagan, hubungan antar kategori, flowchart dan sejenisnya. Dalam hal ini Miles dan Huberman yang paling sering digunakan untuk menyajikan data dalam penelitian kualitatif adalah dengan teks yang bersifat naratif. Selanjutnya disarankan dalam melakukan display data, selain teks yang naratif juga dapat berupa grafik, matrik, network (jaringan kerja) dan chart. Dalam menyajikan data dalam penelitian ini peneliti mendiskripsikan data-data tentang para orang tua yang bekerja di luar rumah yang melakukan multitasking pada saat membimbing belajar anak.",
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"text": "3. Penarikan Kesimpulan Langkah terakhir dalam analisis data kualitatif adalah penarikan kesimpulan dan verifikasi. Kesimpulan awal yang dikemukakan msih bersifat sementara, dan akan berubah bila tidak ditemukan bukti-bukti yang kuat yang mendukung pada tahap pengumpulan data berikutnya. Tetapi apabila kesimpulan yang dikemukakan pada tahap awal, didukung oleh bukti-bukti yang valid dan konsisten saat peneliti kembali ke lapangan mengumpulkan data, maka kesimpulan yang dikemukakan merupakan kesimpulan yang kredibel. Kesimpulan dalam penelitian kualitatif merupakan temuan yang sebelumnya belum pernah ada. Temuan dapat berupa deskripsi atau gambaran suatu obyek yang sebelumnya masih remang-remang atau gelap sehingga setelah diteliti menjadi jelas.",
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"text": "3. HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN 3.1.HASIL",
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"text": "1. Peran Ayah Multitasking dalam Membimbing Belajar Anak Pola belajar dari rumah yang saat ini masih kita laksanakan, dimana peran guru di sekolah digantikan oleh para orang tua di rumah. Hal ini tertuang dalam Trilogi Pendidikan Ki Hajar Dewantara yang menyatakan bahwa pendidikan adalah tanggung jawab bersama antara keluarga, sekolah dan masyarakat.(Trianto:32) Maka hal ini tidak keluar jalur manakala orang tua pada saat ini ikut berperan dalam proses pendidikan putra-putri mereka. Namun para orang tua pun memiliki peran.",
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"width": 431,
"height": 96,
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"text": "Menurut Lestari (2012:153) “peran orang tua merupakan cara yang digunakan oleh orang tua berkaitan dengan pandangan mengenai tugas yang harus dijalankan dalam mengasuh anak”. Hadi (2016:102) menyatakan bahwa “orang tua memiliki kewajiban dan tanggung jawab untuk mengasuh, memelihara, mendidik, dan melindungi anak”. Berdasarkan pengertian tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa peran orang tua yaitu cara yang digunakan oleh orang tua atau keluarga dalam menjalankan tugas dalam mengasuh, mendidik, melindungi, dan mempersiapkan anak dalam kehidupan bermasyarakat.",
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"text": "Untuk dapat menjalankan peran sebagai orang tua yang ideal, ada baiknya kita mengenal diri sendiri sebagai orang tua, karena tanpa kita mengenal dirinya kita kan sulit menjalankan perannya sebagai orang tua dalam hal berinteraksi dengan putra-putri kita. (Aisya Yuhanida Noor :84). Akan sangat mungkin kita sebagai pekerja yang sangat",
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"type": "Page header"
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"left": 284,
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"text": "e- ISSN: 2656-5862, p-ISSN: 2442-9511",
"type": "Page header"
},
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"left": 126,
"top": 797,
"width": 416,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "1432 | Peran Multitasking Orang Tua Dalam Membimbing Belajar Anak (Metros Prihatin)",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
"left": 111,
"top": 60,
"width": 431,
"height": 52,
"page_number": 5,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "fokus dengan pekerjaan kita malah menjadi kelemahan dalam kita menjalankan peran sebagai orang tua yang sangat multi tasking. Bahasan pertama adalah peran ayah multitasking dalam membimbing belajar anak.Berikut gambaran peran ayah multitasking dalam membimbing belajar anak",
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"width": 434,
"height": 80,
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"text": "Ada beberapa ayah yang berperan membimbing belajar anak, manakala dia beristri yang harus bekerja di luar rumah, misalnya pegawai perusahaan yang harus meninggalkan rumahnya, para Ibu guru yang harus pergi ke sekolahnya setiap saat manakala dibutuhkan. Terlebih-lebih dalam satu keluarga yang tidak memiliki pembantu rumah tangga yang mengerjakan tugas seperti, mencuci, memasak dan membersihkan rumah. Berikut kutipan wawancaranya :",
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"left": 111,
"top": 195,
"width": 431,
"height": 41,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "“Misal istri saya harus berangkat ke kantor maka saya yang mendampingi anak mengerjakan tugas dari gurunya, sembari saya berjualan dan merapikan dagangan di toko”(Wawancara dengan Warid Munandar, 12 Des 2020, Pukul 09.00)",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 111,
"top": 237,
"width": 431,
"height": 41,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "“Setelah saya pulang dari sawah saya di rumah mempersiapkan pupuk dan menyiapkan alat-alat pertanian sambil mengajari anak mengerjakan tugas matematika” (wawancara dengan Slamet Budiyanto, 12 Des 2020, Pukul 10.00)",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 111,
"top": 278,
"width": 431,
"height": 27,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "“Saya mendampingi belajar anak belajar Al Qur’an Hadits di sela-sela waktu istirahat jam kerja balai desa”( Wawancara dengan Imam Mastukhin, 12 Des 2020)",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 111,
"top": 306,
"width": 431,
"height": 26,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "“ Sepulang dari pasar sembari merapikan nota penjualan dan merapikan baju saya mengajari anak membaca”( wawancara dengan Muh.Latif Arifin, 12 Des 2020)",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 111,
"top": 333,
"width": 431,
"height": 27,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "“Saat WFH saya mendampingi belajar anak sambil mengurus kolam ikan mengerjakan soal PAS ( wawancara dengan Moh.Nurafif 13 Des 2020)",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 111,
"top": 361,
"width": 430,
"height": 27,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "“Sembari saya menyiapkan materi pengajian saya mendampingi belajar putri saya”(wawancara dengan Imam Mukhadir, 13 Des 2020)",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 111,
"top": 388,
"width": 431,
"height": 42,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "“ Saya membantu pengoperasian handphone ketika bu guru memberikan tugas melalui google classroom sembari saya menyiapkan kendaraan dan mengurus hewan piaraan”(wawancara dengan Ali Imron, 13 Desember 2020).",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 93,
"top": 432,
"width": 449,
"height": 122,
"page_number": 5,
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"text": "2. Ibu Multitasking dalam Membimbing Belajar Anak Pria dan wanita memiliki beberapa perbedaan dalam menjalankan peran sebagai orangtua. Perbedaan tersebut dipengaruhi oleh faktor biologis (hormonal yang lebih kompleks daripada pria), pola pengasuhan masing-masing dan budaya yang melekat erat. Namun secara umum wanita memiliki peran managerial yag lebih kuat, sedangkan pria dalam hal ini disebut ayah memiliki kemampuan pengawasan yang lebih kuat. Kekuatan managerial dan multitasking ibu membuatnya bisa merencanakan dan mengatur banyak hal dalam satu perjalan waktu. Misalnya menyiapkan makan, mencuci pakaian, menyiapkan peralatan sekolah, dan janji dengan dokter.(Yosay Aulia 2017:19)",
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{
"left": 111,
"top": 557,
"width": 434,
"height": 52,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Orang tua terdiri dari Ibu dan Ayah. Sebagai perempuan dengan berbagai tugas yang sering disebut sebagai “multi task, musti talent,multi job maka kita tidak perlu ragu-ragu lagi kepada sesama perempuan untuk saling menyemangati. ( Heny Hartono : 70)",
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"width": 293,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Berikut kutipan wawancara dengan informan dari kaum ibu:",
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{
"left": 111,
"top": 623,
"width": 431,
"height": 41,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "“Saya luangkan waktu mendampingi anak belajar sembari mengerjakan LPJ BOS dan mengerjakan SIMPATIKA”(wawancara dengan Titik Muliarti, 13 Desember 2020)",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 111,
"top": 664,
"width": 434,
"height": 55,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "“ Selain sebagai guru saya juga punya pekerjaan pengelola TPQ, maka saya mendampingi belajar anak saya sambil mengawasi para santri menjalankan rutinitasnya dan mengoreksi pekerjaan siswa saya di sekolah ”(Wawancara dengan Emi Haryanti, 14 Desember 2020)",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 111,
"top": 720,
"width": 430,
"height": 27,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "“Sembari duduk di warung saya mendampingi belajar anak” (wawancara dengan Rosiyati, 15 Desember 2020)",
"type": "Text"
},
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"left": 57,
"top": 38,
"width": 205,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Jurnal Ilmiah Mandala Education (JIME)",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 284,
"top": 38,
"width": 254,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "e- ISSN: 2656-5862, p-ISSN: 2442-9511",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 126,
"top": 797,
"width": 416,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "1433 | Peran Multitasking Orang Tua Dalam Membimbing Belajar Anak (Metros Prihatin)",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 111,
"top": 57,
"width": 430,
"height": 41,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "“Kalau saya memdampingi belajar anak sembari menyetrika baju, memasak, dan lain-lain karena saya sebagai ibu rumah tangga. (Wawancara dengan Wal Khoti’ah, 15 Desember 2020).",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 111,
"top": 99,
"width": 430,
"height": 26,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "“Membantu anak mengerjakan PR saya lakukan ketika sedang merekap pembelian di rumah”. (Wawancara dengan Heni Setia, 18 Desember 2020)",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 111,
"top": 129,
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"height": 52,
"page_number": 6,
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"text": "Untuk mendukung data penelitian kami, bagian dari hal yang kami observasi adalah isian data dalam buku pendamping belajar yang kami kirim untuk diisikan oleh para informan. Sedangkan dokumentasinya berupa “Buku Fisik Pendamping Belajar Siswa”",
"type": "Text"
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "3.2.Pembahasan",
"type": "Section header"
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"left": 93,
"top": 198,
"width": 449,
"height": 162,
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"text": "Berdasar data yang kami peroleh melalui wawancara, observasi dan dokumentasi. Maka kami temukan data bahwa rata-rata para orangtua melakukan multitasking dalam mendampingi belajar anak. Sesuai dengan bidang pekerjaan mereka masing-masing. Tidak ada satu orang tua pun yang melakukan tugas fokus satu bidang dalam mendampingi belajar anak. Mengingat peran orang tua saat ini harus melakukan tugas seperti ini. Apalagi dengan kondisi saat ini belajar di tengah pandemi atau lazim disebut belajar dari rumah (BDR/SFH. Ada beberapa orang tua yang melakukan “work from home ” yang diberlakukan oleh instansinya sehingga mereka harus melakukan multitasking dalam mendampingi belajar anak. Bahkan dari kalangan orang tua yang berprofesi ibu rumah tanggapun melakukan multitasking dalam mendampingi belajar anak. Adapula dari kaum ayah yang melakukan multitasking karena ditinggal istrinya bekerja di luar, karena di era BDR ini orang tua harus mendampingi belajar anak. Maka para ayah akhirnya melakukan multitasking ini.",
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"text": "4. KESIMPULAN",
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"text": "Berdasarkan uraian dari hasil penelitian dan pembahasan yang telah dilakukan, maka peneliti dapat menarik kesimpulan sebagai berikut: (1)Peran Ayah multitasking ini kerap kali dilakukan manakala mereka mempunyai istri yang harus bekerja di luar rumah, tatkala para ayah sedang mendapatkan tugas “Work From Home”. Serta para ayah yang pekerjaannya bisa dikerjakan di rumah (2) Peran Ibu multitasking memang sering dilakukan oleh para ibu, karena secara kodrati Ibu memang memiliki kemampuan yang lebih dalam melakukan multitasking ini. Selain itu ibu multitasking ini menjalankan perannya dalam membimbing anak dalam belajar di sela tugas sehari-hari mereka. Walaupun ada beberapa Ibu yang menjalani multitasking ini pada saat mereka sedang menjalani “Work From Home” juga.",
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"text": "Multitasking orang tua dominan dilakukan pada saat era pandemi ini, dimana para siswa harus belajar di rumah ditengah wabah yang menjangkit saat ini. Dimana peran guru dalam mendampingi belajar anak dialihkan kepada orangtua masing-masing di rumah mereka.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "5. DAFTAR PUSTAKA",
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{
"left": 77,
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"height": 25,
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"text": "Aisya Yuhaida Noor, Happy Book for Happy Parent, (Jakarta PT Elex Media Komputindo, kelompok Gramedia,2016) hal.84",
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"left": 77,
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"text": "Dr. Heny Hartono, SS, M.Pd · 2020, Surat Kartini Masa kini, Catatan Ibu Multiperan (Semarang, Universitas Katolik Soegijapranata 2020) hal 70 http://eprints.umm.ac.id/41437/4/BAB%20III.pdf http://eprints.umm.ac.id/42321/3/BAB%20II.pdf http://eprints.walisongo.ac.id/581/3/083111060_Bab3.pdf http://repo.iain-tulungagung.ac.id/307/5/BAB%20III%20-%20Copy.pdf http://repository.iainpurwokerto.ac.id/473/1/Heriyani_PERAN%20ORANG%20TUA%20DAL AM%20MEMBIMBING%20BELAJAR%20ANAK.pdf https://helperid.com/multitasking-adalah-mitos/ https://www.silabus.web.id/pengertian-pendidikan-dan-makna- pendidikan/#:~:text=Dilain%20pihak%20Oemar%20Hamalik%20(2001,secara%20kuat%20dal am%20kehidupan%20masyarakat",
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"left": 77,
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"text": "Lexy. J. Moleong ,Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif. (Bandung : Remaja Rosdakarya, 1991), h. 3 3",
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"text": "Trianto Ibnu Badar Al-Tabany, Desain Pengembangan Pembelajaran Tematik: Bagi anak Usia Dini.(Jakarta: PT Fajar Inter Pratama Mandiri), hal 32 Yosay Aulia, 2017, Terimakasih Bapak,( Jakarta PT Elex Media Komputindo kelompok Gramedia, 2017) hal.19",
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5c26f830-0736-a28f-bdc8-58675447a5cc | https://jurnal.uns.ac.id/bioedukasi/article/download/4214/3640 | [
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"page_number": 1,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Volume 9, Nomor 2 Halaman 27-33",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 464,
"top": 33,
"width": 83,
"height": 22,
"page_number": 1,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "ISSN: 1693-265X Agustus 2016",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 127,
"top": 88,
"width": 344,
"height": 30,
"page_number": 1,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Studi Jenis Ikan di Pasar Parit 1 Kuala Tungkal sebagai Bahan Buku Ilmiah Populer Biologi SMA",
"type": "Title"
},
{
"left": 124,
"top": 137,
"width": 349,
"height": 29,
"page_number": 1,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Study of Fish Types at Parit 1 Kuala Tungkal Market for High School-Biology Popular Scientific Book",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 149,
"top": 193,
"width": 300,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 1,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "DINI MAIDIKA*, JODION SIBURIAN, AFRENI HAMIDAH",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 170,
"top": 206,
"width": 257,
"height": 19,
"page_number": 1,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Program Studi Pendidikan Biologi, FKIP Universitas Jambi, Indonesia *email: Maidika.dini@yahoo.com",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 165,
"top": 239,
"width": 268,
"height": 8,
"page_number": 1,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Manuscript received: 15 Maret 2016 Revision accepted: 23 Agustus 2016",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 268,
"top": 275,
"width": 63,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 1,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "ABSTRACT",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 79,
"top": 288,
"width": 442,
"height": 101,
"page_number": 1,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Kuala Tungkal is a district located in the east coast Province of Jambi. Kuala Tungkal has excellent potential in the field of fisheries. Various types of fish sold in the Parit 1 Kuala Tungkal Market. Fish is a among the examples of the diversity of fauna in Indonesia. This diversity needs to be introduced to students to improve the contextuality of learning. This study aims to determine the type of fishes being sold in the market. Student and teacher perceptions about the book that developed based on the results of fish studies in the Parit 1 Market. This research is descriptive and analytic. The study describes the type of fishes being sold in the Parit 1 Kuala Tungkal Market through direct observation and interviews with fish traders, as well as the perceptions of students and teachers of high school of Kuala Tungkal (SMA N 1 Kuala Tungkal) about the book. The results showed there are 23 species of saltwater fish from 15 families and 7 species of freshwater fish from 6 families. Students appraised the book belongs as “very good” with a value of 94% and teachers also appraised the book as “very good” with a value 86,7%.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 79,
"top": 401,
"width": 270,
"height": 8,
"page_number": 1,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Keywords : Fish, Market Trench 1 Kuala Tungkal, Popular science books",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 121,
"top": 434,
"width": 97,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 1,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "LATAR BELAKANG",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 51,
"top": 456,
"width": 238,
"height": 65,
"page_number": 1,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Pada pembelajaran biologi, lingkungan dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai sumber belajar. Arsyad (2014:8) menjelaskan sumber belajar bukan hanya terbatas pada peralatan dan bahan yang digunakan dalam proses belajar mengajar saja melainkan semua yang tersedia untuk membantu individu belajar seperti orang dan lingkungan.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 51,
"top": 522,
"width": 238,
"height": 75,
"page_number": 1,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Lingkungan yang dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai sumber belajar salah satunya adalah pasar. Pasar ikan merupakan tempat untuk menjual hasil tangkapan nelayan seperti ikan. Ikan merupakan satu di antara contoh keanekaragaman fauna di Indonesia. Hal ini perlu diketahui oleh siswa sebagai salah satu bentuk pengetahuan lokal.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 51,
"top": 600,
"width": 238,
"height": 141,
"page_number": 1,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Pada saat ini, bahan pembelajaran hanya terbatas pada buku dan LKS, sehingga konsep yang diajarkan terkesan kurang menarik. Berdasarkan hasil observasi, guru belum maksimal memanfaatkan pembelajaran kontekstual berbasis lingkungan sebagai media pembelajaran khususnya materi keanekaragaman hayati. Hingga saat ini masih kurang informasi tentang sumber daya alam lokal yang diangkat ke dalam buku ilmiah populer biologi, padahal hal ini sangat penting untuk membantu dalam proses belajar mengajar, selain itu, dapat memberikan informasi mengenai keanekaragaman hayati yang dimiliki suatu daerah, terutama Kuala Tungkal yang kaya akan keanekargaman hasil tangkapan nelayan seperti ikan.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 51,
"top": 743,
"width": 238,
"height": 19,
"page_number": 1,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Kuala Tungkal merupakan salah satu kabupaten yang terletak di pantai timur Provinsi Jambi. Luas wilayahnya",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 309,
"top": 434,
"width": 238,
"height": 64,
"page_number": 1,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "5.009,82 km². Kuala Tungkal memiliki potensi unggulan di bidang perikanan. Hasil tangkapan nelayan di Kuala Tungkal dijual di berbagai pasar, salah satunya Pasar Parit 1 yang menjadi tempat menjual berbagai jenis ikan air laut dan ikan air tawar, sehingga konsep keanekaragaman jenis ikan dapat ditemukan di tempat ini.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 309,
"top": 500,
"width": 238,
"height": 108,
"page_number": 1,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Informasi tentang keragaman ikan yang ada di Kuala Tungkal dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan pembuatan buku ilmiah populer yang dapat digunakan pada materi keanekaragaman hayati. Dengan adanya media visual, ikan dapat dibawa ke dalam kelas dalam bentuk foto. Buku ini dapat mengatasi keterbatasan ruang dan waktu bagi siswa. Selain itu, dapat menampilkan keadaan yang sebenarnya, sehingga siswa tetap bisa mempelajari keanekaragaman jenis ikan, walaupun tidak dilihat secara langsung.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 309,
"top": 609,
"width": 238,
"height": 108,
"page_number": 1,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Untuk mengetahui jenis ikan yang dijual di Pasar Parit 1 Kuala Tungkal, perlu dilakukan studi pemetaan dan eksplorasi jenis ikan yang dijual di Pasar Parit 1 Kuala Tungkal. Jenis ikan yang didapatkan dari hasil studi di Pasar Parit 1 Kuala Tungkal dijadikan bahan dalam pembuatan buku. Buku dilengkapi dengan informasi ilmiah seperti nama ilmiah, foto, klasifikasi, deskripsi, habitat, daerah penyebaran ikan. Buku dapat dimanfaatkan pada pembelajaran biologi di SMA kelas X, materi keanekaragaman hayati.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 309,
"top": 720,
"width": 240,
"height": 30,
"page_number": 1,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Buku Ilmiah Populer Biologi dari hasil studi studi di Kuala Tungkal diujicobakan di SMA Negri 1 Kuala Tungkal, dan dicek kelayakannya dengan memberikan",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 58,
"top": 38,
"width": 11,
"height": 8,
"page_number": 2,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "28",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 214,
"top": 38,
"width": 160,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 2,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "BIOEDUKASI 9(2): 27-33, Agustus 2016",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 51,
"top": 72,
"width": 238,
"height": 20,
"page_number": 2,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "kuesioner kepada siswa dan guru untuk mengetahui persepsi mereka mengenai buku ilmiah populer biologi.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 146,
"top": 106,
"width": 47,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 2,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "METODE",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 51,
"top": 129,
"width": 238,
"height": 163,
"page_number": 2,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Jenis penelitian ini adalah deskriptif analitik. Penelitian mendeskripsikan jenis ikan yang dijual di Pasar Parit 1 Kuala Tungkal. Pendeskripsian ditelusuri melalui pengamatan langsung, dan hasil wawancara kepada pedagang yang menjual ikan di Pasar Parit 1 Kuala Tungkal mengenai Jenis, nama lokal dan jumlah ikan. Kemudian dideskripsikan persepsi siswa mengenai tampilan, kejelasan materi, penggunaan dan manfaat buku. Persepsi guru terhadap kesesuaian SK (Standar Kompetensi), KD (Kompetensi Dasar). Tampilan buku (warna, kejelasan huruf, kejelasan tulisan, ukuran huruf dan background), urutan klasifikasi, kejelasan deskripsi dan kesesuaian tujuan. Pendeskripsian dilakukan dengan memberikan angket kepada siswa dan guru di SMA Negeri 1 Kuala Tungkal.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 51,
"top": 294,
"width": 238,
"height": 75,
"page_number": 2,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Spesifikasi buku yang dibuat memiliki ukuran 22 x 13 cm, terdiri dari 3 bagian, yaitu Pendahuluan, isi (Bab 1 ikan air laut dan Bab 2 ikan air tawar) dan daftar pustaka. Buku ini berisi informasi ilmiah seperti nama lokal dan nama ilmiah, foto, klasifikasi, deskripsi, habitat dan daerah penyebaran dari masing-masing ikan di Pasar Parit 1 Kuala Tungkal.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 51,
"top": 371,
"width": 238,
"height": 108,
"page_number": 2,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Subjek pada penelitian ini adalah pedagang, siswa dan guru. Pembuatan buku ini memiliki tim kerja yang terdiri dari penulis sebagai penyusun produk (buku), dosen pembimbing sebagai validator terhadap produk yang dibuat, guru biologi dan siswa kelas X di SMA negeri 1 Kuala Tungkal sebagai subjek ujicoba sekaligus penilai produk yang telah dibuat. Produk berupa buku ilmiah populer yang sudah dibuat, telah selesai divalidasi dan dilanjutkan dengan revisi berdasarkan saran dari dosen pembimbing.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 51,
"top": 481,
"width": 238,
"height": 97,
"page_number": 2,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Objek pada penelitian ini adalah ikan yang dijual di Pasar Parit 1 Kuala Tungkal. Alat yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah alat tulis, toples koleksi, kamera, Lup (untuk proses identifikasi), dan meteran (untuk mengukur panjang tubuh ikan/sebagai pembanding dalam foto). Bahan yang digunakan dalam penelitian adalah ikan, alkohol 70% (pengawetan), angket (uji coba), dan buku Identifikasi (Taksonomi dan Kunci Identifikasi Ikan I dan II serta Dunia Ikan).",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 51,
"top": 580,
"width": 238,
"height": 42,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "Prosedur penelitian yang dilaksanakan dalam penelitian ini meliputi tiga tahap, yaitu tahap persiapan, tahap pelaksanaan dan tahap analisis data. Masing-masing tahap akan diuraikan sebagai berikut:",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 51,
"top": 647,
"width": 83,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 2,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Tahap Persiapan",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 51,
"top": 659,
"width": 238,
"height": 31,
"page_number": 2,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "(1) Menentukan lokasi; (2) Mempersiapkan instrumen penelitian; (3) Mempersiapkan alat dan bahan yang digunakan; (4) Menentukan waktu penelitian.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 51,
"top": 704,
"width": 95,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 2,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Tahap pelaksanaan",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 51,
"top": 716,
"width": 238,
"height": 31,
"page_number": 2,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Penelitian dilaksanakan pada tanggal 25 Agustus-10 September 2014. Langkah-langkah yang dilakukan dalam tahap ini meliputi tiga tahap, yaitu:",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 51,
"top": 749,
"width": 151,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 2,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Tahap koleksi dan preparasi sampel",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 309,
"top": 72,
"width": 129,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 2,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "1. Melakukan pengamatan",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 323,
"top": 72,
"width": 224,
"height": 31,
"page_number": 2,
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"text": "langsung terhadap keanekaragaman jenis ikan yang dijual di Pasar Parit 1 Kuala Tungkal.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 309,
"top": 105,
"width": 237,
"height": 42,
"page_number": 2,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "2. Melakukan wawancara kepada pedagang ikan di Pasar Parit 1 Kuala Tungkal untuk memperoleh informasi mengenai jenis, nama lokal dan harga ikan yang dijual di Pasar Parit 1 Kuala Tungkal.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 309,
"top": 149,
"width": 237,
"height": 20,
"page_number": 2,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "3. Pengambilan sampel ikan di Pasar Parit 1 Kuala Tungkal.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 309,
"top": 171,
"width": 237,
"height": 20,
"page_number": 2,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "4. Sampel yang didapat, didokumentasikan dalam bentuk foto sebagai dokumentasi hasil penelitian.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 309,
"top": 193,
"width": 237,
"height": 20,
"page_number": 2,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "5. Sampel dimasukkan ke dalam toples dan direndam dengan alkohol 70%.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 309,
"top": 215,
"width": 238,
"height": 20,
"page_number": 2,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "6. Sampel diberi nama dengan menempelkan kertas label pada toples.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 309,
"top": 249,
"width": 109,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 2,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Tahap identifikasi sampel",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 309,
"top": 260,
"width": 238,
"height": 64,
"page_number": 2,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Melakukan identifikasi berdasarkan ciri-ciri morfologi pada ikan yang telah didapatkan untuk menentukan jenisnya menggunakan acuan buku Taksonomi dan Kunci Identifikasi Ikan 1 (Saanin, 1968), Taksonomi dan Kunci Identifikasi Ikan 2 (Saanin, 1984) dan Dunia Ikan (Sharifuddin, 2012).",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 309,
"top": 326,
"width": 238,
"height": 152,
"page_number": 2,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Proses identifikasi dimulai dengan nomor 1. Pada buku identifikasi terlihat bahwa pada setiap nomor terdapat dua sampai empat pilihan yang berbeda. Kita harus memilih salah satu pilihan sesuai dengan ciri–ciri yang terdapat pada ikan yang kita amati. Jika pilihan pertama sesuai dengan ciri–ciri yang terdapat pada ikan maka kita dapat meneruskan sesuai dengan nomor yang berada di sebelah kanan pilihan tersebut. Sebaliknya, jika pilihan pertama tidak sesuai dengan ciri–ciri pada ikan yang kita amati maka kita harus mengambil pilihan kedua, ketiga atau keempat. Selain itu, dapat dilakukan dengan cara mencocokkan sampel yang didapat menggunakan gambar/foto penelitian yang sudah dilakukan sebelumnya (sudah diidentifikasi).",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 309,
"top": 492,
"width": 102,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 2,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Tahap mendesain buku",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 309,
"top": 503,
"width": 237,
"height": 31,
"page_number": 2,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "1. Melakukan analisis materi. Analisis materi dilakukan dengan cara mengidentifikasi materi utama yang perlu diajarkan.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 309,
"top": 536,
"width": 238,
"height": 31,
"page_number": 2,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "2. Melakukan analisis kurikulum. Analisis kurikulum untuk menetapkan kompetensi yang sesuai dengan buku yang akan dibuat.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 309,
"top": 569,
"width": 238,
"height": 64,
"page_number": 2,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "3. Melakukan tahap perancangan. Hasil dokumentasi dan identifikasi ikan yang dijual di Pasar Parit 1 Kula Tungkal dijadikan bahan dalam pembuatan buku. Buku berisi nama ilmiah, nama lokal, foto, klasifikasi, deskripsi, habitat dan daerah penyebaran masing– masing jenis ikan.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 309,
"top": 635,
"width": 237,
"height": 20,
"page_number": 2,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "4. Melakukan perbaikan rancangan produk (buku) berdasarkan saran dari dosen pembimbing.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 309,
"top": 657,
"width": 238,
"height": 97,
"page_number": 2,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "5. Mereview produk (buku) dengan memberikan angket kepada 10 orang siswa dan 1 orang guru biologi di SMA Negeri 1 Kuala Tungkal untuk mengetahui persepsi siswa dan guru mengenai buku hasil studi jenis ikan di Pasar Parit 1 Kuala Tungkal sebagai bahan uku ilmiah populer biologi. Angket menggunakan skala Guttman yang memiliki alternatif jawaban yang tegas, yaitu ya atau tidak . Penilaian/skor tampak seperti pada Tabel 1.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 112,
"top": 38,
"width": 367,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Maidika et al., Studi Jenis Ikan di Pasar Parit 1 Kuala Tungkal sebagai Bahan Buku Ilmiah",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 526,
"top": 38,
"width": 11,
"height": 8,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "29",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 96,
"top": 94,
"width": 148,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Tabel 1. Alternatif Pola Penyekoran",
"type": "Caption"
},
{
"left": 51,
"top": 174,
"width": 75,
"height": 8,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "(Riduwan, 2012:31)",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 51,
"top": 196,
"width": 99,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Tahap Analisis Data",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 51,
"top": 209,
"width": 222,
"height": 20,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Analisis jenis ikan yang dijual di Pasar Parit 1 Kuala Tungkal",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 51,
"top": 231,
"width": 238,
"height": 53,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Data yang diperoleh selama penelitian yaitu jenis ikan yang dijual di Pasar Parit 1 Kuala Tungkal. Data yang didapat berdasarkan hasil wawancara dengan pedagang dan hasil pengamatan ikan kemudian dianalisis secara deskriptif.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 51,
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"width": 102,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 3,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "Analisis angket uji coba",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 51,
"top": 309,
"width": 238,
"height": 42,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Data yang telah terkumpul akan dianalisis secara deskriptif. Pengolahan data penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan rumus persentase sebagai berikut (Riduwan, 2012: 89) :",
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"text": "Keterangan: p = persentase Ʃ F = Skor jawaban responden Ʃ N = Skor total",
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{
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"top": 182,
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"text": "Hasil persentase akhir tersebut akan ditafsirkan menggunakan kriteria penafsiran aspek kualitas, sebagaimana Tabel 2.",
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"text": "Tabel 2. Kriteria Penafsiran",
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"text": "No. Persentase (%) Kategori/Aspek Kualitas 1 ˃ 80 Sangat Baik 2 66-80 Baik 3 56-65 Cukup 4 ˃ 56 Kurang (Multyaningsih, 2012:36)",
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{
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"text": "Tampilan cuplikan buku jenis ikan di pasar Kuala Tungkal ilmiah populer dapat dilihat pada Gambar 1.",
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"text": "Alternatif Jawaban Skor Ya 1 Tidak 0",
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"top": 85,
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"text": "p = ˃ F ˃ N x 100%",
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{
"left": 58,
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"text": "30",
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"text": "BIOEDUKASI 9(2): 27-33, Agustus 2016",
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{
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"text": "Gambar 1. Tampilan Cuplikan Buku Ilmiah Populer Jenis Ikan di Pasar Kuala Tungkal",
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{
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"text": "HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN",
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{
"left": 51,
"top": 740,
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"text": "Berdasarkan penelitian yang telah dilakukan di Pasar Parit 1 Kuala Tungkal diperoleh 23 jenis ikan air laut dari 15",
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"text": "famili dan 7 jenis ikan air tawar dari 6 famili . Hasil tersebut dapat dilihat pada Tabel 3 dan 4.",
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"top": 738,
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"text": "A nalisis materi dilakukan melalui analisis kebutuhan yang sesuai dengan karakteristik materi keanekaragaman",
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"text": "Maidika et al., Studi Jenis Ikan di Pasar Parit 1 Kuala Tungkal sebagai Bahan Buku Ilmiah",
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"left": 526,
"top": 38,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "31",
"type": "Page header"
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{
"left": 51,
"top": 81,
"width": 238,
"height": 75,
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"text": "hayati. Data didapat dengan menganalisis apa saja yang dapat membantu siswa dalam pembelajaran keanekaragaman hayati. Hasil analisis kebutuhan yang dilakukan adalah bahan pembelajaran hanya terbatas pada buku dan LKS, sehingga konsep yang diajarkan terkesan kurang menarik. Guru belum maksimal memanfaatkan pembelajaran kontekstual berbasis lingkungan sebagai",
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"top": 81,
"width": 238,
"height": 64,
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"text": "bahan pembuatan media pembelajaran khususnya materi keanekaragaman hayati. Kuala Tungkal memiliki potensi unggulan dibidang perikanan. Ikan yang ada di Kuala Tungkal dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan pembuatan buku ilmiah populer yang dapat digunakan pada materi keanekaragaman hayati.",
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"text": "Tabel 3 . Jenis ikan air laut No Famili Nama Latin Nama Lokal Habitat Daerah penyebaran 1. Carangidae Parastromateus niger Ikan bawal hitam",
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"text": "Perairan Pantai",
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"left": 56,
"top": 228,
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"text": "dengan dasar lumpur Laut jawa, selat malaka, kalimantan, sulawesi selatan, laut Cina selatan dan Philipina (Wiadnya, 2012c:146). Caranx leptolepis Ikan Selar Menyebar dari laut lepas sampai perairan pantai Perairan karang indonesia, Teluk Benggala, Teluk Siam, Pulau Bintan, Kepulauan Banggai, laut Cina selatan dan Philipina (Genisa, 1999:19). Chrisonemus tolooparah Ikan Talang laut dan perairan pantai Perairan pantai indonesia, Teluk Benggala, Teluk Siam, laut Cina selatan, Philipina sampai perairan tropis Australia (Genisa, 1999:20). 2. Centropomi dae Lates calcarifer Ikan kakap putih Panatai dangkal, bakau dan muara sungai dengan dasar lunak. Sumatera, kalimantan dan Papua (Wiadnya, 2012b:122). 3. Clupeidae Chirocentrus dorab Ikan parang pantai dan air payau. Laut utara Sumatera, Laut Selatan Sumatera, Jawa dan Laut Timur Indonesia, perairan utara Australia, Pantai Afrika Timur (Genisa, 1999:21). Clupea toli Ikan terubuk Perairan pantai dan air payau Indonesia Timur (Wiadnya, 2012e:180). Clupea fimbriata Ikan beliak mata Perairan pantai Laut Utara sumatera, Jawa dan Sulawesi (Wiadnya, 2012e:176). Dorosoma chacunda Ikan selangat Pantai dengan tipe dasar lunak Indonesia, Malaysia, Fhilipina dan Thailand (Wiadnya, 2012a:90). Dussumieria hasreltii Ikan tamban bulat Perairan pantai Laut Utara Sumatera, Laut Selatan Sumatera, Jawa dan Laut Timur Indonesia (Wiadnya, 2012d:175). 4. Lucanidae Pomadasys hasta Ikan gerot Pantai dengan terumbu karang Sumatera sampai Laut Timur Indonesia (Wiadnya, 2012a:102). 5. Mugilidae Mugil dussumieri Ikan belanak Pantai dan air payau Laut Selatan Sumatera, Jawa dan Laut Timur Indonesia (Wiadnya, 2012d:163). 6. Pelotosidae Plotosus canius Ikan sembilang laut dangkal atau di muara sungai Laut Jawa, Selat Malaka, kalimantan, Sulawesi, Laut Arafuru, Sepanjang Pantai Laut Cina Selatan (Genisa, 1999:30). 7. Polynemida e Eleutheronema tetradactylum Ikan senangin laut dan air payau Selatan Sumatera, Jawa dan Laut Timur Indonesia (Wiadnya, 2012d:165-166). 8. Priacanthida e Priacanthus tayenus Ikan swanggi Pantai dekat dengan terumbu karang Sumatera sampai laut Timur Indonesia (Wiadnya, 2012b:125). 9. Psettoididae Psettodes erumei Ikan sebelah Dasar perairan berpasir atau pasir berlumpur Perairan Utara Jawa, Selatan Kalimantan, Sumatera sampai Papua (Wiadnya, 2012a:84). 10 Sciaenidae Otolithoides ruber Ikan gulamah Perairan pantai dengan dasar lunak Kalimantan dan ditemukan di Pulau bintan (Wiadnya, 2012b:129).",
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"text": "32",
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"left": 214,
"top": 38,
"width": 160,
"height": 9,
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"text": "BIOEDUKASI 9(2): 27-33, Agustus 2016",
"type": "Page header"
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{
"left": 56,
"top": 83,
"width": 488,
"height": 627,
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"text": "No Famili Nama Latin Nama Lokal Habitat Daerah penyebaran (lumpur) 11 Scombridae Euthynnus affinis Ikan tongkol Perairan laut lepas namun dekat dengan garis pantai Kepulauan Mentawai, Laut timur Indonesia,di perairan kabupaten luwu, palopo dan perairan pantai kolaka (Mallawa, dkk ., 2010:7). Scomberomorus guttatus Ikan tenggiri Perairan pantai pada kedalaman 15-200 m dan terumbu karang Laut Selatan dan Barat sumatera sampai Laut Timur Indonesia (Wiadnya, 2012e:183). Rastrelliger kanagurta Ikan kembung Perairan pantai Laut Selatan, Barat Sumatera dan Laut Timur Indonesia (Wiadnya, 2012e:182). 12 Serranidae Epinephelus tauvina Ikan kerapu lumpur Terumbu karang Sumatera, Bali, Lombok, Flores, Ujung pandang, Muna (Wiadnya,2012a:112) 13 Soleidae Cynoglossus macrolepidatus Ikan lidah Perairan berpasir atau lumpur disekitar pantai Perairan selat Malaka, sumatera Timur, Kalimantan dan Flores (wiadnya, 2012a:86-87). 14 Stromateida e Pampus chinensis Ikan bawal putih Perairan pantai dengan dasar berlumpur Selatan dan Barat Sumatera sampai selat Bali (Wiadnya, 2012c:147). 15 Trygonidae Dasyatis bleekeri Ikan pari Laut Indo-pacific : Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar dan Thailand (wiadnya, 2012b:140) Tabel 4 . Jenis Ikan Air Tawar No Famili Nama Latin Nama Lokal Habitat Daerah penyebaran 1. Ariidae Arius caelatus Ikan duri Muara sungai dekat hutan bakau. Jawa, sumatera, Kalimantan, Sulawesi selatan, sepanjang pantai India, Thailand, pantai laut cina selatan dan pantai Australia (Genisa, 1999:18). 2. Chanidae Chanos chanos Ikan bandeng Muara sungai, hamparan hutan bakau, daerah genangan pasang surut, waduk dan sungai. Samudera Pasifik, Samudera Hindia, Taiwan, Thailand, Fhilipina, Malaysia dan Indonesia (Nugroho dan Kristanto, 2011:22) 3. Cichlidae Oreochromis sp Ikan nila merah Sungai, danau, waduk, rawa, kolam atau tambak Taiwan, Indonesia, jepang dan Singapura (Khairuman dan Amri, 2008:111). Oreochromis niloticus Ikan nila hitam Sungai, danau, waduk, rawa, kolam atau tambak Sungai Nil benua Afrika, Danau Raft dan Tanganyika hingga ke Mesir, Chad hingga Nigeria, Fhilipina, Malaysia dan Thailand (Rachmatika dan Wahyudewantoro, 2006:95). 4. Clariidae Clarias batrachus Ikan lele Sungai, kolam budidaya Jawa, Sumatera Barat, Riau, Sumatera Selatan, Sulawesi Selatan dan Kalimantan (Khairuman dan Amri, 2008:83-84). 6. Ophiocephalid ae Ophiocephalus striatus Ikan gabus Sungai dan Rawa- rawa Sulawesi, paparan sunda, Lesser Sundas, Moluccas, India dan Indochina (Janurianda, 2013:9). 7. Pangasidae Pangasius pangasius Ikan patin Sungai dan danau Sungai Sumatera, Kalimantan, Riau, Lampung, paparan sunda, Eropa, Amerika Serikat dan di Perairan Vietnam (Khairuman dan Amri,",
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"left": 397,
"top": 713,
"width": 41,
"height": 8,
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"text": "2008:124).",
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"text": "Maidika et al., Studi Jenis Ikan di Pasar Parit 1 Kuala Tungkal sebagai Bahan Buku Ilmiah",
"type": "Page header"
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"left": 526,
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"text": "33",
"type": "Page header"
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{
"left": 51,
"top": 92,
"width": 238,
"height": 152,
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"text": "Analisis kurikulum dilakukan melalui analisis kebutuhan pada Kompetensi Dasar 3.1 Mendeskripsikan konsep keanekaragaman gen, jenis dan ekosistem melalui pengamatan langsung. Data didapat dengan menganalisis apa saja yang dapat membantu siswa sehingga tercapainya Kompetensi Dasar. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, maka dilakukan pembuatan buku ilmiah populer biologi dari hasil studi jenis ikan di Pasar Parit 1 Kuala Tungkal. Buku ini dapat digunakan pada materi Keanekaragaman hayati, karna dapat menampilkan keanekaragaman jenis ikan yang dijual di Pasar Parit 1 Kuala Tungkal. Buku ini dapat membantu siswa untuk lebih mudah memahami keaneakaragaman jenis walaupun tidak melihatnya secara langsung.",
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"height": 86,
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"text": "Berdasarkan hasil angket persepsi siswa, hasil ujicoba terhadap buku termasuk ke dalam kategori “sangat baik” dengan persentase 94%. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa buku dapat diterima dengan baik oleh siswa sebagai calon pengguna. Angket yang diberikan kepada 10 orang siswa terdiri atas 10 butir pernyataan, yang dideskripsikan berdasarkan tampilan, kejelasan materi, penggunaan dan manfaat buku.",
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"text": "Berdasarkan hasil angket persepsi guru menunjukkan bahwa hasil ujicoba terhadap buku termasuk ke dalam kategori “sangat baik” dengan persentase 86,7%. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa buku layak digunakan pada pembelajaran keanekaragaman hayati. Berdasarkan hasil angket diperoleh data bahwa buku sesuai dengan Standar Kompetensi (SK) dan Kompetensi Dasar (KD). Buku ini juga sudah sesuai dengan tujuan pembelajaran dan konsep materi ajar.",
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"text": "KESIMPULAN",
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"top": 467,
"width": 238,
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"text": "Di Pasar Parit 1 Kuala Tungkal terdapat 23 jenis ikan air laut dari 15 famili yaitu Carangidae, Centropomidae, Clupeidae, Lucanidae, Mugilidae, Pelotosidae,",
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"text": "Polynemidae, Priacanthidae, Psettoididae, Sciaenidae, Scombridae, Serranidae, Soleidea,",
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"text": "Stromateidae,",
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"text": "Trygonidae dan 7 jenis ikan air tawar dari 6 famili, yaitu",
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"top": 533,
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"text": "Ariidae, Chanidae, Chiclidae, Clariidae,",
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"text": "Ophiocephaloidae, Pangasidae.",
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"left": 51,
"top": 555,
"width": 238,
"height": 75,
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"text": "Hasil angket persepsi siswa diperoleh data hasil persentasi 94% dengan kategori “sangat baik” dan hasil angket persepsi guru diperoleh data hasil persentase 86,7% dengan kategori “sangat baik”. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa buku menarik dan dapat digunakan pada pembelajaran keanekaragaman hayati dan kingdom animalia.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "SARAN",
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"left": 51,
"top": 665,
"width": 238,
"height": 42,
"page_number": 7,
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"text": "Hasil yang diperoleh ataupun output berupa buku mengenai jenis ikan dapat dimanfaatkan dalam pembelajaran biologi pada materi keanekaragaman hayati dan kingdom animalia.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 51,
"top": 709,
"width": 237,
"height": 31,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Perlu dilakukan pembuatan produk untuk materi pokok yang lain sehingga dapat menambah inovasi pembelajaran dan membantu siswa dalam belajar.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "DAFTAR RUJUKAN",
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"text": "id/files/2012/01/4D_1-Ikan-Hasil-Tangkap-2.pdf. Diakses tanggal 12 agustus 2014. ______, 2012d. Kawasan Konservasi Perairan Dan Pengelolaan Perikanan Tangkap Di Indonesia.http//: id.scribd.com/doc/ 204450837/4D- 2-Ikan-Hasil-Tangkap-2. Diakses tanggal 12 agustus 2014.",
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"text": "Accredita on Number: 21/E/KPT/2018 Valid thru: November 2020 VOLUME 11 | ISSUE 1 | MAY 2019 p-ISSN: 2085-4323 | e-ISSN: 2503-3360 JURNAL BINA PRAJA Journal of Home Aff airs Governance Published by: Research and Development Agency Ministry of Home Affairs Republic of Indonesia",
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"text": "The Sustainability of Livelihoods of Villages around the Tin Mine in Bangka Islands",
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"text": "Regional Development Planning and Research Advancement Agency of Bangka Belitung Islands Province (BAPPEDA Provinsi Kepulauan Bangka Belitung) Kompleks Pusat Perkantoran dan Perumahan Pemprov. Kep. Bangka Belitung Jl. Pulau Belitung No. 2 Kel. Airitam Pangkalpinang 33149",
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"text": "Received: 19 December 2018; Accepted: 27 March 2019; Published online: 31 May 2019",
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"text": "Abstract Massive tin mining activities in Bangka Belitung Islands Province have caused a detrimental effect that reduces the livelihoods of the people living around the mining area. On the other hand, there has been a shift in livelihoods from agrarian communities to mining communities that increase anxieties on the livelihoods in the future. The purpose of this study is to obtain information about the sustainability of the switched people livelihoods which concentrated in villages around the tin mining area. The study utilized qualitative methods, collected data through interviews and focus group discussions on community leaders, village government officials, and mining actors to analyze aspects of vulnerability and household livelihood strategies based on a sustainable livelihood framework. The results of the study reveal that miner groups that work with mining owners and tin artisanal miners have the most vulnerable livelihood resources because their main source of income from tin mining activities is only able to meet their daily needs. Furthermore, the group has very limited land and social relationships that rely solely on elements of kinship and moneylender services when faced with financial difficulties. However, most of these households began to respond to the end of the post-tin economy in the pepper plantation and trade sub-sector. In addition, business opportunities in the sub-sector of livestock, horticulture, and capture fisheries for coastal villages have been utilized by mining owners as the alternative livelihoods.",
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"text": "Keywords: Vulnerability, Livelihood Strategy, Community Livelihoods.",
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"text": "I. Introduction",
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"text": "Tin has been mined for more than 300 years, in Bangka Island since 1711 and in Belitung Island since 1852 (Sujitno, 1996). Mining activities occur in the land (49.40 percent) and in the oceans (50.60 percent), with a total area of 997,761.80 Ha (Dinas Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral, 2016). Community mining activities penetrate production forest areas, conservation forests, protected forests, in watersheds or those who dig the tin sand in pepper gardens and home yards without the obligation to reclaim (Sidabukke, 2011; Zulkarnain, 2005).",
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"text": "As a consequence, this activity caused damage to an area of 125,875 ha (Sukarman & Gani, 2017), reduced the quality of soil fertility (Asmarhansyah, B Badayos, B Sanchez, C Sta Cruz, & M Florece,",
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"text": "2017), reduced seawater quality (Bidayani, 2009), and contributed to the spreading of heavy metals from the ground released into the waters (Wahyuni, Sasongko, & Sasongko, 2013). In addition, the river where mining activities take place has a smaller diversity of fish compared to natural rivers (Zulfikri, Umroh, & Utami, 2016).",
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"text": "The impact of widespread damage does not reduce the number of mining activities. BPS (2016, p. 35) recorded a total of 73,939 mining and quarrying workers dominated by the tin mining sector. Mining is a form of adaptation of the Bangka Belitung community, not only for farmers in facing the decline in pepper prices on the international market and supported by policies after regional autonomy in 2001. For some fishermen, tin mining is an option to increase income (Adiatma, Bambang, & Purnaweni, 2013; Azis, Napitupulu, Patunru, &",
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"text": "44",
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"text": "Jurnal Bina Praja 11 (1) (2019): 43-52",
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{
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"width": 223,
"height": 62,
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"text": "Resosudarmo, 2010; Marfirani & Adiatma, 2012). Even so, not all people of Bangka Belitung depend on the tin, there are those who continue to work as fishermen and farmers even though some others continue to mine (Ibrahim, 2016).",
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{
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"text": "The area, where the company is located, is the first party to feel the direct impact after the tin mining ends. The end of the contract of work of the tin mining company PT. Kobatin, whose majority of its operating area is located in Bangka Tengah Regency on March 31, 2013, caused the local government revenues from royalties and land rents to decrease by 35.24 percent received between 2012 and 2013 (Bakuda, Bangka Belitung Islands Province, 2018). The further impact is a decrease in people’s purchasing power observed from the per capita expenditure value. In 2010 until 2013, the average growth rate of expenditure per capita was 3.59 percent while from 2013 to 2016, the growth rate stagnated at 0.31 percent (BPS, 2017). In addition, field tracking shows certain individuals claiming the ownership of the former tin mine PT. Kobatin. Lampur Village, Central Bangka Regency, became a half-dead village after PT. Timah Tbk, which has been operating since the 1970s, no longer conducts mining activities in the village (Indra, 2013). The economy of the citizens becomes sluggish, even while operating, the company does not provide social, economic and environmental changes in a positive direction for the village. The agricultural sector is the main occupation of the population with a proportion of more than 32.18 percent (BPS Provinsi Kepulauan Bangka Belitung, 2018) while the mining and quarrying sector is the largest non-agricultural employment capable of absorbing labor at 21.80 percent (BPS, 2016). However, mining activities are a non-renewable sector. On the other hand, the agricultural sector is the most affected sector due to mining activities. For farmers, land and natural resources are the most important capital, loss of land causes the loss of sustainable livelihoods. The unilateral claim of ownership of ex-mining land by certain elements has led to the increasingly limited public access to land. Therefore, analyzing assets is important to do in the midst of shifting patterns of behavior from farmers to miners.",
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"text": "Ahmed, Siwar, & Idris (2011, p. 810) state that a sustainable livelihood framework can be used to analyze the level of socio-economic welfare of poor and vulnerable households by considering livelihood assets that are owned, controlled, claimed, and accessible by every household. Livelihoods consist of three things, namely the ability, assets, and activities needed to survive, while the meaning of sustainable is to be",
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"text": "able to overcome and recover from stresses and shocks, able to maintain and improve capabilities and assets, provide opportunities for sustainable livelihoods in future generations, and contribute benefits on other livelihoods at the local and global level in the short and long term (Chambers & Conway, 1992).",
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"text": "Scoones (1998, p. 7) divides livelihood assets into four capital namely natural capital, economic/ financial capital, human capital, and social capital. While the Department for International Development (DFID) (1999, p. 17) divides it into five capitals known as the Pentagon assets consisting of human capital, social capital, natural capital, physical capital, and financial capital. Human capital consists of skills, knowledge, ability to work, and health. Social capital consists of networks and connections, membership in groups, associations, and trust relationships. Natural capital consists of land, water, air, other genetic resources, and environmental services. Physical capital consists of basic infrastructure, technology and production equipment, water supply, adequate sanitation, clean energy, and access to information. Financial capital consists of cash that can be sourced from savings and pension funds, as well as credit/ loans (Department for International Development (DFID), 1999; Scoones, 1998).",
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"height": 182,
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"text": "Meanwhile, livelihood activities needed to ensure sustainability consist of strategies based on intensification or extension of agriculture, livelihood diversification, and migration (Scoones, 1998). In addition, according to Saragih, Lassa, & Ramli (2007, p. 5), the livelihood strategies consist of natural resource (SDA) and non-natural resource (non-SDA) based activities. Natural resource activities consist of agriculture, cash crops, livestock, non-farm natural resources, collection of forest products. While non-natural resources activities consist of trade, services, manufacturing, remittances, transfers that can increase income, stabilize income, reduced risk, and maintain ecological sustainability.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 305,
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"width": 232,
"height": 158,
"page_number": 2,
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"text": "Within the framework of sustainable livelihoods, Helmi & Satria (2012, p. 68) analyzed the strategies of fishermen households in Pulau Panjang Village, South Kalimantan in dealing with ecological vulnerabilities through diversifying income sources and fishing gear, changing catchment areas, and utilizing family relations. Aldrich & Meyer (2015, p. 10) highlighted the important role of social capital and networks at a communal level in survival and disaster recovery through strengthening social infrastructure. Azzahra & Dharmawan (2015) analyzed farmer household livelihood systems in Sukabakti Village, Bekasi Regency. Meanwhile,",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "The Sustainability of Livelihoods of Villages around the Tin Mine in Bangka Islands Sulista",
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"text": "45",
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{
"left": 71,
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"width": 224,
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"text": "paddy farmer households in Indramayu Peninsula have strong social capital combined with various agricultural strategies, migration, and non- agricultural diversification to deal with droughts and flood events (Abdurrahim, Dharmawan, Sunito, & Sudiana, 2014).",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "In the aforementioned studies, they concentrated on various capital of agricultural activities that did not change in the face of various crises, in contrast to the conditions of the people of Bangka Belitung who had experienced a shift in behavior from farmers to miners. The sustainability of small and artisanal mining activity is threatened by a lack of skill development programs and the creation of opportunities to build a human resource base of these communities (Baah-Ennumh, Forson, & Mmbali, 2017).",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "In addition, there are not enough references on how the sustainability of miner’s households in Bangka Belitung is. Therefore, this study focuses on the vulnerability aspects of tin mining activities that affect mining household income, analysis of natural capital, financial capital, social capital, human capital, and physical capital owned by mining households, and livelihood strategies undertaken by these households when facing vulnerabilities by taking into account the characteristics of the village under study.",
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"text": "II. Method The method used is descriptive qualitative. The researcher intends to explore the lives of miners without controlling and manipulating research variables that systematically describe the facts, objects, or subjects under study as they really are (Sudaryono, 2017). Respondents were selected purposively in accordance with the objectives of the livelihood framework, namely (1) mapping the assets of community livelihoods that are directly affected if the mining is no longer reliable, the respondent consists of tin lobby workers, tin artisanal miners, unconventional mine worker, mine owners , and robin worker (Sulista, 2019), (2) knowing the livelihood strategies of the community in facing various crisis conditions in mining activities, the respondents are people who had worked in the mining sector then shifted to non-mining consisting of farmers and ranchers, (3) analyzed local capacity and policies with respondents community and village apparatus who understand how mining influences the character of the local community (Bumdes Chairperson of Penyak Village, Chairman of Bumdes Desa Cit, Secretary of Penyak Village, Head of Cit Village, Head of Lampur Village, Chairman of BPD Penyak",
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"text": "Village, Chairman of BPD Desa Cit, Chairman of BPD Desa Lampur, Neighborhood Head of Penyak Village, Head of Hamlet of Lampur Village Complex, Head of Sungai Pasir Village, Lampur Village, and Hamlet Head of Cit Village).",
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"text": "The technique of the collection of respondents is through snowball, begins with in-depth interviews with groups or one relevant respondent and asks the relevant person to appoint other prospective respondents who have the same specifications. In the process, interviews are recorded using a tape recorder.",
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"text": "Data consists of primary data and secondary data. Primary data is obtained through interviews and focus group discussions, while secondary data is in the form of sustainable livelihood literature, literature review of research reports on livelihood strategies, mining data from the Department of Energy and Mineral Resources of the Bangka Belitung Islands Province, and Central Statistics Agency data on the main employment of Bangka Belitung residents and Welfare Indicators of the Bangka Belitung Islands Province.",
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"text": "The location of the study was conducted in Penyak and Lampur Villages in Central Bangka Regency and Cit Village in Bangka Regency. The research location was chosen with consideration, namely (1) Penyak Village is in the IUP area of PT. Koba Tin whose contract ended in 2013, (2) Lampur Village is in the IUP area of PT. Timah Tbk, which is still active but there are no more mining activities managed by PT. Timah Tbk, (3) Desa Cit is in the IUP area of PT. Timah Tbk and is still active, under the supervision of PT. Timah Tbk, (4) Residents in the three villages are actively involved in large-scale community mining activities, and (5) land in all three villages is also controlled by private oil palm companies. The time of research is conducted in mid-2016 until mid-2017.",
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"text": "The data processing is through four stages. The first stage is compiling the transcription results of the interview consisting of questions according to interview guidelines and respondent’s answers. Second, coding is compiling the aspects, variables, and indicators of each aspect to be analyzed, namely vulnerability, assets (natural capital, financial capital, social capital, human capital, and physical capital) and village capacity. Third, the extraction stage is to sort data and information related to research variables and indicators in transcription documents. Fourth, grouping interview results based on extraction results to see and validate the tendency of data obtained. Subsequent analysis was carried out exploratively to interpret the categorized data to answer the research objectives.",
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"text": "III. Results and Discussion",
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"text": "A. The Vulnerability of Villages Around the Mine",
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"text": "Cit Village and Lampur Village are old mining villages, characterized by housing for PT. Timah Tbk employees and the acculturation of cultures from various tribes and religions. There are Malay, Bugis, Batak, and Javanese tribes, and descendants of China who live side by side without interfering with each other.",
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"text": "Typologically, the three research villages are agricultural villages that rely on agriculture with a percentage of 30-35 percent, the tin mining sector with a proportion of between 20-30 percent, the rest is the trade sector, civil servants, services and private employees, and others. Vulnerability is a characteristic of a person or group and the situation at hand that affects their ability to anticipate, pay for various basic needs, overcome economic and restrain the effects of natural events (Wisner, Blaikie, Cannon, & Davis, 2003).",
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"text": "People are vulnerable when they have limited ability to overcome unpredictable crises and shocks such as floods, droughts, diseases, environmental degradation and deteriorating trade conditions (TzPPA, 2003). Buxton (2013, p. 6) states that small-scale and artisanal mining activities are sources of livelihood that expose the perpetrators to vulnerability. Unstable mineral prices affect the ability of households, cash causes women and children to be very vulnerable where men limit or hold money for household needs, and are vulnerable to exploitation in trafficking, criminal activity, and increasing health risks. Soelistijo (2011, p. 14) suggests that unlicensed mining activities function as a high-risk economic safety valve when formal work is very difficult to obtain.",
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"text": "Tin mining revenues contribute significantly to the total family income per month, for example in Lubuk Kelik at 93.4 percent, Silip Village at 95.1 percent, and Desa Bencah at 89.1 percent, while pepper and rubber only contribute to under 3 percent (Nurtjahya, Agustina, & Putri, 2008; Nurtjahya, Franklin, Umroh, & Agustina, 2017). But according to Harliyana (2008, p. 3), welfare improvement does occur in mine owners but is not comparable with economic risk and work safety.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "The context of the vulnerability of tin mining activities can be observed in Table 1.",
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"top": 683,
"width": 224,
"height": 62,
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"text": "In Penyak Village, around 80 percent of the people started mining activities since 2011. At that time, miners who worked for mine owners earned 8 million - 12 million rupiahs/month. In 2013, the group earned an income of 4 to 6 million rupiahs/",
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"text": "month. In 2015 - 2016, the income of mining workers declined to 1.5 million - 3 million rupiahs/ month. In 2017, the income of miners is under 2 million rupiahs/month. In Lampur and Cit Villages, mining activities have been going on since the 1990s where communities mined on PT. Timah Tbk used simple equipment.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 305,
"top": 445,
"width": 225,
"height": 218,
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"text": "People’s mining activities began to bloom since the 2000s, the majority of the community carried out mining activities. Uncertainty in income has been felt since 2008. Mine owners are faced with the difficulty of getting the location of tin reserves and price instability. Mine owners claim that the results obtained are not able to cover the number of operational costs so that they lose money. Mining activities were rampant again in 2011, triggered by rising world tin prices. The income of the mine owner is tens of millions per week and the workers got a nominal of more than 3 million per week. However, since 2014, the uncertainty of world tin prices and the depletion of tin obtained had caused a decline in income. The income of mine owners was only able to cover operational and daily needs, while mining workers had an average income of 70 to 80 thousand rupiahs per day.",
"type": "Text"
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"left": 305,
"top": 661,
"width": 227,
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"text": "In 2011, when income was high, mining households bought various types of electronic equipment, built and renovated homes, and bought two-wheeled and four-wheeled vehicles even with a credit system. Some were willing to sell their agricultural land as capital to open new mining units in the hope that they will get multiple profits.",
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"text": "Table 1.",
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"top": 88,
"width": 205,
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"text": "Economic and Social Vulnerability of Tin Mining Households",
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"text": "No Aspects Vulnerability Remarks 1 Economy/Financial • Price fluctuation and cash obtained influence household economy",
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{
"left": 313,
"top": 156,
"width": 209,
"height": 88,
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"text": "• The constant decrease of income for tin mining activities from 2011 to 2017, with an average decrease of 40-50 percent annually 2 Social • The behavior of mining households is consumptive, prioritize secondary and tertiary needs rather than investing",
"type": "Table"
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{
"left": 395,
"top": 243,
"width": 121,
"height": 40,
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"text": "• Mine owners have high hopes for abundant tin products, so they are willing to sell land to support mining capital",
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{
"left": 395,
"top": 281,
"width": 126,
"height": 50,
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"text": "• The attitude of mining actors is very individual even though they work in groups so that the working relationship that exists is solely on the basis of employment",
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{
"left": 305,
"top": 344,
"width": 130,
"height": 11,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Source: Primary Data (2016 and 2017)",
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"width": 199,
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"text": "The Sustainability of Livelihoods of Villages around the Tin Mine in Bangka Islands Sulista",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 529,
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"width": 10,
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"text": "47",
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"text": "However, far from expectations, these households actually lost land assets in the midst of erratic income. Based on the results of interviews, mine owners who have benefited multiple times have valid data on tin reserves in a location. In addition, although mining activities are carried out in groups (one mining unit consists of 3-4 workers), the characteristics of the group of workers are individual. Social relations with mine owners are limited to working relationships between subordinates (mine workers) and bosses (mine owners).",
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"text": "B. Strategy for Livelihoods of Villages Around the Mine",
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{
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"top": 260,
"width": 227,
"height": 86,
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"text": "Mining households, especially those living in research locations, are required to be able to survive and continue their livelihoods through natural resource and non-natural resource-based activities that have created social layers in these communities (Abdurrahim et al., 2014; Hidayati, Nurdin, & Budiandrian, 2015).",
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"left": 71,
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"text": "1) Social Stratification, Livelihood Assets, and Access to Livelihood Assets",
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{
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"top": 380,
"width": 225,
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"text": "In the context of tin mining, the owner of the mine is the boss of the mine worker and the buyer of tin is the boss of tin. This coating is formed because the owner of the mine and the buyer of tin are the parties that issue capital, both guarantee the continuity of mining operations and pay the salaries of the workers. While other households are groups that work for mine owners and tin buyers, who are the salaried parties (mine workers and tin lobbyists) and groups that depend heavily on tailings from the mining operations which consist of tin artisanal miners and robin machine owners.",
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"height": 170,
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"text": "The comparison of income received by mine owners and mine workers is approximately 70 percent compared to 30 percent. Washing tin and robin machine owners have almost the same net income as mine workers. The average mining activity is carried out between 5-6 working days. While workers who work for tin buyers have a higher and more stable income with a relatively less working time of 2-3 days. While tin buyers have revenues that way more than the proceeds from the sale of tin. The buyer or collector performs a further washing process which is then dried using a manual furnace so that the tin content obtained can be directly melted.",
"type": "Text"
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"left": 71,
"top": 692,
"width": 222,
"height": 50,
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"text": "Stratification of mining households can be observed in Table 2. While the conditions of mining household land ownership can be observed in Table 3.",
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"text": "Table 2.",
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{
"left": 319,
"top": 88,
"width": 134,
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"text": "Stratification of Tin Mining Households",
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"text": "No Mining households Role in mining activities",
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{
"left": 326,
"top": 136,
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"text": "A The top layer (a group that issues capital)",
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{
"left": 327,
"top": 157,
"width": 200,
"height": 20,
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"text": "1 Small scale tin buyer buy tin and approximately 500 kg/ week with 1-2 workers",
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{
"left": 327,
"top": 186,
"width": 187,
"height": 21,
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"text": "2 Large scale tin buyer buy tin sand approximately 2 tonnes/week with 6-8 workers",
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{
"left": 327,
"top": 216,
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"height": 21,
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"text": "3 Mine Owner has a mining unit with a number of workers 3-4 people per unit",
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{
"left": 327,
"top": 246,
"width": 193,
"height": 20,
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "B The lower layer (groups that directly carry out tin sand mining/washing activities/working group)",
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},
{
"left": 327,
"top": 276,
"width": 193,
"height": 20,
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"text": "1 Mine Worker operate mining units from mine owners",
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{
"left": 327,
"top": 305,
"width": 208,
"height": 100,
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"text": "2 Tin Artisanal Miners mining tailings, mining waste using simple equipment such as trays and plates. 3 Robin Machine Owner mining tailings, mining waste using a water pump. 4 The worker who works for the tin buyer (Tin Lobbyists) Responsible to wash and dry the tin and check the tin content.",
"type": "Table"
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{
"left": 319,
"top": 418,
"width": 130,
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Source: Primary Data (2016 and 2017)",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 319,
"top": 434,
"width": 216,
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"text": "Table 3. Mining Household Ownership of Land Assets in Penyak Village, Lampur Village, and Cit Village",
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{
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"text": "No Mining Households Land Area (ha) Land Status A Top Layer 1 Small scale tin buyer 1-3 Own Land 2 Large scale tin buyer >10 Own Land 3 Mine Owner 3-5 Own Land B Lower Layer 1 Mine Worker ±0.5 Family Land 2 Tin Artisanal Miner ±0.5 Family Land 3 Robin Machine Owner ±1 Family Land ±1 Private Land 4 The worker who works for the tin buyer ±0.5 Family Land Source: Primary Data (2016 and 2017)",
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"width": 10,
"height": 12,
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"page_width": 595,
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"text": "48",
"type": "Page footer"
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"width": 146,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Jurnal Bina Praja 11 (1) (2019): 43-52",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 57,
"top": 78,
"width": 225,
"height": 146,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "In Penyak Village, mine washers and workers have limited land assets that rely on parental land with an area of approximately ½ ha. The group is on average 35 years and under and has 1 (one) or 2 (two) children. In addition, there are fewer identified parental land because it is sold to oil palm companies and certain individuals in the village (mine owners and tin buyers). Therefore, tin buyers have private land assets with an area ranging from 1/2 s.d. 3 ha. In fact, there are several mine owners and large-scale tin buyers with land up to tens of hectares.",
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"text": "In Cit Village, mining operators who are around 40 years old have more than 1 ha of land. However, most mining workers and tin artisanal miners aged 20-30 years do not own their own land and rely on parental land with limited area. Most of the land used is forest area. Similarly, what happened in Lampur Village was that most of the residents’ plantation land is regional forests that were owned by certain individuals. Mining workers and tin artisanal miners utilize family land for gardening with an area of no more than ½ ha. While upper-level households have private land of 2-3 ha to tens of hectares.",
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"text": "Kinship is also a mainstay when lower-income households experience financial difficulties. Mining households in these three also use the services of moneylenders to help the family economy. In addition, the results of the study show that the characteristics of the mining workers group have a low level of education or primary school graduates This data is similar to the data displayed by BPS Provinsi Kepulauan Bangka Belitung (2018, p. 45) which shows that the average length of school life of villagers is equivalent to grade 2 in junior high school. While upper-class households are high school graduates, 66.48 percent of Desa Cit residents are temporary high school graduates in Lampur Village, indicated by the existence of a Stania Lampur High School.",
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"text": "2) Strategy and Transition of Livelihoods sources for Village Communities Around the Mine The strategy and transition of livelihoods of mining households are Natural Resources and non- natural Resources based activities.",
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{
"left": 78,
"top": 653,
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"text": "a) Natural Resources and non-natural Resources based activities",
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{
"left": 99,
"top": 678,
"width": 185,
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"text": "The pepper plantation sub-sector is a livelihood activity carried out by almost every mining household in both the upper and lower layers. The activities of the horticulture and palm oil plantations sub-sector are carried out by households",
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"text": "(mine owners, large-scale tin buyers, and robin machine owners) who have sufficient land with sandy or swampy land types. Meanwhile, the marine potential in Penyak Village is used by upper-level households as coastal fishermen (mine owners) and as boat owners (large-scale tin buyers). While non-natural resources- based activities carried out by mining households constitute the trade sector. Livelihood activities can be observed in Table 4. In Penyak Village, pepper gardening activities have been going on since 2014. Several large-scale mine owners and tin buyers have thousands of pepper sticks, tens of oil palm hectares, and use sandy soil to grow horticultural crops (chili, durian, and pineapple) and own boats. However, fishing activities are carried out when mining activities are not carried out or only part-time work. Meanwhile, mine workers, tin artisanal miners, and robin machine owners plant pepper with the number of stems that vary between 100 and 750 stems. Robin engine owners also plant horticultural crops such as pineapple. In addition to the agricultural sector, large-scale tin buyers have shops that sell mining equipment and supplies, some mine owners also have groceries, and the wives of mine workers have a grocery shop. Small-scale tin buyers and workers working for tin buyers have not been seen doing this agricultural activity. This correlates with the age and status of workers, which aged 25-35 years, with the number of 1-2 children having orientation for other needs first, such as building a house. However, small-scale tin buyers have the financial capacity to buy land in preparation for agricultural activities in the future. In Lampur Village, mine owners began pepper and palm gardening up to tens of hectares since 2010. Whereas tin mining and washing workers began gardening pepper since 2016 with a limited number of stems of around 500 stems. To help increase family income, the wives opened a grocery shop. In Cit Village, since 2010, several mine owners have extensive pepper plantations of more than 2 ha and palm oil plantations of tens of hectares, as well as chili plants, vegetables, fruits such as",
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"width": 199,
"height": 39,
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"text": "The Sustainability of Livelihoods of Villages around the Tin Mine in Bangka Islands Sulista",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
"left": 529,
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"text": "49",
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{
"left": 113,
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"text": "oranges, coconuts, and guavas. Whereas mine workers, robin machine owners, and tin artisanal miners began gardening pepper since 2015 with approximately 500 stems. The decline in mining activity income forced their wives to help the family’s economy by selling snacks and soft drinks.",
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"text": "b) The transition of mining household livelihoods towards agricultural",
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"left": 113,
"top": 560,
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"text": "households",
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"text": "The transition in the livelihoods of the mining sector have been carried out by several upper-level households, namely mine owners, motivated by income uncertainty. The support of financial assets, land ownership, and business capabilities in the plantation sector provided opportunities for mine owners to earn income which was initially obtained from mining results to other sectors, especially horticulture and livestock crops. In addition, a better level of education and relations provides an opportunity for mine owners to enter",
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"text": "work in the formal sector as a village government apparatus. In Penyak Village, mine owners can shift because they already have the income to meet the daily needs of palm oil plantations that have been planted since they were mining. Several mine owners and robin machine owners opened a groceries business and planted pineapple and oranges for additional income. In addition, the marine sector is also utilized by mine owners in addition to pepper gardening. In Lampur Village, some mining owners who are losing money use revenues from the sale of horticultural crops (coconut and vegetables), work as village officials, and take advantage of the opportunities of the Central Bangka Regency Government self-sufficiency program as a long-term investment. Not much different from Cit Village, the mine owners chose pepper and palm gardening and planted various vegetables such as chili and mustard plants. Some of the mine owners also become village officials (Head of",
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"text": "Table 4.",
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"left": 71,
"top": 88,
"width": 458,
"height": 20,
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"text": "Livelihood Activities of Natural Resources and non-natural Resources Based Mining Households in Penyak Village, Lampur Village, and Cit Village",
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"text": "No Mining Households Natural Resources based livelihood activities Non-Natural Resources based livelihood activities A Top Layer 1 Small scale tin buyer - - 2 Large scale tin buyer Pepper plantations (aged 2-3 years), palm oil (production age) and boat owners for those who live in coastal areas Provider of mining equipment goods and services (Lifespan of more than 3 years) 3 Mine Owner Pepper plantations (aged 2-3 years), palm oil (producing plants), horticulture plants, and coastal fishermen for those living in coastal areas Grocery stores B Lower Layer 1 Mine Worker Pepper plantation, pepper age 1-2 years Grocery stalls managed by wives 2 Tin Artisanal Miner Pepper plantation, pepper age 1-2 years - 3 Robin Machine Owner Pepper plantation, pepper age 1-2 years and horticulture plants Grocery stalls managed by wives 4 The worker who works for the tin buyer - -",
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"left": 71,
"top": 390,
"width": 469,
"height": 30,
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"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Source: Primary Data (2016 and 2017, 20-30 percent of village residents that conducted tin mining activities, except washers and workers who work for the tin buyer, starting to do agricultural activities as a source of long-term livelihoods in addition to the mining sector which is recognized as a source of short-term livelihoods.",
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"text": "50",
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"width": 146,
"height": 12,
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"text": "Jurnal Bina Praja 11 (1) (2019): 43-52",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
"left": 99,
"top": 78,
"width": 186,
"height": 206,
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"text": "Neighborhood, BPD Head, and Hamlet Head). Meanwhile, financial capacity is a reason for lower-level households to be in trouble to shift. There are not enough jobs that can meet daily needs while mining products can be sold directly. The nature of activities that can generate money quickly is what attracts this sector, making it difficult to abandon (Zulkarnain, 2010). Although tin production is reduced, workers will tend to survive in this sector. Financial unpreparedness and limited access to get a better life cause worker to come back again to mine in hopes that mining activities can yield multiple returns.",
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"text": "C. Local Strengths and Capacity, Policy and Livelihoods of Villages Community Around the Mine",
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"top": 333,
"width": 229,
"height": 122,
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"text": "The Bangka Belitung community is an agrarian society that relies on pepper plantations, horticulture plants, and catching fishermen. As an agrarian society, the nature of mutual cooperation has taken root in forming the character of the community known as “besaoh”, namely carrying out activities together without remuneration or wages such as building houses, cleaning graves, repairing damaged roads and clearing land for agricultural activities.",
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"text": "The Regional Government and the Central Government are trying to move the people’s economy in accordance with the characteristics of the agrarian community in Bangka Belitung Islands. These policies, among others, encourage the realization of an independent food area and the development of rural agribusiness areas. The two programs aim to realize village independence through various businesses from savings and loans, agricultural businesses, subsidized fertilizers, grocery stores, to processing fishery products. In addition, to mobilize the economy of rural communities, the government has also encouraged the development of Village-Owned Enterprises (BUMDES) with the aim that every potential that exists can be managed properly and become a genuine source of village income.",
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"text": "Even so with the existence of village funds, where villages can manage their own household affairs. In order to support the running of every activity program in the community both in the form of physical assistance and capital support, the government carries out assistance and guidance efforts through extension staff and village",
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"text": "assistants placed in scattered villages. The presence of extension agents and assistants spearheads the success of each program and activity that run in the community.",
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"text": "As a consequence of each mining activity, there is ex-mining land in the form of sandy and vacant soil. The Cit Village government at the time of the research was currently submitting an application for part of the former tin mining land to become a village asset. This is one of the choices for the village government in dealing with the problem of limited land.",
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"text": "Government policy is indeed in harmony with the conditions and alternate livelihoods chosen by mining actors. But there is no bridge between the two. The mining community (especially the working group) is not a household that will get assistance from the government since to obtain such assistance, the community must fulfill various requirements, such as business certificates and can be identified as agricultural communities incorporated in farmer groups and Joint Business Groups ( KUB).",
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"text": "The integrated role between the government, community leaders, village officials, various extension staff, and village facilitators to foster and assist these marginalized groups has not yet been formed. On the other hand, the character of individuals of the mining community, who do not bother to take care of all forms of requirements, is a challenge for the government.",
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"text": "IV. Conclusion From the description above, it can be seen that mining activities have formed new social classes in the community, namely upper-level households that have abundant assets and lower-level households that have limited land, social relations, and finance. Mining households have reduced revenue from mining activities with a variety of agricultural and trade activities, namely horticulture plants, pepper plantations, livestock, grocery stalls, and groceries.",
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"text": "On the other hand, government programs in the community have not been able to intervene in this group of workers. An initiation to turn ex- mining land into village assets does answer the limitations of assets and access to land. However, its utilization and management must be able to involve these marginal groups.",
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"text": "Meanwhile, switching mining operators are dominated by mine owners who cultivate pepper and oil palm and carry out livestock activities as a long-term investment. As a substitute for daily income sources, the group cultivates horticulture crops. These households can play a role as village",
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"text": "The Sustainability of Livelihoods of Villages around the Tin Mine in Bangka Islands Sulista",
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{
"left": 529,
"top": 798,
"width": 10,
"height": 12,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "51",
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{
"left": 71,
"top": 78,
"width": 228,
"height": 38,
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"page_width": 595,
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"text": "driving figures and a successful example that releasing dependence on mining activities is possible.",
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"text": "Acknowledgment",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 71,
"top": 142,
"width": 227,
"height": 110,
"page_number": 9,
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"text": "The author would like to thank the Regional Development Agency (Bappeda) of Bangka Belitung Islands Province for their funding support, the Head of Research and Development of Bappeda and the staff, and the Economic Research Center of the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) who has helped the author, both technically and administratively, so that the author can complete the research on time.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 71,
"top": 262,
"width": 97,
"height": 19,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "V. References",
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"text": "Penelitian ini adalah penelitian eksperimen dengan menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif yang mencoba untuk mengetahui pengaruh model Project Based Learning melalui pembuatan wáter filter terhadap ketrampilan berpikir kreatif. Ha l l ini karena pembelajaran di sekolah masih berfokus pada penerimaan pengetahuan, ingatan dan penalaran. Penelitian ini dilaksankan di MI NU Miftahul Falah Jati Kudus pada bulan Oktober 2023. Populasi yang dipakai dalam penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas V berjumlah 27. Adapaun metode pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini adalah tes dan dokumentasi. Sedangkan análisis data yang dipakai dalam pengolahan data ini menggunakan análisis prasayarat meliputi uji normalitas, uji linearitas, dan dilanjut uji hipótesis dengan menggunakan uji regresi linear sederhana dengan berbantuan software análisis SPSS versi 25. Hasil penelitian dan pemaparan analisis yang telah dilakukan dapat diketahui bahwa terdapat pengaruh yang positif dan signifikan dalam penggunaan model Project Based Learning melalui pembuatan water filter terhadap ketrampilan berpikir kreatif peserta didik kelas 5 MI NU Miftahul Falah Jati Kudus. Adanya pengaruh model Project Based Learning mempengaruhi ketrampilan berpikir kreatif peserta didik dibuktikan dengan dengan persamaan regresi Ý = 17,145 + 0.762X. Adanya model Project Based Learning ini memiliki hubungan yang positif dan signifikan sebesar 0,744 yang termasuk dalam kategori kuat dan dapat memberi kontribusi bagi peserta didik dalam meningkatkan ketrampilan berpikir kreatif peserta didik sebesar 55,3%% yang artinya Ha diterima dan Ho ditolak.",
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"text": "Kata Kunci : Project Based Learning , Water Filter , Berpikir Kreatif",
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"text": "ABSTRACT",
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"text": "This research is experimental research using a quantitative approach which tries to determine the effect of the Project Based Learning model through making water filters on creative thinking skills. This is because learning in schools still focuses on receiving knowledge, memory and reasoning. This research was carried out at MI NU Miftahul Falah Jati Kudus in October 2023. The population used in this research was 27 class V students. The data collection methods in this research were tests and documentation. Meanwhile, the data analysis used in processing this data uses prerequisite analysis including the normality test, linearity test, and continued with the hypothesis test using a simple linear regression test with the help of SPSS version 25 analysis software. The results of the research and presentation of the analysis that has been carried out can be seen that there is an influence which is positive and significant in the use of the Project Based Learning model through making water filters on the creative thinking skills of class 5 students at MI NU Miftahul Falah Jati Kudus. The influence of the Project Based Learning model on students' creative thinking skills is proven by the regression equation Ý = 17.145 + 0.762X. The existence of this Project Based Learning model has a positive and significant relationship of 0.744 which is included in the strong category and can contribute to students in improving students' creative thinking skills by 55.3%, which means Ha is accepted and Ho is rejected.",
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"text": "Keywords: Project Based Learning, Water Filter, Creative Thinking",
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"text": "ELEMENTARY : Jurnal Inovasi Pendidikan Dasar Vol 3. No. 4, Oktober 2023 P-ISSN : 2774-8014 E-ISSN : 2774-7034",
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"text": "PENDAHULUAN",
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"text": "Pendidikan memegang peranan penting dalam kehidupan. Melalui pendidikan, sesuatu yan l g di l cita-citak l an ma l syarakat da l pat dic l apai m l elalui an l ak did l iknya (Indy et al., 2019). Tuju l an pendidi l kan nas l ional tertua l ng dal l am U l ndang-Und l ang Re l publik I l donesia N l omor 20 Tah l un 200 l 3 tenta l ng Sis l tem Pend l idikan Nasi l onal Pa l sal 3 Ayat 1 yang m l enyatakan bahw l a tujuan pendidikan nasional adalah berkembangnya potensi peserta didik l agar men l jadi m l anusia y l ang berim l an da l n ber l takwa k l epada l Tuhan Y l ang Ma l ha E l sa, berakh l lak m l ulia, seha l t, ce l rdas, cak l ap, kreati l f, man l diri, dan l menja l di w l arga ne l gara yang l de l mokratis l serta bertang l gung ja l wab (Menteri Pendidikan, 2003). Berd l asarkan tuj l uan itu, pes l erta di l dik seb l agai gener l asi penerus selalu diarahkan pada pengembangan potensi yang dimiliki, salah satunya pengembangan ketrampilan berpikir kreatif.",
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"text": "Kete l rampilan b l erpikir kr l eatif sangat dibutuhkan da l lam pembel l ajaran tematik. Pada das l arnya pem l belajaran tematik sendiri adala l h sistem pen l didikan ya l ng me l mungkinkan peserta didik, secara l indi l vidu da l n kelo l mpok, untuk secara akti l f mencari, mengeksplorasi, dan menem l ukan kon l sep dan p l rinsip il l miah seca l ra hol l istik, ber l makna, d l an ot l entik (Farah, 2022). Pembelajaran tematik adalah pembelajaran terpadu yang mengutamakan partisipasi pe l serta di l dik dalam pembelajaran, melibatkan pe l serta di l dik secara akt l if dala l m pro l ses pem l belajaran, d l an menci l ptakan sit l uasi pemec l ahan ma l salah berdasarkan kebutu l han pe l serta di l dik. Pembelajaran tematik memungkinkan p l eserta didi l k untuk bela l jar da l n be l rmain den l gan kreativita l s y l ang tin l ggi.",
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"text": "Berpikir kreatif dipandang sebagai bentuk berpikir yang kurang mendapat perhat l ian dala l m dunia pen l didikan, khus l usnya dalam pembelajara di sek l olah ya l ng masi l h menitikberatkan pad l a perolehan penge l tahuan, in l gatan, dan l pena l laran (Qomariyah & Subekti, 2021). Dalam proses pembelajaran saat ini, sebagian besar belum menunjukkan hasil yang memuaskan, upaya guru untuk meningkatkan kualitas proses belajar mengajar belum optimal, metode, pendekatan dan penilaian yang dikuasai guru belum mengubah pola tradisional, dan ini berdampak negatif pada penyerapan pengetahuan peserta didik. Salah satu pengaruh penting dalam pembelajaran tergantung pada model pembelajaran yang digunakan. Model pembelajaran yang dipilih harus dapat melibatkan peserta didik dan memungkinkan peserta didik untuk membangun pengetahuan mereka sendiri yang bermakna melalui pengalaman dunia nyata, sesuai dengan sifat pembelajaran tematik yang menghasilkan pembelajaran abad 21 yang dikenal dengan 4C ( Critical Thinking, Creative Thinking, Collaboration, and Communication). Namu l n pese l rta d l idik s l elama i l ni justr l u mene l rima l begitu b l anyak ceko l kan dal l am arti l peri l ntah un l tuk mel l akukan se l suatu di dalam proses belajar mereka, se l hingga peserta l did l ik kehil l angan kese l mpatan untuk mengem l bangkan ke l terampilan berpi l kir kr l eatif.",
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"text": "Hal tersebut bersesuaian dengan hasil prapenelitian di MI UN Miftahul Falah Jati Kudus. Berdasarkan hasil observasi di kelas V “ bahwa kemam l puan be l rpikir kr l eatif pes l erta di l dik belum terlatih dala l m evaluasi pembelajaran IPA ses l uai den l gan indicator ketrampilan berpikir kreatif dan belum ada evaluasi khusus terhadap kemampuan berpikir kreatif peserta didik, hanya sebatas evaluasi dalam ranah kognitif peserta didik. Guru juga mengatakan dalam wawancara bahwa dalam memberikan mate l ri, g l uru menggunak l an mo l del pengajaran lan l gsung, melakukan d l iskusi, melakukan demons l trasi, dan melakukan latihan yang diganti dengan gambar (Nofita, 2022). Dari uraian tersebut dapat kita lihat bahwa metode l dan mo l del pembelajaran yang diterapkan oleh guru sangat beragam, namun belum memaksimalkan kema l mpuan ber l pikir krea l tif peserta l didi l k.",
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"text": "Berkaitan dengan hal ters l ebut, penel l iti mencoba mene l rapkan m l odel pemb l elajaran ya l ng dap l at menge l mbangkan kema l mpuan ber l pikir kr l atif pesert l a did l ik yang masih lemah. Penulis mencoba mengembangkan kemampuan be l rpikir kre l atif pes l erta di l dik de l ngan menerap l kan sal l ah sa l tu alte l rnatif m l odel pem l belajaran y l aitu mod l el Proj l ect Bas l ed Lea l rning (PjBL), m l elalui",
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"text": "ELEMENTARY : Jurnal Inovasi Pendidikan Dasar Vol 3. No. 4, Oktober 2023 P-ISSN : 2774-8014 E-ISSN : 2774-7034",
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"text": "pemb l uatan wáter filter. Model ini dipilih karena memiliki kelebihan yaitu pes l erta did l ik terlibat l aktif dal l am pr l oyek y l ang membantu memecahkan masalah masyarakat dan lingkungan (Hafida et al., 2020). Peserta didik dilatih untuk menganalisis masalah, melak l ukan eksplo l rasi, meng l umpulkan dan menafsirkan infor l masi, da l n menilai me l ngerjakan proye l k yang l berkaitan den l gan masalah yang l diselidiki.",
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"text": "Menurut penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Fitriyah dan Ramadani, Model pembelajaran Project Based Learning (PjBL) dirancang untuk mengembangkan kemampuan berpikir kreatif peserta didik sehingga dapat tujuan pembelajaran dapat terpenuhi (Fitriyah & Ramadani, 2021). Dengan menerapkan model ini, p l roses berpi l kir k l reatif peser l ta did l ik dap l at dikemban l gkan den l gan memberi mereka tugas proyek berupa pembuatan water filter yang dapat dijadikan sebagai med l ia pemb l elajaran yang l dap l at digu l nakan un l tuk mem l permudah pr l oses pem l belajaran (Suryaningsih & Nisa, 2021). Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pengaruh metode Project Based Learning melalui pembuatan water filter terhadap ketrampilan berpikir kreatif. Berdasarkan latar uraian diatas peneliti tertarik untuk melakukan penelitian dengan judul pengaruh metode Project Based Learning melalui pembuatan water filter terhadap ketrampilan berpikir kreatif",
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"text": "METODE PENELITIAN",
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"text": "Penelitian ini menggunakan jenis field research dengan pendekatan kuantitatif. Metode one group pretest-posttest design dipakai dalam penelitian ini dengan memberikan tes awal (pretest) sebelum diberikan perlakuan, setelah diberikan perlakuan barulah memberikan tes akhir (posttest) (Arikunto, 2019). Penelitian ini dilaksankan di MI UN Miftahul Falah Jati Kudus pada bulan Oktober 2023. Populasi yang dipakai dalam penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas V berjumlah 27. Adapun teknik penentuan sampel dengan sampling jenuh dimana semua anggota populasi dijadikan sampel, sehingga sampel penelitian ini adalah 27 siswa. Adapaun met l ode pen l gumpulan d l ata d l alam pen l elitian in l i ad l alah te l s dan dokum l entasi. Sedangkan aná l lisis da l ta yang l dipakai dal l am pengolahan data ini menggunakan análisis prasayarat meliputi uji l norm l alitas, uj l i l l inearitas, d l an dilanjut u l ji hipó l tesis dengan menggunakan uji regresi linear sederhana dengan berbantuan software análisis SPSS versi 25.",
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"text": "HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN",
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"text": "Hasil",
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"text": "Setel l ah diterap l kan mod l el PjB l L melal l ui pembuat l an water filter , selu l r l uh p l eserta d l idik di kela l s V y l ang b l erjumlah 27 pes l erta didi l k dapat diperoleh Rekapitulasi skor peserta didik secara keseluruhan dapat dilihat pada 1 sebagai berikut :",
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"text": "Gambar 1 Hasil Pembelajaran PjBl",
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"text": "ELEMENTARY : Jurnal Inovasi Pendidikan Dasar Vol 3. No. 4, Oktober 2023 P-ISSN : 2774-8014 E-ISSN : 2774-7034",
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"text": "141",
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"text": "Dari gambar 1 diketahui bahwa nilai persentasi dari semua kelompok terlihat bahwa kriteri merumuskan masalah, menentukan proyek dan menentukan alat dan bahan persentasenya adalah 100% dan untuk merancang percobaan 83%, pembuatan proyek 83% dan kerja sama dalam pembuatan proyek sebesar 72% sedangkan untuk presentasi dan laporan sebesar 89%, dalam hal pembelajaran Project Based Learning dengan enam langkah yang dilakukan dalam pembelajaran terlihat sudah bagus dan peserta didik sangat antusias dalam mengikuti pembelajaran",
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"text": "Gambar 2 Hasil Ketrampilan Berpikir kreatif",
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"text": "Berdasarkan diagram tersebut, nila l i ra l ta-rata pa l da tia l p indi l kator me l miliki kr l iteria peni l laian lebih tinggi, ya l kni pa l da indi l kator flue l ncy (kelan l caran) 79%, flexibil l ity (Kelu l wesan) 71%, origin l ality (Kea l slian) 73% d l an ind l ikator ela l boration (M l erinci) se l besar 56%",
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"text": "Análisis data uji prasyarat digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu uji normalitas",
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"text": "Tabel 1 Hasil Uji Normalitas dengan SPSS Tests of Normality Kelas Kolmogorov-Smirnov a Shapiro-Wilk Statistic df Sig. Statistic df Sig. Nilai Pretest ,194 25 ,016 ,865 25 ,003 Posttest ,191 25 ,019 ,927 25 ,073",
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"text": "a. Lilliefors Significance Correction",
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"text": "Bedasarkan hasil u l ji nor l malitas de l ngan uj l i KolmogrovSminov menunjukkan bahwa has l il signif l ikansi > 0,05. D l engan rinci l an nil l ai sig l pre l test 0,16, dan nilai sig posttest 0,19 Art l inya ni l lai signi l fikansi da l ri data tersebu l t mempunyai nilai sig > 0,05. Dapat diambil kesimpulan bahwa d l ata berdi l stribusi nor l mal. Setela l h da l ta ber l distribusi nor l mal selan l jutnya dilaku l kan u l ji linea l ritas dat l a beri l kut ha l sil uj l i line l aritas da l ta Tabel 2 Hasil Uji Linearitas Data Dengan SPSS",
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"text": "ANOVA Table Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Pretess * Posttes Between Groups (Combined) 29,323 5 5,865 5,038 ,004 Linearity 28,447 1 28,447 24,43 9 ,000 Deviation from Linearity ,876 4 ,219 ,188 ,942 Within Groups 22,117 19 1,164 Total 51,440 24",
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"text": "Berdasarkan hasil uji linearitas dengan program SPSS menunjukan bah l wa dike l tahui nilai sig. Deviation from linearity sebesar 0,942 > 0,05, maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa terdapat hubungan yang linear antara model Model Project Based Learning dengan Ketrampilan Berpikir Kreatif. Setelah uji prasyarat dilakukan maka dilakukan analisis data dengan uji hipotesis menggunkan uji regresi linear sederhana",
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"text": "Tabel 3 Hasil Uji Refresi Linear Sederhana",
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"text": "Coefficients a Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t Sig. B Std. Error Beta 1 (Constant) 17,145 11,725 1,462 ,157 Model Project Based Leaning ,762 ,143 ,744 5,334 ,000",
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"text": "a. Dependent Variable: X",
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"text": "Berdasarkan tabel diatas, dapat dilihat hasil penghitungan koefisien regresi sederhana memperlihatkan nilai koefisien konstanta adalah sebesar 17,145 sedangkan nilai metode Project Based Learning koefisien regresi sebesar 0,762 sehin l gga pers l amaan l regresi di l tulis Ý = 17,145 + 0.762X. Berdasa l rkan pers l amaan di l atas diketa l hui ni l l l ai konst l antanya sebes l ar 17,145 se l cara matema l tis, n l ilai kon l stanta in l i meny l atakan b l ahwa n ll ilai kons l sten var l iabel partisipasi a l dalah se l besar 17,145 dan nilai koefi l sien re l gresi X l sebesar 0,762 meny l atakan bah l wa set l iap pe l nambahan 1% n l ilai model Project Based Learning maka nilai partisipasi bertambah 0,762. Koefisien regresi tersebut bernilai positif sehingga dapat dikatakan bahwa arah pengaruh variabel model Project Based Learning Terhadap Ketrampilan Berpikir kreatif.",
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"text": "K l oefisien korel l asi (r) merupak l an ni l lai yan l g digu l nakan un l tuk meng l ukur der l ajat keera l tan hubu l ngan antar l a dua l variab l el.",
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"text": "Tabel 4 Hasil Uji Koefisien Determinasi",
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"text": "Model Summary Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate 1 ,744 a ,553 ,534 1,000 a. Predictors: (Constant), Y Nilai koefisien determinasi tentang variabel Penggun l aan Mo l del P l roject l Based Le l arning Te l rhadap ketrampilan ber l pikir k l reatif adalah 0,553. H l al ter l sebut mengartikan bahwa variabel penerap l an Mo l del Pr l oject B l ased Lea l rning me l mberikan pe l ngaruh terh l adap ketrampilan berpikir kreatif sebesar 55,3%, sedangkan sisanya sebesar 44,7% dipengaruhi oleh variabel-variabel lain yang tidak diteliti dalam penelitian ini",
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"text": "Pembahasan",
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"text": "Sampai saat ini berpikir kreatif belum banyak mendapat perh l atian da l lam dunia pen l didikan, khu l susnya dalam pem l belajaran di seko l lah yang menitikberatkan pada perolehan penget l ahuan, daya ingat, dan penala l ran, namun den l gan menerapkan mo l del PjBL me l lalui penciptaan wáter filter , siswa ikut serta dalam analisis masalah, melakukan eksplorasi, dan pengumpulan. Informasi, interpretasi, dan evaluasi ketika mengerjakan proyek yang berkaitan dengan masalah yang diteliti. Oleh karena itu, pembelajaran ini memungkinkan siswa mengembangkan kreativitasnya dalam merancang dan membuat proyek yang dapat digunakan untuk memecahkan masalah (Purwandini et al., 2020).",
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"text": "ELEMENTARY : Jurnal Inovasi Pendidikan Dasar Vol 3. No. 4, Oktober 2023 P-ISSN : 2774-8014 E-ISSN : 2774-7034",
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"text": "Copyright (c) 2023 ELEMENTARY: Jurnal Inovasi Pendidikan Dasar",
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"text": "Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa model PjBL melalui konstruksi alat penjernih air berpengaruh terhadap kemampuan berpikir kreatif siswa. Pengaruh model PjBL terjadi melalui penciptaan alat penjernih air karena model PjBL dapat mendorong siswa untuk melatih kemampuan berpikir kreatifnya dengan memberikan tugas proyek yang terstruktur. Setelah dilakukan pelatihan pada kelas eksperimen dan kontrol, hasil post-test yang diperoleh mengalami peningkatan. Berdasarkan data hasil pretest dan p l osttest yang l diper l oleh, rata l -rata l kela l s yaitu 65,54 dan 82,04.",
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"text": "H l al i l ni dis l ebabkan k l arena kema l mpuan s l iswa d l alam me l mahami selu l ruh ko l nsep materi dan berpikir kreatif soal-soal b l elum tereksploitasi secara maksim l al. Kurangnya pemahaman terhadap s l oal-soal l berp l ikir l kreatif juga turut menyebabkan rend l ahnya ni l lai r l ata-ra l ta, meskip l un angka ini masih terus meningkat. Menurut Anisa dkk., aspek komposisi kreatif ada: kelancaran atau kehalusan, kelenturan atau kekenyalan, keunikan atau orisinalitas, elaborasi atau detail (Annisa et al., 2018). Komponen aspek dihitung untuk mengetahui derajat ketercapaian masing- masing indikator. Selain menerapkan model pembelajaran proyek, LKPD pembelajaran proyek juga diterapkan sesuai langkah-langkah model. Berdasarkan hasil persentase skor kreatif pada dimensi berpikir lancar yang diperoleh pada LKPD termasuk dalam kategori sedang.",
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"text": "Sebab, evaluasi tidak hanya dinilai pa l da is l i pelaj l aran saja, tetap l i ju l ga p l ada pro l yek, hasil karya yan l g di l buat untuk membantu peserta didik memahami isi pelajaran dan diperbaiki apabila terdapat kekurangan. Namun, kar l ena sifa l t pr l oyek y l ang kom l pleks d l an memakan wa l ktu, tid l ak semua l sisw l a dap l at segera memperb l aiki isi d l an me l mahami kesimpulannya, dan beberapa siswa tidak dapat mengevaluasi pendapatnya tanpa memperdalam pemahamannya. lakukan itu. Periksa bahan dan bahan inti. Dalam takso l nomi berpi l kir re l visi, ta l hap eva l luasi meru l pakan tahap l tert l inggi. Sebagaimana disampaikan Wow l o Sun l aryo mengen l ai eval l uasi, hendaknya evaluasi fokus terutama pada teori dibandingkan mengikuti pandangan empiris. Menurut Harisuddin, aspek evaluasi adalah m l emberikan alas l an-alasan yan l g rasi l onal dan l d l apat dipert l anggungjawabkan kebe l narannya, serta memberikan pertim l bangan l atau pen l ilaian menur l ut pandan l gannya (Nordin, 2006) Berdas l arkan h l asil post l test pada l k l elas ekspe l rimen, ketercapaian komponen l fluenc l y terti l nggi d l an teren l dah pa l da elabo l rasi. H ll al i l n l i ju ll ga terl l ihat da l ri rat l a-r l ata ha l sil ko l mponen penjaba l ran LKPD PjBL yang menunjukkan hasil lebih rendah dibandingkan komponen lainnya. Sepe l rti y l ang dikemukakan Jam l es, sis l wa cen l derung le l bih kre l atif dal l am me l milih to l pik dan metodo l logi (Egenrieder, 2010). Pada tahap penilaian, tidak semua siswa berhasil membangun seluruh pengetahuan yang diperoleh. Seiring dengan itu, berdasarkan temuan D l idi pa l da asp l ek eva l luasi, ke l las eksperi l men le l bih rend l ah dibandingkan kel l as kont l rol, sehingga proy l ek harus dibe l rikan beb l erapa rangsangan untuk memudahkan prose l s ev l aluasi terha l dap fenomen l a tersebut (Jamaludin, 2013) Namun mode l l pemb l elajaran be l rbasis p l royek pada penelitian ini me l mberikan dam l pak y l ang cukup besar terhada l p berpikir kreatif siswa. Model pembelajaran ini dapat membiasakan siswa dalam berpikir. Artinya, siswa dapat membiasakan diri untuk melatih dan menggali il l mu unt l uk menem l ukan ja l waban deng l an i l de-ide kre l atif dan menciptakan p l roduk di a l khir pembelajaran (Pratama et al., 2023). Nordin menekankan pada proyek dan kreativitas. Dengan kata lain, kegiatan rua l ng sum l ber serin l g kali l melib l atkan sis l wa berpartisipasi dal l am pro l yek mand l iri deng l an tuj l uan utam l a me l ningkatkan pem l ikiran l kreatif d l an pem l ecahan masal l ah (Nordin, 2006). P l embelajaran berbasis l proye l k merup l akan pend l ekatan y l ang te l pat l untuk menilai pemikiran krea l tif da l n i l novatif s l iswa, namun ji l ka sis l wa tida l k ma l mpu b l erpikir kreat l if da l n ino l vatif ma l ka aka l n su l lit melaksan l akan pembelaja l ran berba l sis proy l ek (Sani, 2014) Didukung pene l litian Su l santi, peningkatan kemampuan berpi l kir kr l eatif pada kelas l kontro l l d l an ekspe l rimen menunj l ukkan bahwa l peni l ngkatan ke l mampuan l berpikir k l reatif sis l wa yan l g men l dapat pembelaj l aran ber l basis pr l oyek (eksperimen) sama dengan peningkatan",
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"text": "ke l mampuan berpik l ir kreati l f pa l da kela l s kont l rol. Susanti membandingkannya dan menyimpulkan bahwa keduanya sangat berbeda. Siswa yang mendapat pembelajaran berbasis praktik (kontrol) (Susanti, 2013). Hal ini telah dikonfirmasi dalam penelitian lain, dan berpik l ir kre l atif da l pat dilatih mela l lui stra l tegi pembelajaran. Sa l lah sa l tunya a l dalah pembelaj l aran berbas l is proy l ek,(Fatmawati et al., 2011) l dalam penelitian Satria Mihardi dkk, “ PJBL is a learning model that Students can demonstrate creative thinking to solve a problem. Moreover, the results obtained in this model a work or project as a result of Students creativity ”(Mihardi et al., 2013) Oleh karena itu, pembiasaan berpikir pada tahap awal terhadap permasalahan yang berulang (dalam hal ini penerapan pembelajaran proyek) atau permasalahan yang belum pernah terjadi sebelumnya memberikan peluang untuk menghasilkan ide-ide kreatif dan membiasakan proses berpikir kreatif. Dengan menghadapi tantangan hidup, kita memastikan bahwa belajar menjadi kebiasaan belajar yang bermanfaat bagi kita di masa depan, tidak hanya di sekolah. H l al in l i sesuai denga l n pern l yataan Ju l lie, yai l tu “ Education should focus not only on core skills and knowledge but also on teaching and practicing creative and critical. Thinking skills, because these are the skills that will encourage life-long learning and personal development ”(Forrester, 2008)",
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"text": "Senada dengan pendapat tersebut, Bapak Mohamed Fathulloman juga menyatakan bahw l a pembe l lajaran berb l asis pr l oyek da l pat menin l gkatkan rasa percaya diri, motiv l asi bel l ajar, kreativitas, dan harga diri siswa (Fathurrohman, M.Pd.I., 2015). Walaupun dapat dikatakan kemampuan berpikir kreatif siswa masih belum maksimal, namun respon siswa terhadap penerapan model PjBL melalui penciptaan alat penjernih air telah memperoleh standar yang baik, sehingga model PjBL melalui penciptaan alat penjernih air telah memperoleh standar yang baik. alat pemurni air dapat digunakan sebagai alat pengajaran, dap l at digu l nakan sebag l ai v l ariasi Mo l del pem l belajaran u l ntuk men ll gembangkan kemampuan berpi l kir kre l atif siswa.",
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"text": "Berdasarkan pengamatan peneliti, penerapan model PjBL melalui penciptaan filter air meningkatkan kemampuan berpikir kreatif siswa ketika mempelajari bagian-bagian tumbuhan. S l elain itu, pembelajar l an ber l basis proy l ek juga menum l buhkan tum l buhnya kreativita l s dan l tanggung jaw l ab dal l am meny l elesaikan tuga l s ya l ng dibe l rikan. Mela l lui kegi l atan proyek l siswa, siswa akan dapat mengembangkan kemampuan berpikir kreatif karena akan dibimbing untuk menyelesaikan permasalahan proyek dan siswa akan dapat membuat filter air yang dapat digunakan sebagai media untuk membantu mereka dalam memahami materi.",
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"text": "KESIMPULAN",
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"text": "Berdasarkan hasil pembehasan dapat ditarik kesimpulan bahwa terdapat pen l garuh yang p l ositif dan l sig l nifikan dal l am pen l ggunaan mo l del Pr l oject Ba l sed Le l arning me l lalui pembu l atan wa l ter fil l ter terhad l ap ketr l ampilan be l rpikir kreat l if pe l serta d l idik k l elas 5 M l I NU Miftahul Falah Jati Kudus. Adanya pengaruh model Project Based Learning mempengaruhi ketrampilan berpiki l r krea l tif pese l rta didik dibukti l kan denga l n dengan persamaan regresi Ý = 17,145 + 0.762X. Adanya model l Project Based Learning ini m l emiliki hu l bungan yan l g posit l if dan signif l ikan sebes l ar 0,744 yang l termas l uk dal l am kate l gori k l uat dan d l apat me l mberi kon l tribusi bagi peserta didik dalam meningkatkan ketrampilan berpikir kreatif peserta didik sebesar 55,3%% yang artinya Ha diterima dan Ho ditolak.",
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"text": "DAFTAR PUSTAKA",
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"text": "Annisa, R., Effendi, M. H., & Damris, M. (2018). Peningkatan kemampuan berpikir kreatif siswa dengan menggunakan model Project Based Learning berbasis STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts Dan Mathematic) pada materi asam dan basa di SMAN 11 Kota Jambi. Journal of The Indonesian Society of Integrated Chemistry (On Progress) , 10 (2), 42–46.",
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"text": "ELEMENTARY : Jurnal Inovasi Pendidikan Dasar Vol 3. No. 4, Oktober 2023 P-ISSN : 2774-8014 E-ISSN : 2774-7034",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "Copyright (c) 2023 ELEMENTARY: Jurnal Inovasi Pendidikan Dasar",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
"left": 525,
"top": 795,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "145",
"type": "Page footer"
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"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Purwandini, B. N., Hidayati, A. D., Susanti, S., Afwah, L. N., Saputri, A. E., & Alfarizi, M. (2020). ANALISIS KEMAMPUAN BERPIKIR KREATIF SISWA KELAS VIII SMPN 3 MUNTILAN DALAM MEMECAHKAN SOAL CERITA PADA MATERI POLA BARISAN BILANGAN. ProSANDIKA UNIKAL (Prosiding Seminar Nasional Pendidikan Matematika Universitas Pekalongan) , 1 , 153–162. Qomariyah, D. N., & Subekti, H. (2021). Analisis kemampuan berpikir kreatif. Pensa: E-Jurnal Pendidikan Sains , 9 (2), 242–246.",
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"text": "Sani, R. A. (2014). Pembelajaran saintifik untuk implementasi kurikulum 2013 . Bumi Aksara. Suryaningsih, S., & Nisa, F. A. (2021). Kontribusi STEAM project based learning dalam mengukur keterampilan proses sains dan berpikir kreatif siswa. Jurnal Pendidikan",
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"text": "Oleh: Busran*, Novernus Ayundha Putra** *Dosen Jurusan Teknik Informatika **Mahasiswa Jurusan Teknik Informatika Fakultas Teknologi Industri, Institut Teknologi Padang",
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"text": "Data security is a top priority on a data storage device, using cryptographic techniques as a method of encryption can increase system security files are confidential, data security techniques can make use of the RSA algorithm the algorithm which makes use of two keys on the encoding process and its return to the pure message back. By making use of the RSA algorithm as the algorithm to encode the data, then the algorithm can be applied with designing a software using the java programming language.",
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"text": "teknologi komputer sebagai salah satu media penyimpanan dan komunikasi menjadi suatu kebutuhan yang tidak dapat dipisahkan lagi disetiap kegiatan, baik dalam bidang pendidikan, dunia kerja ataupun pada bidang lainnya. Berbagai informasi yang diperoleh akan dimanfaatkan dan didistribusikan untuk berbagai kepentingan. Namun dengan perkembangan tersebut terdapat permasalahan yang perlu diperhatikan. Penggunaan teknologi sebagai media penyimpanan dan komunikasi secara luas memungkinkan pihak-pihak yang tidak memiliki kepentingan memanfaatkannya sehingga membahayakan integritas dari informasi tersebut. Oleh karena itu, dibutuhkan suatu mekanisme yang dapat mengamankan informasi tersebut dari pihak yang tidak memiliki kepentingan. Salah satu algoritma yang memanfaatkan kriptografi sebagai sistem keamanan adalah algoritma RSA (Ron Rivest, S hamir, dan Leonard A dleman).",
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"text": "RSA merupakan suatu algoritma yang populer digunakan karena kesederhanaan, serta memiliki kecepatan proses yang tidak kalah cepat dibandingkan dengan algoritma kriptografi lainnya. Secara umum algoritma RSA banyak digunakan pada proses penyandian yang bersifat software aplikasi web, contohnya adalah penggunaan algoritma RSA pada proses penyandian informasi yang bersifat rahasia secara online , sedangkan salah satu kelemahan sistem penyandian yang bersifat online adalah pengguna diharuskan terkoneksi dengan jaringan internet setiap ingin melakukan proses enkripsi dan dekripsi informasi rahasia. Maka sebagai solusi dari kelemahan diatas adalah dengan membangun software aplikasi kriptografi berbasis desktop yang dapat dijalankan tanpa harus terkoneksi ke jaringan internet.",
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"page_height": 792,
"text": "Dibangun",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 330,
"top": 383,
"width": 103,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "3.6.4 Proses Deskripsi",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 330,
"top": 396,
"width": 214,
"height": 48,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "Pada proses dekripsi ada beberapa tahapan yang harus dilalui pengguna sebelum mendapatkan hasil file yang telah didekripsi, berikut flowchart yang harus dilalui,",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"top": 638,
"width": 199,
"height": 48,
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"text": "Gambar 8 Flowchart Proses Dekripsi File dengan algoritma RSA dan Flowchart Tahapan Dekripsi pada Aplikasi yang Dibangun",
"type": "Text"
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"top": 38,
"width": 108,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 4,
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"page_height": 792,
"text": "Vol. 2 No. 1 April 2014",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 281,
"top": 38,
"width": 79,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "Jurnal TEKNOIF",
"type": "Page header"
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{
"left": 459,
"top": 38,
"width": 80,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "ISSN : 2338-2724",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 308,
"top": 712,
"width": 14,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "10",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 74,
"width": 15,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 612,
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"text": "2.3",
"type": "Table"
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{
"left": 121,
"top": 75,
"width": 92,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 612,
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"text": "Tahapan Penelitian",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 116,
"top": 277,
"width": 152,
"height": 10,
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"text": "Gambar 9 Flowchart Penelitian",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 302,
"width": 137,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 4,
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"text": "3. Pembahasan dan Analisa",
"type": "Table"
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{
"left": 121,
"top": 315,
"width": 178,
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"page_width": 612,
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"text": "Sebelum melakukan perancangan,",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"top": 328,
"width": 214,
"height": 23,
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"page_width": 612,
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"text": "maka perlu mempersiapkan tools sebagai pembantu dalam perancangan dan",
"type": "Table"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 353,
"width": 214,
"height": 99,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "pembangunan sistem, diantaranya adalah dengan menggunakan sistem operasi berbasis Open Source yaitu Linux Ubuntu 12.04. Dalam tahapan berikut akan dijelaskan tahapan proses instalasi tools sebagai penunjang pembangun program, rancangan tampilan, serta lankah- langkah menjalankan aplikasi hasil perancangan sebagai proses pengujian program.",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"text": "3.1 Proses Pembangunan Perangkat Lunak",
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{
"left": 108,
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"text": "Kriptografi RSA",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 493,
"width": 156,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 612,
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"text": "3.1.1 Halaman Utama Aplikasi",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 505,
"width": 214,
"height": 136,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 612,
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"text": "Aplikasi Sistem Kriptografi yang berbasiskan pemrograman berorientasi objek ini dibangun dengan tujuan untuk dapat melakukan proses penyandian terhadap data file yang bersifat rahasia sebelum data tersebut dipublikasi. Sistem yang dibangun ini bersifat umum dan terbuka, yang berarti pengguna program ini bebas menggunakannya selama program yang akan dibangun ini terinstal pada perangkat yang digunakan dan dapat digunakan oleh siapa saja.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 644,
"width": 214,
"height": 61,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "Pada aplikasi kriptografi yang dibangun ini terdiri dari beberapa Form yang berfungsi untuk menampilkan file yang akan di enkripsi, dekripsi, serta tampilan proses untuk mendapatkan private dan public key. Berikut",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 330,
"top": 73,
"width": 214,
"height": 23,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 612,
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"text": "adalah tampilan dari Halaman Utama aplikasi kriptografi yang dibangun,",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 344,
"top": 196,
"width": 183,
"height": 10,
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"text": "Gambar 10 Tampilan Halaman Utama",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 330,
"top": 209,
"width": 214,
"height": 97,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 612,
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"text": "Dari tampilan Halaman Utama diatas, dapat dilihat bahwa program ini pada dasarnya dibangun dengan menggunakan beberapa komponen sehingga dapat menampilkan jendela program seperti diatas, pembangunan jendela utama program diatas menggunakan komponen script program diantaranya, public void run() {",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"top": 308,
"width": 136,
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"text": "FrmUtama frm =",
"type": "Table"
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{
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"top": 308,
"width": 217,
"height": 35,
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"text": "new FrmUtama(); frm.setVisible(true);",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 330,
"top": 345,
"width": 13,
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"text": "}",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 330,
"top": 360,
"width": 214,
"height": 237,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 612,
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"text": "Pada method diatas dapat dilihat bahwa perintah untuk menampilkan form utama pada aplikasi adalah dengan menciptakan sebuah variabel FrmUtama, perintah untuk menampilkan form utama tersebut adalah dengan mengatur visible dari form tersebut menjadi true. Untuk mengatur properties dari halaman tersebut dapat dilihat pada lampiran dengan method FrmUtama. Pada pengaturan properties halaman utama aplikasi dapat diatur ukuran halaman yang akan terbuka diatur defaultnya pada posisi minimum 800x700 dan pada posisi maksimum halaman 1024x786 dengan title RSA Cryptograph v0.1. untuk menampilkan aplikasi dengan icon yang telah ditentukan adalah dengan meload resource variabel appIcon pada perintah ImageIcon dan menuju folder tempat icon disimpan yaitu pada folder /res/images/icon.png.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 330,
"top": 613,
"width": 210,
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"text": "3.1.1.1 Komponen Halaman Utama Aplikasi",
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{
"left": 330,
"top": 625,
"width": 214,
"height": 73,
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"text": "Form ini merupakan halaman utama untuk mengakses aplikasi sistem kriptografi. Pada halaman ini terdapat pilihan untuk mengakses item menu selanjutnya. Menu merupakan daftar perintah-perintah atau kumpulan baris perintah suatu perangkat lunak",
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"width": 108,
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"page_number": 5,
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"page_height": 792,
"text": "Vol. 2 No. 1 April 2014",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 281,
"top": 38,
"width": 79,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "Jurnal TEKNOIF",
"type": "Page header"
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{
"left": 459,
"top": 38,
"width": 80,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "ISSN : 2338-2724",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 308,
"top": 712,
"width": 14,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "11",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 73,
"width": 214,
"height": 137,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "(program) yang apabila di eksekusi akan menjalankan suatu tugas tertentu, apabila di klik akan muncul beberapa perintah untuk masuk ke form yang dibutuhkan pengguna. Selain menu-menu, form ini juga terdiri dari toolbar yang bisa digunakan oleh pengguna selain menggunakan menu-menu yang disediakan, icon dari toolbar yang disediakan dapat mewakili dari proses yang dijalankan ketika pengguna menggukan tombol tersebut sebagai permintaan kepada sistem.",
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{
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"top": 265,
"width": 170,
"height": 22,
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"text": "Gambar 11 Komponen Pembangun Halaman Utama",
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},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 290,
"width": 214,
"height": 22,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "Berikut komponen pembangun halaman utama pada script aplikasi",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 323,
"width": 217,
"height": 23,
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"page_width": 612,
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"text": "// komponen halaman utama appIcon = new",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 348,
"width": 205,
"height": 36,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 612,
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"text": "ImageIcon(FrmUtama.class.getRes ource(\"/res/images/icon.png\")); setTitle(\"RSA",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 224,
"top": 373,
"width": 79,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 612,
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"text": "Cryptograph",
"type": "Table"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 385,
"width": 53,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 612,
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"text": "v0.1\");",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"top": 400,
"width": 214,
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"text": "Pada komponen form utama, icon diatur pada appIcon dengan mengatur tujuan pembukaan image",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 220,
"top": 425,
"width": 79,
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"text": "pada folder",
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},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 438,
"width": 214,
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"page_width": 612,
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"text": "/res/images/icon.png serta pengaturan title halaman adalah dengan mengaturnya menjadi RSA Cryptograph v0.1",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"top": 474,
"width": 125,
"height": 11,
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"text": "// komponen menubar",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"top": 486,
"width": 217,
"height": 11,
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"text": "JMenuBar menuBar = new",
"type": "Table"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 498,
"width": 73,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 612,
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"text": "JMenuBar();",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"width": 145,
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"text": "setJMenuBar(menuBar);",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 526,
"width": 214,
"height": 60,
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"page_width": 612,
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"text": "Komponen pembangun halaman utama lainnya adalah dengan menambahkan komponen menu yang diatur dengan perintah new JMenuBar, dan mengatur Jmenubar menjadi komponen menubar.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 587,
"width": 218,
"height": 61,
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"page_width": 612,
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"text": "// komponen toolbar toolbar = new RSAToolbar(); toolbar.btEncFile.addActionList ener(new ActionListener() { public void",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 649,
"width": 185,
"height": 23,
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"text": "actionPerformed(ActionEvent evt) {",
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 674,
"width": 205,
"height": 11,
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"text": "btEncFileActionPerformed(evt);",
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{
"left": 330,
"top": 73,
"width": 214,
"height": 74,
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"page_width": 612,
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"text": "Komponen selanjutnya adalah komponen toolbar yang berfungsi sebagai tombol cepat untuk melakukan proses yang diinginkan oleh pengguna, tombol–tombol ini diatur dengan method sendiri dengan nama method RSAToolbar.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 330,
"top": 147,
"width": 205,
"height": 23,
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"page_width": 612,
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"text": "// komponen workarea JPanel workarea = new JPanel();",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 330,
"top": 172,
"width": 217,
"height": 48,
"page_number": 5,
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"text": "desktopPane = new JDesktopPane(); desktopPane.setAutoscrolls(true );",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 330,
"top": 222,
"width": 218,
"height": 23,
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"text": "GroupLayout gl_workarea = new GroupLayout(workarea);",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 330,
"top": 249,
"width": 217,
"height": 110,
"page_number": 5,
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"text": "Workarea adalah komponen penting yang menyediahan halaman untuk melakukan proses yang dilakukan oleh sistem, workarea dibangun dengan menggunakan komponen JPanel yang diberi nama variabel JPanel workarea dengan settingan desktopPane Autoscrol menjadi true. // komponen statusbar JPanel statusbar = new",
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"top": 360,
"width": 205,
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"text": "JPanel(); statusbar.setBorder(new EtchedBorder(EtchedBorder. RAISE D , null, null));",
"type": "Text"
},
{
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"top": 412,
"width": 214,
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"text": "Statusbar adalah komponen selanjutnya yang membantu pengguna dalam menjalankan aplikasi. Untuk mengatur statusbar diperlukan sebuah panel yang diambil dari JPanel yang tersedia.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "3.1.1.2 Key Generator",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 330,
"top": 501,
"width": 214,
"height": 187,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 612,
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"text": "Form Key Generator merupakan fasilitas untuk melakukan proses enkripsi sebuah file. Key generator berfungsi melakukan proses pembuatan file kunci sebagai kunci pengunci sebuah file dan sebagai kunci pembuka dari sebuah file yang terkunci. Konsep dari algoritma RSA menjelaskan bawa algoritma RSA merupakan algoritma dengan tipe asimetris, maksudnya adalah algoritma ini memiliki dua buah kunci yang digunakan untuk mengunci dan yang digunakan untuk membuka. Dari konsep itulah penulis mencoba mempresentasikannya dalam sebuah form Key Generator. Dibawah ini merupakan interface pembuatan kunci publik dan kunci pribadi",
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"text": "Vol. 2 No. 1 April 2014",
"type": "Page header"
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{
"left": 281,
"top": 38,
"width": 79,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "Jurnal TEKNOIF",
"type": "Page header"
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{
"left": 459,
"top": 38,
"width": 80,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "ISSN : 2338-2724",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 308,
"top": 712,
"width": 14,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "12",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 73,
"width": 214,
"height": 23,
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"text": "dengan kontem tambahan berupa panjang kunci yang akan di generate.",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"top": 208,
"width": 201,
"height": 10,
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"text": "Gambar 12 Tampilan form Key Generator",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 220,
"width": 214,
"height": 196,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 612,
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"text": "Dari tampilan diatas, berikut adalah algoritma membuatan kuncinya, public static BigInteger[] getTwoRandomPrimeBI(Random random, int bitLength) { BigInteger[] hasil = { new BigInteger(\"0\"), new BigInteger(\"0\") }; while ( hasil[0].equals(hasil[1]) ) { hasil[0] = getRandomPrimeBI(random, bitLength); hasil[1] = getRandomPrimeBI(random, bitLength);",
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"top": 405,
"width": 214,
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"text": "} return hasil; } 1. Dapatkan dua bilangan prima random direpresentasikan dengan p dan q sepanjang bit pilihan (berdasarkan pilihan pada form generate key)",
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"top": 494,
"width": 196,
"height": 26,
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"text": " hasil[0] = getRandomPrimeBI (random, bitLength);",
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{
"left": 103,
"top": 520,
"width": 196,
"height": 26,
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"text": " hasil[1] = getRandomPrimeBI (random, bitLength);",
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 546,
"width": 205,
"height": 99,
"page_number": 6,
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"text": "public static BigInteger getProduct(BigInteger[] twoPrime) { BigInteger hasil = twoPrime[0].multiply(twoPrime[1 ]); return hasil; }",
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"text": "2. Dapatkan product n , dimana product adalah hasil kali p dan q,",
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{
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"top": 672,
"width": 196,
"height": 13,
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"text": " BigInteger hasil =",
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{
"left": 121,
"top": 688,
"width": 162,
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"text": "twoPrime[0].multiply(twoPrime[1]);",
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{
"left": 330,
"top": 71,
"width": 211,
"height": 61,
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"text": "public static BigInteger getPhi(BigInteger[] twoPrime) { BigInteger pMin1 = twoPrime[0].subtract(BigInteger .ONE);",
"type": "Text"
},
{
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"top": 133,
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"text": "BigInteger qMin1 = twoPrime[1].subtract(BigInteger .ONE);",
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"text": "BigInteger hasil =",
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"text": "pMin1.multiply(qMin1);",
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"text": "return hasil;",
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"text": "3. Dapatkan phi,",
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"text": " phi = (p-1).(q-1), BigInteger hasil = pMin1.multiply(qMin1);",
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"text": "4. Dapatkan public key random yang relatif prima dengan phi",
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"text": " pubKey = BigInteger. probablePrime (bitLength,",
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"text": "random);",
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"text": "5. Dapatkan privat key d = 1 + k (phi) / e BigInteger hasil = pubKey.modInverse(phi);",
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"text": "3.1.1.3 Proses Enkripsi File",
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"text": "Proses enkripsi adalah suatu proses yang dilakukan setelah dilakukannya proses pembuatan kunci. Proses ini meliputi proses pembukaan file berformat *.txt, selanjutnya adalah proses pembukaan kunci publik, dan dilanjutkan dengan proses pengenkripsian isi file.",
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"text": "Setelah file berhasil dienkripsi dengan menggunakan kunci publik, maka aplikasi akan menhasilkan sebuah file baru dengan format *.chipertext.",
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"text": "maka dapat diaplikasikan pada listing program sebagai berikut.",
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"text": "public static BigInteger encrypt(BigInteger ascii,",
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"text": "BigInteger product, BigInteger pubKey ) { BigInteger hasil = ascii.modPow(pubKey, product); return hasil;",
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"text": "}",
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"top": 644,
"width": 214,
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"text": "Dari fungsi diatas, dapat dijabarkan bahwa proses enkripsi RSA menggunakan rumus c i = m 1 e mod n",
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"text": "Vol. 2 No. 1 April 2014",
"type": "Page header"
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"text": "Jurnal TEKNOIF",
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"width": 80,
"height": 10,
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"page_height": 792,
"text": "ISSN : 2338-2724",
"type": "Page header"
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"width": 14,
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"page_width": 612,
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"text": "13",
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{
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"width": 214,
"height": 36,
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"text": "Kunci public didapatkan dengan memanfaatkan fungsi generate key sebelum dilakukannya proses enkripsi.",
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"text": "3.1.1.4 Proses Dekripsi File",
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"text": "Dekripsi adalah proses konversi informasi yang telah disandikan sebelumnya menjadi sebuah informasi asli dan utuh secara konsisten sehingga informasi tersebut dapat dipahami oleh pengguna dan dapat dimanfaatkan untuk keperluan lainnya. Pada proses dekripsi, ada beberapa persyaratan yang hasus dipenuhi oleh pengguna, diantaranya adalah, file yang akan didekripsi harus merupakan file dengan format *.chipertext. Dimana file dengan format ini adalah file yang akan didekripsi. Selanjutnya pengguna juga harus memiliki kunci privat yang akan digunakan oleh saplikasi sebagai kunci untuk membuka file tersebut sehingga informasi dapat dibaca oleh pengguna.",
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"text": "Setelah persyaratan tesebut dipenuhi, maka barulah pengguna baru dapat melakukan proses dekripsi dengan memanfaatkan aplikasi ini untuk dapat menghasilkan sebuah file dengan format *.txt.",
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"text": "Berikut adalah potongan fungsi dari proses dekripsi pesan dengan menggunakan rumus dekripsi menggunakan algoritma RSA yang dibangun",
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"text": "public static BigInteger decrypt(BigInteger ascii, BigInteger product, BigInteger privKey ) { BigInteger hasil =",
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{
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"width": 205,
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"text": "ascii.modPow(privKey, product); return hasil; }",
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"top": 540,
"width": 214,
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"text": "Dari fungsi diatas, dapat dijabarkan bahwa proses dekripsi RSA menggunakan rumus m i = c 1 d mod n Dapat dijabarkan kedalam source program dengan menggunakan method decrypt yang mana menggunakan tipe data BigInteger pada variabel ascii, product dan privkey. Untuk mendapatkan fingsi decrypt adalah dengan mengkonversikan bilangan ascci decimal kedalam bentuk karakter setelah dilakukan proses pemotongan perdigit chipertext lalu dipangkatkan dengan kunci privat dan di cari",
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"width": 211,
"height": 23,
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"text": "sisa hasil baginya dengan n atau product sehingga didapat bilangan ascii .",
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"text": "Kunci privat didapatkan dengan memanfaatkan fungsi generate key sebelum dilakukannya proses dekripsi. 3.2 Analisa Sistem Aplikasi RSA Kriptografi Berikut merupakan tabel hasil pengujian file dengan variabel yang telah ditentukan berikut grafik serta hasil analisa dari pengujian aplikasi berdasarkan variabel yang telah ditentukan diatas yang menyatakan bahwa berdasarkan variabel pengujian dapat diambil kesimpulan :",
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"text": "Lampiran 1 Lampiran 2",
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"text": "Dari tabel diatas, maka dapat dilakukan analisa dengan memanfaatkan variabel yang telah ditentukan. Berikut tampilan grafik dari proses analisa sistem.",
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"text": "Gambar 13 Grafik Master hasil pengujian Sistem (kunci 512-bit)",
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"text": "Gambar 14 Grafik Master hasil pengujian Sistem (kunci 1024-bit)",
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"text": "A. Ukuran File dan Waktu Proses Setelah dilakukan pengujian file dengan menguji sistem dengan file terkecil",
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"text": "Vol. 2 No. 1 April 2014",
"type": "Page header"
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{
"left": 281,
"top": 38,
"width": 79,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 8,
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"text": "Jurnal TEKNOIF",
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"width": 80,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 8,
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"page_height": 792,
"text": "ISSN : 2338-2724",
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{
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"width": 14,
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"text": "14",
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{
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"width": 214,
"height": 48,
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"text": "berukuran 25 kb dapat dilihat pada saat membuka file 1kb.txt sistem berlansung cepat dengan hanya memakan waktu 00:00:17 dan 00:06:32 untuk proses enkripsi.",
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"text": "Dilanjutkan dengan file-file yang semakin besar dan diakhiri dengan file 500kb.txt yang merupakan file dengan ukuran terbesar berukuran 500 kb. Pada grafik menunjukkan file 500kb.txt memakan waktu 00:01:58 untuk melakukan proses pembukaan file dan 02:01:35 untuk proses enkripsi file.",
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"text": "Dengan demikian dapat disimpulkan bahwa ukuran file merupakan variabel yang sangat mempengaruhi lama waktu dari proses pembukaan file dan enkripsi file pada aplikasi yang telah dibangun.",
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"text": "Gambar 15 Grafik perbandingan lama proses Open File dan Encypt File antar sistem operasi berdasarkan ukuran file pada perangkat 1 (Kunci 512 & 1024-bit).",
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"text": "B.2 Variabel Perangkat 2 berdasarkan sistem Operasi",
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"text": "Berdasarkan variabel Perangkat 2 dengan sistem operasi Windows 7 64bit, lama waktu yang dibutuhkan untuk membuka file 25kb.txt adalah 00:00:12, dan untuk proses enkripsi membutuhkan waktu 00:05:22. Jika dibandingkan dengan Perangkat 2 dengan sistem operasi Linux Ubuntu 12.04 64bit waktu yang dibutuhkan untuk membuka file 25kb.txt adalah 00:00:11 serta 00:03:23 untuk melakukan proses enkripsi file.",
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"text": "Dilanjutkan dengan file-file yang berukuran lebih besar dapat dilihat pada grafik bahwa waktu yang dibutuhkan juga semakin besar dengan rentang waktu variabel perangkat",
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"text": "2 berdasarkan sistem operasi tidak cukup berbeda.",
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"text": "Dari pengujian antar sistem tersebut dapat dilihat pada grafik bahwa sistem operasi mempengaruhi lama proses yang dibutuhkan untuk melakukan proses membuka file dan enkripsi file dengan perbandingan bahwa sistem operasi Windows 7 Ultimate 64bit lebih membutuhkan waktu cukup lama dengan rengtang waktu tidak jauh berbeda dibandingkan dengan Linux Ubuntu 12.04 LTS 64bit pada perangkat 2.",
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"text": "Gambar 16 Grafik perbandingan lama proses Open File dan Encrypt File berdasarkan ukuran File pada perangkat 2 (Kunci 512 & 1024-bit).",
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"text": "Dari pengujian antar perangkat berdasarkan waktu proses dapat diketahui bahwa perangkat yang digunakan pada saat menguji sistem juga pempengaruhi lama waktu proses pembukaan file dan proses enkripsi file dikarenakan spesifikasi hardware dan sistem operasi yang digunakan berbeda. Ini mengindikasikan bahwa kecepatan dari masing-masing komponen perangkat memiliki andil dalam proses Open file dan Encrypt File.",
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"text": "Dapat dilihat pada grafik perbandingan antara perangkat 1 dengan perangkat 2 dengan sistem operasi yang sama namun dengan spesifikasi perangkat yang sangat berbeda membutuhkan waktu proses yang berbeda pula untuk melakukan pembukaan file serta encrypt file. Berikut grafik perbandingan antar perangkat dengan sistem operasi yang sama.",
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"text": "Vol. 2 No. 1 April 2014",
"type": "Page header"
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"width": 79,
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"text": "Jurnal TEKNOIF",
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"width": 80,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "ISSN : 2338-2724",
"type": "Page header"
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{
"left": 308,
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"width": 14,
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"page_width": 612,
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"text": "15",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
"left": 85,
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"width": 214,
"height": 112,
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"text": "Dari hasil analisa diatas, dapat disimpulkan bahwa lama waktu proses pengolahan sebuah informasi menjadi sebuah sandi dengan mengaplikasikan algoritma RSA berbasis pemrograman java sangat dipengaruhi oleh ukuran file yang akan diolah, namun aspek dari spesifikasi hardware dan sistem operasi juga memiliki pengaruh walaupun tidak sebesar ukuran file.",
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"text": "4. Penutup",
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"text": "4.1 Kesimpulan",
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"text": "Berdasarkan pembahasan yang dilakukan dalam penelitian, maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa dengan menggunakan algoritma RSA berbasis java sebagai algoritma untuk menyandikan data file, dapat membantu pengguna mengamankan data file yang bersifat rahasia untuk dapat disimpan pada media penyimpanan online ataupun tidak, dikarenakan algoritma RSA adalah algoritma yang sangat sulit untuk ditembus sistem keamanannya. Dengan memanfaatkan panjang bit pada perancangan aplikasi yang dapat didukung dengan sistem komputasi perangkat yang lebih baik, maka semakin dapat memaksimalkan algoritma RSA tersebut dalam menyandikan data yang bersifat rahasia.",
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"text": "4.2 Saran",
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"top": 440,
"width": 216,
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"text": "Berdasarkan pengamatan yang dilakukan, maka diharapkan kepada pembaca untuk lebih memahami konsep dari pemrograman dengan mengaplikasikan bahasa pemrograman java. Dengan memahami pemrograman java, maka",
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"text": "diharapkan dapat mempersingkat algoritma dari proses enkripsi, dekripsi, dan generate key pada proses penyandian informasi dengan menggunakan algoritma RSA dengan hasil komputasi yang lebih ringan sehingga dapat mempermudah proses kinerja processor sebagai mesin pengolah. Selain proses pembangunan aplikasi, diharapkan juga aplikasi dapat dijalannkan dengan perangkat yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan perangkat yang digunakan untuk membangun aplikasi ini, dikarenakan proses komputasi akan memakan waktu yang cukup lama jika menggunakan data dengan ukuran yang cukup besar.",
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"text": "5. Daftar Pustaka",
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"text": "Ariyus, Dony (2008). Pengantar Ilmu Kriptografi, Teori, Analisa, dan",
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"text": "Setiap usaha yang akan dijalankan membutuhkan metode kepemimpinan yang sesuai agar dapat menciptakan suasana serta mencapai tujuan perusahaan yang telah ditetapkan diawal. Metode kepemimpinan Transformasional dirasa sesuai dengan tujuan yang dimiliki oleh Usaha Keripik Ubi “UCOK” ini, karena metode ini dapat memberikan perubahan peningkatan organisasi yang terarah dengan tetap memberdayakan anggotanya dalam melaksanakan fungsi kepemimpinan tersebut. Metode penelitian yang digunakan yaitu metode kualitatif deskriptif dengan melalui kajian pustaka. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini ialah menggunakan Studi Literatur. Gaya kepemimpinan transformasional merupakan salah satu gaya kepemimpinan yang dinilai efektif dalam suatu bisnis maupun usaha. Hal ini dikarenakan gaya kepemimpinan transformasional dapat meningkatkan motivasi karyawan untuk dapat bekerja lebih baik lagi dengan meningkatkan keyakinan dari para karyawan. Kepemimpinan transformasional merupakan salah satu pola kepemimpinan y ang cocok dan efektif diterapkan dalam usaha kripik Ubi “UCOK”. Hal ini dikarenakan, pola kepemimpinan transformasional dapat membawa perubahan positif serta memberikan inovasi pada sebuah usaha tersebut. Hal ini telah sesuai dengan tujuan dari Keripik Ubi “UCOK” yakni dapat terus memberikan suatu hal terbaik untuk pelanggan dan karyawan yang ada didalamnya, serta terus mengupayakan adanya inovasi produk maupun sistematika penjualan pada usaha ini. Dengan adanya pola kepemimpinan ini dapat meningkatkan motivasi kepada para karyawan untuk dapat bekerja lebih baik lagi dengan meningkatkan nilai-nilai dan juga keyakinan yang mereka miliki. Seorang pemimpin",
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"text": "Every business that will be run requires appropriate leadership methods in order to create an atmosphere and achieve company goals that have been set at the beginning. The transformational leadership method is considered in accordance with the goals of the \"UCOK\" Ubi Chips Business, because this method can provide targeted organizational improvement changes while empowering its members in carrying out these leadership functions. The research method used is a descriptive qualitative method through literature review. The data collection technique used in this study is using a Literature Study Transformational leadership style is one of the leadership styles that is considered effective in a business or business. This is because transformational leadership styles can increase employee motivation to work better by increasing the confidence of employees. Transformational leadership is one of the leadership patterns that is suitable and effectively applied in the Ubi \"UCOK\" chip business. This is because, transformational leadership patterns can bring positive changes and provide innovation in a business. This is in accordance with the purpose of Sweet Potato Chips \"UCOK\", which is to continue to provide the best for customers and employees in it, and continue to strive for product innovation and sales systematics in this business. With this leadership pattern, it can increase motivation for employees to be able to work better by increasing their values and beliefs. A leader with this leadership style can also influence his employees to be able to work beyond what is expected of them, and can build trust and respect among them. This leadership pattern is also believed to be very effective in terms of motivating employees to be able to behave according to their wishes. In addition, transformational leadership is also very suitable for businesses that have flexible structures and are also open to change.",
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"text": "Kewirausaahan memiliki peranan penting dalam tatanan hidup masyarakat. Kewirausahaan menurut itu sendiri memiliki andil yang cukup besar dalam tatanan pola hidup masyarakat di Indonesia. Menurut Widodo et al (2022) Kewirausahaan adalah suatu upaya yang dilakukan oleh individu dengan memanfaatkan ide kreatif serta strategi untuk dapat menciptakan sebuah lapangan pekerjaan melalui usaha guna memperbaiki kualitas hidup yang lebih baik lagi. Keripik ubi merupakan salah satu produk makanan ringan yang banyak digemari oleh konsumen. Dengan adanya usaha keripik ubi ini, dapata memberikan suatu kontribusi yang signifikan terhadap penciptaan pendapatan penduduk dan menciptakan lapangan pekerjaan melalui sebuah usaha dengan skala mikro. Tentunya usaha keripik ubi ini membutuhkan pemahaman yang mendalam tentang usaha ini termasuk didalamnya proses produksi, kualitas bahan baku, bahkan tren pasar terhadap produk tersebut. Hal ini tidak pernah lepas dari Sumber Daya Manusia yang baik. Dengan adanya Sumber Daya Manusia yang mumpuni dan pastinya terstruktur membuat usaha keripik ubi ini nantinya dapat berjalan dengan sukses.",
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"text": "anggotanya. Maulana (2021) menyebutkan bahwa seorang pemimpin lahir karena terdapat suatu kebutuhan dalam suatu institusi maupun sebuah organisasi tertentu. Seorang pemimpin pastinya mengharapkan bahwa organisasi maupun institusi yang dia pimpin dapat memiliki perubahan menuju kebaikan sesuai dengan tujuan dan visi misi yang telah didiskusikan sebelumnya. Menurut Nurhalim (2023), kepemimpinan merupakan sebuah hubungan yang saling mempengaruhi di antara pemimpin dan juga anggota yang menginginkan sebuah perubahan nyata yang dapat mencerminkan tujuan bersama. Maulana (2021), juga mengatakan bahwa kepemimpinan merupakan suatu aspek dinamis yang berasal dari pemimpin, suatu aspek dinamis tersebut berupa tindakan maupun perilaku yang ditampilkan dalam melakukan serangkaian manajemen dan arahan untuk dapat mencapai tujuan yang diinginkan. Dengan adanya hal tersebut, pastinya setiap usaha yang akan dijalankan membutuhkan metode kepemimpinan yang sesuai agar dapat menciptakan suasana serta mencapai tujuan perusahaan yang telah ditetapkan diawal. Metode kepemimpinan Transformasional dirasa sesuai dengan tujuan yang dimiliki oleh Usaha Keripik U bi “UCOK” ini, karena metode ini dapat memberikan perubahan peningkatan organisasi yang terarah dengan tetap memberdayakan anggotanya dalam melaksanakan fungsi kepemimpinan tersebut.",
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"text": "Kepemimpinan transformasional menurut Muhammad (2023), merupakan sebuah gaya dari seorang pemimpin yang dapat memotivasi bawahannya untuk dapat bekerja demi tercapainya sasaran organisasi serta memuaskan kebutuhan mereka pada tingkat yang lebih tinggi lagi. Gaya kepemimpinan tranformasional ini juga nantinya dapat mempengaruhi kinerja karyawan karena hal ini nantinya dapat mempengaruhi karisma, inspirasional. Serta perhatian dari setiap individual dan memberikan stimulus intelektual kepada para karyawannya agar lebih nyaman dan memiliki motivasi tanpa merasakan tekanan, sehingga nantinya karyawan dapat mencapai kinerja yang diinginkan oleh pemimpin dan mencapai tujuan yang telah direncanakan sebelumnya.",
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"text": "Menurut Bass (dalam buku Monograf, Kepemimpinan Transformasional Motivasi Kerja dan Kinerja Karyawan 2023), mengatakan bahwa kepemimpinan transformasional merupakan sebuah gaya kepemimpinan yang memperluas serta meningkatkan kepentingan pegawai, dan menghasilkan kesadaraan dan penerimaan terhadap tujuan dan misi dari organisasi, serta mendorong pegawai untuk dapat melihat dan melampaui dirinya sendiri demi kebaikan dari organisasi. Selain itu, Basirun (2022), juga menjelaskan bahwa kepemimpinan transformasional merupakan salah satu proses kepemimpinan yang membawa perubahan melalui visi yang jelas, menggunakan perlibatan dari anggota dalam setiap aktivitas yang dilakukan, serta dapat memberikan kharismatik sebagai daya perekat",
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"text": "antara anggota dan juga pimpinan.",
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"text": "Iqbal (2021), mengatakan bahwa metode kepemimpinan transformasional dapat diartikan sebagai metode kepemimpinan di mana para pemimpinnya menggunakan karisma mereka untuk dapat mengubah serta meregenerasi organisasi mereka. Pemimpin transformasional merupakan pemimpin karismatik yang mempunyai peranan sentral dan juga strategis dalam memimpin organisasi untuk dapat mencapai tujuannya. Pemimpin transformasional juga harus mampu untuk dmenyelaraskan visi dan tujuan masa depan organisasi mereka dengan visi dari para anggotanya, serta dapat meningkatkan kebutuhan para pengikutnya ke tingkat yang lebih tinggi dari yang mereka butuhkan.",
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"text": "Selain itu, Sinaga (2021) juga mengatakan bahwa kepemimpinan transformasional merupakan metode kepemimpinan yang harus mampu dalam mentransformasikan secara optimal tentang berbagai macam sumber daya yang dimiliki dalam sebuah organisasi dalam mencapai tujuannya serta target yang telah ditentukan. Sumber daya tersebut dapat berupa sumber daya manusia, fasilitas, finansial, serta faktor-faktor eksternal dalam sebuah organisasi. Aini (2021), juga menuturkan bahwa kepemimpinan transformasional merupakan sebuah kemampuan yang telah dimiliki oleh seorang pemimpin dalam mempengaruhi serta merevitalisasi para anggotanya untuk dapat berjalan menuju perubahan yang besar sesuai dengan visi misi dan tujuan dari organisasi tersebut.",
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"text": "Berdasarkan dari beberapa pendapat di atas, maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa kepemimpinan transformasional merupakan suatu gaya kepemiminan yang harus mampu dalam menyamakan visi misi dari anggota dengan pimpinanya serta dapat membuat para anggota untuk dapat berkontribusi dalam membawa perubahan secara optimal pada organisasi tersebut sehingga dapat mewujudkan tujua serta visi misi dari organisasi. Kepemimpinan tranformasional juga harus dapat memanfaatkan segala macam sumber daya yang ada dalam organisasi tersebut seperti sumber daya manusia, finansial, fasilitas yang dimiliki, serta beberapa faktor eksternal yang dapat mendukung kemajuan dari organisasi dalam mewujudkan visi misi, dan tujuannya.",
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"text": "Menurut Diana (2019), ciri-ciri dari pemimpin transformasional adalah:",
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"text": "a) Memiliki sifat yang suka berbagi kekuasaannya kepada para anggota dan pengikutnya.",
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{
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"width": 490,
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"text": "b) Selalu memberikan nasehat dan memberikan peluang kepada para anggotanya untuk dapat memajukan organisasi.",
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"text": "c) Berusaha untuk dapat mempersiapkan segala macam keperluan demi kemajuan serta kemauan dari anggotanya serta para pengikutnya untuk dapat menjadi sosok yang lebih bertanggung jawab.",
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{
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"text": "Menurut Assingkily dan Mesiono (2019), karakteristik dari pemimpin transformasional",
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"text": "Copyright @ Mutim Matul Faro, Nilawati Fiernaningsih",
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{
"left": 68,
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"text": "adalah:",
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"text": "a) Memiliki jiwa yang independen dan utuh dalam mewujudkan visi dari organisasi.",
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"text": "b) Selaku anggota haruslah memiliki kesafaran akan pentingnya kebersamaan dalam mencapai sebuah tujuan dari organisasi serta nanti dapat ditambah dengan pemberian motivasi dan dukungan dari pihak pemimpin.",
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"text": "c) Seluruh anggota harus rela dan juga siap untuk dapat berkorban demi kepentingan organisasi tanpa mengharapkan imbalan.",
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{
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"text": "Prinsip merupakan sebuah acuan maupun pedoman untuk dapat menjalankan sesuatu hal serta dapat menjadi ciri khas sesuatu hal. Hal ini berarti bahwa kepemimpinan transformasional pastinya memiliki ciri khasnya tersendiri dan berbeda dengan yang lain. Prinsip dari kepemimpinan transformasional menurut Sinaga (2019), prinsip dari kepemimpinan transformasional antara lain:",
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"text": "a) Pandai dalam mengungkapkan rasa",
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"text": "Dikutip dari Senny Wijayaningsih dan Kurniawan (dalam Sinaga, 2019), seorang pemimpin harus pandai dalam menjelaskan visi misi dengan terang dan juga gamblang. Hal ini bertujuan agar nantinya para anggota dapat paham akan tujuan dan hal yang harus dicapai.",
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"text": "b) Kemampuan dalam membangun semangat",
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"text": "Seorang pemimpin harus memiliki jiwa yang semangat serta hangat. Hal ini bukan untuk dirinya semata melainkan untuk para anggotanya juga. Ketika seorang anggota dapat termotivasi dengan pemimpin tersebut, maka nantinya akan dapat dengan mudah seorang pemimpinuntuk dapat mengontrol anggotanya.",
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"text": "c) Saling tolong menolong",
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"text": "Dikutip dari Lesilolo (Dalam Sinaga, 2019), seorang pemimpin haruslah memiliki sifat tolong-menolong. Pada dasarnya gaya kepemimpinan transformasional merupakan gaya kepemimpinan yang identik dengan tolong menolong dan saling menutupi kekurangan satu sama lain.",
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"text": "d) Inovasi",
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"text": "Pemimpin harus siap dalam berbagai macam perubahan yang terjadi dalam suatu organisasi serta harus dapat secepat mungkin untuk beradaptasi. Dengan adanya inovasi ini dapat membuat perusahaan maupun organisasi bertahan meski dalam terpaan perubahan zaman yang sangat ekstrim sekalipun.",
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"text": "e) Terbuka",
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"text": "Sikap ini harus dimiliki oleh seorang pemimpin transformasional. Karena dengan adanya sikap terbuka dapat membuat pemimpin bisa berkomunikasi dengan anggotanya secara dua arah dan dapat menerima saran maupun kritik dengan lapang dada.",
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"text": "Copyright @ Mutim Matul Faro, Nilawati Fiernaningsih",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
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"text": "Berdasarkan pemaparan di atas, tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk dapat mendeskripsikan bagaimana keefektifan metode kepemimpinan transformasional pada Usaha Kripik Ubi “UCOK” sehingga dapat membawa perubahan kondisi usaha menjadi lebih baik lagi dari sebelumnya.",
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"text": "METODE PENELITIAN",
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"text": "Metode penelitian yang digunakan yaitu metode kualitatif deskriptif dengan melalui kajian pustaka. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini ialah menggunakan Studi Literatur dengan cara mengutip literatur ilmiah yang relevan dengan topik pembahasan, meliputi buku, artikel, tugas akhir (Skripsi, Tesis, maupun Disertasi). Bahan data tersebut diperoleh dari sumber yang kredibel, seperti Google Scholar dan SINTA.",
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"text": "HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN",
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"text": "Menurut Husain (2022), efektivitas merupakan sebuah kemampuan untuk dapat menentukan pekerjaan yang benar guna mencapai tujuan yang telah ditentukan. Efektivitas juga tidak hanya memberikan sebuah pengaruh maupun kesan, akan tetapi juga berkaitan dengan metode maupun cara, sarana dan prasarana juga dapat mempengaruhi efektivitas. Simanjuntak dalam bukunya Ganyang (2018:177), mengatakan bahwa “efektivitas dapat diwujudkan dalam peningkatan kualitas hasil. Dengan kuallias yang lebih baik barang maupun jasa yang dihasilkan dapat dijual dengan harga yang lebih tinggi sehingga nilainya dapat menjadi lebih besar.”",
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"text": "Metode Kepemimpinan Transformasional ini dianggap sangat efektif dan juga efisien dalam menjalankan suatu bisnis. Hal ini dikarenakan gaya kepemimpinan transformasional dapat meningkatkan motivasi karyawan untuk dapat bekerja lebih baik lagi dengan meningkatkan keyakinan dari para karyawan. Seorang pemimpin yang memiliki gaya kepemimpinan transformasional dapat mempengaruhi karyawannya untuk dapat bekerja melebihi apa yang mereka harapkan, serta dapat membangun kepercayaan dan rasa hormat di antara mereka. Gaya kepemimpinan ini diyakini efektif dalam memotivasi karyawan untuk dapat berperlikau sesuai dengan keinginan. Gaya kepemimpinan transformasional dapat membuat para karyawannya untuk turut andil dalam berpikir serta berpartisipasi dalam menyalurkan ide mereka demi mewujudkan pertumbuhan sebuah bisnis maupun usaha. Seorang pemimpin transformasional tidak hanya sekedar memberikan sebuah bimbingan, namun juga memberikan ruang bagi para karyawannya untuk dapat menyampaikan pendapatnya. Hal ini diungkapkan oleh Bismoko (2023), bahwa penggunaan metode",
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"text": "Copyright @ Mutim Matul Faro, Nilawati Fiernaningsih",
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{
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"text": "kepemimpinan transformasional berdampak baik dan sangat efefktif bagi para karyawan WFH di Kota Bandung, dengan adanya metode kepemimpinan ini dapat membuat karyawan untuk bertindak lebih dalam menemukan gagasan-gagasan yang menarik, meningkatkan keterampilan serta mengoptimalkan layanan dalam bidang kesehatan. Hal ini tentunya dapat memberikan dampak yang baik serta signifikan terhadap kinerja dari para anggotanya.",
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"text": "Selain itu, Lubaba dan Udin (2021), juga mengatakan bahwa perilaku utama dalam gaya kepemimpitan transformasional yaitu memiliki sebuah tindakan selayaknya atasan yang menunjukkan tingkah laku yang ideal. Seorang pemimpin haruslah menciptakan sebuah kesetiaan dan pengabdian dengan tidak memperhatikan kepentingan pribadi suatu karyawan. Para karyawan berusaha untuk dapat meniru pimpinan mereka, karena para pimpinan tersebut bertindak dengan tindakan yang memungkinkan untuk menjadi teladan bagi para anggotanya. Para anggota nantinya akan bekerja secara efektif dan bersemangat untuk dapat berkorban serta bergerak untuk dapat melampaui kepentingan dari mereka pribadi sehingga nantinya dapat memberikan kontribusi yang lebih baik lagi terhadap kinerja suatu organisasi. Hal ini dikarenakan ketika para pemimpin menjadikan dirinya sendiri sebagai contoh bagi para karyawannya, maka rasa dan kontribusi dari para karyawan akan meningkat sesuai dengan apa yang telah dilakukan, dan sebagai hasilnya mereka nantinya akan melibatkan diri mereka secara keseluruhan dalam sebuah pekerjaan.",
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"text": "Menurut Ningsih (2022), pola metode kepemimpinan transformasional memiliki pengaruh terhadap keterikatan, kemampuan kerja, serta kepuasan anggota dalam konteks klaster layanan asuransi dan dana pensiun BUMN. Seorang pemimpin harus dapat merancang dan juga mengembangkan strategi dalam meningkatkan kepuasan karyawan, keterlibatan karyawan, dan juga kinerja dari karyawan untuk dapat menciptakan hubungan yang lebih baik dan berkelanjutan antara atasan dengan bawahannya. Selain itu, seorang pemimpin juga harus berkolaborasi dengan departemen terkait untuk dapat memberikan perhatian maupun fokus untuk meningkatkan kinerja yang ada.",
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"text": "Menurut Maria dan Njo (2019), juga mengatakan bahwa pola kepemimpinan transformasional juga dapat meningkatkan motivasi kerja karyawan. Hal ini diperoleh dari data hasil responden UMKM Sektor Makanan di Surabaya, dimana responden menyatakan bahwa gaya kepemimpinan ini merupakan gaya kepemimpinan dimana pemimpinnya menjelaskan mengenai tanggung jawab serta pekerjaan kepada karyawannya dan juga mampu untuk dapat memotivasi karyawannya demi mencapai tujuan bersama. Dengan demikian, memiliki sosok pemimpin yang dapat memperlihatkan kepercayaan, dikagumi, serta dapat memotivasi karyawannya, dan dapat memikirkan inovasi dan cara baru untuk dapat menyelesaikan masalah dan juga memberikan perhatian kepada karyawannya.",
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"text": "SIMPULAN",
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"text": "Kepemimpinan transformasional merupakan suatu gaya kepemimpinan yang harus mampu dalam menyamakan visi misi dari anggota dengan pimpinanya serta dapat membuat para anggota untuk dapat berkontribusi dalam membawa perubahan secara optimal pada organisasi tersebut sehingga dapat mewujudkan tujua serta visi misi dari organisasi. Kepemimpinan transformasional merupakan salah satu pola kepemimpinan yang cocok dan efektif diterapkan dalam usaha kripik Ubi “UCOK”. Hal ini dikarenakan, pola kepemimpinan transformasional dapat membawa perubahan positif serta memberikan inovasi pada sebuah usaha tersebut. Hal ini telah sesuai dengan tujuan dari Keripik Ubi “UCOK” yakni dapat terus memberikan suatu hal terbaik untuk pelanggan dan karyawan yang ada didalamnya, serta terus mengupayakan adanya inovasi produk maupun sistematika penjualan pada usaha ini. Dengan adanya pola kepemimpinan ini dapat meningkatkan motivasi kepada para karyawan untuk dapat bekerja lebih baik lagi dengan meningkatkan nilai-nilai dan juga keyakinan yang mereka miliki. Seorang pemimpin dengan gaya kepemimpinan ini juga dapat mempengaruhi karyawannya untuk dapat bekerja melebihi apa yang diharapkan dari mereka, serta dapat membangun kepercayaan dan rasa hormat di antara mereka. Pola kepemimpinan ini juga diyakini sangat efektif dalam hal memotivasi karyawan untuk dapat berperilaku sesuai dengan keinginan mereka. Selain itu, kepemimpinan transformasional juga sangat cocok untuk usaha yang memiliki struktur yang fleksibel dan juga terbuka terhadap sebuah perubahan. Pada intinya, pola kepemimpinan ini sangat cocok untuk usaha yang membutuhkan seorang pemimpin yang dapat menginspirasi dan juga memotivasi karyawannya untuk mencapai tujuan organisasi dan membawa perubahan positif bagi organisasi.",
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"text": "Aini, N. K. (2021). MODEL KEPEMIMPINAN TRANSFORMASIONAL PONDOK PESANTREN.",
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"text": "Surabaya: CV. Jakad Media Publishing.",
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"text": "Basirun, T. (2022). Konsep Kepemimpinan Transformasional. MindSet: Jurnal Manajemen Pendidikan Islam, 36-37. DOI: 10.58561/mindset.v1i1.28",
"type": "List item"
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"text": "Diana, P. (2019). Artikel Gaya Kepemimpinan Transformasional Kepala Sekolah. 1-13.",
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"text": "Ganyang, M. T. (2018). Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia : Konsep dan Realita. Bogor: In Media.",
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"text": "Iqbal, M. (2021). KEPEMIMPINAN TRANSFORMASIONAL DALAM UPAYA PENGEMBANGAN SEKOLAH/MADRASAH. PIONIR: JURNAL PENDIDIKAN VOL. 10, 120-121. DOI:",
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"text": ":10.22373/pjp.v10i3.12187",
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"text": "Copyright @ Mutim Matul Faro, Nilawati Fiernaningsih",
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"text": "Muhammad Shaleh Assingkily, M. (2019). Karakteristik Kepemimpinan Transformasional di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah (MI) serta Relevansinya dengan Visi Pendidikan Abad 21. Manageria: Jurnal Manajemen Pendidikan Islam, Vol. 4 (1), 147-168. DOI: 10.14421/manageria.2019.41-09",
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"text": "Nur Halimahturrafiah, S. M. (2022). Peran Pemimpin dalam Manajamen Pengambilan Keputusan Suatu Organisasi. Jurnal Pendidikan dan Konseling, 9139-9140.",
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ce7e3727-b1ba-f966-6c67-a8eb157a5f0e | https://journalkeberlanjutan.com/index.php/ijesss/article/download/17/9 | [
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"text": "ENVIRONMENTAL",
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"text": "International Journal of Environmental, Sustainability, and Social Sciences ISSN 2720-9644 (print); ISSN 2721-0871 (online) https://journalkeberlanjutan.com/index.php/ijesss",
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"text": "SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS AFFECTING THE USE OF SOLID WASTE",
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"text": "COMPOST PRODUCED IN KURUNEGALA AND KUNDASALE MUNICIPALITIES.",
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"text": "Volume 1 Nomor 1 March 2020 Page 54-60 1 Herath H.M.I.S.K., 2 Wanigasundera W.A.D.P., 3 Hitinayake H.M.G.S.B.",
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"text": "1 Department of Agricultural Extension, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka 2 Department of Agricultural Extension, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka 3 Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya,",
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"text": "Peradeniya, Sri Lanka Corresponding author: Herath H.M.I.S.K., Department of Agricultural Extension, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka E-mail: ishaniherath91@gmail.com Article History: Received: 2020-02-03 Revised: 2020-03-24 Accepted: 2020-03-29 Abstract: Municipal Garbage Compost (M.S.W.C.) is popular with organic farming in the world. Nearly 100 authorities in Sri Lanka are involved in the production and the timing is right to identify the factors for using M.S.W.C. The cities of Kurunegala and Kundasale were selected to identify socio-economic factors that influence the use of M.S.W.C. Users (45) and non-users (35) M.S.W.C. selected using a simple random sampling method. Data collection was carried out using questionnaires and key informant interviews. The majority (51%) of M.S.W.C. users are in the 36- 50 age category and 60% are in the high-income category. Hence, 47% of M.S.W.C. users are vegetable cultivators. The majority (84%) have higher knowledge about the supply of soil fertility nutrients and knowledge about production and application is at a moderate level. The Spearman correlation and multiple linear regression yields monthly income, agricultural land area, farming experience and knowledge of production methods and applications showed a significant relationship with the number of M.S.W.C. use. Discriminant function analysis yields knowledge about soil fertility, productivity, nutrient availability and attitudes about the benefits of using M.S.W.C. leading to M.S.W.C. users and non-users. Conducting interactive drama, multimedia and promotional videos to promote M.S.W.C.",
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"text": "Keywords :",
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"left": 175,
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"width": 250,
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"page_number": 1,
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"text": "Compost, Municipal solid waste, Socio-economic factors",
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"text": "Cite this as H.M.I.S.K., Herath., W.A.D.P., Wanigasundera., H.M.G.S.B., Hitinayake, (2020). Socio-economic Factors Affecting the Use of Solid Waste Compost Produced in Kurunegala and Kundasale Municipalities. International Journal of Environmental, Sustainability, and Social Science, 1(1), 54-60. https://doi.org/10.38142/ijesss.v1i1.45",
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"text": "INTRODUCTION",
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"top": 576,
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"height": 53,
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"text": "Organic waste is one of the major streams of Municipal Solid Waste. Households, commercial establishments, agricultural activities, industries, institutions and the public contribute to municipal waste. Municipal Solid Wastes (M.S.W.) is one of the serious environmental issues in the urban areas and is a result of rapid urbanization, change in life pattern, economic and infrastructure development activities and population growth.",
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"height": 32,
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"text": "In our country, urban councils collect waste and dump without proper management, so it leads to creating huge waste mountains. This waste contains a high amount of organic matter and nutrients, which can be used as a source of manure in agriculture.",
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"text": "Compost production provides an opportunity for better management of waste as well as sustainability in agriculture. Organic agriculture can bring multiple benefits to health, economic and ecological aspects of people.",
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"text": "Adding compost to the soil is essential to improve soil structure, and it acts as a conditioner. It plays a key role in carbon storage and strongly influences nutrient retention and availability (Hamarashid et al., 2010). According to a survey on M.S.W. compost, organic Carbon (C) accounts for 20% of total C in the composted M.S.W. (He et al., 1995). It has been reported that Sri Lankan soil has a deficiency in C and compost is an excellent supplement to correct carbon deficiency.",
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"text": "By the end of 2014, about 100 compost sites were operating in different local government areas. These composting projects will support a healthier and greener environment, and it can support to reduce expenditure on importing synthetic fertilizer.",
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"text": "ENVIRONMENTAL",
"type": "Section header"
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"top": 63,
"width": 359,
"height": 32,
"page_number": 2,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "International Journal of Environmental, Sustainability, and Social Sciences ISSN 2720-9644 (print); ISSN 2721-0871 (online) https://journalkeberlanjutan.com/index.php/ijesss",
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"text": "55",
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{
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"top": 95,
"width": 485,
"height": 75,
"page_number": 2,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "As a solution to the municipal solid waste, Municipal Councils have already started compost making projects. The success of management of biodegradable solid waste by composting it entirely depends on the usage of compost by the farming community. That is because, without the demand for such compost, it is not possible to maintain. Acceptability of farming community is very low and slow adoption to use M.S.W. compost. So it is a need to identify the socio-economic factors affecting the use of municipal solid waste compost. As well as an analysis of socio-economic factors which affect the use of M.S.W. compost has not been identified.",
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"text": "The main objective of the study was to identify the socio-economic factors affecting the use of municipal solid waste compost and propose ways and means to popularizing it among farming communities.",
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"text": "METHOD",
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"top": 215,
"width": 485,
"height": 75,
"page_number": 2,
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"text": "The study was conducted using a cross-sectional survey study approach. It was a comparative study between the Municipal solid waste compost users and non-users of M.S.W. compost. Here non-users of M.S.W. compost were used as the control group. Kurunegala and Kundasale municipal council were chosen for the study. There were 45 land users from Kurunegala municipal council while 35 land users from Kundasale municipal council. M.S.W. compost user was considered as a sampling unit. Land users in Kurunegala and Kundasale are considered as the population. It includes both M.S.W. compost users and M.S.W. compost non-users. Simple random sampling method was used, and the size of the sample is 80.",
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"height": 180,
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"text": "According to the information needed to obtain and the objectives of the study, a structured questionnaire was used to gather information. Many direct, indirect, open-ended and close-ended questions related with personal details, farm details, knowledge and attitude on M.S.W. compost use, sources of information, constraints to use M.S.W. compost and availability of compost in market. Likert-scale was used for some questions. The questionnaire was pre-tested using ten respondents and improvements were made according to the respondents' feedback before the data collection of the study. Stakeholder discussions were done with the Public Health Inspector (PHI) in Kurunegala municipal council and Environmental officer in Kundasale municipal council, M.S.W. compost sellers in Kurunegala and Kundasale and agricultural instructor in data collecting area. Secondary data were collected from different sources such as Environmental Situation Analysis report in Kurunegala, annual reports of Municipal council, research reports, papers and journals. Data were analyzed using the statistical package for Social Sciences (S.P.S.S.). Descriptive statistics were used to see the frequencies and mean percentage of sample characteristics. Inferential statistics were used to do Spearman correlation test, multiple linear regression, Mann Whitney u test and discriminant function analysis. Association between two variables were tested using correlation test. Regression test was done to predict the relationship between M.S.W. compost usage and other independent variables. To compare the mean difference of all variables among M.S.W. compost users and non-users T-test were used. The output of the qualitative data was directly used for the discussion.",
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"text": "RESULT AND DISCUSSION",
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"top": 494,
"width": 214,
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"page_number": 2,
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"text": "Use of Municipal Solid Waste (M.S.W.) compost",
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{
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"top": 714,
"width": 479,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 2,
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"text": "Figure 1. Distribution of respondents according to the amount of M.S.W. compost use per year and location.",
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{
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"height": 21,
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"text": "Relationship between amount of M.S.W. compost use and socio-economic factors were measured using the spearman rank-ordered correlation test.",
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"text": "Table 1. Association between predictors and outcome.",
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"text": "ENVIRONMENTAL",
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"width": 359,
"height": 32,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "International Journal of Environmental, Sustainability, and Social Sciences ISSN 2720-9644 (print); ISSN 2721-0871 (online) https://journalkeberlanjutan.com/index.php/ijesss",
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"text": "56",
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"width": 477,
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"text": "Variable Amount of M.S.W. compost use per year(kg/yr) r p-value Remark Age 0.231 0.126 Not significant Gender -0.220 0.147 Not significant The education level of the user -0.257 0.088 Not significant Highest education of the family -0.284 0.058 Not significant Monthly income of the user 0.395* 0.007 Significant Total monthly income of the user 0.082 0.590 Not significant Farming experience 0.581* 0.000 Significant Cultivated land extent 0.455* 0.002 Significant Type of farming -0.320 0.062 Not significant Level of engagement -0.242 0.109 Not significant Knowledge of soil fertility and productivity improvement and nutrient supply 0.271 0.072 Not significant Knowledge of the method of production and application 0.410* 0.005 Significant Attitude on the advantage of using M.S.W. compost 0.029 0.849 Not significant",
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"top": 294,
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"text": "* Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).",
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"text": "Comparison of socio-economic factors of M.S.W. compost users and non-users Mann Whitney u test were used.",
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"text": "Table.2 Mean comparison between M.S.W. compost users and non- users Item Mean (User) Mean(Non- user) t value p-value Age (years) 51 52 -0.49 0.52 Education level 3.36 2.31 2.65 0.30 Highest education of the family 4.47 4.31 0.33 0.50 Monthly income of the users(Rs) 63997 93277 2.35 0.02* Total income of the family (Rs) 113397 89615 0.09 0.36 Cultivated land extent (ac) 1.04 1.51 -0.97 0.97 Farming experience (years) 13 21 -3.07 0.00*",
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"text": "*significant at the 0.05 level(2 tailed)",
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"top": 497,
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"text": "Multiple linear regression analysis was used to predict the relationship between M.S.W. compost users and independent variables.",
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"top": 531,
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"text": "Table. 3 Relationship between M.S.W. compost users and independent variables.",
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{
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"top": 543,
"width": 470,
"height": 194,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Variable Coefficients t p Standardized Unstandardized Age 2.198 -85.016 -1.753 .090 Gender -0.088 -816.237 -.872 .390 Education level -0.101 206.384 -.625 .537 Highest education of the family 0.049 105.069 .345 .732 Monthly income of the users 0.006 .027 4.891 .000 Monthly total income of the family 0.248 .012 1.054 .300 Level of engagement 0.101 877.349 .819 .419 Cultivated land extent 0.812 2144.508 6.184 .000 Farming experience 0.189 114.484 1.950 0.048 Type of farming -0.029 -94.315 -.238 .813 Knowledge of soil fertility and productivity improvement and nutrient supply 1.101 1972.151 3.250 .003 Knowledge of the method of production and application 0.953 1599.027 2.983 .006 Attitude on the advantage of using M.S.W. compost 0.378 374.249 2.021 0.047",
"type": "Table"
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{
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"top": 750,
"width": 334,
"height": 23,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "According to the above output following model can be obtained Y= 428.736+0.027X1 +2144.508X2 +114.484X3+1972.151X4+1599.027X5",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "ENVIRONMENTAL",
"type": "Section header"
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"left": 120,
"top": 63,
"width": 359,
"height": 32,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "International Journal of Environmental, Sustainability, and Social Sciences ISSN 2720-9644 (print); ISSN 2721-0871 (online) https://journalkeberlanjutan.com/index.php/ijesss",
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"text": "57",
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{
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"width": 485,
"height": 32,
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"text": "Y- Amount of M.S.W. compost use per year ß- constant X1- Monthly income X2- Cultivated land extent X3- Farming experience X4- Knowledge on soil fertility and productivity improvement and nutrient supply X5 Knowledge on the method of production and application",
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{
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"text": "A discriminant function analysis was conducted to predict the factors which affect to discriminate the two groups. Predictor variables were knowledge on soil fertility, productivity and nutrient supply and attitude on the advantage of using M.S.W. compost. The discriminate function revealed a significant association between groups and all predictors, accounting for 84.27% of between group variability.",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"text": "Constraints to the use of M.S.W. compost in the study area. The constraints to the use of M.S.W. compost were identified in the study area and ranked to determine the most important of these constraints as presented in below table.",
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{
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"text": "Tabel.4 Constraint to use of M.S.W. Compost Constraints Percentage Lack of awareness on availability within the market 26% No certification 20% Low nutrient level 16% Presence of physical contaminants 13% Irregular supply 11% Offensive odour 07% High sand content in the final compost product 05% Non-uniformity in quality batch 02%",
"type": "Table"
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{
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"top": 370,
"width": 302,
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"text": "Farmers' suggestions on possible improvements to M.S.W. compost",
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"text": "Table.5 suggestions on possible improvements to M.S.W. compost",
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{
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"text": "In the sample, the majority 70% were male in both samples, and their age distribution varies from 36 to 72 years. The majority (51%) of the respondents are between the age of 36-50 years, with the mean age of 51 years. It indicates that majority of the farmers are middle-aged. Mean age of the Kurunegala respondents is 52 while Kundasale 50. The majority (45%) of non-users belong to age group 51-65. So farmers who are using M.S.W. compost are relatively younger than non-users. Younger people like adventurous situation such as discovering new input, like to get risks, like to get experiences from new technology than the older generation. Most of the older people like the way that always practised from tradition.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "M.S.W. compost users' majority (26.7%) belongs to income level ranging between LKR 50,000 to 100,000, and 11% have an income level above LKR 100,000. However, non users majority income level is less than >10,000. The reason for this situation may be when to consider about the M.S.W. compost users the level of engagement in farming (62.2%) are engaged as part-time farmers. They get income from both on- farm and off-farm sources. However, non-users it is vice versa their majority are full-time farmers. These values show that middle-income respondents are more interested in using M.S.W. compost. As well as when considering about the total monthly income of the family, it is also range between LKR 50,000 to 100,000 and 31% and 42.9% are the majorities of M.S.W. compost users and non users respectively. When considering the total monthly income of the family, it includes all the income of the households and both on farming and off farming income. So there is no difference between users and non users.",
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"text": "The education qualification of the majority is (44%) for both M.S.W. compost users and non users, and it is G.C.E. (O/L) and the highest level of education of the family it is up to G.C.E. (A/L) (44.4%) for both users and non users. When comparing the level of education and the highest level of education between Kurunagala respondents and Kundasale respondents, In Kurunagala majority (40%) education level and",
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"text": "Suggestions Percentage of respondent Increase nutrient content 31% Reduce odour 22% Involvement of extension officers 19% Reduce inert content 13% Reduce sand content 05% Proper labelling 07% Reduce particle size 03%",
"type": "Table"
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{
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"text": "ENVIRONMENTAL",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 120,
"top": 63,
"width": 359,
"height": 32,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "International Journal of Environmental, Sustainability, and Social Sciences ISSN 2720-9644 (print); ISSN 2721-0871 (online) https://journalkeberlanjutan.com/index.php/ijesss",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "58",
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"left": 57,
"top": 95,
"width": 485,
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"text": "(48%) highest education of the family are degree holders respectively. To decide on a family, it affects the level of education of all the family members. Education of the farmers is assumed to have an important impact on using new technologies. It enables an individual to make independent choices and to act based on the decision. Higher levels of education led to higher rates of using new technologies in agriculture. Usage of M.S.W. compost is a new and recently introduced technique in the agricultural field.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "Principal crops are referred to as crops commonly grown in a large quantity for commercial purpose by the farmers in the study area. The majority (33.8%) of the respondents use M.S.W. compost for home gardening. When comparing this situation between Kurunegala and Kundasale, Kurunegala majority 44% use this compost for home gardening while Kundasale 60% use for vegetable cultivation. In marketing arrangement Kundasale sell compost as a bulk to the private organization then they enriched and sold into Nuwaraeliya, so the highest percentage of vegetable cultivators are using M.S.W. compost. The highest proportion of M.S.W. compost users farm size is less than 0.5 acres.",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"top": 224,
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"height": 53,
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"text": "The majority (84.4%) of the respondents were highly knowledgeable about soil fertility productivity and nutrient supply (score of 4-13), with the remainder (15.6%) having a moderate level of knowledge. The mean score was 3. This situation is similar to both Kurunegala and Kundasale. The implication is that the farmers have good knowledge of organic farming, and the knowledge could influence them towards a favourable perception of usage of M.S.W. compost.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 57,
"top": 278,
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"height": 64,
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"text": "The majority (73.3%) of the respondents were moderately knowledgeable about the method of production and application of M.S.W. compost, with the remainder (26.7%) having a high-level knowledge (score 2-6). The mean score was 3.27. This situation is similar to both Kurunegala and Kundasale. The implication is that the farmers need the extension services. So farmers can access the relevant information on the use of compost, timing, application methods, rates of application in order to obtain maximum plant growth and yield. Normally farmers are relying on what their neighbours were practising, but it is not good.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 57,
"top": 342,
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"height": 74,
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"text": "Sources of information on M.S.W. compost are channels through which farmers gain access to information on farming activities and other aspects. Information sources were evaluated by presenting respondents with a list of sources developed from the literature and asking them to indicate which ones they used for accessing the information on M.S.W. compost, their application method, intensity etc. Hundred percent of respondents have accessed information on M.S.W. compost Through a friend or relative farmer. Access the information through extension agent is 0%. As well as no respondent from both Kurunegala and Kundasale have participated in a training programme or campaigns regarding M.S.W. compost.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 57,
"top": 417,
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"height": 74,
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"text": "From the respondents (55%) from Kurunegala and (78%) from Kundasale had easy access to compost buying centre. This indicates that there is still a need to make more accessible for the farming community. From interviewed 27% from Kurunegala suggest that establishing depots closer to the farmer community will be helpful to improve the demand for M.S.W. compost. As well as 22% from Kurunegala reported that it is better to sale this M.S.W. compost in a separate place instead of a compost production plant. Offensive odour is a major constraint for the use of M.S.W. compost, so this situation can be solved if actions are taken to have sale centres.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 57,
"top": 492,
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"height": 74,
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"text": "According to figure 1, the maximum amount of M.S.W. compost use per year is 25000kg, and the minimum amount is 30kg annually in Kurunegala while in Kundasale maximum 10700kg and minimum 10kg. The majority (64%) of the respondent use M.S.W. compost as 100-500kg per year in Kurunegala while in Kundasale use more than 1000kg per year annually. Because when considering the Kundasale municipal council, they have a partnership with the pvt company to sell their compost. So they send this compost to the Nuwaraeliya area for vegetable cultivation, so they use a high amount of compost annually than Kurunegala. In Kurunegala majority use this compost for home gardening.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 57,
"top": 567,
"width": 485,
"height": 64,
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"text": "According to table 01, it shows that monthly income of the user, farming experience and cultivated land extent is positively correlated and significance. Farmers with more experience tend to use M.S.W. compost than the less experienced farmers. This should be expected as farmers who have committed several years into farming should know the how, why, and when to apply M.S.W. compost to their farm. The time period that farmers engaged in agriculture indicates the extent of practical knowledge. There is an association between cultivated land extent and use of M.S.W. compost also.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 57,
"top": 631,
"width": 485,
"height": 85,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "According to table 2 , monthly income and farming experience shows the significant mean difference between M.S.W. compost users' group and other compost users' group. The estimates of the regression analysis as shown in table 3 indicates that monthly income, cultivated land extent, farming experience, knowledge on soil fertility and productivity improvement and nutrient supply and knowledge on method of production and application were statistically significant. These factors are the most important factors influencing the amount of M.S.W. compost use per year and they are positively correlated. The regression analysis reported an R-square of 0.797 with a statistically significant. Other factors age gender was found to be negatively correlated with the amount of M.S.W. compost use per year and statistically insignificant.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "CONCLUSION",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 57,
"top": 752,
"width": 485,
"height": 32,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "From the results of the quantitative and qualitative analysis, it can be concluded that amount of M.S.W. compost use is significantly increasing with factors such as monthly income, cultivated land extent, farming experience and knowledge on method of production and application. Further, results of discriminant",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 223,
"top": 35,
"width": 155,
"height": 19,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "ENVIRONMENTAL",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 120,
"top": 63,
"width": 359,
"height": 32,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "International Journal of Environmental, Sustainability, and Social Sciences ISSN 2720-9644 (print); ISSN 2721-0871 (online) https://journalkeberlanjutan.com/index.php/ijesss",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 529,
"top": 788,
"width": 13,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "59",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 57,
"top": 95,
"width": 485,
"height": 75,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "function analysis revealed that predictor variables namely; knowledge on soil fertility, productivity and nutrient supply and attitude on advantages of using M.S.W. compost lead to discriminate the two groups of M.S.W. users and non users. Age, gender, education level and level of engagement in farming have no explanatory significance towards the amount of M.S.W. compost use. Lack of awareness on availability within the market, no certification and low nutrient value are major constraints to use M.S.W. compost. It is suggested to improve the use of M.S.W. compost are increase nutrient content, reduce odour and involvement of extension officers.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 57,
"top": 170,
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"height": 64,
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"text": "Following recommendations could be made, Introduce formal systems for the government or any other certification authority for suitability in agriculture, Introduce mechanisms for agricultural extension services and private sector service providers to liaise with compost producer. Arrange marketing facilities through Agrarian Service Centers at the village, Improve the quality of compost by enrichment to suit different crop types and conducting interactive drama and practical usage of multimedia and promotional videos to promote M.S.W. compost among the farming community.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 57,
"top": 246,
"width": 68,
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"text": "REFERENCES",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 57,
"top": 258,
"width": 485,
"height": 21,
"page_number": 6,
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"page_height": 842,
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{
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Aheeyar, M. M. M. (2011). Composting of Municipal Solid Wastes in Sri Lanka: Experience from Colombo Municipality Area.",
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"text": "ENVIRONMENTAL",
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},
{
"left": 120,
"top": 63,
"width": 359,
"height": 32,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "International Journal of Environmental, Sustainability, and Social Sciences ISSN 2720-9644 (print); ISSN 2721-0871 (online) https://journalkeberlanjutan.com/index.php/ijesss",
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},
{
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},
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},
{
"left": 57,
"top": 190,
"width": 485,
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"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
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c87ad41b-5e8e-e4cb-a68e-aefc951b83e8 | https://jiat.ub.ac.id/index.php/jiat/article/download/405/321 | [
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"text": "Peningkatan Kualitas Pelaporan DHKP (Daftar Himpunan Ketetapan Pajak dan Pembayaran) Desa Kedungsolo Porong Sidoarjo Tahun 2022",
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"text": "Nur Silviyah Rahmi 1 , Ni Wayan Surya Wardhani 2 , Adji A. Rinaldo Fernandes 3",
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"text": "*Coresponding author: silviyahrahmi@ub.ac.id",
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"text": "Desa Kedungsolo merupakan desa yang terletak di wilayah Kecamatan Porong,",
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"text": "Kabupaten Sidoarjo. Desa Kedungsolo memiliki luas wilayah 119 hektare dengan ketinggian wilayah 4 meter. Berdasarkan data kependudukan Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Sidoarjo tahun 2018 , Desa Kedungsolo terdiri dari 4 Rukun Warga (RW) dan 10 Rukun Tetangga (RT) [1]. Jumlah penduduk Desa Kedungsolo sebanyak 4.432 jiwa dengan jumlah Kepala Keluarga (KK) sebanyak 1.105. Dengan",
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"text": "kepadatan penduduk yang cukup tinggi diperlukan adanya mekanisme pemungutan pajak PBB secara efisien.",
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"text": "Pajak Bumi dan Bangunan atau yang biasa disebut PBB adalah jenis pajak yang bersifat kebendaan dalam arti besarnya pajak terhutang ditentukan oleh keadaan objek yaitu bumi/tanah dan bangunan, keadaan subjek pajak tidak ikut menentukan besarnya pajak (UU PBB No. 12 Tahun 1994). Berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 28 Tahun 2009, bahwa PBB dulunya merupakan pajak pusat dan sekarang",
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"text": "Pajak Bumi dan Bangunan (PBB) adalah pajak terhutang ditentukan oleh keadaan objek yaitu bumi/tanah dan bangunan, keadaan subjek pajak tidak ikut menentukan besarnya pajak. PBB dibayarkan melalui pemerintah desa, kemudian disetorkan ke bank daerah. Dalam pelaksanaannya terdapat beberapa permasalahan terkait pemungutan PBB oleh pemerintah desa. Salah satunya di Desa Kedungsolo, masalah yang dihadapi adalah pencatatan masih secara manual dalam daftar buku oleh petugas desa, sehingga pencatatan secara klasik ini membutuhkan waktu lama apabila melakukan proses pencarian nama wajib pajak. Selain itu terdapat kesalahpahaman tentang pencatatan distribusi SPPT PBB oleh petugas, apakah benar sudah diterima oleh wajib pajak atau masih berada pada petugas tersebut. Solusi yang harus dilakukan adalah dengan mengembangkan sebuah sistem informasi yaitu dalam bentuk dashboard dengan bahasa pemrograman Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP) yang terintergrasi dengan MySQL untuk meningkatkan kualitas pelaporan Daftar Himpunan Ketetapan Pajak dan Pembayaran (DHKP). Aparat desa dan masyarakat setempat sangat terbantu dengan adanya sistem informasi Dashboard Data Entry SPPT PBB-P2. Dengan adanya sistem ini koordinator hanya memonitoring data pemungutan PBB yang diinput oleh petugas penarikan pajak, memberikan kemudahan petugas penarikan pajak yang berperan sebagai admin dalam pencatatan PBB secara online dan terstruktur, serta memudahkan wajib pajak untuk mengakses status SPPT PBB secara individu.",
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"text": "2022-10-01 Accepted : 2023-01-21",
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"text": "Journal Of Innovation And Applied Technology",
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"text": "wewenang pengelolaannya dilimpahkan menjadi pajak Kabupaten/kota. Pemerintah daerah berkepentingan untuk merumuskan kebijakan yang nantinya menjadi produk berupa peraturan daerah yang efektif dan efisien dalam memberikan pelayanan kepada masyarakat.",
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"text": "Mekanisme pemungutan pajak PBB yaitu dengan diterbitkannya Surat Pemberitahuan Pajak Terhutang (SPPT) beserta Daftar Himpunan Ketetapan Pajak (DHKP) oleh Pemerintah daerah melalui Dinas Pendapatan daerah yang didistribusikan melalui Kecamatan dan kemudian dibagikan ke setiap desa untuk dilaksanakan pemungutan. Berikut ini merupakan alur distribusi DHKP kepada wajib pajak yang difokuskan pada tingkat desa.",
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"text": "Berdasarkan Gambar 1 pada tahap IV, SPPT Pajak Bumi dan Bangunan yang telah dihimpun oleh Kepala Desa dibagikan kepada masyarakat atau wajib pajak melalui perangkat desa. SPPT PBB disampaikan oleh petugas secara langsung kepada wajib pajak atau kuasanya ( door to door ) dalam waktu paling lama 15 (lima belas) hari. Petugas juga memiliki kewajiban untuk memungut pembayaran. Tahap V wajib pajak (WP) dapat secara langsung membayar ke petugas desa atau langsung datang ke kecamatan atau bank. Setelah proses pembayaran selesai, wajib pajak (WP) akan menerima tanda bukti pembayaran sementara untuk ditukarkan dengan Surat Tanda Terima Setoran. Petugas pemungut desa akan mencatat pembayaran tersebut dalam buku DHKP dan dilaporkan ke Kecamatan. Surat Pemberitahuan Pajak Terutang (SPPT) PBB",
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"text": "yang tidak dapat disampaikan pada tahap IV, oleh Kepala Desa akan dikembalikan ke Kecamatan.",
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"text": "Mekanisme pendistribusian SPPT PBB dalam DHKP seperti alur diatas dalam prosesnya seringkali terjadi kesalahan, mulai dari salah nominal, salah penyetoran, SPPT yang tidak sesuai, dan ketidaksesuaian antara nominal uang yang disetorkan dengan hasil penagihan [3]. Basis data SPPT atau Wajib Pajak (WP) yang diperoleh dari Dinas Pendapatan Daerah sudah memiliki sistem informasi dalam pengolahannya, namun belum menjadi aplikasi untuk mengolah hasil pemungutan pajak untuk tingkat pemerintah desa yang notabene berinteraksi langsung dengan Wajib Pajak (WP). Kebutuhan pemerintah desa akan sistem informasi meliputi pengolahan data pajak, perhitungan hasil pajak yang akurat, laporan pembayaran dan progress pemungutan pajak secara berkala [4].",
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"text": "Hingga saat ini pendistribusian SPPT PBB dalam DHKP masih menjadi permasalahan di Desa Kedungsolo dikarenakan (1) pencatatan masih secara manual dalam daftar buku oleh petugas desa yang dibantu oleh tenaga magang atau mahasiswa Praktik Kerja Lapangan (PKL), sehingga pencatatan secara klasik ini membutuhkan waktu lama apabila melakukan proses pencarian nama wajib pajak, (2) Terdapat kesalahpahaman tentang pencatatan distribusi SPPT PBB oleh petugas, apakah benar sudah diterima oleh wajib pajak atau masih berada pada petugas tersebut. Hal itu membuat wajib pajak tidak bisa menunaikan pembayaran sesuai dengan waktu yang ditetapkan.",
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"text": "Melalui Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat (PKM) tim dosen Departemen Statistika Fakultas MIPA Universitas Brawijaya 2022 yang diketuai oleh Prof. Dr. Ir. Ni Wayan Surya Wardhani, MS. yang beranggotakan Dr. Adji A. Rinaldo Fernandes, S.Si., M.Sc. dan Nur Silviyah Rahmi, S.Si., M.Stat. serta menggandeng dua mahasiswa melaui program Praktek Kerja Lapangan (PKL) melaksanakan Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat di Desa Kedungsolo, Kecamatan Porong, Kabupaten Sidoarjo.",
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"text": "Sidoarjo Tahun 2022 yaitu dengan pembuatan Standart Operasional Prosedur (SOP) dan pembuatan aplikasi secara online. Dengan adanya program ini diharapkan wajib pajak dapat mengakses secara langsung status Surat Pemberitahuan dan status pembayaran Pajak Terutang (SPPT) PBB-nya secara individu dan pihak perangkat desa mendapatkan arsip yang teroganisir dengan baik dan berbasis online.",
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"text": "membuat dashboard data entry menggunakan bahasa Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP) yang terintergrasi dengan MySQL dan di tautkan ke website Desa Kedungsolo yang kemudian dapat dimanfaatkan untuk memberikan informasi secara meluas tentang informasi SPPT desa. Adapun secara rinci, diagram alur penelitian adalah sebagai berikut:",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 369,
"top": 404,
"width": 112,
"height": 8,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Gambar 3. Alur Penelitian",
"type": "Caption"
},
{
"left": 307,
"top": 430,
"width": 238,
"height": 185,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Dalam tahap survei dilakukan survei lapangan ke Desa Kedungsolo untuk menggali, serta mengobservasi proses pemungutuan pajak yang dilakukan oleh petugas desa yang dibantu oleh mahasiswa PKL, pengelolaan data setalah pemungutan pajak, laporan DHKP yang dibuat oleh petugas desa dan melakukan wawancara untuk mengetahui permasalahan yang dihadapi oleh Desa Kedungsolo dalam proses pelaporan DHKP. Pada tahap ini juga dilakukan pembuatan kesepakatan kerjasama antara Desa Kedungsolo dan Jurusan Statistika terkait proses pelaporan DHKP Tahun 2022.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 307,
"top": 619,
"width": 238,
"height": 83,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Tahap pembuatan dokumen SOP distribusi SPPT PBB-P2 yaitu dengan merapikan kembali SOP yang telah ada di Desa Kedungsolo. Pembuatan SOP bertujuan untuk memberikan pedoman kerja yang baku kepada setiap individu yang terlibat di tiap-tiap bagian.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 307,
"top": 706,
"width": 238,
"height": 68,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Proses mendesain dashboard data entry SPPT PBB-P2 Desa Kedungsolo yaitu dengan merancang kerangka masalah, membuat flowchart dashboard dan flowchart admin. Kerangka masalah berisi perancangan database",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 399,
"top": 209,
"width": 52,
"height": 7,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Survei & Observasi",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 366,
"top": 241,
"width": 117,
"height": 6,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Membuat dokumen SOP Distribusi SPPT PBB-P2",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 362,
"top": 274,
"width": 125,
"height": 16,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Mendesain Dashboard Data Entry SPPT PBB-P2 Desa Kedungsolo",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 364,
"top": 312,
"width": 122,
"height": 82,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Membuat Dashboard Data Entry SPPT PBB-P2 Desa Kedungsolo Evaluasi Pengaplikasian",
"type": "Picture"
},
{
"left": 262,
"top": 23,
"width": 264,
"height": 14,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Journal Of Innovation And Applied Technology",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 357,
"top": 40,
"width": 173,
"height": 24,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Volume 09, Number 01, 2023 e-ISSN:2477-7951 - p-ISSN:2502-4973",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 545,
"top": 14,
"width": 31,
"height": 16,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "JIAT",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 561,
"top": 806,
"width": 14,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "15",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 61,
"top": 798,
"width": 395,
"height": 22,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Peningkatan Kualitas Pelaporan DHKP (Daftar Himpunan Ketetapan Pajak dan Pembayaran) Desa Kedungsolo Porong Sidoarjo Tahun 2022",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 54,
"top": 88,
"width": 244,
"height": 83,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "sql yang berfungsi untuk menyimpan data sppt yang telah diinput dalam dashboard , flowchart dashboard berisi perancangan proses alur aplikasi sedangkan flowchart admin berisi alur admin dalam penginputan data. Berikut kerangka masalah dapat dilihat pada Gambar 4.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 109,
"top": 305,
"width": 128,
"height": 8,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Gambar 4. Kerangka Masalah",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 54,
"top": 329,
"width": 237,
"height": 25,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Flowchart dashboard data entry SPPT PBB-P2 dapat dilihat pada Gambar 5. di bawah ini.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 54,
"top": 669,
"width": 234,
"height": 8,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Gambar 5. Flowchart dashboard data entry SPPT PBB-",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 166,
"top": 680,
"width": 14,
"height": 8,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "P2",
"type": "Picture"
},
{
"left": 54,
"top": 706,
"width": 237,
"height": 25,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Flowchart admin dapat dilihat pada Gambar.6 berikut:",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 365,
"top": 300,
"width": 121,
"height": 8,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Gambar 6. Flowchart admin",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 307,
"top": 324,
"width": 238,
"height": 68,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Pada tahap pembuatan dashboard data entry SPPT PBB-P2 Desa Kedungsolo menggunakan bahasa Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP) yang terintegrasi pada MySQL dengan menggunakan software Visual Studio Code.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 307,
"top": 397,
"width": 238,
"height": 112,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Fitur tampilan pada dashboard seperti menambah, menghapus, mengedit dan mencari data di coding dengan menggunakan bahasa Hypertext Preprocessor PHP. Sedangkan data yang akan diinputkan ke dalam dashboard seperti nomor SPPT, nama wajib pajak, alamat wajib pajak, nilai objek pajak, tanggal penyerahan SPPT, nama petugas",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 307,
"top": 513,
"width": 238,
"height": 39,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "pendistribusian SPPT serta nama petugas penyerahan SPPT disimpan dalam sistem manajemen database MySQL.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 307,
"top": 557,
"width": 238,
"height": 82,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Pada tahap evaluasi dilakukan untuk mendapatkan kesesuaian tujuan awal dalam pembuatannya. Evaluasi dilakukan dengan cara membandingkan mekanisme klasik dengan mekanisme penginputan data secara online melalui dashboard.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 307,
"top": 644,
"width": 238,
"height": 54,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Proses pengaplikasian dilakukan dengan mengadakan sosialisasi kepada aparat desa dan warga tentang penggunaan dashboard data entry SPPT PBB-P2 Desa Kedungsolo.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 307,
"top": 717,
"width": 168,
"height": 24,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "HASIL DAN DISKUSI Tahap Perencanaan Kebutuhan",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 307,
"top": 745,
"width": 238,
"height": 24,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Mekanisme pemungutan Pajak Bumi dan Bangunan (PBB) di Desa Kedungsolo sesuai",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 262,
"top": 23,
"width": 264,
"height": 14,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Journal Of Innovation And Applied Technology",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 357,
"top": 40,
"width": 173,
"height": 24,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Volume 09, Number 01, 2023 e-ISSN:2477-7951 - p-ISSN:2502-4973",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 545,
"top": 14,
"width": 31,
"height": 16,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "JIAT",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 561,
"top": 806,
"width": 14,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "16",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 61,
"top": 798,
"width": 395,
"height": 22,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Peningkatan Kualitas Pelaporan DHKP (Daftar Himpunan Ketetapan Pajak dan Pembayaran) Desa Kedungsolo Porong Sidoarjo Tahun 2022",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 54,
"top": 88,
"width": 238,
"height": 324,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "prosesur yang telah ditentukan sebelumnya yaitu dengan diterbitkannya Surat Pemberitahuan Pajak Terhutang (SPPT) beserta Daftar Himpunan Ketetapan Pajak (DHKP) oleh pemerintah daerah melalui Dinas Pendapatan Daerah yang didistribusikan melalui kecamatan dan kemudian dibagikan ke setiap desa untuk dilaksanakan pemungutan. Setelah DHKP dan SPPT telah dihimpun oleh pemerintah desa kemudian pemerintah desa membuat tim pemungutan pajak yang terdiri atas petugas penarikan pajak dan koordinator petugas penarikan pajak yang dibantu oleh mahasiswa PKL. Masing-masing petugas penarikan pajak diamanahi data SPPT wajib pajak (WP) yang harus ditagih, setelah melakukan penagihan kepada wajib pajak (WP) petugas penarikan pajak kemudian menyerahkan hasil pemungutan kepada koordinator petugas penarikan pajak, setelah itu koordinator petugas penarikan pajak merekap setiap setoran dan disetorkan ke bank. Mekanisme pengumpulan Pajak Bumi dan Bangunan (PBB) digambarkan dalam diagram mekanisme.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 54,
"top": 416,
"width": 238,
"height": 64,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Diagram mekanisme berisi alur proses pelaksanaan pemungutan Pajak Bumi dan Bangunan (PBB) yang selama ini berjalan di Desa Kedungsolo Kecamatan Porong Kabupaten Sidoarjo, menggambarkan",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 54,
"top": 484,
"width": 238,
"height": 78,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "hubungan yang terlibat antara lain petugas penarikan pajak, kordinator petugas penarikan pajak dan kepala desa, seluruh petugas merupakan perangkat desa yang dibantu oleh mahasiswa PKL. Berikut diagram mekanisme yang sedang berjalan:",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 105,
"top": 689,
"width": 136,
"height": 8,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Gambar 6. Diagram Mekanisme",
"type": "Caption"
},
{
"left": 54,
"top": 712,
"width": 238,
"height": 65,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Diagram mekanisme dejalaskan lebih rinci pada diagram detail mekanisme. Diagram ini menjelaskan tentang mekanisme yang berjalan memiliki dua sub hubungan yaitu 1 proses pembagian beban pajak dan 2 sektor hasil",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 307,
"top": 88,
"width": 238,
"height": 78,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "pemungutan. Di dalam diagram detail mekanisme hanya ada dua peran yaitu petugas penarikan pajak dan koordinator petugas penarikan pajak yang dibantu oleh mahasiswa PKL. Diagram detail mekanisme dapat dilihat pada Gambar 7.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 535,
"top": 268,
"width": 9,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": ".",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 344,
"top": 281,
"width": 163,
"height": 8,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Gambar 7. Diagram Detail Mekanisme",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 307,
"top": 302,
"width": 241,
"height": 173,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Setelah menggambarkan diagram detail mekanisme, kemudian menggambarkan alur berkas pemungutan Pajak Bumi dan Bangunan (PBB) yang sedang berlaku. Alur berkas pemungutan pajak akan digambarkan pada diagram flowmap yaitu gabungan peta dan flowchart ,yang menunjukan pergerakan berkas pemungutan pajak dari satu pihak ke pihak lain. Di dalam diagram flowmap terdapat tiga peran yaitu koordinator petugas penarikan pajak, petugas penarikan pajak dan kepala desa. Diagram flowmap dapat dilihat pada Table 1. berikut:",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 316,
"top": 487,
"width": 218,
"height": 19,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Table 1. Diagram Flowmap alur berkas pemungutan Pajak Bumi dan Bangunan (PBB)",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 314,
"top": 522,
"width": 141,
"height": 32,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Koordinator Petugas Penarikan Pajak Petugas Penarikan Pajak",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 479,
"top": 522,
"width": 56,
"height": 8,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Kepala Desa",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 333,
"top": 562,
"width": 173,
"height": 183,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Mengelompokkan Data SPPT Data Beban Pemungutan PBB Validasi Data Setor Hasil Pemungutan PBB TTD Laporan Setor ke Bank Rekap Hasil Setoran & Mencatatat Dalam Buku Laporan",
"type": "Picture"
},
{
"left": 262,
"top": 23,
"width": 264,
"height": 14,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Journal Of Innovation And Applied Technology",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 357,
"top": 40,
"width": 173,
"height": 24,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Volume 09, Number 01, 2023 e-ISSN:2477-7951 - p-ISSN:2502-4973",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 545,
"top": 14,
"width": 31,
"height": 16,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "JIAT",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 561,
"top": 806,
"width": 14,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "17",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 61,
"top": 798,
"width": 395,
"height": 22,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Peningkatan Kualitas Pelaporan DHKP (Daftar Himpunan Ketetapan Pajak dan Pembayaran) Desa Kedungsolo Porong Sidoarjo Tahun 2022",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 54,
"top": 88,
"width": 238,
"height": 297,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Berdasarkan Tabel 1. dapat dilihat bahwa kelemahan mekanisme yang sedang berlaku belum menggunakan sistem yang terstruktur, pencatatan masih secara manual dalam daftar buku oleh koordinator petugas penarikan pajak dan rentan terjadi kesalahan tulis nomor SPPT atau nomor SPPT yang tertukar, terdapat kesalahpahaman tentang pencatatan distribusi SPPT PBB oleh petugas, apakah benar sudah diterima oleh wajib pajak (WP) atau masih berada pada petugas penarikan pajak. Hal tersebut membuat wajib pajak (WP) tidak bisa melakukan pembayaran secara tepat waktu sesuai dengan waktu yang ditetapkan. Selain itu berkas laporan yang akan disetorkan ke bank tidak efisien dan rentan terjadi ketidaksesuaian antara nominal dan jumlah uang, progress tiap kolektor sulit untuk dipantau serta Wajib Pajak (WP) tidak dapat mengakses secara langsung status Surat Pemberitahuan dan status pembayaran Pajak Terutang (SPPT) PBB-nya secara individu.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 67,
"top": 547,
"width": 211,
"height": 8,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Gambar 8. Kegiatan Diskusi di Desa Kedungsolo",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 54,
"top": 566,
"width": 238,
"height": 201,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Solusi Pemecahan Masalah Solusi pemecahan masalah adalah dengan mengembangkan sebuah sistem informasi yaitu dalam bentuk dashboard untuk meningkatkan Kualitas Pelaporan Daftar Himpunan Ketetapan Pajak dan Pembayaran (DHKP) di Desa Kedungsolo Kecamatan Porong Kabupaten Sidoarjo. Dengan adanya sistem ini koordinator petugas penarikan pajak tidak lagi merekap data hasil pemungutan PBB dan memindah ke dalam catatan buku secara manual melainkan hanya memonitoring data pemungutan PBB yang diinput oleh petugas penarikan pajak, memberikan kemudahan petugas penarikan pajak yang berperan sebagai admin dalam",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 307,
"top": 88,
"width": 238,
"height": 78,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "pencatatan Pajak Bumi dan Bangunan (PBB) secara online dan terstruktur, serta untuk memudahkan wajib pajak (WP) untuk mengakses secara langsung status Surat Pemberitahuan dan status pembayaran Pajak Terutang (SPPT) PBB secara individu.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 307,
"top": 178,
"width": 238,
"height": 24,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Sistem informasi yang diusulkan ke Desa Kedungsolo",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 307,
"top": 205,
"width": 238,
"height": 38,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Sistem informasi yang akan disusulkan ke Desa Kedungsolo adalah berupa pembuatan Dashboard",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 307,
"top": 233,
"width": 238,
"height": 146,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Data Entry SPPT PBB-P2 menggunakan bahasa Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP) yang terintergrasi dengan MySQL, dengan adanya dashboard ini memudahkan petugas penarikan pajak dalam menginput Pajak Bumi dan Bangunan (PBB) dan mempermudah koordinator petugas penarikan pajak untuk memantau pemungutan Pajak Bumi dan Bangunan (PBB). Usulan sistem informasi digambarkan dalam bentuk flowmap pada Tabel 2 berikut.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 310,
"top": 390,
"width": 231,
"height": 8,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Table 2. Flowmap Sistem Informasi Pemungutan Pajak",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 316,
"top": 402,
"width": 215,
"height": 56,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Bumi dan Bangunan (PBB) Koordinator Petugas Penarikan Pajak Petugas Penarikan Pajak Kepala Desa Wajib Pajak",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 307,
"top": 688,
"width": 140,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Hasil Perencanaan Sistem",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 307,
"top": 709,
"width": 208,
"height": 51,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Form login untuk admin Tampilan antarmuka form login pada dashboard untuk admin dapat dilihat pada Gambar 8.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 323,
"top": 467,
"width": 210,
"height": 188,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Mengelompokkan Data SPPT Laporan Setor ke Bank Memonitoring Data Pemungutan PBB Yang Diinput Oleh Petugas Penarikan Pajak Laporan Data Beban Pemungutan PBB Validasi Data Menginput Data Hasil Pemungutan PBB ke Dashboard TTD Mengecek Status SPPT PBB Secara Individu",
"type": "Picture"
},
{
"left": 262,
"top": 23,
"width": 264,
"height": 14,
"page_number": 7,
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"text": "Peningkatan Kualitas Pelaporan DHKP (Daftar Himpunan Ketetapan Pajak dan Pembayaran) Desa Kedungsolo Porong Sidoarjo Tahun 2022",
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"text": "menampilkan antarmuka untuk progress pengumpulan PBB oleh admin.",
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"text": "antarmuka menu untuk mencetak SPPT yang sudah diupload. Hasil cetak SPPT dalam bentuk file excel.",
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"text": "Tampilan dashboard untuk masyarakat Tampilan antarmuka dashboard untuk masyarakat dapat dilihat pada Gambar 14. Di bawah ini.",
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"text": "Kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat yang dilakukan oleh tim dosen Departemen Statistika fakultas MIPA Universitas Brawijaya di Desa Kedungsolo Kecamatan Porong Kabupaten Sidoarjo berhasil berjalan dengan baik dan lancar. Aparat desa terutama yang bertugas langsung dalam pemungutan pajak sangat",
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"text": "terbantu dengan adanya sistem informasi Dashboard Data Entry SPPT PBB-P2. Dengan adanya sistem ini koordinator tidak lagi merekap data hasil pemungutan PBB dan memindah ke dalam catatan buku secara manual melainkan hanya memonitoring data pemungutan PBB yang diinput oleh petugas penarikan pajak, memberikan kemudahan petugas penarikan pajak yang berperan sebagai admin dalam pencatatan Pajak Bumi dan Bangunan (PBB) secara online dan terstruktur, serta untuk memudahkan wajib pajak (WP) untuk mengakses secara langsung status Surat Pemberitahuan dan status pembayaran Pajak Terutang (SPPT) PBB secara individu.",
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"text": "Berdasarkan hasil penelitan terdapat beberapa saran. Adapun saran dari penelitian ini adalah: 1) Password pada akun admin harus diupdate secara berkala untuk meningkatkan keamanan. 2) Diharapkan ada penelitian lebih lanjut agar bisa menjadi sebuah aplikasi yang utuh yang dapat membantu kebutuhan Desa Kedungsolo dalam pemungutan PBB secara keseluruhan.",
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"text": "Penulis mengucapkan terima kasih kepada Skim Dana DPP/SPP Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam Universitas Brawijaya (UB) yang telah mendanai tim dosen Departemen Statistika Fakultas MIPA Universitas Brawijaya di Desa Kedungsolo, Kecamatan Porong,",
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"text": "Kabupaten Sidoarjo sehingga kegiatan pengabdian ini dapat terlaksana. Terima kasih juga tim sampaikan kepada Pemerintah Desa Kedungsolo dan staff jajarannya serta masyarakat setempat yang telah mendukung serta menerima tim dosen Departemen",
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"text": "Statistika dalam menginplementasikan ide dan program kerja.",
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"text": "REFERENSI",
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"top": 673,
"width": 238,
"height": 39,
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"text": "[1] Kecamatan Porong dalam Angka 2018. Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) Kabupaten Sidoarjo Tahun 2018.",
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{
"left": 54,
"top": 731,
"width": 238,
"height": 24,
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"text": "[2] Pedoman Umum Pengelolaan Pajak Bumi dan Bangunan Perdesaan dan",
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{
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"text": "Kementerian",
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{
"left": 379,
"top": 88,
"width": 166,
"height": 39,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Keuangan Republik Indonesia, Direktorat Jenderal Perimbangan Keuangan. 2014.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 307,
"top": 146,
"width": 237,
"height": 25,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "[3] Ella Helmi Israel, M., Bayu Surarso, and Ibnu Widiyanto. RANCANG BANGUN",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 379,
"top": 175,
"width": 44,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "SISTEM",
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"left": 379,
"top": 175,
"width": 165,
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"text": "INFORMASI PENGELOLAAN",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 379,
"top": 190,
"width": 166,
"height": 97,
"page_number": 8,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "KEUANGAN DAERAH (STUDI KASUS PADA SKPD DINAS ENERGI DAN SUMBER DAYA INERAL KABUPATEN KEPULAUAN SANGIHE). Diss. Universitas Diponegoro, 2012.",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 307,
"top": 306,
"width": 238,
"height": 54,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "[4] Hidayat, Cepi Rahmat, and Doni Ramdanis. \"Sistem informasi pengolahan data pemungutan pajak bumi dan bangunan.\" Sisfotenika 6.1",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 379,
"top": 364,
"width": 69,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "(2016): 81-90.",
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ed567103-82f4-ad33-208d-3e89794fa00c | https://ejournal.unsrat.ac.id/v3/index.php/jisep/article/download/55408/46290 | [
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"text": "Agri- SosioEkonomi Unsrat, ISSN (p) 1907– 4298, ISSN (e) 2685-063X , Sinta 5, Volume 20 Nomor 2, Mei 2024 : 473 - 478",
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"text": "The Role of Anugrah Satu Farmer Group in Potato Commodity Development In Linelean Village, Modoinding District, South Minahasa Regency",
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"text": "Greity Fitria Tulong (1)(*) , Oktavianus Porajouw (2) , Audrey J. M. Maweikere (2)",
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"text": "1) Mahasiswa Program Studi Agribisnis, Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Sam Ratulangi, Manado 2) Dosen Program studi Agribisnis, Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Sam Ratulangi, Manado",
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"text": "*Penulis untuk korespondensi: 17031104180@student.unsrat.ac.id",
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"text": "Naskah diterima melalui e-mail jurnal ilmiah agrisosioekonomi@unsrat.ac.id : Kamis, 7 Maret 2024",
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"text": ": Jumat, 31 Mei 2024",
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"text": "This study aims to describe the role of the \"Anugrah Satu\" farmer group in developing the potato commodity. This research was conducted in Linelean Village, Modoinding District, South Minahasa Regency, planned for 3 months, namely July to September 2023. The data collection method used primary and secondary data. Data collection in this study was carried out in 3 stages, namely observation, interviews and documentation. The population in this study were all members of the Anugrah Satu farmer group totaling 20 people. The sample was taken as a whole farmer group member or saturated sample. Data was measured with a Likert scale, then analyzed using the Role Level Index. The results showed that based on the results of the study it can be concluded that the level of role of the Anugrah Satu farmer group in the development of potato commodities in Linelean Village, Modoinding Subdistrict, South Minahasa Regency is classified in the Very Role category, with an index number of 85.91%. The Anugrah Satu farmer group can still increase its role in the development of potato commodities to a higher level at an index number of 90-95%.",
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"text": "Keywords : role of farmer groups; commodity development; potato",
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"text": "Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan Peranan Kelompok Tani “Anugrah Satu” dalam Pengembangan Komoditi Kentang. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Desa Linelean Kecamatan Modoinding Kabupaten Minahasa Selatan, direncanakan selama 3 bulan yaitu bulan Juli sampai September 2023. Metode pengumpulan data yang dilakukan menggunakan data primer dan sekunder. Pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini dilakukan dalam 3 tahap yaitu observasi, wawancara dan dokumentasi. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh anggota kelompok tani Anugrah Satu berjumlah 20 orang. Sampel diambil keseluruhan anggota kelompok tani atau sampel jenuh. Data diukur dengan skala Likert, kemudian dianalisis menggunakan Indeks Tingkat Peranan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa tingkat peranan kelompok tani Anugrah Satu dalam pengembangan komoditi kentang di Desa Linelean Kecamatan Modoinding Kabupaten Minahasa Selatan tergolong dalam kategori Sangat Berperan, dengan angka indeks 85.91%. Kelompok tani Anugrah Satu masih dapat meningkatkan perannya dalam pengembangan komoditi kentang ke tingkat yang lebih pada angka indeks 90-95%.",
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"text": "Kata kunci : peran kelompok tani; pengembangan komoditas; kentang",
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"text": "Latar Belakang Indonesia memiliki sumberdaya alam hortikultura tropika berlimpah. Dengan keanekaragaman sumberdaya lahan, iklim dan cuaca dapat dijadikan suatu kekuatan untuk menghadapi persaingan semakin ketat dalam agribisnis holtikultura di masa depan (Arifina, 2016). Produk-produk agribisnis holtikultura tropika nusantara terdiri dari buah-buahan, sayuran, tanaman hias, dan tanaman obat merupakan salah satu andalan indonesia baik di pasar domestik, regional maupun internasional (Wibowo, 2009). Salah satu produk hortikultura yang menjadi andalan yaitu tanaman kentang.",
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"text": "Tanaman kentang menghasilkan umbi sebagai komoditas sayuran yang di kembangkan dan potensi untuk dipasarkan didalam negeri maupun ekspor. Tanaman kentang merupakan salah satu tanaman penunjang program dipersifikasi pangan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan gizi masyarakat. Sebagai bahan makanan, kandungan nutrisi umbi kentang dinilai cukup baik, yaitu mengandung protein berkualitas tinggi, asam amino esensial, mineral, dan elemen-elemen mikro, disamping juga merupakan sumber vitamin C (asam askorbat), beberapa vitamin B (tiamin, niasin, Vitamin B6) dan mineral P, Mg dan K (Putro, 2010).",
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"text": "Di Sulawesi Utara, Kabupaten Minahasa Selatan khususnya di Kecamatan Modoinding, dari Wilayah 66,44 km 2 berpenduduk 11,533 jiwa itulah sebagian besar kebutuhan sayuran masyarakat Sulawesi Utara dipasok. Modoinding merupakan sentra sayuan terbesar wilayah itu terletak di 156 km sebelah selatan Manado. Kentang menjadi komoditas utama di Modoinding Di antara banyak jenis sayuran yang dikembangkan di Modoinding, kentang menjadi prioritas utama masyarakat. Kentang yang banyak diproduksi di kecamatan Modoinding seperti kentang superjon, biasa dan kentang yang berasal dari kelompok tani yang ada di Modoinding.",
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{
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"width": 226,
"height": 60,
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"text": "Desa Linelean adalah salah satu desa yang memiliki potensi yang besar untuk pengembangan tanaman kentang dan merupakan salah satu dari sepuluh desa yang memproduksi kentang di Kecamatan Modoinding. Total produksi kentang",
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{
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"text": "di desa Linelean mencapai 640 ton, yang artinya desa Linelean juga mempunyai pengaruh dalam peningkatan produksi kentang di Kecamatan Modoinding.",
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{
"left": 309,
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"text": "Kelompok Tani Anugerah Satu di desa Linelean kecamatan Modoinding adalah salah satu kelompok tani yang mendapatkan bantuan pemerintah berupa benih kentang, obat-obatan hama/penyakit, dan alat pertanian, melalui program upland. Selain itu, kelompok tani ini juga mendapatkan bantuan uang sebesar 500 juta untuk peternakan sapi. Tujuan utama peternakan sapi ini adalah untuk pengolahan pupuk kompos bagi petani di kecamatan Modoinding dan sekitarnya. Jadi, kelompok tani ini memiliki peran yang sangat penting dalam mengembangkan komoditi kentang dan sayur-sayuran di desa Linelean kecamatan Modoinding Kabupaten Minahasa Selatan. Berdasarkan permasalahan tersebut di atas, penulis tertarik untuk melaksanakan penelitian dengan fokus masalah bagaimana peran kelompok tani Anugerah Satu dalam pengembangan komoditi kentang di desa Linelean kecamatan Modoinding.”",
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"text": "Tujuan Penelitian",
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"top": 435,
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"text": "Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mendeskripsikan peranan Kelompok Tani",
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"text": "“Anugrah Satu” dalam Pengembangan Komoditi",
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"text": "Kentang di Desa Linelean Kecamatan Modoinding Kabupaten Minahasa Selatan.",
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"text": "Manfaat Penelitian Manfaat dari penelitian ini yaitu meningkatkan pengetahuan dan wawasan mengenai peran kelompok dalam pengembangan kelompok tani, sebagai bahan informasi untuk kelompok tani dalam pengembangan komoditi kentang, dan diharapkan dapat memberikan pengetahuan dan tambahan sarana referensi terutama bagi masyarakat.",
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"text": "METODOLOGI PENELITIAN",
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"text": "Waktu dan Tempat Penelitian",
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"top": 688,
"width": 226,
"height": 35,
"page_number": 2,
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"text": "Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Desa Linelean Kecamatan Modoinding Kabupaten Minahasa Selatan. Penelitian ini dilakukan selama 3 bulan,",
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{
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"text": "Agri- SosioEkonomi Unsrat, ISSN (p) 1907– 4298, ISSN (e) 2685-063X , Sinta 5, Volume 20 Nomor 2, Mei 2024 : 473 - 478",
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"text": "Agrisosioekonomi :",
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"text": "Jurnal Transdisiplin Pertanian (Budidaya Tanaman, Perkebunan, Kehutanan, Peternakan, Perikanan, Sosial dan Ekonomi) 475",
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},
{
"left": 64,
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"width": 226,
"height": 23,
"page_number": 3,
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"text": "yang dimulai dari bulan Juli sampai denhgan September 2023.",
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"text": "Jenis dan Sumber Data",
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"text": "Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah data primer dan data sekunder. Data primer dalam penelitian ini bersumber dari kelompok tani serta informan yang ada di Desa Linelean Kecamatan Modoinding Kabupaten Minahasa Selatan. Data sekunder diperoleh melalui media perantara misalnya arsip atau dokumen, data sekunder bersumber dari kantor Desa Linelean, kecamatan atau instansi yang terkait.",
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"text": "Metode Pengumpulan Data",
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{
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"width": 226,
"height": 111,
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"text": "Pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini dilakukan wawancara dengan responden, yaitu tanya jawab lisan antara dua orang atau lebih secara langsung. Wawancara ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan data dan informasi dari tangan pertama (primer). Kehadiran peneliti sangat diperlukan dengan tujuan untuk mendapatkan informasi yang detail dari anggota Kelompok Tani Anugrah Satu Desa Linelean.",
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"text": "Metode Pengambilan Sampel",
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{
"left": 64,
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"text": "Metode pengambilan sampel dalam penelitian ini yaitu metode survei dengan menggunakan sampel jenuh, yang mana seluruh anggota kelompok tani yang berjumlah 20 orang digunakan sebagai sampel.",
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"text": "Konsep Pengukuran Variabel",
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"text": "Variabel-variabel yang diukur dalam penelitian ini, yaitu:",
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"text": "1. Karakteristik responden",
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"text": "a. Umur (Tahun)",
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{
"left": 82,
"top": 574,
"width": 171,
"height": 10,
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"text": "b. Pengalaman berusahatani (Tahun)",
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{
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"width": 92,
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"text": "c. Luas lahan (Ha)",
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"width": 144,
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"text": "d. Jumlah tanggungan (Orang)",
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{
"left": 82,
"top": 612,
"width": 107,
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"text": "e. Tingkat pendidikan",
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{
"left": 64,
"top": 625,
"width": 226,
"height": 35,
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"text": "2. Peranan kelompok tani sebagai kelas belajar a. Saling tukar-menukar pikiran anggota dengan yang lain.",
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{
"left": 82,
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"width": 208,
"height": 35,
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"text": "b. Pelaksanaan penyuluhan yang dilakukan penyuluh, petugas pendamping untuk pengembangan sayuran kentang.",
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{
"left": 82,
"top": 701,
"width": 208,
"height": 22,
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"text": "c. Ikut serta anggota kelompok dalam penyuluhan.",
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{
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"text": "3. Peranan kelompok tani sebagai wahana kerjasama a. Kelompok bersama-sama mengatasi masalah dalam penanggulangan hama dan penyakit pada kentang.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 327,
"top": 169,
"width": 208,
"height": 23,
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"text": "b. Anggota kelompok berkoordinasi dengan pengurus kelompok.",
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{
"left": 327,
"top": 195,
"width": 208,
"height": 48,
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"text": "c. Kelompok melakukan kerja sama untuk pengembangan kentang baik antar anggota kelompok atau dengan kelompok tani yang lain.",
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{
"left": 327,
"top": 245,
"width": 208,
"height": 48,
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"text": "d. Kelompok melakukan pertemuan berkala untuk membahas pengembangan kentang terkait dengan teknologi maupun sarana produksi.",
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{
"left": 327,
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"width": 208,
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"text": "e. Kelompok mengadakan pertemuan untuk membahas tujuan kelompok dan anggaran dasar/anggaran dasar rumah tangga.",
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{
"left": 327,
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"width": 208,
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"text": "f. Kelompok melakukan pembagian tugas berdasarkan penetapan kegiatan yang akan dikerjasamakan baik antar anggota maupun dengan pihak lain.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 309,
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"width": 226,
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"text": "4. Peranan kelompok tani sebagai unit produksi a. Kelompok melakukan kegiatan seperti melaksanakan survei identifikasi kebutuhan pasar. b. Kelompok menghitung hasil/jumlah produski kentang.",
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"text": "c. Peningkatan produksi dan lahan produksi.",
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{
"left": 370,
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"text": "Metode Analisis Data",
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"text": "Metode analisis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu analisis deskriptif kualitatif dengan pengukuran menggunakan skala likert. Metode ini digunakan untuk mengukur peranan kelompok tani dalam pengembangan komoditi kentang dengan total 12 pertanyaan yang disiapkan. Setiap jawaban memiliki bobot nilai:",
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"text": "Skor 5 : Sangat setuju/sangat berperan Skor 4 : Setuju/berperan Skor 3 : Ragu-ragu/kurang berperan Skor 2 : Tidak setuju/tidak berperan Skor 1 : Sangat tidak setuju/sangat tidak berperan",
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"text": "Kemudian skor dihitung dengan cara meengalikan bobot tiap jawaban dengan jumlah responden, dan didapatkan jumlah skor dari masing-masing kriterium:",
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"text": "Peranan Kelompok Tani Anugrah Satu Dalam Pengembangan.........................(Greity Tulong, Oktavianus Porajouw, Audrey Maweikere)",
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"text": "476",
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"text": "S5 = 5 x 20 = 100",
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"text": "S4 = 4 x 20 = 80 S3 = 3 x 20 = 60 S2 = 2 x 20 = 40 S1 = 1 x 20 = 20",
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"text": "Jumlah skor ideal untuk setiap pertanyaan memiliki nilai tertinggi 100 dan nilai terendah 20, sehingga dapat diinterpretasikan:",
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"text": "20 36 52 68 84 100",
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"text": "STB TB KB B SB Gambar 1. Interpretasi Nilai Masing-masing",
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"text": "Pertanyaan",
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"text": "Selanjutnya dihitung skor keseluruhan untuk mengetahui peran dengan mengalikan bobot tiap jawaban dengan jumlah responden dan jumlah instrumen pertanyaan, sehingga didapatkan skor:",
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"width": 109,
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"text": "S5 = 5 x 20 x 12 = 1200 S4 = 4 x 20 x 12 = 960 S3 = 3 x 20 x 12 = 720 S2 = 2 x 20 x 12 = 480 S1 = 1 x 20 x 12 = 240",
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{
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"text": "Bedasarkan hasil perhitungan, didapatkan skor ideal tertinggi untuk keseluruhan pernyataan dengan nilai 1200 dan terendah dengan nilai 240, sehingga dapat diinterpretasikan:",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"text": "240 432 624 816 1008 1200",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"top": 598,
"width": 197,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "STB TB KB B SB",
"type": "Table"
},
{
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"top": 611,
"width": 225,
"height": 22,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Gambar 2. Interpretasi Nilai Keseluruhan Pertanyaan",
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{
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"width": 225,
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"text": "Kemudian dihitung persentase tingkat peran menggunakan rumus:",
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"width": 225,
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"text": "Tingkat peran = Jumlah skor pengumpulan data Jumlah skor ideal tertinggi ×100%",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 309,
"top": 106,
"width": 225,
"height": 23,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Adapun interpretasi berdasarkan nilai persentase yang didapatkan menggunakan yaitu:",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 309,
"top": 144,
"width": 223,
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"text": "20% 36% 52% 68% 84% 100%",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "STB TB KB B SB",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Gambar 3. Persentase Tingkat Peranan Keterangan: STB = 20% - 36% TB = 37% - 52% KB = 53% - 68% B = 69% - 84%",
"type": "Table"
},
{
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"top": 301,
"width": 88,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "SB = 85% - 100%",
"type": "Text"
},
{
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"text": "Karakteristik Responden",
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"text": "Karakteristik responden dalam penelitian ini meliputi umur, tingkat pendidikan, pengalaman berusahatani, dan luas lahan. Distribusi karakteristik responden selengkapnya disajikan dalam Tabel 1.",
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"text": "Tabel 1. Karakteristik Responden Kategori Jumlah (orang) Persentase (%) Umur (Tahun) ≤ 40 10 50.00 41 – 60 6 30.00 > 60 4 20.00 Jumlah 20 100.00 Tingkat Pendidikan SD 6 30.00 SMP 3 15.00 SMA 11 55.00 Jumlah 20 100.00 Pengalaman Berusahatani (Tahun) 15 - 20 15 75.00 21 - 32 5 25.00 Jumlah 20 100.00 Luas Lahan (Ha) 0.5 11 55.00 1 9 45.00 Jumlah 20 100.00 Sumber: Data primer diolah (2023)",
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"text": "Hasil penelitian dalam Tabel 1 menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar responden berada pada golongan umur yang masih produktif. Selain itu, sebagian besar responden juga memiliki tingkat pendidikan SMA, yang mana hal ini menandakan",
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"text": "Agri- SosioEkonomi Unsrat, ISSN (p) 1907– 4298, ISSN (e) 2685-063X , Sinta 5, Volume 20 Nomor 2, Mei 2024 : 473 - 478",
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"text": "Agrisosioekonomi :",
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"text": "Jurnal Transdisiplin Pertanian (Budidaya Tanaman, Perkebunan, Kehutanan, Peternakan, Perikanan, Sosial dan Ekonomi) 477",
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"text": "bahwa responden memiliki tingkat pendidikan yang baik dan memiliki kemampuan untuk menyerap teknologi-teknologi baru yang dapat mengembangkan usahatani. Dalam hal pengetahuan akan manajemen usahatani, hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa semua responden memiliki pengalaman berusahatani paling sedikitnya 15 tahun. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa seluruh responden merupakan individu yang berpengalaman dalam hal manajemen usahatani. Meskipun demikian, lahan yang diusahakan responden masih tergolong sempit karena seluruh responden hanya mengusahakan lahan dengan ukuran 0.5 sampai dengan 1 hektar saja.",
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"text": "Peran Kelompok Tani Anugrah Satu dalam Pengembangan Komoditi Kentang",
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"text": "Peran Sebagai Kelas Belajar",
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"text": "Peran kelompok tani sebagai kelas belajar merupakan tempat atau wadah belajar mengajar sesama",
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"text": "anggota dalam meningkatkan pengetahuan, berkembang dalam berusaha meningkatkan produktivitas serta meningkatkan pendapatan dan kehidupan sejahtera. Rekapitulasi skor peran sebagai kelas belajar disajikan dalam Tabel 2.",
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"text": "No Pernyataan Total Skor Indeks (%) Kategori 1 Saling tukar-menukar pikiran anggota dengan yang lain 89 89 SB",
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"text": "2 Pelaksanaan penyuluhan yang dilakukan penyuluh, petugas pendamping untuk pengembangan sayuran kentang 88 88",
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"text": "3 Ikut serta anggota kelompok dalam penyuluhan",
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"text": "91 91 SB Jumlah 268 268 Rata-rata 89.33 89.33 SB",
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"text": "Sumber: Data primer diolah (2023)",
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"text": "Tabel 2 menunjukkan nilai rata-rata indeks peran sebesar 89.33% dengan interpretasi sangat berperan. Hal ini berarti keberadaan kelompok tani sebagai wadah atau tempat untuk belajar dalam meningkatkan produktifitas serta kualitas kentang yang ada di desa Linelean sangat penting. Hal ini terlihat dari adanya aktivitas bertukar",
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"text": "pemikiran dengan anggota lain, pelaksanaan penyuluhan serta keikutsertaan anggota kelompok tani dalam penyuluhan untuk pengembangan komoditi kentang.",
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"text": "Peran Sebagai Wahana Kerjasama",
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"text": "Rekapitulasi skor peran sebagai wahana kerjasama disajikan dalam Tabel 3.",
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"text": "Kerjasama No Pernyataan Total Skor Indeks (%) Kategori 1 Kelompok bersama- sama mengatasi hama dan penyakit pada kentang 87 87 SB",
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"text": "kentang baik antar anggota kelompok atau dengan kelompok tani lain 89 89 SB",
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"text": "pengembangan terkait dengan teknologi maupun sarana produksi 86 86 SB",
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"text": "Tabel 3 menunjukkan nilai rata-rata indeks peran sebesar 89% dengan interpretasi sangat berperan. Hal ini membuktikan bahwa kerjasama memiliki pernanan yang krusial dalam proses pengembangan proses produksi dan pendapatan dari petani kentang, yang mana ketika proses kerjasama dijalankan dengan sebaik mungkin,",
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"text": "pengaruhnya akan berdampak baik pada anggota kelompok tani, maupun pihak luar. Hal ini juga menunjukkan bahwa kelompok tani Anugrah Satu telah dan terus menjalin kerja sama yang baik antara anggota kelompok (internal) dan pihak luar (eksternal) dalam memberikan sumbangsih yang baik bagi perkembangan pertanian kentang yang ada di desa Linelean Kecamatan Modoinding.",
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"text": "Tabel 4. Rekapitulasi Skor Peran Sebagai Unit Produksi No Pernyataan Total Skor Indeks (%) Kategori 1 Kelompok melakukan kegiatan seperti melaksanakan survei identifikasi kebutuhan pasar 75 75 B 2 Kelompok menghitung hasil/jumlah produski kentang",
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"text": "3 Peningkatan produksi dan lahan produksi 78 78 B Jumlah 231 231 Rata-rata 77 77 B Sumber: Data primer diolah (2023)",
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"text": "Tabel 5. Rekapitulasi Total Skor Peran Kelompok No Peran Kelompok Tani Skor 1 Peran sebagai kelas belajar 268 2 Peran sebagai wahana kerjasama 532 3 Peran sebagai unit produksi 231 Total Skor 1031 Skor Tertinggi 1200 Tingkat Peranan (%) 85.91 Sumber: Data primer diolah (2023)",
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"text": "Tabel 5 menunjukkan tingkat peranan kelompok Anugrah Satu dalam pengembangan komoditi kentang di Desa Linelean sebesar 85.91% dengan interpretasi sangat berperan.",
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"text": "Kesimpulan Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa peranan Kelompok Tani Anugrah Satu dalam pengembangan komoditi kentang di Desa Linelean Kecamatan Modoinding Kabupaten Minahasa Selatan tergolong pada kategori sangat berperan dengan indeks 85.91%.",
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"text": "Berdasarkan penelitian yang sudah dilakukan, maka saran yang dapat diberikan yaitu kelompok tani Anugrah Satu harus mempertahankan kinerja pengembangan komoditi kentang di Desa Linelean, bahkan dapat ditingkatkan lagi hingga mencapai angka indeks 90-95%.",
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"width": 226,
"height": 61,
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"text": "Arifina, D. 2016. Analisis Lingkungan Dan Entrepreneur Secret Dampaknya Terhadap Keunggulan Bersaing Agribisnis Hortikultura (Studi Pada Petani Tanaman Hias Dusun Bumiaji, Batu). Jurnal Bisnis dan",
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"width": 226,
"height": 48,
"page_number": 6,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Putro, A. T. A. M. 2010. Budidaya tanaman kentang (Solanum Tuberosum. L) di luar musim tanam. Skripsi. Universitas Sebelas Maret. Surakarta.",
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"left": 309,
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"width": 225,
"height": 23,
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"text": "Wibowo. 2009. Manajemen Kinerja . PT. Raja Grafindo: Jakarta.",
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"text": "Aristananda 1)",
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"text": "1) aristanandaa@gmail.com , Faculty of Economics and Business, Mercu Buana University, Indonesia",
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"text": "Article Informatin:",
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"text": "Keywords: Firm size; Profitability; ROA; Leverage; DER; Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR); Jakarta Islamic Index;",
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"text": "Article History: Received : May 9, 2022 Revised : June 15, 2022 Accepted : July 2, 2022",
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"text": "Article Doi:",
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"text": "Abstract",
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{
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"text": "This study aims to analyze the effect of firm size, profitability (ROA) and leverage (DER) on corporate social responsibility. The population in this study are companies registered as members of the Jakarta Islamic Index in 2016-2020. Of the 30 listed companies, there are 11 companies that meet the criteria as samples in this study. Sampling was done by purposive sampling method, using panel data. The method of data collection was carried out using documentation techniques and library research techniques with data sources namely secondary data. The data analysis method uses statistical techniques through Eviews 9. This study proves that the size of the company has a negative and insignificant effect on the disclosure of corporate social responsibility. ROA has a significant negative effect on the disclosure of corporate social responsibility.",
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"text": "INTRODUCTION",
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"text": "Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a very popular term today and is the obligation of every issuer on the stock exchange, even though CSR on a global scale has been used since the 1970s. The implementation of CSR was initially only voluntary, but now CSR has become a strategic activity that is related to the achievement of company goals in the long term. Elkington (1998) with his concept of the Triple Bottom Line, suggests that a good company does not only want to gain economic benefits (profit), but also must have a concern for environmental sustainability (planet) and community welfare (people).",
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"text": "In general, CSR is an action or concept carried out by companies as a form of their responsibility to social and environmental surroundings where the company is located. The forms of responsibility given also vary, ranging from carrying out activities that can improve the welfare of the community through environmental improvements, providing scholarships, providing funds for the maintenance of public facilities, as well as donations to the community that are social and useful, especially for people who are in the company's environment.",
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"text": "The government through Law No.25 of 2007 concerning Investment Article 15(b) states that every investor is obliged to carry out corporate social responsibility. Another regulation related to CSR is Law No. 40 of 2007 concerning Limited Liability Companies, article 66 paragraph 22(c) which states that in addition to submitting financial reports, companies are also required to report on the implementation of social and environmental responsibilities, as well as article 74 paragraph 1, namely companies those who carry out their business activities in the field of and/or related to natural resources are obliged to carry out social and environmental responsibilities.",
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"text": "Public awareness of the company's role in the social environment is also increasing. Concern about the worsening environmental and social conditions due to the business activities",
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"text": "Vol.6 No. 3, August 2022",
"type": "Page header"
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{
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"width": 76,
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"text": "p-ISSN: 2598-6783 e-ISSN: 2598-4888",
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{
"left": 76,
"top": 787,
"width": 251,
"height": 14,
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"text": "106 https://publikasi.mercubuana.ac.id/index.php/indikator",
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{
"left": 71,
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"text": "of companies has also become a global problem today. Global Trend Graphs data shows that there is a threat due to environmental damage for the survival of future generations. The negative impact of the company's business activities on the environmental and social conditions of the community is something that needs to be considered.",
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"text": "Basically, in maintaining its existence, the company cannot be separated from the community. Companies that carry out CSR activities will pay attention to the impact of company operations on social and environmental conditions and strive for positive impacts. So that with the concept of CSR, it is hoped that environmental damage that occurs in the world, ranging from population increase, resource utilization, deforestation, can be reduced.",
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"text": "The implementation of CSR in companies is believed to improve company performance. CSR activities can also assist in improving financial performance and capital market access, enhancing brand image and sales, maintaining the quality of the workforce, improving decision-making on critical issues, managing risks more efficiently and reducing long-term costs. Many indicators can be used to analyze the effect of the company's financial performance on CSR disclosure, but in this study the researchers chose the factors of firm size, profitability and leverage as indicators that affect CSR disclosure.",
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"text": "The effect of firm size on CSR disclosure is reflected in agency theory which explains that large companies have large agency costs, therefore large companies will disclose more information than small companies.",
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"text": "Profitability is a factor that gives management freedom and flexibility to disclose social responsibility to shareholders.",
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"text": "Leverageprovides an overview of the capital structure of the company, so that it can be seen the level of risk of uncollectible debt.",
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"text": "This research is interesting to do because it aims to analyze the effect of firm size, profitability, and leverage on the social responsibility of companies registered as members of the Jakarta Islamic Index in 2016-2020. Jakarta Islamic Index (JII) is an index consisting of 30 stocks accommodating investment requirements based on Islamic law.",
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"text": "The problem in this study is that there are still some indicators whose values are still low based on CSR disclosure data based on the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI). The following are the results of CSR disclosure data at JII companies for the 2009-2012 period:",
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"text": "Table 1. JII CSR Disclosures period 2009-2012",
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"text": "Source: JII (IDX website), data processed",
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"text": "Based on the table, on average only 48 items were disclosed out of a total of 79 CSR disclosure items during the 2009-2012 period. When presented, the amount is only 60% of the total CSR disclosure items. Of the six aspects of CSR disclosure, the highest value is in the aspect of employee disclosure, while the lowest CSR disclosure item is in the social aspect.",
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"text": "Vol.6 No. 3, August 2022",
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"text": "p-ISSN: 2598-6783 e-ISSN: 2598-4888",
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"text": "http://dx.doi.org/10.22441/indikator.v6i3.15409",
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"text": "107",
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"text": "LITERATURE REVIEW Agency Theory",
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"text": "Agency theory according to Jensen and Meckling (1976) states that agency relationships occur when one or more people (principals) hire other people (agents) to provide a service and then delegate decision-making authority. Agency theory assumes that all individuals act in their own interests. So that there is a conflict of interest between the owner and the agent because the agent may not always act in accordance with the interests of the principal, thus triggering agency costs.",
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"text": "Stakeholders Theory",
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"text": "Stakeholders theory said that the company is not an entity that only operates for its own sake but must also be able to provide benefits to its stakeholders. Thus, the existence of a company is strongly effected by the support provided by the company's stakeholders (Chariri & Ghozali, 2007).",
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"text": "Legitimacy Theory",
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"text": "Legitimacy theory reveals that companies continuously seek to act in accordance with the boundaries and norms in society. For this effort, the company tries to make its activities acceptable according to the perceptions of external parties (Deegan, 2002). The existence of legitimacy theory provides the basis that companies must obey the norms that apply in the community where the company is located so that company operations can also run smoothly without conflict from the surrounding community.",
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"text": "Corporate Social Responsibility",
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"text": "The World Bank (world bank) defines CSR as a business commitment to contribute to sustainable economic development that can work together with employees and their representatives, the surrounding community and the wider community to improve the quality of life, in a way that is good for business and development. .",
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"text": "Firm Size",
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"text": "Firm size is a variable that is widely used to explain social disclosures made by companies in the annual reports made. In general, large companies will disclose more information than small companies.",
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"text": "Profitability",
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"text": "The profitability is a factor that gives management freedom and flexibility to disclose social responsibility to shareholders. This means that the higher the level of company profitability, the greater the disclosure of social information (Putro & Risman, 2021; Heinze, 1976 in Gray et.al., 1995).",
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"text": "Leverage",
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"text": "Leverage is a comparison between the funds used to finance the company or the comparison between funds obtained from external companies (from creditors) with funds provided by the company owner (Risman et al., 2020; Makmun, 2002)",
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"text": "108 https://publikasi.mercubuana.ac.id/index.php/indikator",
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"text": "Conceptual Framework",
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"text": "Figure 1. Conceptual Framework",
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"text": "Source: JII (IDX website), data processed",
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"text": "Hypothesis",
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"text": "H 1 : Firm size has a positive effect on the disclosure of corporate social responsibility. H 2 : The company's profitability has a positive effect on the disclosure of corporate social responsibility.",
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"text": "H 3 : The company's leverage has a positive effect on the disclosure of corporate social responsibility.",
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"text": "METHOD",
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"text": "Time and Place of Research",
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"text": "The research time for data collection was seven months, namely April - December 2021. This study took location on the Jakarta Islamic Index (JII) for the 2016-2020 period. The data is obtained through direct access from the website of the Indonesia Stock Exchange (www.idx.co.id) and the websites of companies in JII.",
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"text": "Research design",
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"text": "With the preparation in a planned and systematic way to get problem solving answers to certain phenomena that have been determined. In this study, the author uses quantitative methods, where information is obtained through processing and analyzing data using statistical techniques, namely Eviews 9. The design of this study uses a causal approach, which aims to test hypotheses about the effect of one or several variables (independent variables) on other variables (dependent variables). ). The source of data used by researchers is secondary data, namely primary data that has been further processed and presented by other parties (Umar, 2003:69). This study uses secondary data in the form of disclosure of corporate social responsibility, firm size, profitability, and leverage contained in the Annual Report contained on the Indonesia Stock Exchange website with observational data for the 2016-2020 period.",
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"text": "Operational Definition Variables",
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"text": "1. Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure",
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"text": "In this study, the disclosure of corporate social responsibility is the data disclosed by the company related to its social activities. Corporate social disclosure is measured by",
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"text": "Vol.6 No. 3, August 2022",
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"text": "p-ISSN: 2598-6783 e-ISSN: 2598-4888",
"type": "Page header"
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"text": "http://dx.doi.org/10.22441/indikator.v6i3.15409 109",
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{
"left": 85,
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"text": "content analysis method by means of a checklist in the form of the CSRDI social disclosure index (Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure Index).",
"type": "Text"
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"left": 71,
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"text": "2. Firm Size .",
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 159,
"width": 443,
"height": 52,
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"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Firm size is a variable that is widely used to explain social disclosures made by companies in the annual reports made. In this study, firm size is expressed by the total assets of companies listed in JII for the period 2016-2020. The following is the firm size formula used in this study:",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "3. Profitability",
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 264,
"width": 443,
"height": 25,
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"text": "The profitability variable in this study uses Return on Assets (ROA). The formula for measuring the profitability variable (ROA) is as follows:",
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"text": "4. Leverage",
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"left": 85,
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"text": "Leverage companies in this study were measured by the value of the Debt to Equity Ratio (DER). The measurement of leverage (DER) in this study using the formula:",
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"text": "Population and Research Sample",
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"left": 71,
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"text": "The population in this study is a pharmaceutical sub-sector company registered inIndonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) in period 2016-2020.The following is a list of sample company names: Sampling was done by \"purposive sampling\" method. Of the 30 companies registered as members of the Jakarta Islamic Index, there are 11 companies that meet the requirements as a sample. This study uses panel data (pooled data), for a period of 5 years (2016 to 2020), so the total number of observations is 55.",
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"text": "Table 2. Sample List",
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{
"left": 171,
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"text": "No. NAME OF COMPANY",
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{
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"width": 48,
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"text": "STOCK CODE",
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{
"left": 171,
"top": 592,
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"text": "1 PT Adaro Energy Tbk",
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},
{
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"top": 592,
"width": 22,
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"text": "ADRO",
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{
"left": 171,
"top": 600,
"width": 99,
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"text": "2 PT AKR Corporindo Tbk",
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},
{
"left": 385,
"top": 600,
"width": 22,
"height": 6,
"page_number": 5,
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"text": "AKRA",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 171,
"top": 609,
"width": 137,
"height": 6,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "3 PT Indofood CBP Sukses Makmur Tbk",
"type": "Picture"
},
{
"left": 387,
"top": 609,
"width": 17,
"height": 6,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "ICBP",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 171,
"top": 617,
"width": 92,
"height": 6,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "4 PT Vale Indonesia Tbk",
"type": "Picture"
},
{
"left": 387,
"top": 617,
"width": 19,
"height": 6,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "INCO",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 171,
"top": 626,
"width": 122,
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"text": "5 PT Indofood Sukses Makmur Tbk",
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{
"left": 387,
"top": 626,
"width": 18,
"height": 6,
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"text": "INDF",
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{
"left": 171,
"top": 634,
"width": 86,
"height": 6,
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"text": "6 PT Kalbe Farma Tbk",
"type": "Picture"
},
{
"left": 386,
"top": 634,
"width": 20,
"height": 6,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "KLBF",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 171,
"top": 643,
"width": 83,
"height": 6,
"page_number": 5,
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"text": "7 PT Bukit Asam Tbk",
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},
{
"left": 386,
"top": 643,
"width": 20,
"height": 6,
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"page_width": 595,
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"text": "PTBA",
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{
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"top": 651,
"width": 151,
"height": 6,
"page_number": 5,
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"text": "8 PT Telekomunikasi Indonesia (Persero) Tbk",
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},
{
"left": 385,
"top": 651,
"width": 22,
"height": 6,
"page_number": 5,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "TLKM",
"type": "Table"
},
{
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"top": 660,
"width": 94,
"height": 6,
"page_number": 5,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "9 PT United Tractors Tbk",
"type": "Picture"
},
{
"left": 386,
"top": 660,
"width": 21,
"height": 6,
"page_number": 5,
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"text": "UNTR",
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{
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"top": 669,
"width": 103,
"height": 6,
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"text": "10 PT Unilever Indonesia Tbk",
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},
{
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"top": 669,
"width": 236,
"height": 14,
"page_number": 5,
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"text": "UNVR 11 PT Wijaya Karya (Persero) Tbk",
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},
{
"left": 386,
"top": 677,
"width": 21,
"height": 6,
"page_number": 5,
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"text": "WIKA",
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{
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"text": "Source: JII (IDX website), data processed",
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{
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"text": "Data Collection Technique",
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{
"left": 71,
"top": 728,
"width": 457,
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"text": "The data collection technique carried out by the author to obtain secondary data in this study was carried out with documentation techniques, namely by taking data that was available",
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"text": "Vol.6 No. 3, August 2022",
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"text": "p-ISSN: 2598-6783 e-ISSN: 2598-4888",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 76,
"top": 787,
"width": 251,
"height": 14,
"page_number": 6,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "110 https://publikasi.mercubuana.ac.id/index.php/indikator",
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{
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"top": 89,
"width": 456,
"height": 52,
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"text": "and published by the Jakarta Islamic Index and using library research techniques, by obtaining data through library research by reading, studying books, literature. and the results of research from other parties that have relevance to the object of research being analyzed related to the required secondary data.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 71,
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"text": "Data Analysis Method",
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"text": "For data analysis method using descriptive statistics and panel data regression analysis. In order for the regression analysis model used in this study to theoretically produce valid parametric values, tests will first be carried out which include: panel data regression estimation model (common effects model, fixed effect model, and random effect model), selection of panel data regression estimation model (Chow test, Hausman test, and Lagrane multiplier test), classical assumption test (multicollinearity test and heteroscedasticity test), model feasibility test (f statistic test), hypothesis test (t statistical test).",
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"text": "RESULTS AND DISCUSSION",
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"text": "Results",
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"text": "1. Descriptive Statistical Analysis",
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"text": "Table 3. Descriptive Statistical Analysis",
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"text": "Source: Output results with Eviews 9",
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"text": "Based on table 3. it can be seen that the sample data studied in 2016-2020 were 55 data samples. Descriptive statistical analysis showed the following results:",
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"text": "1) The number of observations used in this study was 55 (fifty five) samples consisting of 11 (eleven) companies registered as members of JII for the 2016–2020 period (5 years).",
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{
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"text": "2) With the Global Reporting (GRI) G4 indicator with a total of 91 disclosure items, based on the results of the table above, the dependent variable CSR has a minimum value of 0.33 or 33% of the total disclosure index, which is 30 disclosures, while the maximum value is 0.56 or 56. % of the total disclosure, namely 51 disclosures. The average value (mean) is 0.42 or 42% of the total disclosure. This means that the level of CSR disclosure of JII member companies for the 2016–2020 period cannot be said to be good, because on average the company only makes 38 disclosures of the total disclosure.",
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{
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"text": "3) The independent variable Size has a minimum value of 179 (Billion Rp). While the maximum value is 163,136 (Billion Rp). The average value (mean) is 35,434 (Billion Rp), meaning that the larger the assets, the more sources of assets owned by the company, so it is possible to increase the sources of disclosure that can be provided by the company. Because the total asset data from the sample company has a large enough variation.",
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"text": "4) The independent variable ROA has a minimum value of 0.06, meaning that the company can generate a net profit of 6% of the total assets owned. While the maximum ROA value",
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"text": "Vol.6 No. 3, August 2022",
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"text": "p-ISSN: 2598-6783 e-ISSN: 2598-4888",
"type": "Page header"
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{
"left": 302,
"top": 774,
"width": 217,
"height": 14,
"page_number": 7,
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"text": "http://dx.doi.org/10.22441/indikator.v6i3.15409 111",
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{
"left": 99,
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"text": "of 1.94 means the company can generate a net profit of up to 19% of the total assets owned. The average value (mean) is 0.61, meaning that the company is able to generate a net profit of 61% of the company's total assets. Based on the standard value of ROA, it can be categorized as good, because the value is > 5.98%. The higher the ROA value, the higher the net profit generated.",
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"text": "5) The independent variable DER has a minimum value of 0.19, meaning that there is a debt of 19% of the entire company's own capital. While the maximum value of 2.91 means that there is a debt that is greater than the company's own capital. The average value (mean) of 0.91 means that on average the company uses debt of 91% of its own capital owned by the company, so it can still be said to be ideal, because the DER value is still below 1 or below 100%.",
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{
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"text": "2. Panel Data Regression Estimation Model",
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"text": "a. Common Effect Model",
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"text": "Table 4. Common Effect Model Regression",
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"text": "Source: Output results with Eviews 9",
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"text": "b. Fixed Effect Model",
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"text": "Table 5. Fixed Effect Model Regression",
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"text": "Source: Output results with Eviews 9",
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"width": 156,
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"text": "Vol.6 No. 3, August 2022",
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"text": "p-ISSN: 2598-6783 e-ISSN: 2598-4888",
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"left": 76,
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"text": "112 https://publikasi.mercubuana.ac.id/index.php/indikator",
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"text": "c. Random Effect Model",
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"text": "Table 6. Random Effect Model Regression",
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Source: Output results with Eviews 9",
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"text": "3. Selection of Panel Data Regression Estimation Model",
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"text": "a. Chow Test",
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"text": "Table 7. Chow Test",
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"text": "Source: Output results with Eviews 9",
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"text": "Based on the results of the Chow test in the table above, it can be seen that the probability of cross-section F is 0.0000 < 0.05, meaning that the fixed effect model is better than the common effect model.",
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"text": "b. Hausman Test",
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"text": "Table 8. Hausman Test",
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"text": "Vol.6 No. 3, August 2022",
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"text": "p-ISSN: 2598-6783 e-ISSN: 2598-4888",
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"text": "http://dx.doi.org/10.22441/indikator.v6i3.15409 113",
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{
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"text": "Source: Output results with Eviews 9",
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"text": "Based on the test results above, it can be seen that the chi-square probability is 0.0245 <0.05, it can be concluded that the model that should be used is the fixed effect model.",
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"text": "4. Panel Data Regression Model Selection Results",
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"text": "Based on the results of several stages of model selection testing, the model used in this study is the fixed effect model:",
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"text": "Table 9. Panel Data Regression Model Selection",
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{
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"text": "Source: Output results with Eviews 9 Based on these results, the equation for the regression model between the dependent variable (CSR disclosure) and the independent variable (size, ROA, and DER) is as follows:",
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"text": "Based on the regression equation above, it can be explained that:",
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"text": "1) The magnitude of the constant is 0.717203. This shows that if the independent variable (size, ROA, and DER) are 0, then the level of CSR disclosure is 0.717203 or 71% of the total disclosure, which is 64 disclosures.",
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{
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"page_number": 9,
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"text": "2) Coefficient value ofsizeof 0.025011 and has a negative sign. This shows that for every 1% increase in company assets, the level of CSR disclosure will decrease by 0.25%.",
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{
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"text": "3) The coefficient value of ROA is -0.040266 and is negative. This shows that for every 1% increase in ROA, the level of CSR disclosure will decrease by 4%.",
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{
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"text": "4) The coefficient value of DER is -0.034902 and is negative. This shows that for every 1% increase in DER, the level of CSR disclosure will decrease by 3.5%.",
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"text": "Vol.6 No. 3, August 2022",
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"text": "p-ISSN: 2598-6783 e-ISSN: 2598-4888",
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"text": "114 https://publikasi.mercubuana.ac.id/index.php/indikator",
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{
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"text": "5. Classic assumption test",
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"text": "1. Multicollinearity Test",
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"text": "Table 10. Multicollinearity Test",
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"text": "Source: Output results with Eviews 9",
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"top": 272,
"width": 429,
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"text": "From the results of the table above, it is known that the VIF value in each variable has a VIF value < 10, indicating that there is no multicollinearity problem.",
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"text": "2. Heteroscedasticity Test",
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"top": 341,
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"text": "Table 11. Heteroscedasticity Test",
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"text": "Source: Output results with Eviews 9",
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"text": "From the table above, the heteroscedasticity test using the Harvey test Heteroscedasticity method shows that the chi-square probability value on Obs*R-squared is 1.1711 > 0.05, so there is no heteroscedasticity problem.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "6. Godness of fit Model",
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"top": 551,
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"text": "Table 12. Godness of fit Model",
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"text": "Source: Output results with Eviews 9",
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 701,
"width": 443,
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"text": "Based on the results of the table above, the F-statistic result is 6.271679 with a significance value of 0.000003 which means <0.05, this means that the variables of firm size, ROA, and DER jointly affect the CSR disclosure variable.",
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"text": "Vol.6 No. 3, August 2022",
"type": "Page header"
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"top": 59,
"width": 76,
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"text": "p-ISSN: 2598-6783 e-ISSN: 2598-4888",
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"text": "http://dx.doi.org/10.22441/indikator.v6i3.15409 115",
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"text": "7. Hypothesis Test",
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"top": 131,
"width": 302,
"height": 59,
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"text": "Table 13. Hypothesis Test Ha Relationship Between Variables Coefficient t - Statistics Sig. Results H.1 Size→ CSR - 0.004107 - 0.396620 0.6933 Not significant H.2 ROA → CSR - 0.038042 - 2.277336 0.0270 Significant H.3 DER → CSR - 0.012149 - 0.675569 0.5024 Not significant",
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"text": "Based on the table above, it shows that the results of the t statistical test are as follows: 1) The variable size of the company obtained the results of the t-statistic value of 0.396620 with a negative direction and a significant value of 0.6933 which means > 0.05. So it can be concluded that the size of the company has a negative and insignificant effect on CSR disclosure.",
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"top": 291,
"width": 442,
"height": 39,
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"text": "2) The ROA variable resulted in a t-statistic value of 2.277336 with a negative direction and a significant value of 0.0270 which means <0.05. So it can be concluded that ROA has a negative but significant effect on CSR disclosure.",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 333,
"width": 442,
"height": 38,
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"text": "3) The DER variable resulted in a t-statistic value of 0.675569 with a negative direction and a significant value of 0.5024 which means > 0.05. So it can be concluded that DER has a negative and insignificant effect on CSR disclosure.",
"type": "List item"
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"text": "Discussion",
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"text": "1. The Effect of Firm Size on Corporate Social Responsibility",
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{
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"top": 429,
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"text": "Based on the results of hypothesis testing (t statistical test) that the size of the company has a negative effect on the disclosure of corporate social responsibility (CSR) because the t-statistic value is 1.316060 with a negative direction and a significant value > 0.05, which is 0.1955 which means not significant. This study found that firm size had a negative and insignificant effect on CSR disclosure.",
"type": "Text"
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"height": 53,
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"text": "The results of this study support the agency theory which states that large companies have greater agency costs than small companies. The results of this study are also in line with research conducted by Pradnyani and Sisdyani (2015) which found that firm size had a negative effect on CSR.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "2. The Effect of Profitability (ROA) on Corporate Social Responsibility",
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 581,
"width": 443,
"height": 66,
"page_number": 11,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Based on the results of hypothesis testing (t statistical test) that ROA has a negative effect on the disclosure of corporate social responsibility (CSR) because the t-statistic value is 2.377821 with a negative direction, but the significant value is <0.05, which is 0.0222 which means significant. This study finds that ROA has a significant negative effect on CSR disclosure.",
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"text": "Companies that have a high level of profitability tend to disclose more information, because they want to show it to the public and their stakeholders. However, a high profitability value does not necessarily mean more social responsibility activities because the company is more profit-oriented. If viewed from the results of the value of CSR disclosure which is still relatively low, this is not in line with the legitimacy theory. The results of this study are also in line with research conducted by Belkaoui and Karpik (1989), Patten (1991), Heckston and Milne (1996), Sembiring (2005), Anggraini (2006), Reverte",
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"height": 12,
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"text": "Vol.6 No. 3, August 2022",
"type": "Page header"
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{
"left": 448,
"top": 44,
"width": 76,
"height": 23,
"page_number": 12,
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"text": "p-ISSN: 2598-6783 e-ISSN: 2598-4888",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 76,
"top": 787,
"width": 251,
"height": 14,
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"text": "116 https://publikasi.mercubuana.ac.id/index.php/indikator",
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{
"left": 85,
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"width": 442,
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"text": "(2009), Rofiqkoh and Priyadi (2016) , who found that profitability had a negative effect on CSR.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 71,
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"text": "3. The Effect of Leverage (DER) on Corporate Social Responsibility",
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},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 144,
"width": 443,
"height": 66,
"page_number": 12,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Based on the results of hypothesis testing (t statistical test) that DER has a negative effect on the disclosure of corporate social responsibility (CSR) because the t-statistic value is 1.233273 with a negative direction and a significant value > 0.05, which is 0.2245 which means it is not significant. This study found that leverage (DER) had a negative and insignificant effect on CSR disclosure.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 85,
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"height": 94,
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"text": "These results prove that the higher the DER of the company, the lower the CSR disclosed. This supports the theory of Scott (2000) who expresses the opinion that companies that have high leverage ratios will disclose less CSR in order to report higher current earnings. The results of this study are also in line with research conducted by Belkaoui and Karpik (1989), Patten (1991), Heckston and Milne (1996), Sembiring (2005), Anggraini (2006), Reverte (2009), Kansal et.al. (2014), Pradnyani and Sisdyani (2015) who found that leverage had no effect on CSR.",
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"text": "CONCLUSION",
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"text": "From the above test results simultaneously show that Firm size have a negative and insignificant effect on CSR disclosure in companies registered as members of the Jakarta Islamic Index for the 2016-2020 period. Profitability (ROA) has a significant negative effect on CSR disclosure in companies registered as members of the Jakarta Islamic Index for the 2016-2020 period. Leverage(DER) has a negative and insignificant effect on CSR disclosure in companies registered as members of the Jakarta Islamic Index for the 2016-2020 period.",
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{
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"height": 149,
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"text": "The results of descriptive statistical analysis in this study indicate that there are still companies with low CSR disclosures. When viewed from the average value (mean) of the 55 samples studied, only 42% of the total disclosure. This means that the level of CSR disclosure of JII member companies for the 2016–2020 period cannot be said to be good. so that the company is expected to further increase its social responsibility and carry out better CSR disclosures covering all aspects of both economic, environmental and social aspects. Further research is needed to improve this research by increasing the research sample, extending the research period and adding other variables to find out what factors effect CSR disclosure. In addition, in conducting research, it is necessary to pay attention to the method and measurement of the index used to be relevant to the year of observation used in the study, so as to obtain maximum results.",
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"text": "REFERENCE",
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50bfe6ac-fe63-1211-a357-278e7e1694ac | https://goodwoodpub.com/index.php/jshe/article/download/1475/423 | [
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"text": "Beyond assessments: Exploring strategies for Afro-Descendant students’ success in Costa Rica",
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{
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"text": "Dianala M. Bernard",
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"text": "School of Education, University of the People, Pasadena, United States of America dianala.bernard@uopeople.edu",
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"text": "Article History Received on 4 April 2023 1 st Revision on 6 April 2023 2 nd Revision on 19 April 2023 3 rd Revision on 28 April 2023 4 th Revision on 24 May 2023 Accepted on 6 June 2023",
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{
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"text": "Abstract",
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"text": "Purpose: This research aims to critically analyze the potential ramifications of comprehensive assessments on marginalized communities, with a specific focus on Afro-descendant students in the Caribbean/Atlantic region of Costa Rica. It intends to identify the potential effects of these assessments and propose policy and practice adjustments that can enhance their educational outcomes. Research methodology: This research analyzes the recent assessment requirements and the historical background of educational assessments in Costa Rica and explores alternative teaching methods, including culturally responsive pedagogy (CRP) and the impact of the dialect and language continuum. Furthermore, the potential benefits of integrating the International Baccalaureate (IB) philosophy into the curriculum of all public schools are also investigated.",
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"text": "Results: Based on the analysis conducted, recommendations for policy and practice changes to address the potential impact of assessments on Afro-descendant students include creating a culturally responsive curriculum, recognizing non-standard dialects, using alternative assessment approaches, and emphasizing consideration of marginalized communities' needs and experiences in educational policy and practice decisions.",
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"text": "Limitations: This review does not provide an empirical investigation but rather synthesizes existing literature and provides recommendations for future research.",
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"text": "Contribution: This research significantly contributes to the existing literature on educational policy and practice in marginalized communities, particularly in relation to students of African descent in Costa Rica and suggests ways to improve their educational outcomes. Its insight can be of interest to policymakers, educators, and future researchers in education and social justice.",
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"text": "Keywords: Comprehensive Assessments, Afro-descendant, Culturally Responsive Pedagogy, International Baccalaureate (IB) philosophy, Dialect and Language Continuum",
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"text": "How to Cite: Bernard, D. M. (2023). Beyond assessments: Exploring strategies for Afro-Descendant students’ success in Costa Rica. Journal of Social, Humanity, and Education, 3(3), 253-269.",
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"text": "1. Introduction",
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"text": "Costa Rica strongly emphasizes education and training, allocating more than 6.5% of its GDP to these sectors (CIA, 2023; Maravalle & Pandiella, 2023; UNESCO, 2023; Worldbank, 2023) . According to UNESCO (2023) , nearly 70% of countries worldwide still fall short of the recommended education expenditures. While the recommended benchmark for education spending is between 4% and 6% of GDP, Costa Rica surpasses this range and exceeds the 4.9% average for the Latin America and",
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"text": "Caribbean region (Maravalle & Pandiella, 2023; UNESCO, 2023) . It is important to acknowledge that these benchmarks do not consider the unique challenges and needs of individual countries. Despite the commitment of Costa Rica to education, there are persisting issues with the quality of secondary education, particularly among the Afro-descendant population in the Caribbean/Atlantic region. This leads to ongoing racial and socio-economic gaps in secondary school enrollment, completion rates, and higher education participation. The region has a shortage of skilled workers, posing a significant threat to attracting foreign direct investment (Bernard, 2023) . To address this challenge, the Costa Rican government and representatives in the Caribbean/Atlantic region must enhance the efficiency and quality of the public education system. This can be achieved by prioritizing efforts to improve education quality, providing support for students with learning gaps, and enhancing the selection and training of teachers and counselors (Baiocchi, 2022; Freidus & Ewing, 2022; Maravalle & Pandiella, 2023; Robles & Wiese, 2023; Smagorinsky, 2022; Wilcox & Lawson, 2022) . All stakeholders must work together to promote regional growth and equity through these measures.",
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"text": "At the onset of the 2023 academic year, the Ministry of Education in Costa Rica ( Ministerio de Educación Pública) has implemented a new assessment initiative encompassing three types of learning assessments: diagnostic, formative, and summative. Diagnostic assessments are used to identify areas where students may need additional support or instruction. Formative assessments monitor students’ progress and provide feedback to enhance learning during the academic period. Summative assessments are designed to evaluate the effectiveness of educational initiatives. The integration of these three assessment types aims to provide quantitative data to the administration for strategic decision-making purposes. However, it is crucial to consider whether the resulting data will be adequate for teachers to implement appropriate remedial measures before the subsequent assessment is conducted (Bujanda et al., 2018; Irons & Elkington, 2021; Makara & Kuusinen, 2023; MEP, 2023a) .",
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"text": "The 2023 comprehensive assessment initiative in Costa Rica offers valuable insights into students' proficiency and learning needs. It is important to thoroughly examine potential challenges, specifically regarding language and culture, when instructing and assessing Afro-descendant students, especially in the Caribbean/Atlantic region. A reassessment of funding mechanisms for university preparation, programs held during the university years, and post-university outcomes can contribute to increasing secondary school completion rates. Despite the implementation of vocational education reforms and initiatives, such as the establishment of Colegio Científico de Limón in 2002, which aims to prepare high-performing students for higher education, these efforts have not effectively reduced the educational gaps between those in the Caribbean/Atlantic region and other parts of the country (Bernard, 2023) . This review will explore the historical context of educational assessment in Costa Rica, with a focus on current assessment practices, the potential of culturally responsive pedagogy (CRP), dialect and language approaches, and the integration of International Baccalaureate (IB) principles into the curriculum to promote educational success for Afro-descendant students (Bau et al., 2021; Galloway, Callin, James, Vimegnon, & McCall, 2019; Imchen & Ndem, 2020; Maravalle & Pandiella, 2023; Mitchell- explored Walthour et al., 2023) . This review will address the following questions:",
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"text": "1. What potential effects could the new assessment requirement have on marginalized communities in Costa Rica, particularly the Afro-descendant communities in the Caribbean/Atlantic region?",
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"text": "2. How have public education policies historically impacted the Afro-descendant communities in Costa Rica?",
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"text": "3. How can alternative approaches, such as CRP and the integration of IB principles, be effectively implemented to support the Afro-descendant communities within Costa Rica public schools?",
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"text": "This review holds great importance as it aims to provide insightful perspectives on the potential effects of the newly introduced 2023 comprehensive assessments on marginalized communities in Costa Rica. Notably, the impact on the Afro-descendant communities residing in the Caribbean/Atlantic region shall receive greater emphasis. This analysis seeks to uncover the historical implications of education policies that have affected marginalized communities in the country. Lastly, it explores alternative models such as CRP, the Dialect and Language Continuum, and the integration",
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"text": "of IB principles, which have the potential to address and diminish the achievement gaps experienced by these communities.",
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"text": "2. Literature Review",
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"text": "CRP has gained prominence in education, with extensive research exploring its implications for teaching and learning. The influential work of Ladson-Billings has had a significant impact, promoting a more inclusive and equitable approach to education. It emphasizes the significance of cultural competence and the need to understand and honor students' cultural backgrounds to foster academic success and advance social justice. The seminal article, written by Ladson-Billings, entitled Like Lightning in a Bottle: Attempting to Capture the Pedagogical Excellence of Successful Teachers of Black Students (1990), highlighted the unique skills possessed by effective teachers of African American students that were often overlooked in conventional teacher education programs. Additionally, the book titled The Dreamkeepers (1994) identified key characteristics of successful teachers of African American students, including high expectations, flexibility, community commitment, and cultural understanding. In the 1994 article, Ladson-Billings advocates for integrating multicultural education into teacher training programs, challenging prevailing cultural norms. Collaborating with William F. Tate IV, Ladson-Billings introduced CRP as a transformative approach to education that challenges power dynamics and promotes social justice and equity (Ladson-Billings & Tate, 1995) . The recent book published by Ladson-Billings in 2022 builds upon earlier works, underscoring the ongoing relevance of CRP in advancing equity and social justice in education (Ladson-Billings, 2022) .",
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"text": "Chacón (2023) examined the symbolic deprivation of education as a human right in Costa Rica, emphasizing the persistent challenges historically marginalized groups faced in accessing quality education. The research stated the urgent need to address systemic inequities by implementing CRP and other strategies. Chan (2022) explored the significance of cultural diversity in early childhood education and emphasized the importance of integrating culturally responsive practices to foster equity, inclusion, and the development of a culturally responsive classroom environment. The research highlighted the positive impact of promoting identity development and academic achievement through culturally responsive approaches. Bernard (2023) discussed the concept of educación diversificada and its implications for Afro-descendant communities in Costa Rica. Moreover, Chela-Flores (2022) examined the dialectal division of Spanish, emphasizing the importance of recognizing the linguistic diversity within Spanish-speaking communities. The research stated that understanding dialect variation was vital for fostering CRP and creating an inclusive classroom atmosphere. Coleman (2023) reported the significance of a culturally responsive approach in enhancing literacy rates among marginalized students, recognizing and valuing their linguistic and cultural backgrounds. The research posited that CRP could promote literacy development and positive identity formation for historically marginalized groups. Crogman and Jackson (2023) explored the potential of integrated education and learning to foster equity and inclusion. The research focused on the pivotal role of CRP in these efforts.",
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"text": "Expanding on the research on the importance of linguistic and cultural backgrounds, Aguilar-Sánchez (2018) examined the linguistic situation in Limón, Costa Rica. The research centered on language attitudes and emphasized the crucial role of considering dialect and language continuum within the CRP framework. The findings highlighted the experiences of speakers of Limonese Creole English, an Afro-Caribbean dialect, who faced linguistic discrimination and marginalization, with implications for their academic performance and sense of identity. Aguilar-Sánchez (2022) further delved into the complexities of diglossia and language contact in Limón, shedding light on the intricate linguistic environment teachers and students navigate in the region. The research emphasized the importance of understanding linguistic diversity and community attitudes for promoting CRP in the classroom. Similarly, Baiocchi (2022) reported the significance of incorporating cultural and historical considerations when addressing the inequities faced by Afro-descendant communities in Costa Rica. The research highlighted the activism of the Afro-Costa Rican Movement, which advocated for social justice and equity, including the right to education for Afro-descendants.",
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"text": "In exploring the dynamic role of teachers within the teaching and learning realm, Butera et al. (2021) stated the importance of empowering educators as agents of social change by implementing CRP. The research shed light on the transformative potential of teachers in fostering positive social impact through their interactions with students, emphasizing the significance of social influence in the teaching process. Similarly, Beech et al. (2022) examined the integration of the IB program in selected public schools in Costa Rica, focusing on its ability to provide historically marginalized groups with access to educational privileges. It was reported that the emphasis of IB on critical thinking, global awareness, and intercultural understanding aligned with the objectives of CRP, thereby promoting educational equity. The research stated the importance of integrating CRP principles in an IB education to foster equity and inclusion, particularly for historically marginalized groups. The research by Beech et al. (2022) and Butera et al. (2021) collectively underscored recognizing and appreciating linguistic and cultural diversities, cultivating critical thinking skills, fostering intercultural understanding, and empowering teachers and students as drivers of social change.",
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"text": "3. Research Methodology",
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"text": "This current research adopts a review approach to examine and consolidate existing literature, including articles, books, and other sources, regarding strategies for promoting the academic success of Afro-Descendant students within the education system of Costa Rica. Emphasizing the Afro- descendant population in the Caribbean/Atlantic region, the review aims to provide an overview and evaluation of the available research on the effects of comprehensive assessments on marginalized communities. Additionally, it aims to identify any gaps or inconsistencies in the current research body, which can highlight areas for future investigation. It also explores strategies focused on reducing the achievement gap within this community. The reviewed analyses, including the present one, inform the development of research questions, guide the design of new ones, and summarize the existing knowledge for policy and practical purposes.",
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"text": "4. Results and Discussions",
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"text": "4.1 Educational Policies on Marginalized Communities",
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"text": "Costa Rica is widely acknowledged for its strong commitment to education, leading to high literacy levels and educational achievements (Maravalle & Pandiella, 2023) . Its history of education policies exemplifies the longstanding promises of the government to provide accessible and high-quality education for its citizens. Since establishing the first schools during the colonial era, the government has made notable strides in improving education access and quality. Education has been compulsory and free with a humanistic framework since 1869 (Müller-Using & Vargas Porras, 2021) , prioritizing the holistic development of individuals, including their emotional, social, and intellectual growth, and emphasizing students’ needs and interests over strict adherence to a curriculum or standardized testing (Javadi & Tahmasbi, 2020; Leach, 2022; Tulasi & Rao, 2021) . However, despite these achievements, there are significant disparities that persist (tied to a Vallecentrismo ideology), particularly impacting marginalized communities in the Caribbean/Atlantic region (Casadellà et al., 2022; Freidus & Ewing, 2022; Howard & Howard, 2021; Javadi & Tahmasbi, 2020; Leach, 2022; Paulsrud, 2022; Rodríguez- Martínez et al., 2022; Rodriguez & Navarro-Camacho, 2022; Tulasi & Rao, 2021; UCR, 2019; Wilcox & Lawson, 2022; Yang, 2023) .",
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"text": "Vallecentrismo is a term that refers to a belief system emphasizing the significance of the Valle Central , or Central Valley in Costa Rica . This ideology suggests that the concentration of resources in the Valle Central has led to inequality and marginalization of the coastal and peripheral regions, particularly affecting the Afro-descendant population in the Caribbean/Atlantic area. As a result, these areas have experienced low levels of education, poverty, and various other challenges. It is important to note that Vallecentrismo is present in all seven provinces of the country (Solano Rivera & Ramírez Caro, 2019; Sotomayor, 2022; UCR, 2019, 2022) . According to UCR (2022) , the Costa Rican population has an 11.7% Afro-descendant genetic heritage. This percentage is even higher in the Caribbean region, reaching 30%, and is 14% in the Guanacaste area, 8% in the South, and 6% in the Central Valley (para. 12). This simply implies that Costa Rica is a country with different racial and",
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"text": "ethnic backgrounds. Therefore, it is crucial to raise awareness, ensure greater representation, and recognize the cultural heritage of the Afro-descendant population to preserve and celebrate their unique identity.",
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"text": "The historical policies implemented in Costa Rica have profoundly and enduringly impacted the Afro- descendant communities in the Caribbean/Atlantic region. These policies have resulted in systemic racism, discrimination, and exclusion from educational opportunities. As a consequence, Afro- descendant people have faced limited access to quality education, lower levels of literacy, and restricted social and economic mobility. The legacy of exclusion and inequality has perpetuated this cycle of poverty and marginalization. Sadly, even presently, an achievement gap persists between Afro-descendant and other groups, reflecting the lasting consequences of historical injustices (Bernard, 2023; Dixon & Caldwell, 2023) .",
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"text": "In the early 1900s, the Costa Rican government embarked on a series of educational reforms that had a transformative impact. The government centralized the academic system and introduced compulsory primary education, increasing opportunities for Costa Ricans to receive an education. The 1940s marked a milestone as the government shifted its focus towards improving the quality of education. It constructed more schools, enhanced teacher training, and established the first public university in the country, the Universidad de Costa Rica, demonstrating a commitment to higher education. In the 1970s, the government continued to enhance education quality and accessibility by implementing a national curriculum and expanding secondary education for all students. In the 1980s, further reforms were introduced to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the education system. These reforms included establishing a teacher training system and a national school accreditation program. The 1990s witnessed the introduction of the Basic Education Law, which overhauled the education system and introduced a new curriculum. These historical milestones have shaped the educational landscape of Costa Rica (Abarca & Ramírez-Varas, 2023; Freidus & Ewing, 2022; Müller-Using & Vargas Porras, 2021; Samuels & Vargas, 2023) .",
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"text": "Since 2000, the Costa Rican Ministry of Education has significantly enhanced access to quality education. These initiatives have been supported by increased government investment and the implementation of various programs. Education funding has encountered an upward trend, rising from 5.5% of GDP in 2000 to 7.8% in 2019. It is important to note that funding has experienced a slight decline in recent years, hovering around 6.5% of GDP (CIA, 2023; Maravalle & Pandiella, 2023; UNESCO, 2023; Worldbank, 2023) . The National Education Plan for 2010 to 2021 aimed to ensure access to high-quality education for all citizens, enhance teaching and counseling programs, expand educational opportunities for marginalized populations, and modernize the education system through technology integration. This plan has been extended and incorporated into the strategic plans for 2024 (MEP, 2023c) .",
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"text": "In 2016, the Costa Rican government initiated a bilingual program to foster bilingualism in schools (Bujanda et al., 2018) . Subsequently, in 2020, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, distance learning programs were implemented to ensure the continuity of education (Arnold et al., 2023) . During this challenging period, under the leadership of Anna Katharina Müller Castro, who assumed the position of Minister of Education in 2022, Costa Rica experienced what was referred to as an educational blackout ( apagón educativo ). It became imperative to join forces and turn on the lights together (encender juntos la luz ). This called for the collaboration of local governments, public- private partnerships, non-governmental organizations, legislators, churches, and community groups to contribute to educational initiatives (Abarca & Ramírez-Varas, 2023; Chacón, 2023; MEP, 2022b , 2023c; Montenegro, 2021; OECD, 2021; Samuels & Vargas, 2023) .",
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"text": "With the Prueba de Bachillerato , for example, a crucial exit exam for secondary school students in Costa Rica to obtain their diploma or bachillerato has been criticized. It is argued that the exam has limitations in accurately assessing student performance and lacks cultural relevance. Administered by the Costa Rican Ministry of Education, the Prueba de Bachillerato aims to evaluate the proficiency of students in subjects covered in secondary education, assessing their readiness for higher education or",
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"text": "the workforce. The passing grade for each section of the Prueba de Bachillerato is 70 out of 100. To pass the exam, students must obtain an average of at least 70 in all the sections of the exam (Abarca & Ramírez-Varas, 2023) .",
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"text": "President Rodrigo Chaves Robles, who assumed office in May 2022, has pledged to tackle the educational inequalities present in Costa Rica, specifically focusing on marginalized communities. Recognizing the significance of education, the need to increase funding for schools is emphasized, as well as enhanced resources and support for teachers are also provided. Notably, Chaves Robles famously declared “No más pruebas FARO” (Elguardian, 2022) shortly after the election, referring to the national assessments known as Pruebas Nacionales para el Fortalecimiento de Aprendizaje para la Renovación de Oportunidades (FARO). In the campaign, the President emphasized the importance of creating a more equitable education system that ensures all students have equal access to resources and opportunities to succeed. Since assuming office, the Chaves Robles administration has taken measures to augment education funding and enhance access to educational resources in marginalized communities (Bau et al., 2021; Dixon & Caldwell, 2023; Imchen & Ndem, 2020) .",
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"text": "In addition, the Chaves Robles administration has actively supported the 2023 revisions to assessment requirements for secondary school students to improve graduation rates. These changes align with the Ruta de la Educación initiative, which seeks to provide students with the competencies necessary for responsible citizenship, lifelong learning, and decent employment (MEP, 2023e) . The new assessment requirements, announced in 2022 and implemented in March 2023, aim to address grade repetition and dropout rates concerns. By introducing more effective assessments and comprehensive data tracking, the objective is to effectively monitor student progress (Maravalle & Pandiella, 2023; MEP, 2023a, 2023c) . While the Chaves Robles administration has prioritized addressing educational disparities, significant challenges persist. The substantial disparity in education funding between the Caribbean/Atlantic region and other areas remains a significant issue, highlighting the need for targeted measures to improve the educational outcomes of individuals of African descent in the region (Bau et al., 2021; Bujanda et al., 2018; Dixon & Caldwell, 2023; Imchen & Ndem, 2020; Samuels & Vargas, 2023) .",
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"text": "According to Howard and Howard (2021) , the experiences of Afro-descendant/Black students are shaped by historical stereotypes, low expectations, and social marginalization. Their work correlates with the social exclusion perspectives reported by Razza (2018) . Socially excluded individuals often face various obstacles in relation to academic success, including poverty, discrimination, language barriers, and limited access to quality education. Social exclusion can profoundly impact marginalized groups, making it challenging for them to secure employment and become productive members of society. To combat social exclusion and poverty, the concept of decent work was introduced. Disengagement from the learning process can lead to feelings of alienation and low self-esteem among individuals (Howard & Howard, 2021; Razza, 2018; Saraví, 2022) .",
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"text": "Socially excluded young people in Latin America experience complex processes that impact their socialization, self-identity, and life trajectory across three main dimensions, namely space, self, and the life course (Baiocchi, 2022; Dixon & Caldwell, 2023; Leach, 2022) . In terms of space, social exclusion often manifests as residing in segregated or marginalized areas, such as the Caribbean/Atlantic region of Costa Rica, where limited access to resources and services is prevalent. The sense of self can be adversely affected by marginalization, leading to low self-esteem, disengagement from education, and an increased likelihood of dropping out of school. Social exclusion has long-term consequences on life trajectories, including limited opportunities for higher education, employment, and social mobility. These challenges are particularly pronounced in Latin America, where poverty, gender inequality, and institutional weaknesses intersect, creating significant barriers for young people. Despite recent efforts in Costa Rica, significant disparities in educational outcomes persist. Admittedly, the Office of the Ministry of Education of Costa Rica reported that:",
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"text": "The state of schools and colleges is deplorable, the infrastructure is at an unprecedented level of deterioration, teachers work with their nails, before parents who every day see how their children have fewer opportunities…[asking]…If there are no robust public schools…who are the students who will be coming to public universities? (MEP, 2022a) .",
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"text": "A comprehensive strategy is needed to address social exclusion in the Caribbean/Atlantic region. This strategy should prioritize equal access to quality education, provide necessary support and resources to marginalized students, and address systemic barriers contributing to social exclusion. Additionally, implementing targeted interventions, fostering community partnerships, and embracing culturally responsive teaching methods can promote inclusivity and create positive learning environments for all students. Addressing social exclusion in education ensures that every student reaches their full potential and makes meaningful contributions to society (Freidus & Ewing, 2022; Saraví, 2022) .",
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"text": "4.2 The 2023 Comprehensive Assessment and the Implications on Learning",
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"text": "A robust education system is vital for the advancement and prosperity of a country, as highlighted in the World Development Reports (WDR) on education in 2018 and 2021. In Costa Rica, the comprehensive assessments conducted during the 2023 school year aim to gauge students' knowledge base and inform educational policies. These assessments incorporate diagnostic, formative, and summative evaluations, although there are concerns about the potential narrowness and the neglect of other essential aspects of education. Challenges remain in improving educational opportunities for Afro-descendant students, including the funding disparity between schools in the Caribbean/Atlantic region and other parts of the country, which can be attributed to historical discrimination and neglect. CRP presents a potential approach to address these issues in the classroom. Urgent action is required to secure additional funding and resources to enhance educational initiatives in the Caribbean/Atlantic region. This involves providing greater access to technology and educational materials, expanding professional development opportunities for educators, and diversifying the range of educational programs and opportunities available to Afro-descendant students (Alfaro Víquez, 2022a, 2022b; Baiocchi, 2022; Bau et al., 2021; Bujanda et al., 2018; Butera et al., 2021; Chacón, 2023; Chufama & Sithole, 2021; Devi, 2022; Ferguson, 2023; Galloway et al., 2019; Guskey, 2022; Imchen & Ndem, 2020; Irons & Elkington, 2021; Ismail et al., 2022; MEP, 2022b, 2023a, 2023c, 2023d, 2023e; Myyry et al., 2022; Paulsrud, 2022; Samuels & Vargas, 2023; Sarfa & Danushka, 2021; WDR, 2018, 2021) .",
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"text": "4.3 CRP and the Afro-descendant Communities of the Caribbean/Atlantic Region",
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"text": "CRP is an educational approach that values and incorporates students' cultural backgrounds, experiences, and values to enhance their academic success and overall well-being (Ladson-Billings, 1994a , 1994b) . It builds upon the principles of critical pedagogy (CP), which emerged in the 1960s and 1970s as a response to systemic oppression and inequality in education, as highlighted in the seminal work written by Paulo Freire, titled Pedagogy of the Oppressed (Bello, 2023; Soler-Gallart, 2023) . CP challenged traditional educational models that ignored the diverse cultural contexts of students and advocated for education as a transformative tool to empower individuals in critically analyzing and reshaping oppressive social structures. Similarly, Culturally Responsive Teaching (CRT), which is often attributed to Geneva Gay based on the book published in 2000 titled , Culturally Responsive Teaching: Theory, Research, and Practice , and the 2018 edition where CRT was defined as “using cultural knowledge, prior experiences, and performance styles of diverse students to make learning more appropriate and effective for them” (p. 36). Other scholars, such as James Banks, Lisa, Delpit, and Sonia Nieto, made significant contributions to the development of this field (Baiocchi, 2022; Chan, 2022; Ginsberg et al., 2023; Karataş, Eckstein, Noack, Rubini, & Crocetti, 2023) .",
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"text": "It is important to clarify that CRP and CRT are not synonymous terms but are sometimes used interchangeably and associated with Ladson-Billings. Although both theories share similar goals, CRT specifically refers to teachers' instructional practices and strategies to bring CRP to the classroom. This includes using culturally relevant materials and resources, incorporating diverse cultural perspectives into lessons, and building strong relationships with students from diverse backgrounds and their families. CRP, on the other hand, is a broader framework that provides",
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"text": "educators with flexibility in adapting their practices to meet the needs of diverse students (Devi, 2022; Ginsberg et al., 2023; Paulsrud, 2022) .",
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"text": "To create a culturally responsive learning environment, teachers can use materials and resources that are culturally relevant and reflect the experiences and perspectives of Afro-Caribbean individuals. This may involve incorporating literature and history books that highlight the contributions and accomplishments of Afro-Caribbean people in the region. Furthermore, teachers can integrate cultural perspectives into their lessons by including discussions and activities that explore these traditions, values, and beliefs, such as incorporating lessons on traditional Afro-Caribbean music, dance, and cuisine. This enables students to develop a stronger connection to their cultural heritage and cultivate a sense of pride in their identity. Teachers can establish positive relationships with students and their families by respecting and valuing their cultural backgrounds, actively listening to the voices of these individuals, acknowledging cultural practices, and recognizing significant contributions to diverse communities (Baiocchi, 2022; Karataş et al., 2023) .",
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"text": "Extensive research provided evidence of the positive effects of CRP on academic achievement, students’ engagement, and well-being (Gay, 2018) . Ladson-Billings and Tate (1995) reported that African American students taught with CRP exhibited higher academic achievement and self-esteem levels than those taught using traditional methods. Paris and Alim (2014) reported the effectiveness of CRP in promoting language and literacy development among students from diverse linguistic backgrounds. Implementing CRP can pose challenges, including resistance from educators unfamiliar with the approach or holding biases and assumptions about students from different cultures (Ferguson, 2023; Milner, 2010) . Furthermore, defining culture itself can be complex, and educators may struggle to strike a balance between honoring diverse cultural backgrounds and providing a cohesive educational experience that prepares students for success in a globalized world (Crogman & Jackson, 2023; Ginsberg et al., 2023; Pasternak et al., 2023; UN, 2022; Villegas & Lucas, 2002; Zhang et al., 2023) .",
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"text": "Looking ahead, the future of CRP holds great potential as it continues to garner significant attention. With an increasingly diverse world, there is a growing recognition of the need to foster inclusive learning environments that value equity and celebrate the cultural diversity of students. Advancements in technology are poised to support the integration of CRP by offering online resources and tools that can enhance teaching and learning experiences. Further research is warranted to investigate the effectiveness of CRP in different contexts and to develop specific guidelines and frameworks for implementing CRP across different subjects and grade levels (Devi, 2022; Ferguson, 2023; Galloway et al., 2019; Ginsberg et al., 2023; Paulsrud, 2022; Pihen González & Arya, 2022; Wilcox & Lawson, 2022) .",
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"text": "The issue of students being underprepared is a complex problem with multiple factors at play. One potential factor is the lack of CRP in classrooms. However, CRP has the potential to positively influence educational outcomes for marginalized communities, such as the Afro-descendant communities in the Caribbean/Atlantic region of Costa Rica. While there is evidence to support the positive impact of CRP on educational outcomes for marginalized students, and as Ladson ‐ Billings (1990) contends in the article, Like Lightning in a Bottle: Attempting to Capture the Pedagogical Excellence of Successful Teachers of Black Students , teachers can create culturally responsive environments by building strong relationships with students and their families, employing effective teaching strategies that consider the strengths and needs of Afro-descendant/Black students. Further research in this area can help develop specific guidelines and frameworks for implementing CRP in different educational contexts (Baiocchi, 2022; Ferguson, 2023; Galloway et al., 2019; Ginsberg et al., 2023; Ladson-Billings, 1994a, 1994b, 2022; Pihen González & Arya, 2022; Zhang et al., 2023) .",
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"text": "Additionally, ongoing evaluation and assessment of the impact of CRP on student outcomes is necessary. This entails developing suitable assessment tools and metrics that can effectively capture the multifaceted nature of CRP and its effect on student learning. It is important to acknowledge that while CRP has successfully improved educational outcomes for marginalized students, it is not a cure-",
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"text": "2023 |Journal of Social, Humanity, and Education/ Vol3No3, 253-269",
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"text": "all for every educational inequity and challenge. To achieve true educational equity and social justice, there is a need to address significant structural and systemic barriers. These barriers include disparities in educational funding, unequal access to resources and opportunities, and discrimination and bias within the education system. Integrating CRP into the discussion of the new assessment approach for Afro-descendant populations in Costa Rica, particularly in the Caribbean/Atlantic region, can provide valuable insights (Baiocchi, 2022; Bau et al., 2021; Chacón, 2023; Galloway et al., 2019; Imchen & Ndem, 2020; Wilcox & Lawson, 2022) .",
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"text": "It is crucial to recognize that assessment alone cannot tackle the fundamental issues contributing to educational inequalities. The integration of CRP can play a significant role in fostering an inclusive and diverse curriculum. This approach enables all students to appreciate and understand their peers' diverse histories and cultures, promoting a sense of belonging. Academic achievements and well- being can improve as students feel their cultural backgrounds and experiences are valued and integrated into the learning process. However, when students perceive their cultural identities as ignored or devalued, they may disengage from learning, leading to academic underperformance and even dropout rates (Baiocchi, 2022; Devi, 2022; Galloway et al., 2019; Paulsrud, 2022) .",
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"text": "4.4 Dialect Continuum and Language Continuum",
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"text": "The impact of Dialect Continuum and Language Continuum initiatives on the educational experiences of Afro-descendant students in the Caribbean/Atlantic region is closely tied to the principles of CRP. This region is characterized by diverse cultures and languages, including Spanish, Creole, and English. It is also known for its unique dialect and language continuum, which gradually transitions from one dialect or language to another due to historical, social, and linguistic factors, contributing to its cultural and linguistic diversity. Afro-descendants in this region often speak Creole or a Spanish variant influenced by Creole. Many individuals also speak a Creole variant of English tied to the region's British and Caribbean roots. Unfortunately, these language variations, such as Limonese English , often face stigmatization and are deemed unacceptable in formal educational settings, leading to further marginalization of Afro-descendant students (Aguilar-Sánchez, 2018; Baiocchi, 2022; Chela-Flores, 2022; Coleman, 2023; Galloway et al., 2019; Joseph-Haynes et al., 2021; Leung & Loschky, 2021; Pacheco, 2023; Sharpe, 2021) .",
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"text": "Limonese English, a dialect spoken in the Port Limón province of Costa Rica, has its roots in the English spoken by Caribbean immigrants who migrated to the country in the late 1800s and early 1900s to work on railways and banana plantations. Over time, this dialect has evolved, giving rise to distinct language variations that coexist within society and are used in different social contexts, a phenomenon known as diglossia . In this setting, one variety is considered prestigious and used in formal situations such as education, government, and media, while the other is non-prestigious and used in informal settings like home, family, and community. These two variations differ in grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation, and usage, and individuals may switch between them depending on the situation. Diglossia is observed in various societies worldwide and carries significant social, cultural, and political implications. Presently, Limonese English is spoken by many individuals in the Port Limón province and is recognized as a distinct dialect of English (Aguilar-Sánchez, 2018, 2022; Joseph-Haynes et al., 2021; Sharpe, 2021) .",
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"text": "Aguilar-Sánchez (2018) examined attitudes towards Limonese English and traditional varieties of English in Costa Rica. The research included two inquiries focusing on the social perception of these two language variations and whether the preference aligned with the global tendency favoring traditional varieties. The findings indicated that Limonese English continues to be viewed as inferior, while British and US English are essential for success. However, Limonese English is gaining recognition as an authentic language by its speakers, and its usage is expanding in various contexts. The research suggested that incorporating academic English could breathe new life into the variety of English spoken in Limón. Evidence suggested that Afro-Costa Ricans used Limonese English more frequently than previously documented. While traditional varieties are favored due to their perceived prestige, governmental and educational policies endorse British and US English (Aguilar-Sánchez, 2018, 2022; Baiocchi, 2022; Joseph-Haynes et al., 2021; Sharpe, 2021) .",
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"text": "The adoption of dialect continuum and language continuum approaches has the potential to enrich CRP and foster academic success among Afro-descendant students. Educators can embrace a culturally responsive approach to language and dialect by acknowledging and valuing the linguistic diversity present in the region. This involves incorporating Creole, Spanish, and English variants into the classroom, utilizing culturally relevant and meaningful language that resonates with Afro- descendant students, and recognizing the intrinsic worth of these dialect and language variations. Such inclusive practices contribute to the creation of equitable learning environments, fostering improved educational outcomes for students (Baiocchi, 2022; Coleman, 2023; Devi, 2022; Galloway et al., 2019; Leung & Loschky, 2021; Pacheco, 2023; Paulsrud, 2022) .",
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"text": "It is important to consider alternative means of effectively meeting the educational needs of Afro- descendant students in the region. A viable approach involves the development of culturally responsive teaching materials that authentically reflect their cultural experiences and perspectives. This can be achieved by integrating culturally relevant content into the curriculum and employing teaching methods sensitive to their cultural backgrounds. The active involvement of Afro-descendant communities in creating educational materials and providing a platform to voice their input can result in designed educational policies and initiatives that cater to the specific needs and experiences of Afro-descendant students. This collaborative approach fosters trust and cooperation between educators and Afro-descendant communities, thereby increasing their engagement and participation in educational programs. Additionally, equipping educators with the necessary knowledge and skills through teacher training and professional development programs helps them better comprehend the cultural context of Afro-descendant students and effectively teach and assess these students (Baiocchi, 2022; Coleman, 2023; Ferguson, 2023; Galloway et al., 2019; Pihen González & Arya, 2022) .",
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"text": "The inclusion of dialect and language continuum in educational policies offers advantages and disadvantages. On the positive side, it promotes inclusive and culturally responsive educational practices, facilitating more effective language acquisition and literacy development. It recognizes and embraces the linguistic variations present among Afro-descendant students. Incorporating these variations can enhance students' motivation and engagement in language learning. However, implementing such policies may present difficulties for educators who lack the resources and training to effectively integrate dialect and language continuum into their teaching practices. Negative attitudes or resistance towards non-standard dialects or languages may also arise, along with concerns about standardization, assessment, and the potential economic and social costs involved. Despite these challenges, recognizing the language continuum can create a more inclusive educational environment that respects and embraces the linguistic diversity of Afro-descendant students (Aguilar-Sánchez, 2018, 2022; Baiocchi, 2022; Coleman, 2023; Robinson, 2022; Yang, 2023) .",
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"text": "The incorporation of English teaching closely aligned with the dialects spoken in the Caribbean/Atlantic region offers numerous potential advantages, such as narrowing the language divide, tackling educational inequalities, and safeguarding linguistic heritage. The Ministry of Education of Costa Rica continues its program, Bridges for English ( Puentes para el inglés) , which aims to enhance English language skills in the region (MEP, 2023b) . However, challenges in implementing this approach, such as assessment, curricular standardization, and teacher training, may arise. The recognition and use of the dialect continuum and language continuum can be a powerful tool in promoting fairness and inclusivity in language education for the Afro-descendant communities (Aguilar-Sánchez, 2018, 2022; Baiocchi, 2022; Coleman, 2023; Devi, 2022; Galloway et al., 2019; Paulsrud, 2022; UN, 2022; Wilcox & Lawson, 2022; Yang, 2023) .",
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"text": "4.5 The IB Approach and its Potential Impact on Marginalized Communities",
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"text": "The Liceo Mario Bourne de Limón in the Caribbean/Atlantic region has recently embraced the IB Program, joining a group of twenty schools nationwide (MEP, 2023d) . This initiative began in the 2023 school year, providing a significant opportunity for 1,033 students to benefit from an educational framework that promotes intercultural understanding, international mindedness, and holistic development (Beech et al., 2022; Galloway et al., 2019; Maire, 2021) . The IB principles,",
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"text": "founded in 1968, align with the importance of CRP and the dialect and language continuums which are important concepts and can help create a more inclusive and equitable learning environment. By adopting a holistic approach to education that focuses on academic, personal, and social development, the IB Program promotes equity, inclusion, and academic, personal, and social growth, particularly benefiting marginalized communities such as the Afro-descendant communities (MEP, 2023d) .",
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"text": "The IB programs worldwide aim to foster students with a global perspective and cultural awareness. Graduates of these programs are well-equipped to thrive in an ever-changing world and possess the skills and knowledge needed to address global challenges successfully (Baiocchi, 2022; Beech et al., 2022; Devi, 2022; Galloway et al., 2019; Maire, 2021; Paulsrud, 2022; UN, 2022; Wilcox & Lawson, 2022) . Due to its rigorous and challenging curriculum, the IB program promotes critical and creative thinking, preparing graduates for success in higher education and beyond. Esteemed higher education institutions worldwide acknowledge the rigor and quality of the IB program, often granting advanced placement to IB students. Employers also value the strong communication and intercultural skills fostered by an IB education, making it an asset for students pursuing careers in international business, diplomacy, and other global fields. Traditionally, the introduction of the IB program in Latin America has been primarily limited to private schools catering to affluent students, perpetuating social inequality. However, since the mid-2000s, several Latin American countries, including Ecuador, Peru, Argentina in South America, and Costa Rica in Central America, have introduced this program in select public schools. According to the research conducted by Beech et al. (2022) , this expansion of access to the IB program in public schools within countries marked by significant socioeconomic disparities is viewed as an endeavor to promote equity, providing students with an educational opportunity previously accessible only to those attending private schools.",
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"text": "The potential implementation of the IB approach in all public schools across Costa Rica has the potential to create a more inclusive and equitable education system, specifically for marginalized communities such as the Afro-descendant communities in the Caribbean/Atlantic region. However, achieving this goal would require significant investment in resources, including teacher and administrative staff training, as well as the development of a comprehensive curriculum incorporating additional assessments such as performance-based assessments, self-assessments, and peer assessments (Beech et al., 2022; Maire, 2021; Paulsrud, 2022) . Despite the associated costs, the potential benefits of the IB approach for marginalized communities make this investment worthwhile. The IB program has the capacity to cultivate a sense of belonging and active engagement in the learning process, thereby leading to enhanced educational outcomes for all students (Baiocchi, 2022; Beech et al., 2022) .",
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"text": "This review critically analyzes the impact of the new assessment requirement of Costa Rica on marginalized communities, with a specific focus on Afro-descendant students in the Caribbean/Atlantic region. It examines the historical context of standardized assessment and proposes alternative approaches, such as CRP, the incorporation of dialect and language continuum, and the potential implementation of the IB program to address the achievement gap among marginalized communities. This review also emphasizes the need for further research and provides practical recommendations for policymakers and educators to address the potential consequences of the new assessment policy on Afro-descendant students. Future research should prioritize identifying effective strategies to bridge the achievement gap in marginalized communities. Costa Rica must prioritize the educational needs of marginalized communities and explore alternative assessment methods that support linguistic and cultural diversity. It is essential to adopt inclusive policies and practices that embrace the lived experiences of marginalized communities in order to attain equitable outcomes in the education system of Costa Rica (Chan, 2022; Devi, 2022; Galloway et al., 2019; Hua & Gao, 2021; Karataş et al., 2023; Paulsrud, 2022; Sama et al., 2021; Yang, 2023; Zakharov & Carnoy, 2021) .",
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"text": "The existing body of research on assessment requirements in the educational system of Costa Rica is insufficient, highlighting the need for additional research that employs a multifaceted research methodology (Aguilar-Sánchez, 2018; Galloway et al., 2019; García Segura, 2019; López et al., 2021; Robinson, 2022) . Furthermore, future research endeavors could explore the incorporation of CRP, dialect and language continuum, as well as the principles of the IB, specifically addressing historically marginalized groups such as the Indigenous populations in the Caribbean/Atlantic region and other areas of the country (Baiocchi, 2022; Devi, 2022; Ferguson, 2023; Galloway et al., 2019; Paulsrud, 2022; Pihen González & Arya, 2022; Sharpe, 2021) .",
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"text": "Peer Social Relationship on Student",
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"text": "Wiwin Andriani 1 , Neviyarni 2 , Afdal 3 123 Universitas Negeri Padang",
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"text": "Article Info ABSTRACT",
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"text": "Received Dec 11 th , 2019 Revised Jan 14 th , 2020",
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"text": "Accepted Feb 12 th , 2020 This study was performed starting from the BK instrumentation applications, namely the General AUM first semester students majoring in Curriculum and Educational Technology Faculty of Education, University of Padang which showed that students had problems in the field of social relations. This study uses a quantitative method to determine the social relations of peer to students majoring in Curriculum and Educational Technology FIP UNP.",
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"text": "Keyword:",
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"text": "First keyword",
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"text": "Second keyword Third keyword Fourth keyword Fifth keyword",
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"text": "© 2019 The Authors. Published by IICET.",
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"text": "This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-SA license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0",
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"text": "Wiwin Andriani, Universitas Negeri Padang Email: wiwinandriani293@gmail.com",
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"text": "Introduction",
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"text": "Social relations originated from the home environment itself later evolved into the school environment and continued to the wider environment, such as a gathering place for peers (Ali & Asrori, 2011), Peers have an important role compared to parents(Joseph & Nurihsan, 2010), In general, the amount of time spent with friends increases dramatically (Papalia & Feldman, 2015), The phenomenon that occurs can also be seen from the data through Tool Reveals Problems (AUM) General in college through a data group that has been filled by 25 students of semester 1 jaffairs of Curriculum and Educational Technology FIP UNP so it is known that in the field of Social Relationship issues (HSO) as a whole amounted to 220 with an average total issue19.30%.The advent of information and communication technology has opened up a new era in guidance and counseling services (Fitri, Neviyarni, & Ifdil, 2016). After knowing these phenomena, it is important for service delivery to provide related services to alleviate the problems faced by the students of the 1st half of KTP FIP UNP.",
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"text": "One of the first service held namely information services with the material to behave in social relations. As a result, when the service implementation process less work well because some students feel bored and busy with someone else thus creating a noisy atmosphere in the room. Consequently, the aim of the service can not be achieved with the right. Therefore, given a second service that is individual counseling services. In this case, the student is having problems take precedence highest in the field of social relations. The materials are appropriate given the client-related issues such as personal and social adjustment. The findings obtained from the client, such as the language of the client with different friends because the client does not come from Minangkabau so that clients feel not having close friends, clients are too busy with the organization so that less interact with your closest friends where he lived and clients having difficulty because his friends have the same group or gang culture. Additionally, the services can be provided in a group format through free subject to",
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"text": "ISSN: 2716-4896 (Print) ISSN: 2716-4888 (Electronic)",
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"text": "DOI : https://doi.org/10.2921/08jces 44600",
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"text": "Wiwin Andriani 1 , Neviyarni 2 , Afdal 3",
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"text": "Journal of Counseling, Education and Society Vol. 1, No. 1, 2020, pp. 31-34",
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{
"left": 526,
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"text": "32",
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{
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"text": "material social interaction. As a result, the active group members discuss and purpose of the service is achieved by realizing and establishing social interaction among peers who previously tenuous even do not communicate with friends in class. services that can be provided in a group format through free subject to material social interaction. As a result, the active group members discuss and purpose of the service is achieved by realizing and establishing social interaction among peers who previously tenuous even do not communicate with friends in class. services that can be provided in a group format through free subject to material social interaction. As a result, the active group members discuss and purpose of the service is achieved by realizing and establishing social interaction among peers who previously tenuous even do not communicate with friends in class.",
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"text": "In accordance with Act No. 20 of 2003 that the form of the academic colleges, polytechnics, colleges, institutes or universities are set by the government. Menjenjangkan career in college, will finalize a good individual in acquiring knowledge, behavior and way of thinking(Hidayati, 2015), The college is one of the sub national education system whose existence in the life of the nation and the state plays an important role through the implementation of the Tri Dharma University: education, research, and community service. Tri Dharma universities are the three basic pillars of mindset and become mandatory for students as part of the college, as students have an important position as a leading fighter in our nation change towards the better(Permatasari, Bariyyah, & Indrati, 2015), Students are required to be able to live lectures effectively characterized by the presence of which has been determined in accordance with the activities scheduled in the classical face. Students can take the classes properly had envisioned both physically and psychologically (Zahri, Joseph, & Neviyarni, 2017).",
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"text": "Students are in college has definitely a different mindset with in school. According Elihami, the activity of thinking is a phenomenon that can not escape encountered in all aspects of human life with the ability and patterns are varied, including in universities as the highest level in formal education. The diversity of one's ability to perform activities of thinking, influencing the mindset in planning the program, implementing the program, as well as decision-making, so as to obtain results for different shades (Elihami, 2016),",
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"text": "Insight into the college world summarizes the following information; (1) forms universities in Indonesia, (2) the status of universities in Indonesia, (3) the various terms that are often found in the world's universities, (4) various levels in higher education, and (5) Strategy a student achievement in academic and non-academic. Material such material is the basic insight that need to be understood by prospective students to have a mature readiness while undergoing studies in college(Budiyono, 2016), Suparno syaratyang suggested that one should possess a college student is having the ability to compare, take a decision about the similarities or differences(Thohir, Wasis, & WW, 2013),Based on the phenomenon that is the title of this research is, \"social relations peers against students from the Department of Curriculum and Educational Technology FIP UNP\".",
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"text": "Method",
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"text": "This study uses quantitative. Nana Martono argues that in quantitative research conducted by collecting data in the form of numbers, then processed and analyzed to obtain a scientific information relating to these figures (Martono, 2012), With regard to the quantitative method, it is done through descriptive correlational analysis approach. In connection with this, the researchers directly into the field to conduct data collection and see the real situation.",
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"text": "Results and Discussions",
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"text": "A. The concept of Social Affairs Peers",
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"text": "Anna Alisyahbana et al interpret social relations as ways individuals react to the people around him and how that relationship influences on him. In this case, the individual develops because of the encouragement of curiosity about everything in the environment (Ali & Asrori, 2011), In harmony with social interaction by Herimanto and Winarno, \"Social interaction is a dynamic social relationship, concerning mutual relations between individuals, between groups of human, as well as among people with human groups(Herimanto & Winarno, 2010), Weiss argues that basically there are six basic needs of the social relations, among others (Rahman, 2013):",
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"text": "1. Affection (attachment), the need for affection and attention.",
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"text": "2. Social Integration (social integration), the need to feel a part of the surrounding social environment.",
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{
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"text": "3. Esteem (reassurance of worth), needs to be respected and appreciated by others.",
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{
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"text": "4. Sense of unity that can be trusted (a sense of reliable alliance), the belief that there are others who will provide assistance when needed.",
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"text": "33",
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"text": "Peer Social Relationship on Student",
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"text": "5. Guidance (guidance), the need for guidance and advice of others.",
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"text": "6. Opportunity to take care of (the opportunity for the nurturance), the desire to love and provide assistance.",
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"text": "One of the most important functions of peer is to provide resources and comparisons about the world outside the family (Santrock, 2007a), Peer as well as with peers that same maturity level (Santrock, 2007b), Various opinions have been put forward, so that it can be understood if the social relationship is almost the same with social interaction is reciprocal treatment of each individual to the people in his neighborhood, so influential with each individual.",
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"text": "B. Characteristics of Social Relations Peers",
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"text": "Basically, social relationships occur because of communication directly or indirectly. Bitarto suggests the characteristics of social, consisting of (Hartomo & Aziz, 2008):",
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"text": "1. Economic stratification (the difference between education level and social status can lead to a heterogeneous state).",
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{
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"height": 22,
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"text": "2. Individualism (differences in socio-economic and cultural status can foster individualism properties or properties that pure mutual assistance is rarely available on the city).",
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{
"left": 89,
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"text": "3. Social tolerance (the bustle of city residents in the tempo high enough to reduce attention to others).",
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{
"left": 89,
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"width": 314,
"height": 11,
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"text": "4. Social distance (overcrowding in cities is generally can be quite high).",
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{
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"height": 22,
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"text": "5. The social assessment (status differences, differences of interests and situations town living conditions have an influence on different scoring systems on the symptoms that arise in the city).",
"type": "List item"
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"left": 89,
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"height": 34,
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"text": "Socially enabling destructive things, such as selfish, reluctant to share, do not want to hang out with other people, especially the lowly and disconnecting very relationship prohibited by the religious teachings (Willis, 2012).",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "C. Factors affecting the development of Social Affairs Peers",
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"text": "Social growth does not occur on the emptiness of the soul or social vacuum but rather the result of two factors, namely the individual human being itself, with all its nature and the surrounding environment as well as cultural factors and social (Az-Za'Balawi, 2007),Sunarto and General Hartono thought if there are several factors that affect social development, such as family, physical and psychological maturity in social, condition or status of the family's social life in a community environment, education and the ability to think (Sunarto & Hartono, 2013), Developing a previous opinion, there three factors that influence the development of social relationships, which are as follows (Ali & Asrori, 2011):",
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"text": "1. Family environment",
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"left": 107,
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"text": "There are a number of factors within the family that are needed by the child in the process of social development, the need for security (material and mental), appreciated, loved, accepted, and the freedom to express themselves.",
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"text": "2. School environment",
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"text": "The importance of the school environment form a kind of environment by observing the norms, so that students can adapt well.",
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"text": "3. Community environmental",
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"text": "One of the problems experienced by young people in the process of socialization is a teenager already deemed to have grown up, but they were not given the opportunity as an adult so often lead to disappointment or annoyance to the teenagers who will become an obstacle to the social development of adolescents.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "Conclusions",
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"text": "This article emphasizes on the kraft peer social relationships, social relationships characteristic of peers and the factors that influence the development of social relationships peers. Social relations are almost the same with social interaction is a reciprocal treatment of each individual to the people in his neighborhood, so influential with each individual. Social relationships that occur have a process in the form of basic necessities in it, such as the need for affection and attention, to feel as part of the surrounding social environment, want to be respected and appreciated by others, the belief there are others who will provide assistance when needed, the need for get the guidance and advice of others and the desire to love and give. Socially there is a possibility",
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"text": "Wiwin Andriani 1 , Neviyarni 2 , Afdal 3",
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"text": "Journal of Counseling, Education and Society Vol. 1, No. 1, 2020, pp. 31-34",
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"text": "that will happen, as selfish in everything, reluctant to share, do not want to hang out with other people, especially the lowly and disconnecting friendship very forbidden by religious teachings. Therefore, to cope with the phenomenon that has made the provision of information services (how to behave in social relationships), individual counseling services (personal and social adjustment) and its service group format (social interaction).",
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"text": "References",
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{
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"text": "Ali, M., & Asrori, M. (2011). Youth Development Psychology of Students. Jakarta.",
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"top": 201,
"width": 453,
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"text": "Koperasi Maju Sejahtera SMK Negeri 2 Kota Tangerang Selatan merupakan salah satu badan usaha yang bergerak dibidang simpan pinjam yang memiliki tujuan dan konsep utama yaitu mengembangkan kesejahteraan anggotanya, khususnya pada bidang ekonomi dan sosial. Masalah yang timbul pada saat ini adalah pencatatan peminjaman serta pengembalian uang koperasi yang terkadang ditulis pada satu buku yang sama sehingga menghambat proses pencarian data peminjaman maupun pengembalian, anggota hanya melakukan tanda tangan di daftar pembagian SHU sehingga anggota tidak mengetahui rincian SHU tersebut, masih beresiko terjadinya kesalahan penulisan rumus hitungan pada Microsoft Excel menyebabkan kesalahan terhadap perhitungan SHU sehingga terjadinya kekeliruan atas pembagian SHU kepada masing-masing anggota. Untuk mengatasi permasalahan tersebut dibutuhkan sebuah sistem informasi simpan pinjam yang diharapkan dengan adanya sistem informasi simpan pinjam ini dapat membantu mengatasi masalah-masalah seperti proses perhitungan yang lebih akurat, penyimpanan menjadi terintegrasi, tersedianya jurnal untuk mempermudah pembukuan secara akuntansi dan proses penyajian serta pencarian data menjadi lebih efektif dan efisien.",
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"text": "sistem informasi merupakan suatu system dalam organisasi yang dimana mempertemukan kebutuhan pengelolaan transaksi, mendukung operasi, bersifat managerial, dan kegiatan dari suatu organisasi serta menyediakan laporan- laporan yang dibutuhkan oleh pihak luar tertentu.",
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"text": "Metodologi berorientasi objek merupakan strategi dalam membangun perangkat lunak yang dimana mengorganisasikan software sebagai kumpulan objek yang berisi data operasi yang hanya diberlakukan terhadap software itu sendiri. Sekarang, metode berorientasi pada objek banyak digunakan karena metode lama amat banyak menimbulkan masalah seperti kesulitan saat transformasi hasil dari satu tahap pengembangan ke tahap berikutnya, misalnya pada metode pendekatan terstruktur, jenis aplikasi yang dikembangkan pada saat berbeda dengan masa lalu. Aplikasi yang dikembangkan pada saat ini sangat beragam (aplikasi bisnis, real-time, utility, dan sebagainya) dengan platform yang berbeda-beda, sehingga menimbulkan tuntutan kebutuhan metodologi pengembangan yang dapat mengakomodasi ke semua jenis aplikasi tersebut (Rosa A.S., M. Shalahuddin, 2013:100).",
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"text": "Menurut Prabantini (2010) Diagram Fishbone terdiri atas garis horizontal dimana garis kecil bercabang di garis diagonal utama. “Salah satu cara yang bisa kamu lakukan untuk melakukan menganalisis akar masalah dengan tepat adalah dengan menggunakan fishbone diagram. Diagram ini dibuat sederhana",
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"text": "seperti bentuk ikan, dibagian kepalanya berisi masalah yang sedang dihadapi dan di setiap ruas tulangnya mewakili aspek-aspek penyebab yang menimbulkan masalah tersebut.” (Rahmawan, 2013 : 243).",
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"text": "pertimbangan maupun keputusan yang baik oleh pemakai informasi yang bersangkut pautan”.",
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"text": "Menurut Puspitawati dan Dewi (2010:18) Secara garis besar aktifitas utama dari sistem informasi akuntansi adalah mengolah/memproses data transaksi keuangan menjadi laporan keuangan",
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"text": "Koperasi adalah badan usaha yang beranggotakan orang-orang atau badan hukum koperasi dengan melandaskan kegiatannya berdasarkan prinsip koperasi, sekaligus sebagai gerakan ekonomi rakyat yang berdasarkan asas kekeluargaan sebagaimana yang dimaksud dalam peraturan perundang-undangan perkoperasian. Koperasi didirikan dan melakukan kegiatannya berdasarkan kejujuran, keterbukaan, tanggung jawab sosial dan peduli terhadap orang lain.",
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"text": "Koperasi Wanita Putri Harapan Desa Jatigunung Kecamatan Tulakan”. Yang diterbitkan dalam “IJNS – Indonesian Journal on Networking and Security – Volume 2 No 4 – Oktober 2013, ISSN: 2302 – 5700”. Bahwa penelitian ini untuk membantu pengelolaan simpan pinjam pada Koperasi Wanita Putri Harapan yang masih menggunakan sistem konvensional yaitu buku dan Microsoft Excel. Dalam pengolahan akuntansi juga membutuhkan ketelitian karena banyak pengulangan penulisan dan pemborosan",
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"text": "permasalahan tersebut, koperasi ini perlu menggunakan aplikasi simpan pinjam yang dapat membantu dalam proses pengolahan data simpan pinjam dan akuntansi. Adapun metode penelitian yang digunakan yaitu pustaka, wawancara, analisis sistem, perancangan sistem dan implementasi sistem. Dengan menggunakan sistem informasi, pengolahan data dan pembuatan laporan menjadi lebih mudah, cepat dan akurat.",
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"height": 62,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Penelitian mengenai sistem simpan pinjam juga pernah dilakukan oleh Dani Anggoro, Muhammad David Umar, Ekalucy Vinanty, Donny Dananjaya pada tahun 2015 dengan judul “Rancangan Sistem Informasi Koperasi",
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{
"left": 99,
"top": 302,
"width": 197,
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"text": "Simpan Pinjam Guru dan Pegawai pada",
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"left": 330,
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"text": "Koperasi SMK Manggala Tangerang”. Yang diterbitkan dalam “Seminar Nasional Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi 2015 (SENTIKA 2015) – Yogyakarta, 28 Maret 2015 - ISSN: 2089-9815”. Bahwa kegiatan simpan pinjam pada Koperasi SMK Manggala tangerang belum terkomputerisasi sehingga menimbulkan masalah dalam input, proses maupun output. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, maka perlu dibuatkan suatu sistem yang terkomputerisasi. Rancangan sistem yang akan digunakan adalah metodologi berorientasi obyek. Dari penelitian ini diharapkan akan menghasilkan sebuah rancangan sistem informasi koperasi simpan pinjam guru dan pegawai untuk membantu pengelolaan data dan mengurangi kesalahan user.",
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"left": 99,
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"height": 327,
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"text": "Penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Dui Astuti, Kondar Siahaan, Joni Devitra pada tahun 2017 dengan judul “Analisis dan Perancangan Sistem Informasi Simpan Pinjam pada Koperasi Pegawai Negeri IAIN Sultan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi”. Bahwa bidang usaha simpan pinjam yang dikelola KPN belum dilengkapi dengan sistem informasi terintegrasi. Penggunaan teknologi dalam pengolahan data simpan pinjam yang masih mengandalkan program aplikasi Microsoft Word dan Excel mengakibatkan terdapatnya berbagai kendala yang dihadapi oleh para pelaku bisnis dalam KPN, seperti : sering terjadinya inkosistensi dan redudansi data, serta lamanya pencarian dan pengaksesan data/informasi. Sistem informasi simpan pinjam pada KPN ini dirancang dengan menggunakan bahasa pemrograman PHP dan menggunakan teknik permodelan terstruktur dalam bentuk DFD dan ERD untuk menggambarkan hasil analisa dan desain sistem. Diharapkan dengan adanya sistem informasi simpan pinjam ini dapat memberikan kontribusi besar dalam perbaikan sistem informasi simpan pinjam yang berjalan di KPN IAIN STS Jambi.",
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"text": "3. METODE PENELITIAN",
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"text": "3.1 Identifikasi Dalam penelitian ini, terdapat beberapa",
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{
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"text": "proses yang dilakukan dalam identifikasi",
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"text": "kebutuhan pada koperasi maju sejahtera diantaranya :",
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"text": "a. Memahami permasalahan yang dihadapi Koperasi SMK Negeri 2 Kota Tangerang Selatan dan hasil identifikasi masalah digambarkan dengan fishbone diagram, dimana pada diagram tersebut akan terlihat sebab-akibat terjadinya masalah.",
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{
"left": 330,
"top": 407,
"width": 198,
"height": 55,
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"text": "b. Menganalisa proses bisnis berjalan berdasarkan wawancara dan dokumen yang berkaitan kemudian hasil analisa akan digambarkan pada data model baik Use Case dan Activity Diagram .",
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"text": "c. Menggambarkan model sistem dengan Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD) lalu ditransformasi menjadi Logical Record Structure (LRS). d. Model Pengembangan Sistem yang digunakan dalam merancang sistem ini adalah model Waterfall. Menurut Rosa, Shalahuddin (2013:28) “Model air terjun ( waterfall ) sering juga disebut model sekuensial linier ( Sequential Linear ) atau alur hidup klasik ( Classic Life Cycle ). Model air terjun menyediakan pendekatan alur hidup perangkat lunak secara sekuensial atau terurut dimulai dari analisa kebutuhan, desain sistem, penulisan kode program, pengujian program dan penerapan program.",
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"text": "3.2 Metodologi Pengumpulan Data",
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"top": 715,
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"text": "Untuk menyelesaikan masalah yang ada pada Koperasi Maju Sejahtera, penelitian ini menggunakan beberapa metode pengumpulan data dalam memperoleh keterangan dari sistem berjalan saat ini yaitu metode observasi,",
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{
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"width": 197,
"height": 21,
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"text": "wawancara, analisa dokumen dan studi kepustakaan.",
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"text": "3.3 Implementasi Sistem",
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"width": 198,
"height": 32,
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"text": "Implementasi sistem menggunakan bahasa pemrograman Visual Studio2008 dengan database MySQL agar dapat berfungsi",
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"width": 287,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 4,
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"text": "J u r n a l I D E A L I S V o l . 1 N o . 3 J u l i 2 0 1 8 | 105",
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{
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"height": 32,
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"text": "sebagaimana yang diharapkan dan untuk mengetahui sejauh mana efektifitas informasi yang disajikan.",
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"text": "4. HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN",
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"text": "4.1 Analisa Sistem",
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"text": "a. Profil Organisasi",
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{
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"text": "Koperasi Maju Sejahtera adalah koperasi yang didirikan di lingkungan sekolah SMK Negeri 2 Kota Tangerang Selatan yang beranggotakan dari guru-guru, staf dan pejabat yang terkait disekolah yang bersangkutan. Koperasi didirikan berdasarkan hasil rapat pada tanggal 22 Desember 2009 di SMK Negeri 2 Kota Tangerang Selatan yang beralamat di Jln. Pondok Aren Raya No. 52 Kecamatan Pondok Aren – Tangerang Selatan 15224.",
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"text": "b. Analisa Sistem Berjalan",
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"text": "1) Proses Bisnis dan Activity Diagram",
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"text": "Berjalan",
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"text": "Proses bisnis yang terjadi pada Koperai Maju Sejahtera adalah sebagai berikut:",
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{
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"text": "a. Proses Pendaftaran Anggota Calon anggota datang ke koperasi menemui sekretaris koperasi. Kemudian pengurus koperasi akan memberitahukan persyaratan awal untuk menjadi anggota koperasi. Setelah memberitahukan syarat tersebut, sekretaris memberikan Formulir Pendaftaran Anggota untuk menjadi anggota koperasi Maju Sejahtera. Lalu calon anggota mengisi formulir pendaftaran anggota. Setelah itu sekretaris akan mengecek kebenaran dari isi formulir. Jika data yang diisi sudah benar, maka sekretaris akan meminta calon anggota untuk membayar simpanan pokok sebesar Rp. 50.000,- yang hanya dibayarkan satu kali saat mendaftar, simpanan wajib sebesar Rp. 25.000,- untuk setiap bulannya dan simpanan Hari Raya untuk bulan pertama. Namun jika data masih belum benar maka calon anggota diminta untuk memperbaiki data kembali. Setelah itu sekretaris akan menerima uang simpanan pokok dari calon anggota, kemudian sekretaris akan menyerahkan uang tersebut ke bendahara koperasi dan bendahara koperasi akan mencatat nama dan uang simpanan pokok anggota pada laporan koperasi per-bulan.",
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"text": "Gambar 2. Proses Pendaftaran Anggota",
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"text": "b. Proses Simpanan",
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"width": 198,
"height": 205,
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"text": "Setiap bulan anggota koperasi diharuskan membayar simpanan wajib dan simpanan hari raya. Untuk pembayaran simpanan wajib, anggota diharuskan membayar sebesar Rp. 25.000,- sedangkan untuk simpanan hari raya anggota dibebaskan untuk membayar berapa saja sesuai dengan kesepakatan dan kemampuan masing-masing para anggota. Pembayaran simpanan wajib dan simpanan hari raya dilakukan melalui potong gaji yang sebelumnya sudah disepakati diawal. Bendahara akan meminta kepada sekretaris untuk membuat laporan koperasi per-bulan yang berisi simpanan wajib, simpanan hari raya, cicilan yang harus dibayar anggota. Kemudian sekretaris akan memberikan laporan tersebut kepada bendahara. Lalu bendahara akan menyerahkan laporan tersebut kepada bendahara sekolah.",
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"text": "Gambar 3. Proses Simpanan",
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"text": "c. Proses Peminjaman Setiap anggota koperasi yang ingin melakukan pinjaman langsung datang menemui sekretaris koperasi. Kemudian sekretaris akan mengecek apakah anggota tersebut masih memiliki pinjaman pada koperasi atau tidak. Jika anggota masih memiliki pinjaman, maka anggota koperasi tersebut diwajibkan melunasi pinjaman tersebut sebelum mengajukan pinjaman yang baru atau meminjam disaat sudah tidak memiliki pinjaman kepada koperasi. Jika tidak",
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{
"left": 240,
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"width": 287,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 5,
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"text": "J u r n a l I D E A L I S V o l . 1 N o . 3 J u l i 2 0 1 8 | 106",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 99,
"top": 91,
"width": 198,
"height": 273,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "memiliki pinjaman atau hutang kepada koperasi sebelumnya, maka sekretaris akan memberikan Formulir Peminjaman kepada anggota untuk diisi datanya. Setelah Formulir sudah diisi, anggota memberikan Formulir tersebut lalu sekretaris akan menerima Formulir dan kemudian sekretaris memberikan Formulir kepada bendahara dan memberikan informasi bahwa ada anggota yang ingin melakukan pinjaman. Lalu bendahara akan mengecek apakah jumlah angsuran anggota terhadap simpan pinjam melebihi dari 2/3 gaji anggota atau tidak. Jika 2/3 gaji lebih kecil dari angsuran pinjaman anggota perbulannya maka bendahara akan menolak permohonan pinjaman anggota, namun jika 2/3 gaji lebih besar, maka bendahara akan memberikan pinjaman sesuai dengan permintaan anggota dengan dikenakan biaya jasa 10% dari jumlah pinjaman. Kemudian bendahara meminta anggota yang meminjam untuk menandatangani bukti penerimaan pinjaman pada buku besar dan memberikan kwitansi sebagai bukti bahwa pinjaman sudah diberikan ke anggota.",
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"text": "Gambar 4. Proses Peminjaman",
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"text": "d. Proses Angsuran Setiap bulannya anggota diwajibkan membayar angsuran pinjaman kepada koperasi dengan cara potong gaji dan sudah termasuk dengan biaya jasa dari jumlah pinjaman. Sebelum waktu terima gaji, bendahara akan membuat daftar potongan angsuran dan potongan simpanan berdasarkan daftar potongan bulan lalu, kemudian bendahara akan menyerahkannya ke bagian bendahara sekolah untuk dipotong",
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"text": "gajinya sesuai dengan dokumen daftar potongan.",
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"text": "Gambar 5. Proses Angsuran",
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"text": "e. Proses Pengambilan Simpanan Hari Raya Anggota yang melakukan simpanan hari raya dapat mengambil simpanannya pada setiap menjelang hari raya. Kemudian bendahara koperasi akan mengecek jumlah simpanan hari raya pada rekapitulasi simpanan anggota. Lalu bendahara akan membuatkan kwitansi sebagai tanda terima pengambilan simpanan. Lalu memberikannya kepada anggota.",
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{
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"width": 175,
"height": 7,
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"text": "Gambar 6. Proses Pengambilan Simpanan Hari Raya",
"type": "Caption"
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"text": "f. Proses Pengunduran Diri",
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"text": "Anggota yang ingin mengundurkan diri langsung menemui bendahara. Kemudian bendahara akan mengecek data pinjaman, data angsuran, serta data simpanan anggota tersebut. Jika anggota tersebut masih memiliki pinjaman pada koperasi maka anggota diharuskan untuk melunaskannya terlebih dahulu. Jika anggota tidak memiliki pinjaman maka bendahara akan langsung memberikan uang simpanannya.",
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"page_number": 6,
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"text": "J u r n a l I D E A L I S V o l . 1 N o . 3 J u l i 2 0 1 8 | 107",
"type": "Page header"
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"width": 121,
"height": 7,
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"text": "Gambar 7. Proses Pengunduran Diri",
"type": "Caption"
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"text": "g. Proses Pembagian Sisa Hasil Usaha",
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{
"left": 99,
"top": 304,
"width": 197,
"height": 78,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Pembagian Sisa Hasil Usaha hanya diberikan kepada anggota aktif. pembagian Sisa Hasil Usaha ditetapkan pada rapat anggota yang dilaksanakan setiap 1 (satu) tahun sekali. bendahara akan menghitung jumlah Sisa Hasil Usaha yang akan diterima anggota koperasi. kemudian bendahara akan membagikan dana",
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"text": "Sisa Hasil Usaha tiap-tiap anggota lalu menyerahkan dana Sisa Hasil Usaha sesuai dengan jumlah perhitungan yang ada pada daftar pembagian Sisa Hasil Usaha. kemudian anggota akan menerima uang dan menandatangani daftar pembagian Sisa Hasil Usaha sebagai bukti bahwa uang telah diterima.",
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"text": "Gambar 8. Proses Pembagian Sisa Hasil Usaha",
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"text": "h. Proses Laporan",
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"height": 9,
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"text": "Berdasarkan dokumen transaksi yang ada.",
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"text": "Bendahara koperasi akan membuat laporan yang terdiri dari laporan koperasi perbulan yang berisi data potongan angsuran dan potongan simpanan wajib serta simpanan hari raya, rekapitulasi piutang anggota, rekapitulasi simpanan anggota yang nantinya diserahkan kepada pimpinan koperasi.",
"type": "Table"
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"height": 7,
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"text": "Gambar 9. Proses Laporan",
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"text": "2) Analisa Masalah",
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"text": "Untuk menganalisa masalah yang ada dapat dilihat pada gambar berikut :",
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"text": "Rendahnya Kualitas Informasi Bukti Fisik Proses Anggota tidak mengetahui rincian SHU tersebut Anggota hanya TTD di daftar pembagian SHU Masih beresiko terjadinya kesalahan penulisan rumus pada Ms.Excel Kekeliruan atas pembagian SHU masing-masing anggota Pencarian data menjadi terhambat Pencatatan untuk peminjaman dan pengembalian ditulis pada satu buku yang sama Kesalahan terhadap perhitungan SHU Gambar 10. Fishbone Diagram 4.2 Perancangan Sistem",
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"text": "1) Use Case Diagram",
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},
{
"left": 99,
"top": 656,
"width": 135,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "a. Use Case Diagram Master",
"type": "Picture"
},
{
"left": 133,
"top": 743,
"width": 127,
"height": 7,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Gambar 11. Use Case Diagram Master",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 330,
"top": 644,
"width": 144,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "b. Use Case Diagram Transaksi",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 359,
"top": 762,
"width": 138,
"height": 7,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Gambar 12. Use Case Diagram Transaksi",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 240,
"top": 38,
"width": 287,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "J u r n a l I D E A L I S V o l . 1 N o . 3 J u l i 2 0 1 8 | 108",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 99,
"top": 102,
"width": 137,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "c. Use Case Diagram Laporan",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 130,
"top": 207,
"width": 132,
"height": 7,
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Gambar 13. Use Case Diagram Laporan",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 99,
"top": 228,
"width": 197,
"height": 32,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "2) Entity Relationship Diagram Berikut ini merupakan model data yang dituangkan dalam bentuk ERD sebagai berikut :",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 99,
"top": 261,
"width": 215,
"height": 409,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "anggota setor simpanan detil_simp jenis_simpanan punya dapat Penarikan_shr ajukan pinjaman ada angsuran jurnal rekening jurnal2 jurnal3 ambil shu *no_anggota nm_anggota gelar tmp_lahir tgl_lahir status jenkel alamat no_telp email profesi *no_simpanan *no_anggota *no_simpanan tgl_simpanan *no_anggota *no_jenis_simpanan saldo_simpanan *no_simpanan *no_jenis_simpanan jml_simpanan *no_jenis_simpanan nm_jenis_simpanan nominal *tahun_shu *no_anggota jml_jasa_pinj jasa_pinj_peranggota jasa_pinjam_koperasi *tahun_shu jml_anggota pengurus pengembangan dana_sosial anggota_keseluruhan shu_seluruh_angg *no_anggota *no_penarikan_shr *no_penarikan_shr tgl_penarikan_shr jml_penarikan *no_anggota *no_pengajuan *no_pinj tgl_pinj mulai_potong status_pinj *no_pinjaman *no_angsuran *no_angs tgl_angs jml_angs angs_ke sisa_angs ket *no_referensi *no_rekening tgl_jurnal posisi_rek jumlah *no_penarikan_shr *no_rek tgl_jurnal posisi jumlah *no_rek nm_rek posisi_rek *no_simpanan *no_rek tgl_jurnal posisi jumlah 1 M M N M N N 1 M 1 M M N M N M N lakukan pengunduran_diri Tarik M 1 1 M N *no_anggota *no_pengunduran_diri *no_pengunduran_diri tgl_pengunduran_diri alasan *no_pengunduran_diri *no_jenis_simp jml_tarik pengajuan_pinjaman dapat2 *no_Pengajuan tgl_pengajuan besar_pinj jasa_pinjam total_kembali lm_pinjam angsuran ket 1 M 1 1 *no_pengajuan *no_pinj SHU = Sisa Hasil Usaha SHR = Simpanan Hari Raya jurnal *no_referensi *no_rekening tgl_jurnal posisi_rek jumlah jurnal *no_referensi *no_rekening tgl_jurnal posisi_rek jumlah M N M N Gambar 14. Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD) 3) Struktur Menu Analisa dan Perancangan Sistem Informasi Simpan Pinjam pada Koperasi Maju Sejahtera SMK Negeri 2 Kota Tangerang Selatan dengan Metodologi Berorientasi Obyek Analisa dan Perancangan Sistem Informasi Simpan Pinjam pada Koperasi Maju Sejahtera SMK Negeri 2 Kota Tangerang Selatan dengan Metodologi Berorientasi Obyek Master Master Entry Data Jenis Simpanan Entry Data Jenis Simpanan Entry Data Rekening Entry Data Rekening Entry Data Anggota Entry Data Anggota Transaksi Transaksi Entry Simpanan Entry Simpanan Entry Pengajuan Peminjaman Entry Pengajuan Peminjaman Cetak Bukti Peminjaman Cetak Bukti Peminjaman Entry Angsuran Entry Angsuran Cetak Penarikan Simpanan Hari Raya Cetak Penarikan Simpanan Hari Raya Cetak Bukti Pengunduran Diri Cetak Bukti Pengunduran Diri Hitung SHU Hitung SHU Laporan Laporan Keluar Keluar Cetak Potongan Simpanan Cetak Potongan Simpanan Cetak Potongan Pinjaman Cetak Potongan Pinjaman Cetak Laporan Peminjaman Cetak Laporan Peminjaman",
"type": "Picture"
},
{
"left": 229,
"top": 622,
"width": 42,
"height": 48,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Cetak Bukti Ambil SHU Cetak Bukti Ambil SHU Cetak Laporan Jurnal Penerimaan Kas Cetak Laporan Jurnal Penerimaan Kas Cetak Laporan Jurnal Pengeluaran Kas Cetak Laporan Jurnal Pengeluaran Kas Cetak Laporan Jurnal Umum Cetak Laporan Jurnal Umum",
"type": "Picture"
},
{
"left": 153,
"top": 688,
"width": 87,
"height": 7,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Gambar 15. Struktur Menu",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 99,
"top": 710,
"width": 102,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "4) Rancangan Layar",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 99,
"top": 721,
"width": 197,
"height": 21,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "a. Rancangan Layar Form Master Staf membuka Form Entry Data Anggota.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 99,
"top": 744,
"width": 197,
"height": 21,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Nomor anggota akan otomatis muncul dengan menggunakan autonumber. Input data anggota",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 330,
"top": 91,
"width": 198,
"height": 285,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "kemudian input data simpanan awal anggota. Klik tombol cari data simpanan untuk menginput data simpanan awal anggota. Untuk simpanan pokok dan simpanan wajib, nominal sudah ditentukan oleh koperasi namun untuk simpanan hari raya, anggota dibebaskan untuk membayar berapa saja sesuai dengan kemampuan masing-masing. Jika setiap simpanan sudah dicari, klik tombol tambah untuk menambahkan data ke listview . Kemudian total simpanan awal akan melakukan perhitungan secara otomatis jika data sudah ditambahkan ke dalam listview . Jika proses sudah selesai dilakukan semua, kemudian klik simpan untuk menyimpan data anggota baru dan setelah disimpan akan muncul cetakan atas simpanan awal yang dilakukan oleh anggota. Tombol ubah di form ini hanya berfungsi untuk mengubah data anggota saja, klik tombol cari anggota kemudian pilih anggota yang datanya ingin diubah setelah selesai klik tombol ubah. Klik tombol batal jika staf ingin membatalkan penginputan yang sudah dilakukan. Klik tombol keluar untuk keluar dari Form Entry Data Anggota.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 333,
"top": 380,
"width": 26,
"height": 4,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "FormEntryAnggota",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 341,
"top": 408,
"width": 188,
"height": 101,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "<<autonumber>> <<x-50-x>> <<x-20-x>> <<x-30-x>> dd/MM/yyyy <<x-pilih-x>> <<x-50-x>> <<x-15-x>> <<x-50-x>> <<x-30-x>> <<x-20-x>> dd/MM/yyyy <<autonumber>> <<x-30-x>> <<x-999,999-x>> <<x-9,999,999-x>> Entry Data Anggota No. Anggota Nama Anggota",
"type": "Picture"
},
{
"left": 340,
"top": 421,
"width": 196,
"height": 87,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Gelar : : : CARI SIMPAN UBAH BATAL KELUAR Tempat Lahir Tanggal Lahir Status Perkawinan Jenis Kelamin Alamat No. Telp",
"type": "Picture"
},
{
"left": 341,
"top": 492,
"width": 12,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Email Profesi",
"type": "Table"
},
{
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"top": 445,
"width": 78,
"height": 65,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Status Anggota : : : : : : : : : Laki-laki Perempuan",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 333,
"top": 390,
"width": 207,
"height": 153,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Tanggal Masuk No. Jenis Simpanan Nama Simpanan Nominal : : : : CARI TAMBAH <<x-6-x>> No. Jenis Simpanan <<x-999,999-x>> Nominal <<x-30-x>> Nama Simpanan Total Simpanan Awal Rp. Koperasi Maju Sejahtera SMK Negeri 2 Kota Tangerang Selatan Gambar 16. Rancangan Form Master Entry Data Anggota",
"type": "Picture"
},
{
"left": 330,
"top": 558,
"width": 197,
"height": 20,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "b. Rancangan Layar Form Transaksi Staf membuka Form Cetak Bukti Peminjaman.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 330,
"top": 581,
"width": 198,
"height": 135,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Nomor pinjaman akan muncul otomatis dengan menggunakan autonumber. Klik tombol cari untuk mencari data pengajuan peminjaman anggota kemudian pilih data anggota yang ingin dicetakkan buktinya. Kemudian data pengajuan akan muncul otomatis. Input mulai potong angsuran anggota. Kemudian jika semua sudah dilakukan klik tombol cetak untuk menyimpan serta mencetak bukti peminjaman anggota. Klik tombol batal untuk membersihkan layar. Klik tombol keluar untuk keluar dari Form Cetak Bukti Peminjaman.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 240,
"top": 38,
"width": 287,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "J u r n a l I D E A L I S V o l . 1 N o . 3 J u l i 2 0 1 8 | 109",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 102,
"top": 93,
"width": 199,
"height": 112,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "FormCetakPinjaman <<autonumber>> <<display>> dd/MM/yyyy <<display>> <<display>> <<display>> <<display>> <<display>> <<display>> <<display>> <<display>> <<dd/MM/yyyy>> dd/MM/yyyy Cetak Bukti Peminjaman No. Pinjaman Besar Pinjaman Jasa Pinjam : : : CETAK BATAL KELUAR Total Pinjaman Kembali : Tanggal Pinjaman :",
"type": "Picture"
},
{
"left": 109,
"top": 147,
"width": 142,
"height": 33,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "No. Pengajuan Tanggal Pengajuan : : CARI No. Anggota Nama Anggota : : Lama Pinjam Angsuran Per Bulan",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 109,
"top": 148,
"width": 186,
"height": 35,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Keterangan Pinjam : Rp. 10% Rp. Rp. Bulan",
"type": "Picture"
},
{
"left": 99,
"top": 104,
"width": 197,
"height": 182,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Rp. : : Mulai Potongan : Koperasi Maju Sejahtera SMK Negeri 2 Kota Tangerang Selatan Gambar 17. Rancangan Form Transaksi Entry Pengajuan Peminjaman c. Rancangan Layar Form Laporan Staf membuka form cetak daftar laporan",
"type": "Picture"
},
{
"left": 99,
"top": 289,
"width": 197,
"height": 55,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "peminjaman. Pilih periode yang ingin ditampilkan. Kemudian klik tombol cetak untuk mencetak laporan peminjaman. Klik tombol keluar jika ingin keluar dari form cetak laporan peminjaman.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 104,
"top": 348,
"width": 146,
"height": 89,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "FormCetakLapPeminjaman dd-MM-yyyy dd-MM-yyyy KELUAR Koperasi Maju Sejahtera SMK Negeri 2 Kota Tangerang Selatan Cetak Laporan Peminjaman : Periode s/d : CETAK",
"type": "Picture"
},
{
"left": 108,
"top": 455,
"width": 179,
"height": 17,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Gambar 18. Rancangan Form Laporan Cetak Laporan Peminjaman",
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},
{
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"top": 486,
"width": 197,
"height": 55,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Staf membuka form cetak laporan jurnal umum. Pilih periode yang ingin ditampilkan. Kemudian klik tombol cetak untuk mencetak laporan jurnal umum. Klik tombol keluar jika ingin keluar dari form cetak laporan jurnal umum.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 106,
"top": 546,
"width": 143,
"height": 120,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "FormLapJurnalUmum dd-MM-yyyy dd-MM-yyyy KELUAR Koperasi Maju Sejahtera SMK Negeri 2 Kota Tangerang Selatan Cetak Laporan Jurnal Umum : Periode s/d : CETAK",
"type": "Picture"
},
{
"left": 108,
"top": 690,
"width": 179,
"height": 16,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Gambar 19. Rancangan Form Laporan Cetak Laporan Jurnal Umum",
"type": "Footnote"
},
{
"left": 99,
"top": 721,
"width": 92,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "5. KESIMPULAN",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
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"top": 732,
"width": 197,
"height": 22,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Kesimpulan yang didapat dari proses analisis, perancangan dan analisa adalah :",
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},
{
"left": 330,
"top": 91,
"width": 198,
"height": 88,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "a. Dengan berlakunya konsep penerapan sistem yang terkomputerisasi guna proses simpan pinjam pada Koperasi Maju Sejahtera dapat meminimalkan kesalahan yang ada serta mudah dan cepat dalam proses penyajian informasi, pengolahan data serta pembaharuan data.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 330,
"top": 183,
"width": 198,
"height": 49,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "b. Disediakan database guna tempat penyimpanan yang memiliki kapasitas yang besar sehingga tak ada dokumen yang menumpuk.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 330,
"top": 236,
"width": 198,
"height": 22,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "c. Mempermudah dalam proses pencarian data jika sewaktu-waktu dibutuhkan.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 330,
"top": 262,
"width": 197,
"height": 36,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "d. Mempermudah staf koperasi dalam perhitungan serta pembuatan laporan- laporan yang dibutuhkan.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 330,
"top": 316,
"width": 118,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "6. DAFTAR PUSTAKA",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 330,
"top": 327,
"width": 197,
"height": 31,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "[1] Mulyani, Sri., 2016, Metode Analisis Perancangan Sistem, Bandung, Abdi Sistematika.",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 330,
"top": 362,
"width": 197,
"height": 20,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "[2] Hutahaean, Jeperson., 2015, Konsep Sistem Informasi, Yogyakarta, DEEPUBLISH.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 330,
"top": 386,
"width": 197,
"height": 32,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "[3] Rahmawan, Arry., 2013, Studentpreneur Guidebook. Cetakan Pertama, Jakarta, GagasMedia.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 330,
"top": 422,
"width": 197,
"height": 20,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "[4] Puspitawati, Dewi., 2010, Sistem Informasi Akuntansi, Yogyakarta, Graha Ilmu.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 330,
"top": 446,
"width": 197,
"height": 32,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "[5] Wibowo Martino, Subagyo Ahmad, 2017, Seri Manajemen Koperasi dan UKM Tata Kelola Koperasi yang Baik (Good",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 366,
"top": 481,
"width": 161,
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"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Cooperative Governance), Yogyakarta,",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 366,
"top": 493,
"width": 59,
"height": 8,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "DEEPUBLISH.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 330,
"top": 505,
"width": 197,
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"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "[6] Atikah, Hayyu Ratna & Sukadi., 2012, Sistem Informasi Simpan Pinjam pada Koperasi Wanita Putri Harapan Desa Jatigunung Kecamatan Tulakan, IJNS-Indonesian Journal on Networking and Security -",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 366,
"top": 565,
"width": 128,
"height": 8,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Volume 2 No.4, ISSN: 2302-5700.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 330,
"top": 577,
"width": 197,
"height": 20,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
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"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 366,
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"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
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"type": "Table"
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{
"left": 366,
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"width": 160,
"height": 32,
"page_number": 8,
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"page_height": 842,
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"top": 684,
"width": 197,
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"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
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{
"left": 366,
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"width": 161,
"height": 20,
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"text": "JAMBI, Jurnal Manajemen Sistem Informasi - Vol. 2 No. 2 - Juli 2017.",
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] |
3d4ee165-46f9-330b-456c-84408bdc9050 | https://rumahjurnal.or.id/index.php/JEKIN/article/download/696/391 | [
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"text": "Vol. 4 No. 2 Tahun. 2024",
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"text": "Giovani* 1 , M. Syahputra 2 1,2 Manajemen informatika / Politeknik Lp3I Kampus Padang e-mail: * 1 giovani .plb.ac.id@gmail.com , 2 syahputra@plb.ac.id",
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"text": "Abstract − The main problem in this final project is the development work plan information system in Nagari Parambahan. The purpose of this discussion is to design and build an Information System for infrastructure development work plans in Nagari Parambahan so that it can assist in the process of creating development work plans and provide information about infrastructure that can be accessed.The type of research that the author uses is field research (Field Research), to obtain data from the problem being studied. The data collection technique that the author uses is through interviews and documentation. Data processing is carried out descriptively qualitatively, then described and classified aspects of certain problems and explained in effective sentences.From the research conducted by the author, it can be concluded that using computer technology optimally can help the good performance of Nagari Parambahan in the process of making development work plans and can provide accessible information services. The design of the Development Work Plan Information System in Nagari Parambahan can optimize the process of making work plans. In establishing the new Development Work Plan Information System in Nagari Parambahan, it can make it easier for Nagari guardians to make development work plans at the Nagari Mayor's office.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 54,
"top": 475,
"width": 303,
"height": 13,
"page_number": 1,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Keywords Information Systems, Infrastruktur, Laravel, MySQL.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 54,
"top": 501,
"width": 490,
"height": 203,
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"text": "Abstrak Pokok permasalahan dalam tugas akhir ini adalah sistem informasi rencana kerja pembangunan di nagari parambahan. Tujuan pembahasan ini untuk merancang dan membangun Sistem Informasi rencana kerja pembangunan bidang infrastruktur di Nagari Parambahan Sehingga dapat membantu dalam proses pembuatan rencana kerja pembangunan dan menyediakan informasi mengenai infrastruktur yang dapat diakses.Jenis penelitian yang penulis gunakan adalah jenis penelitian lapangan (Field Research), untuk mendapatkan data data dari permasalahan yang diteliti. Teknik pengumpulan data yang penulis gunakan adalah melalui wawancara dan dokumentasi. Pengolahan data dilakukan secara deskriptif kualitatif, kemudian diuraikan serta melakukan klasifikasi terhadap aspek masalah tertentu dan memaparkan melalui kalimat yang efektif.Dari Penelitian yang penulis lakukan dapat disimpulkan bahwa dengan menggunakan teknologi komputer secara optimal dapat membantu kinerja baik dari pihak Nagari Parambahan dalam proses pembuatan rencana kerja pembangunan dan bisa menyediakan layanan informasi yang dapat diakses. Rancangan Sistem Informasi Rencana Kerja Pembangunan di Nagari Parambahan dapat mengoptimalkan, dalam proses pembuatan rencana kerja. Dalam penetapan Sistem Informasi Rencana Kerja Pembangunan di Nagari Parambahan yang baru ini dapat mempermudah wali nagari dalam pembuatan rencana kerja pembangunan pada kantor Wali Nagari.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 54,
"top": 717,
"width": 313,
"height": 13,
"page_number": 1,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Kata Kunci Informasi, System, Infrastruktur, Laravel, MySQL.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 235,
"top": 757,
"width": 122,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 1,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "I. PENDAHULUAN",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 54,
"top": 771,
"width": 490,
"height": 23,
"page_number": 1,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Berdasarkan perkembangan bidang teknik informatika saat ini memungkinkan semua bidang kehidupan manusia dapat semakin ringan dikerjakan dengan bantuan komputer. Demikian halnya dengan pengelolaan data",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 54,
"top": 39,
"width": 176,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 2,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "66 | JEKIN (Jurnal Teknik Informatika)",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 54,
"top": 78,
"width": 490,
"height": 427,
"page_number": 2,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "penyusunan dan pengolahan rencana kerja pembangunan. Dengan menggunakan perangkat lunak database, data tersebut dapat diakses dengan cepat oleh perangkat instansi dan masyarakat dengan bantuan komputer.Sistem Informasi suatu sistem yang menyediakan informasi untuk manajemen pengambilan keputusan/kebijakan dan menjalankan operasional dari kombinasi orang-orang, teknologi informasi dan prosedur yang terorganisasi. Dengan tersedianya sistem informasi, maka kebijakan yang diambil akan lebih akurat. Keakuratan sebuah keputusan dapat dipengaruhi oleh ketersediaan data pendukung. Jika data pendukung tidak ada, maka referensi keputusan akan menjadi lemah. Sebaliknya dengan sistem informasi, data dapat tersedia dengan cepat, akurat dan tepat. Melalui layar monitor, kita dapat mempelajari data terkait dan kemudian memutuskannya dengan tepat dan cepat. Sistem dapat menyimpan, mengambil, mengubah, mengolah dan mengkomunikasikan informasi yang diterima dengan menggunakan sistem informasi. Selain itu sistem juga berfungsi untuk mengembangkan proses perencanaan yang efektif.[1] Dalam pemerintah nagari untuk mengolah dan mengkomunikasikan sistem informasi dalam meningkatkan aksebilitas pembangunan, guna kelancaran kegiatan perekonomian serta peningkatan kesejahteraan masyarakat di nagari, terus berupaya mengoptimalkan pembangunannya dari segi infrastruktur, dan membenahi pelayanan publik yang terbengkalai. Adapun yang menjadi perhatian bagi pemerintah nagari adalah seperti pelebaran jalan sempit dan pembangunan jalan yang menghubungkan antar lingkungan dalam satu nagari dimana pelebaran dan pembuatan jalan dilakukan untuk sarana transportasi masyarakat. Adanya pendistribusian air bersih yang yang dialirkan tiap-tiap rumah, dan juga pembangunan irigasi yang keberadaannya sangatlah berpengaruh terhadap hasil panen masyarakat yang sumber mata pencahariannya sebagai petani.[2] Dari perencanaan pembangunan infrastruktur tersebut maka disimpulkan menjadi (RKPNag).Berdasarkan hasil observasi yang sudah dilakukan dengan adanya sistem yang sedang bejalan saat ini, dimana sistem pengolahan dan penyususunan informasi rencana kerja pembangunan pada instansi belum berjalan dengan baik atau kurang relevan sebab dalam penyusunan rencana kerja pembangunan, seperti penyusunan data yang ada dalam tahapan alur perencanaan pembangunan dilakukan satu persatu melalui dengan cara pembuatan arsip, hal tersebut bisa memakan waktu yang lama, dan juga untuk pencarian arsip yang sebelumya, juga sulit untuk dilakukan pencarian data kembali, serta penyimpanan data yang melalui memori fisik (flashdish) dapat mengakibatkan data rentan terkena virus, hilang dan rusak, hal tersebut sangat tidak baik. Maka dari itu dapat dilakukan perubahan pada sistem peyusunan rencana kerja pembangunan untuk ke arah yang lebih baik lagi.Penelitian ini merancang suatu sistem informasi penyusunan Rencana Kerja Pembangunan (RKP) nagari bidang infrastruktur berbasis web. Dimana pembangunan infrastuktur tersebut harus segera diimplementasikan dan diolah bagi usulan yang telah di verifikasi. Sistem informasi ini diharapkan dapat membantu membangun nagari dalam mengelola dan menyusun hasil musrenbang nagari untuk RKPNag. Serta masyarakat dapat mengetahui secara langsung pembangunan nagari yang ditolak atau diterima dari hasil musyawarah, serta memudahkan kinerja pembangunan nagari secara efisien.[3]",
"type": "Text"
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"top": 543,
"width": 197,
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "II. PENELITIAN YANG TERKAIT",
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{
"left": 54,
"top": 557,
"width": 490,
"height": 85,
"page_number": 2,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Nagari Parambahan sudah menerapkan prosedur tersebut, namun dalam proses pencatatan hasil musyawarah hingga penyusunan RKPNagari masih menggunakan sistem manual, yakni pencatatan dengan formulir dokumen. [4] Kebijakan pembangunan di Nagar Parambahan didasarkan pada tiga unsur, yaitu pertimbangan, keseimbangan, dan perbandingan. Fokus pada aspek-aspek ini diharapkan dapat memastikan kesinambungan pembangunan yang lancar. Namun, hingga saat ini, pembangunan di Nagari Parambahan terutama yang bersifat fisik masih belum merata sepenuhnya. Meskipun demikian, pembangunan infrastruktur seperti jalan antar dusun, jalan pertanian, jembatan, irigasi, dan lainnya di Nagari Parambahan telah berjalan dengan baik. [5]",
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{
"left": 54,
"top": 645,
"width": 490,
"height": 73,
"page_number": 2,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Berdasarkan rangkaian proses analisis terhaap masalah diatas,[6] dengan pengolahan dana nagari yang dilakukan dengan penerapan ekfektifitas nagari yang bertujuan untuk melakukan perncangan dan pelaksanaan pembagunan nagari.[7][9] Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk diterbitkan sebagai jurnal ilmiah yang membahas akuntabilitas dan transparansi dalam pengelolaan dana desa di Nagari Paramabahan,Kecamatan Limo Kaum, Kabupaten Tanah Datar pada tahun 2024.[10]Dengan adanya pemgembangan digital dalam membagun pengelohan dana nagari dalam pembagunan nagari penulis tertarik untuk mengangkat penelitian ini.[8],[11]",
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"text": "III. METODE PENELITIAN",
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{
"left": 54,
"top": 757,
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"text": "A. Pengumpulan Data",
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"width": 231,
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"text": "Giovani, Sistem Informasi Peyusunan Rencana …| 67",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 54,
"top": 78,
"width": 490,
"height": 47,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Data dikumpulkan melalui wawancara mendalam . Wawancara mendalam merupakan interaksi informal antara peneliti dengan informan untuk memperoleh data yang valid, yaitu data yang relevan dengan tujuan penelitian. Informan yang diwawancarai meliputi Wali Nagari, sekretaris, bendahara, dan dua orang staf Kenagarian Parambahan, Kecamatan Limo Kaum, Kabupaten Tanah Datar, Provinsi Sumatra Barat.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 54,
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"text": "B. Analisis",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 54,
"top": 151,
"width": 490,
"height": 75,
"page_number": 3,
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"text": "Dalam tahap analisis, perlu didefinisikan masalah yang sedang dihadapi oleh Kenagarian Parambahan, Kecamatan Limo Kaum, Kabupaten Tanah Datar, Provinsi Sumatra Barat dalam melakukan perancangan pembagunan infrastuktur yang masih belum optimal. Masalah-masalah yang teridentifikasi antara lain adalah soal pembagunan nagari yang diperlukan oleh warga untuk mempermudah aktifitas yang ada dalam kenagarian parambahan. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan perbaikan dan peningkatan dalam infrastruktur dan sistem untuk mengatasi masalah-masalah tersebut",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 68,
"top": 227,
"width": 6,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": ".",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 54,
"top": 240,
"width": 76,
"height": 12,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "C. Perancangan",
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},
{
"left": 54,
"top": 255,
"width": 496,
"height": 48,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Tahap perancangan sistem bertujuan memberikan gambaran mengenai Pembagunan Nagari Parambahan akan diusulkan. Tahap ini mengubah data yang telah diverifikasi oleh bapak wali nagari menjadi format yang mudah dipahami oleh masyarakat nagari dengan mengunakan sistem informasi yang akan dirancang oleh penulis.",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"text": "D. Kontruksi",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 54,
"top": 331,
"width": 490,
"height": 22,
"page_number": 3,
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"text": "Setelah mekukakan perancangan maka penulis akan melakukan tahap membuat Sistem dengan bahasa pemograman PHP dengan kerangka kerja atau Framework Laravel.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
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"text": "E. Pengujian",
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{
"left": 54,
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"width": 490,
"height": 23,
"page_number": 3,
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"text": ".Pada tahap ini, setelah melakukan kontruksi maka penulis akan melakukan tahap pengujian sistem yang telah dibuat sesuai dengan desain dan fungsi yang telah dtetepakan.",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"text": "IV. HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN",
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},
{
"left": 68,
"top": 456,
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"text": "A. Use Case Diagram",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 61,
"top": 468,
"width": 483,
"height": 48,
"page_number": 3,
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"text": "Bedasarkan informasi yang di dapatkan oleh penulis pada kenagarian Parambahan, Kecamatan Limo Kaum, Kabupaten Tanah Datar, Provinsi Sumatra Barat. Tujuan dari analisis ini adalah apa saja yang dapat dilihat oleh admin dan user yang sedang berjalan. Untuk gambaran yang lebih jelas, silikan lihat Gambar dibawah ini :",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 54,
"top": 39,
"width": 176,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "68 | JEKIN (Jurnal Teknik Informatika)",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 233,
"top": 400,
"width": 132,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 4,
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"text": "Gambar 1. Use Case diagram",
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{
"left": 75,
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"text": "B. Halaman Login",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 68,
"top": 423,
"width": 477,
"height": 24,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Halaman Login merupakan yang digunakan untuk login ke halaman admin dan user. Untuk gambaran yang jelas, silakan lihat Gambar 2 dibawah ini :",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 239,
"top": 665,
"width": 121,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 4,
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"text": "Gambar 2. Halaman Login",
"type": "Caption"
},
{
"left": 75,
"top": 676,
"width": 148,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "C. Halaman Dashboard Admin",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 313,
"top": 51,
"width": 231,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Giovani, Sistem Informasi Peyusunan Rencana …| 69",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 68,
"top": 75,
"width": 479,
"height": 38,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Halaman dashboard halaman utama yang di kunjungi admin setelah login. Di halaman dashboard admin bisa melihat jumlah data yang sudah di inputkan oleh user.Untuk gambaran yang lebih jelas, silakan lihat Gambar 3 di bawah ini:",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 237,
"top": 366,
"width": 153,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Gambar 3. Halaman Login Admin",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 75,
"top": 391,
"width": 170,
"height": 13,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "D. Halaman Meverifikasi Data User",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 68,
"top": 404,
"width": 476,
"height": 25,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Halaman Meverikasi Data user untuk memverifikasi data user yang telah di inputkan oleh user. Untuk gambaran yanglebih jelas silakan lihat Gambar 4 di bawah ini:",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 212,
"top": 708,
"width": 203,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Gambar 4. Halaman Menverifikasi Data User",
"type": "Caption"
},
{
"left": 75,
"top": 733,
"width": 90,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "E. Halaman Report",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 54,
"top": 39,
"width": 176,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "70 | JEKIN (Jurnal Teknik Informatika)",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 75,
"top": 75,
"width": 469,
"height": 34,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Halaman Report bertujunn untuk untuk membuat laporan data yang masuk dan pencarian data pada bulan sebelumnya dan dapat mencetak laporan tersebut. Untuk gambaran yang lebih jelas silakan lihat Gambar 5 di bawah ini :",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 248,
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"width": 124,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 6,
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"text": "Gambar 5. Halaman Report",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 75,
"top": 401,
"width": 87,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 6,
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"text": "F. Halaman Akun",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 75,
"top": 412,
"width": 469,
"height": 23,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Halaman Akun berfungsi untuk menmabah akun user atau mengedit akun user. Untuk gambaran yang lebih jelas silakan lihat Gambar 6 di bawah ini :",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 251,
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"width": 118,
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"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Gambar 6. Halaman Akun",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 75,
"top": 725,
"width": 145,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 6,
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"text": "G. Halaman Entry Data RKP",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 75,
"top": 738,
"width": 472,
"height": 24,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Halaman Entry Data RKP halaman utama yang di kunjungi user setelah login. Di halaman ini user bisa menambahkan data usulan dan melihat data yang telah diverifikasi olrh admin.Untuk gambaran",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 313,
"top": 51,
"width": 231,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Giovani, Sistem Informasi Peyusunan Rencana …| 71",
"type": "Page header"
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{
"left": 75,
"top": 75,
"width": 240,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "yang lebih jelas, silakan lihat Gambar 7 di bawah ini :",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 226,
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"width": 166,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Gambar 7. Halaman Entry Data RKP",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 75,
"top": 355,
"width": 97,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "H. Halaman Profile",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 75,
"top": 367,
"width": 464,
"height": 25,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Halaman Profile halaman yang bertujuan user bisa mengubah nama username sama password oleh user. Untuk gambaran yang lebih jelas, silakan lihat Gambar 8 di bawah ini :",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 248,
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"width": 124,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Gambar 7. Halaman Profile",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
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"height": 10,
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"text": "V. KESIMPULAN",
"type": "Section header"
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{
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"width": 490,
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"text": "Berdasarkan pada pembahasan sebelumnya terhadap Sistem Informasi Rencana Kerja Pembangunan Nagari di Nagari Parambahan maka penulis menarik kesimpulan bahwa penerapan sistem berbasis web di Nagari Parambahan dengan nama sistem informasi rencana kerja pembangunan nagari yang dapat diakses secara online. Sistem informasi nagari digital memuat informasi diantaranya berita, kegiatan atau usulan pembangunan",
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"text": "72 | JEKIN (Jurnal Teknik Informatika)",
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"text": "nagari, penyusunan rencana kerja pembangunan dan rancangan anggaran biaya pembangunan yang ada di Nagari Parambahan. Sistem informasi rencana kerja pembangunan Nagari mempunyai fitur pengajuan usulan pembangunan online yang dapat digunakan oleh wali jorong masing masing di Nagari Parambahan sehingga dapat menghemat waktu.",
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"text": "Secara khusus penulis mengucapkan terima kasih yang sebesarbersarnya kepada kedua orangtua yang sangat penulis hormati dan cintai atas doa serta dukungannya sehingga penulis dapat meyelesaikan tugas akhir ini,semoga Allah membalasnya dengan yang lebih baik.Aamiin.",
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"text": "Dengan banyaknya pihak yang membantu penulis dalam meyelesaikan tugas akhir ini, maka dalam kesempatan kali penulis manghaturkan rasa terima kasih yang tulus kepada :",
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"text": "1. Direktur Politeknik LP3I, Bapak Rony Setiawan, S.Kom., M.Kom.",
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"text": "2. Wakll Direktur, Bapak Hadiyansyah, S, Pd., M.T., M.Kom.",
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"text": "3. Kepala Kampus Politeknik LP3I Kampus Padang, Bapak Yulindo, S.H., M.Si.",
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"text": "4. Ketua Program Studi Manajemen Informatika, Bapak Abrar Hadi, S.Kom, M.kom.",
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"text": "5. Pembimbing Tugas Akhir, Bapak, M. Syahputra S.Kom, M.Kom.",
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"text": "6. Seluruh Dosen dan Karyawan Politeknik Kampus Padang.",
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"height": 25,
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"text": "7. Orang tua yang sangat penulis cintai yang telah memberikan dukungan dan semangat kepada penulis dalam penyelesain tugas akhir.",
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"text": "8. Adik yang sangat penulis cintai.",
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"text": "9. Seluruh pihak yang sangat berjasa yang tidak bisa penulis sebutkan satu per satu.",
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"text": "DAFTAR PUSTAKA",
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"text": "[1] Indra, D., & Zulkifli, Z. (2017). EVALUASI RENCANA KERJA PEMBANGUNAN KENAGARIAN INDERAPURA TENGAH KECAMATAN PANCUNG SOAL KABUPATEN PESISIR SELATAN PROVINSI SUMATRA BARAT. PUBLIKA: Jurnal Ilmu Administrasi Publik, 3(1), 23-41.",
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"text": "[3] Sitepu, R. K. K. (2023). Kajian Pembangunan Daerah Pada Rencana Kerja Pemerintah Tahun 2023. Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Islam Sumatera Utara.",
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"text": "Rahmawati, Dinamika Kepribadian Tokoh Utama Novel Hubbu ... 207",
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"text": "Dinamika Kepribadian Tokoh Utama Novel Hubbu Karya Mashuri Berdasarkan Perspektif Jung",
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"text": "Pendidikan Bahasa Indonesia-Universitas Negeri Malang Jl. Semarang 5 Malang. Email: dian.lufia@yahoo.com",
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"text": "Abstrak: Fokus penelitian ini adalah (1) faktor-faktor internal apa saja yang menjadi pendorong di- namika kepribadian tokoh utama, (2) faktor-faktor eksternal apa saja yang menjadi pendorong dinamika kepribadian tokoh utama, (3) bagaimana progresi kepribadian tokoh utama, dan (4) bagaimana regresi kepribadian tokoh utama. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan psikologis dan rancangan peneliti- an kualitatif dengan metode hermeneutika. Hasil penelitian adalah (1) faktor internal yang menjadi pendorong dinamika kepribadian tokoh utama adalah energi psikis berupa dorongan dan kemauan yang bersifat dinamis dan bekerja secara simultan menuju keutuhan pribadi, (2) faktor eksternal yang menjadi pendorong dinamika kepribadian tokoh utama adalah (a) lingkungan sosial di pesantren yang meliputi figur keluarga dan kondisi sosial budaya pesantren dan (b) lingkungan sosial di luar pesantren yang meliputi budaya Jawa ( kejawen ) dan budaya modern; (3) progresi kepribadian tokoh utama menampilkan dua tipe kepribadian yang dominan, yaitu perasa ekstraver dan perasa introver; dan (4) regresi kepribadian tokoh utama tampak dari aktifnya ketidaksadaran personal berupa kom- pleks yang berisi ingatan masa lalu dan ketidaksadaran kolektif berupa manifestasi dari arketipe da- lam bentuk fantasi dan mimpi teleologis.",
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"text": "Kata kunci: dinamika kepribadian, jung, hubbu",
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"text": "Sastra adalah tiruan kehidupan, sehingga terdapat kaitan yang erat antara dunia sastra dan realitas kehi- dupan. Sesuai dengan hakikatnya sebagai karya seni yang imajinatif, karya sastra bertujuan untuk membe- rikan pemahaman terhadap masyarakat secara tidak langsung, yaitu melalui usaha membaca dengan sung- guh-sungguh dan mencari makna yang tersembunyi di balik teks sastra. Salah satu aspek yang perlu men- dapat perhatian untuk dikaji dalam karya sastra ada- lah aspek psikologis. Kajian aspek psikologis dalam karya sastra berkaitan erat dengan pendidikan. Da- lam sistem pendidikan nasional yang dimaksud de- ngan pendidikan adalah usaha sadar dan terencana untuk mewujudkan suasana belajar dan proses pem- belajaran agar peserta didik secara aktif mengem- bangkan potensi dirinya untuk memiliki kekuatan spi- ritual keagamaan, pengendalian diri, kepribadian, ke- cerdasan, akhlak mulia, serta keterampilan yang di- perlukan dirinya, masyarakat, bangsa dan negara. Dalam implementasinya dikembangkan sistem pendi- dikan berbasis karakter sebagai usaha memberikan pandangan kepada anak didik mengenai berbagai jenis nilai hidup, seperti kejujuran, kecerdasan, kepe-",
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"text": "dulian, tanggung jawab, kebenaran, keindahan, keba- ikan, dan keimanan. Pendidikan berbasis karakter dapat mengintegrasikan informasi yang diperoleh selama pendidikan untuk dijadikan pandangan hidup yang berguna bagi upaya penanggulangan problema- tika kehidupan. Pendidikan karakter berkenaan de- ngan psikis individu, di antaranya aspek keinginan atau nafsu, motif, dan dorongan berbuat yang kese- muanya dipelajari dalam psikologi. Kajian tentang di- namika kepribadian tokoh-tokoh fiksional dalam karya sastra menghasilkan pengetahuan tentang kepribadi- an individu yang khas dan dinamis yang berguna untuk membuka wawasan bagi para pelaku pendidikan ber- basis karakter. Manfaat yang lain adalah sebagai pela- jaran berharga bagi pengembangan kepribadian seseorang.",
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"text": "METODE",
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"text": "Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan psikolo- gis dan rancangan penelitian kualitatif dengan metode hermeneutika, di mana analisis data dilakukan dengan cara penafsiran dan disajikan dalam bentuk deskripsi.",
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"text": "208 JURNAL PENDIDIKAN HUMANIORA, HAL 207-212",
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"text": "Volume 1, Nomor 2, Juni 2013",
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"left": 65,
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"width": 226,
"height": 235,
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"text": "Teori yang digunakan sebagai acuan analisis adalah psikologi analitis Jung yang mengemukakan gagasan tentang pentingnya aspek ketidaksadaran, di samping kesadaran, dalam membentuk pribadi yang utuh. Teo- ri Jung relevan dengan kondisi psikis tokoh utama novel Hubbu yang didominasi ketidaksadaran yaitu munculnya ingatan masa lalu, fantasi, dan datangnya mimpi-mimpi teleologis. Untuk menunjang pembahas- an digunakan teori-teori lain yang relevan yaitu psiko- logi eksistensial, psikologi agama, dan psikologi Jawa. Dalam penelitian ini peneliti berperan sebagai instru- men kunci yang bertindak sebagai perencana, pelak- sana pengumpul data, penganalisis dan penafsir data, sekaligus pelapor hasil penelitian. Sumber datanya adalah novel Hubbu karya Mashuri yang diterbitkan oleh PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama, cetakan pertama, Agustus 2007. Data penelitian berupa unit-unit teks yang terdapat di dalam novel.",
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"text": "Faktor Internal yang Menjadi Pendorong Dinamika Kepribadian Tokoh Utama",
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"text": "Novel Hubbu bercerita tentang problematika hidup dan konflik batin yang mewarnai dinamika kepribadian Jarot alias Abdullah Sattar, tokoh utama novel, selama hidupnya. Dikisahkan bahwa Jarot me- warisi darah biru para wali di Jawa dari jalur kakek- nya, Mbah Adnan, seorang tokoh agama Islam pendi- ri sebuah pesantren di tanah kelahirannya, desa Alas Abang. Kaum kerabatnya di pesantren menaruh ha- rapan di pundaknya untuk meneruskan kepemimpinan pesantren. Namun demikian, diam-diam Jarot me- nyimpan obsesi untuk berjuang dengan caranya sen- diri. Dengan latar budaya santri yang kuat, tokoh uta- ma menghadapi berbagai konflik batin ketika cinta hadir dan dunia luar terbuka di depan matanya. Perte- muan antara budaya Jawa ( kejawen ) dengan ajaran Islam pun menambah kompleksitas hidupnya. Pergu- latan batin yang intens dalam diri tokoh utama pada akhirnya bermuara pada penemuan jati dirinya hingga menjadi seorang tokoh agama yang disegani karena keluasan ilmunya.",
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"text": "Kepribadian Jarot mengalami dinamika dan per- kembangan selama perjalanan hidupnya. Faktor in- ternal yang menjadi pendorong dinamika kepribadian Jarot adalah energi psikis (libido) berupa dorongan ( drive ) dan kemauan ( will ). Energi psikis itu sendiri bersifat dinamis dan bekerja secara simultan dalam membentuk kepribadian Jarot menuju keutuhan priba-",
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"text": "di atau realisasi diri. Dorongan yang menonjol adalah (1) dorongan ingin tahu, (2) dorongan cinta, dan (3) dorongan keberagamaan, sedangkan kemauan yang menonjol adalah kehendak menjadi diri sendiri.",
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"text": "Dorongan ingin tahu menimbulkan hasrat men- cari ilmu yang mengarah pada suatu tujuan atau objek konkrit yang menjadi sumber pengetahuan. Jarot ber- usaha memenuhi hasrat mencari ilmu tersebut dengan cara belajar dari membaca buku, berguru ilmu keja- wen pada Wak Tomo, berguru pada lelaki tua misteri- us, mendapat ilmu secara laduni , dan belajar dari a- lam. Buah dari belajar berbagai macam ilmu dengan berbagai macam cara tersebut pada akhirnya beru- jung pada terbentuknya kepribadian yang berpenge- tahuan luas dan rendah hati karena selalu merasa belum cukup dengan ilmu yang dimilikinya.",
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"height": 380,
"page_number": 2,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Dorongan cinta menimbulkan hasrat mencintai yang menggerakkan perilaku mencintai dalam bentuk cinta seks, eros, dan philia pada lawan jenis dan cinta agape pada keluarga, kaum kerabat, sahabat, dan sesama manusia. Dorongan cinta bersifat dina- mis, yaitu mengalami pendewasaan seiring bertam- bahnya usia. Pada awalnya dorongan cinta yang muncul berjenis cinta seks pada lawan jenis pada masa pubertas hingga akhir masa remaja. Bentuk cinta seks berkembang menjadi hubungan yang lebih intim, yaitu cinta jenis philia pada masa-masa kuliah. Cinta seks akhirnya mencapai bentuk cinta eros sete- lah menikah. Cinta seksual menjadi sumber permasa- lahan ketika Jarot terjerumus pada perbuatan zina dengan Agnes. Peristiwa tersebut menimbulkan pera- saan berdosa dan bersalah yang sangat mendalam hingga menghancurkan jati dirinya. Jarot menghukum dirinya sendiri dengan cara mengasingkan diri ke Ambon, Maluku, setelah menikahi Agnes. Namun demikian, dalam diri Jarot juga terdapat bentuk cinta yang lebih dewasa, yaitu cinta agape yang mengarah pada sesama. Jenis cinta ini telah bersemayam sejak kecil dan terus memancar hingga usia tuanya. Ada- nya cinta agape sebagai pancaran dari cintanya Sang Mahacinta pada akhirnya mampu menjadi solusi bagi segala problematika hidup dan berujung pada pene- muan jati dirinya kembali. Dorongan cinta pada akhir- nya membentuk kepribadian Jarot yang penuh cinta kasih dan kepedulian pada sesama.",
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"top": 667,
"width": 226,
"height": 76,
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"text": "Dorongan keberagamaan menimbulkan hasrat untuk mengabdi pada Tuhan Yang Mahaesa. Dorong- an keberagamaan bersifat dinamis karena adanya pasang surut tingkat keimanan yang tercermin dalam perilaku beribadah. Sejak usia dini hingga remaja, Jarot taat dalam menjalankan ajaran agama, terutama",
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"left": 229,
"top": 44,
"width": 302,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 3,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "Rahmawati, Dinamika Kepribadian Tokoh Utama Novel Hubbu ... 209",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 65,
"top": 73,
"width": 226,
"height": 261,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "shalat wajib. Namun, saat kuliah ia mulai meremeh- kan kewajiban tersebut dan hanya melakukannya jika merasa butuh untuk menenangkan batin. Bentuk ke- taatan beragama lebih mengarah pada hubungan ba- tin yang tak terputus kepada Sang Pencipta melalui jalan dzikir . Setelah perzinaannya dengan Agnes, do- rongan keberagamaan memunculkan rasa berdosa pada Tuhan dan bersalah pada keluarga besar yang sangat dalam dan menghancurkan jati dirinya. Hasrat untuk mengabdi pada Tuhan pada akhirnya mendo- rongnya untuk segera bertobat (taubat) dan memper- baiki diri sehingga ia berhasil menemukan jati dirinya kembali. Pada usia dewasa wujud ketaatan beragama Jarot semakin matang hingga mencapai tahap berse- rah diri ( tawakkal ) pada takdir Tuhan atas jalan hi- dupnya, menyadari sepenuhnya tanggung jawab yang harus diemban sebagai penerus para wali . Dorongan keberagamaan pada akhirnya membentuk kepribadi- an Jarot yang memiliki rasa keberagamaan men- dalam.",
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"left": 65,
"top": 337,
"width": 226,
"height": 248,
"page_number": 3,
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"text": "Kemauan dalam diri Jarot berupa kehendak un- tuk menjadi diri sendiri. Kemauan menggerakkan pe- rilaku yang selalu berusaha untuk mewujudkan obse- sinya untuk membangun harmonisasi antara ajaran Islam dan budaya Jawa serta menggapai cita-citanya untuk menyampaikan ajaran Islam dengan cara yang sesuai dengan perkembangan zaman tanpa mening- galkan akarnya (budaya Jawa). Ketika terjerumus perbuatan zina, Jarot merasa hancur dan kehilangan motivasi diri. Namum demikian, dengan berbekal il- mu, cinta kasih, kemauan yang keras, dan kepasrahan pada takdir Tuhan akhirnya ia berhasil bangkit setelah diawali dengan penemuan jati dirinya kembali melalui mimpi di usia 33 tahun. Jarot akhirnya berhasil meng- gapai cita-citanya menjadi seorang tokoh agama yang disegani karena keluasan ilmunya dan memakai nama aslinya, yaitu Dr. Abdullah Sattar. Kemauan menjadi diri sendiri pada akhirnya membentuk kepribadian Jarot yang penuh motivasi pada tujuan hidup.",
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"text": "Faktor Eksternal yang Menjadi Pendorong Dinamika Kepribadian Tokoh Utama",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 65,
"top": 643,
"width": 226,
"height": 102,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Faktor eksternal yang menjadi pendorong dina- mika kepribadian Jarot adalah (1) lingkungan sosial di pesantren yang meliputi figur keluarga dan kondisi sosial budaya pesantren, dan (2) lingkungan sosial di luar pesantren yang meliputi budaya Jawa ( kejawen ) dan budaya modern. Figur keluarga yang terdekat adalah sosok ayahnya sendiri yang mendidik dengan keras sehingga mengakibatkan kepribadian Jarot cen-",
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"left": 305,
"top": 73,
"width": 226,
"height": 155,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "derung keras terhadap dirinya sendiri. Figur keluarga yang mempunyai kedekatan batin dengan Jarot ada- lah Mbah Adnan, kakeknya. Kedekatan emosional dan cinta kasih kakeknya tersebut berdampak pada kepribadian Jarot yang seolah menghidupkan sosok Mbah Adnan dalam dirinya. Kedatangan Mbah Ad- nan dalam mimpi Jarot bahkan dapat menjadi pedo- man hidup dalam menemukan jati dirinya kembali. Figur keluarga yang lain adalah Mas Amin, paman Jarot, yang penuh pengertian dan menjadi tempat berbagi rasa sehingga batin Jarot lebih tenang ketika menghadapi problematika hidup.",
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"left": 305,
"top": 232,
"width": 226,
"height": 221,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "Kondisi sosial budaya di lingkungan pesantren meliputi (1) sistem pendidikan yang keras dan (2) tradisi pesantren yang mengakibatkan konflik batin. Sistem pendidikan di pesantren yang terkesan keras justru bermanfaat bagi pembentukan kepribadian Ja- rot untuk menguasai dasar-dasar ilmu agama sejak dini. Penguasaan dasar-dasar ilmu agama ini berpe- ngaruh positif dalam usaha Jarot mencari ilmu pada tahap-tahap selanjutnya. Tradisi pesantren menghen- daki takdir Jarot sebagai penerus kepemimpinan pe- santren yang bertentangan dengan kemauan Jarot untuk menjadi diri sendiri, berjuang dengan caranya sendiri, sehingga menimbulkan konflik batin dalam diri Jarot. Tradisi pesantren memiliki pandangan anti kejawen yang bertentangan dengan ketertarikan Ja- rot pada kejawen , sehingga juga menjadi pemicu munculnya konflik batin.",
"type": "Text"
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"left": 305,
"top": 456,
"width": 226,
"height": 129,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Budaya Jawa atau kejawen yang cenderung mistis telah menarik perhatian Jarot, sehingga kepri- badiannya terpengaruh oleh mistisisme Jawa dan ter- obsesi untuk membangun harmonisasi antara ajaran Islam dan budaya Jawa sebagaimana telah dilakukan oleh para wali ketika menyampaikan agama Islam di Jawa. Budaya modern kota metropolitan Surabaya yang penuh tantangan telah membuat Jarot tertantang dan mengakibatkan munculnya kemauan keras untuk mengukur kemampuan diri.",
"type": "Text"
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"left": 330,
"top": 608,
"width": 175,
"height": 10,
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"text": "Progresi Kepribadian Tokoh Utama",
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{
"left": 305,
"top": 629,
"width": 226,
"height": 116,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Proses adaptasi terhadap dunia luar pada dasar- nya dilakukan dengan cara mengaktifkan alam sadar di dalam struktur kepribadian ( psike ), merupakan aliran keluar atau gerak maju dari energi psikis yang disebut dengan istilah progresi dalam psikologi anali- tis Jung. Pembahasan tentang progresi meliputi sikap dan fungsi psike dalam kaitannya dengan proses adaptasi terhadap dunia luar sebagai faktor eksternal dikaitkan dengan faktor internal yang menjadi pendo-",
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"text": "210 JURNAL PENDIDIKAN HUMANIORA, HAL 207-212",
"type": "Page header"
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{
"left": 212,
"top": 770,
"width": 168,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Volume 1, Nomor 2, Juni 2013",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 65,
"top": 73,
"width": 226,
"height": 261,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "rong dinamika kepribadian. Sikap Jarot terhadap du- nia luar meliputi ekstraversi dan introversi . Sikap ekstraversi tampak dalam keterbukaan dan keterta- rikan Jarot terhadap ilmu pengetahuan dari luar pe- santren, termasuk ilmu kejawen , yang dipengaruhi oleh dorongan ingin tahu dan kemauan menjadi diri sendiri. Sikap ekstraversi juga terlihat pada perilaku- nya yang adaptif dan mudah bergaul selama berinter- aksi sosial di luar pesantren, baik saat kuliah di Sura- baya maupun saat mengasingkan diri di Maluku, yang dipengaruhi oleh dorongan cinta agape . Sikap intro- versi Jarot nampak pada sikapnya yang membatasi diri dalam berinteraksi sosial di dalam lingkungan pe- santren, karena adanya pertentangan antara tradisi pesantren dan kemauan untuk menjadi diri sendiri. Sikap introversi juga terlihat dari sikap Jarot yang selektif terhadap budaya modern yang negatif karena adanya dorongan keberagamaan dengan menjadikan agama sebagai filter terhadap budaya modern yang negatif.",
"type": "Text"
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"left": 65,
"top": 337,
"width": 226,
"height": 301,
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"text": "Fungsi psike yang dominan dalam diri Jarot ada- lah perasaan ( feeling ). Perasaan Jarot yang dipe- ngaruhi oleh dorongan ingin tahu adalah perasaan intelektual berupa rasa teduh dan damai ketika mem- peroleh pencerahan dari ilmu pengetahuan yang dida- patnya dan perasaan harga diri berupa semangat atau percaya diri ketika mempraktekkan ilmu kejawen . Perasaan Jarot yang dipengaruhi oleh dorongan cinta agape adalah perasaan sosial berupa rasa empati atau kepedulian ketika menjadi tempat berbagi rasa bagi teman-temannya dan ketika menjadi juru damai bagi dua kelompok etnis yang sedang berseteru di Ambon. Perasaan yang dipengaruhi oleh kemauan menjadi diri sendiri adalah rasa bersalah pada diri sendiri ketika putus cinta dengan Istiqomah, menang- gapi kematian Puteri dan ketika tidak dapat memenuhi harapan kaum kerabatnya di pesantren. Perasaan yang dipengaruhi oleh dorongan keberagamaan ada- lah perasaan ketuhanan, berupa rasa berdosa pada Tuhan ketika melakukan zina dengan Agnes dan rasa malu karena dosa ketika dihukum ustad karena menonton wayang waktu masih kelas enam sekolah dasar.",
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"width": 226,
"height": 76,
"page_number": 4,
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"text": "Tipe kepribadian Jarot ditentukan dengan mem- buat kombinasi antara dua sikap psike , yaitu ekstra- versi dan introversi , dengan fungsi psike yang domi- nan, yaitu perasaan, sehingga progresi kepribadian Jarot menampilkan dua tipe kepribadian yang domi- nan, yaitu perasa ekstraver dan perasa introver.",
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"left": 332,
"top": 73,
"width": 172,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 4,
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"text": "Regresi Kepribadian Tokoh Utama",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 305,
"top": 95,
"width": 226,
"height": 208,
"page_number": 4,
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"text": "Dalam psikologi analitis Jung, kondisi psike yang mengaktifkan ketidaksadaran disebut dengan regresi, yaitu suatu langkah mundur yang berfungsi sebagai sarana untuk penyesuaian individu terhadap dunia dalam atau batinnya sendiri. Regresi kepribadian Jarot tampak dari aktifnya ketidaksadaran personal berupa kompleks yang berisi ingatan masa lalu dan ketidaksa- daran kolektif berupa manifestasi dari arketipe atau bayangan-bayangan leluhur ( archaic ) dalam bentuk fantasi dan mimpi. Ingatan masa lalu berhamburan keluar akibat munculnya impuls ingatan tentang Sastra Jendra dan mengakibatkan konflik batin akibat rasa bersalah terhadap keluarga dan orang-orang yang dicintainya. Namun demikian, ingatan masa lalu juga dapat digunakan sebagai ajang introspeksi untuk men- jadi pelajaran bagi kehidupan yang akan datang.",
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"height": 195,
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"text": "Fantasi Jarot meliputi sosok pangeran ketika mencintai ibu gurunya di SMP, sosok Ratu Laut Sela- tan dan wayang ketika berwisata ke Parang Tritis, Yogyakarta, serta burung simurg ketika mucul kei- nginan yang kuat untuk bebas menjadi diri sendiri. Fantasi tentang pangeran berisi arketipe hero yang berfungsi sebagai salah satu cara untuk melepaskan diri dari keadaan yang dihadapinya, yaitu pelepasan dari tekanan seksual akibat cinta yang tak mungkin tergapai pada ibu gurunya. Fantasi Jarot tentang Ratu Laut Selatan dan tokoh-tokoh wayang berfungsi se- bagai usaha untuk menjangkau ke depan, yaitu obsesi pada kejawen . Fantasi Jarot tentang burung simurg merupakan usaha untuk menjangkau ke depan, yaitu kemauan untuk bebas menjadi diri sendiri.",
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"left": 305,
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"text": "Mimpi yang dialami Jarot merupakan mimpi tele- ologis yang mempunyai relevansi dengan kejadian yang akan dialami Jarot di kemudian hari. Mimpi per- tama adalah mimpi berisi arketipe wise old man beru- pa sosok leluhurnya sendiri ketika usia Jarot 19 tahun. Mimpi tersebut mengakibatkan perasaan dikejar-ke- jar rasa bersalah dan akhirnya terbukti dengan ber- hamburannya ingatan masa lalu yang dipenuhi rasa bersalah, rasa bersalah akibat putus cinta dengan Isti- qomah, rasa bersalah ketika ajal menjemput Puteri, dan mencapai klimaks ketika muncul rasa berdosa akibat melakukan zina dengan Agnes. Mimpi berikut- nya berisi pesan sandi dari kepekatan malam, yaitu tanda-tanda datangnya ajal Puteri yang terbukti kebe- narannya pada peristiwa kecelakaan yang merenggut nyawa Puteri. Mimpi yang menjadi pedoman hidup adalah mimpi yang berisi arketipe wise old man da-",
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"height": 9,
"page_number": 5,
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"text": "Rahmawati, Dinamika Kepribadian Tokoh Utama Novel Hubbu ... 211",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 65,
"top": 73,
"width": 226,
"height": 169,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "lam wujud orang-orang penting bagi jalan hidupnya, yaitu Mbah Abas dan Gus Hambali, sebagai lambang lepasnya hubungan tradisi tarekat yang semakin me- mantapkan langkah Jarot untuk memutus masa lalu- nya dan menjadi diri sendiri. Mimpi teleologis yang berfungsi sebagai alat untuk mencari solusi bagi ber- bagai masalah yang dihadapi adalah mimpi yang berisi arketipe wise old man dalam wujud Mbah Adnan. Mimpi ini dialami Jarot sebanyak dua kali, pertama, ketika usia 23 tahun di Surabaya merupakan mimpi pelepas rindu yang menentramkan batin dan kedua, pada usia 33 tahun yang menjadi batu pijakan untuk menemukan jati dirinya kembali.",
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"text": "SIMPULAN & SARAN",
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"left": 156,
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"width": 45,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 5,
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"text": "Simpulan",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 65,
"top": 310,
"width": 226,
"height": 247,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Dari hasil penelitian ini dapat dikemukakan bah- wa faktor internal yang menjadi pendorong dinamika kepribadian tokoh utama adalah energi psikis (libido) berupa dorongan ( drive ) dan kemauan ( will ) yang bersifat dinamis dan bekerja secara simultan menuju keutuhan pribadi. Dorongan meliputi (1) dorongan ingin tahu yang menimbulkan hasrat mencari ilmu dan membentuk kepribadian yang berpengetahuan luas dan rendah hati, (2) dorongan cinta yang menim- bulkan hasrat untuk mencintai berupa cinta seks, eros , philia , dan agape dan membentuk kepribadian yang penuh cinta kasih dan kepedulian, dan (3) dorongan keberagamaan yang menimbulkan hasrat untuk mengabdi pada Tuhan dan membentuk kepribadian yang memiliki rasa keberagamaan mendalam, se- dangkan kemauan berupa kehendak menjadi diri sen- diri yang memunculkan obsesi dan cita-cita dan mem- bentuk kepribadian yang penuh motivasi pada tujuan hidup.",
"type": "Text"
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"left": 65,
"top": 560,
"width": 226,
"height": 182,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Faktor eksternal yang menjadi pendorong dina- mika kepribadian tokoh utama adalah (1) lingkungan sosial di pesantren yang meliputi (a) figur keluarga dan kondisi sosial budaya pesantren, dan (2) lingkung- an sosial di luar pesantren yang meliputi budaya Jawa ( kejawen ) dan budaya modern. Figur keluarga mem- bentuk kepribadian tokoh utama yang cenderung ke- ras pada diri sendiri, menghidupkan sosok kakek da- lam diri, dan lebih tenang dalam menghadapi masalah. Kondisi sosial budaya pesantren meliputi (1) sistem pendidikan madrasah yang keras sebagai peletak da- sar pendidikan agama, dan (2) tradisi pesantren yang menimbulkan konflik batin karena adanya harapan sebagai penerus dan pandangan anti kejawen yang",
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"text": "bertentangan dengan kemauan tokoh utama. Budaya Jawa atau kejawen mengakibatkan kepribadian to- koh utama yang terpengaruh mistisisme Jawa dan terobsesi untuk membangun harmonisasi Islam dan Jawa, sedangkan budaya modern menjadi tantangan untuk mengukur kemampuan diri.",
"type": "Text"
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"top": 152,
"width": 226,
"height": 156,
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"text": "Progresi kepribadian tokoh utama menampilkan dua tipe kepribadian yang dominan pada diri tokoh utama, yaitu perasa ekstraver dan perasa introver. Tipe perasa ekstraver terlihat pada (1) terbuka terha- dap ilmu yang dipengaruhi oleh dorongan ingin tahu dan kemauan menjadi diri sendiri dan (2) pergaulan yang luas karena adanya dorongan cinta agape , se- dangkan tipe perasa introver terlihat pada (1) sikap membatasi diri dalam berinteraksi sosial di pesantren yang dipengaruhi oleh kemauan menjadi diri sendiri dan (2) sikap selektif terhadap budaya modern yang dipengaruhi dorongan keberagamaan.",
"type": "Text"
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"top": 311,
"width": 226,
"height": 234,
"page_number": 5,
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"text": "Regresi kepribadian tokoh utama tampak dari aktifnya ketidaksadaran personal berupa kompleks yang berisi ingatan masa lalu dan ketidaksadaran ko- lektif berupa manifestasi dari arketipe dalam bentuk fantasi dan mimpi teleologis. Ingatan masa lalu me- nimbulkan konflik batin sekaligus berfungsi sebagai sarana introspeksi diri. Fantasi tokoh utama berfungsi sebagai (1) cara melepaskan diri dari keadaan yang dihadapinya, yaitu pelepasan tekanan seksual, dan (2) usaha menjangkau ke depan, yaitu obsesi pada kejawen dan kemauan untuk bebas menjadi diri sen- diri. Mimpi teleologis meliputi (1) pesan sandi tentang tanda-tanda datangnya ajal seseorang, dan (2) berisi arketipe wise old man yang menjadi isyarat bagi jalan hidup yang akan ditempuh, pedoman untuk meman- tapkan langkah menjadi diri sendiri, solusi bagi berba- gai masalah yang dihadapi, dan sebagai batu pijakan untuk menemukan kembali jati diri.",
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"text": "Saran",
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"top": 590,
"width": 226,
"height": 142,
"page_number": 5,
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7326d4d6-f0ca-40b6-a71d-81e72a320e27 | https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/CMSNJ/article/download/31336/21921 | [
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"text": "Received: November 12, 2021 Accepted: July 13, 2022 Published: July 20, 2022",
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"text": "attitude, choking, health facilities, knowledge, mother",
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"text": "Erna Dwi Wahyuni erna-d-w@fkp.unair.ac.id Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia",
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"text": "Introduction : Choking is a common health problem in children, especially those under three and younger and one of the most common cases in emergency medical services. This study aimed to analyze factors correlated with choking prevention behaviour in mothers with toddlers.",
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"text": "Methods : This study used a descriptive correlational design with a cross-sectional approach conducted integrated service post, Purworejo Village. The population in this study were 154 mothers who had toddlers. Inclusion criteria could access google forms, were domiciled in Purworejo Village, and lived with their families and toddlers. Exclusion criteria were mothers with special needs and toddlers with special conditions, and when the research was conducted, the mother was outside the Purworejo village. Sample selection used the cluster sampling technique with a sample size was 111 mothers.",
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"text": "Result : There was a relationship between knowledge (p=0.007 r=0.253), attitudes (p=0.018 r=0.224), and family support (p=0.011 r=0.242) with choking prevention behaviour, and there was no relationship between the availability of health facilities (p=0.827 r=0.021) with choking prevention behaviour.",
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"text": "Conclusion : Better knowledge, attitudes and family support will represent better choking prevention behaviour. Therefore, support from various parties, such as nurses, is needed to carry out health promotion related to preventing choking in families. Further research is needed regarding other factors influencing mothers' choking prevention behaviour. Cite this as: Wahyuni, E. D., Nanda, Y. R., & Rachmawati, P. D. (2022). Effectiveness of Physical Exercise and Diet in Heart Failure Patients. Crit. M é d. Surgical. Nurs. J, 11(1), 32-38.",
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"text": "1. INTRODUCTION",
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"text": "Choking in children is still one of the principal public health problems (Chang et al., 2021). Children under three years of age are a group that is more at risk of experiencing choking (Chapin et al., 2013). The causes of choking in children are immature chewing ability and the behaviour of children who are easily distracted, so they do not focus when eating. If choking is not treated correctly, the child will experience serious complications such as pneumonia, atelectasis, and even death (Schoem et al., 2015). Choking is a preventable accident (Coffey et al., 2014). Prevention can be done by increasing knowledge,",
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"text": "attitudes, and actions about dangers, signs, and choking prevention (Ambrose & Raol, 2017). However, many parents are not aware of the dangers and prevention of choking (Bentivegna et al., 2018). As many as 75% of choke cases occur in children under three years of age (Blair et al., 2014). Additionally, in the United States, about 75 children die each year because of choking on food in the emergency room, and about 10,000 children experience choking on food in the emergency room (Altkorn et al., 2014). While in Italy, from 2001-2013, as many as 6124 cases of choking in children aged 0- 3 years were hospitalized (Lorenzoni et al., 2018). WHO (World Health Organization) also mentioned",
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"text": "CRITICAL MEDICAL AND SURGICAL NURSING JOURNAL",
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"text": "Vol. 11, No. 1, April 2022",
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"text": "CRITICAL MEDICAL AND SURGICAL NURSING JOURNAL",
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"text": "http://e-journal.unair.ac.id/CMSNJ | 33",
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{
"left": 57,
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"text": "that in 2011 there were 17,537 cases of choking in children aged 1-3 years (Siahaan, 2019).",
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"text": "Improper choking prevention can increase the number of choking incidents. When children choke, and parents have less knowledge, parents tend to worry and panic (Sumarningsih, 2015). Thus, children do not get first aid immediately, which can cause disorders such as decreased breath sounds, abnormal breath sounds, tachypnea, and wheezing or stridor (Foltran et al., 2012). Inflammation of the airway mucosa due to stuck foreign objects is also general so that it can close the airway and restrict airflow (Denny et al., 2015). Closure of the airway can cause the children to develop a lack of oxygen, resulting in decreased consciousness and even death (Sumarningsih, 2015).",
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"text": "Nurses significantly promote a mother's knowledge, attitudes, and actions regarding preventing choking in children. Based on the Precede-Proceed Model Theory of Lawrence W. Green, one's health behaviour is affected by three predisposing factors, enabling factors, and reinforcing factors (Nursalam, 2020). On the other hand, choking prevention in toddlers is vital for mothers to know and understand. Thus, it is necessary to identify several factors influencing choking prevention behaviour in mothers with toddlers, such as knowledge, attitudes, availability of health facilities, and family support. This study aimed to analyze the factors related to choking prevention behaviour in mothers with toddlers.",
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"top": 490,
"width": 229,
"height": 241,
"page_number": 2,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "This study used a descriptive correlational design with a cross-sectional approach, conducted at the integrated service post, Purworejo Village, Geger District, Madiun Regency. The population was the mothers who had toddlers with sample selection used the cluster sampling technique and obtained a large sample of 111 respondents. The inclusion criteria in this study were being able to operate a smartphone and access google forms, domiciled in Purworejo Village, and mothers who lived with their families and toddlers (0-3 years). While the exclusion criteria were mothers with special needs, toddlers with special conditions (cleft lip, etc.), and at the time of the study, the mother was outside Purworejo Village. This study has five variables: knowledge, attitudes, family support, and availability of health services as independent variables, as well as choking prevention behaviour as the dependent variable.",
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"text": "The instrument in this study used a knowledge questionnaire and a family support questionnaire that was a modification of existing previous questionnaire (Anjarsari, 2017; Prasetyo Panji N,",
"type": "Text"
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"left": 312,
"top": 352,
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"text": "2019), an attitude questionnaire, and availability of health facilities questionnaire made by the researcher based on the Precede-Proceed Model and previous research (Gustini, 2015; Khasanah, 2018), as well as choking prevention behaviour questionnaire that was also made by the researcher based on the concept of choking prevention in children (Denise Dowd, 2019; Denny et al., 2015). The questionnaire was conducted in a trial on 20 mothers who have toddlers, and the validity test result was valid with a value of r> 0.444. A reliability test was reliable with a value of alpha Cronbach: knowledge questionnaire: 0.715, attitude: 0.634, health facilities: 0.639, family support: 0.672 and choking prevention behaviour: 0.638.",
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"text": "The researcher collected data online using Google Forms, by compiling a list of prospective respondents based on predetermined criteria and sample sizes. Furthermore, because each integrated health post had a WhatsApp group consisting of cadres and mothers with toddlers, the cadres helped the researcher distribute questionnaires and lists of respondents' names through the WhatsApp group. Cadres also sent messages personally to respondents who met the criteria. Before the respondents filled out the questionnaire, there was an explanation regarding the research to the respondent and the required respondent's criteria in the google form. Furthermore, the researcher will re-validate the collected data based on the list of respondents made previously.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 312,
"top": 757,
"width": 229,
"height": 25,
"page_number": 2,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "The collected data were analyzed using the descriptive analysis method to determine the",
"type": "Text"
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"top": 61,
"width": 231,
"height": 21,
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"text": "Table 1. Demographic characteristics of respondents (n=111)",
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"top": 82,
"width": 216,
"height": 234,
"page_number": 2,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Parameter n % Age 20-29 years old 30-39 years old 40-49 years old 51 55 5 45,9 49,5 4,5 Recent Education Junior High School Senior High School D1/D3 D4/S1 8 41 27 35 7,2 36,9 24,3 31,5 Profession Housewife Civil Servant Private Employees Entrepreneur Teacher/Lecturer 64 12 20 13 2 57,7 10,8 18 11,7 1,8 Child’s Age 12 Months old 13-24 Months old 25-36 Months old 41 32 38 36,9 28,8 34,2 Child Gender Female Male 50 61 45 55 Number of children 1 2 3 4",
"type": "Table"
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{
"left": 313,
"top": 274,
"width": 216,
"height": 74,
"page_number": 2,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "60 36 14 1 54,1 32,4 12,6 0,9 Integrated Health Post Bougenville Mawar Melati 51 26 34 45,9 23,4 30,6",
"type": "Table"
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"left": 57,
"top": 36,
"width": 97,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "E. D. WAHYUNI ET AL.",
"type": "Page header"
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"top": 802,
"width": 159,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "34 | Volume 10 No 2 OCTOBER 2021",
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{
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"text": "frequency distribution of respondents' demographic data and data from each variable. After that, an inferential analysis was perform used the Spearman rho statistical test with a significance level of α=0.05 to determine the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. If the p<0.05, H1 is accepted, and if the value of p>0.05, then H1 is rejected. This research has been reviewed and approved by the Health Research Ethics Commission, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Airlangga with No. 2242-KEPK. The ethical components in this study include informed consent, anonymity, confidentiality, and nonmaleficence",
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"text": "3. RESULT",
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"text": "This research was conducted in May – June 2021, and 111 mothers with toddlers filled out the questionnaire and participated in this study. The following is a description of the demographic characteristics of all respondents.",
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"text": "From the table. 1, it can be known that the majority of respondents in this study were between 30-39 years old, 55 respondents (49.5%), and the most recent education being Senior High School, 41 respondents (36.9%). In addition, in this study, 64 respondents (57.7%) worked as housewives. Most of the respondents in this study had toddlers aged 12 months, 41 respondents (36.9) with the gender of the toddlers being the majority of boys, 61 toddlers (55%). Furthermore, 60 respondents (54.1%) have a toddler who was their 1st child. Based on integrated health post origin, 51 respondents (45.9%) came from Bougenville integrated health post, 34 respondents (30.6%) came from Melati integrated health post, and 26 respondents (23.4%) came from Mawar integrated health post.",
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"text": "Based on the table. 2 it can be known that there was a significant relationship between the relationship strength was weak, between knowledge, attitudes, and family support with choking prevention behaviour in mothers who have toddlers (p = 0.015, r = 0.230; p = 0.015, r = 0.231; p = 0.011, r = 0.241) and there was no relationship between the availability of health facilities with choking prevention behaviour in mothers who have toddlers (p = 0.359, r = 0.088). In the knowledge variable, the most results were found in respondents with enough knowledge and had good choking prevention behaviour, 35 respondents (31.5%). Furthermore, in the attitude variable, the highest number was found in respondents with a positive attitude and had good choking prevention behaviour, 53 respondents (47.7%). Meanwhile, in the family support variable, the most results in respondents who received good",
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"text": "family support and had good choking prevention behaviour, 44 respondents (39.6%). Then, in the variable availability of health facilities, the most results were found in respondents with good availability of health facilities and had good choking prevention behaviour, 67 respondents (60.4%).",
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"text": "4. DISCUSSION",
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"text": "The majority of respondents in this study have good behaviour in preventing choking in toddlers. However, still found there were a small number of respondents who have enough and not enough preventive behaviour. This matter can happen because several factors influence a person's health behaviour. Someone with sufficient knowledge, ability, and skills to implement a healthy lifestyle will produce good health behaviour. (Olisarova et al., 2021). In addition, other factors such as education, age, migration status, and socioeconomic status can affect health literacy which can determine a person's health behaviour. (World Health Organization, 2013). Based on the Precede-Proceed Model theory from Lawrence W. Green, behaviour can also arise when there is a stimulus. Furthermore, the behaviour is influenced by three factors: predisposing factors, enabling factors, and reinforcing factors (Nursalam, 2020).",
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"text": "Based on the results of statistical tests in this study indicate that there was a significant relationship between knowledge and choking prevention behaviour. This matter is in line with research conducted by Jamil & Laksono (2020), which shows there was a relationship between knowledge and practice of injury prevention in preschoolers, which is a person's level of knowledge was influenced by educational factors. In addition, Jamil & Laksono (2020) also stated that mothers with higher education have better knowledge than mothers with low education. (Jamil & Laksono, 2020). Another study conducted by Siahaan (2019) stated that there was a significant relationship between a mother's knowledge about the Heimlich manoeuvre and choking behaviour in toddlers (Siahaan, 2019). However, not all respondents with good knowledge have good behaviour in preventing choking. This matter can happen because the mother cannot apply the knowledge she has in action. The majority of respondents in the study had a senior high school",
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"text": "CRITICAL MEDICAL AND SURGICAL NURSING JOURNAL",
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"text": "http://e-journal.unair.ac.id/CMSNJ | 35",
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{
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"text": "education background, which enabled the mother's ability to implement choking prevention behaviours was still lacking. In line with research conducted by Hastuti (2017), which states that mothers can obtain information from various sources both directly and indirectly, but the ability to understand deeply and apply the information obtained is still lacking, this is because the majority of mothers have the last educational background is senior high school (Hastuti, 2017). In addition, a lack of awareness in prevention efforts can also occur due to a lack of stimulation to carry out a health behaviour. Based on the Precede-Proceed Model theory by Lawrence W. Green states that behaviour will develop when there is a stimulus (Nursalam, 2020).",
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"text": "The frequency distribution of the knowledge variable also found that most of the mothers had sufficient knowledge. This was likely to happen because the majority of respondents have children less than 1-year-old and the majority of respondents also have children who were their first children, so there were still many mothers who had sufficient knowledge due to the lack of experience possessed by mothers. Research conducted by Wong et al. (2015) found that people with experience with dengue fever had good knowledge and significantly more preventive behaviour than people who had not experienced dengue fever (Wong et al., 2015). Based on this statement, it can be concluded that a person's experience can affect the level of knowledge possessed. In addition, another study by Higuchi et al. (2013) also stated that most mothers with children under 12 months of age and mothers with their first child lacked knowledge about choking. (Higuchi et al., 2013).",
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"text": "The results of statistical tests also show a significant relationship between attitudes and choking prevention behaviour in mothers with",
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"text": "toddlers. This matter is in line with the results of research by Indriati & Ningsih (2021), which found that there was a significant relationship between maternal attitudes and injury prevention practices, which is mothers with positive attitudes tended to practice injury prevention 15 times greater than mothers with negative attitudes (Indriati & Ningsih, 2021). Another study conducted by Marito (2019) found a significant change in attitude among elementary school teachers after receiving training related to handling choking in children (Marito, 2019). This matter shows that health behaviour is related to a person's attitude. However, other data in this study also showed that there were mothers who had a positive attitude, but the behaviour to prevent choking in toddlers was enough. This matter can happen because a person's behaviour is not only influenced by attitudes but also influenced by other supporting factors. Attitude is the main predictor of a person's behaviour which is a response when receiving a stimulus from the environment (Ira Nurmala et al., 2018). However, an attitude has not automatically manifested itself in an action or behaviour (overt behaviour). Attitudes will manifest into tangible actions if supporting factors or a possible condition, including facilities. In addition to the facility factor, support from other parties, such as husband, wife, family, and others, also needed to shape attitudes into behaviour. (Pakpahan et al., 2021). In addition, this study also found some mothers who had negative attitudes but had good behaviour in preventing choking events. This matter can happen because maybe there are other influential factors such as environmental factors, knowledge, and family support. Based on the Precede-Proceed Model theory, Lawrence W. Green stated that a person's behaviour is influenced not only by attitude factors but also by other factors such as knowledge,",
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"text": "Table 2. Relationship of knowledge, attitudes, family support and availability of health facilities with choking prevention behavior (n=111)",
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"text": "Variable Category Behaviour Total Spearman Rho Test Good Enough Not Enough n % n % n % n % p r Knowledge Good 33 29,7 6 5,4 2 1,8 41 36,9 0,015 0,230 Enough 35 31,5 10 9 1 0,9 46 41,4 Not enough 12 10,8 8 7,2 4 3,6 24 21,6 Attitude Positive 53 47,7 11 9,9 2 1,8 66 59,5 0,015 0,231 Negative 27 24,3 13 11,7 5 4,5 45 40,5 Family Support Good 44 39,6 7 6,3 1 0,9 52 46,8 0,011 0,241 Enough 24 21,6 14 12,6 3 2,7 41 36,9 Not enough 12 10,8 3 2,7 3 2,7 18 16,2 Availability of Health Facilities Good 67 60,4 19 17,1 5 4,5 91 82 0,359 0,088 Enough 10 9 3 2,7 1 0,9 14 12,6 Not enough 3 2,7 2 1,8 1 0,9 6 5,4",
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"text": "E. D. WAHYUNI ET AL.",
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"text": "36 | Volume 10 No 2 OCTOBER 2021",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
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"text": "family support, beliefs, and health facilities (Nursalam, 2020).",
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"text": "Furthermore, there was a significant relationship between family support and choking prevention behaviour in mothers with toddlers. This study found that respondents who received good family support behaved well in preventing choking events and vice versa. This proves that the better support provided by the family will represent better choking prevention behaviour in mothers with toddlers. In line with the Precede Proceed Model theory from Lawrence W. Green, which states that one of the factors influencing a person's healthy behaviour is the reinforcing factor, which family support is part of the reinforcing factor (Nursalam, 2020). However, not all mothers who get good family support behave well in preventing choking. Mothers with enough and not enough preventive behaviour still often feed their children while playing and rarely cut food into cubes before giving it to children. Heardman's theory (1990) (Hasan, 2016) stated that the family is the primary source of support because the family has created a trusting relationship. Individuals make the family a place to tell stories, ask questions, and issue complaints if they are experiencing a problem. (Hasan, 2016). In addition, Puspah's (2017) research states that families can provide the emotional support needed to overcome health problems because individual health problems will affect other family members. Information support from the family is also necessary because family members will be easier to receive information if supported by other family members. (Puspah, 2017).",
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"text": "On the other hand, the statistical test analysis results showed no significant relationship between the availability of health facilities and choking prevention behaviour. The results of this study were in line with research conducted by Raoef (2017), which stated that there was no relationship between the availability of health facilities and health behaviour, namely personal hygiene. The studies stated that the availability of health facilities is one of the health resources that works as a place for health services, including curative, preventive, promotive, and rehabilitative. (Raoef, 2017). Thus, the availability of health facilities is very significant in preventing choking because it is included in one of the functions of health facilities, namely preventive. Another study by Setyowati (2017) found no relationship between the availability of health facilities and the behaviour of preventing pediculosis capitis. This matter happens because the prevention behaviour of pediculosis capitis is simple. (Setyowati, 2017). This matter is almost the same as the mother's",
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"text": "choking prevention behaviour. Preventive action is effortless and does not require special training, but requires good knowledge and awareness from the mother to implement the preventive behaviour. The distribution data of variable availability of health facilities showed that most of the respondents get the convenience of health facilities in the area around the respondent's residence well. However, some respondents still had enough behaviour to prevent choking. The researcher believes that this is because most respondents rarely use health facilities as a preventive measure to dig up information about efforts to prevent choking.",
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"text": "Based on the results of the study found that mothers needed to improve choking prevention behaviour in children. Knowledge, attitudes, and good family support can improve a mother's behaviour in preventing choking events, reducing the rate of choking events in children. Therefore, the implication of the results of this study for nursing is that health workers, especially nurses, can carry out health education and promotion following their roles as comprehensively and more focused with an appropriate method. Counselling and health promotion are given to mothers to increase knowledge and attitudes and to mothers' families to provide information about family support to improve choking prevention behaviour in mothers with toddlers.",
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"text": "However, in this study, there were also some limitations, including the researcher could not assist the respondents directly in filling out the questionnaire because the research was conducted online, so it was worried that the respondents would answer in a hurry and only as necessary. In addition, some parameters were still unmeasured in the questionnaire. This happened because the researcher deleted several questions during the validity test. Like deleting the parameter of choking symptoms on the knowledge questionnaire caused the researcher to be unable to get a picture of the mother's knowledge regarding choke symptoms.",
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"text": "5. CONCLUSION",
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"text": "Knowledge, attitudes, and family support possessed by mothers who have toddlers related to choking prevention will influence mothers in improving choking prevention behaviour so that the better knowledge, attitudes, and family support possessed by mothers will represent better choking prevention behaviour for mothers who have toddlers. Family support is the factor that most influences a mother's behaviour to prevent choking in toddlers. Furthermore, the availability of health facilities that",
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"text": "CRITICAL MEDICAL AND SURGICAL NURSING JOURNAL",
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"text": "http://e-journal.unair.ac.id/CMSNJ | 37",
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"text": "are the most accessible access to information does not influence the improvement of choking prevention behaviour in mothers with toddlers. Knowledge and attitude improvement are significant for mothers with toddlers implementing choking prevention behaviours. In addition, the family that is the primary source of support and the most influential on the mother's behaviour in preventing choking can provide various forms of support to the mother. Future researchers are expected to be able to analyze other factors that influence maternal choking prevention behaviour and find the most appropriate intervention in increasing maternal knowledge, attitudes, and family support.",
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"text": "REFERENCE",
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"text": "SISTEM PENUNJANG KEPUTUSAN PENERIMAAN PEGAWAI STUDIO RISA BEAUTY BALI DENGAN METODE SAW",
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"text": "Abstrak: Pegawai adalah salah satu dari aset penting yang dimiliki perusahaan dalam usahanya mempertahankan kelangsungan bisnis, berkembangnya bisnis dan untuk kemampuan bersaing untuk mendapat keuntungan. Agar mendapatkan pegawai yang berkualitas dan sesuai dengan kriteria yang diinginkan oleh Studio Risa Beauty Bali, maka digunakan Sistem Pendukung keputusan (SPK) yang dapat mempermudah dalam pengambilan keputusan menentukan opsional dengan menggunakan kriteria dan metode Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) adalah solusi penyelesaian masalah dalam penerimaan pegawai. Metode Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) ini dipilih karena dapat menentukan nilai bobot untuk setiap kriteria, lalu dilanjutkan dengan proses perangkingan yang akan menyeleksi alternatif terbaik dari setiap alternatif yang ada. Dalam hal ini alternatif yang dimaksud adalah penentuan penerimaan pegawai Studio Risa Beauty Bali. Dengan metode perangkingan tersebut diharapkan penilaian akan lebih tepat karena didasarkan pada kriteria dan nilai bobot yang sudah ditentukan sehingga akan mendapatkan hasil yang lebih maksimal.",
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"text": "Abstract: Employees are one of the important assets owned by the company in its efforts to maintain business continuity, business development and for the ability to compete for profit. In order to get qualified employees and in accordance with the criteria desired by Studio Risa Beauty Bali, a decision support system (SPK) is used that can facilitate decision making to determine optional using criteria and the Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) method is a problem-solving solution in employee recruitment. The Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) method was chosen because it can determine the weight value for each criterion, then proceed with the ranking process which will select the best alternative from each existing alternative. In this case, the alternative in question is the determination of employee recruitment for Studio Risa Beauty Bali. With this ranking method, it is expected that the assessment will be more precise because it is based on predetermined criteria and weight values so that it will get maximum results.",
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"text": "Rekrutmen adalah proses pencarian tenaga kerja yang mempunyai potensi untuk mengisi lowongan suatu pekerjaan, sebab tenaga kerja yang berkualitas sangat berpengaruh pada kemajuan perusahaan. Dalam proses pengambilan keputusan penerimaan pegawai atau karyawan perusahaan masih sering mengalami kesulitan dalam menerima pegawai yang sesuai kriteria yang diinginkan. Kesalahan dalam menerima pegawai dampaknya sangat besar bagi perusahaan karena berpengaruh langsung kinerja produktivitas financial perusahaan. Maka dari itu, sangat penting dibangun sebuah sistem pengambilan keputusan yang terkomputerisasi agar dapat memudahkan menerima karyawan yang sesuai dengan kriteria perusahaan.",
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"text": "Untuk memecahkan permasalahan tersebut maka dibuatlah suatu sistem pendukung keputusan yang dapat membantu perusahaan dalam pengambilan keputusan untuk menerima pegawai baru pada Studio Risa Beauty Bali. Metode yang digunakan adalah Simple Additive Weighting (SAW), karena metode ini dapat menentukan nilai bobot untuk setiap atribut, kemudian dilanjutkan dengan proses perangkingan. Diharapkan dengan proses perangkingan, penilaian akan lebih tepat dan mendapatkan hasil yang lebih akurat terhadap siapa",
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"text": "saja yang diterima menjadi pegawai baru Studio Risa Beauty Bali.",
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"text": "Tujuan utama dari pengembangan sistem pendukung keputusan ini adalah menghasilkan nilai secara otomatis yang tepat dari hasil perangkingan untuk menerima calon pegawai baru melalui proses komputerisasi yang dilakukan oleh sistem yang sudah dirancang sedemikian rupa.",
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"text": "Penelitian ini dilakukan oleh (Murtiwiyati, Indayanti, Saputra, Chodidjah, & Pradita, 2022) Pengelolaan sumber daya manusia (sdm) menjadi suatu hal yang perlu diperhatikan berasal suatu keberhasilan perusahaan. Penentuan serta pengelolaan sdm sangat mempengaruhi banyak aspek penentu keberhasilan serta kinerja dari suatu perusahaan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuat website dengan sistem pendukung keputusan dengan metode Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) pada CV. surya Putra Trading. Website dibangun guna mengetahui nilai kinerja setiap karyawan dan menentukan karyawan terbaik sesuai penilaian yang ditetapkan. Penelitian ini menggunakan 7 kriteria yaitu kreativitas, absensi, kerjasama, tanggung jawab, tata krama, keterampilan dan kinerja. berdasarkan hasil kuesioner dari tiga orang narasumber yang telah",
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"text": "mencoba website pendukung keputusan karyawan terbaik didapatkan nilai rata-rata sebesar 89,06% dimana website layak untuk digunakan.",
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"text": "Penelitian ini dilakukan oleh (Tjahja, Setiawan, Cahyo, Ubaydillah, & Rosyani, 2023) Pengambilan keputusan dalam pemilihan kepala unit dapat dibantu dengan sebuah sistem yang biasa disebut SPK (Sistem Penunjang Keputusan). Dalam pemilihan kepala unit satuan pengamanan dapat menggunakan SAW ( Simple Additive Weighting ) dan TOPSIS ( Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution ). Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan metode SAW dan TOPSIS, urutan peringkat kedua metode tersebut ada yang sama dan berbeda. Dengan menggunakan metode SAW, alternatif tertinggi adalah Bapak B dengan nilai 18,445, setelah itu Bapak A dengan nilai 17,889 dan yang terkecil adalah Bapak C dengan nilai 17,803. Dan untuk perhitungan metode TOPSIS, maka alternatif tertinggi adalah Bapak B dengan nilai 0,633, kemudian Bapak C dengan nilai 0,586 dan alternatif terkecil adalah Bapak A dengan nilai 0,413.",
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"text": "Penelitian ini dilakukan oleh (Sholikin & Syaripudin, 2023) Dalam proses pengambilan keputusan yang melibatkan banyak kriteria, alternatif, metode Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) dan Rank Order Centroid (ROC) digunakan sebagai pemecah masalah. Pengambilan keputusan ini dilakukan dengan memberikan nilai persepsi sebagai pembobot oleh seorang ahli. Proses penerimaan karyawan baru PT. Musik Hub Indonesia mengalami kendala yaitu sulitnya menentukan pelamar mana yang memenuhi kriteria untuk menjadi karyawan atau pegawai dari sekian banyak pelamar, Sedangkan pelamar yang akan diterima menjadi karyawan itu terbatas. Selain itu, adanya subjektivitas dalam pengambilan keputusan juga masih menjadi salah satu kendala dalam penentuan kandidat karyawan. Dengan adanya aplikasi pendukung keputusan berbasis web dengan menggunakan metode SAW dan ROC menghindari perekrutan secara subjektif dan mempercepat tercapainya tujuan perusahaan.",
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"text": "Penelitian ini dilakukan oleh (Tugiyono, 2024) Penilaian pekerjaan karyawan bagi perusahaan untuk mendapatkan karyawan terbaik dalam menduduki suatu posisi struktural dalam organisasi perusahaan. Pada sebagian perusahaan, proses perhitungan karyawan yang berprestasi masih belum dilakukan secara profesional. Hal ini dikarenakan kemungkinan belum memiliki metode secara terstruktur dan efektif untuk menilai kemampuan karyawan terbaik. Dalam penelitian ini, sistem penerimaan karyawan terbaik akan menggunakan metode Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) karena metode tersebut yang sesuai dan diterima berdasarkan kriteria yang ditentukan. Penyeleksian karyawan berprestasi dan membantu kepala bagian kepegawaian PT. CDIA dalam pengambilan keputusan untuk menentukan karyawan berprestasi.",
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"text": "Penelitian ini dilakukan oleh (Novianto, Caniago, & Andono, 2023) Sebuah perusahaan tidak dapat berkembang tanpa dukungan dari karyawan sebagai salah satu pilarnya. Oleh karena itu, perusahaan perlu merekrut kandidat potensial dan berbakat yang dapat berkontribusi pada keberhasilannya. Karyawan yang terampil yang dapat membantu perusahaan berkembang dan bersaing dengan perubahan zaman kini mendapat perhatian khusus, karena proses rekrutmen yang tidak sesuai dengan kebutuhan perusahaan dapat menghambat perkembangannya. Oleh karena itu, dibutuhkan sebuah sistem pendukung keputusan untuk proses seleksi karyawan. Sistem pendukung keputusan ini menggunakan metode Simple Additive Weighting (SAW). Kandidat dibandingkan satu sama lain, sehingga menghasilkan nilai intensitas prioritas yang menilai setiap kandidat. Sistem pendukung keputusan ini menyederhanakan evaluasi setiap kandidat dan memungkinkan adanya perubahan kriteria dan nilai bobot. Sistem pendukung keputusan ini bermanfaat untuk memudahkan pengambilan keputusan terkait pemilihan kandidat yang sesuai, memastikan bahwa perusahaan mempekerjakan karyawan yang paling sesuai.",
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{
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"top": 375,
"width": 216,
"height": 251,
"page_number": 2,
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"text": "Penelitian ini dilakukan oleh (Effendi & Purnomo, 2021) Merekrut pegawai adalah proses seleksi sumber daya manusia yang berperan dalam mewujudkan visi misi Perusahaan. Proses seleksi pegawai baru di CV Farmest Center Indonesia masih dilakukan dengan cara yang kurang professional. Maka dari itu objektivitas sangat diperlukan guna untuk menilai kelayakan pegawai baru di Perusahaan. Berdasarkan permasalahan yang terjadi yaitu Perusahaan masih menggunakan system seleksi pegawai manual, maka pada penelitian ini dibangun sistem pendukung Keputusan dengan metode Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) menggunakan Fuzzy MADM untuk seleksi pegawai baru. Metode ini dipilih karena dapat menentukan bobot untuk masing- masing kriteria, lalu dilanjutkan dengan proses perangkingan yang akan menyeleksi alternatif terbaik dari beberapa alternatif. Dalam hal ini alternatif yang terseleksi berhak diterima sebagai pegawai baru dengan kriteria yang sudah ditentukan. Hasil dari pengujian ini diharapkan Perusahaan dalam pengambilan",
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"text": "Keputusan",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 326,
"top": 617,
"width": 216,
"height": 32,
"page_number": 2,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "dapat membantu mempercepat dan mempermudah proses seleksi pegawai baru dengan hasil kesesuaian 80%.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "Berdasarkan pembahasan dari referensi peneliti terdahulu di atas, diharapkan sistem penunjang keputusan dengan metode SAW dapat dibangun guna membantu Studio Risa Beauty Bali dalam melakukan penyeleksian penerimaan pegawai baru.",
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"text": "METODE",
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"top": 743,
"width": 215,
"height": 32,
"page_number": 2,
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"text": "Berisi sistem pendukung keputusan yang digunakan dalam proses manufaktur berbantuan komputer atau laptop untuk menghasilkan keputusan",
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"text": "Jurnal Informatika Teknologi dan Sains (JINTEKS)",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
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"text": "ISSN 2686-3359 (Online)",
"type": "Page header"
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{
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"width": 166,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Vol. 6 No. 2, Mei 2024, hlm. 188 – 194",
"type": "Page header"
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{
"left": 496,
"top": 50,
"width": 40,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 3,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "EDISI 20",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 304,
"top": 809,
"width": 18,
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"text": "190",
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{
"left": 85,
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"width": 215,
"height": 158,
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"text": "alternatif yang membantu manajemen menangani masalah terstruktur maupun tidak terstruktur. Pengambilan keputusan Fuzzy Multiple Attribute yang biasa disebut FMADM adalah sebuah metode aplikasi untuk menentukan pilihan terbaik dari beberapa alternatif data dengan kriteria tertentu kemudian menentukan ranking nilai alternatif tertinggi dari proses perhitungan metode SAW. Ada tiga pendekatan untuk menentukan nilai bobot dari masing-masing atribut yaitu subjektif, objektif, dan integritas antara subjektif dan objektif. Secara subjektif, nilai bobot didasarkan pada subjektivitas pengambilan keputusan, sehingga proses klasifikasi data bersifat independen.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 85,
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"height": 181,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Metode SAW dijelaskan dalam SPK sebagai pembobotan sederhana untuk menyelesaikan masalah. Idenya adalah untuk menentukan peringkat kinerja (skala prioritas) untuk semua data dan fitur alternatif. Konsep lain dari metode SAW adalah menentukan penjumlahan terbobot dari nilai daya untuk data alternatif yang diberikan. Masalah tersebut dapat diselesaikan dengan metode SAW. Perhitungan yang digunakan memberikan informasi yang berharga tentang investasi, dalam hal ini dipilih sebagai data alternatif terbaik. Metode SAW juga memerlukan proses untuk menormalisasikan matriks keputusan kedalam skala yang dapat dibandingkan dengan semua klasifikasi alternatif yang ada (Andriansyah, Farelli, Wratasanka, & Rosyani, 2023).",
"type": "Text"
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"width": 216,
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"text": "Metode Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) adalah metode yang paling dikenal dan paling banyak digunakan untuk menangani situasi Multiple Attribute Decision Making (MADM). Berikut tahapan perhitungan metode SAW, seperti pada gambar 1.1.",
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"text": "Gambar 1. Tahapan Perhitungan",
"type": "Caption"
},
{
"left": 103,
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"text": "1. Sistem Pendukung Keputusan",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 362,
"top": 88,
"width": 180,
"height": 181,
"page_number": 3,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Sistem pendukung Keputusan adalah sebuah sistem yang dimaksudkan untuk mendukung para pengambil Keputusan manajerial dalam situasi Keputusan semistruktur (Kurniati & Ahmad, 2021) Sistem pendukung keputusan mendorong keputusan yang lebih cepat dan lebih cerdas berdasarkan data objektif, bukan berdasarkan kriteria subjektif atau naluri pribadi. Mereka menawarkan wawasan dan tindakan yang diusulkan kepada pembuat keputusan berdasarkan diagnosis masalah, tindakan yang sebelumnya pernah diambil, hasil dan tindakan tersebut dan informasi kontekstual relevan lainnya (Silalahi & Simanullang, 2020)",
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{
"left": 362,
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"width": 180,
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"text": "Sistem ini mampu menghasilkan sebuah keputusan dalam pemecahan suatu masalah maupun kemampuan pengkomunisian dengan kondisi semi terstruktur dan terstruktur. Sistem ini digunakan untuk membantu pengambilan Keputusan dalam situasi semi terstruktur dan situasi tidak normal, Dimana dalam pengambilan Keputusan tidak bisa dilakukan tanpa perhitungan yang baik (Sari & Adi, 2021).",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"text": "2. Fuzzy Multiple Attribute Decission Making",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 362,
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"width": 46,
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"text": "(FMADM)",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 344,
"top": 410,
"width": 197,
"height": 308,
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"text": "Fuzzy Multiple Attribute Decission Making (FMADM) adalah suatu metode yang digunakan untuk mencari alternatif dengan kriteria tertentu. Inti dari metode ini adalah menentukan nilai bobot untuk setiap atribut, kemudian dilanjutkan dengan proses perangkingan yang sudah diberikan (Manurung, Amin, & Herdianto, 2023). 3. Multiple Attribute Decision Making (MADM) Multiple Attribute Decision Making (MADM) adalah suatu metode untuk mendapatkan alternatif optimal dari setiap alternatif dengan kriteria tertentu (Sucipto, 2017). Mengidentifikasi alternatif untuk diprioritaskan terlebih dahulu, oleh karena itu pengambilan Keputusan harus memprioritaskan atau mengurutkan berdasarkan kriteria yang telah ditentukan (Meiyanti, 2021). MADM dapat digunakan dalam pengambilan keputusan ketika terdapat lebih dari satu kriteria dalam menentukan alternatif Keputusan yang terbaik dari semua kriteria yang terhubung (Suhartanto & Sucipto, 2016)",
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"left": 344,
"top": 720,
"width": 197,
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"text": "4. Metode Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) Metode Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) memiliki konsep dasar yaitu dari nilai kinerja setiap alternatif disemua atribut akan dicari penjumlahan terbobotnya. Metode",
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"text": "Jurnal Informatika Teknologi dan Sains (JINTEKS)",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 433,
"top": 39,
"width": 109,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 4,
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"text": "ISSN 2686-3359 (Online)",
"type": "Page header"
},
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"top": 50,
"width": 166,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Vol. 6 No. 2, Mei 2024, hlm. 188 – 194",
"type": "Page header"
},
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"top": 50,
"width": 40,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "EDISI 20",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 304,
"top": 809,
"width": 18,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "191",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 121,
"top": 88,
"width": 179,
"height": 193,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "SAW memerlukan proses untuk menormalkan matriks keputusan (X) ke dalam skala yang dapat dibandingkan dengan semua klasifikasi alternatif yang ada (Abimanyu, Daniati, & Sucipto, 2021). Metode ini merupakan metode dengan penjumlahan terbobot. Maksud dari penjumlahan terbobot yaitu mencari penjumlahan terbobot dari rating di tiap alternatif pada seluruh atribut atau kriteria. Hasil atau skor total yang diperoleh untuk sebuah alternatif yaitu penjumlahan dengan menjumlahkan semua hasil perkalian antara rating yang dibandingkan pada identitas atribut dan bobot setiap atribut (Yusman, Nadriati, & Putra, 2022). Rumus normalisasi data data alternatif :",
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{
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"height": 18,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "𝑅𝑖𝑗 𝑋𝑖𝑗 𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝑋𝑖𝑗 → untuk kriteria benefit",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 145,
"top": 300,
"width": 131,
"height": 18,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "𝑅𝑖𝑗 𝑋𝑖𝑗 𝑀𝑖𝑛 𝑋𝑖𝑗 → untuk kriteria cost",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 121,
"top": 320,
"width": 179,
"height": 67,
"page_number": 4,
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"text": "Keterangan : R ij = nilai rating kinerja ternormalisasi Max X ij = nilai terbesar dari setiap kriteria Min X ij = nilai terkecil dari setiap kriteria X ij = nilai bobot yang dimiliki setiap kriteria Rumus perangkingan data alternatif :",
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"text": "𝑉𝑖 = ∑ = 1 𝑊𝑗 𝑋 𝑅𝑖𝑗 𝑛",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"text": "𝑗",
"type": "Table"
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"text": "Keterangan :",
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"text": "V i = Ranking untuk setiap alternatif",
"type": "Picture"
},
{
"left": 121,
"top": 437,
"width": 153,
"height": 21,
"page_number": 4,
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"text": "V j = Nilai bobot dari setiap kriteria R ij = nilai rating kinerja ternormalisasi",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN",
"type": "Section header"
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{
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"width": 216,
"height": 78,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Penyelesaian dalam membuat aplikasi sistem pendukung keputusan penerimaan pegawai Risa Beauty Salon Bali yang dapat membantu proses penerimaan pegawai baru. Sistem pendukung keputusan yang dibuat menerapkan metode Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) agar penentuan pegawai baru dapat dilakukan lebih efisien dan akurat.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "Berikut adalah langkah-langkah algoritma Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) pada sistem pendukung keputusan dalam penerimaan karyawan Risa Beauty Salon Bali :",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"text": "1. Menentukan kriteria-kriteria yang menjadi acuan dalam pengambilan keputusan penerimaan karyawan",
"type": "Table"
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{
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"top": 655,
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"text": "a) Alamat",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 121,
"top": 668,
"width": 63,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "b) Pendidikan",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 121,
"top": 680,
"width": 89,
"height": 11,
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"text": "c) Pengalaman kerja",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 121,
"top": 693,
"width": 42,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 4,
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"text": "d) Status",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 103,
"top": 706,
"width": 197,
"height": 20,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "2. Menentukan atribut dari masing-masing kriteria",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 103,
"top": 729,
"width": 186,
"height": 53,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Tabel 1. Data Kriteria Kriteria Keterangan Kode Alamat Benefit C1 Pendidikan Benefit C2",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 341,
"top": 88,
"width": 200,
"height": 167,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Pengalaman kerja Benefit C3 Status Cost C4 3. Menentukan pembobotan kriteria Tabel 2. Data Bobot Kriteria Kriteria Bobot Kode Alamat 0.25 C1 Pendidikan 0.25 C2 Pengalaman kerja 0.35 C3 Status 0.15 C4 4. Menentukan data crips yang bersifat",
"type": "Table"
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{
"left": 344,
"top": 257,
"width": 189,
"height": 290,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "pembatas dari nilai setiap kriteria Tabel 3. Data Crips Setiap Kriteria Crips Kode Nilai >8km C1 1 5km - 8km C1 2 3km - 5km C1 3 1km - 3km C1 4 <1km C2 5 SD C2 1 SMP C2 2 SMA C2 3 SMK C2 4 Strata 1 C2 5 Tidak ada C3 1 3 Bulan C3 2 6 Bulan C3 3 1 Tahun C3 4 >1 Tahun C3 5 Menikah C4 1 Belum menikah C4 5",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 344,
"top": 561,
"width": 197,
"height": 21,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "5. Menghitung data hasil alternatif sesuai bobot pada data crips",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 350,
"top": 584,
"width": 166,
"height": 7,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Tabel 4. Data Hasil Alternatif Sesuai Data Chips",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 332,
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"width": 216,
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"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Nama C1 C2 C3 C4 Ni Luh gede Virna Yunita ardianti 1km - 3km SMK 6 Bulan Menikah Ayu Komang Wulandari 3km - 5km SMP 6 Bulan Menikah Ni Putu Lina Sintya Wijayanti <1km SMP 3 Bulan Belum menikah Novi Tasari <1km SMK >1 Tahun Belum menikah Ni Putu Eka Junia Dewi 1km - 3km SMA 6 Bulan Menikah",
"type": "Table"
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"top": 39,
"width": 229,
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"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Jurnal Informatika Teknologi dan Sains (JINTEKS)",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 433,
"top": 39,
"width": 109,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "ISSN 2686-3359 (Online)",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 50,
"width": 166,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Vol. 6 No. 2, Mei 2024, hlm. 188 – 194",
"type": "Page header"
},
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"left": 496,
"top": 50,
"width": 40,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "EDISI 20",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 304,
"top": 809,
"width": 18,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "192",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 91,
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"width": 215,
"height": 67,
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"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Ni Putu Esa Damayanti 5km - 8km Strata 1 6 Bulan Belum menikah Ni Komang Indiana Devi 3km - 5km SMA 1 Tahun Belum menikah",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 91,
"top": 169,
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"text": "6. Menghitung data alternatif Tabel 5. Data Alternatif Nama C1 C2 C3 C4 Ni Luh gede Virna Yunita ardianti 4 4 3 1 Ayu Komang Wulandari 3 2 3 1 Ni Putu Lina Sintya Wijayanti 5 2 2 5 Novi Tasari 5 4 5 5 Ni Putu Eka Junia Dewi 4 3 3 1 Ni Putu Esa Damayanti 2 5 3 5 Ni Komang Indiana Devi 3 3 4 5",
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"text": "7. Melakukan normalisasi pada setiap kriteria Tabel 6. X Max dan Min X X1 X2 X3 X4 Nilai 4,3,5,5, 4,2,3 4,2,2,4, 3,5,3 4,3,2,5, 3,3,4 1,1,5,5, 1,5,5 Max 2 5 5 5 Tabel 7. Perhitungan Normalisasi Nama C1 C2 C3 C4 Ni Luh gede Virna Yunita ardianti 4/2 4/5 3/5 1/5 Ayu Komang Wulandari 3/2 2/5 3/5 1/5 Ni Putu Lina Sintya Wijayanti 5/2 2/5 2/5 5/5 Novi Tasari 5/2 4/5 3/5 5/5 Ni Putu Eka Junia Dewi 4/2 3/5 3/5 1/5 Ni Putu Esa Damayanti 2/2 5/5 3/5 5/5 Ni Komang Indiana Devi 3/2 3/5 4/5 5/5 Tabel 8. Hasil Normalisasi Nama Kriteria C1 C2 C3 C4 Ni Luh gede Virna Yunita ardianti 0.8 0.8 0.6 1 Ayu Komang Wulandari 0.6 0.4 0.6 1 Ni Putu Lina Sintya Wijayanti 1 0.4 0.4 0.2 Novi Tasari 1 0.8 1 0.2",
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"text": "Ni Putu Eka Junia Dewi",
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"text": "0.8 0.6 0.6 1 Ni Putu Esa Damayanti 0.4 1 0.6 0.2 Ni Komang Indiana Devi 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.2",
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "8. Melakukan proses perangkingan Tabel 9. Perhitungan Perangkingan Nama V Ni Luh gede Virna Yunita ardianti (0.8*0.25)+(0.8*0.25)+(0.6*0.35)+(1 *0.15) Ayu Komang Wuland ari (0.6*0.25)+(0.4*0.25)+(0.6*0.35)+(1 *0.15) Ni Putu Lina Sintya Wijayan ti (1*0.25)+(0.4*0.25)+(0.4*0.35)+(0.2 *0.15) Novi Tasari (1*0.25)+(0.8*0.25)+(1*0.35)+(0.2*0 .15) Ni Putu Eka Junia Dewi (0.8*0.25)+(0.6*0.25)+(0.6*0.35)+(1 *0.15) Ni Putu Esa Damaya (0.4*0.25)+(1*0.25)+(0.6*0.35)+(0.2 *0.15) Ni Komang Indiana Devi (0.6*0.25)+(0.6*0.25)+(0.8*0.35)+(0. 2*0.15) Tabel 10. Data Hasil Perangkingan Perangkingan Nama Total Rangking Ni Luh gede Virna Yunita ardianti 0.76 2 Ayu Komang Wulandari 0.61 4 Ni Putu Lina Sintya Wijayanti 0.52 7 Novi Tasari 0.83 1 Ni Putu Eka Junia Dewi 0.71 3 Ni Putu Esa Damayanti 0.59 6 Ni Komang Indiana Devi 0.61 4",
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"text": "Nilai alternatif terbaik pada tabel hasil perangkingan adalah V 4 = 0.83 yaitu Novi Tasari.",
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"text": "Berikut tampilan layar sistem penunjang keputusan penerimaan pegawai Studio Risa Beauty Bali.",
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"text": "Perangkingan menunjukkan penilaian kriteria yang terbaik ditunjukkan dari hasil nilai tertinggi pada data alternatif V 4 dengan nilai 0.83. Pengolahan data calon pegawai sebanyak 7 orang memberikan kemudahan bagi pengambil keputusan dalam penilaian penerimaan calon pegawai menjadi lebih efektif dan efisien menggunakan sistem berbasis WEB dengan metode SAW. Peneliti menyarankan dalam sistem pendukung keputusan ini dilakukan tahap pengembangan fitur lebih lanjut serta dapat dikembangkan selain menggunakan metode SAW sehingga dapat digunakan sebagai perbandingan yang kemungkinan besar memperoleh hasil yang lebih akurat daripada hanya menggunakan metode SAW saja.",
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"text": "Sebagai lembaga tertinggi negara, Mahkamah Konstitusi tidak hanya bertindak sebagai pemeriksa dan pengambil keputusan. Sebagai badan konstitusional, MK juga berperan dalam menegakkan nilai-nilai Pancasila. Salah satunya adalah mewujudkan cita-cita nasional yang termaktub dalam UUD 1945 yaitu mencerdaskan kehidupan bangsa. Pendidikan adalah pintu gerbang yang membawa warga negara ke masa depan. Pemerintah memiliki peran penting dalam keberlangsungan pendidikan. Dengan menyelenggarakan pendidikan nasional yang berkualitas, kita akan mewujudkan cita-cita bangsa dan mencerdaskan kehidupan bangsa. Mahkamah Konstitusi adalah salah satu lembaga kunci untuk memberikan hak-hak sipil atas pendidikan yang berkualitas dan mempertahankan pengakuan sistem pendidikan nasional.",
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"text": "Kata Kunci: Lembaga tinggi, Pendidikan bermutu, hak warga",
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"text": "PENDAHULUAN",
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"text": "Indonesia adalah negara hukum, bukan negara atau negara kekuasaan, tetapi negara absolut. Dengan kata lain, Indonesia lebih mengedepankan hukum daripada absolutisme dalam urusan pemerintahan. Negara adalah organisasi dengan tujuan tertentu di bawah hukum negara. Menurut Pasal 1(3) Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945, Indonesia adalah negara hukum. Supremasi hukum penting untuk keberlangsungan kehidupan masyarakat di negara ini. Inti dari negara hukum adalah landasan hukum yang memberikan rasa aman untuk menjaga keberlangsungan kehidupan masyarakat itu sendiri.",
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"text": "Suatu negara dapat dikatakan sebagai negara yang diatur oleh rule of law jika dikonstruksikan sebagai suatu sistem yang berkeadilan yang berfungsi melalui pengembangan perangkat hukum. Dikembangkan dengan membangun suprastruktur dan infrastruktur lembaga-lembaga politik, ekonomi dan sosial yang biasa dan membangun budaya dan kesadaran hukum yang rasional dan impersonal dalam masyarakat, bangsa dan bangsa. Untuk itu diperlukan suatu sistem hukum yang ditetapkan dan ditegakkan berdasarkan Undang- Undang Dasar, yang merupakan hukum dasar yang tertinggi. Konstitusi, sebagai hukum dasar yang lebih tinggi, ditegakkan dengan dibentuknya Mahkamah Konstitusi sebagai ``penjaga Konstitusi'' sekaligus ``penafsir UUD'' . 1",
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"text": "Sebagai salah satu lembaga peradilan, Mahkamah Konstitusi memiliki peran penting dalam menegakkan konstitusi dan supremasi hukum sesuai dengan kekuasaan dan tugasnya berdasarkan UUD 1945. Larangan campur tangan dari luar atau dari dalam lembaga peradilan, kecuali sesuai dengan Pancasila dan UUD 1945. 2 Hal ini sesuai dengan tujuan nasional melindungi segenap bangsa Indonesia, sebagaimana tercantum dalam UUD 1945 sebagai tujuan utama negara. 3",
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"text": "1 Jimly Asshiddiqie, Konstitusi Bernegara: Praktis Kenegaraan Bermartabat Dan Demokratis (Malang: Setara Press, 2015),1.",
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{
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"text": "2 Fadzlun Budi Sulistyo Nugroho, “Sifat Keberlakuan Asas Erga Omnes Dan Implementasi Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi,” Gorontalo Law Review Volume 2, No.2, Oktober (2019): hlm 100.",
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{
"left": 71,
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"width": 263,
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"text": "3 “Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945,” n.d.",
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"text": "Wacana Paramarta Jurnal Ilmu Hukum Vol 22 No 2 (2023 ) ISSN-p 1412-4793-ISSN-e 2684-7434",
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"text": "2023-04-30",
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"text": "30",
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{
"left": 71,
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"width": 457,
"height": 162,
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"text": "Sebagaimana diperlihatkan sejarah, upaya pembentukan mahkamah konstitusi merupakan salah satu perubahan dalam sistem ketatanegaraan. Sejak didirikan pada tahun 1945, sistem peradilan konstitusi, tidak hanya menekankan prinsip-prinsip negara dan perlindungan hak asasi manusia, tetapi juga telah digunakan untuk menyelesaikan perselisihan konstitusi yang memerlukan penyelesaian oleh badan yang berwenang. Karena sebelumnya tidak termasuk dalam UUD 1945 4 . Kekuasaan Mahkamah Konstitusi diatur dalam UUD 1945 dan lebih dipertegas lagi dengan ketentuan Pasal 9 Undang-Undang Nomor 12 Tahun 2011 tentang Peraturan Perundang-undangan yang menyatakan: “…(1) Dalam hal suatu undang-undang diduga bertentangan dengan Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945, pengujiannya dilakukan oleh Mahkamah Konstitusi. (2) Dalam hal suatu Peraturan Perundang-undangan di bawah Undang-Undang diduga bertentangan dengan Undang- Undang, pengujiannya dilakukan oleh Mahkamah Agung”.",
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"text": "Amandemen UUD 1945 memasukkan Mahkamah Konstitusi sebagai lembaga negara ke dalam sistem administrasi nasional Indonesia. Sebagai pengawal konstitusi, lembaga negara ini juga berfungsi memfasilitasi mekanisme checks and balances untuk mewujudkan negara demokrasi. Menyinggung pernyataan-pernyataan sebelumnya tentang tujuan peradilan yaitu untuk melindungi seluruh rakyat Indonesia, tujuan lainnya adalah mencerdaskan kehidupan masyarakat, artinya melindungi saja tidak cukup. Kita perlu memastikan perbaikan sistem pendidikan negara dengan memastikan pemerataan kebijakan pendidikan untuk memenuhi tantangan tuntutan kehidupan yang terus berubah.",
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"text": "Mencerdaskan kehidupan masyarakat merupakan salah satu cita-cita luhur kemerdekaan, namun kenyataan di lapangan jauh dari ideal. Tampaknya perjuangan untuk memenuhi kewajiban konstitusional kita di bidang pendidikan harus dipertimbangkan kembali untuk waktu yang lama. Sebagaimana tercantum dalam Pasal 31 (1) dan (2) Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945, yaitu: ( 1) tiap-tiap warga negara berhak mendapatkan pengajaran. (2) pemerintah mengusahakan dan menyelenggarakan satu system pengajaran nasional, yang diatur oleh undang-undang.",
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"text": "Isi Pasal 31 (1) menjelaskan bahwa warga negara Indonesia berhak memperoleh pendidikan tanpa kecuali melalui pendidikan formal atau nonformal. Tentu saja, sistem pendidikan negara menawarkan kesempatan belajar kepada semua warga negara tanpa membeda-bedakan warga mana pun dalam memperoleh pendidikan ini. Dan Pasal 31(2) yakni “Sistem Pendidikan Nasional” berkaitan dengan pelaksanaan pembangunan nasional sebagai pengamalan Pancasila dalam pendidikan, berjuang untuk memajukan pendidikan negara untuk membentuk manusia Pancasila. Kualitas masyarakat, pembangunan yang mandiri dan dukungan bagi pembangunan masyarakat, bangsa dan negara Indonesia diwujudkan dalam ketahanan bangsa untuk menghadapi semua ajaran, pemahaman dan ideologi yang bertentangan dengan Pancasila. Sistem pendidikan suatu bangsa merupakan instrumen dan tujuan penting dalam perjuangan untuk mencapai tujuan dan sasaran nasional dan harus dipelihara dan dipelihara secara kualitatif. 5",
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"text": "Seperti yang dikatakan Plato, tujuan menciptakan suatu bangsa sama dengan tujuan menciptakan suatu bangsa. Tidak mungkin memisahkan negara dari pendidikan. Keduanya penting untuk menanamkan dan menyebarkan ideologi dan kebijakan suatu negara di antara warganya. Itu tergantung pada bentuk intervensi pendidikan di negara tersebut karena tidak semua negara sama dalam bentuk intervensi pendidikan. 6",
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"text": "4 Budi Sulistyo Nugroho, “Sifat Keberlakuan Asas Erga Omnes Dan Implementasi Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi,” 100.",
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{
"left": 71,
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"text": "5 “Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 1989 Tentang Sistem Pendidikan Nasional,” n.d.",
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{
"left": 71,
"top": 752,
"width": 448,
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"text": "6 “Analisis UU Sistem Pendidikan Nasional Nomor 20 Tahun 2003 Dan Implikasinya Terhadap Pelaksanaan Pendidikan Di Indonesia,” JOEAI (Jurnal of Education and Intruction) Volume 4 Nomor 1 Juni (2021): hlm 99.",
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"text": "Wacana Paramarta Jurnal Ilmu Hukum Vol 22 No 2 (2023 ) ISSN-p 1412-4793-ISSN-e 2684-7434",
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"text": "2023-04-30",
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"text": "PEMBAHASAN",
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{
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"text": "Secara teoritis, keberadaan MK diperkenalkan oleh Hans Kelsen. Hans Kelsen menjelaskan bahwa penegakan ketentuan konstitusi tentang peraturan perundang-undangan hanya dijamin sah apakah produk hukum itu konstitusional atau tidak, dan tidak berlaku jika produk hukum itu inkonstitusional. Badan-badan khusus, seperti pengadilan khusus, yang disebut MK, dan pengujian konstitusi (judicial review) oleh pengadilan biasa, khususnya Mahkamah Agung, harus tetap dipertahankan.",
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"text": "Di Indonesia, Mahkamah Konstitusi merupakan produk dari Perubahan Keempat UUD 1945. Pasal 24 (2) UUD 1945 menyatakan: “Kekuasaan kehakiman dilakukan oleh sebuah Mahkamah Agung dan badan peradilan yang berada di bawahnya dalam lingkungan peradilan umum, lingkungan peradilan agama, lingkungan peradilan militer, lingkungan peradilan tata usaha negara, dan sebuah Mahkamah Konstitusi”. Artinya, lembaga yudikatif merupakan satu kesatuan sistem yang diatur oleh Mahkamah Agung dan Mahkamah Konstitusi, yang mencerminkan puncak yurisdiksi Indonesia berdasarkan UUD 1945 Agustus 2003. Selanjutnya, MK diatur dengan Undang-Undang Nomor 24 Tahun 2003 tentang Mahkamah Konstitusi yang disahkan pada 13 Agustus 2003. Namun, Mahkamah Konstitusi baru sebenarnya dibentuk pada 17 Agustus 2003 setelah sembilan hakim konstitusi dilantik pada 16 Agustus 2003.",
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"text": "Mahkamah Konstitusi berwenang mengadili pada tingkat pertama dan terakhir yang putusannya bersifat final untuk: a) menguji undang-undang terhadap UUD 1945; b) memutus sengketa kewenangan Lembaga negara yang kewenangannya diberikan oleh UUD 1945; c) memutus pembubaran partai politik; dan d) memutus perselisihan tentang hasil pemilihan umum. Selain itu Mahkamah Konstitusi wajib memberikan putusan atas pendapat DPR bahwa Presiden dan/atau Wakil Presiden diduga telah melakukan pelanggaran hukum berupa penghianatan terhadap negara, korupsi, penyuapan, tindak pidana berat lainnya, atau perbuatan tercela, dan/tidak lagi memenuhi syarat sebagai Presiden dan/atau Wakil Presiden sebagaimana diaksud dalam UUD 1945.",
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"text": "Dalam yurisdiksinya, Mahkamah Konstitusi menggunakan instrumen uji UUD 1945 sebagai dasar atau dasar pengambilan keputusannya. Sebagaimana telah disebutkan, Mahkamah Konstitusi memiliki fungsi sebagai pengawal Konstitusi. Dalam menjalankan fungsi tersebut, Mahkamah Konstitusi juga berfungsi sebagai penafsir UUD, karena harus menentukan konstitusionalitas undang-undang atau perkara konstitusional lainnya..",
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"text": "Dalam menjalankan kewenangannya, Mahkamah Konstitusi harus menafsirkan seluruh pembukaan dan klausul pasal. Misalnya, mengenai kewenangan menguji undang-undang yang bertentangan dengan Undang-Undang Dasar, warga negara dapat mengajukan peninjauan kembali terhadap berbagai undang-undang. Oleh karena itu, Mahkamah Konstitusi harus menemukan dasar konstitusionalitas UUD 1945 dan menentukan apakah ketentuan undang- undang yang diusulkan itu konstitusional.",
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"text": "Dalam praktik pelaksanaannya telah banyak perkara pengujian undang-undang di bidang ekonomi dan kesejahteraan rakyat. Bahkan banyak perkara-perkara yang banyak mendapat perhatian masyarakat seperti perkara pengujian UU Ketenagalistrikan, UU Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Air, UU Sistem Jaminan Sosial Nasional, UU APBN, UU Sisdiknas, dan lain-lain. Bagaimana upaya mencapai tujuan nasional memajukan kesejahteraan umum tentunya dapat dilihat dalam putusan-putusan tersebut yang harus dilaksanakan oleh setiap penyelenggara negara dan warga negara 7",
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"text": "Dari banyaknya perkara penguji UU salah satunya yaitu UU Sisdiknas yang merupakan sistem yang memiliki tujuan sama dengan prinsip negara sebagaimana bunyi penggalan UUD 1945 yakni mencerdaskan kehidupan bangsa.",
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"text": "7 Asshiddiqie, Konstitusi Bernegara: Praktis Kenegaraan Bermartabat Dan Demokratis , hlm 305-308.",
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"text": "Wacana Paramarta Jurnal Ilmu Hukum Vol 22 No 2 (2023 ) ISSN-p 1412-4793-ISSN-e 2684-7434 2023-04-30",
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"text": "32",
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"text": "Sebagaimana dalam Pasal 1 UU SISDIKNAS No. 20 Tahun 2003 disebutkan bahwa Sistem Pendidikan Nasional adalah keseluruhan komponen Pendidikan yang saling terkait secara terpadu untuk mencapai tujuan Pendidikan nasional. Artinya Pendidikan merupakan suatu totalitas struktur terdiri dari komponen yang saling terkait hingga tercapai pada tujuan. 8 Sejak diundangkannya UU Sisdiknas, maka ada 4 (empat) hal penting untuk diperhatikan oleh semua pihak yang terlibat dalam hal Pendidikan nasional ini, yakni:",
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"text": "1. Adanya kepastian berkenaan dengan jaminan Pendidikan yang Pluralistik, menghormati budaya local dan non diskriminatif;",
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"left": 71,
"top": 188,
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"text": "2. Adanya alokasi anggaran yang disebutkan secara eksplisit, yakni 20 persen diluar dana gaji pendidik dan Pendidikan kedinasan;",
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"text": "3. Terbukanya kesempataan mengemban Pendidikan berkualitas dan bermutu bahkan hingga pada taraf internasional;",
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"text": "4. Dibukanya kesempatan bagi masyarakat untuk berpartisipasi, yang berarti terbuka pula kesempatan bagi masyarakat (swasta) untuk menyelenggarakan Pendidikan;",
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"text": "Meringkas beberapa hal di atas, Undang-Undang Sistem Pendidikan Nasional memberikan akses seluas-luasnya kepada masyarakat terhadap pendidikan berkualitas tanpa diskriminasi berdasarkan suku, ras, agama, atau kemampuan ekonomi. 9",
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"text": "Sistem Pendidikan nasional yang diatur dalam Undang-undang organik (UU Sisdiknas) mesti mampu meningkatkan keimanan dan ketakwaan, mencerdaskan kehidupan bangsa, dan memajukan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi yang berorientasi 4 (empat) hal, yakni menjunjung tinggi nilai-nilai agama, memelihara persatuan bangsa, memajukan peradaban, dan memajukan kesejahteraan umat manusia 10 . Dari pernyataan di atas sangat jelas bahwa mencerdaskan kehidupan warga negara merupakan tugas negara dan dilaksanakan melalui pendidikan..",
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"text": "Secara konstitusional, pendidikan adalah hak setiap warga negara. Berdasarkan Pembukaan UUD 1945 disebutkan bahwa tujuan nasional adalah melindungi segenap bangsa Indonesia dan seluruh tumpah darah Indonesia, memajukan kepentingan bersama, mencerdaskan kehidupan bangsa, dan ikut melaksanakan ketertiban dunia yang berdasarkan kemerdekaan, perdamaian abadi dan keadilan sosial. Dan terwujudnya tujuan nasional melalui proses pendidikan 11",
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"text": "Perlu diperhatikan Kembali apakah kebijakan ini sudah sesuai dengan undang-undang yang dijadikan sebagai landasan sebuah proses pembelajaran dalam mengemban Pendidikan. Pada kenyataannya undang-undang tentang sistem Pendidikan mengalami perubahan sebanyak tiga kali, tujuh kali perubahan kurikulum dan perubahan dalam sistem penentuan kelulusan sebanyak tiga kali yang tidak terlihat berpengaruh pada model pembelajaran dan suasana sekolah yang dijadikan tempat Pendidikan yang di jadikan sebuah tujuan negara untuk mencerdaskan kehidupan bangsa tersebut. Dari serangkaian ulasan tentang perubahan yang telah terjadi, baik perubahan undang-undang, perubahan kurikulum, dan perubahan sistem ujian akhir, tampaknya belum ada yang bermakna bagi dapat berperannya sekolah sebagai pusat pemberdayaan.",
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"text": "Masih banyak persoalan yang harus diselesaikan terkait dengan ketentuan UU Sisdiknas. Dalam mengadili suatu perkara pengujian undang-undang yang bertentangan dengan UUD 1945 Baik UUD 1945 maupun UU MK mengatur bahwa dalam hal uji materi suatu undang- undang, Mahkamah Konstitusi hanya berwenang menilai atau menentukan konstitusionalitas ketetapan tersebut ditegaskan. Mahkamah Konstitusi hanya dapat menentukan apakah suatu bagian dari suatu undang-undang, isi, kalimat, atau klausulnya inkonstitusional. Dalam hal",
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"text": "8 Munirah, Sistem Pendidikan Di Indonesia: Antara Keinginan Dan Realita (A-Jurnal UIN Alaudin Makassar, n.d.), hlm 234.",
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"text": "9 Anna Triningsih, “Politik Hukum Pendidikan Nasional: Analisis Politik Hukum Dalam Masa Reformasi,” Jurnal Konstitusi Volume 4, No. 2, Juni 2017 (2017).",
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"text": "10 “Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945,” Pasal 31.",
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"text": "11 “Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945.”",
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"text": "Wacana Paramarta Jurnal Ilmu Hukum Vol 22 No 2 (2023 ) ISSN-p 1412-4793-ISSN-e 2684-7434 2023-04-30",
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"text": "judicial review, putusan MK tidak bisa masuk ranah legalitas.Secara teoritik maupun praktek dikenal dengan dua pengujian, yaitu pengujian formal ( formale toetsingsrecht ) dan pengujian secara materill ( materiele toetsingsrecht . Jika pengujian Undang-Undang yang diajukan bersifat formil berarti yang diuji dari undang-undang yang bersangkutan bukan pada materi atau isi undang-undang tersebut, melainkan hanya berkenaan dengan soal-soal bentuknya ataupun proses terbentuknya hingga mempunyai daya ikat untuk umum. Jika pengujian dimaksudkan sebagai pengujian materil berarti yang dipersoalkan dalam permohonan adalah isi atau materi, atau bagian dari isi undang-undang yang bersangkutan.",
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"text": "Mahkamah Konstitusi terbukti telah melakukan beberapa kali judicial review terhadap Undang-Undang Mahkamah Konstitusi. Hal ini menimbulkan pro kontra dikalangan masyarakat karena dalam putusannya terdapat benturan kepentingan dan berkaitan dengan asas nemo judex idoneus in propria causa. Sebagai contoh berupa pasal yang krusial sekaligus dapat dijadikan sebagai dasar untuk merevisi UU Sisdiknas pasal 53 yang membatalkan undang- undang Badan Hukum Pendidikan oleh Mahkamah Konsitusi. Sementara UU BHP merupakan amanat dari UU Sisdiknas Pasal 53 yang berbunyi: ” agar penyelenggaraan dan/atau satuan Pendidikan formal yang didirikan oleh pemerintah atau masyarakat berbentuk badan hukum Pendidikan yang diatur dalam undang-undang tersendiri” . Dengan dibatalkannya oleh Mahkamah Konstitusi, UU Sisdiknas Pasal 53 artinya tidak berguna lagi. Keberadaan pasal tersebut mestinya dihilangkan dari batang tubuh UU Sisdiknas. Disini tampak harus lebih dipertegas Kembali mengenai sistem Pendidikan nasional yang dijadikan sebagai cita-cita negara untuk mencerdaskan kehidupan bengsa. Salah satu nya dengan merevisi Kembali pasal- pasal yang tidak sesuai atau bahkan bertentangan dengan UUD 1945 tentunya kearah yang lebih baik, konsisten dan dapat terwujudkan Pendidikan yang bermutu. 12",
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"text": "Pendidikan merupakan nilai penting dan mendesak dalam membentuk suatu bangsa dan berupaya menjamin kelangsungan hidupnya. Mengingat pentingnya pengembangan isu pendidikan, maka perlu ditetapkan aturan baku bagi pendidikan nasional di bawah payung sistem pendidikan nasional. Akan tetapi, walaupun sering muncul permasalahan di bidang pendidikan umum, masih banyak permasalahan yang dihadapi pesantren dalam sistem pendidikan Islam/pondok pesantren. Berdasarkan persyaratan untuk bersaing dengan lembaga publik yang lebih modern. Saat ini jumlah pesantren berkembang pesat. Namun, peningkatan yang cepat ini tidak dapat menjamin kualitas dan juga kualitas. Banyak di antaranya adalah pondok pesantren, khususnya pondok pesantren modern, yang lebih mengutamakan pendidikan formal daripada pendidikan diniyah. Di tengah berbagai permasalahan tersebut, untuk mencapai tujuan pendidikan yang diharapkan dan menghasilkan sumber daya manusia yang berkualitas sesuai tuntutan zaman, diperlukan mutu dan kualitas pesantren (sistem). 13",
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"text": "Sebagaimana yang perlu ditegaskan Kembali bahwa dalam UU Sisdiknas Pasal (30) yakni: (1) Pendidikan keagamaan diselenggarakan oleh Pemerintah dan/atau kelompok masyarakat dari pemeluk agama, sesuai dengan peraturan perundang-undangan. (2) Pendidikan keagamaan berfungsi mempersiapkan peserta didik menjadi anggota masyarakat yang memahami dan mengamalkan nilai-nilai ajaran agamanya dan/atau menjadi ahli ilmu agama. (3) Pendidikan keagamaan dapat diselenggarakan pada jalur Pendidikan formal, nonformal dan informal. (4) Pendidikan keagamaan berbentuk Pendidikan diniyah, pesantren, pasraman, pabhaja samanera, dan bentuk lain yang sejenis. 14",
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"text": "Dalam melaksanakan kewenangan Mahkamah Konstitusi perlu lebih fokus dalam menegaskan sistem Pendidikan juga sebagai tujuan negara yakni membangun kesadaran",
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"text": "12 Rahman and Dkk, “Analisis UU Sistem Pendidikan Nasional Nomor 20 Tahun 2003 Dan Implikasinya Terhadap Pelaksanaan Pendidikan Di Indonesia,” hlm 99.",
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"text": "13 Haidar Putra Daulay, Pendidikan Islam Dalam Sistem Pendidikan Nasional Di Indonesia (Jakarta: Kencana, 2012), hlm 13.",
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"text": "14 “Undang-Undang Sisdiknas Pasal 30,” n.d.",
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"text": "Wacana Paramarta Jurnal Ilmu Hukum Vol 22 No 2 (2023 ) ISSN-p 1412-4793-ISSN-e 2684-7434 2023-04-30",
"type": "Page header"
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"text": "34",
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{
"left": 71,
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"text": "konstitusional warga negara. Sebagaimana ketentuan yang diatur dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 24 Tahun 2003 yang telah diubah dengan Undang-Undang Nomor 8 tahun 2011 tentang Mahkamah Konstitusi mengenai kewenangannya yang mengadili pada tingkat pertama dan terakhir yang putusannya bersifat final yakni; menguji undang-undang terhadap Undang- Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945, memutus sengketa kewenangan Lembaga negara yang kewenangannya diberikan oleh Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945, memutus pembubaran partai politik, dan memutus perselisihan tentang hasil pemilihan umum. Berdasarkan kewenangannya Mahkamah Konstitusi dapat disebut sebagai Lembaga negara pengawal konstitusi dan demokrasi.",
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"text": "Dalam menjalankan kewenangannya masih banyak pro dan kontra terkait putusan yang diputuskan oleh hakim. Seperti perkara Pasal 50 ayat (3) UU Sisdiknas yang bertentangan dengan UUD 1945 dengan alasan Satuan Pendidikan bertaraf internasional bertentangan dengan kewajiban negara untuk mncerdaskan kehidupan bangsa, menimbulkan dualisme sistem Pendidikan, sebagai bentuk baku liberalisasi Pendidikan dalam bidang Pendidikan, serta berpotensi menghilangkan jati diri bangsa indonesia yang berbahasa Indonesia. Dalam putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi mengabulkan seluruhnya tetpi putusan itu tidak bulat karena salah satu hakim berpendapat berbeda (dissenting opinion) .",
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"text": "Menurut Mahkamah Konstitusi mencerdaskan kehidupan bangsa adalah salah satu tujuan pembentukan pemerintahan negara Republik Indonesia. Sebagaimana terdapat dalam Alinea keempat pembukaan UUD 1945 yang menyatakan, “kemudian daripada itu untuk membentuk suatu pemerintah negara Indonesia yang melindungi segenap bangsa Indonesia dan seluruh tumpah darah Indonesia dan untuk memajukan kesejahteraan umum, mencerdaskan kehidupan bangsa, dan ikut melaksanakan ketertiban dunia yang berdasarkan kemerdekaa, perdamaian abadi dan keadilan sosial”. Maka dengan pernyataan ini, ketentuan-ketentuan dalam UUD 1945 dan UU memposisikan Pendidikan sebagai salah satu aspek penting dalam penyelenggaraan negara yang menjadi tanggungjawab negara.",
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"text": "Sebagai tanggung jawab untuk mewujudkan hak setiap warga negara atas pendidikan yang adil dan berkualitas, negara juga memiliki tanggung jawab untuk membangun dan mengelola sistem pendidikan nasional yang sesuai dengan prinsip-prinsip dasar negara. Pendidikan seharusnya membangun karakter, bukan sesuatu yang terputus dari akar budaya dan jiwa suatu bangsa. Pendidikan nasional harus konsisten dengan nilai-nilai budaya yang terkandung dalam Pancasila. Tentunya harus ditanamkan pada siswa melalui program pendidikan semua jenis dan jenjang pendidikan. Tidak hanya sistem pendidikan kurikulum yang dibutuhkan, tetapi juga perbaikan dalam pelaksanaan pendidikan.",
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"text": "Berbicara tentang kurikulum, merupakan salah satu isu yang masih menarik perhatian terutama di lembaga pendidikan, khususnya di dunia pendidikan. Perubahan kurikulum niscaya akan berdampak positif atau negatif bagi pendidikan itu sendiri. Dampak positif pertama silabus baru melengkapi kekurangan silabus lama dengan lebih mempertimbangkan kendala silabus lama guna lebih meningkatkan mutu pendidikan. Kedua, untuk menyesuaikan diri dengan tuntutan zaman yang terus berubah, dan dengan berkembangnya zaman, pendidikan secara alamiah membutuhkan perubahan untuk menyesuaikan diri seperlunya untuk mencapai tujuan pendidikan.",
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"text": "Lalu ada dampak negatif dari perubahan kurikulum yang pertama tujuan pendidikan tidak terpenuhi pada awal pelaksanaan. Di sini, pendidik diharapkan mampu mengimplementasikan kurikulum baru. Tetapi jika pendidik tidak bisa melakukannya, kurikulum tidak akan berjalan semulus yang seharusnya. Kedua, fasilitas yang disediakan kurang baik. Banyak sekolah di desa-desa terpencil tidak memiliki fasilitas yang memadai. Hal ini menjadi kendala untuk menerapkan kurikulum lama dan justru mempersulit proses belajar mengajar. Ketiga, mensosialisasikan implementasi kurikulum baru membutuhkan waktu, karena para pendidik yang berganti harus mampu memahami kurikulum baru untuk keberhasilan implementasi.",
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"text": "Sosialisasi sangat penting untuk memahami tujuan, hasil yang ingin dicapai, dll. 15 Dalam sebuah Pendidikan peserta didik memiliki hak dalam merasakan fasilitas yang diberikan oleh pemerintah agar proses belajar megajar berjalan sebagaimana mestinya. Melalui UU No. 20 Tahun 2003 Tentang Sistem Pendidikan Nasional, pada dasarnya memiliki prinsip-prinsip pemenuhan hak ana katas Pendidikan dasar yang wajib dan Cuma-Cuma, yaitu:",
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"text": "a. Wajib memberikan layanan dan kemudahan serta menjamin terselenggaranya Pendidikan yang bermutu bagi warga Negara tanpa diskriminasi.",
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"text": "b. Wajib menjamin tersedianya dana, guna terselenggaranya Pendidikan bagi setiap warga negara yang berusia tujuh sampai dengan lima belas tahun.",
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"text": "c. Wajub menjamin terselenggaranya wajib belajar minimal pada jenjang Pendidikan dasar tanpa memungut biaya.",
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"text": "d. Wajib memfasilitasi satuan Pendidikan dengan pendidik yang diperlukan untuk menjamin terselenggaranya Pendidikan yang bermutu.",
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"text": "e. Wajib membina dan mengembangkan tenaga kependidikan pada satuan Pendidikan yang diselenggarakan oleh pemerintah dan pemerintah daerah.",
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"text": "f. Wajib membantu pembinaan dan pengembangan tenaga pendidik pada satuan Pendidikan formal yang diselenggarakan oleh masyarakat.",
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"text": "g. Wajib menyediakan anggaran Pendidikan sebagaimana diatur dalam pasal 31 ayat (4) UUD NRI Tahun 1945.",
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"text": "h. Wajib menentukan kebijakan nasional dan standar nasional Pendidikan untuk menjamin mutu Pendidikan nasional.",
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"text": "i. Wajib melakukan koordinasi atas penyelenggaraan Pendidikan, pengembangan tenaga kependidikan dan penyediaan fasilitas penyelenggaraan Pendidikan lintas daerah kabupaten/kota untuk tingkat Pendidikan dasar dan menengah.",
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"text": "j. Pemerintah kabupaten/kota mengelola Pendidikan dasar dan Pendidikan menengah, serta satuan Pendidikan yang berbasis keunggulan lokal.",
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"text": "Pernyataan diatas merupakan kewajiban yang mesti diamalkan dan tanggung jawab pemerintah untuk memastikan keberlangsungan penyelenggaraan Pendidikan nasional. Hal ini sesuai dengan bunyi pembukaan UUD Negara Republik Indonesia yang dijadikan konsideran menimbang UU No. 20 Tahun 2003 Tentang Sistem Pendidikan Nasional. 16",
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"text": "Seperti yang diketahui kualitas Pendidikan di daerah berbeda dengan yang berada di perkotaan. Masih banyak kendala yang dirasakan oleh warga di daerah apalagi daerah tersebut masih jauh dalam jangkauan atau pelosok. Kendala utama tersebut salah satunya adalah biaya yang harus dibayar dalam pelaksanaan Pendidikan. Sedangkan Amanah konstitusi sangat jelas bahwasanya pedidikan sebagai Hak Asasi Manusia, seperti yang tercantum pada Pasal 31 ayat (1) Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 berbunyi: “Tiap-tiap warga negara berhak mendapatkan pengajaran”. Kemudian dilanjutkan Pasal 1 ayat (2) berbunyi: “Setiap warga negara wajib mengikuti Pendidikan dasar dan pemerintah wajib membiayai.”. Amanah konstitusi yang diemban oleh pemerintah yang hingga kini masih belum mendapatkan sinyal terhadap kemajuan Pendidikan nasional. 17",
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"text": "Sebagai penganut ideologi social walfare state , Langkah menuju terwujudnya sistem Pendidikan yang bermutu bagi semua lapisan masyarakat tertuang dalam Pasal 31 ayat (3) “Pemerintah mengusahakan dan menyelenggarakan satu sistem Pendidikan Nasional, yang meningkatkan keimanan dan ketaqwaan serta akhlak mulia dalam rangka mencerdaskan",
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"text": "15 Nita Oktifa, “Dampak Positif Dan Negatif Pergantian Kurikulum Baru,” Jumat, 21 Oktober 2022, https://akupintar.id/info- pintar/-/blogs/dampak-positif-dan-negatif-pergantian-kurikulum-baru.",
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"text": "16 Rizky Rinaldy Inkiriwang and Dkk, “Kewajiban Negara Dalam Penyediaan Fasilitas Pendidikan Kepada Masyarakat Menurut UU No. 20 Tahun 2003 Tentang Sistem Pendidikan Nasional.,” Lex Privatum Vol. VIII/No. 2/Apr-Jun (2020).",
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"text": "17 Arif Wibowo, “Membangun Mutu Pendidikan Hingga Ke Wilayah Perbatasan Sebagai Hak Konstitusional Warga Negara.,” JUSTITIA: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum Dan Humainiora Vol. 9 No. 4 (2022).",
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"text": "kehidupan bangsa, yang diatur dengan Undang-undang.” Dari butir-butir Pasal tentunya sudah sangat jelas bahwasanya dalam membangun Pendidikan yang bermutu pemerintah mesti mewujudkan amanah konstitusi agar tidak terjadi disparitas bagi warga negara yang berwilayah di perkotaan maupun diwilayah yang sulit dijangkau pemerintah.",
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"text": "Pendidikan memiliki tempat yang tinggi karena sebagai kunci dalam memajukan bangsa. Sebagaimana menurut pandangan K.H. Ahmad Dahlan “bahwa Pendidikan harus membekali siswa dengan pengetahuan dan keterampilan yang diperlukan untuk kemajuan materiil”. Sebagaimana yang disampaikan oleh Ahmad Dahlan sebagai kritikan yang ditujukan kepada pemerintah bahwasanya kaum tradisionalis yang menjalankan model Pendidikan yang diwarisi secara turun-temurun tanpa mencoba melihat relevansinya dengan perkembangan zaman.” Jelas Pendidikan adalah dinamika kehidupan yang sangat berpengaruh dalam perubahan dan kemajuan zaman. Sebagaimana dipertegas Kembali dalam UUD 1945 pada Alinea keempat bahwa Pendidikan memiliki peran untuk “mencerdaskan kehidupan bangsa”. 18",
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"text": "Maka semua warga negara memiliki hak dalam mendapat Pendidikan sebagaimana yang diatur dalam Undang-undang tentang Hak Asasi Manusia yang berbunyi “ Setiap orang berhak atas perlindungan bagi pengembangan pribadinya, untuk memperoleh Pendidikan, mencerdaskan dirinya, dan meningkatkan kualitas hidupnya agar menjadi manusia yang beriman, bertaqwa, bertanggungjawab, berakhlak mulia, Bahagia dan sejahtera sesuai dengan hak asasi manusia”. 19",
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"text": "Antara hak dan kewajiban dalam bidang Pendidikan antara pemerintah dengan warga negara memiliki hubungan, secara historis Undang-undang Dasar Republik Indonesia tahun 1945 mengalami amandemen sebanyak empat kali, termasuk amandemen pasal 31 pada Bab XIII dengan tambahan ayat yang membuktikan negara konsen dalam memperhatikan hak warga negara dalam bidang Pendidikan, seperti bunyi ayat (4) yang merupakan tambahan hasil amandemen keempat yakni “Negara memprioritaskan anggaran Pendidikan sekurang- kurangnya dua puluh persen dari anggaran pendapatan dan belanja negara serta dari anggaran pendapatan dan belanja daerah untuk memenuhi kebutuhan penyelenggaraan Pendidikan nasional”, serta tambahan ayat (5) yang berbunyi “Pemerintah memajukan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi dengan menunjang tinggi nilai-nilai afama dan perstauan bangsa untuk kemajuan peradaban serta kesejahteraan umat manusia”. Secara tekstual memang sekedar penambahan Amanah konstitusi kepada pemerintah, akantetapi dalam peraturan perundang-undangan hal ini merupakan perintah secara hierarki kepada peraturan perundang-undangan dibawah untuk diakui dan dipenuhi hak warga negara untuk mendapat Pendidikan yang harus dilaksanakan oleh pemerintah.",
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"width": 457,
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"text": "Sebagai Lembaga tinggi negara yang mempunyai peran besar dalam keberlangsungan bernegara Mahkamah Konstitusi juga memiliki peran dalam memberikan hak berupa Pendidikan yang akan mencerdaskan warga negaranya. Juga dijadikan sebagai cita-cita bangsa sebagaimana tercantum pada Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945 yakni Mencerdaskan kehidupan bangsa dengan cara menegaskan Kembali sistem Pendidikan nasional yang masih belum bisa dikatakan sempurna dalam standar Pendidikan.",
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"text": "18 Ibid .",
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"left": 71,
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"text": "19 “Undang-Undang Nomor 39 Tahun 1999 Tentang Hak Asasi Manusia Pasal 21,” n.d.",
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"text": "Wacana Paramarta Jurnal Ilmu Hukum Vol 22 No 2 (2023 ) ISSN-p 1412-4793-ISSN-e 2684-7434 2023-04-30",
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"left": 513,
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"text": "37",
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"text": "DAFTAR PUSTAKA",
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"text": "SUMBER BUKU:",
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"top": 115,
"width": 456,
"height": 22,
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"text": "Asshiddiqie, Jimly. Konstitusi Bernegara: Praktis Kenegaraan Bermartabat Dan Demokratis . Malang: Setara Press, 2015.",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"width": 456,
"height": 23,
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"text": "Putra Daulay, Haidar. Pendidikan Islam Dalam Sistem Pendidikan Nasional Di Indonesia . Jakarta: Kencana, 2012.",
"type": "Text"
},
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"left": 71,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "SUMBER LAIN:",
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{
"left": 71,
"top": 190,
"width": 456,
"height": 48,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Budi Sulistyo Nugroho, Fadzlun. “Sifat Keberlakuan Asas Erga Omnes Dan Implementasi Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi.” Gorontalo Law Review Volume 2, No.2, Oktober (2019). Munirah. Sistem Pendidikan Di Indonesia: Antara Keinginan Dan Realita . A-Jurnal UIN Alaudin Makassar, n.d.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 71,
"top": 238,
"width": 456,
"height": 63,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Oktifa, Nita. “Dampak Positif Dan Negatif Pergantian Kurikulum Baru,” Jumat, 21 Oktober 2022. https://akupintar.id/info-pintar/-/blogs/dampak-positif-dan-negatif-pergantian-kurikulum-baru. Rahman, Abdul, and Dkk. “Analisis UU Sistem Pendidikan Nasional Nomor 20 Tahun 2003 Dan Implikasinya Terhadap Pelaksanaan Pendidikan Di Indonesia.” JOEAI (Jurnal of Education and Intruction) Volume 4 Nomor 1 Juni (2021).",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 71,
"top": 304,
"width": 456,
"height": 22,
"page_number": 9,
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"text": "Rinaldy Inkiriwang, Rizky, and Dkk. “Kewajiban Negara Dalam Penyediaan Fasilitas Pendidikan Kepada Masyarakat Menurut UU No. 20 Tahun 2003 Tentang Sistem Pendidikan Nasional.”",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 107,
"top": 329,
"width": 207,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Lex Privatum Vol. VIII/No. 2/Apr-Jun (2020).",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 71,
"top": 339,
"width": 456,
"height": 25,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Triningsih, Anna. “Politik Hukum Pendidikan Nasional: Analisis Politik Hukum Dalam Masa Reformasi.” Jurnal Konstitusi Volume 4, No. 2, Juni 2017 (2017).",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 71,
"top": 365,
"width": 456,
"height": 37,
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"text": "Wibowo, Arif. “Membangun Mutu Pendidikan Hingga Ke Wilayah Perbatasan Sebagai Hak Konstitusional Warga Negara.” JUSTITIA: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum Dan Humainiora Vol. 9 No. 4 (2022).",
"type": "List item"
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"left": 71,
"top": 411,
"width": 194,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "SUMBER PERUNDANG-UNDANGAN:",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 71,
"top": 430,
"width": 342,
"height": 35,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945 Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 1989 Tentang Sistem Pendidikan Nasional Undang-Undang Nomor 39 Tahun 1999 Tentang Hak Asasi Manusia",
"type": "Text"
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3ccc657a-e955-5d0c-1c99-38c676f049c5 | https://journal2.um.ac.id/index.php/jpds/article/download/30291/11922 | [
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"text": "Jurnal Praksis dan Dedikasi (JPDS)",
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"text": "Oktober, 2023, Vol. 6, No. 2, hal. 120-127 http://dx.doi.org/10.17977/um022v6i2p120-127",
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"text": "DILEMA ANTARA KRISIS EKONOMI DAN TRADISI: EDUKASI MASYARAKAT DAMPAK PERNIKAHAN DINI DI DESA LUMBANG, KABUPATEN PASURUAN",
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"text": "DILEMMA BETWEEN ECONOMIC CRISIS AND TRADITION: COMMUNITY EDUCATION ON THE IMPACT OF EARLY MARRIAGE IN LUMBANG VILLAGE, PASURUAN REGENCY",
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"text": "Faline Izza Nisa’u, Ananda Dwitha Yuniar 1 , Fahim Syah, Florica Dwi Egadiantasari, Rizqi Ananda Alfita",
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"text": "1 Corresponding author, Email: ananda.dwitha.fis@um.ac.id",
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"text": "Universitas Negeri Malang, Jl. Semarang No. 5 Malang, Jawa Timur, 65141, Indonesia",
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"text": "Paper received: 12-10-2022; revised: 28-10-2022; accepted: 13-07-2023; published: 30-10-2023",
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"text": "How to cite (APA Style): Author, A., & Author, A2. (2023). Dilema antara krisis ekonomi dan tradisi: Edukasi masyarakat dampak pernikahan dini di Desa Lumbang, Kabupaten Pasuruan. Jurnal Praksis dan Dedikasi Sosial (JPDS), 6 (2), 120- 127. DOI: 10.17977/um022v6i2p120-127",
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"text": "Abstract",
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"text": "Early marriage is a form of phenomenon that is often found in Lumbang Village, this is motivated by various factors ranging from education, socio-culture, and economy. Efforts are needed to raise public awareness in preventing early marriage for adolescents and parents. Various efforts have also been made by village officials to help suppress early marriages that occur in Lumbang Village. So, this service aims to provide material on understanding the impact of early marriage from the health sector so that people become aware of the importance of health before deciding to get married and can reduce the number of early marriages that occur in Lumbang Village. The results of this field service concluded that most of the participants who attended the socialization still cared about their health, while among those who were married, based on social and economic factors, they were forced to choose early marriage. After this socialization activity, the implementing group monitored and reviewed the level of early marriage in Lumbang Village with marriage data through the Office of Religious Affairs (KUA) administrator.",
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"text": "Keywords: early-age marriage; socio-cultural; teenager",
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"text": "Pernikahan dini menjadi salah satu bentuk fenomena yang banyak ditemui pada Desa Lumbang. Hal tersebut dilatarbelakangi oleh berbagai faktor mulai dari pendidikan, sosial budaya, dan ekonomi. Diperlukan usaha untuk menyadarkan masyarakat dalam mencegah terjadinya pernikahan dini, baik pada remaja dan juga orang tua. Berbagai upaya juga telah dilakukan oleh perangkat desa untuk turut menekan pernikahan dini yang terjadi di Desa Lumbang. Oleh karena itu, pengabdian ini bertujuan untuk memberikan materi pemahaman dampak melakukan pernikahan dini dari bidang kesehatan agar masyarakat menjadi peduli akan pentingnya kesehatan sebelum memutuskan untuk menikah dan dapat menekan angka pernikahan dini yang terjadi di Desa Lumbang. Metode yang dilakukan dalam pengabdian ini yakni menggunakan metode partisipatoris, dimana penulis dapat memperoleh hasil berupa gambaran, arahan, dan respon mitra secara langsung. Hasil dari pengabdian ini menyimpulkan bahwa dari sebagian peserta yang hadir pada sosialisasi masih banyak yang peduli akan kesehatan mereka sementara itu mereka yang sudah menikah didasari karena faktor sosial dan ekonomi sehingga mereka terpaksa memilih menikah dini. Pasca kegiatan sosialisasi ini kelompok pelaksana",
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"text": "Jurnal Praksis dan Dedikasi (JPDS) Oktober, 2023, Vol. 6, No. 2, hal. 120-127",
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"text": "melakukan monitoring dan meninjau tingkat pernikahan dini di Desa lumbang dengan data pernikahan melalui pengurus di Kantor Urusan Agama (KUA).",
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"text": "Kata kunci : pernikahan dini; sosial budaya; remaja",
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"text": "PENDAHULUAN",
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"text": "Pernikahan dini menjadi hal lumrah sehingga masyarakat tetap melaksanakan pernikahan dan tidak ada penanganan yang maksimal untuk mengatasi tingkat fenomena pernikahan dini. Kurangnya edukasi dari orang tua dengan memudahkan orang lain untuk meminang anaknya maupun faktor dari lingkungan sekitar bisa saja mempengaruhi pola pikir tentang pernikahan dini ini (Maudina, 2019).",
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"text": "Pernikahan dini di Desa Lumbang, terjadi cenderung karena terciptanya pandangan masyarakat setempat mengenai pernikahan dini dengan tujuan agar cepat memiliki status dan lepas dari pantauan orang tua, selain itu para orang tua berpandangan bahwa menikah merupakan salah satu jalan pintas untuk menjauhi perbuatan zina dalam pandangan agama Islam.",
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"text": "Prespektif seperti ini timbul karena kekhawatiran orang tua terhadap anaknya yang akan terjerumus kedalam hal negatif dari perkembangan dan kemudahan media elektonik yang mempengaruhi gaya hidup dan pergaulan seorang remaja. Penduduk Desa Lumbang ini beranggapan bahwa perempuan harus cepat dinikahkan agar kehidupannya menjadi lebih baik lagi. Namun di sisi lain warga yang asal menikahkan anaknya tanpa memandang latar belakang satu sama lain, dari sisi ekonomi maupun sosial akan menimbulkan berbagai hal-hal yang tidak diinginkan. Kebanyakan orang tua dari anak yang menikah muda telah melaksanakan praktek menikah muda sehingga hal ini dapat dikatakan sebagai kebiasaan yang turun temurun. Sesuai hasil dari beberapa penelitian menunjukkan bahwa menikah di usia dini masih belum siap dalam aspek ekonomi dan psikis (Triningtyas & Muhayati, 2017).",
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"text": "Pengabdian ini tidak terlepas dari referensi dan acuan dari penelitian terdahulu yaitu penelitian yang menyimpulkan bahwa praktik pernikahan dini memiliki banyak faktor. Adapun penyebab terjadinya pernikahan dini karena faktor orang tua yang menghindari pergaulan bebas yang berakibat adanya hamil di luar nikah. Sedangkan menurut sudut pandang psikologis dan sosial dengan tingkat pendidikan rendah akan membuat kualitas keluarga yang dihasilkan juga rendah (Arofik & Mustakim, 2022). Selanjutnya penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Ratnasari, Kartika, dan Normelani (2021) menyatakan bahwa aspek ekonomi dan pendidikan sebagai faktor utama penentu pada keputusuan menikah dini, aspek lingkungan, budaya, kepercayaan, dan aspek sosial menjadi faktor tambahan lainnya. Penelitian selanjutnya dilakukan oleh Hadiono (2018) menyimpulkan bahwa terdapat beberapa faktor pendorong pernikahan dini dan dampaknya dari segi ekonomi dan agama. Dampak negatif pernikahan dini dapat dilihat dari segi mental, kesehatan, dan pendidikan (Hadiono, 2018). Penelitian selanjutnya oleh Setiawan yang membahas mengenai pernikahan usia dini menurut pandangan hukum Islam. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa pernikahan menurut Islam adalah sunnah, wajib, mubah, makruh, dan haram tergantung faktor-faktor tertentu. Islam memandang pernikahan dini tidak masalah selama orang yang ingin melangsungkan pernikahan dini sudah baligh dan mampu memberikan nafkah baik lahir maupun batin (Setiawan, 2020).",
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"text": "Pasuruan menjadi salah kota dengan tingkat permasalahan pernikahan dini dengan peringkat tujuh besar se Jawa Timur. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa dari puluhan kabupaten dan kota yang ada di Jawa Timur, Pasuruan menjadi salah satu kota dengan kasus permasalahan pernikahan dini yang cukup tinggi. Menurut data pada Pengadilan Agama Pasuruan, tahun 2021 kasus pernikahan dini pada remaja di bawah usia 19 tahun mencapai 600 kasus. Pemilihan Desa Lumbang sendiri berdasarkan hasil observasi melalui pencarian data kasus pernikahan dini di kantor urusan agama desa. Sehingga didapatkan data setiap bulannya terdapat pernikahan dini",
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"text": "Jurnal Praksis dan Dedikasi (JPDS) Oktober, 2023, Vol. 6, No. 2, hal. 120-127",
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{
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"width": 428,
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"text": "yang dilakukan oleh 10-20 pasangan muda. Tidak hanya dilakukan oleh pasangan muda dan pasangan muda, namun juga dilakukan oleh pasangan yang sudah berumur dengan pasangannya yang masih remaja. Hal tersebut menjadi salah satu sorotan peneliti untuk melakukan pemberdayaan dan melihat kondisi di lapangan secara langsung bagaimana hal tersebut bisa terjadi.",
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"text": "Tingkat pernikahan dini yang semakin tinggi di Desa Lumbang telah dibuktikan dengan hasil observasi yang menyatakan bahwa tingkat pendidikan orang tua sangat berperan dalam penyaluran atau edukasi terhadap anak-anaknya tentang pentingnya estimasi umur untuk menikah. Orang tua yang berpendidikan tinggi akan lebih bijak dalam menyikapi perihal pernikahan. Para orang tua cenderung lebih mengedepankan pendidikan anak-anak mereka yang pada akhirnya akan menikahkan anaknya ketika sudah dirasa siap baik secara finansial, mental, dan usia. Berbeda dengan orang tua yang berpendidikan rendah dan cenderung kurang edukasi pernikahan dini sehingga mereka akan lebih mendukung dan mempercayai efek positif dalam melakukan pernikahan di usia dini, terlebih kepada anak perempuan karena mereka memiliki persepsi bahwa anak perempuan memang disiapkan untuk melayani suaminya kelak. Selain itu para orang tua merasa bahwa untuk mengenyam pendidikan tidaklah gratis sehingga orang tua yang berpenghasilan rendah akan lebih memilih untuk menikahkan anak-anak mereka meskipun di usia dini.",
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"text": "Faktor sosial budaya juga sangat mempengaruhi terjadinya pernikahan dini bahkan di negara maju seperti Kanada juga melegalkan fenomena pernikahan dini. Hal ini selaras dengan fenomena di Desa Lumbang dimana desakan orang tua dan juga budaya patriarki yang sangat mendukung seperti pemikiran bahwa perempuan tidak harus bekerja melainkan laki-laki yang diwajibkan untuk bekerja dalam menafkahi keluarga. Hal ini juga sangat berhubungan dengan faktor ekonomi keluarga yang pada akhirnya mengarahkan anak laki-lakinya langsung terjun di dunia pekerjaan dan tidak perlu sekolah tinggi (Handayani, Nuraini, & Agustiya, 2021). Pola pemikiran masyarakat yang terlalu tradisional seperti nilai tentang harga perempuan atau disebut juga budaya pameo “makin tua makin tidak laku” (Mahfudin & Waqi’ah, 2016). Sesuai dengan hasil observasi kepada masyarakat sekitar menyatakan bahwa korban dari pernikahan dini kebanyakan adalah perempuan. Prespektif masyarakat yang masih sangat tradisional tentang anggapan bahwa perempuan tidak perlu berlama-lama untuk menempuh pendidikan namun akan lebih baik bisa langsung menikah. Perjodohan banyak diterapkan kepada kebanyakan perempuan di desa tersebut untuk lebih mempercepat pernikahan dengan laki-laki yang menjadi pilihan dari orang tuanya (Rofika & Hariastuti, 2020). Pernikahan dini banyak mengakibatkan permasalahan dan berujung pada perceraian. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa pernikahan dini sangat berkaitan dengan kekuatan psikologi dan mental seseorang. Karena pada dasarnya menurut pengakuan mitra yang telah di observasi kebanyakan yang menikah dini dan bercerai akibat dari ketidak cocokan satu sama lain, tidak bisa mengedepankan pemikiran yang dewasa, serta masih besarnya rasa ego masing-masing sehingga sulit untuk mengerti satu sama lain.",
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"text": "METODE",
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"height": 128,
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"text": "Metode pelaksanaan yang digunakan dalam kegiatan ini adalah dengan pemberdayaan partisipatif. Metode ini dinilai sangat tepat dipadukan dengan konsep pengabdian, sebab dengan metode ini akan didapatkan hasil berupa gambaran, arahan, dan respon mitra secara langsung. Keseluruhan pelaksanaan kegiatan ini dilaksanakan secara luring/offline dengan mematuhi protokol kesehatan. Persiapan dilakukan pada bulan agustus tahun 2022 selama dua minggu yang berupa kesepakatan dengan pimpinan Desa Lumbang. Pembagian jadwal kegiatan serta penentuan tempat diadakannya kegiatan sosialisasi yaitu bertempat di Balai Desa Lumbang. Kemudian dilanjut dengan pelaksanaan. Pelaksanaan pengabdian ini berupa sosialisasi dan penyuluhan kepada mitra dengan cara pemberian gambaran kasus atau permasalahan melalui pemutaran video terkait dampak dan bahaya pernikahan dini, serta mengenai pentingnya",
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"text": "Jurnal Praksis dan Dedikasi (JPDS)",
"type": "Page header"
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"width": 188,
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"page_number": 4,
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"text": "Oktober, 2023, Vol. 6, No. 2, hal. 120-127",
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "123",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 87,
"width": 428,
"height": 75,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "pendidikan dan kesehatan reproduksi. Setelah itu, dilakukan sesi sharing oleh perempuan yang telah menjadi korban adanya pernikahan dini. Selanjutnya, tahap evaluasi dimana tim pelaksana akan melakukan peninjauan terhadap respon mitra dengan cara memonitoring keadaan mitra apakah sudah banyak masyarakat yang sadar akan dampak buruk pernikahan dini dengan melihat data-data terbaru pernikahan di Desa Lumbang Kabupaten Pasuruan Provinsi Jawa Timur.",
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"text": "HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN",
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"left": 85,
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"text": "Kegiatan pengabdian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan meningkatkan kesadaran para remaja terhadap dampak pernikahan dini baik dari segi hukum, psikis, fisik, dan ekonomi melalui edukasi dan penyuluhan dengan pemateri yang sesuai dengan bidang tersebut. Selain itu juga kegiatan ini memiliki tujuan untuk membangun kepercayaan orang tua yang berperan besar dalam pernikahan dini melalui diskusi antara orang tua dan juga pemateri yang dapat memberikan arahan dan juga pendapat.",
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"text": "Gambar 1. Pemberian Arahan dari Kapolsek Lumbang",
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{
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"text": "Pengabdian ini dilaksanakan pada hari Kamis, tanggal 4 Agustus 2022 yang bertempat di Balai Desa Lumbang, Kabupaten Pasuruan. Berbagai persiapan dilakukan oleh tim pelaksana pengabdian mulai dari menjalin komunikasi dengan Kepala Desa untuk meminta izin diadakannya kegiatan ini. Diskusi bersama perangkat desa yang kerap dipanggil penghulu di desa tersebut, yang mana beliau inilah yang menangani masyarakat yang ingin menikah baik dengan mengajukan dispensasi usia atau tidak. Sosialisasi dan edukasi ini dihadiri sekitar 40 orang peserta dengan kriteria remaja perempuan baik yang sudah menikah maupun belum menikah. Tim pelaksana pengabdian juga mengundang Kapolsek, Danramil, dan juga Camat setempat.",
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"text": "Gambar 2. Pemberian Materi oleh Bidan",
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"text": "Pelaksanaan pengabdian ini diisi dengan beberapa penyampaian materi. Materi yang pertama mengenai kesehatan reproduksi remaja yang masih sangat rentan terlebih pada kasus",
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"text": "Jurnal Praksis dan Dedikasi (JPDS) Oktober, 2023, Vol. 6, No. 2, hal. 120-127",
"type": "Page header"
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"left": 494,
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"text": "124",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 87,
"width": 428,
"height": 36,
"page_number": 5,
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"text": "pernikahan dini. Materi kesehatan reproduksi ini disampaikan langsung oleh Bidan Mimin Mundariyanah yang juga kerap menangani kasus remaja yang melahirkan di usia yang belum waktunya.",
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"text": "Kesehatan reproduksi pada remaja menjadi salah satu hal yang terpenting pada pernikahan dini. Organ reproduksi remaja perempuan masih belum siap untuk mengandung. Hal tersebut dapat menyebabkan kesakitan yang luar biasa, pendarahan, keguguran, bahkan berakibat kematian baik pada ibu maupun janinnya. Jika hal tersebut terjadi maka juga bisa mengakibatkan sang ibu mengalami trauma bahkan menjadi stress (Suhadi, Baidhowi, & Wulandari, 2018).",
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"text": "Dampak pernikahan dini bagi pasangan yang hamil di usia dini yaitu: 1) dampak bagi suami-istri, rentan terjadinya perselisihan disebabkan karena pengetahuan tentang kehidupan pernikahan yang masih kurang selain itu faktor lain yaitu sifat egois yang masih tinggi. 2) Dampak biologis, pasangan pernikahan dini secara biologis alat reproduksinya belum siap. Apalagi sampai hamil muda, jika dipaksakan akan berdampak trauma, pendarahan, bahkan sampai membahayakan bayi. 3) Dampak psikis, seorang pasangan yang belum siap untuk menikah dan belum mengerti tentang kehidupan pernikahan. Jika bercerai kemungkinan akan menimbulkan trauma psikis bahkan sampai berkepanjangan sehingga akan merasa menyesali hidupnya. 4) Dampak sosial, fenomena seperti ini akan melestarikan budaya patriarki. 5) Dampak ekonomi, pernikahan dini mengalami kegagalan tanpa disadari disebabkan adanya siklus kemiskinan dalam keluarga (Wowor, 2021).",
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"text": "Jika dilihat dari segi dampak negatif memang banyak hal-hal yang ditimbulkan setelah terjadinya pernikahan dini bagi para remaja. Namun, kita juga bisa melihat dari sisi positif yang menjadi pertimbangan orang tua para remaja yang melakukan pernikahan dini. Ketika melakukan pernikahan dini seorang remaja akan lepas dari beban orang tua atau mengurangi kebutuhan anaknya yang sudah menjadi tanggungan suami dengan catatan suami tersebut dapat bertanggung jawab atas kehidupannya. Selanjutnya mencegah kemaksiatan karena akan mengurangi potensi perzinahan atau hamil di luar nikah (Ningsih & Rahmadi, 2020).",
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"text": "Gambar 3. Sesi Tanya Jawab",
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{
"left": 85,
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"text": "Pada pertengahan sesi penyampaian materi, Bidan Mimin Mundariyanah sedikit menyelipkan pertanyaan kepada para peserta “Apa kira-kira di desa ini yang melakukan pernikahan din i ada yang bercerai saat pernikahannya seusia jagung?”. Pertanyaan ini dijawab “Tidak ada” oleh salah satu perangkat desa yang juga hadir dalam sosialisasi. Pada pernyataan ini ditemukan bahwa ia berusaha untuk menutup-nutupi kejadian yang sebenarnya terjadi di Desa",
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"text": "Jurnal Praksis dan Dedikasi (JPDS) Oktober, 2023, Vol. 6, No. 2, hal. 120-127",
"type": "Page header"
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"text": "125",
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{
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"text": "Lumbang ini. Hal ini dapat diketahui karena tim pelaksana telah meminta kesaksian kepada salah satu narasumber yang juga menjadi korban atau pelaku pernikahan dini.",
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"text": "Pernikahan dini sangat rentan terhadap perceraian karena belum siap secara mental, fisik, ekonomi, dan sebagainya. Meskipun dalam KUH Perdata sudah ditentukan usia minimal untuk menikah akan tetapi hal tersebut tidak menjamin pasangan yang melakukan pernikahan dini telah dewasa secara psikis. Selain itu masih banyak resiko dari perkawinan usia dini yang diterima oleh individu maupun lingkungan sekitar (Wowor, 2021). Salah satu korban pernikahan dini yakni Mbak Nurul yang merupakan salah satu warga desa Lumbang, Kabupaten Pasuruan, bercerai setelah beberapa bulan menikah. Mbak Nurul menjadi narasumber dalam pengabdian ini dengan membagikan kisah pilunya pada sesi sharing setelah penyampaian materi.",
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"text": "Gambar 4. Sesi Sharing",
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{
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"text": "Mbak Nurul menikah di usia 16 tahun. Setelah tamat SMP beliau dinikahkan oleh orang tuanya dengan lelaki yang dikenalkan oleh saudaranya. Setelah menikah karena belum siap secara mental dan psikologis, Mbak Nurul kerap mengalami kekerasan dalam rumah tangga (KDRT) mulai dari suami yang jarang pulang, selalu marah-marah ketika pulang kerja, dan bahkan hingga membanting TV. Menurut pengakuan mbak Nurul beliau paling banyak diberi nafkah selama satu bulannya yakni Rp. 100.000 saja. Selang satu tahun pernikahan mereka berakhir yang didasari alasan ekonomi dan kekerasan dalam rumah tangga (KDRT).",
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"text": "Perceraian seolah-olah membawa kesan negatif dan buruk terlebih pada janda daripada duda. Janda kerap kali dianggap lemah dan terdiskriminasi oleh budaya patriarki dimana perempuan cenderung menjadi obyek yang disalahkan pada kasus perceraian. Anggapan masyarakat terhadap perempuan yang tidak bisa menjaga rumah tangganya dengan dalih perempuan kurang sabar dan kurang memahami kondisi rumah tangganya. Padahal seharusnya rumah tangga adalah tanggung jawab dua belah pihak. Janda mengalami banyak hal yang kurang menyenangkan, yaitu trauma yang berkepanjangan dan gunjingan masyarakat sekitar yang sering didengar seperti “pantas saja diceraikan, orang dia cerewet” “dia kan tidak bisa hamil, makanya suaminya mau cari yang lain” “dia kan tidak bisa mengelola keuangan dengan baik”. Meninjau hal ini didapati banyak ketimpangan gender yang secara langsung kita rasakan (Sakina, 2017). Laki-laki menganggap bahwa perceraian merupakan sebuah simbol kebebasan dan upaya guna memperkuat harga diri di lingkungan sekitarnya, sedangkan perempuan memaknai sebuah perceraian sebagai ajang untuk pelepasan diri dari ketersiksaan lahir dan batin, upaya untuk menebus dosa-dosa, dan kembali menjadi seseorang yang saling menghargai (Mayangsari, Prasetyo, & Wulandari, 2022).",
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"text": "Pada sesi akhir sharing session mengetahui kesaksian dari mbak Nurul, penghulu desa tersebut mengajukan pertanyaan kepada Kapolsek yang hadir memenuhi undangan sosialisasi. Beliau bertanya “Bagaimana caranya saya bisa menolak masyarakat yang ingin mengajukan dispensasi usia pernikahan yang belu m waktunya?”. Jawaban dari Kapolsek yakni berdasarkan",
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"text": "Jurnal Praksis dan Dedikasi (JPDS) Oktober, 2023, Vol. 6, No. 2, hal. 120-127",
"type": "Page header"
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"left": 494,
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"text": "126",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 87,
"width": 428,
"height": 102,
"page_number": 7,
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"text": "Undang-Undang No. 1 Tahun 1974 tentang perkawinan yang menetapkan bahwa usia normal menikah adalah 18 tahun untuk perempuan dan 21 tahun untuk laki-laki. Namun sempat terjadi protes oleh umat Islam atas rancangan yang dibuat karena tidak merepresentasikan nilai-nilai Islam. Maka terjadi revisi dengan UU No 16 Tahun 2019 yang menetapkan bawah usia minim menikah adalah 16 tahun bagi perempuan dan 19 tahun bagi laki-laki. Namun di usia tersebut pada umunya anak-anak masih mempunyai hak untuk mendapat pendidikan. Maka dari itu pengadilan agama menerapkan ketentuan dispensasi dengan syarat-syarat yang sudah ditetapkan.",
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"text": "Berdasarkan pernyataan di atas dapat disimpulkan bahwa dalam pernikahan banyak hal yang harus dipersiapkan, mulai dari kesiapan fisik, psikologis, finansial yang stabil dan matang. Hal ini dilakukan untuk mengantisipasi terjadinya hal-hal yang tidak diinginkan seperti yang tertulis di atas. Terlebih peran stabilnya perekonomian seseorang sangat berpengaruh besar pada kewarasan psikologis dalam pemenuhan kebutuhan seseorang.",
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"text": "Pasca kegiatan sosialisasi dan edukasi ini tim pelaksana akan tetap memonitoring dan meninjau tingkat pernikahan dini di Desa Lumbang, Kabupaten Pasuruan dengan terus memantau lewat data-data pernikahan yang tercatat di Kantor Urusan Agama (KUA). Oleh karena itu, tim pelaksana terus menghubungi penghulu untuk mendapati informasi yang berkelanjutan.",
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"text": "KESIMPULAN",
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{
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"text": "Pelaksanaan pengabdian masyarakat mengenai pencegahan pernikahan dini di Desa Lumbang Kabupaten Pasuruan telah berjalan dengan baik dan lancar. Pada kegiatan sosialisasi yang diadakan di Balai Desa Lumbang ini dihadiri oleh 40 peserta dan 9 orang undangan yang berasal dari berbagai instansi terkait yang ada di desa tersebut. Peserta tersebut terdiri dari remaja mulai usia 15 tahun keatas, bahkan dari mereka ada yang sudah memiliki anak di usia muda. Peserta yang hadir dalam acara sosialisasi menyampaikan bahwa kegiatan ini menjadi salah satu acara yang dinantikan oleh beberapa masyarakat Desa Lumbang. Hal tersebut karena beberapa masyarakat menyadari akan pentingnya mematuhi peraturan yang dibuat pemerintah, menjaga kesehatan diri dan mental mereka ketika telah menikah, dan pendidikan pada usia muda.",
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"text": "Beberapa telah menyadari pentingnya mencegah pernikahan dini namun hal tersebut masih banyak terjadi di Desa Lumbang karena faktor-faktor yang membuat mereka terpaksa menikah dini. Banyak peserta yang sebenarnya sadar akan pentingnya pendidikan dan kesehatan. Hal ini didapatkan ketika sharing bersama, beberapa peserta menyatakan keinginan untuk berkembang dan menggapai cita-citanya. Namun, tidak sedikit dari mereka yang akhirnya harus merelakan cita-citanya untuk menikah karena berbagai faktor yang terjadi di kehidupan mereka.",
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"text": "Pengabdian ini menjadi salah satu bentuk usaha untuk menyadarkan masyarakat khususnya remaja dan juga orang tua dalam mencegah pernikahan dini. Materi yang telah diberikan oleh bidan dari bidang kesehatan juga diharapkan membuat masyarakat sadar akan pentingnya menjaga dan mencegah pernikahan dini pada remaja. Secara tidak langsung pengabdian ini juga membantu program pemerintah untuk menekan laju pertumbuhan atau populasi pada masyarakat dan program stunting yang mana penyebabnya juga terjadi karena pernikahan dini.",
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"text": "DAFTAR PUSTAKA",
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{
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"width": 428,
"height": 55,
"page_number": 7,
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"text": "Arofik, S., & Mustakim, A. (2022). Tinjauan psikologi keluarga dan sosial masyarakat terhadap praktik pernikahan dini di Kecamatan Ngronggot Nganjuk. Jurnal Pikir: Jurnal Studi Pendidikan dan Hukum Islam , 8 (2), 1 –21. Hadiono, A. F. (2018). Pernikahan dini dalam perspektif psikologi komunikasi. Jurnal Darussalam: Jurnal Pendidikan, Komunikasi dan Pemikiran Hukum Islam , 9 (2), 385 –397.",
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"text": "Jurnal Praksis dan Dedikasi (JPDS) Oktober, 2023, Vol. 6, No. 2, hal. 120-127",
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"text": "Handayani, S., Nuraini, S., & Agustiya, R. I. (2021). Faktor-faktor penyebab pernikahan dini di beberapa etnis Indonesia. Buletin Penelitian Sistem Kesehatan , 24 (4), 265 –274. Mahfudin, A., & Waqi’ah, K. (2016). Pernikahan dini dan pengaruhnya terhadap keluarga di",
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"text": "Kabupaten Sumenep Jawa Timur. Jurnal Hukum Keluarga Islam , 1 (1), 33 –49. Maudina, L. D. (2019). Dampak pernikahan dini bagi perempuan. Jurnal Harkat: Media Komunikasi Gender , 15 (2), 89 –95.",
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"text": "Mayangsari, W., Prasetyo, F. A., & Wulandari, K. (2022). Otonomi perempuan dalam mengambil keputusan menikah kembali pasca perceraian akibat pernikahan dini. Journal of Urban Sociology , 5 (1), 4 –19.",
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6637a319-578b-690a-bf14-d071a70674ba | https://mathline.unwir.ac.id/index.php/Mathline/article/download/406/242 | [
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"text": "M A T H L I N E JURNAL MATEMATIKA DAN PENDIDIKAN MATEMATIKA",
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"text": "ISSN 2502-5872 (Print) ISSN 2622-3627 (Elektronik)",
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"text": "Volume 8 Number 3, August 2023, 795-804",
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"text": "POPULATION PROJECTION WITH THE APPLICATION OF THE DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION OF THE LOGISTIC AND EXPONENTIAL MODEL (Case Study: Yogyakarta Special Region Province)",
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"text": "Dewi Anggreini 1* , Sukiyanto 2 , Bherrio Dwi Saputra 3",
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"text": "1,3 Departement of Elementary School Teacher Education, Universitas Sarjanawiyata Tamansiswa, Yogyakarta Special Region Province, Indonesia",
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"text": "2 Departement of Mathematics Education, Universitas Sarjanawiyata Tamansiswa, Yogyakarta Special Region Province, Indonesia",
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"text": "*Correspondence: anggreini1104@gmail.com",
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"text": "ABSTRACT",
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"text": "The calculation of population projections in Indonesia at the provincial level is carried out by BPS using the component method, while at the district level it is done using the geometric method with the basic reference of calculating compound interest. From this, it is necessary to take another approach in calculating the projected population in the province of the Special Region of Yogyakarta. This study aims to determine population projections in the Special Region of Yogyakarta using exponential and logistic models based on growth rate and carrying capacity. The data used in this study is secondary data from the Central Bureau of Statistics of the Special Region of Yogyakarta in 2017–2022. The research method used is to determine the research subject, collect data, analyze the data, and draw conclusions. The result of this research is that the carrying capacity of the Special Region of Yogyakarta is 10,652,814 and the population growth rate for the logistic model is 0,02048.",
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{
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"text": "Keywords: Carrying Capacity, Exponential Model, Logistic Model, Population Projection",
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{
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"text": "How to Cite: Anggreini, D., Sukiyanto, S., & Saputra, B. D. (2023). Population Projection With The Application of The Differential Equation of The Logistic and Exponential Model (Case Study: Yogyakarta Special Region Province). Mathline: Jurnal Matematika dan Pendidikan Matematika, 8 (3), 795-804. http://doi.org/10.31943/mathline.v8i3.406",
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"page_number": 1,
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"text": "PRELIMINARY",
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 586,
"width": 442,
"height": 94,
"page_number": 1,
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"text": "Projection of population is an important issue that is the focus of studies in several countries in the world even today. The determining factors in the variables that make global changes in the future include the projected trend of population, population age, growth rate and migration. Economics, education, social, politics and culture greatly affect the rate of population growth in a country (Anggreini, 2018).",
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},
{
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"height": 53,
"page_number": 1,
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"text": "The population projection is calculated based on the past and future population using certain assumptions of changes in the rate of population growth and its components. According to calculations. The Province of the Special Region of Yogyakarta in 2020 has a",
"type": "Text"
},
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"left": 60,
"top": 31,
"width": 460,
"height": 25,
"page_number": 2,
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"text": "796 Population Projection With The Application of The Differential Equation of The Logistic and Exponential Model (Case Study: Yogyakarta Special Region Province)",
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},
{
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"top": 74,
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"text": "population of 3.668.719 people, with a population density of 1.227 people/km2 and administratively divided into 5 districts. Talking about the population, the Special Region of Yogyakarta is one of the provinces with the most population in Indonesia. With such a large population, the Special Region of Yogyakarta is the fourth most populous area in Indonesia (BPS, 2019).",
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{
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"text": "Differential equations can be represented on problems that occur in real life.",
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{
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"text": "Modeling differential equations with continuous population models such as exponential models and logistic models is a mathematical application that is often applied to everyday life (Myhammad Ahsar Karim, 2019). Continuous is defined as a model in which the population is directly dependent on time.(Di & Xu, 2021). According to Malthus, the exponential growth model describes an unlimited population in the environment (Ma, 2020). Anggreini (2020) argues that In 2030 the population of East Java Province amounted to 42.552.016 calculated by the exponential model. The logistics model is 41.444.035. It can be concluded that the most accurate calculation uses the smallest V MAPE Logistics model.",
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{
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"height": 155,
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"text": "The exponential growth model is a population growth rate proportional to the existing population (Ullah et al., 2019). Logistical growth is growth that is limited by biological situations and certain resources. Logistics model approach is a model that is considered closest to the actual population, this model produces the maximum number of populations (Naurah zahwa & Nurviana, 2021). Malthus' theory also argues that the logistic model is a model that is close to maximum growth, but it is different from Verhulst's theory which connects the concept of maximum population with population equations (Rozikin et al., 2021).",
"type": "Text"
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"width": 443,
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"page_number": 2,
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"text": "Some relevant studies that support and strengthen this research are as follows.(Barbosa & Rothwell, 2021) and (Uddin et al., 2019). The research concluded that the logistic model is a good calculation tool in estimating the population, and the results obtained are the environmental carrying capacity of 2.2 billion. Venkatesha et al., (2019) and Anggreini, (2020) discuss population growth using logistic and exponential models in calculating the population.Based on the explanation above, a projection with the model will be carried out on the future population growth of Yogyakarta City with reference to known population data. From the literature review, no one has discussed the projection of exponential and logistic calculations in Yogyakarta City .",
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"text": "797",
"type": "Page header"
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"width": 239,
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"text": "Dewi Anggreini , Sukiyanto, Bherrio Dwi Saputra",
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"text": "METHODS",
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"text": "The approach in this study uses a descriptive qualitative approach. The research data uses secondary data types. The first stage of the research method is to determine the research subject, the population of Yogyakarta in 2017 to 2022. Second, collecting research data from secondary data from the Yogyakarta Central Statistics Agency, analyzing the data and then making conclusions. The variables observed in this study were the rate of intrinsic growth and carrying capacity. The two models used in this study are the exponential and logistic models. Based on the assumptions, a population growth model is derived which is known as the logistic model. The data analysis technique used by the researcher was the first to construct the exponential and logistic differential equation model, looking for a solution from",
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"text": "The next step is to determine the projected population in Yogyakarta in 2035 using Excel and MAPLE applications.",
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"text": "The exponential model is expressed as follows:",
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"text": "(1)",
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"text": "The logistic model is used because of the fact in nature that the size of the population depends on the density of the population, so that the birth and death rates are not constant (Karim et al., 2022).",
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"text": "Anggreini (2020), explained that the value of K was obtained from the limit N( t ), namely: N( t ) max=",
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{
"left": 85,
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"text": "The techniques used in analyzing the form and model of research are:",
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"text": "1. Constructing the Verhulst/logistic differential equation model",
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{
"left": 92,
"top": 638,
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"text": "2. Finding the solution of the differential equation",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 92,
"top": 662,
"width": 407,
"height": 32,
"page_number": 3,
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"text": "3. Determining the measured time and the number of the initial population and the population in the following year",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 92,
"top": 704,
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"height": 11,
"page_number": 3,
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"text": "4. Determining the carrying capacity",
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{
"left": 92,
"top": 724,
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"text": "5. Find the population growth rate using the solution of the logistic modal equation.",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 92,
"top": 745,
"width": 418,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "6. Calculating the total population of Yogyakarta Province with the logistic equation",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 60,
"top": 31,
"width": 460,
"height": 25,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "798 Population Projection With The Application of The Differential Equation of The Logistic and Exponential Model (Case Study: Yogyakarta Special Region Province)",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 92,
"top": 74,
"width": 421,
"height": 32,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "7. Determining the population projection of Yogyakarta Province with modal logistic growth whose value is close enough to the census results",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 92,
"top": 115,
"width": 421,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "8. Determine the population projection of Yogyakarta Special Region Province using",
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},
{
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"top": 136,
"width": 199,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Maple and Microsoft Excel applications.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 177,
"width": 156,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "RESULT AND DISCUSSION",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 121,
"top": 198,
"width": 348,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "The following is data on the population in Yogyakarta from 2017-2022:",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 171,
"top": 219,
"width": 278,
"height": 108,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Table 1. Population Data in Yogyakarta Time Years Population Years (N) t=0 2017 3.768.235 N0 t=1 2018 3.818.266 N1 t=2 2019 3.868.588 N2 t=3 2020 3.919.197 N3 t=4 2021 3.970.220 N4 t=5 2022 4.021.816 N5",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 344,
"width": 428,
"height": 32,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "It is assumed that time ( t ) is measured in years and suppose t = 0 in 2017 then the initial condition is N (0) = 3,768,235. Determine the carrying capacity value, namely:",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 387,
"width": 15,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "K=",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 414,
"width": 442,
"height": 32,
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Value substituted by the equation to find the Carrying Capacity value in Yogyakarta, namely",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 223,
"top": 435,
"width": 150,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": ". The calculation is as follows:",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 486,
"width": 309,
"height": 56,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "= value distributed to the logistics model so that obtained",
"type": "Picture"
},
{
"left": 445,
"top": 592,
"width": 53,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "(6)",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 617,
"width": 442,
"height": 32,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Equation (6) will then look for a logistic model that represents the population growth rate of Yogyakarta for t =1 in 2018 then N (1)=3.818.266, if distributed into equation (6) we get",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 711,
"width": 206,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "value then substituted to (6) so obtained",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 474,
"top": 451,
"width": 17,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "(5)",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 532,
"top": 31,
"width": 21,
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"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "799",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 281,
"top": 32,
"width": 239,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Dewi Anggreini , Sukiyanto, Bherrio Dwi Saputra",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 74,
"width": 442,
"height": 32,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "The following table.2 contains the results of the population based on five logistical models from 2017-2022.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 135,
"top": 115,
"width": 342,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Tabel .2 Comparison between Census Results and Logistics Model",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 136,
"width": 439,
"height": 191,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Years Census Results M 1 M 2 M 3 M 4 M 5 2017 3.768.235 3.768.235 3.768.235 3.768.235 3.768.235 3.768.235 2018 3.818.266 3.818.266 3.818.266 3.818.267 3.818.302 3.818.383 2019 3.868.588 3.868.588 3.868.588 3.868.591 3.868.661 3.868.823 2020 3.919.197 3.919.193 3.919.193 3.919.197 3.919.303 3.919.548 2021 3.970.220 3.970.072 3.970.072 3.970.078 3.970.220 3.970.548 2022 4.021.816 4.021.218 4.021.218 4.021.225 4.021.403 4.021.816",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 143,
"top": 344,
"width": 333,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Tabel 3. Comparison of Census Results with Exponential Model",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 359,
"width": 422,
"height": 191,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Years Census Result MI M2 M3 M4 M5 2.017 3.768.235 3.768.235 3.768.235 3.768.235 3.768.235 3.768.235 2.018 3.818.266 3.818.266 3.818.082 3.817.747 3.809.360 3.809.360 2019 3.868.588 3.868.961 3.868.588 3.867.909 3.850.934 3.850.934 2.020 3.919.197 3.920.330 3.919.762 3.918.731 3.892.961 3.892.961 2.021 3.970.220 3.972.380 3.971.614 3.970.220 3.935.448 3.935.448 2.022 4.021.816 4.025.121 4.024.151 4.022.386 3.978.397 3.978.397",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 567,
"width": 76,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Galat (Error)",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 581,
"width": 435,
"height": 31,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "The Galat value is calculated by calculating the MAPE (Mean Absolute Percentage Error) formula, which is obtained from:",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 246,
"top": 623,
"width": 121,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "MAPE .",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 649,
"width": 442,
"height": 93,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Analyzing errors is very important in calculations that use numerical methods. An error is associated with how close the approximate solution is to the true solution. The smaller the error, the more precise the numerical solution obtained. Error can be applied to several calculation methods to determine the best projection based on the smallest error value in the several calculation methodsused.Before determining the best model used to calculate",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 60,
"top": 31,
"width": 460,
"height": 25,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "800 Population Projection With The Application of The Differential Equation of The Logistic and Exponential Model (Case Study: Yogyakarta Special Region Province)",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 74,
"width": 442,
"height": 32,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "population projections, the magnitude of the error from each model will be calculated exponential and logistic models using the MAPE formula (Terano, 2018).",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 109,
"top": 115,
"width": 394,
"height": 136,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Tabel 4. Galat Eksponensial Model Years MI MII MIII MIV MV 2017 0 0 0 0 0 2018 0 0,0048239 0,0135965 0,2332476 0,2332476 2019 0,009649 0 0,0175452 0,4563476 0,4563476 2020 0,028899 0,0144237 0,0118967 0,6694148 0,6694148 2021 0,054404 0,0350996 0 0,8758327 0,8758327 2022 0,082187 0,05805 0,0141674 1,0795773 1,0795773 ∑ Galat /n 0,022 0,014 0,007 0,414 0,414",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 226,
"top": 275,
"width": 160,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Tabel 5. Galat Logistik Model",
"type": "Caption"
},
{
"left": 107,
"top": 297,
"width": 421,
"height": 122,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Years M I M II M III M IV M V 2017 0 0 0 0 0 2018 0 0 3,54035E-05 0,00095066 0,003065486 2019 0 0 7,02857E-05 0,001887325 0,006085868 2020 0,000104642 0,000104642 0 0,002705231 0,00895611 2021 0,003718061 0,003718061 0,003579597 0 0,008271289 2022 0,014870403 0,014870403 0,014698667 0,010258904 0 ∑ Galat /n 0,002336638 0,002336638 0,002297994 0,001975265 0,003297344",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 436,
"width": 405,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Based on the previous explanation, the MAPE value from the Logistics IV model is",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 457,
"width": 239,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "0.0019. So the Logistics IV model with Equation",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 482,
"width": 436,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "predicting the total population is taken t =13 substituting into the logistic model IV we get:",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 192,
"top": 504,
"width": 86,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "= 4.439.373",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 542,
"width": 442,
"height": 73,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Based on these calculations, the total population in Yogyakarta resulting from the logistic model in 2035 is 4.439.373. To see in more detail the graphic description of the population of Yogyakarta between the results of the census and the results of the model exponential III and logistical models IV can be seen in figure 1 below:",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 119,
"top": 738,
"width": 374,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Figure 1. Comparison of Census Population with Exponential Model III",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 532,
"top": 31,
"width": 21,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "801",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 281,
"top": 32,
"width": 239,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Dewi Anggreini , Sukiyanto, Bherrio Dwi Saputra",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 133,
"top": 182,
"width": 346,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Figure 2.Comparison of Census Population with Logistic Model IV",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 212,
"width": 443,
"height": 94,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Figure 1 and Figure 2 show that the exponential model and the logistic model are both close to the actual data so that they can be used to project the population in Yogyakarta in the future.The following will be given a projection image for the future population in Yogyakarta using the exponential model with a time taking t = 0…18. Graphs 3 and 4 show that population growth in Yogyakarta is increasing from year to year.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 96,
"top": 473,
"width": 421,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Figure 3. Projection of Population Growth in Yogyakarta (exponential) t = 0…1",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 103,
"top": 653,
"width": 407,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Figure 4 . Projection of Population Growth in Yogyakarta (Verhulst) t = 0..300",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 681,
"width": 442,
"height": 73,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Based on figure 4 it can be seen that population growth in Yogyakarta is increasing in addition to that the number of residents will never exceed the carrying capacity so that the population in Yogyakarta will approach the value of K = 10.652.813. The smallest error using MAPE lies in the logistics model, namely the logistics model IV of 0.0019. The",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 60,
"top": 31,
"width": 460,
"height": 25,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "802 Population Projection With The Application of The Differential Equation of The Logistic and Exponential Model (Case Study: Yogyakarta Special Region Province)",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 74,
"width": 443,
"height": 176,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "smallest value becomes the best value because the error value is smaller. This is in accordance with the opinion expressed by (Venkatesha et al., 2019) MAPE which has a value of less than 10% is an accurate projection for predicting the population. So that the Logistics IV model is appropriate to use to predict the population in Yogyakarta in 2035 with a population of 4.439.373 and a population growth rate of r = 0.02050. The results of this study are also in accordance with research (Mondol et al., 2018) which concluded that the logistic model has a very low absolute error percentage (MAPE) compared to the exponential model. Therefore, the Logistics model is better at predicting the population for long-term predictions.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 121,
"top": 260,
"width": 406,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "The exponential and logistic models are almost identical to the actual data.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 281,
"width": 443,
"height": 135,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Logistics IV model produces a more accurate value in describing the population because for the future the logistic model gives results that are closer to the census results than the exponential model (Putri et al., 2022). This is in accordance with the results of research (Bhadula et al., 2021) which states that although the exponential and logistic models both have the smallest error values in projecting the population, the logistic model is more accurate and has a smaller error. It can be said that the logistic model is the best model for projecting the population in Yogyakarta.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 426,
"width": 443,
"height": 197,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "This finding is in line with Naurah zahwa & Nurviana (2021), Rozikin et al., (2021) Ullah. MS et al., (2019), Nurmadhani & Faisol,(2022) and Rosiyanti et al., (2022) also defining that the results of population projections for the future period are based on calculations using a logistic model close to the results of the population census. The projected population growth of Yogyakarta in the long term will experience an increase in population which will approach the carrying capacity value. So for the future the population in Yogyakarta will approach the value of K = 10.652.813. In line with (Venkatesha et al., 2019), Rozikin et al., (2021), Silvia et al., (2022) and Rosiyanti et al., (2022). Values limit population growth in an area or country (Mondol et al., 2018) . So the limit value of the asymptotic population growth of Yogyakarta is 10.652.813.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 654,
"width": 84,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "CONCLUSION",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 674,
"width": 446,
"height": 95,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Based on the results of the analysis, it can be concluded that: The population growth rate (r) in the Special Region of Yogyakarta using the exponential model is 0.002048 with ( 𝑁𝑡 ) =3.768.235 𝑒 (0,002048) 𝑡 , while using the logistic model the growth rate ( r ) is equal to 0.0019. The total population of the Special Region of Yogyakata in 2035 with an estimate of the exponential model III is 4.467.461 while using the logistic model IV it is",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 532,
"top": 31,
"width": 21,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "803",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 281,
"top": 32,
"width": 239,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Dewi Anggreini , Sukiyanto, Bherrio Dwi Saputra",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 74,
"width": 443,
"height": 156,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "4.439.373. Carrying capacity value = 10.652.813. The most accurate model for estimating the population of the Special Region of Yogyakarta in 2035 is the logistic model IV based on the smallest MAPE value, which is 0.0019. The projection of the population of the Special Region of Yogyakata based on the exponential model graph shows that population growth has increased. The projected population growth of the logistic model will not exceed the carrying capacity value of 10.652.813. So it can be ascertained that the logistic model is closer to the actual population conditions. Other researchers can develop this research to look for local stability analysis of the logistic equation model for the future.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 239,
"width": 442,
"height": 53,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "This is because this research has not discussed the stability of the model.Finding the stability of the system of each model so that it can determine when population growth in an area can be stabilized.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 322,
"width": 84,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "REFERENCES",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
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"page_height": 841,
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effb7ab5-1bc2-64c2-8013-0aa819bc182c | https://talenta.usu.ac.id/abdimas/article/download/2342/1729 | [
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"text": "Junedi Ginting. et al. The Roasting Coffee Equipment With Automatic Temperature Control and Steam/Hot…",
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"text": "THE ROASTING COFFEE EQUIPMENT WITH AUTOMATIC TEMPERATURE CONTROL AND STEAM / HOT AIR DISPOSAL TO ACCELERATE COOLING PROCESS OF SUPPLY RESULTS IN VILLAGE FRUIT OF REGENCY KARO",
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"text": "Junedi Ginting 1 , Aditia Warman 2 , Juliati Br Tarigan 3 1,2,3 Mathematic and Sains Faculty, University of North Sumatera Email: edittings@yahoo.com",
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"text": "This devotional activity has been carried out and runs well in line with the aim of assisting the community of coffee farmers in Buah Raya Village for the management of coffee beans mainly by way of roasting. The tool used is 1 set of coffee cutting equipment equipped with temperature control and exhaust vapor / hot air to accelerate the cooling process results from roasting. Testing the production of the tool is done by inserting the coffee beans to be roasting and then setting the temperature button on the equipment to the temperature used in accordance with the coffee beans are inserted, after finished activate the exhaust steam / hot air and then wait a while for the coffee beans are cold. Then move the coffee beans to the aluminum plate box as a shelter.",
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"text": "Keywords: The Roasting Coffee",
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"text": "Buah Raya Village is bordered by West Lau Biang, BintangMeriah Village to the East, Lau Buluh Village North, Limang Village and Perbesi Village in the South. Buah Raya Village is located in KutaBuluh District Karo Regency with distance ± 113 km from Medan City.",
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"text": "In general, the people of Buah Raya Village have variations in cropping, including coffee plants. Coffee as a plantation product in Indonesia ranks sixth after palm oil, rubber, sugar, tea and cocoa. For Indonesian people in general, drinking coffee has become a part of everyday life, especially for the elderly and now young people and teenagers. The processing of coffee beans by residents is still done manually because of the low insight of the community related equipment for processing the coffee beans so that residents sell their coffee beans with a relatively cheap price compared to the processed coffee beans.",
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"text": "By using a coffee bean spinning tool which is giving USU service team to coffee farmer group in Buah Raya village, all farmers of group of coffee farmers have been able to use tools to manage coffee bean so that their selling price in market is getting better which have positive impact to increase the income of community group coffee",
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"text": "farmers. The presence of this equipment encourages citizens' motivation to expand farming land and encourage people to plant coffee for people who have not grown coffee.Thus, the established karo coffee association is easier to break down local and international markets and conduct better assessment actions by bringing in international experts / experts due to sufficient quantity, presenting colleges / scientists to research further and utilize the coffee waste as medicine, fertilizer and animal feed.",
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"text": "1 set of coffee cutlery, platinum plate and dry coffee beans.",
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"text": "1. Dry coffee beans are put into the roasting equipment then connected to the power source.",
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"text": "2. On press the ON button on the equipment.",
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"text": "3. Set the temperature button on the equipment to regulate the temperature of the coffee bean in the equipment.",
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"text": "5. Once off is opened the equipment door then on the exit button steam / hot air.",
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"text": "6. Wait a few minutes until the roasting coffee bean becomes cold. After cool the roasting coffee beans are transferred to the aluminum plate box as a shelter.",
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"text": "7. To bend the next coffee bean then do step 1 to step 6.",
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"text": "Equipment works well because it can be roasting coffee beans so as to reduce the water content in the coffee beans, making coffee beans become more solid than before. The longer the time of roasting then the coffee beans produced will be more dry, therefore the time and temperature factor is very influential on the roasting tool this coffee.",
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"text": "After testing the coffee bean grinder using a time variation, and using a sample of 2 kg of dried coffee beans. From the results of sampling every 10, 20 and 30 minutes, it is",
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"text": "obtained data on temperature changes in the coffee bean roasting machine as shown in the data table of experimental results 1 below: Table 1. Test Result Data Time (minute) Temperature ( o C) T 1 T 2 T 3 T average 10 40.60 o C 42.87 o C 45.94 o C 43.13 o C 20 48.85 o C 50.23 o C 52.10 o C 50.39 o C 30 55.94 o C 58.63 o C 61.30 o C 58.57 o C",
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"text": "From the table above it can be seen, that the longer the holding time, the temperature of the roasting machine increases. In the experiments carried out on the coffee bean grinder, the relative temperature is quite normal, which is increasing in the range of ± 20% per ten minutes, although the results are different but remain stable. This is because the higher the air temperature of the roasting is, the higher the heat energy carried by the air so that more and more mass of liquid is evaporated from the surface of the material. With the length of time, the temperature of the material will rise and cause the water vapor pressure in the material to be higher than the water vapor pressure in the air, resulting in the transfer of water vapor from material to air / mass transfer and added the",
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"text": "main ingredient of the coffee bean roasting machine is stainless steel that can absorb heat well.",
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"text": "The combination of temperature and heating time during the roasting process through the roasting machine of coffee beans is done to avoid damage to the coffee beans. Air temperature, relative humidity, air flow, initial moisture content of the material and final content of the material are factors that affect the time or duration of grafting.",
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"text": "The results of the management of the coffee roasting machine also made some physical changes from the coffee beans at the time before the gongseng and after the roasted both from the level of humidity, mass, volume, resistance and discoloration of roasted coffee beans.",
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"text": "No HUMIDITY MASS (kg) VOLUME (l) Before After Before After Before After 1 81.00 80.20 2,00 1,86 3.42 3.24 2 81.30 80.40 2,00 1,86 3.34 3.32 3 80.50 80.50 2,00 1,86 3.32 3.37 Average 80.93 80.36 2,00 1,86 3.34 3.1 Basically it must be known that humidity levels differ from temperature. At temperatures, the lower the temperature, the higher the humidity. Conversely, the higher the temperature, the lower the humidity level. Then the level of moisture and water content contained in the coffee beans greatly affect the mass and volume of coffee beans. Overall we can know that the higher the temperature, the lower the humidity level, the mass and volume of coffee beans are also low. Depreciation that occurs in the mass of coffee beans is affected by changes in temperature over time.",
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"text": "With the presence of these equipment, the coffee farmers group in Buah Raya village and the neighboring village whose community cultivates coffee bordering their fields with the Buah Raya village field have all used equipment provided by the USU dedication team so that their coffee is sold to the market in the form of coffee beans before roasting and after being roasting. Where the selling price of the processed coffee beans has been more expensive than the selling price of the coffee beans before being roasted.",
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"text": "With the existence of tools in the village of Buah Raya result of giving the team the service of USU provide additional knowledge of coffee farming processing tehadap coffee farming communities in the village of Buah Raya also to other villages which at the time there is a party in the village of Buah Raya then the community exchange the insights / information that causes the community of the coffee farmers of Lau Buluh village inquired about the equipment to the USU service team. The result is that the coffee farming community in Lau Buluh village, Kuta Buluh District, has a coffee grinder that can be used to process coffee beans from their crops. The Lau Buluh village community gets information about this tool from the USU service team.",
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"text": "So the results of the activities of the USU service team is not only positive impact on the community coffee farmers group in the village of Buah Raya but a triger of coffee farmers in other villages in the District so that with this activity the USU service team managed to increase the financial income of the community to achieve welfare by utilizing the results technological development.",
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "ISSN Versi Cetak : 2549-4341 ISSN Versi Online : 2549-418X",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
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"top": 29,
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"text": "ABDIMAS TALENTA 3 (1) 2018: 59-62 http://jurnal.usu.ac.id/abdimas",
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{
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"top": 54,
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"text": "Junedi Ginting. et al. The Roasting Coffee Equipment With Automatic Temperature Control and Steam/Hot…",
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "62",
"type": "Page footer"
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"top": 75,
"width": 207,
"height": 111,
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"text": "The production of the tool shows that there are coffee beans that have different colors there are coffee beans are light-colored and also dark tones. This depends on how long the timing of the sling and how much temperature is given during the process of roasting take place. The longer the time of roasting the more dense color of coffee beans produced.",
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"text": "5. CONCLUSION",
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"top": 217,
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"text": "1. The combination of temperature and length of heating during the drying process through the roasting machine of coffee beans is done to avoid damage to the coffee beans.",
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{
"left": 79,
"top": 289,
"width": 207,
"height": 83,
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"text": "2. The coffee beans are roasted will experience physical changes, because at the time of grinding water content of the coffee beans will be reduced this is what causes the changes in humidity, mass, volume, resistance and color.",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 79,
"top": 391,
"width": 207,
"height": 39,
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"text": "3. The equipment that has been operated works well but it should be noted also the timing or duration of the roasting.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 97,
"top": 435,
"width": 189,
"height": 24,
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"text": "Because it will affect the end result of coffee beans.",
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"text": "6. SUGGESTION",
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"left": 79,
"top": 492,
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"text": "1. Coffee beans to be roasting it must been peeled.",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 79,
"top": 521,
"width": 207,
"height": 39,
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"text": "2. At the roasting time of beans note the time and temperature to be used for maximum results obtained.",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 79,
"top": 564,
"width": 207,
"height": 69,
"page_number": 4,
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"text": "3. Before the roasting is begin make sure the aluminum plate is empty, because the plate will be used as a container for storage while the coffee bean after the cold.",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 337,
"top": 76,
"width": 116,
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"page_number": 4,
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"text": "7. BIBLIOGRAPHY",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 319,
"top": 89,
"width": 207,
"height": 39,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Astu Pudjanarsa, Ir. MT dan Djati Nursuhud, Prof.Ir. MSME, 2009. Mesin Konversi Energi,",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 319,
"top": 131,
"width": 125,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Penerbit: Andi Publisher.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 319,
"top": 158,
"width": 207,
"height": 25,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Bambang Prastowo, dkk. 2010. Budidaya dan Pasca Panen Kopi,",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 319,
"top": 186,
"width": 207,
"height": 25,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Perkebunan Jakarta.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 319,
"top": 227,
"width": 207,
"height": 53,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Rahmad Nurudin dan Arya Mahendra Sakti, 2014. Rancang Bangun Mesin Pengupas Kulit Kopi. JRM. Volume 01 Nomor 02 Tahun 2014. 11-15.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 319,
"top": 296,
"width": 208,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Syahrir Arief, 2013: PERANCANGAN",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 319,
"top": 310,
"width": 208,
"height": 52,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "MESIN PENGUPAS KULIT KOPI . Proceeding Seminar Nasional Tahunan Teknik Mesin XII (SNTTM XII) &",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 319,
"top": 365,
"width": 177,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Thermofluid IV 23-24 Oktober 2013.",
"type": "Text"
}
] |
1162260e-1fd7-3472-b559-51d2c2d4e8e4 | https://ejurnal.its.ac.id/index.php/teknik/article/download/51461/6084 | [
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"text": "JURNAL TEKNIK ITS Vol. 9, No. 1, (2020) ISSN: 2337-3539 (2301-9271 Print)",
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"text": "Abstrak—Stres merupakan masalah umum yang terjadi dalam kehidupan umat manusia yang disebabkan oleh banyak hal seperti kekhawatiran keuangan, pekerjaan, bahkan lingkungan sosial. Menurut saintis Hans Selte – the father of stress research – stres adalah pangkal dari banyak penyakit. Dalam dunia kesehatan, stres sangat berdampak besar dalam cikal-bakal penyakit yang jauh lebih berbahaya seperti meningkatkan kemungkinan terkena jantung koroner, meningkatkan tekanan darah, dan meningkatkan kemungkinan infark miokard. Dalam lingkungan akademik, stres merupakan pengalaman yang paling sering dialami oleh para siswa, baik yang sedang belajar di tingkat sekolah ataupun di perguruan tinggi. Hal tersebut dikarenakan banyaknya tuntutan akademik yang harus dihadapi, seperti ujian, tugas-tugas, dan lain sebagainya. Sejumlah peneliti telah menemukan bahwa siswa yang mengalami stres akan cenderung menunjukkan kemampuan akademik yang menurun, kesehatan yang memburuk, depresi, dan gangguan tidur. Maka dari itu dibuatlah alat instrumentasi Electrocardiography (ECG), Galvanic Skin Response (GSR), Skin Temperature (ST) dengan mengunakan metode Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) sebagai decision maker. Dari pengambilan data 10 subjek dilakukan pengujian menggunakan metode Stroop Test, hasilnya variabel ECG dan GSR memiliki korelasi yang tinggi sekitar 80% dan 90% yang berarti nilai ECG dan GSR mengalami kenaikan sesuai dengan kenaikan stres. Sedangkan untuk ST korelasinya hanya 40%. Namun secara keseluruhan berdasarkan hasil fuzzy didapati bahwa 100% subjek mengalami peningkatan stres pada saat pengujian metode Stroop Test. Selain itu, hasil deteksi stres dari alat yang telah dibuat dibandingkan dengan hasil survey psikologis untuk memvalidasi hasil akhir, didapati akurasi 90% dengan satu hasil salah dan sembilan hasil deteksi benar. Ini menunjukan bahwa sistem yang diciptakan sudah berjalan dengan baik.",
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"text": "Kata Kunci —Stres, Electrocardiography, Galvanic Skin Response, Skin Temperature, Fuzzy Logic Controller.",
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"text": "TRES merupakan masalah umum yang terjadi dalam kehidupan umat manusia dan dewasa kini stres merupakan sebuah atribut kehidupan modern. Hal ini dikarenakan stres sudah menjadi bagian hidup yang tidak bisa terelakkan baik di lingkungan sekolah, kerja, keluarga, atau dimanapun, stres bisa dialami oleh seseorang [1]. Stres adalah tekanan internal maupun eksternal serta kondisi bermasalah lainnya dalam kehidupan. Dalam definisi lain stres juga merupakan suatu keadaan tertekan baik itu secara fisik maupun psikologis.",
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"text": "Dalam dunia kesehatan, stres sangat berdampak besar dalam cikal-bakal penyakit yang berbahaya seperti meningkatkan kemungkinan terkena jantung koroner, meningkatkan tekanan darah, dan meningkatkan kemungkinan infark miokard. Bahkan dalam jangka waktu yang lebih lama, stres dapat menyerang tubuh manusia dalam hal penekanan sistem kekebalan tubuh, penghambatan respon inflamasi, infentilitas dan penyakit diabetes [2]. Menurut saintis Hans Selte – the father of stress research yang memperkenalkan terori bahwa stres adalah pangkal dari banyak penyakit [3] .",
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"text": "Dalam lingkungan akademik, stres merupakan pengalaman yang paling sering dialami oleh para siswa, baik yang sedang belajar di tingkat sekolah ataupun di perguruan tinggi. Hal tersebut dikarenakan banyaknya tuntutan akademik yang harus dihadapi, misalnya ujian, tugas-tugas, dan lain sebagainya. Sejumlah peneliti telah menemukan bahwa siswa yang mengalami stres akan cenderung menunjukkan kemampuan akademik yang menurun, kesehatan yang memburuk, depresi, dan gangguan tidur [1].",
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"text": "Secara umum alur terjadinya stres berawal dari rangsang yang berasal dari luar dan dalam tubuh yang akan diteruskan pada sistem limbik sebagai pusat pengatur adaptasi. Sistem limbik meliputi thalamus, hipothalamus, amigdala, hippocampus dan septum. Hipothalamus memiliki efek yang sangat kuat pada hampir seluruh sistem visceral tubuh kita dikarenakan hampir semua bagian dari otak mempunyai hubungan dengannya. Maka hipothalamus dapat merespon rangsang psikologis dan emosional. Peran hypothalamus terhadap stres meliputi empat fungsi spesifik. Fungsi tersebut adalah; (1) menginisiasi aktivitas sistem saraf otonom; (2) merangsang hipofise anterior memproduksi hormon ACTH;( 3) memproduksi ADH atau vasopressin; (4) merangsang kelenjar tiroid untuk memproduksi hormon tiroksin. Maka, situasi stres ini mengaktivasi hipotalamus yang selanjutnya mengendalikan dua sistem neuroendokrin, yaitu sistem simpatik dan sistem korteks adrenal. Sistem saraf simpatik berespons terhadap impuls saraf dari hipotalamus yaitu dengan mengaktivasi berbagai organ dan otot polos yang berada di bawah pengendaliannya, sebagai contohnya, ia meningkatkan kecepatan denyut jantung dan mendilatasi pupil perubahaan suhu tubuh , telapak kaki dan tangan terasa dingin hingga keluar keringat pada telapak tangan . Dengan keberadaan stres yang tidak bisa terelakan oleh setiap orang maka dari itu, dirasa perlu",
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"text": "Rancang Bangun",
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"text": "Electrocardiography,",
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"text": "Galvanic Skin Respons e dan Skin Temperature untuk Mendeteksi Stres pada Manusia",
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"text": "Bangkit Nata Satria Muhardiani, Rachmad Setiawan dan Fauzan Arrofiqi Departemen Teknik Biomedik, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS)",
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"text": "JURNAL TEKNIK ITS Vol. 9, No. 1, (2020) ISSN: 2337-3539 (2301-9271 Print)",
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"text": "untuk menciptakan suatu alat yang dapat mengidentifkasi tingkatan stres. Dewasa kini mengidentifikasi permasalahan stres melalui metode psikologi sudah banyak digunakan. Namun dirasa perlu untuk mengidentifikasi dan mengukur tingkat stres secara fisiologi menggunakan sinyal tubuh seperti Galvanic Skin Response (GSR), Electrocardiograph (ECG), dan Skin Temperature (ST). Instrumentasi tersebut merupakan beberapa prediktor yang dianggap mampu untuk mendeteksi tingkat stres seseorang dengan gabungan metode fuzzy yang akan menjadi decision maker untuk mengklasifikasikan tingkat stres menjadi beberapa tingkatan.",
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"text": "A. Diagram Blok Sistem",
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"text": "Diagram blok keseluruhan sistem ditunjukkan pada Gambar 1. Terdapat 3 jenis instrumentasi yang digunakna, yaitu electrocardiography (ECG) untuk mendapatkan sinyal jantungnya dan mengukur Heart Beat -nya (HB), skin temperature (ST) untuk mengukur suhu tubuh (suhu kulit) dan",
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"text": "Galvanic Skin Response (GSR) untuk mengukur konduktivitas kulit manusia. Ketiga instrumentasi ini akan digunakan secara bersamaan untuk mengambil tubuh yang diinginkan. Khusus unutk instrumentasi ECG akan dilakukan proses feature extraction terlebih dahulu untuk mendapatkan nilai HB-nya. Feature extraction tersebut menggunakan Metode Pan Tomkins untuk menghasilkan nilail HB dengan beberapa tahap yaitu: filterisasi menggunakan filter BPF, derivative untuk melihat slope sinyal , squaring function untuk menjadikan nilai sinyal menjadi positif , moving window integration untuk mendapatkan bentuk sinyal yang lebih mudah dianalisis , thresholding R-R interval untuk melakukan seleksi R wave dan menghitung HB. Setelah semua nilai didapatkan, nilai akan menjadi input dari metode Fuzzy Logic Controller untuk mendapatkan decision subjek dan akan digolongkan menjadi tingkatan stres tertentu. Diagram blok sistem dapat dilihat pada Gambar 1.",
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"text": "Electrocardiography (ECG) adalah sebuah alat pencatat aktivitas jantung yang banyak digunakan untuk diagnosis penyakit jantung [4].ECG mengungkapkan informasi diagnostik yang paling berguna tentang keadaan jantung karena dapat merepresentasikan dalam bentuk gelombang sinyal jantung. ECG digunakan dalam penelitian sebagai salah satu alat monitoring kondisi jantung dan variabel pendukung dianosis. Dari sinyal jantung didapatkan morfologi yang akan diterjemahkan sebagai informasi heart rate dan interval QRS dengan menggunakan metode Pan-Tomkins sebagai parameter hasil ekstraksi fitur ECG . Instrumentasi ECG terdiri dari",
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"text": "Gambar 2. Instrumentasi rancangan ECG",
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"text": "Gambar 3. Arduino pro mini dan sensor DS18B20 instrumentasi ST",
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"text": "Gambar 4. Instrumentasi GSR",
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"text": "Gambar 5. Hasil output ECG",
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"text": "JURNAL TEKNIK ITS Vol. 9, No. 1, (2020) ISSN: 2337-3539 (2301-9271 Print)",
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"width": 255,
"height": 69,
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"text": "rangkaian tegangan referensi, rangkaian High Pass Filter (HPF), rangkaian instrumentasi amplifier, rangkaian Low Pass Filter (LPF), rangkaian Driven Right Leg (DRL) dapat dilihat pada Gambar 2. Input dari instrumentasi ECG adalah raw signal yang didapatkan dari tubuh manusia melalui lead. Hasil output ECG dapat dilihat pada Gambar 5.",
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"text": "C. Skin Temperature (ST)",
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"text": "Suhu tubuh atau temperatur tubuh adalah perbedaan antara jumlah panas yang diproduksi oleh proses tubuh dan jumlah panas yang hilang ke lingkungan luar. Temperatur tubuh manusia dapat diukur dengan menggunakan termometer. Pada perancangan hardware ini akan digunakan sensor temperatur DS18B20 yang ditempelkan di ketiak manusia. Pemilihan sensor temperature DS18B20 didasari oleh keunggulan yang dimilikinya, antara lain sebagai berikut: Unik 1-Wire interface hanya memerlukan satu pin port untuk komunikasi secara 1- Wire, setiap perangkat memiliki kode serial 64-bit yang disimpan dalam sebuah ROM onboard, tidak memerlukan ada komponen tambahan, bekerja pada kisaran tegangan 3 sampai 5,5V, dapat mengukur suhu pada kisaran -55 sampai 125 °C, Akurasi ± 0,5°C akurasi dari suhu -10 sampai 85 °C, resolusi dapat dipilih oleh pengguna antara 9 sampai 12 bit (0.5°C, 0.25°C, 0.125°C, dan 0.0625°C), kecepatan mengkonversi suhu maksimal 750 ms [5].",
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"text": "Selain itu pada penerapannya digunakan juga mikrokontroler tambahan untuk memudahkan pembacaan data sensor yaitu dengan menggunakan arduino pro mini. Mikrokontroler ini nantinya yang membantu perhitungan atau pemrosesan data dari hardware DS18B20 hingga didapatkan nilai suhu dalam satuan Celsius dapat dilihat pada Gambar 3.",
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"text": "(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h)",
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{
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"text": "Gambar 6. (a) Sinyal input ECG hasil ADC, (b) Filter BPF, (c) Derivative, (d) Squaring, (e) Window, (f) Threshold, (g) Sign, (h) Hasil BPM",
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"text": "Tabel 1. Rules heartbeat rendah GSR\\ST R S C T R S S R R S S S S R C C S S S T C C S S Tabel 2. Rules heartbeat sedang GSR\\ST R S C T R S S S R S C S S S C C C S S T C C C S Tabel 3. Rules heartbeat cukup GSR\\ST R S C T R C S S S S C C S S C C C C S T T C C C Tabel 4. Rules heartbeat tinggi GSR\\ST R S C T R C C S S S C C C S C T C C C T T T C C Ket. R : Rendah, S : Sedang , C : Cukup, T : Tinggi",
"type": "Table"
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"width": 333,
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"text": "JURNAL TEKNIK ITS Vol. 9, No. 1, (2020) ISSN: 2337-3539 (2301-9271 Print)",
"type": "Page header"
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"text": "A107",
"type": "Page header"
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{
"left": 47,
"top": 540,
"width": 144,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 612,
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"text": "D. Galvanic Skin Response (GSR)",
"type": "Section header"
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{
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"top": 555,
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"height": 117,
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"text": "Galvanic Skin Response (GSR) adalah salah satu dari beberapa tanggapan elektrodermal (EDRs). EDRs adalah perubahan sifat listrik dari kulit seseorang yang disebabkan oleh interaksi antara lingkungan dan keadaan psikologis individu. Kulit manusia adalah konduktor listrik yang baik dan ketika arus listrik lemah dikirimkan ke kulit, perubahan konduksi kulit sinyal yang dapat diukur. Variabel yang diukur adalah resistensi atau timbal balik dan konduktansinya. Output dari GSR amplifier adalah konduktansi kulit dinyatakan dalam satuan yang disebut microSiemens.",
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"text": "Rangkaian ini terdiri dari rangkaian pembagi tegangan, rangkaian voltage follower dan rangkaian differential amplifier atau op-amp subtractor . Untuk memudahkan pengambilan data dan mencegah hal-hal yang tidak diinginkan maka dapat menggukan modul GSR. Skematik pada Gambar 4 juga sudah",
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"text": "sesuai dengan modul GSR sehingga baik output rangkaian dari skematik GSR ataupun modul akan memiliki nilai yang sama.",
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{
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"text": "E. Galvanic Skin Response (GSR)",
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"top": 409,
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"text": "Software dirancang sesuai diagram blok pada Gambar 1 dengan menggunakan 3 input yang didapat dari ECG, GSR dan ST. Dari setiap inputan akan diproses menggunakan microcontroller STM32 yang berfungsi sebagai analog to digital converter (ADC).",
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"text": "F. Pan-Tomkins",
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{
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"top": 490,
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"text": "Feature extraction secara eksplisit memberikan indeks stres dari sinyal fisiologis. Sinyal ECG langsung dinilai dengan menggunakan algoritma pencari puncak yang umum digunakan untuk mendapatkan interval R-R [4]. Proses feature extraction dilakukan untuk mengekstraksi setiap parameter yang dapat dihasilkan oleh 2 input dengan menggunakan metode Pan- Tomkins yang memiliki beberapa tahap dalam pemrosesansnya seperti: filtering, derivative, squaring function, moving window integration, thresholding,R-R interval [4] .",
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"text": "Filter merupakan metode yang bertujuan untuk mengatasi noise sehingga perlu dilakukan untuk memperbaiki kualitas sinyal gelombang QRS. Salah satunya adalah dengan filtering gelombang baik secara linear maupun secara non - linear. Bandpass filter merupakan salah satu filtering linear yang berfungsi untuk memperhalus dan menghilangkan noise pada suatu sinyal yang bekerja dengan menggantikan intensitas nilai pixel dengan rata-rata dari nilai pixel tersebut terhadap nilai pixel tetangganya. Bandpass filter telah digunakan secara luas untuk memperhalus dan mengembalikan bagian dari citra yang mengandung noise yang berbentuk bintik putih dan noise-noise",
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{
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"height": 7,
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"text": "Table 5.",
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{
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"top": 76,
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"text": "Nilai membership function setiap variabel Level Rendah Sedang Cukup Tinggi ECG 60.00 BPM 72.94±9.64 BPM 81.38±9.98 BPM 90.55±10.6 9 BPM GSR < 2 3 – 4 5 – 6 7 – 10 ST 34 o -38 o C 30 o -34 o C 26 o -30 o C < 26 o C",
"type": "Table"
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{
"left": 63,
"top": 143,
"width": 226,
"height": 375,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "Tabel 6. Perbandingan HB Percobaan Finger Pulse Oximeter ECG Error Subjek 1 87 86.7 0.3 Subjek 2 78 79.3 1.3 Subjek 3 72 72.34 0.34 Subjek 4 82 81.16 0.84 Subjek 5 92 93.98 1.98 Error Total 0.952 Tabel 7. Hasil pengujian ST Percobaan Termometer DS18B20 Error Subyek 1 Ketiak 1 35.8° C 35.4° C 0.4 Genggam 1 34.7° C 34° C 0.7 Subyek 2 Ketiak 2 36.1° C 35.7° C 0.4 Genggam 2 35.4° C 34.7° C 0.7 Subyek 3 Ketiak 3 36° C 35.5° C 0.5 Genggam 3 35.9° C 35.5° C 0.4 Error Total Ketiak 0.43 Genggam 0.6 Tabel 8. Perbandingan konduktansi Resistor Ohm Tegangan V Konduktansi uSiemens 100K 0.802 10 220K 0.132 4.54 330K 0.62 3.03 470K 1 2.12 560K 1.18 1.78 680K 1.36 1.47 820K 1.51 1.21 1M 1.66 1 2M 2.03 0.5 3M 2.18 0.33",
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{
"left": 433,
"top": 123,
"width": 12,
"height": 210,
"page_number": 4,
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"text": "(a) (b) (c) (d)",
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{
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"top": 336,
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"text": "Gambar 7. (a). Grafik input ST, (b). Nilai Celsius, (c). Grafik sinyal GSR, (d). Nilai Konduktansi",
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"text": "JURNAL TEKNIK ITS Vol. 9, No. 1, (2020) ISSN: 2337-3539 (2301-9271 Print)",
"type": "Page header"
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"left": 543,
"top": 24,
"width": 25,
"height": 9,
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"text": "A108",
"type": "Page header"
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{
"left": 47,
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"width": 255,
"height": 33,
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"text": "yang lainnya. Bandpass filter teridiri dari 2 filter yang beriringan yaitu Highpass Filter dan Lowpass Filter yang dapat dihitung menggunakan persamaan (3.6) dan (3.7).",
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"text": "𝑦 (𝑛𝑇) = 32 𝑥 (𝑛𝑇 − 16𝑇 − [𝑦 (𝑛𝑇 − 𝑇) + 𝑥(𝑛𝑇) − 𝑥(𝑛𝑇) − 𝑥(𝑛𝑇 − 32𝑇] (3.6) 𝑦 (𝑛𝑇) = 2𝑦(𝑛𝑇 − 𝑇) − 𝑦(𝑛𝑇 − 2𝑇) + 𝑥(𝑛𝑇) − 2𝑥(𝑛𝑇 − 6𝑇) + 𝑥(𝑛𝑇 − 12𝑇) (3.7)",
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"text": "Derivative adalah tahap dimana sinyal yang telah difilter akan diproses sehingga lebih terlihat slope- nya untuk mempermudah dalam menganalisis QRS kompleks dalam pembagian P, QRS dan T. Derivative dapat dihitung menggunakan persamaan (3.8).",
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"text": "𝑦 (𝑛𝑇) = (1 8𝑇 ⁄ )[−𝑥(𝑛𝑇 − 2𝑇) − 2𝑥(𝑛𝑇 − 𝑇) + 2𝑥(𝑛𝑇 + 𝑇) + 𝑥(𝑛𝑇 + 2𝑇)] (3.8)",
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"top": 615,
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"text": "Squaring function adalah metode yang membuat seluruh sinyal outputan dari tahap derivative bernilai positif dengan memangkatkan sinyal inputan tersebut. Squaring function dapat dihitung menggunakan persamaan (3.9).",
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"text": "𝑌 (𝑛𝑇) = [𝑥(𝑛𝑇)]² (3.9)",
"type": "Table"
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{
"left": 47,
"top": 712,
"width": 254,
"height": 22,
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"text": "Moving window integration adalah metode yang bertujuan untuk mendapatkan bentuk yang memiliki informasi dan",
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"text": "membatu dalam menganalisis slope pada R. Moving window integration dapat dihitung menggunakan persamaan (3.10).",
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"text": "𝑦 (𝑛𝑇) = (1 𝑁 ⁄ )[𝑥(𝑛𝑇 − (𝑁 − 1)𝑇 + 𝑥(𝑛𝑇 − 𝑁 − 2)𝑇 + ⋯ + 𝑥(𝑛𝑇)] (3.10)",
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"left": 313,
"top": 612,
"width": 255,
"height": 81,
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"text": "Thresholding adalah metode yang digunakan untuk melakukan seleksi terhadap R wave yang akan diambil untuk melakukan perhitungan heart beat . Selain itu thresholding bertujuan menghitung interval setiap grafik yang melewati batas yang telah ditentukan dan mengambil rata-ratanya sehingga mendapatkan heart beat yang diinginkan. Heart beat dapat dihitung menggunakan persamaan (3.11).",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑄𝑅𝑆𝑥 60 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑘 𝑗𝑢𝑚𝑙𝑎ℎ 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑘𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 (𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑘) 𝑏𝑝𝑚 (3.11)",
"type": "Table"
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{
"left": 427,
"top": 62,
"width": 28,
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"text": "Table 9.",
"type": "Text"
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"page_height": 792,
"text": "Hasil pengambilan data sebelum stroop test Nama ECG BPM GSR uSiemens ST Celsius Stres COG R S C T Subjek 1 106.4 1.61 36.19 0 0.3 0.6 0 50.3 Subjek 2 82.23 4.84 36.69 0 0.8 0.1 0 37.6 Subjek 3 69.03 6.53 35.88 0 0.5 0 0 35 Subjek 4 77.92 0.67 34.81 0.4 0.6 0 0 25.7 Subjek 5 67.95 3.7 34.63 0.3 0.4 0 0 25.4 Subjek 6 83.56 3.92 31.94 0 0.7 0.1 0 36.8 Subjek 7 69.6 7.99 35.19 0 0.6 0 0 35 Subjek 8 79.95 1.06 32.5 0.2 0.8 0 0 29.8 Subjek 9 86.63 0.93 34.13 0 0.5 0 0 35 Subjek 10 73.58 1.22 34.69 0.9 0.2 0 0 16.3 Table 10. Hasil pengambilan data sesudah stroop test Nama ECG BPM GSR uSiemens ST Celsius Stres COG R S C T Subjek 1 100.8 5.39 34.38 0 0 1 0 60 Subjek 2 87.02 4.44 36.44 0 0.5 0.4 0 46.2 Subjek 3 73.35 9.81 32.88 0 0.9 0.2 0 39.5 Subjek 4 81.54 7 35.31 0 0.1 0.9 0 57.3 Subjek 5 77.06 5.83 33.13 0 0.5 0 0 35 Subjek 6 88.29 4.36 34.31 0 0.6 0.3 0 44.3 Subjek 7 72.7 12.32 35.88 0 0.9 0.1 0 38.1 Subjek 8 90.24 3.56 36.25 0 0.9 0 0 35 Subjek 9 84.67 3.17 36.13 0 0.6 0 0 35 Subjek 10 79.98 2.68 36.06 0.2 0.6 0 0 29.0 (a) (b) (c) (d)",
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"text": "Gambar 8. Hasil fuzzifikasi (a). Miu ECG, (b) Miu resistansi, (c) Miu suhu, (d) Hasil fuzzy",
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"text": "JURNAL TEKNIK ITS Vol. 9, No. 1, (2020) ISSN: 2337-3539 (2301-9271 Print)",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 543,
"top": 24,
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"height": 9,
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"text": "A109",
"type": "Page header"
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{
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"top": 384,
"width": 140,
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"text": "G. Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC)",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 47,
"top": 399,
"width": 255,
"height": 202,
"page_number": 6,
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"text": "Pada penelitian kali ini, digunakan Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) sebagai metode decision making untuk menentukan seseorang mengalami tingkatan stres tertentu. Variabel yang mempengaruhi pengambilan keputusan tersebut antara lain: Beat Per Minute (BPM) jantung (ECG), resistansi atau konduktivitas kulit (GSR) dan suhu tubuh manusia dalam celsius (ST). Membership function dari 3 variabel tersebut dapat dilihat pada Tabel 5 dan dalam bentuk tampilan program. Selain itu, salah satu komponen penting dalam penggunaan metode fuzzy adalah rules . Rules dari ketiga variabel tersebut yang tiap variabelnya memiliki 4 klasifikasi menghasilkan rules yang banyak pula. Didapatkan total 64 rules dari variasi kemungkinan pengambilan keputusan unutk metode fuzzy seperti pada Tabel 1 – Tabel 4. Sebelum itu dalam penetuan membership function dibutuhkan acuan sehingga dapat membantu dalam permbuatannya. Nilai tersebut dapat dilihat pada Tabel 5.",
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"text": "H. Metode Validasi",
"type": "Section header"
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{
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"top": 625,
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"height": 69,
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"text": "Metode pengujian untuk memvalidasi hasil tingkatan stres pada subjek dan pengaruh variabel yang digunakan terhadap stres pada manusia menggunakan metode Stroop Test . Metode stroop test adalah metode yang ditemukan oleh ahli psikologi yaitu John Ridley Stroop pada tahun 1935. Tes ini berisi tulisan yang setiap katanya memiliki warna yang berbeda.",
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"text": "Tujuan dari tes ini untuk mengukur pengaruh dari subjek yang diberikan uji stroop test sebelum dan sesudahnya. Karena stroop test merupakan metode yang telah banyak diketahui",
"type": "Text"
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"left": 313,
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"text": "untuk menginduksi tekanan mental. Dalam praktiknya subjek terlebih dahulu menggunakan alat untuk mendeteksi tingkatan stresnya. Lalu setelah penggunaan alat pertama selesai subjek akan diberikan stroop test beberapa menit dan kemudian diambil lagi data tingkatan stresnya untuk dilihat apakah ada perubahan sebelum dan sesudah diberikan stroop test . Setelah data terkumpul akan dilakukan analisis terkait validasi data yang didapatkan dengan pengujian stroop test ini. Metode stroop sest juga dirancang sedemikian rupa dengan memberikan tingkatan dalam pengujiannya yaitu mudah sedang susah. Mudah adalah soal dengan jeda 5 detik, sedang dengan jeda 3 detik dan susah dengan jeda 1 detik untuk setiap soalnya. Lama pengujiannya kurang lebih 5 menit. Subjek dituntut untuk menjawab soal dengan tepat, cepat dan melafalkannya dengan suara yang jelas. Selain metode stroop sest dilakukan juga survey dengan memberikan pertanyaan kepada calon subjek yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui kondisi psikologisnya saat itu. Dan didapatkan indikasi stres berdasarkan jawaban dari 20 soal yang diberikan. Metode survey ini dilakukan agar menjadi pembanding hasil yang didapatkan oleh alat pada tugas akhir kali ini.",
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"text": "III. HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN",
"type": "Section header"
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{
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"text": "A. Pengujian ECG",
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"text": "Pengujian output ini bertujuan untuk melihat hasil dari rangkaian ECG secara keseluruhan sudah bekerja dengan baik atau belum. Output yang diharapkan adalah sinyal jantung yang memiliki karakteristik gelombang PQRST secara lengkap. Output rangkaian ECG dapat dilihat pada Gambar 5 dan Tabel 6 adalah hasil perbandingan nilai HB yang didapat dari finger pulse oximeter dan instrumentasi ECG.",
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"text": "B. Pengujian ST",
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"text": "Peng ujian rangkaian Skin Temperature dilakukan dengan membandingkan secara langsung hasil dari rangkaian ST dengan termometer suhu badan. Pengambilan data didapat dari beberapa subjek yang diukur dari dua tempat pengukuran yaitu di ketiak dan di genggaman tangan. Hasil data pengujian dapat dilihat pada Tabel 7.",
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"text": "C. Pengujian GSR",
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"text": "Pengujian GSR dilakukan dengan cara memberikan input berupa resistor yang bervariasi lalu dillakukan pengukuran terhadap output sehingga didapatkan nilai tegangannya. Hasil pengujian dapat dilihat pada Tabel 8.",
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"text": "D. Pengujian Integrasi Seluruh Sistem",
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"text": "Setelah semua nilai didapatkan maka akan dilakukan proses integrasi seluruh sistem. Namun untuk nilai HB terlebih dahulu sinyal ECG yang harus diproses untuk mendapatkan nilai HB- nya. Proses tersebut menggunakan metode Pan-Tomkins yang setiap tahapan prosesnya dapat dilahat pada Gambar 6. Setelah didapatkan seluruh nilai variabel seperti pada Gambar 7 maka akan dilanjutkan ke tahap integrasi dengan menggunakan metode fuzzy . Semua nilai variabel nantinya akan menjadi input untuk menentukan bahwa subjek berada pada tingkatan stres tertentu. Lalu didapatkan hasil dari fuzzifikasi, miu dari tiap",
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"text": "Table 11.",
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"text": "Hasil pengambilan data menggunakan survey Nama Stres Stres R S C T Subjek 1 0 25 75 0 C Subjek 2 20 70 10 0 S Subjek 3 15 50 35 0 S Subjek 4 5 50 35 10 S Subjek 5 15 65 20 0 S Subjek 6 10 80 10 0 S Subjek 7 5 75 10 10 S Subjek 8 0 80 20 0 S Subjek 9 10 60 25 5 S Subjek 10 35 50 10 5 S Table 12. Hasil pengambilan data menggunakan sistem Nama Stres COG Stres R S C T Subjek 1 0 0.38 0.61 0 50.35 C Subjek 2 0 0.84 0.09 0 37.6 S Subjek 3 0 0.53 0 0 35 S Subjek 4 0.48 0.65 0 0 25.73 S Subjek 5 0.38 0.48 0 0 25.49 S Subjek 6 0 0.78 0.06 0 36.85 S Subjek 7 0 0.65 0 0 35 S Subjek 8 0.27 0.85 0 0 29.82 S Subjek 9 0 0.57 0 0 35 S Subjek 10 0.93 0.21 0 0 16.32 R",
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"text": "Keterangan:",
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"text": "R : Rendah, S : Sedang , C : Cukup, T : Tinggi",
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"text": "JURNAL TEKNIK ITS Vol. 9, No. 1, (2020) ISSN: 2337-3539 (2301-9271 Print)",
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"text": "variabel hingga output fuzzy keseluruhan yang berupa diagnosis tingkatan stres pada manusia seperti pada Gambar 8.",
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"text": "Dari program yang telah diujicobakan dapat dilakukan beberapa analisis. Untuk membership function ECG didapatkan nilai masukan sebesar 69.32 BPM yang didapatkan dari perhitungan instrumentasi yang telah dibuat. Jika digolongkan dalam membership function dari ECG heart beat didapatkan spesifikasi posisi berupa: 0.27 rendah, 0.62 sedang, 0 cukup dan 0 tinggi. Spesifikasi tersebut menunjukan bahwa dengan nilai heart beat subjek memiliki tingkat 0.62 dominan sedang, 0.27 rendah, 0 untuk tingkat stres cukup dan tinggi. 2 nilai tingkatan stres terisi disebabkan irisan pada membership function namun bisa dihipotesiskan bahwa dengan variabel heart beat ECG ini subjek diidentifikasi memiliki kecendrungan stres sedang. Untuk membership function ST didapatkan nilai masukan sebesar 35.88° C yang didapatkan dari perhitungan instrumentasi yang telah dibuat. Jika digolongkan dalam membership function dari ST temperatur didapatkan pesifikasi posisi berupa: 0 rendah, 0 sedang, 0 cukup dan 1 tinggi. Spesifikasi tersebut menunjukan bahwa dengan nilai temperatur subjek memiliki tingkat kestresan 1 dominan rendah, 0 sedang, 0 cukup dan 0 untuk tingkat stres tinggi. Nilai 1 suhu tinggi didapatkan karena membership function yang bersangkutan tidak terjadi irisan dengan membership fuction lainnya sehingga nilainya mutlak 1 yang berarti subjek memiliki tingkat stres rendah. Untuk membership function GSR didapatkan nilai masukan sebesar 6.53 yang didapatkan dari perhitungan instrumentasi yang telah dibuat. Jika digolongkan dalam membership function dari GSR resistansi didapatkan spesifikasi posisi berupa: 0 rendah, 0 sedang, 0.47 cukup dan 0.53 tinggi. Spesifikasi tersebut menunjukan bahwa dengan nilai resistansi subjek memiliki tingkat kestresan 0 rendah, 0 sedang, 0.47 cukup dan 0.53 untuk dominan tingkat stres tinggi. 2 nilai tingkatan stres terisi disebabkan irisan pada membership function rendah dan sedang beririsan di nilai 6.53 sehingga dapat dihipotesiskan bahwa dengan variabel resistansi GSR diidentifikasi memiliki kecendrungan stres tinggi 0.53 lebih besar dari 0.47.",
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"text": "Setelah semua nilai dimiliki (nilai miu rendah, miu sedang, miu cukup, miu tinggi) maka akan lanjut ke tahap selanjutnya yaitu implikasi dan agregasi. Tahap implikasi adalah membuat rules yang pada metode ini menggunakan metode Mamdani. Rules telah dibuat dan dapat dilihat pada Tabel 1 – Tabel 4 yang dapat dibandingkan dengan hasil akhir tingkatan stres untuk mengetahui kebenarannya. Agregasi adalah tahap untuk memproses rules , hasil agregasi dan mamdani dapat dilihat pada Gambar 8 (d). Grafik arsir adalah hasil agregasi yang sesuai dengan if-then rules yang didapat dari nilai miu setiap variabel. Bila dicocokan dari membership dan nilai miu dengan rules yang telah dibuat, jika ECG adalah sedang dan GSR adalah tinggi dan ST adalah tinggi maka OUTPUT adalah sedang (0.53). Maka hasil yang ditampilkan pada Gambar 8 sesuai dengan rules pada Tabel 2. selain itu jika disesuaikan dengan COG yang dihasilkan hasilnya tepat yaitu 35 pada sumbu x.",
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"text": "E. Pengujian Integrasi Seluruh Sistem",
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"text": "Untuk hasil pengujian menggunakan metode stroop test dengan banyak subjek 10 orang didapatkan hasil yang cukup memuaskan. Jika dilihat pada Tabel 9 dan Tabel 10 dapat kita amati beberapa variabel, salah satunya adalah variabel hasil atau COG. Nilai COG adalah nilai tingkatan stres yang menunjukan indikasi stres dari subjek. Terdapat perbedaan dari hasil sebelum dan sesudah diuji coba. Sebagai contoh subjek 2 pada saat sebelum diberikan stroop test didapatkan hasil 37.6 dan 46.24 COG setelah dilakukan stroop test . Untuk subjek 5 sebelum diberikan stroop test didapatkan hasil 25.49 dan 60 COG setelah dilakukan stroop test . Begitu juga dengan subjek lainnya, hasil yang didapatkan setelah melakukan stroop test cenderung memiliki kenaikan pada saat stres.",
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"text": "Untuk variabel ECG pada subjek 2 memiliki nilai 82.23 BPM sebelum dan 87.02 BPM sesudah stroop test . Untuk subjek 5 didapatkan nilai 50.35 BPM sebelum dan 35 BPM setelah stroop test . Begitu juga dengan subjek lainnya hasil yang didapatkan setelah melakukan stroop test cenderung memiliki kenaikan pada saat stres. Untuk variabel GSR pada subjek 2 didapatkan nilai 4.84 uSiemens sebelum dan 4.44 uSiemens sesudah stroop test . Sedangkan untuk subjek 5 didapatkan 3.57 uSiemens sebelum dan 5.83 sesudah stroop test . Pada subjek 2 untuk sebelum dan sesudah tes nilai yang didapatkan mengalami penurunan namun jika disesuikan kembali pada membership function nilai tersebut masih berada pada klasifikasi yang sama yaitu stres “sedang” sehingga walaupun mengalami penurunan namun masih di dalam klasifikasi yang sama. Sedangkan untuk subjek 5 hasil yang didapatkan masih sesuai teori mengalami kenaikan setelah pengujian stroop test . Variabel ST untuk subjek 2 memiliki nilai 36.69 celsius sebelum dan 36.44 sesudah stroop test . Sedangkan subjek 5 memiliki nilai 34.63 celsius sebelum dan 33.13 celsius sesudah stroop test . Untuk 2 varibel ini memiliki kesesuaian dengan teori karena untuk variabel ST memiliki kecendrungan nilai turun jika subjek mengalami kenaikan tingkatan stres. Secara keseluruhan dapat kita lihat pada Tabel 9 dan Tabel 10 nilai sebelum dan sesudah stroop test untuk variabel ECG secara keseluruhan sesuai dengan teori yang berarti mengalami kenaikan BPM dengan tingkat korelasi 80% setelah diberikan uji coba stroop test begitu juga variabel GSR yang hampir keseluruhan nilai sesuai dengan teori dengan tingkat korelasi 90%. Berbeda dengan variabel ST, hasil yang didapatkan memiliki korelasi yang rendah yaitu 40%, cenderung tidak sesuai karena suhu mengalami kenaikan. Kemungkinan disebabkan kesalahan pengambilan data ketika jeda uji stroop test. Kebanyakan dari subjek tidak melepas sensor suhu dari ketiak sedangkan sensor-sensor yang lain dilepaskan. Namun secara umum hasil akhir COG memiliki kesesuai 100% dengan teori yang mengalami kenaikan setelah dilakukan uji coba stroop test. Selain itu metode validasi menggunakan survey yang dibandingkan dengan hasil deteksi stres sistem pada Tabel 11 dan Tabel 12 juga memiliki kesusuaian yang tinggi. Dari Tabel 10 subjeknya subjek ke-10 yang tidak sesui dengan hasil survey. Hasil survey menunjukan deteksi sedang sedangkan",
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"text": "JURNAL TEKNIK ITS Vol. 9, No. 1, (2020) ISSN: 2337-3539 (2301-9271 Print)",
"type": "Page header"
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"text": "A111",
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"height": 81,
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"text": "pada sistem mendeteksi rendah. Ketidak sesuaian ini bisa saja terjadi dikarenakan ketidakmaksimalan dalam pengambilan data, psikologi subjek yang terlalu cepat berubah dan lain sebagainya. Namun, jika dipresentasikan kesesuaian hasil validasi antara metode survey dan sistem memiliki nilai 90%. Nilai ini sudah cukup tinggi untuk menunjukan bahwa sistem yang diciptakan sudah berjalan dengan sangat baik.",
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"text": "IV. KESIMPULAN",
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"text": "Pada tugas akhir ini diajukan sebuah instrumentasi alat yang dapat mengidentifikasi tingkatan stres menjadi 4 level dengan menggunakan 3 variabel. Instrumentasi alat ECG dan ST memiliki nilai error 0.9 BPM dan 0.4°C sehingga data yang didapatkan bisa dipertanggung jawabkan. Terlebih untuk instrumentasi ECG berhasil memunculkan sinyal jantung dengan tingkat kejernihan sinyal yang tinggi terbukti dengan morfologi sinyal ECG yang sangat jelas.",
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"text": "Penggunaan metode Fuzzy sangat berguna untuk menentukan pengambilan keputusan dengan data-data crisp. Dari pengambilan data 10 subjek dilakukan pengujian menggunakan metode Stroop Test, hasilnya variabel ECG dan GSR memiliki korelasi yang tinggi sekitar 80% dan 90% yang berarti nilai ECG dan GSR mengalami kenaikan sesuai dengan kenaikan stres. Sedangkan untuk ST korelasinya hanya 40%.",
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"text": "Namun secara keseluruhan berdasarkan hasil fuzzy didapati bahwa 100% subjek mengalami peningkatan stres pada saat pengujian metode Stroop Test . Hasil deteksi stres dari alat yang telah dibuat dibandingkan dengan hasil survey psikologis untuk memvalidasi hasil akhir memiliki akurasi 90% dengan satu hasil salah dan sembilan hasil deteksi benar. Ini menunjukan bahwa sistem yang diciptakan sudah berjalan dengan baik.",
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"text": "DAFTAR PUSTAKA",
"type": "Section header"
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"height": 16,
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"text": "[1] N. T. Lumban Gaol, “Teori Stres: Stimulus, Respons, dan Transaksional,” Bul. Psikol. , vol. 24, no. 1, p. 1, 2016, doi: 10.22146/bpsi.11224.",
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},
{
"left": 313,
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"height": 34,
"page_number": 8,
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"text": "[2] L. Vanitha and G. R. Suresh, “Hierarchical SVM to Detect Mental Stress in Human Beings Using Heart Rate Variability,” Proc. IEEE Int. Caracas Conf. Devices, Circuits Syst. ICCDCS , no. October, 2014, doi: 10.1109/ICDCSyst.2014.6926145.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 313,
"top": 225,
"width": 254,
"height": 53,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "[3] L. Vanitha and G. R. Suresh, “Hybrid SVM Classification Technique to Detect Mental Stress in Human Beings Using ECG signals,” in ICACCS 2013 - Proceedings of the 2013 International Conference on Advanced Computing and Communication Systems: Bringing to the Table, Futuristic Technologies from Around the Globe , Oct. 2014, doi: 10.1109/ICACCS.2013.6938735.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 313,
"top": 281,
"width": 255,
"height": 43,
"page_number": 8,
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"text": "[4] K. Soman, A. Sathiya, and N. Suganthi, “\"Classification of Stress of Automobile Drivers using Radial Basis Function Kernel Support Vector Machine,” in 2014 International Conference on Information Communication and Embedded Systems, ICICES 2014 , Feb. 2014, pp. 1– 5, doi: 10.1109/ICICES.2014.7034000.",
"type": "List item"
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"top": 327,
"width": 254,
"height": 7,
"page_number": 8,
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"text": "[5] Maxim, “Maxim DS18B20 thermometer,” vol. 92, pp. 1–22, 2008,",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 331,
"top": 336,
"width": 236,
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"page_number": 8,
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"page_height": 792,
"text": "[Online]. Available: http://datasheets.maximintegrated.com/en/ds/DS18B20.pdf.",
"type": "List item"
}
] |
c731e825-31f5-873f-efdd-c930d53d2e2e | https://jurnal.unived.ac.id/index.php/jnph/article/download/1811/1267 | [
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"text": "Latar Belakang: Peningkatan kesehatan lingkungan sekolah sangat penting karena sekolah merupakan tempat berkumpulnya anak didik, guru, dan orang lain dimungkinkan terjadinya penularan penyakit. Untuk mencegah terjadinya penularan penyakit dalam lingkungan sekolah serta untuk mendukung program kesehatan lingkungan yang sehat maka perlu adanya sarana sanitasi sekolah yang memenuhi syarat. Metode Penelitian: Penelitian ini termasuk jenis penelitian survey dengan metode deskriptif. Sampel pada penelitian ini adalah 4 Sekolah Dasar Negeri di Wilayah Kecamatan Teluk Segara.Analisis data menggunakan analisis deskriptif, yaitu mendeskripsikan Sanitasi Sekolah Dasar Negeri di Wilayah KecamatanTeluk Segara Kota Bengkulu. Hasil: Penelitian menunjukkan sekolah yang memperoleh skore tertinggi adalah SDN 01 Kota Bengkulu dengan skore 881 dan sekolah memperoleh skore terendah adalah SDN 37 dengan skore 713. Saran: Diharapkan dapat melakukan kegiatan pengawasan terhadap sanitasi yang ada di sekolah dan lebih memperhatikan fasilitas sanitasi yang ada di sekolah.",
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"text": "Kata Kunci: Pembangunan Kesehatan, Sanitasi Sekolah,Sekolah Dasar",
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"text": "Background: Improving the health of the school env ironment is very important because schools are a gathering place for students, teachers, and other people, it is possible for disease transmission to occur. To prevent disease transmission in the school environment and to support a healthy environmental health program, it is necessary to have school sanitation facilities that meet the requirements. Research Methods: This research is a survey research type with a descriptive method. The sample in this study were 4 State Elementary Schools in the Teluk Segara Sub district. Data analysis used descriptive analysis, namely describing the Sanitation of State Elementary Schools in the Teluk Segara Sub district, Bengkulu City. Results: The study showed the school that received the highest score was SDN 01 Bengkulu City with a score of 881 and the school that received the lowest score was SDN 37 with a score of 713. Suggestion: It is hoped that they can carry out monitoring activities on sanitation in schools and pay more attention to the existing sanitation facilities in schools.",
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"text": "100",
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"text": "Journal of Nursing and Public Health Vol. 9 No. 2 Oktober 2021",
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"text": "Keywords: Health Development, School Sanitation, Elementary School",
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"text": "PENDAHULUAN",
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"height": 193,
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"text": "Pembangunan kesehatan bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kesadaran, kemauan, dan kemampuan hidup sehat bagi setiap orang agar terwujud derajat kesehatan masyarakat yang setinggi-tingginya, sebagai investasi bagi pembangunan sumber daya manusia yang produktif secara sosial dan ekonomis. Pembangunan kesehatan merupakan bagian dari pembangunan nasional yang bertujuan untuk mewujudkan derajat kesehatan yang optimal bagi semua lapisan masyarakat yang merupakan faktor dominan bagi tercapainya pembangunan nasional ( UU RI. No 36 Tahun 2009).",
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"text": "Salah satu upaya untuk mewujudkan derajat kesehatan melalui upaya Kesehatan Sekolah (UKS) yang bertujuan untuk meningkatkan derajat kesehatan masyarakat di sekolah. Peningkatan kesehatan lingkungan sekolah sangat penting karena sekolah merupakan tempat berkumpulnya anak didik, guru, dan orang lain dimungkinkan terjadinya penularan penyakit. Untuk mencegah terjadinya penularan penyakit dalam lingkungan sekolah serta untuk mendukung program kesehatan lingkungan yang sehat maka perlu adanya sarana sanitasi sekolah yang memenuhi syarat (UU No. 26 Tahun 2003).",
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"left": 63,
"top": 513,
"width": 223,
"height": 151,
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"text": "Usaha Sanitasi adalah merupakan usaha preventif, yang usahanya dititik beratkan kepada penghindaran penyakit atau gangguan kesehatan lain yang disebabkan oleh faktor- faktor lingkungan hidup. Didalam sanitasi lingkungan sekolah terdapat beberapa persyaratan yang harus dipenuhi antara lain: Penyediaan Jamban, Penyediaan Air Bersih, Tempat Pembuangan Sampah, Sarana Pembuangan Air Limbah, dan Ruang kelas dan bangunan yang sehat.",
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"left": 63,
"top": 664,
"width": 223,
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"text": "Sanitasi sekolah merupakan langkah awal untuk mewujudkan lingkungan belajar yang sehat. Namun tidak semua sekolah memperhatikan sanitasi sekolah, padahal sanitasi sekolah dapat berpengaruh terhadap",
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{
"left": 302,
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"height": 123,
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"text": "kualitas pendidikan dan produktifitas belajar siswa. Akses air dan sanitasi merupakan persyaratan untuk hak tas pendidikan dasar untuk anak sekolah (Adams, J, dkk., 2009). Perilaku Hidup Bersih dan Sehat (PHBS) yang tida k diterapkan oleh sekolah dapat menimbulkan penyakit bagi siswa antara lain penyebaran penyakit diare (Ririh Citra Kumalasari, 2016).",
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"text": "Berdasarkan Data Dinas Pendidikan Kota Bengkulu tahun 2019, Sekolah Dasar Negeri yang ada di Kota Bengkulu berjumlah sebanyak 105 sekolah. Sekolah Dasar Negeri yang akan diteliti oleh peneliti di wilayah Kecamatan Teluk Segara. Jumlah sekolah dasar negeri/swasta yang ada di wilayah Kecamatan Teluk Segara sebanyak 16 sekolah, tetapi sekolah yang diteliti hanya sekolah dasar negeri sebanyak 4 sekolah yaitu SD Negeri 01, SD Negeri 11, SD Negeri 37 dan SD Negeri 47.",
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"text": "Berdasarkan uraian di atas, maka peneliti tertarik untuk melakukan penelitian tentang sanitasi sekolah dasar khususnya sekolah dasar negeri di wilayah kecamatan Teluk Segara. Jadi, penelitian yang akandilakukan adalah “Tinjauan Sanitasi Sekolah Dasar Negeri di Wilayah Kecamatan Teluk Segara Kota Bengkulu Tahun 2020”.",
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"text": "METODE PENELITIAN",
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"height": 207,
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"text": "Penelitian ini merupakan Penelitian ini termasuk jenis penelitian survey. Analisis data menggunakan analisis deskriptif, yaitu mendeskripsikan Sanitasi Sekolah Dasar Negeri di Wilayah Kecamatan Teluk Segara Kota Bengkulu. Penelitian telah dilakukan di SekolahDasarNegeri di Wilayah Kecamatan Teluk Segara Kota Bengkulu mulai tanggal 11Juni sampai 23 Juni 2020. Teknik pengambilan sampel pada penelitian ini adalah pengambilan sampel acak (Simple Random Sampling. Sampel pada penelitian ini adalah 4 Sekolah Dasar Negeri di Wilayah Kecamatan Teluk Segara yaitu SD Negeri 01 Kota Bengkulu, SD Negeri 37 Kota",
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"text": "101",
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"height": 11,
"page_number": 2,
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"text": "Journal of Nursing and Public Health Vol. 9 No. 2 Oktober 2021",
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"text": "Bengkulu, SD Negeri 47 Kota Bengkulu, dan SD Negeri 11 Kota Bengkulu,.",
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"text": "HASIL PENELITIAN",
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"text": "a. Hasil Analisis data yang digunakan adalah analisis deskriptif, yaitu mendeskripsikan Sanitasi Sekolah Dasar Negeri di Wilayah Kecamatan Teluk Segara Kota Bengkulu dalam bentuk tabel",
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"text": "Tabel 1. Distribusi Frekuensi Inspeksi Sanitasi Sekolah Dasar Negeri 01 Kota Bengkulu",
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"text": "NO Variabel Hasil Permenkes MS TMS 1. Lokasi 40 40 ü 2. Konstruksi 158 160 ü 3. Ruang dan Bangunan 280 300 ü 4. Penyediaan air bersih 160 200 ü 5. Pengolahan Limbah 193 200 ü 6. Kantin sekolah - 50 7. Halaman parkir 50 50 ü Total Score 881 1000 ü",
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"text": "Berdasarkan tabel 1 Hasil Variabel di SD Negeri 01 Kota Bengkulu yaitu Lokasi 40, Konstruksi 158, Ruang dan Bangunan 280, Penyediaan Air Bersih 160, Pengolahan Limbah 193, Kantin Sekolah tidak dilakukan pemerikaan dan Halaman Parkir 60, total skore SD Negeri 01 Kota Bengkulu yaitu:",
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"text": "Jadi, berdasarkan hasil yang telah didapatkan yaitu 881dengan presentase 92,7% maka hasil inspeksi sanitasi SD Negeri 01 Kota Bengkulu, dikategorikan sebagai sekolah sehat karena score > 712.",
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"text": "Tabel 2. Distribusi Frekuensi Inspeksi Sanitasi Sekolah Dasar Negeri 37 Kota Bengkulu",
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"text": "No Variabel Hasil Permenkes MS TMS 1. Lokasi 40 40 ü 2. Konstruksi 132 160 ü 3. Ruang dan Bangunan 230 300 ü 4. Penyediaan air bersih 160 200 ü 5. Pengolahan Limbah 127 200 ü 6. Kantin sekolah - 50 7. Halaman parkir 24 50 ü Total Skore 713 1000 ü",
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"left": 311,
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"height": 96,
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"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Berdasarkan tabel 2 hasil Variabel di SD Negeri 37 Kota Bengkulu yaitu Lokasi 40, Konstruksi 132, Ruang dan Bangunan 230, Penyediaan Air Bersih 160, Pengolahan Limbah 127, Kantin Sekolah tidak dilakukan pemerikaan dan Halaman Parkir 24, total skore SD Negeri 37 Kota Bengkulu yaitu:",
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"text": "Jadi, berdasarkan hasil yang telah didapatkan yaitu 713 dengan presentase 75% maka hasil inspeksi sanitasi SD Negeri 01 Kota Bengkulu, dikategorikan sebagai sekolah sehat karena score > 712.",
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"text": "Tabel 3. Distribusi Frekuensi Inspeksi Sanitasi Sekolah Dasar Negeri 47 Kota Bengkulu",
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"text": "No Variabel Hasil Permenkes MS TMS 1. Lokasi 28 40 ü 2. Konstruksi 148 160 ü 3. Ruang dan Bangunan 260 300 ü 4. Penyediaan air bersih 160 200 ü 5. Pengolahan Limbah 127 200 ü 6. Kantin sekolah - 50 7. Halaman parkir 42 50 ü Total Skore 765 1000 ü",
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"text": "P-ISSN: 2338-7033 E-ISSN: 2722-0613",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
"left": 516,
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"width": 17,
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"text": "102",
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"left": 63,
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"width": 222,
"height": 96,
"page_number": 4,
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"text": "Berdasarkan tabel 3 Hasil Variabel di SD Negeri 47 Kota Bengkulu yaitu Lokasi 28, Konstruksi 148, Ruang dan Bangunan 260, Penyediaan Air Bersih 160, Pengolahan Limbah 127, Kantin Sekolah tidak dilakukan pemerikaan dan Halaman Parkir 42, total skore SD Negeri 47 Kota Bengkulu yaitu:",
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"text": "Jadi, berdasarkan hasil yang telah didapatkan yaitu 765 dengan presentase 80,5% maka hasil inspeksi sanitasi SD Negeri 47 Kota Bengkulu, dikategorikan sebagai sekolah sehat karena score > 712.",
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"text": "Tabel 4. Distribusi Frekuensi Inspeksi Sanitasi Sekolah Dasar Negeri 11 Kota Bengkulu",
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"text": "No Variabel Hasil Permenkes MS TMS",
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"text": "1. Lokasi 40 40 ü 2. Konstruksi 125 160 ü 3. Ruang dan Bangunan 230 300 ü 4. Penyediaan air bersih 160 200 ü 5. Pengolahan Limbah 127 200 ü 6. Kantin sekolah - 50 7. Halaman parkir 50 50 ü Total Skore 732 1000 ü",
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"left": 63,
"top": 491,
"width": 222,
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"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Berdasarkan tabel 4 Hasil Variabel di SD Negeri 11 Kota Bengkulu yaitu Lokasi 40, Konstruksi 125, Ruang dan Bangunan 230, Penyediaan Air Bersih 160, Pengolahan Limbah 127, Kantin Sekolah tidak dilakukan pemerikaan dan Halaman Parkir 50, total skore SD Negeri 11 Kota Bengkulu yaitu:",
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"text": "Jadi, berdasarkan hasil yang telah didapatkan yaitu 732 dengan presentase 77,3% maka hasil inspeksi sanitasi SD Negeri 11 Kota Bengkulu, dikategorikan sebagai sekolah sehat karena score > 712.",
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"text": "PEMBAHASAN",
"type": "Section header"
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"text": "1. SD Negeri 01 Kota Bengkulu",
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"text": "SD Negeri 01 Kota Bengkulu sudah",
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{
"left": 302,
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"width": 223,
"height": 275,
"page_number": 4,
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"text": "memenuhi syarat KepmenKes RI No. 1429/MENKES/SK/XII/2006 tentang persyaratan kesehatan lingkungan sekolah yaitu pada variabel lokasi, tidak berdekatan dengan sumber pencemar (≥500m), tidak terletak pada daerah rawan bencana dan bekas tempat pembuangan akhir (TPA), memiliki konstruksi bangunan yang baik dan terpelihara baik dari segi bangunan, atap, dinding, langit-langit, pintu dan jendela, ventilasi, pencahayaan dan pagar dari, namun pertemuan antara dinding dan lantai tidak ada yang berbentuk konus konus dan ada beberapa lantai yang sudah retak, kemudian ada beberapa variabel yg tidak memenuhi persyaratan seperti pencahayaan di ruang guru SD Negeri 01 yaitu 20,8 lux yang tidak memenuhi persyaratan Keputusan menteri Kesehatan RI No. 1429 / MENKES / SK / XII / 2006 yaitu 200-300 Lux.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 302,
"top": 333,
"width": 223,
"height": 400,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Pada SD Negeri 01, jumlah siswa 227 : 4 jamban, seharusnya jamban yg tersedia sebanyak 6 jamban, jumlah siswi 225 : 5 jamban, seharusnya jamban yang tersedia sebanyak 9, menurut Menteri Kesehatan memutuskan rasio ketersediaan jamban adalah 1 jamban untuk setiap 40 siswa (1:40) dan 1 jamban untuk setiap 25 siswi (1:25). Dari hasil identifikasi pada variabel Penyediaan Air Bersih yang dilakukan di SD Negeri 01 Kota Bengkulu tidak memenuhi persyaratan Keputusan menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia No. 1429 / MENKES / SK / XII / 2006 karena tidak dilakukan pengambilan sampel air bersih minimal 2 tahun sekali. Hasil observasi Pengolahan Limbah yang dilakukan di SD Negeri 01 sudah memenuhi persyaratan Keputusan menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia No.1429/MENKES/SK/XII/2006, namun ada beberapa tempat sampah yang tidak tertutup. Kemudian SD Negeri 01 sudah mempunyai tempat cuci tangan di kantin sekolah hal ini sudah memenuhi persyaratan Keputusan menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia No.1429/MENKES/SK/XII/2006. Kemudian pada variabel halaman parkir yaitu kebersihan halamannya terpelihara, terdapat tanaman pelindung dan tananam hias, lahan parkir",
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "103",
"type": "Page footer"
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"width": 262,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Journal of Nursing and Public Health Vol. 9 No. 2 Oktober 2021",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
"left": 71,
"top": 57,
"width": 222,
"height": 27,
"page_number": 5,
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"text": "yang luas dan tersedia saluran penutasan air hujan yang dialirkan ke saluran umum.",
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"text": "2. SDN 37 Kota Bengkulu",
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"text": "SD Negeri 37 Kota Bengkulu sudah memenuhi syarat KepmenKes RI",
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{
"left": 71,
"top": 154,
"width": 223,
"height": 261,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "No.1429/MENKES/SK/XII/2006 tentang persyaratan kesehatan lingkungan sekolah yaitu pada variabel lokasi, tidak berdekatan dengan sumber pencemar (≥500m), tidak terletak pada daerah rawan bencana dan bekas tempat pembuangan akhir (TPA), memiliki konstruksi bangunan yang baik dan terpelihara baik dari segi bangunan, atap, dinding, langit-langit, pintu dan jendela, ventilasi, pencahayaan dan pagar dari, namun pertemuan antara dinding dan lantai tidak ada yang berbentuk konus konus dan ada beberapa lantai yang sudah retak, kemudian ada beberapa variabel yg tidak memenuhi persyaratan seperti pencahayaan di ruang guru 92 Lux yang tidak memenuhi persyaratan KepmenKes RI No. 1429 / MENKES / SK / XII / 2006 yaitu 200-300 Lux.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 71,
"top": 416,
"width": 223,
"height": 110,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Pada SD 37 Kota Bengkulu jumlah siswa 77 : 1 jamban, seharusnya jamban yg tersedia sebanyak 2 jamban, jumlah siswi 104 : 1 jamban, seharusnya tersedia sebanyak 4 jamban, menurut Menteri Kesehatan memutuskan rasio ketersediaan jamban adalah 1 jamban untuk setiap 40 siswa (1:40) dan 1 jamban untuk setiap 25 siswi (1:25).",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 71,
"top": 526,
"width": 223,
"height": 207,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Dari hasil identifikasi Penyediaan Air Bersih yang dilakukan di SD Negeri 37 Kota Bengkulu tidak memenuhi persyaratan Keputusan menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia No.1429/MENKES/SK/XII/2006 karena tidak dilakukan pengambilan sampel air bersih minimal 2 tahun sekali. Hasil observasi Pengolahan Limbah yang dilakukan di SD Negeri 37 Kota Bengkulu sudah memenuhi persyaratan Keputusan menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia No. 1429 / MENKES /SK / XII / 2006, namun ada beberapa tempat sampah yang tidak tertutup. Kemudian SD Negeri 37 tidak mempunyai tempat cuci tangan di kantin sekolah hal ini",
"type": "Text"
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"height": 82,
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"text": "belum memenuhi persyaratan Keputusan menteri Kesehatan RI No. 1429 / MENKES /SK / XII / 2006. namun halaman dan parkir kebersihannya kurang terpelihara dengan baik dan rawan tergenang air sehingga dapat menimbulkan vektor penyakit.",
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"text": "SD Negeri 47 Kota Bengkulu sudah memenuhi syarat KepmenKes RI No. 1429 / MENKES / SK / XII / 2006 tentang persyaratan kesehatan lingkungan sekolah yaitu pada variabel lokasi, tidak berdekatan dengan sumber pencemar (≥500m), tidak terletak pada daerah rawan bencana dan bekas tempat pembuangan akhir (TPA), memiliki konstruksi bangunan yang baik dan terpelihara baik dari segi bangunan, atap, dinding, langit-langit, pintu dan jendela, ventilasi, pencahayaan dan pagar dari, namun pertemuan antara dinding dan lantai tidak ada yang berbentuk konus konus dan ada beberapa lantai yang sudah retak, kemudian ada beberapa variabel yg tidak memenuhi persyaratan seperti pencahayaan di ruang guru 69 Lux dan pencahayaan di ruang kelas 89 Lux yang tidak memenuhi persyaratan KepmenKes RI No. 1429 / MENKES / SK / XII / 2006 yaitu 200-300 Lux.",
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"text": "Pada SD 47 Kota Bengkulu jumlah siswa 89 : 1 jamban, seharusnya jamban yang tersedia sebanyak 2 jamban, jumlah siswi 57 : 1 jamban, seharusnya jamban yg tersedia sebanyak 3, menurut Menteri Kesehatan memutuskan rasio ketersediaan jamban adalah 1 jamban untuk setiap 40 siswa (1:40) dan 1 jamban untuk setiap 25 siswi (1:25).",
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"text": "Dari hasil identifikasi Penyediaan Air Bersih yang dilakukan di SD Negeri 47 Kota Bengkulu tidak memenuhi persyaratan Keputusan menteri Kesehatan RI No. 1429 / MENKES / SK / XII / 2006 karena tidak dilakukan pengambilan sampel air bersih minimal 2 tahun sekali. Hasil observasi Pengolahan Limbah yang dilakukan di SDN wilayah Kecamatan Teluk Segara Kota Bengkulu, SD Negeri 47 sudah memenuhi persyaratan Keputusan menteri Kesehatan RI",
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"text": "104",
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"width": 222,
"height": 151,
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"text": "No.1429/MENKES/SK/XII/2006, namun ada beberapa tempat sampah yang tidak tertutup dan tidak mempunyai tempat cuci tangan di kantin sekolah hal ini belum memenuhi persyaratan Keputusan menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia No. 1429 / MENKES / SK / XII / 2006, kemudian pada variabel halaman dan parkir kebersihannya kurang terpelihara dengan baik dan rawan tergenang air sehingga dapat menimbulkan vektor penyakit.",
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"text": "SD Negeri 11 Kota Bengkulu sudah memenuhi syarat KepmenKes RI No. 1429 / MENKES / SK / XII / 2006 tentang persyaratan kesehatan lingkungan sekolah yaitu pada variabel lokasi, tidak berdekatan dengan sumber pencemar (≥500m), tidak terletak pada daerah rawan bencana dan bekas tempat pembuangan akhir (TPA), memiliki konstruksi bangunan yang baik dan terpelihara baik dari segi bangunan, atap, dinding, langit-langit, pintu dan jendela, ventilasi, pencahayaan dan pagar dari, namun pertemuan antara dinding dan lantai tidak ada yang berbentuk konus konus dan ada beberapa lantai yang sudah retak, kemudian ada beberapa variabel yg tidak memenuhi persyaratan seperti pencahayaan di ruang guru 58 Lux dan pencahayaan di ruang kelas 89 Lux, hal ini belum sesuai dengan Kepmenkes No 1429 tahun 2006 yaitu 200- 300 Lux.",
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"text": "Pada SD 11 Kota Bengkulu jumlah siswa 224:3 jamban, seharusnya jamban yang tersedia sebanyak 6 jamban, jumlah siswi 104 : 1 jamban, seharusnya jamban yg tersedia sebanyak 4 jamban. Menurut Menteri Kesehatan memutuskan rasio ketersediaan jamban adalah 1 jamban untuk setiap 40 siswa (1:40) dan 1 jamban untuk setiap 25 siswi (1:25).",
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"text": "Dari hasil identifikasi Penyediaan Air Bersih yang dilakukan di SD Negeri 37 Kota Bengkulu tidak memenuhi persyaratan Keputusan menteri Kesehatan RI No.1429/MENKES/SK/XII/2006 karena tidak",
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"text": "dilakukan pengambilan sampel air bersih minimal 2 tahun sekali. Hasil observasi Pengolahan Limbah yang dilakukan di SDN wilayah Kecamatan Teluk Segara Kota Bengkulu, SD Negeri 11 belum memenuhi persyaratan Keputusan menteri Kesehatan RI No. 1429 / MENKES / SK / XII / 2006, namun ada beberapa tempat sampah yang tidak tertutup. Kemudian SD Negeri 11 tidak mempunyai tempat cuci tangan di kantin sekolah hal ini belum memenuhi persyaratan Keputusan menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia No.1429/MENKES/SK/XII/2006. halaman dan parkir kebersihannya kurang terpelihara dengan baik dan rawan tergenang air sehingga dapat menimbulkan vektor penyakit.",
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"text": "Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dan analisis data dalam penelitian ini, dapat disimpulkan hal- hal sebagai berikut :",
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"text": "1. Sanitasi pada sekolah dasar negeri 01 kota Bengkulu sudah memenuhi persyaratan KepmenKes RI No. 1429 / MENKES / SK / XII / 2006 tentang pedoman penyelenggaran kesehatan lingkungan sekolah dengan total skore yaitu 881 (92,7%) dengan 6 variabel yang dilakukan pemeriksaan.",
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"top": 499,
"width": 222,
"height": 109,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "2. Sanitasi pada sekolah dasar negeri 37 kota Bengkulu sudah memenuhi persyaratan KepmenKes RI No. 1429 / MENKES / SK / XII / 2006 tentang pedoman penyelenggaran kesehatan lingkungan sekolah dengan total skore yaitu 713 (75%) dengan 6 variabel yang dilakukan pemeriksaan.",
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"text": "3. Sanitasi pada sekolah dasar negeri 47 kota Bengkulu sudah memenuhi persyaratan KepmenKes RI No. 1429 / MENKES / SK / XII / 2006 tentang pedoman penyelenggaran kesehatan lingkungan sekolah dengan total skore yaitu 765 (80,5%) dengan 6 variabel yang dilakukan pemeriksaan.",
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"text": "4. Sanitasi pada sekolah dasar negeri 11 kota",
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"text": "105",
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"width": 262,
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"page_number": 6,
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"text": "Journal of Nursing and Public Health Vol. 9 No. 2 Oktober 2021",
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"width": 204,
"height": 96,
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"text": "Bengkulu sudah memenuhi persyaratan KepmenKes RI No. 1429 / MENKES / SK / XII / 2006 tentang pedoman penyelenggaran kesehatan lingkungan sekolah dengan total skore yaitu 732 (77,3%) dengan 6 variabel yang dilakukan pemeriksaan.",
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"text": "SARAN",
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"text": "1. Bagi Pihak Sekolah",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 71,
"top": 209,
"width": 223,
"height": 54,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Diharapkan dapat melakukan kegiatan pengawasan terhadap sanitasi yang ada di sekolah dan lebih memperhatikan fasilitas sanitasi yang ada di sekolah.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "2. Bagi Masyarakat Diharapkan dapat menambah informasi tentang sanitasi dasar di Sekolah Dasar Negeri di wilayah Kecamatan Teluk Segara Kota Bengkulu agar lebih peduli terhadap lingkungan sekolah karena sebagai investasi bagi pembangunan SDM yang produktif",
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"text": "3. Bagi Puskesmas dan Dinas Kesehatan Kota Bengkulu",
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"text": "Diharapkan dapat menjadi referensi keilmuan dalam meningkatkan sanitasi Sekolah Dasar Negeri di wilayah Kecamatan Teluk Segara Kota Bengkulu",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "4. Bidang Institusi Pendidikan Diharapkan penelitian ini bermanfaat sebagai bahan masukan referensi yang akan berguna bagi disiplin ilmu kesehatan lingkungan tentang sanitasi dasar terutama sanitasi di sekolah dasar.",
"type": "Text"
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"width": 223,
"height": 68,
"page_number": 7,
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"text": "5. Bagi Peneliti Lain Diharapkan penelitian ini sebagai salah satu masukan dan acuan bagi peneliti selanjutnya yang berkaitan dengan sanitasi dasar di sekolah dasar.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "DAFTAR PUSTAKA",
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"left": 71,
"top": 692,
"width": 222,
"height": 41,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Adams, J, Bartram, J, Chartier, Y & Sims, 2009. Water, sanitation and hygiene standards for schools in low-cost settings,",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"top": 57,
"width": 40,
"height": 13,
"page_number": 7,
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"text": "Geneva.",
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"height": 41,
"page_number": 7,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "Azwar,2009. Pengantar Ilmu Kesehatan Lingkungan. Jakarta :Mutiara Sumber Widya",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 311,
"top": 112,
"width": 222,
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"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Dina Andriani, Slamet Rianto, & Aslan Sari Thesiwati. (2013). Studi Tentang Sanitasi",
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{
"left": 329,
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"text": "Lingkungan Sekolah Dasar Negeri Di Kecamatan Sungai Beremas Kabupaten Pasaman Barat. jurnal sanitasi sekolah, hal 1-2.",
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{
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"width": 223,
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"text": "Hariza Adnani 2009, Perilaku Petugas Pengumpul Sampah Untuk Melindungi Dirinya Dari Penyakit Bawaan Sampah Di Wilayah Patangpuluhan Yogyakarta Tahun 2009, Staf Pengajar Stikes Surya Global Yogyakarta, No 144 Jony Saputra, 2016 Studi Deskriptif Sanitasi Kantin Dan FasilitasSanitasi Dasar Di Lingkungan Sekolah Dasar Pada Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Ungaran Kecamatan Ungaran Barat, Kabupaten Semarang Tahun 2016, Skripsi UNNES, Tahun 2016 Kharis Meiwan K.Tel, Evawani M. Silitonga, 2016, Analisis Sanitasi Sekolah Dasar Negeri dan Swasta di Kecamatan Medan Tuntungan Tahun 2016, Journal of Healthcare Technology andMedicine Vol.",
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{
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"text": "3 No. 1 April 2017",
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{
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"text": "Kepmenkes Nomor 1429 tahun 2006 tentang Penyelenggaraan Kesehatan Lingkungan Sekolah. KepmenkesNomor32 tahun 2017tentangsyarat-syaratdanPengawasan Air bersih. MohNazir, 2011 MetodePenelitian . Cetakan 6. Bogor: PenerbitGhalia Indonesia",
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"text": "Abstract : The dynamics of Muslims are increasingly complex today. There are only some Muslims have adequate insights of religious knowledge. What is considered as a truth (absolute truth) relates to contestation of right opinions among them. The paper aims to describe the existence of good Muslims in the Qur'an based on the Jalālain interpretation or analysis which is very popular all over the world. A qualitative research using normative approach was done through the book interpretation of mau ḍ u'i and linguistics and sociohistorical with asbābun nuzūl used in this study to find out the meaning of the Qur'anic verses about good Muslims. The results of this study showed that first, good Muslims are those who are balanced and proportional in the piety of spiritual and social faith. Second, there were many definitions of good Muslims in the Qur'an which need to be addressed wisely because they are provocative and debatable such as the words hijrah and jihad. Finally, the study also showed that most substantial meanings of being a good Mulim maintained ukhwah (brotherhood values) and harmony among people.",
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"text": "Keywords: True believers, al- Qur'an, Tafsir Jalālain",
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"text": "(P-ISSN: 2685-1547; E-ISSN: 2685-1555) Pemalink: DOI: https://doi.org/10.15548/mashdar.v2i1.1040 Avaible on https://ejournal.uinib.ac.id/jurnal/index.php/mashdar",
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"text": "PENDAHULUAN",
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"left": 71,
"top": 624,
"width": 216,
"height": 141,
"page_number": 1,
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"text": "Seorang mukmin dapat memiliki perilaku kehidupan/ amal yang beragam. Tidak dapat dipungkiri bahwa sikap seseorang mukmin memiliki dinamika dan paradigma. Seorang mukmin selalu dipengaruhi atas kondisi sosial, politik, budaya yang melatarbelakanginya menjadi insān kāmil (manusia sempurna) dalam",
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"text": "versinya masing-masing 1 . Mukmin yang berada dalam kawasan pedesaan misalnya, biasanya memiliki keimanan yang cenderung mengedepankan sikap sosial kemasyarakatan, begitu juga halnya seorang mukmin yang tinggal",
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"text": "1 Rusdin Rusdin, “Insan Kamil Dalam Perspektif Muhammad Iqbal,” Rausyan Fikr: Jurnal Studi Ilmu Ushuluddin Dan Filsafat Volume. 12, Number 2 (2016), h. 251 – 271.",
"type": "Footnote"
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"text": "2 │ Mashdar : Jurnal Studi al-Quran dan Hadis, Vol.2 No.1 2020 (1-18)",
"type": "Page header"
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"top": 813,
"width": 382,
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"text": "© 2020 by Mahdar: Jurnal Studi al- Qur’an Hadis All right reserved. This work is licensed under (CC-BY-SA)",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
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"height": 238,
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"text": "diperkotaan akan memiliki ciri khas cenderung individual, selain itu sebab utama perbedaan dan keragaman orang mukmin sangat dipengaruhi wawasan yang dimilikinya 2 . Dapat dilihat orang yang memiliki knowledge yang memadai akan bersikap open minded (pikiran terbuka), lebih toleransi dan bijak dalam menghadapi persoalan yang semakin kompleks, sedangkan orang yang wawasan keagamaannya rendah akan bersifat truth claim 3 (hanya meyakini satu pendapat dan tidak menerima pendapat lain) yang berdapak pada sifat intoleran.",
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"text": "Keberagaman dan keimanan",
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"text": "seharusnya membawa",
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"text": "warna",
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"text": "kerukunan bukan perpecahan.",
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"text": "Pentingnya konsep keimanan sejati dipahami umat muslim sebagai upaya untuk meminimalisir sikap ekstrimis dan ekstrimis. Berangkat dari hal tersebut, sedikitnya terdapat tiga sebab utama keberagamaan dan keimanan dipahami secara tidak tepat sehingga berujuang pada sikap ekstrimis dan ekstrimis 4 . Pertama, wawasan al- Qur’an dan Hadis yang terbilang minim bahkan lemah sehingga menjadikan beragama jauh dari kata spiritual transedental. Kedua, kurangnya keseimbangan kesalehan individual dan kesalehan sosial. Ketiga, narasi ajaran agama yang diyakini secara taklid buta sehingga memunculkan kebenran sepihak,",
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"left": 71,
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"text": "2 Maqbul Arib, “Dakwah Di Tengah Keragaman Dan Perbedaan Umat Islam,” Jurnal Dakwah Tabligh Volume 15, Number 1 (2014), 35 – 49,",
"type": "Footnote"
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{
"left": 71,
"top": 723,
"width": 212,
"height": 24,
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"text": "3 Abdul Mustaqim, Dinamika Sejarah Tafsir al- Qur’an (Yogyakarta: Adab Press, 2014), h. 10.",
"type": "Footnote"
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{
"left": 71,
"top": 748,
"width": 213,
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"text": "4 Alfanul Makky dkk., Kritik Ideologi Radikal (Kediri: Lirboyo Press, 2018), h. 18.",
"type": "Footnote"
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{
"left": 312,
"top": 75,
"width": 216,
"height": 125,
"page_number": 2,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "melegalkan tindakan anarkis dan radikalis, bahkan lebih parahnya seakan memiliki mandataris sebagai eksekutor tuhan. Ketiga hal ini merupakan problem yang serius dalam Islam khususnya dalam penafsiran al- Qur’an tentang pemahaman mukmin sejati dalam al- Qur’an .",
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{
"left": 312,
"top": 210,
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"height": 61,
"page_number": 2,
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"text": "Sejauh ini, setidaknya terdapat tiga pemetaan studi tentang mukmin sejati yang telah dibahas oleh para peneliti terbilang kurang komprehensif.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 312,
"top": 275,
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"text": "Pertama, mukmin yang memiliki pandangan modern dalam kehidupan internasional 5 . Kedua, konsep mukmin dalam pandangan ulama Nusantara 6 . Ketiga, Keimanan yang dibahas dalam kajian semantik al- Qur’an 7 . dari ketiga pemetaan yang sudah ada, terdapat banyak kekurangan pembahasan keimanan yang belum disampaikan seperti makna mukmin didefinisikan secara eksklusif oleh kelompok tertentu, oleh sebab itu dalam pembahasan kali ini, kajian akan difokuskan terhadap pemahaman mukmin sejati dalam al- Qur’an yang dijelaskan oleh Syaikh Imam Jalāluddin al-Ma ḥ alli dan Syaikh Imam Jalāladdin al- Suyuti dalam tafsir Jalālain.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 312,
"top": 573,
"width": 216,
"height": 28,
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"text": "Kitab tafsir Jalālain dipilih penulis sebagai objek material adalah atas",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 312,
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"width": 215,
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"text": "5 Hartono Hartono, “Mukmin Moderen,” Jurnal Kajian Islam Dan Pendidikan Tadarus Tarbawy Volume 1 Number 2 (12 November 2019).",
"type": "Footnote"
},
{
"left": 312,
"top": 663,
"width": 215,
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"text": "6 A. Rafiq Zainul Mun’im, “Konsep Mukmin dalam Tafsir Al- Qur’an Bi Al - Imla’ Karya KH. Zaini Mun’im” Volume 17 Number 1 (1 Maret 2017), h. 18 – 31.",
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"left": 312,
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"text": "7 Dindin Moh Saepudin, M. Solahudin, dan Izzah Faizah Siti Rusydati Khairani, “Iman Dan Amal Saleh Dalam Alquran (Studi Kajian Semant ik),” Al- Bayan: Jurnal Studi Ilmu Al- Qur’an Dan Tafsir Volume. 2, Number 1 (2017), h. 10 – 20.",
"type": "Footnote"
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{
"left": 205,
"top": 52,
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"text": "Althaf Husein Muzakky,dkk, Memahami Makna Mukmin Sejati Perspektif.. . │ 3",
"type": "Page header"
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"left": 137,
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"text": "© 2020 by Mahdar: Jurnal Studi al- Qur’an Hadis - This work is licensed under (CC-BY-SA)",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 71,
"top": 75,
"width": 216,
"height": 287,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "beberapa pertimbangan penulis yang cukup sifnifikan. Pertama, kitab tafsir Jalālain merupakan kitab yang terdapat banyak kekayaan informasi Hadis mengenai ḥ aliyah (perilaku) Nabi yang digunakan untuk menjelaskan dan memahami al- Qur’an 8 . Kedua, kitab tafsir al- Jalālain ditulis oleh dua ulama terkemuka pada periode klasik yang berpaham ahlussunnah wal jamā’ah dengan madzhab Syafi’iyyah 9 , yang menjadi pedoman manhaj keber- agamaan di Nusantara 10 , yaitu Syaikh Jalāluddin Muhammad Ibn Ahmad al - Ma ḥ alli (L.791-864 H./ W. 1389-1459 M.) dan Syaikh Jalaluddin Abdurra ḥ man Ibn Abi Bakar al-Suyuti (L. 849-911 H./ W.1445-1505 M.).",
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"text": "Dengan demikian, konsep keimanan sejati merupakan sebuah ajaran Islam yang ditanamkan lewat al- Qur’an . Dalam kehidupan yang multikultural Nabi Muhammad saw. mengajarkan bahwa keimanan hadir sebagai nilai kemanusiaan, rasa kepedulian, rasa persaudaraan, saling menyayangi saling melindungi, dalam al- Qur’an dijelaskan bahwa Nabi Muhammad diutus menjadi seorang transmisi ajaran sekaligus sebagai ra ḥ matan lil ‘ālamīn ( kasih sayang bagi seluruh alam), dari sebab itu idealnya bagi orang yang beriman penting kiranya saling memahami dalam hal apapun, meliputi saling memahami dalam",
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"text": "8 Martin Van Bruinessen, Kitab Kuning, Pesantren, dan Tarekat (Yogyakarta: Gading Publishing, 2015), h.",
"type": "Footnote"
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{
"left": 71,
"top": 689,
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"text": "77.",
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"text": "9 M. Nurdin Zuhdi, Pasaraya tafsir Indonesia: dari kontestasi metodologi hingga kontekstualisasi (Yogyakarta: Kaukaba, 2014), h. 19.",
"type": "Footnote"
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{
"left": 71,
"top": 736,
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"text": "10 Islah Gusmian, Khazanah Tafsir Indonesia dari Hermeneutika Hingga Ideologi (Teraju: Jakarta, 2013), h. 80.",
"type": "Footnote"
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{
"left": 312,
"top": 75,
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"height": 157,
"page_number": 3,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "pandangan agama, sosial, dan budaya, sebab nabi Muhammad sendiri saat hidup di Madinah 11 telah menjadi panutan dan suritauladan untuk selalu bersikap dingin terhadap segala sesuatu yang berkaitan dengan problematika kehidupan dengan pancaran keimanan dan perilaku yang santun dan sopan terutama dalam keragaman dan perbedaan.",
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"text": "Sayangnya tidak semua perbedaan dalam memahami mukmin sejari tersebut melahirkan warna yang indah untuk dinikmati dalam proses keagamaan. Oleh sebab itu, tulisan ini berfokus untuk menjawab dua persoalan.",
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"text": "Pertama, bagaimana pemahaman penafsiran al- Qur’an tentang mukmin sejati dalam tafsir Jalālain . Kedua, apa saja prinsip-prinsip mukmin sejati dalam merespon isu-isu kontemporer dan upaya deradikalisasi menurut al- Qur’an. Penting dicari akar makna kata “mukmin” dalam Al - Q ur’an sebagai pedoman utama umat muslim. Hal ini bertujuan mengupas bagaimana perilaku semestinya seorang mukmin kaitannya dalam membangun kehidupan beragama yang spiritual trensedental dalam keragaman dan multikultural.",
"type": "Text"
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"left": 312,
"top": 589,
"width": 169,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 3,
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"text": "PERSPEKTIF METODOLOGI",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 312,
"top": 611,
"width": 216,
"height": 109,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Tulisan ini akan diulas menggunakan beberapa pendekatan dan metode. Adapun pendekatan yang digunakan adalah pendekatan normatif-sosiohistoris yaitu berusaha mengungkap sisi penjelasan dari wahyu, ditambah dengan penjelasan",
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"text": "11 Zuhairi Misrawi, Madinah Kota Suci, Piagam Madinah, dan Teladan Muhammad SAW. (Jakarta: Kompas Media Nusantara, 2009), h. 57.",
"type": "Footnote"
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{
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"height": 12,
"page_number": 4,
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"text": "4 │ Mashdar : Jurnal Studi al-Quran dan Hadis, Vol.2 No.1 2020 (1-18)",
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"left": 107,
"top": 813,
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"page_width": 595,
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"text": "© 2020 by Mahdar: Jurnal Studi al- Qur’an Hadis All right reserved. This work is licensed under (CC-BY-SA)",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
"left": 71,
"top": 75,
"width": 215,
"height": 76,
"page_number": 4,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "sosial dan sejarah yang melatar belakanginya atau biasa disebut dengan asbāb al - nuzū l 12 . Penelitian ini bersifat kualitatif dengan cara meneliti kajian library research (telaah pustaka),",
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"text": "Adapun metode atau langkah-langkah yang digunakan adalah tafsir mau ḍ ū’i (tematik) 13 , dengan mengumpulkan ayat tentang mukmin dan mukmin sejati, mencari makna dalam al- Qur’an dalam tafsir jalāin, kemudian menganilisis melalui gramatical (bahasa) maupun psycological (hati nurani/ jiwa) sehingga dapat terlihat bagaimana cara menjadi mukmin sejati prespektif al- Qur’an.",
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"text": "PEMBAHASAN",
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{
"left": 71,
"top": 362,
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"text": "A. Definisi Mukmin Sejati",
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{
"left": 71,
"top": 384,
"width": 216,
"height": 207,
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"text": "Definisi kata mukmin berasal dari bahasa Arab. Kata mukmin secara etimologi atau bahasa merupakan kalimah isim fā’il dari ta ṣ rifan (morfologi/ perubahan kata) āmana - yu’minu - īmanan yang memiliki arti yang berarti mempercayai 14 . Dalam literatur yang lebih jauh yaitu menurut Ibn Manżur 15 mengemukakan bahwa, pada jauh masa awal sejarah dan peradaban Islam kata mukmin merupakan Isim Fāil dari kata āmana yang berarti membenarkan lawan kata",
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"text": "12 Abdul Muiz Amir dan Ghufron Hamzah,",
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"left": 71,
"top": 628,
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"text": "“Dinamika Dan Terapan Metodologi Tafsir Kontekstual,” Al-Izzah: Jurnal Hasil-Hasil Penelitian Volume. 14 Number 1 (30 Mei 2019), h. 1 – 17.",
"type": "Footnote"
},
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"left": 71,
"top": 663,
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"page_number": 4,
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"text": "13 Didi Junaedi, “Mengenal Lebih Dekat Metode Tafsir Maudlu’i,” Diya Al-Afkar: Jurnal Studi Al- Quran Dan Al-Hadis Volume 4 Number 1 (1 Juni 2016).",
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{
"left": 71,
"top": 711,
"width": 214,
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"text": "14 Ahmad Warson Munawwir, Kamus al- Munawwir (Surabaya: Pustaka Progressif, 1997), h. 88.",
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"left": 71,
"top": 748,
"width": 214,
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"text": "15 Ibn Man ẓ ur, Lisānul Arab (Beirut: Dār al -Kutub al- ’Alamiy yah, 2008), vol. 13, h. 21.",
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"text": "każaba yang berarti bohong, yaitu orang yang membenarkan ajaran yang dibawa nabi Muhammad saw. Sedangkan dalam pengertian secara terminologi/ istilah menurut pakar bahasa al- Qur’an Ragib Al- Asyfihāni memberikan penjelasan bahwa 16 , kata mukmin berarti ta ṣ dīq bil Janān, wa qoulun bil lisan, wa amalun bil arkān dalam literatur lain disebutkan dengan ta ṣḍ īq bil qalbi, wa qoulun bil lisān, wa ‘amalun bil jawāri ḥ i, yaitu membenarkan dalam hati mengucapkan dengan perkataan, dan menjalankan dengan anggota badan.",
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"text": "Dalam hadis Nabi juga disebutkan bahwa iman itu memiliki enam rukun yang harus dipenuhi. Rukun iman yang enam itu adalah percaya kepada Allah, Malaikat, kitab yang diturunkan, nabi dan rasul, hari akhir, qada dan qadarNya Allah swt. seperti halnya yang tertera dalam kitab Hadis ṣ a ḥ i ḥ Muslim 17 . Pengertian yang telah disebutkan diatas merupakan makna kata iman secara umum, sedangkan makna mukmin merupakan orang yang beriman, secara khusus dijelaskan dalam al- Qur’an dengan lebih luas seperti dalam QS. al-Baqarah (2): 212 tentang rezeki yang diterima orang yang mukmin dibanding dengan orang non-muslim, dalam QS. al- Anfāl (8): 2 -4 dan QS. Al-Fath (48): 4 yang menjelaskan keimanan orang mukmin memiliki potensi untuk bertambah atas beberapa sebab, dan masih banyak lagi",
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"page_number": 4,
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"text": "16 Ragib Al- Asyfihāni, Mufradāt li alfadz al - Qur’an (Beirut: Dār al -Kutub al-Alamiyyah, 2015), Vol. 1 h. 91.",
"type": "Footnote"
},
{
"left": 312,
"top": 735,
"width": 213,
"height": 36,
"page_number": 4,
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"text": "17 Muslim Ibn Al-hajjaj Abu al-Husain al- Qusyairi al-Naisaburi, ṣ ahih Muslim (Beirut: Dār a l- Kutub al- ’Alamiyyah, 1998), Vol . 1, h. 36.",
"type": "Footnote"
},
{
"left": 205,
"top": 52,
"width": 320,
"height": 11,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Althaf Husein Muzakky,dkk, Memahami Makna Mukmin Sejati Perspektif.. . │ 5",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
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"top": 813,
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"text": "© 2020 by Mahdar: Jurnal Studi al- Qur’an Hadis - This work is licensed under (CC-BY-SA)",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 71,
"top": 75,
"width": 161,
"height": 12,
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"text": "yang ayat al- Qur’an",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 71,
"top": 75,
"width": 215,
"height": 28,
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"text": "yang mendefinisikan tentang orang mukmin.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 71,
"top": 113,
"width": 216,
"height": 50,
"page_number": 5,
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"text": "B. Perkembangan Ragam Mukmin menurut Ilmu Kalam Secara pragmatik membahas",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 71,
"top": 168,
"width": 216,
"height": 384,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "mukmin tidak dapat dipisahkan dari perkembangan berbagai macam aliran keimanan menurut ilmu kalam. Teologi Islam merupakan ilmu yang memiliki banyak cabang aliran dan berbagai perbedaan tujuan, namun semua tujuan tersebut semestinya dilandasi atas nilai kebaikan dan 18 kemaslahatan bersama. Munculnya aliran Islam yang bermacam-macam merupakan bukti bahwa keimanan itu tidak berada pada ranah spiritualis, melainkan juga pada tahap yang realistis. Dunia spiritualis sering dikaitkan dengan wahyu sedangkan dunia realistis berangkat dari kesadaran akal pikiran, sebagaimana yang dikemukakan oleh pakar teologi Islam Indonesia yaitu Harun Nasution. Oleh sebab itu penulis setidaknya telah memetakan keimanan orang Islam dilihat dengan penggunaan epistimelogi wahyu akal dan realitas melaui tabel, yaitu sebagai berikut:",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 77,
"top": 561,
"width": 199,
"height": 157,
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"text": "Tabel 1. Pemetaan keimanan orang Islam dilihat dengan penggunaan epistimelogi wahyu akal dan realitas No. Nama Kelompok Manhaj yang digunakan Golongan yang mengembangkan 1. Tradisionalis Wahyu diatas akal Ahlussunnah wal Jama’ah 2. Rasionalis Akal diatas wahyu Mu’tazilah, Neo Mu’tazilah 3. Transformatif Akal wahyu realitas Antara Tradisional dan Rasional 4. Dogmatis Wahyu Salafi-wahabi, Konservatif 5. Liberal Realitas dan akal diatas wahyu Revisionis",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 71,
"top": 736,
"width": 215,
"height": 35,
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"text": "18 Harun Nasution, Teologi Islam: aliran-aliran sejarah analisa perbandingan (Jakarta: Penerbit Universitas Indonesia, 1986), h. 87.",
"type": "Footnote"
},
{
"left": 312,
"top": 74,
"width": 216,
"height": 122,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "6. Fundamentalis Wahyu realitas tanpa akal Syi’ah, Jabariyyah, Murji’ah 7. Nihilis Realitas dan akal tanpa wahyu Sosialis, Qadariyyah 8. Teroris Wahyu tanpa realitas dan akal Khawarij, ISIS, Al- Qaeda Dari tabel diatas dapat dilihat bahwa keberagaman keimanan seorang",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 312,
"top": 200,
"width": 216,
"height": 287,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "mukmin dalam ajaran Islam dipengaruhi atas ruang sosial, politik. Ruang sosial dari seseorang memiliki sumbangsih yang sangat kuat dalam membentuk karakter keimanan seseorang baik dari ajaran akidah (teologi), syari’at (aplikasi keagmaan), maupun akhlak dan tasawuuf (sikap, etika, dan estetika). Dapat dilihat sebagai contoh kelompok yang lahir dikawasan tropis lebih bersifat toleransi dibandingkan dengan kelompok yang lahir di tempat yang panas dipadang pasir. Hal tersebut menunjukkan bahwa rahim ruang historis mampu melahirkan keberagaman keimanan, dan keislaman seorang mukmin lebih dinamis dan kompleks.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 312,
"top": 498,
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"height": 271,
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"text": "Lebih lanjut, membahas mengenai keberagman keimanan ada beberapa tawaran dan cara pandang yang dapat sedikit disimpulkan bahwa bagaimana bentuk keimanan yang dianut hal terpenting adalah tidak dalam golongan teroris, sebab golongan tersebut memiliki defisit ajaran, moral, dan akal sehat, dengan secara membabi buta menghancurkan dunia dengan tindakan radikalis. Setidaknya penulis berusaha menjelaskan bahwa kebenaran yang sejati di dunia ini sedikitnya dilandaskan atas rasa kemanusiaan, sebab setiap kebenaran itu bersifat relatif sesuai konteks yang diinterprentasikan masyarakat",
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"text": "6 │ Mashdar : Jurnal Studi al-Quran dan Hadis, Vol.2 No.1 2020 (1-18)",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 107,
"top": 813,
"width": 382,
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"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "© 2020 by Mahdar: Jurnal Studi al- Qur’an Hadis All right reserved. This work is licensed under (CC-BY-SA)",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 71,
"top": 75,
"width": 216,
"height": 190,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "memiliki kelebihan dan kekurangan masing-masing. Hemat kata, bahwa ragam keimanan yang terdapat di dalam Islam terbentuk atas ruang historis dan semuanya memiliki sumbangsih terhadap perkembangan agama Islam, namun sekali lagi tindakan radikalis sangat tidak relevan dalam konsep mukmin sejati yang terdapat di dalam al- Qur’an , karena sikap radikalis telah meninggalkan rasa kemanusiaan.",
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{
"left": 71,
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"text": "C. Mukmin Sejati Dalam al- Qur’an:",
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{
"left": 85,
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"text": "Sebuah Tinjauan Awal",
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{
"left": 71,
"top": 313,
"width": 216,
"height": 304,
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"text": "Kata mukmin di dalam al- Qur’an diulang berkali-kali sebagai kajian yang substansial dan membutuhkan perhatian lebih. Semakin banyaknya lafaz kata yang disebutkan dalam al- Qur’an menunjukkan penting sebuah makna yang terkandung didalamnya. Menurut Fuad ‘Abdul Bāqī dalam kamus al- Mu’jam al - Mufahrasy li alfāż al- Qurān al - karīm kata mukmin dalam derivasi sebanyak 74 kali 19 . Dari hal tersebut penulis menganalisis bahwa terdapat dua redaksi ayat yang secara spesifik menunjukkan mukmin yang sejati yaitu dengan penyebutan lafaz al- mu’minūna ḥ aqqa (sebenar-benarnya orang-orang mukmin atau orang-orang mukmin sejati), yaitu dalam QS. al- Anfāl (8): 4 dan 74.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 71,
"top": 625,
"width": 216,
"height": 95,
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"text": "Kata al- mu’minūna ḥ aqqa tersebut menjadi sangat unik dibanding definisi mukmin lainnya dalam al- Qur’an, sebab lafaz mukmin di mu ḍ af kan (disandarkan) dengan kalimat ḥ aqqa, sehingga menginterprentasikan definisi",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 71,
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"text": "19 Fuad ‘Abdul Bāqī, al- Mu’jam al -Mufahrasy li alfāż al - Qurān al - karīm (Beirut: Dār al -Fikr al- Islāmy, 1998), h. 90.",
"type": "Footnote"
},
{
"left": 312,
"top": 75,
"width": 216,
"height": 174,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "mukmin sejati, dalam studi kajian ‘ulum al- Qur’an sesuatu yang mu ḍ af kan memiliki makna yang lebih khusus 20 , menurut Dawam Rahrajo 21 seseorang dikatakan mukmin sejati apabila telah berusaha dengan maksimal dalam segala hal kemudian diikuti dengan sikap tawakkal, dengan demikian mukmin sejati adalah orang yang memiliki semangat terhadap ketaqwaan dan amal kebaikan.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 312,
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"text": "D. Pemahaman Ayat Mukmin Sejati",
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{
"left": 326,
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"text": "Perspektif Tafsir Jalālain",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 312,
"top": 297,
"width": 215,
"height": 126,
"page_number": 6,
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"text": "Al- Qur’an memberikan pandangan yang luas mengenai mukmin. Semua ayat yang menunjukkan tentang keutamaan mukmin sangat banyak. Menunjukkan bahwa model keimanan seseorang tidak dapat diseragamkan, dan perbedaan merupakan keniscayaan. Namun dalam",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 312,
"top": 427,
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"height": 158,
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"text": "penyebutannya al- Qur’an banyak menekankan sisi keimanan melalui konsistensi terhadap dua poros tipologi yaitu keimanan yang bersifat individual ( kha ṣ ) dan keimanan yang bersifat sosial ( ‘ām ). Hal tersebut banyak ditemukan mengenai kata āmanū (orang-orang yang beriman) hampir selalu diikuti dengan kata wa ‘amilū al - ṣ ali ḥ at (berbuat kebajikan).",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 312,
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"width": 215,
"height": 93,
"page_number": 6,
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"text": "Lafaz mukmin juga disebutkan dengan redaksi selain yang dicantumkan di atas, hal tersebut semakin memperkaya wawasan mengenai pemahaman mukmin secara luas, seperti kata mukmin yang",
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{
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"width": 215,
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"text": "20 M. Quraish Shihab, Kaidah Tafsir (Tanggerang: Lentera hati, 2013), h. 89.",
"type": "Footnote"
},
{
"left": 312,
"top": 736,
"width": 215,
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"text": "21 M. Dawam Rahardjo, Ensiklopedi al- Qur’an: tafsir sosial berdasarkan konsep-konsep kunci (Jakarta: Paramadina, 1996), h. 77.",
"type": "Footnote"
},
{
"left": 205,
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"text": "Althaf Husein Muzakky,dkk, Memahami Makna Mukmin Sejati Perspektif.. . │ 7",
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"text": "© 2020 by Mahdar: Jurnal Studi al- Qur’an Hadis - This work is licensed under (CC-BY-SA)",
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{
"left": 71,
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"width": 216,
"height": 125,
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"text": "setelahnya disertai perintah shalat, amalan tentang zakat maupun himbauan menginfaqkan harta yang dimiliki. Untuk lebih jelasnya penulis akan memaparkan ayat-ayat al- Qur’an yang berbicara tentang mukmin sekaligus penafsirannya dalam kitab Tafsir Jalālain.",
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"text": "1. QS. Al- Anfāl (8) : 2 -4",
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"text": "ُلُق ْتَلِجَو ُ َّللَّا َرِكُذ اَذِإ َنيِ َّ لَّا َنوُنِمْؤُم ْ لا اَمَّنِإ ْتَيِلُت اَذوَإِ ْمُهُبو َنو ُ َّكََّوَتَي ْمِهِ بَر َ َعَلَو اًناَميِإ ْمُهْتَداَز ُهُتاَيآ ْمِهْيَلَع ﴿ ٢ ﴾ َنيِ َّ لَّا َنوُقِفْنُي ْمُهاَنْقَزَر اَّمِمَو َة َلَ َّصلا َنوُميِقُي ﴿ ٣ ﴾ َكِئ َلوُأ ُمُه َنوُنِمْؤُم ْ لا اًّقَح ْمُهَل تاَجَرَد َدْنِع ِ بَر ْمِه قْزِرَو ةَرِفْغَمَو ميِر َك ﴿ ٤ ﴾",
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{
"left": 78,
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"text": "Sesungguhnya orang-orang yang beriman adalah mereka yang apabila disebut nama Allah gemetar hatinya, dan apabila dibacakan ayat-ayat-Nya kepada mereka, bertambah (kuat) imannya dan hanya kepada Tuhan mereka bertawakal, (Yaitu) orang-orang yang melaksanakan salat dan yang menginfakkan sebagian dari rezeki yang Kami berikan kepada mereka. Mereka itulah orang-orang yang benar-benar beriman. Mereka akan memperoleh derajat (tinggi) di sisi Tuhannya dan ampunan serta rezeki (nikmat) yang mulia.",
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"text": "Pemahaman tentang mukmin sejati dijelaskan dalam tafsir Jalālain, bahwa orang dapat dikatakan mukmin apabila telah sempurna keimanannya dengan cara mengingat Allah swt. sebagai barometer perilaku kehidupan, jikalau apa yang dilakukan mendapat ancaman dari Allah swt. maka hal tersebut ditakuti dan ditinggalkan, namun apabila apa yang dilakukan merupakan kebenaran maka orang",
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"text": "mukmin akan melaksanakan dengan maksimal dan diiringi sikap tawakkal, untuk lebih lengkapnya dapat dilihat yaitu sebagai berikut:",
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{
"left": 309,
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"text": "َنوُنِمْؤُم ْ لا اَمَّنإ \" ناَميِ ْ لْا َنوُلِم َكَْلا \" َّللَّا َرِكُذ اَذإ َنيِ َّ لَّا \" ْي َ أ هديِعَو \" ْتَلِجَو \" ْتَفاَخ \" هتاَيآ ْمِهْي َلَع ْتَيِلُت اَذوَإِ ْمهبوُلُق اَميإ ْمُهْتَداَز اًن \" اًقيِد ْصَت \" َنو ُ َّكََّوَتَي ْمه بَر َ َعَلَو \" َ لَ َنوُقِثَي ِهِب ِهِ ْيَْغِب \" ة َلَ َّصلا َنوُميِقُي َنيِ َّ لَّا \" اَهِقوُقُ ِبِ اَهِب َنوُت ْ أَي \" اَّمِمَو ْمُهاَنْقَزَر \" ْمُهاَنْي َطْع َ أ \" َنوُقِفْنُي \" َّللَّا ةَعا َط ِفِ \" َكِئ َلوُأ \" َرَكَذ اَمِب َنوُفو ُصْوَم ْ لا \" اًّقَح َنوُنِمْؤُم ْ لا ْمُه \" كَش َلَِب اًقْدِص \" تاَجَرَد ْمُهَل \" ةَّنَ ْ لْا ِفِ لِزاَنَم \" قْزِرَو ةَرِفْغَمَو ْمه بَر دْنِع ميِر َك \" ةَّنَ ْ لْا ِفِ",
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"text": "“ bahwa sesungguhnya orang mukmin yaitu orang yang sempurna imannya yakni apabila mengingat Allah swt. atas ancamanNya maka akan bergetar dan takut hatinya, dan apabila dibacakan ayat al- Qur’an maka bertambahlah keimanannya karena membernarkan isi al- Qur’an, dan dan hanyak kepada Allah orang mukmin menaruh harapan pasrah yaitu dengan meyakini Allah dan bukan selain Allah, orang mukmin juga orang yang mendirikan shalat dengan mendatangi shalat dengan hak-haknya shalat, dan sebagian harta dari orang mukmin diberikan untuk berinfaq dalam rangka ketaatan kepada Allah, orang- orang yang telah disifati tersebut merupakan gambaran mukmin sejati yang membenarkan keimanannya dengan tanpa ragu, maka bagi orang mukmin sejati akan mendapatkan derajat berupa surga di hadapan Allah, pengampunan, serta mendapat rizki yang begitu mulia yaitu surga.” 22",
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"text": "22 Jalaluddin al-Mahalli dan Jalaluddin al-Suyuti, Tafsir Jalālain (Beirut: Dār al -Fikr al- Islāmy, 2017), h . 143.",
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"text": "8 │ Mashdar : Jurnal Studi al-Quran dan Hadis, Vol.2 No.1 2020 (1-18)",
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{
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"text": "Penjelasan al- Qur’an mengenai sifat orang mukmin di atas dapat dibilang cukup komprehensif. Di dalam penjelasan ayat tersebut terdapat beberapa sifat orang mukmin yang meliputi aspek individual, dan sosial. Dari aspek individual disebutkan dengan seorang mukmin merupakan orang yang senantiasa bergetar ketika diingatkan tentang Allah, kemudian ketika ayat al- Qur’an dibacakan maka akan berdampak terhadap keimanan, tidak hanya didengarkan, melainkan juga diamalkan, melalui pelaksanaan shalat dan menunaikan zakat. Orang yang demikian tersebut adalah sebenar- benarnya orang beriman atau mukmin sejati sebab dapat memposisikan keimanan dari sisi ruhani dan jasmani.",
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"text": "Melihat beberapa sifat yang dicantumkan dalam QS. Al- Anfāl (8) : 2-4, Imam al-Suyuti menafsirkan dengan cukup komprehensif. Sifat orang mukmin memiliki tiga landasan poros yang saling berkaitan, yaitu jiwa, raga, dan kepedulian sesama. Sifat orang mukmin yang berkaitan dengan jiwa memiliki kesadaran bahwa iman ada kalanya bertambah dan berkurang, oleh sebab itu dengan senantiasa mendekat kepada Allah melalui dzikir dan membaca al- Qur’an dengan baik dan benar serta mendalami maknanya akan dapat senantiasa menjaga iman, setidaknya untuk tetap stabil, tidak mengalami defisit atau pengurangan, sebab hati berasal dari kata qalaba yang artinya bolak-balik atau tidak stabil 23 .",
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"text": "Itulah pentingnya hati dihiasi dengan ilmu dan dzikir, sebab menurut Imam Ghazali mengutip gurunya yaitu Ibn al-",
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"text": "23 al-Mahalli dan al-Suyuti, Tafsir Jalālain, h. 143.",
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"text": "Mubarok mengatakan bahwa salah satu sebab matinya hati adalah tidak belajar dan berdzikir 24 .",
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"text": "Sifat orang mukmin yang berkaitan dengan raga adalah shalat. Tidak dapat dipungkiri bahwa shalat adalah interaksi paling nyata antara manusia dengan tuhannya, Imam al-Suyuti menjelaskan bahwa shalat haruslah ya’tūna bi ḥ uqūqiha (menempatkan haknya shalat), yaitu dengan menjalankan shalat sesuai dengan waktunya, memperhatikan syarat rukun dan adab shalat. Imam al-Suyuti mengindikasikan bahwa orang yang menjalankan shalat disertai dengan haknya akan membentuk karakter yang benar. Tanpa disadari dengan melaksanakan shalat lima waktu secara tertib seseorang sebanarnya diasah untuk disiplin, tanggung jawab, dan memprioritaskan terhadap kewajiban yang harus dijalankan 25 .",
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"text": "Sifat orang mukmin yang berkaitan dengan kepedulian bersama adalah zakat. Zakat merupakan simbol kepedulian sosial dengan mengikis persoalan kemiskinan. Adanya upaya dalam al- Qur’an untuk mempersempit kesenjangan kasta sosial, yang disebabkan atas kapitalisme, dan penumpukan harta. Salah satu hal yang wajib untuk dilaksanakan bagi orang yang berkeluarga adalah menafkahi keluarganya serta memberikan kewajiban lain kepada orang yang membutuhkan dengan zakat, atau jika",
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"text": "24 Muhammad Ibn Muhammad al-Ghazali, Ihyā’ ‘Ulumuddin (Beiru t: Dār Ibn al -Qayyim, 1997), Vol. 3, h. 117.",
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"text": "25 al-Mahalli dan al-Suyuti, Tafsir Jalālain, h. 143.",
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"text": "Althaf Husein Muzakky,dkk, Memahami Makna Mukmin Sejati Perspektif.. . │ 9",
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"text": "© 2020 by Mahdar: Jurnal Studi al- Qur’an Hadis - This work is licensed under (CC-BY-SA)",
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"text": "belum berkewajiban zakat maka tetap dianjurkan dengan sedekah 26 .",
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"text": "2. QS. Al- Anfāl (8): 74",
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"text": "اْوَوآ َنيِ َّ لَّاَو ِ َّللَّا ِليِبَس ِفِ اوُدَهاَجَو اوُرَجاَهَو اوُنَمآ َنيِ َّ لَّاَو ميِر َك قْزِرَو ةَرِفْغَم ْمُهَل اًّقَح َنوُنِمْؤُمْلا ُمُه َكِئَلوُأ اوُ َصََنَو ﴿ ٧٤ ﴾",
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"text": "“Dan orang -orang yang beriman dan berhijrah serta berjihad di jalan Allah, dan orang-orang yang memberi tempat kediaman dan memberi pertolongan (kepada orang Muhajirin), mereka itulah orang yang benar-benar beriman.",
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"text": "Mereka memperoleh ampunan dan rezeki (n ikmat) yang mulia.”",
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"text": "Dalam kajian historisitas turunnya ayat (sejarah) atau asbābun nuzūl, ayat tersebut secara makro turun saat nabi Muhammad Hijrah ke Madinah 27 . Kata mukmin dalam konteks ayat tersebut memiliki hubungan yang erat antara kaum Muhājirin yang datang berpindah kemadinah dengan kesungguhan hati dan kaum An ṣ ar yang menyambut rombongan nabi beserta kaum Muhājirin dengan senang hati. Dalam hal ini nuansa keimanan dalam konteks sosial sangatlah kuat. Betapa luar biasanya kaum Muhājirin yang asalnya dari Makkah meninggalkan rumah, tempat tinggal, harta benda, keluarga, demi membela Islam dengan mengikuti Nabi Muhammad, begitu halnya kaum An ṣ ar yang gigih dan gagah loyalitas melayani seluruh kebutuhan Nabi Muhammad dan para pengikutnya seperti saudara kandung sendiri.",
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"text": "26 al-Mahalli dan al-Suyuti, Tafsir Jalālain, hlm.",
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"text": "143.",
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"text": "27 Muhammad Chirzin, Buku Pintar Asbabun Nuzul (Jakarta: Zaman, 2011), h. 375-376.",
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"text": "Berbicara mengenai penafsiran ayat ini dalam tafsir Jalālain terdapat tiga sifat yang sangat kuat dalam membentuk mukmin sejati 28 . Pertama, hājarū seorang mukmin harus melakukan hijrah, dalam konteks nabi pemaknaan hijrah diartikan sebagai pergi. Hal tersebut sebagaimana hijrahnya nabi dimaknai sebagai pindah, pergi, dari Makkah ke Madinah sebagi tindakan revolusi 29 . Dapat juga dimaknai senantiasa berusaha menuju kepada kebaikan. Kedua, jāhadu (kesungguhan hati, mental dan jiwa) bersunggungguh- sungguh untuk berpegang teguh di jalan Allah dengan mengikuti nabi Muhammad dalam menyebarkan ajaran Islam. Ketiga, wana ṣ arū (saling tolong menolong), maksud ayat ini adalah kaum An ṣ ar yang berada di Madinah kala itu, namun jika ditarik dalam konteks sekarang tolong menolong adalah salah satu dakwah Islam yang santun, dari ketiga sifat tersebut adalah komponen utama untuk menjadikan mukmin naik level mendapat predikat mukmin sejati.",
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"text": "3. QS. Al- Mu’minūn (23): 1 -11 َنوُنِمْؤُم ْ لا َحَلْف َ أ ْدَق ( 1 ) َنيِ َّ لَّا ْمُه ِفِ ْمِهِت َلَ َص َنوُعِشاَخ ﴿ ٢ ﴾ َنيِ َّ لَّاَو ْمُه ِنَع َنو ُضِرْعُم ِوْغ َّللا ﴿ ٣ ﴾ َنيِ َّ لَّاَو ْمُه ِة َكََّزلِل َنوُلِعاَف ﴿ ٤ ﴾ َنو ُظِفاَح ْمِهِجوُرُفِل ْمُه َنيِ َّ لَّاَو ﴿ ٥ ﴾ َّ لَِإ َ َعَل ْمِهِجاَوْز َ أ ْو َ أ اَم ْتَكَلَم ْمُهُناَمْي َ أ ْمُهَّنِإَف ُْيَْغ َيِموُلَم ﴿ ٦ ﴾ ِنَم َف َغَتْبا َءاَرَو َكِلَذ َكِئ َلوُأَف ُمُه َنوُداَعْلا ﴿ ٧ ﴾ َنيِ َّ لَّاَو ْمُه ْمِهِتاَناَم َ ِلِ ْمِهِدْهَعَو َنوُعاَر ﴿ ٨ ﴾ َنيِ َّ لَّاَو ْمُه َ َعَل ْمِهِتاَو َل َص َنو ُظِفاَ ُيُ ﴿ ٩ ﴾ َكِئ َلوُأ ُمُه َنوُثِراَو ْ لا ﴿ ۱۰ ﴾ َنيِ َّ لَّا َنوُثِرَي َسْوَدْرِف ْلا ْمُه اَهيِف َنوُ ِلِاَخ ﴿ ۱۱ ﴾",
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"text": "28 al-Mahalli dan al-Suyuti, Tafsir Jalālain, h. 168.",
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"text": "29 Man ẓ ur, Lisānul Arab, Vol. 5, h. 250.",
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"text": "10 │ Mashdar : Jurnal Studi al-Quran dan Hadis, Vol.2 No.1 2020 (1-18)",
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"text": "© 2020 by Mahdar: Jurnal Studi al- Qur’an Hadis All right reserved. This work is licensed under (CC-BY-SA)",
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{
"left": 78,
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"text": "“Sungguh beruntung orang -orang yang beriman, (yaitu) orang yang khusyuk dalam salatnya, dan orang yang menjauhkan diri dari (perbuatan dan perkataan) yang tidak berguna, dan orang yang menunaikan zakat, dan orang yang memelihara kemaluannya, kecuali terhadap istri-istri mereka atau hamba sahaya yang mereka miliki; maka sesungguhnya mereka tidak tercela. Tetapi barang siapa mencari di balik itu (zina, dan sebagainya), maka mereka itulah orang-orang yang melampaui batas. Dan (sungguh beruntung) orang yang memelihara amanat-amanat dan janjinya, serta orang yang memelihara salatnya. Mereka itulah orang yang akan mewarisi, (yakni) yang akan mewarisi (surga) Firdaus. Mereka kekal di dalamnya.”",
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"text": "Pengertian orang mukmin secara global dapat dipahami dari ayat ini adalah kesembingan dalam menjalankan ibadah. Sudah selayaknya orang mukmin memiliki balance terhadap urusan dunia dan akhirat. Dapat dilihat setidaknya dimensi ibadah individual seperti shalat secara khusyu’, menjaga kemaluan atau seksualitas hanya dengan cara yang sah (hanya dengan istri maupun budak dulu di awal Islam), sebagai orang mukmin merupakan orang yang senantiasa menjaga kewajiban. Selain itu dimensi sosial seperti tidak melakukan perkara yang sia-sia dengan selalu menghiasi diri dengan perilaku yang bermanfaat, menuanikan zakat, dan berinteraksi secara baik dengan menepati janji dan tanggung jawab. Dari ayat diatas setidaknya terdapat",
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"text": "enam poin penting pribadi untuk menjadi seorang mukmin.",
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"text": "Lebih lanjut lagi, Imam Jalaluddin al-Ma ḥ alli dalam ayat ini menafsirkan bahwa sungguh orang mukmin memiliki keberuntungan di dunia maupun di akhirat, dapat dilihat sebagai berikut 30 :",
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"text": "\" ْدَق \" ِقيِقْحَّتلِل \" َحَلْف َ أ \" َنوُنِمْؤُم ْ لاَزاَف",
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"text": "“Huruf Qad bermakna meneguhkan, sungguh sangat beruntung orang-orang mukmin”",
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"text": "Menurut Imam jalāluddin al -Suyuti orang mukmin dapat beruntung apabila menempati enam sifat. Pertama, Seorang mukmin merupakan orang yang melakukan shalat dengan khusyu’ dengan merendahkan diri dihadapan Allah. Kedua, Orang mukmin adalah orang yang menjauhi diri dari perbuatan yang tidak berguna semisal ucapan, perbuatan dan lain macam sebagainya. Ketiga, Orang mukmin adalah orang-orang yang melakukan zakat dengan menuanikannya.",
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"text": "Keempat, Orang",
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"text": "mukmin adalah orang yang menjaga kemaluannya (seksualitas) dari keharaman kecuali atas istri atau hamba sahaya yang dimiliki (selir) itu menjadi tidak masalah (dizaman masih terdapat budak), apabila mencari kepuasan seksual selain dengan istri dan hamba sahaya seperti onani maka hal demikian telah melampaui batas dengan melakukan perbuatan yang tidak halal. Kelima, Orang mukmin adalah orang yang menepati janji dan bertanggung jawab baik secara",
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"text": "30 al-Mahalli dan al-Suyuti, Tafsir Jalālain, h. 185.",
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"text": "Althaf Husein Muzakky,dkk, Memahami Makna Mukmin Sejati Perspektif.. . │ 11",
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"text": "© 2020 by Mahdar: Jurnal Studi al- Qur’an Hadis - This work is licensed under (CC-BY-SA)",
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{
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"text": "personal maupun kelompok atas hubungan dengan sesama manusia seperti mu’āmalah . Keenam, orang mukmin adalah orang yang senantiasa menjaga shalat lima waktu 31 .",
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"text": "4. QS. Al- Ḥ ujurāt (49): 10",
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"text": "َ َّللَّا اوُقَّتاَو ْمُكْيَوَخ َ أ َ ْيَب اوُحِل ْص َ أَف ةَوْخِإ َنوُنِمْؤُم ْ لا اَمَّنِإ َنوُ َحَْرُت ْمُكَّلَعَل ﴿ ۱۰ ﴾",
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"text": "“Sesungguhnya orang -orang mukmin itu bersaudara, karena itu damaikanlah antara kedua saudaramu (yang berselisih) dan bertakwalah kepada Allah agar kamu mendapat rahmat”.",
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"text": "Ayat di atas mengindikasikan tentang toleransi dan pentingnya kerukunan. Imam Jalālu ddin al-Ma ḥ alli menjelaskan maksud dari mukmin yang saling bersaudara satu sama lain sehingga senantiasa menjaga rasa persaudaraan, dapat dilihat dalam tafsir Jalālain 32 yaitu sebagai berikut:",
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"text": "ةَوْخإ َنوُنِمْؤُم ْ لا اَمَّنإ \" نيِ لِا ِفِ \" ْيَب اوُحِل ْص َ أَف ْمُكْيَوَخ َ أ \" اَذإ ْمُكتَوْخإ َئِرُقَو َعََزاَنَت",
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"text": "“Sesungguhnya seorang mukmin merupakan saudara seagama maka berdamailah diantara saudaramu ketika bertengkar, dalam bacaan lain disebutkan saudara perempuan kalian semua.”",
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"text": "Orang mukmin merupakan orang yang menganut ajaran Nabi Muhammad sebagai utusan sekaligus rahmatan lil ālamīn (kasih sayang bagi seluruh alam). Sebagaimana tujuan Nabi diutus di bumi tidak lain adalah untuk saling mengasihi sesama mukmin bahkan mengasihi seperti",
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"text": "31 al-Mahalli dan al-Suyuti, Tafsir Jalālain, h. 285.",
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"text": "32 al-Mahalli dan al-Suyuti, T afsir Jalālain, h. 233 .",
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"text": "seakan saudaranya sendiri dalam artian seagama. Namun dewasa ini terdapat kelompok orang Islam yang melakukan tindakan tidak terpuji dengan intoleransi terhadap sesama muslim maupun kepada non-muslim. Hal demikian ini merupakan tindakan yang tidak sesuai dengan sejarah perilaku nabi ketika berada di Madinah yang bersikap ramah dengan kaumYahudi dan Nasrani selama dapat hidup berdampingan dengan aman dan tidak melakukan peperangan, nabi ditengah masyarakat",
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"text": "Madinah yang multikultural mampu merukunkan,",
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"text": "dengan saling menjaga dan mempersatukan persaudaraan 33 .",
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"text": "Sehubungan dengan penafsiran ayat tersebut Imam Jalāluddin al -Ma ḥ alli memberikan uraian yang komprehensif mengenai ayat diatas. Bahwa setiap mukmin satu dengan yang lainnya merupakan saudara seiman dalam agama yaitu saudara dalam ketaatan terhadap Allah SWT., maka sudah barang tentu rasa persaudaraan harus dijunjung dengan tinggi mengingat dalam kehidupan pasti menemui konflik, Imam Jalāluddin al -Ma ḥ alli menyebut dengan kata naza’a yang berarti mencabut, mengganggu eksistensi persaudaraan. 34 Di akhir ayat",
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"text": "Allah berfirman untuk selalu bertaqwa kepada Allah dengan menjaga persaudaraan sebagai sarana penjagaan kasih sayang baik antar sesama muslim (seagama dan seiman), maupun non- muslim (selain seagama dan seiman) tetap harus saling menjaga kerukunan.",
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"text": "33 Misrawi, Madinah Kota Suci, Piagam Madinah, dan Teladan Muhammad SAW, h. 78 .",
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"text": "34 al-Mahalli dan al-Suyuti, Tafsir Jalālain, h. 242.",
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"text": "12 │ Mashdar : Jurnal Studi al-Quran dan Hadis, Vol.2 No.1 2020 (1-18)",
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"text": "© 2020 by Mahdar: Jurnal Studi al- Qur’an Hadis All right reserved. This work is licensed under (CC-BY-SA)",
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"text": "5. QS. Al- Ḥ ujurāt (49): 15",
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"text": "اوُباَتْرَي ْمَل َّمُث ِ ِلِوُسَرَو ِ َّللَّاِب اوُنَمآ َنيِ َّ لَّا َنوُنِمْؤُم ْ لا اَمَّنِإ",
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"text": "ُمُه َكِئ َلوُأ ِ َّللَّا ِليِبَس ِفِ ْمِهِسُفْنَأَو ْمِهِلاَوْمَأِب اوُدَهاَجَو َنوُقِدا َّصلا ﴿ ۱٥ ﴾",
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{
"left": 78,
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"text": "“Sesungguhnya orang -orang mukmin yang sebenarnya adalah mereka yang beriman kepada Allah dan Rasul-Nya kemudian mereka tidak ragu-ragu dan mereka berjihad dengan harta dan jiwanya di jalan Allah. Mereka itulah orang- orang yang benar”.",
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"text": "Pengertian secara ijmāli (global) bahwa al- Qur’an menghimbau terhadap orang-orang mukmin untuk tidak ragu-ragu berjihad dengan hartanya dijalan Allah. Pernyataan tersebut benar namun bersifat profokatif, selama ini berjihad mengalami diakroni (perubahan) pemaknaan, dahulu dimasa nabi jihad dipandang dengan ṭ āqah yaitu kekuatan, kecakapan sebagai bentuk kesungguhan hati, totalitas, terhadap ajaran nabi Muhammad SAW. namun akhir ini makna jihad identik dengan tindakan radikalisasi, anarkisme seperti demo, aksi, perang, lebih parahnya adalah terorisme dengan pengeboman dan bom bunuh diri. Krisis pemaknaan jihad dengan ḥ arb (perang) dan qitāl (pembunuhan) merupakan kesalahan penafsiran yang masif sehingga perlu adanya edukasi, dan transmisi pengetahuan bahwa definisi jihad tanpa ragu bukanlah tindakan yang merugikan melainkan tindakan yang membawa kemaslahatan.",
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"text": "Mufassir klasik seperti Imam Jalāluddin al -Ma ḥ alli menafsirkan ayat tersebut dengan cukup unik. Yang",
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"text": "dimaksud dengan lam yartābū wa jāhadū bi amwālihim wa anfusihim fi sabīlillah (tidak ragu-ragu dan mereka berjihad dengan harta dan jiwanya di jalan Allah) adalah kecakapan menampakkan kebenaran keimananya 35 . Syiar Islam dapat dilakukan dengan cara yang beragam dapat dilakukan dengan harta benda, integritas, jabatan, politik, sosial, dan lain macam sebagainya tidak dengan melakukan tindakan anarkis secara membabi buta sehingga dapat merugikan berbagai pihak. Orang yang melakukan jihad tanpa mengetahui situasi dan kondisi belum bisa dikatakan mukmin sejati, sebab dalam jihad disyaratkan mengetahui kapasitas yang dimiliki, orang bersekolah jihadnya adalah belajar, orang bekerja jihadnya mencari ekonomi dan kesejahteraan diri, orang yang sedang menjadi tentara jihadnya adalah berperang menjaga keamanan, orang yang kaya jihadnya adalah dermawan, sebagaimana porsi dan bagiannya masing-masing sebagaimana yang dikemukakan oleh Gamal al-Banna 36 . Barulah setelah hal tersebut dilakukan maka dapat tergolong menjadi orang- orang yang benar.",
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"text": "E. Peran Mukmin Sejati dalam Membangun Kerukunan dan Toleransi",
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"text": "Agama Islam merupakan salah satu agama besar di dunia. Tentunya sebagai agama mayoritas yang dianut",
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"text": "35 al-Mahalli dan al-Suyuti, Tafsir Jalālain , h. 247.",
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"text": "36 Jihad merupakan pembahasan yang debatable (diperdebatkan) dan interpretable (multitafsir) sehingga selalu hangat untuk didiskusikan baik kini besok maupun lusa nanti, Gamal Al-Banna, Jihad (Jakarta: Mata Air Publishing, 2006), h. xi-xii.",
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"text": "Althaf Husein Muzakky,dkk, Memahami Makna Mukmin Sejati Perspektif.. . │ 13",
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"text": "© 2020 by Mahdar: Jurnal Studi al- Qur’an Hadis - This work is licensed under (CC-BY-SA)",
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"text": "oleh masyarakat di Indonesia tentu orang Islam bertanggung jawab penuh atas kerukunan. Sebab harapan terbesar yang mudah diwujudkan adalah mempertimbangkan suara mayoritas sebagai langkah awal menuju peradaban dan kemajuan. Dalam hal ini orang Islam dituntut untuk menjadi mukmin yang sejati, sebagaimana kitab suci al- Qur’an memerintahkan ajaran untuk saling memaafkan atas kesalahan serta bersikap lemah lembut baik terhadap muslim maupun non-muslim. Hal ini sebagaimana dikemukakan oleh Baharuddin Zamawi dkk. bahwa Indonesia kuat sebab nilai toleransi yang terus dijaga dan dirawat dengan seksama 37 .",
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"text": "Orang mukmin sejati dapat berlaku dinamis menyikapi persoalan zaman yang kompleks. Mukmin sejati adalah mereka yang mampu beradaptasi dan memposisikan diri secara seimbang diantara urusan akhirat dan urusan dunia. Hal ini dibuktikan dengan tinjauan penyebutan ayat al- Qur’an yang menyebutkan āmanū (orang yang beriman) banyak dikuti dengan wa ‘amilu al - ṣ alihāt (melakukan kebaikan).",
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"text": "Umat Islam sudah seharusnya tidak mudah terprovokasi dengan kajian al- Qur’an maupun hadis yang diajarkan oleh orang-orang yang tidak memiliki keilmuan yang mumpuni, dapat dilihat banyaknya orang yang mengajarkan hadis nabi tanpa disertai ‘ulūmul hadi ṡ sehingga tidak sedikit yang mudah terbawa dan menjadi intoleransi sebab",
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"text": "37 Baharudin Zamawi, Habieb Bullah, Dan Zubaidah Zubaidah, “Ayat Toleransi Dalam Al - Qur’an: Tinjauan Tafsir Marah Labid,” Diya Al-Afkar: Jurnal Studi Al-Quran Dan Al-Hadis Volume 7 Number 1 (30 Juni 2019), h. 185 – 197.",
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"text": "kajian hadis yang bersifat tekstualis ditengah konteks kehidupan yang semakin maju 38 .",
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"text": "Berbicara tentang konsep mukmin sejati merupakan pembahasan yang substansial. Semua orang berlomba mengklaim diri sebagai golongan yang paling benar, hal itu merupakan tindakan yang biasa, namun yang perlu digarisbawahi bahwa sikap mukmin sejati bukan orang yang mudah menyalahkan dan menghina orang, kelompok, golongan lain. Sikap mukmin sejati dikritik oleh Armayanto kurang etis jika seorang mukmin tidak bisa bersikap adil antar sesama muslim dan non-muslim 39 . Sebagian dari kriteria mukmin adalah melakukan ibadah dengan dilandasi atas keridaan Allah SWT. buka atas politik atau golongan tertentu, dengan selalu rendah hati dan menjaga martabat. Mengingat di dunia perbedaan adalah keniscayaan yang tidak bisa dihindarkan, bukan permasalahan bagiamana menjadi seragam antara umat beragama dalam mengenai pendapat bersama, melainkan mukmin sejati memaknai pebedaan pendapat sebagai bentuk keindahan yang harus disikapi secara arif dan bijaksana baik tanpa terkecuali mengenai persoalan agama, budaya, ras, suku, dan bangsa 40 .",
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"text": "38 Eka Tresna Setiawan, “Reinterpretasi Hadis - Hadis Intoleransi Agama Dalam Kutub Al- Tis’ah (Kajian Tematik),” Diya Al-Afkar: Jurnal Studi al- Quran dan al-Hadis Volume 5 Number 01 (1 Juni 2017), h. 187 – 218.",
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"text": "39 Harda Armayanto , “Etika Al - Qur’an Terhadap Non- Muslim,” Tsaqafah Volume 9 Number 2 (30 November 2013), h. 289 – 306,",
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"text": "40 Abdul Halim, Zulheldi Zulheldi, dan Sobhan Sobhan, “Karakteristik Pemegang Amânah Dala m",
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"text": "14 │ Mashdar : Jurnal Studi al-Quran dan Hadis, Vol.2 No.1 2020 (1-18)",
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"text": "© 2020 by Mahdar: Jurnal Studi al- Qur’an Hadis All right reserved. This work is licensed under (CC-BY-SA)",
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{
"left": 71,
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"text": "Sikap saling menghormati harus lebih dihadirkan sebagai bentuk manifestasi keimanan. Di negara- negara Barat orang muslim dan non- muslim hidup berdampingan, mereka bebas mengemukakan pendapat selama namun tetap saling menghormati tanpa merendahkan satu sama lain, sebagaimana yang dikemukakan oleh Maykel Verkuyten dan Luuk Slooter 41 . Sebagai orang Timur yang menjunjung tinggi peradaban dan tata krama sudah selayaknya sikap toleransi dan kerukunan perlu disiram agar tumbuh subur di masyarakat bersama, meminimalisir gesekan, menahan adanya perpecahan adalah upaya merukukan.",
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"text": "Dapat dikatakan bahwa mayoritas orang Indonesia memeluk agama Islam. Banyaknya mayoritas umat Islam yang ada di Indonesia sudah idealnya menjadi pelopor akan kerjasama yang harmonis, hubungan kerja yang kooperatif, dalam membangun keadan negara Indonesia dari berbagai isu yang telah lama menjadi tantangan bersama, seperti mengatasi kemacetan, banjir, isu kelaparan, peningkatan ekonomi, memajukan pendidikan, mengatasi biaya kesehatan, pemerataan pembangunan, yang seharusnya lebih banyak diperhatikan dibanding memperbesar jurang perbedaan agama.",
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"text": "Al- Qur’an,” Mashdar: Jurnal Studi Al- Qur’an Dan Hadis 1, no. 2 (12 Desember 2019), h.93 – 108.",
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"text": "41 Maykel Verkuyten dan Luuk Slooter, “Musli m and Non- Muslim Adolescents’ Reasoning About Freedom of Speech and Minority Rights,” Child Development Volume 79 Number 3 (Mei 2008), h. 514 – 528.",
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"text": "Di era millenial seperti sekarang, mukmin sejati dituntut untuk bijak dalam mengkonsumsi informasi dan berita di sosial media. Perkembangan zaman yang pesat menjadikan sosial media merupakan ranah dakwah terbaru bagi umat Islam, dapat dilihat berbagai aplikasi sosial media digunakan secara masif untuk mengajar dan menyebarkan Islam, mulai dari Facebook, Youtube, Whatsapp, Twitter, dan masih banyak lagi. Hal ini perlu disaring dengan ilmu pengetahuan, sehingga mukmin sejati tidak mudah terkenah hoaxs, apalagi sampai dengan menyebarkan berita yang belum tentu jelas kebenaran dan keabsahannya.",
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"text": "Kerukunan dan toleranasi merupakan kekayaan mahal yang dimiliki Indonesia dan harus dijaga. Penjagaan kerukunan dan toleransi yang termuat dalam asas Bhinneka Tunggal Ika kini mulai digerogoti oleh kaum ekstrimis yang hanya mengedepankan kepentingan politis praktis. Sebagai mukmin sejati yang mengikuti ajaran Nabi setiap individu mukmin secara langsung mapun tidak langsung bertanggung jawab dan berperan aktif dalam menciptakan kehidupan yang penuh cinta, kasih sayang sehingga dapat beragama dengan tenang tanpa adanya ketakutan dan rasa cemas, oleh sebab itu mukmin sejati merupakan orang yang terus menerus mengupayakan kebaikan terhadap seluruh alam sebagai perwujudan ketaatan dan keimanan yang mendalam.",
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"text": "SIMPULAN",
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"text": "Tafsir Jalālain menyuguhkan nuansa kehidupan keimanan yang progresif. Dapat dilihat dalam penafsiran Syaikh Jalāluddin Muhammad Ibn Ahmad al - Ma ḥ alli (L.791-864 H./ W. 1389-1459 M.) dan Syaikh Jalaluddin Abdurra ḥ man Ibn Abi Bakar al-Suyuti (L. 849-911 H./ W.1445-1505 M.) pengertian mukmin secara umum adalah mereka yang yang beriman kepada Allah, malaikat, kitab, rasul, hari akhir, dan takdir (ketetapan) Allah meliputi takdir yang baik maupun yang buruk, yang manis maupun yang pahit. Mukmin sejati merupakan mereka yang stabil, seimbang, balance, proposional antara kesalehan keimanan spiritual indivual dan kesalahean keimanan sosial.",
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"text": "Adapun keimanan spiritual indivual yang meliputi ibadah seperti shalat secara khusyū’, khu ḍ ū’, bertutur kata santun, berpuasa dan lain macam sebagainya, sedangkan kesalehan keimanan sosial meliputi membantu ekonomi seperti menunaikan zakat, menjaga kerukunan, berhijrah (senantiasa berusaha menuju perbaikan diri), berjihad (kesungguhan hati/ tekad yang kuat untuk berpegang teguh atas firman Allah dan sabda Rasulullah), saling menolong, dan rasa persaudaraan, hal tersebut seseuai dengan QS. Al- Anfāl (8) : 2 -4, QS. Al- Mu’minūn (23): 1 -11, dan ayat-ayat lainnya.",
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"text": "Menjadi sebenar-benarnya mukmin atau mukmin sejati merupakan cita-cita seluruh umat Islam.",
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"text": "Dengan mendekatkan diri kepada Allah menjalankan perintahNya, seseorang telah dinyatakan sebagai seorang mukmin atau muslim yang saleh.",
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"text": "Namun hal yang demikian itu tidaklah cukup, seorang mukmin dituntut untuk gagah dan gigih menyikapi persoalan umat, sebab menurut nabi sebaik- baiknya manusia adalah yang bermanfaat atas lainnya. Oleh sebab itu mukmin sejati dapat diistilahkan sebagai insān kāmil (manusia sempurna)/ superman yang memiliki kepekaan sosial tanpa mengesampingkan kualitas individual, sebab antara jiwa dan raga, antara kehidupan akhirat dan dunia keduanya harus berjalan beriringan khususnya dalam menjaga persatuan dan keharmonisan kehidupan antar budaya, agama, suku dan bangsa. Sesuai dengan ungkapan al- Qur’an mengenai mukmin sejati dengan istilah al- mu’minūna ḥ aqqa dan al- mu’minūna dengan berbentuk isim ma’rifah (menunjukkan makna kekhususan) yang memiliki makna sebenar-benarnya orang beriman atau mukmin sejati.",
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"text": "Adapun pengertian mukmin sejati memiliki ragam makna dalam al- Qur’an. Dalam QS. Al - Anfāl (8) : 2 -4, yang dimaksud mukmin sejati adalah orang yang selalu bergetar hatinya ketika mengingat Allah entah lewat dzikir, membaca al- Qur’an, mendirika n shalat dan menunaikan zakat. Pada QS. Al- Anfāl (8): 74 dijelaskan bahwa mukmin sejati adalah mereka yang berhijrah, berjihad, dan saling tolong menolong.",
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"text": "Pada QS. Al- Mu’minūn (23): 1 -11, karakteristik orang mukmin memiliki enam sifat yaitu orang yang shalat secara khusyu’, orang mukmin yang menjaga kemaluan atau hasrat",
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"text": "16 │ Mashdar : Jurnal Studi al-Quran dan Hadis, Vol.2 No.1 2020 (1-18)",
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"text": "© 2020 by Mahdar: Jurnal Studi al- Qur’an Hadis All right reserved. This work is licensed under (CC-BY-SA)",
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"text": "seksualitas hanya dengan cara yang sah (hanya dengan istri maupun budak dulu di awal Islam), orang yang senantiasa menjaga kewajiban, tidak melakukan perkara yang sia-sia dengan selalu menghiasi diri dengan perilaku yang bermanfaat, menuanikan zakat, dan berinteraksi secara baik dengan menepati janji dan tanggung jawab. Dalam QS. Al- Ḥ ujurāt (49): 10, diterangkan bahwa mukmin sejati selalu menjunjung tinggi nilai persaudaraan dan kerukunan. Pada QS. Al- Ḥ ujurāt (49): 15, dipaparkan bahwa mukmin sejati adalah orang-orang yang jihad sesuai dengan kapasitas yang dimilikinya sesuai situasi dan kondisi.",
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"text": "Dalam penelitian yang dilakukan penulis masih banyak celah yang perlu diteliti kembali, seperti sikap mukmin sejati dalam mengupayakan ekonomi yang inklusif seperti memahami ulang ayat-ayat tentang perdagangan, peran mukmin dalam melestarikan lingkungan, bahkan juga keikutsertaan mukmin dalam dunia politik sebagai upaya pemberantas korupsi. Besar harapan bagi penulis apabila kelak terdapat peneliti yang bersedia melanjutkan penelitian yang terbatas ini.",
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"text": "Aplikasi Kriptografi untuk….",
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{
"left": 466,
"top": 797,
"width": 75,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 1,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "ISSN 1858 - 2680",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 529,
"top": 38,
"width": 12,
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"page_number": 1,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "27",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 68,
"top": 60,
"width": 462,
"height": 29,
"page_number": 1,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "APLIKASI KRIPTOGRAFI UNTUK MENGAMANKAN FILE AUDIO VIDEO MENGGUNAKAN VISUAL BASIC .NET",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 206,
"top": 103,
"width": 186,
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"text": "Frenky Fernando, Siswanto, Eko Suryana",
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{
"left": 108,
"top": 122,
"width": 381,
"height": 20,
"page_number": 1,
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"text": "Program Studi Teknik Informatika Fakultas Ilmu Komputer Universitas Dehasen Bengkulu Jl. Meranti Raya No. 32 Kota Bengkulu 38228 Telp. (0736) 22027, 26957 Fax. (0736) 341139",
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{
"left": 271,
"top": 157,
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"text": "ABSTRACT",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 57,
"top": 168,
"width": 485,
"height": 101,
"page_number": 1,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "In terms of file security is often diminished, because the file with the extension * and * .MP4 .MP3 is like the audio files that we secured was listening to the audio exams and video UAN English as exam for student/student in Ja Al-Haq is not given a security so that everyone can see the file. Application of cryptography to secure audio video files using visual basic Net made to secure the audio video files which are air-extension \"* Mp3, Mp4 *\" were built using the programming language Visual Basic Net. The encryption process is a process to convert the original video audio files into files that cannot be executed. Decryption process is a process to convert audio and video files into audio files randomly original video. Testing data security system is a test conducted to determine the safety data that has been integrated on a particular file, in this case the video audio file \"* Mp3, * mp4\". Keywords: Algorithm AES, Audio Video, Encryption, Decryption.",
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"text": "INTISARI",
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{
"left": 57,
"top": 295,
"width": 484,
"height": 113,
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"text": "Dalam hal pengamanan file seringkali dinomorduakan, dikarenakan file dengan extention *.MP3 dan *.MP4 yaitu seperti pada file audio yang kita amankan ialah audio listening untuk ujian UAN Bahasa Inggris sedangkan video seperti soal ujian untuk siswa/siswi di Ja Al-haq yang tidak diberikan suatu keamanan sehingga setiap orang dapat melihat file terse- but. Aplikasi kriptografi untuk mengamankan file audio video menggunakan visual basic .Net dibuat untuk menga- mankan file audio video yang ber-ektensi “*.mp3, *.mp4” yang dibangun menggunakan bahasa pemrograman Visual Basic .Net . Proses enkripsi merupakan proses untuk mengubah file audio video asli menjadi file yang tidak dapat dijal- ankan. Proses dekripsi merupakan proses untuk mengubah file audio video acak menjadi file audio video asli. Pengujian sistem keamanan data merupakan pengujian yang dilakukan untuk mengetahui keamanan data yang telah diintegrasikan pada file tertentu, dalam hal ini adalah file audio video berextensi “*.mp3, *.mp4”. Kata Kunci: Algoritma AES, Audio Video, Enkripsi, Dekripsi.",
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"text": "I. PENDAHULIAN",
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{
"left": 57,
"top": 451,
"width": 237,
"height": 187,
"page_number": 1,
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"text": "Kemampuan untuk mengakses dan menyediakan informasi secara cepat dan akurat menjadi sangat penting bagi sebuah organisasi, baik yang berupa organisasi komersial, perguruan tinggi, instansi pemerintah, maupun individual. Demikian juga halnya dengan Madrasah Tsanawiyah (MTS) Ja Al- haq. MTS tersebut sudah menggunakan komputer untuk melakukan proses pengolahan file. Dalam hal pengamanan file seringkali dinomorduakan, dikarenakan file dengan extention *.MP3 dan *.MP4 yaitu seperti pada file audio yang kita amankan ialah audio listening untuk ujian UAN Bahasa Inggris sedangkan video seperti soal ujian untuk siswa/siswi di Ja Al-haq yang tidak diberikan suatu keamanan sehingga setiap orang dapat melihat file tersebut.",
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"text": "Dari latar belakang diatas, maka penulis mengangkat judul “Aplikasi Kriptografi Untuk Mengamankan File Audio Video Menggunakan Visual Basic .Net” untuk menjaga keamanan file yang berupa file audio video tersebut pada MTS Ja Al-Haq Kota Bengkulu.",
"type": "Text"
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"top": 716,
"width": 237,
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"text": "Batasan masalah ini membahas mengenai aplikasi kriptografi untuk mengamankan file audio video menggunakan visual basic .net. Data yang akan digunakan merupakan file audio video dengan format extension *.mp3., *mp4.",
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"text": "II. TINJAUAN PUSTAKA",
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"text": "A. Sistem Komputer",
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"left": 305,
"top": 466,
"width": 236,
"height": 23,
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"text": "Komputer berasal dari bahasa latin computare yang mengandung arti menghitung (Irfan, 2013:4).",
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"top": 492,
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"text": "Dalam sistem komputer terdapat beberapa sistem operasi pendukung yang sangat penting yaitu Software , Hardware , dan Brainware . Sofware adalah perangkat lunak atau perintah-perintah komputer yang lebih dikenal dengan istilah program, Dimana software ini terdiri dari :",
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"text": "1) Sistem operasi : a dalah program yang ditulis untuk mengendalikan dan mengkoor- dinasikan kegiatan sistem.",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 305,
"top": 609,
"width": 237,
"height": 61,
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"text": "2) Program paket ( package program ): merupakan program yang dikerjakan dalam salah satu bahasa yang disiapkan untuk satu bidang, yang mana terdiri dari program paket atau program aplikasi ( Wordstar, Ms Word, Excel, lotus dan lain-lain).",
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"left": 305,
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"width": 237,
"height": 111,
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"text": "3) Bahasa pemrograman : Bahasa pemrograman merupakan suatu media yang digunakan untuk komunikasi antara manusia dengan komputer. Dimana bahasa penterjemah komputer terdiri dari bahasa mesin atau bahasa pemrograman tingkat rendah (low level language ) seperti bahasa mesin atau bahasa assembler. Sedangkan untuk High Level Language atau bahasa pemrograman tingkat tinggi, bahasa yang digunakan hampir",
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"text": "Jurnal Media Infotama Vol. 10 No. 1, Februari 2014",
"type": "Page header"
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"left": 57,
"top": 797,
"width": 75,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 2,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "ISSN 1858 - 2680",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 419,
"top": 795,
"width": 119,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 2,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Aplikasi Kriptografi untuk….",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 57,
"top": 38,
"width": 12,
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "28",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 75,
"top": 61,
"width": 219,
"height": 73,
"page_number": 2,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "sama dengan bahasa manusia terutama bahasa inggris, sehingga perintah-perintah yang digunakan lebih mudah dimengerti oleh seseorang programmer . Contohnya bahasa pemrograman tingkat tinggi adalah Bahasa Pascal, Basic, Turbo Basic.",
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"left": 57,
"top": 137,
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"text": "Perangkat keras (hardware) adalah semua peralatan komputer yang dapat dilihat dan diraba secara fisik atau semua komponen fisik yang mendukung sistem komputer (Koememadi, 2005:11). Pada dasarnya perangkat keras terdiri dari 4 (empat) kelompok, yakni:",
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"text": "1) Perangkat Masukan (input device): adalah peralatan yang berfungsi untuk membaca dari media pembawa data, yang merupakan bahan masuk bagi sistem pengolah data.",
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{
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"text": "2) Perangkat Keluaran (output device) : adalah perangkat yang berfungsi sebagai alat untuk mengeluarkan hasil sistem pengolahan data komputer.",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 57,
"top": 314,
"width": 237,
"height": 52,
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"text": "3) CPU ( Control Processing Unit ): merupakan bagian dari sistem komputer yang fungsinya untuk melakukan koordinasi sistem kerja komputer.",
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"text": "4) Unit Penyimpanan Data (Storage) : merupakan bagian dari sistem komputer yang berfungsi untuk menyimpan data (data masukan dan program komputer) pada saat tidak diolah.",
"type": "List item"
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"top": 420,
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"text": "Brainware adalah manusia yang terlibat dalam mengoperasikan serta mengatur sistem didalam komputer. Diartikan juga sebagai perangkat intelektual yang mengoperasikan dan mengeks- plorasi kemampuan dari Hardware maupun Software (Marzuki, 2010:9).",
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"text": "B. Visual Basic .Net",
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{
"left": 57,
"top": 524,
"width": 237,
"height": 162,
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"text": "Platform Microsoft.Net merupakan model untuk development dimana platform dan aplikasi bisa dibuat dan dijalankan tanpa bergantung pada alat (device) yang dipakai. Teknologi ini memungkinkan beberapa aplikasi bekerja sama. Visual Basic.Net merupakann core dari pembuatan aplikasi berbasis .Net. yang merupakan lingkungan pemrograman yang mempermudah tahapan desain, development, debugging, dan deployment dari aplikasi berbasi .Net dan XML web service, serta meningkatkan efisiensi developer dengan menyediakan lingkungan pemrograman yang sudah biasa digunakan (Suharli, 2005:13).",
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"text": "C. Konsep Perancangan Database",
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{
"left": 57,
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"text": "Menurut Ladjamudin (2005:62), konsep dan Implementasi dari sistem basis data dalam suatu proyek pengembangan sistem informasi sehingga kita tidak harus terpaku pada satu defenisi dari sistem",
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"text": "basis data saja. Beberapa defenisi basis data dari beberapa orang ahli data adalah sebagai berikut: 1) Database adalah sekumpulan program-program aplikasi umum yang bersifat “batch” yang mengeksekusi dan memproses data secara umum (sistem pencarian, peremajaan, dan penghapusan terhadap data).",
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"left": 305,
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"text": "2) Database terdiri dari data yang akan digunakan atau diperuntukkan terhadap banyak “user”, dimana masing-masing “user” (baik menggunakan teknis pemrosesan yang bersifat batch atau on-line ) akan menggunakan data tersebut sesuai dengan tugas dan fungsinya, dan user lain dapat juga menggunakan data tersebut dalam waktu yang bersamaan.",
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"text": "Dengan pendekatan DBMS, maka sharing data dapat dengan mudah dilakukan siapa saja (program apa saja boleh menggunakan data tersebut, jika memenuhi berbagai prosedur yang ditetapkan pada interface yang melindungi database tersebut). Semua tugas termasuk mengkonversi data adalah tanggung jawab program.",
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"text": "D. Sistem Keamanan",
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"left": 305,
"top": 365,
"width": 237,
"height": 114,
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"text": "Sistem berasal dari bahasa Latin (systēma) dan bahasa Yunani (sustēma) adalah suatu kesatuan yang terdiri komponen atau elemen yang dihubungkan bersama untuk memudahkan aliran informasi, materi atau energi untuk mencapai suatu tujuan. Istilah ini sering dipergunakan untuk menggambarkan suatu set entitas yang berinteraksi, di mana suatu model matematika seringkali bisa dibuat (Anonymous, 2012).",
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"left": 305,
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"text": "Sistem adalah suatu unit kesatuan yang saling berinteraksi dan bergantung satu dengan lainnya yang diarahkan pada suatu tujuan dan dapat bertahan dalam jangka waktu tertentu (Farhan, 2011).",
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"text": "Berdasarkan definisi sistem tersebut, maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa sistem merupakan suatu kesatuan yang terdiri komponen atau elemen yang saling berinteraksi satu dengan lainnya untuk mencapai suatu tujuan tertentu.",
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"text": "Ada beberapa elemen yang membentuk sebuah sistem, yaitu: tujuan, masukan, proses, keluaran, batas, mekanisme pengendalian dan umpan balik serta lingkungan. Berikut penjelasan mengenai elemen-elemen yang membentuk sebuah sistem (Anonymous, 2012):",
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"text": "1) Tujuan : Setiap sistem memiliki tujuan (Goal), entah hanya satu atau mungkin banyak. Tujuan inilah yang menjadi pemotivasi yang mengarahkan sistem. Tanpa tujuan, sistem menjadi tak terarah dan tak terkendali. Tentu saja, tujuan antara satu sistem dengan sistem yang lain berbeda.",
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"text": "2) Masukan : Masukan (input) sistem adalah segala sesuatu yang masuk ke dalam sistem dan selanjutnya menjadi bahan yang diproses. Masukan dapat berupa",
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"text": "Jurnal Media Infotama Vol. 10 No. 1, Februari 2014",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 57,
"top": 795,
"width": 122,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Aplikasi Kriptografi untuk….",
"type": "Page footer"
},
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"left": 464,
"top": 797,
"width": 79,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "ISSN 1858 – 2680",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 529,
"top": 38,
"width": 12,
"height": 9,
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "29",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 57,
"top": 59,
"width": 237,
"height": 61,
"page_number": 3,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "hal-hal yang berwujud (tampak secara fisik) maupun yang tidak tampak. Contoh masukan yang berwujud adalah bahan mentah, sedangkan contoh yang tidak berwujud adalah informasi (misalnya permintaan jasa pelanggan).",
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"text": "3) Proses : Proses merupakan bagian yang melakukan perubahan atau transformasi dari masukan menjadi keluaran yang berguna dan lebih bernilai, misalnya berupa informasi dan produk, tetapi juga bisa berupa hal-hal yang tidak berguna, misalnya saja sisa pembuangan atau limbah. Pada pabrik kimia, proses dapat berupa bahan mentah. Pada rumah sakit, proses dapat berupa aktivitas pembedahan pasien.",
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"text": "4) Keluaran : Keluaran (output) merupakan hasil dari pemrosesan. Pada sistem informasi, keluaran bisa berupa suatu informasi, saran, cetakan laporan, dan sebagainya.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "5) Batas : Yang disebut batas ( boundary ) sistem adalah pemisah antara sistem dan daerah di luar sistem (lingkungan). Batas sistem menentukan konfigurasi, ruang lingkup, atau kemampuan sistem. Sebagai contoh, tim sepakbola mempunyai aturan permainan dan keterbatasan kemampuan pemain. Pertumbuhan sebuah toko kelontong dipengaruhi oleh pembelian pelanggan, gerakan pesaing dan keterbatasan dana dari bank. Tentu saja batas sebuah sistem dapat dikurangi atau dimodifikasi sehingga akan mengubah perilaku sistem. Sebagai contoh, dengan menjual saham ke publik, sebuah perusahaan dapat mengurangi keterbasatan dana.",
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"text": "6) Mekanisme Pengendalian dan Umpan Balik: Mekanisme pengendalian (control mechanism) diwujudkan dengan menggunakan umpan balik (feedback), yang mencuplik keluaran. Umpan balik ini digunakan untuk mengendalikan baik masukan maupun proses. Tujuannya adalah untuk mengatur agar sistem berjalan sesuai dengan tujuan.",
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"text": "7) Lingkungan : Lingkungan adalah segala sesuatu yang berada diluar sistem. Lingkungan bisa berpengaruh terhadap operasi sistem dalam arti bisa merugikan atau menguntungkan sistem itu sendiri. Lingkungan yang merugikan tentu saja harus ditahan dan dikendalikan supaya tidak mengganggu kelangsungan operasi sistem, sedangkan yang menguntungkan tetap harus terus dijaga, karena akan memacu terhadap kelangsungan hidup sistem.",
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"text": "Keamanan adalah keadaan bebas dari bahaya. Istilah ini bisa digunakan dengan hubungan kepada kejahatan, segala bentuk kecelakaan, dan lain-lain. Keamanan merupakan topik yang luas termasuk keamananan nasional terhadap serangan teroris, keamanan komputer terhadap hacker, keamanan rumah terhadap maling dan penyelusup lainnya, keamanan finansial terhadap kehancuran ekonomi dan banyak situasi berhubungan lainnya. Kemanan data adalah proses untuk melindungi data dari",
"type": "Text"
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"height": 35,
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"text": "perusakan atau penyalahgunaan yang dilakukan oleh orang dalam atau di luar sebuah organisasi. (Anonymous, 2012).",
"type": "Text"
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"top": 97,
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"height": 48,
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"text": "Dari definisi tersebut, maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa keamanan merupakan keadaan yang bebas dari bahaya yang dilakukan oleh hacker, cracker, dengan segala bentuk kejahatan.",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"text": "Beberapa konsep terjadi di beberapa bidang keamanan, antara lain :",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "1) Risiko, yaitu kemungkinan kejadian yang menyebabkan kehilangan",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 305,
"top": 198,
"width": 237,
"height": 23,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "2) Ancaman, yaitu sebuah metode merealisasikan risiko",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 305,
"top": 224,
"width": 237,
"height": 22,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "3) Counter measure yaitu sebuah cara untuk menghentikan ancaman",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 305,
"top": 249,
"width": 237,
"height": 23,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "4) Pertahanan dalam kedalaman, jangan pernah bergantung pada satu pengatasan keamanan saja.",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 305,
"top": 274,
"width": 237,
"height": 35,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "5) Asuransi, yaitu tingkatan jaminan bahwa sebuah sistem keamanan data akan berlaku seperti yang diperkirakan",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 305,
"top": 327,
"width": 57,
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"text": "E. Aplikasi",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 305,
"top": 340,
"width": 237,
"height": 61,
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"text": "Menurut Widianti (2000), aplikasi adalah suatu program yang siap untuk digunakan yang dibuat untuk melaksanakan suatu fungsi bagi pengguna jasa aplikasi serta penggunaan aplikasi lain yang dapat digunakan oleh suatu sasaran yang akan dituju.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "F. Kriptografi",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 305,
"top": 432,
"width": 236,
"height": 23,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Ada beberapa definisi kriptografi yang didapat dari berbagai sumber, antara lain:",
"type": "Text"
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"left": 305,
"top": 457,
"width": 237,
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"text": "1) Kriptografi ( Cryptography ) didefinisikan sebagai ilmu sekaligus seni untuk menjaga kerahasiaan pesan (data atau informasi) yang mempunyai pengertian, dengan cara menyamarkannya (mengacak) menjadi bentuk yang tidak dapat dimengerti menggunakan suatu algoritma tertentu (Mulya, 2008).",
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"top": 546,
"width": 237,
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"text": "2) Kriptografi adalah suatu ilmu yang mempelajari bagaimana cara menjaga agar data atau pesan tetap aman saat dikirimkan, dari pengirim ke penerima tanpa mengalami gangguan dari pihak ketiga (Candra, 2005).",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 305,
"top": 609,
"width": 237,
"height": 48,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "3) Kriptografi merupakan ilmu yang mempelajari tentang bagaimana cara membuat suatu pesan hanya bisa dibaca oleh pihak yang berwenang untuk membacanya (Setiawan, 2010).",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 305,
"top": 660,
"width": 237,
"height": 124,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "4) Kriptografi adalah ilmu yang khusus mendalami teknik untuk menjaga kerahasiaan data. Algoritma kriptografi ialah mengubah tulisan yang semula bermakna menjadi tidak bermakna isinya dengan menggunakan berbagai algoritma yang dirancang oleh kriptografer. (Soleh, 2010). Berdasarkan beberapa definisi kriptografi di atas, dapat disimpulkan bahwa Kriptografi merupakan ilmu sekaligus seni untuk menjaga kerahasiaan data atau informasi agar tidak dapat di lihat, dibaca,",
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"text": "Jurnal Media Infotama Vol. 10 No. 1, Februari 2014",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 57,
"top": 797,
"width": 75,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "ISSN 1858 - 2680",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 419,
"top": 795,
"width": 119,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Aplikasi Kriptografi untuk….",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 57,
"top": 38,
"width": 12,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "30",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 57,
"top": 61,
"width": 236,
"height": 22,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "dimengerti oleh pihak ketiga yang tidak memiliki wewenang terhadap data atau informasi tersebut.",
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"top": 101,
"width": 118,
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"text": "G. Enkripsi dan Dekripsi",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 57,
"top": 115,
"width": 237,
"height": 73,
"page_number": 4,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Enkripsi merupakan proses transformasi terhadap teks asli sehingga menghasilkan teks sandi. Sedangkan dekripsi merupakan proses pemulihan kembali teks sandi menjadi teks asli bila kunci rahasia yang dipakai dekripsi sama dengan kunci rahasia yang dipakai untuk enkripsi (Sadikin, 2012).",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 57,
"top": 190,
"width": 237,
"height": 61,
"page_number": 4,
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"text": "Enkripsi dan dekripsi merupakan fungsi yang memetakan elemen-elemenantara kedua himpunan tersebut. Misalkan P menyatakan plainteks dan dan Cmenyatakan chiperteks, maka fungsi enkripsi E memetakan P ke C (Munir, 2006) :",
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{
"left": 154,
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"text": "E(P) = C",
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{
"left": 57,
"top": 279,
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"height": 10,
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"text": "Dan fungsi dekripsi D memetakan C ke P,",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 153,
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"text": "D(C) = P",
"type": "Table"
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{
"left": 57,
"top": 317,
"width": 236,
"height": 35,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Karena proses enkripsi kemudian dekripsi mengembalikan pesan ke pesan asal, makakesamaan berikut harus benar,",
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{
"left": 147,
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"width": 56,
"height": 10,
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"text": "D(E(P)) = P",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 57,
"top": 380,
"width": 237,
"height": 124,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Keamanan algoritma sering kriptografi diukur dari banyaknya kerja (work) yangdibutuhkan untuk memecahkan chiperteks menjadi plainteksnya tanpa mengetahuikunci yang digunakan. Kerja ini dapat diekivalenkan dengan waktu, memori, uang,dan lain- lain. Semakin banyak kerja yang diperlukan, yang berarti juga semakin lamawaktu yang dibutuhkan, maka semakin kuat algoritma kriptografi tersebut, yangberarti semakin aman digunakan untuk menyandikan pesan.",
"type": "Text"
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"top": 507,
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"height": 22,
"page_number": 4,
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"text": "Adapun skema enripsi dan dekripsi, terlihat pada Gambar 1. (Munir, 2006) :",
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"text": "Chiperteks Plainteks Plainteks Enkripsi Dekripsi Kunci Kunci Gambar 1. Skema Enkripsi dan Dekripsi",
"type": "Picture"
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{
"left": 57,
"top": 636,
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"text": "H. Enkripsi",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 57,
"top": 650,
"width": 237,
"height": 98,
"page_number": 4,
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"text": "Chiper berlangsung dalam rentetan empat fungsi pembangun (primitif) yang telah dijelaskan yaitu: SubByte(), ShiftRows(), MixColumns(), dan AddRoundKey(). Rentetan tersebut dijalankan sebanyak Nr-1 sebagai loop utama. Setelah loop utama tersebut berakhir (sembilan round ), SubByte(), ShiftRows(), dan AddRoundKey(). Dieksekusi secara berturut-turut sebagai final round.",
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"text": "I. Dekripsi",
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"text": "Transformasi-transformasi yang merupakan kebalikan dari setiap cipher diterapkan dalam program dekripsi ( inverse cipher ). Fungsi AddRoundKey() untuk enkripsi digunakan kembali untuk dekripsi. Adapun yang harus dibuat lagi adalah InvSubBytes() ,",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 305,
"top": 138,
"width": 237,
"height": 111,
"page_number": 4,
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"text": "InvShiftRows() , dan InvMixColumns() . Beberapa bagian cukup dikopi dari fungsi kebalikannya yang telah digunakan saat enkripsi. AddRoundKey() dieksekusi sebagai initial round, diikuti sembilan round rentetan InvShiftRows() , InvSubBytes() , InvMixColumns() , dan AddRoundKey() . Round ke-10 yang mengikutinya tidak menyertakan InvMixColumns serupa dengan final round enkripsi.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 305,
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"width": 75,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "J. Audio Video",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 305,
"top": 280,
"width": 237,
"height": 73,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Menurut sudjana dan Rivai (2003:129 ) media audio adalah bahan yang mengandung pesan dalam bentuk auditif (pita suara atau piringan suara), yang dapat merangsang pikiran, perasaan, perhatian dan kemauan siswa sehingga terjadi proses belajar mengajar.",
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Menurut Aria Pramudito (2013:4) Video adalah teknologi pemrosesan sinyal elektronik mewakilkan gambar bergerak. Jadi audio video adalah teknologi yang mewakili pemerosesan pesan (pita suara atau piringan suara) dalam bentuk auditif dan gerak gambar.",
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"text": "K. Konsep Perancangan Sistem",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 305,
"top": 460,
"width": 236,
"height": 73,
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"text": "Perancangan sistem merupakan proses untuk menspesifikasikan rincian solusi yang dipilih dalam menyelesaikan suatu sistem. Dalam perancangan sistem tersebut, dibutuhkan suatu aliran data dari sistem yang disebut juga dengan Diagram Alir Data (DAD).",
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"left": 305,
"top": 536,
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"height": 98,
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"text": "DAD adalah suatu diagram yang menggunakan notasi-notasi untuk menggambarkan arus dari data sistem, yang penggunaannya sangat membantu untuk memahami sistem secara logika, terstruktur dan jelas (Said, 2010). Ada beberapa simbol yang digunakan dalam DAD yang merupakan karakteristik dari suatu sistem, yaitu dapat dilihat pada Tabel 1. (Juwita, 2005).",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "Tabel 1. Simbol DAD No Nama Simbol 1. Entitas 2. Proses",
"type": "Table"
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{
"left": 316,
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"width": 64,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "3. Data Store",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 316,
"top": 740,
"width": 61,
"height": 8,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "4. Alur Data",
"type": "List item"
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{
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"width": 213,
"height": 9,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Jurnal Media Infotama Vol. 10 No. 1, Februari 2014",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 57,
"top": 795,
"width": 122,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Aplikasi Kriptografi untuk….",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 464,
"top": 797,
"width": 79,
"height": 9,
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "ISSN 1858 – 2680",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 529,
"top": 38,
"width": 12,
"height": 9,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "31",
"type": "Page header"
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{
"left": 57,
"top": 59,
"width": 64,
"height": 10,
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"text": "L. Flowchart",
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{
"left": 57,
"top": 70,
"width": 237,
"height": 50,
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"text": "Menurut Jogiyanto (2005:802) ”Bagan alir program (program flowchart) merupakan bagan alir yang mirip dengan bagan alir sistem, yaitu untuk menggambarkan prosedur di dalam sistem”.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 57,
"top": 123,
"width": 236,
"height": 23,
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"text": "Ada beberapa simbol yang digunakan dalam Flowchart yang digunakan dalam suatu sistem.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 89,
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"text": "III. METODOLOGI PENELITIAN",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 57,
"top": 177,
"width": 102,
"height": 10,
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"text": "A. Metode Penelitian",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 57,
"top": 191,
"width": 237,
"height": 60,
"page_number": 5,
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"text": "Adapun metode penelitian yang digunakan penulis adalah metode eksperimen. Penulis melakukan eksperimen dengan cara menerapkan algoritma kriptografi untuk mengamankan file audio video.",
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"text": "B. Metode Pengumpulan Data",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 57,
"top": 282,
"width": 237,
"height": 61,
"page_number": 5,
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"text": "Metode pengumpulan data digunakan untuk memperoleh data yang dapat mendukung permasalahan yang akan dibahas. Sehubungan dengan hal ini maka digunakan metode pengumpulan data yang meliputi :",
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"text": "1) Observasi : dalam pengumpulan data ini, data diperoleh dengan mengikuti pelaksanaan sistem keamanan data yang terjadi pada Madrasah Tsanawiyah Ja-Alhaq.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "2) Studi Pustaka : adalah suatu metode pengumpulan data yang diambil dari perpustakaan atau instansi yang berupa karya ilmiah, jurnal, buku-buku serta dari internet yang berhubungan dengan penulisan ini. Tujuan dari studi pustaka ini adalah untuk mendalami dan memperoleh keterangan yang lengkap terhadap obyek yang diteliti.",
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"text": "C. Metode Perancangan Sistem",
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{
"left": 57,
"top": 513,
"width": 237,
"height": 111,
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"text": "Algoritma kriptografi memiliki kunci yang sama untuk proses enkripsi dan dekripsi dengan catatan bahwa kunci tersebut sudah disepakati oleh kedua belah pihak antara pengirim dan penerima. Salah satu algoritma kriptografi adalah algoritma Advanced Encryption Standard (AES). Adapun proses enkripsi dan dekripsi yang terjadi pada algoritma kriptografi yaitu dengan sistem flowchart terlihat pada Gambar 2 dan 3.",
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"text": "Berdasarkan proses flowchart enkripsi file audio video (Gambar 2), maka dapat penulis simpulkan dalam proses enkripsi tersebut maka disaat memulai proses enkripsi yang pertama yang harus dilakukan yaitu dengan menginputkan file audio video yang akan dienkripsi kemudian pengguna memasukan kunci untuk proses enkripsi.",
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"text": "Apabila kunci yang dimasukan salah maka akan diminta memasukan kunci enkripsi kembali, dan apabila kunci yang dimasukan benar maka proses enkripsi berlanjut dan file audio video akan",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "terenkripsi selanjutnya pengguna akan mendapatkan hasil yaitu file audio video terenkripsi.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "Mulai File Audio Video Masukan Kunci Vertifikasi Kunci Enkripsi File Audio Video File Audio Video Terenkripsi Selesai Ya Tidak Gambar 2. Flowchart Enkripsi File Audio Video Mulai File Audio Video Terenkripsi Masukan Kunci Vertifikasi Kunci Dekripsi File Audio Video Yang Terenkripsi File Audio Video Terdekripsi Selesai Ya Tidak",
"type": "Picture"
},
{
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"top": 493,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Gambar 3. Flowchart Dekripsi File Audio Video",
"type": "Caption"
},
{
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"top": 517,
"width": 237,
"height": 99,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Berdasarkan proses flowchart dekripsi file audio video yang terenkripsi (Gambar 3), maka dapat penulis dapat jelaskan proses dekripsi tersebut disaat memulai proses dekripsi yang pertama yang harus dilakukan yaitu dengan menginputkan file audio video yang terenkripsi kemudian pengguna memasukan kunci yang sama disaat kita melakukan enkripsi tadi.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "Apabila kunci yang dimasukan tidak sama disaat enkripsi maka akan diminta memasukan kunci dekripsi kembali, dan apabila kunci yang dimasukan benar maka proses dekripsi berlanjut dan file audio video akan terenkripsi tadi akan berubah menjadi file audio video yang terdekripsi selanjutnya pengguna akan mendapatkan hasil yaitu file audio video terdekripsi.",
"type": "Text"
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "D. Prosedur Sistem Keamanan Data Menggunakan Algoritma Kriptografi",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 305,
"top": 762,
"width": 237,
"height": 22,
"page_number": 5,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Sistem keamanan data digunakan sebagai media untuk mengamankan data-data penting, yang",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"top": 38,
"width": 213,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Jurnal Media Infotama Vol. 10 No. 1, Februari 2014",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 57,
"top": 797,
"width": 75,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "ISSN 1858 - 2680",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 419,
"top": 795,
"width": 119,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Aplikasi Kriptografi untuk….",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 57,
"top": 38,
"width": 12,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "32",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 57,
"top": 61,
"width": 237,
"height": 48,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "prosesnya akan dilakukan proses enkripsi dan dekripsi pada data tersebut.Prosedur yang dilakukan pada sistem keamanan data yaitu dengan mempersiapkan :",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"top": 112,
"width": 236,
"height": 22,
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "1) Kunci yang telah disepakati antara pengirim dan penerima",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 57,
"top": 137,
"width": 192,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "2) File audio video yang akan di enkripsi",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 57,
"top": 149,
"width": 191,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "3) File ausdio video yang akan didekripsi",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 57,
"top": 162,
"width": 236,
"height": 48,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Setelah mempersiapkan hal-hal yang diperlukan, maka peneliti akan menggunakan file asli dan kunci untuk melakukan proses enkripsi, begitu juga sebaliknya dalam proses dekripsi.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
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"top": 227,
"width": 105,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "E. Diagram Alir Data",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 57,
"top": 241,
"width": 237,
"height": 35,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Diagram alir data digunakan untuk menggambarkan proses dari suatu sistem yang akan dibuat.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 57,
"top": 293,
"width": 99,
"height": 10,
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "1. Diagram Konteks",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 57,
"top": 305,
"width": 237,
"height": 36,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Diagram konteks merupakan gambaran secara umum dari proses suatu sistem, seperti ditunjukkan pada Gambar 4.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 90,
"top": 349,
"width": 170,
"height": 80,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "1.0 Aplikasi Kriptografi Pengguna File Audio Video File Audio Video (Enkripsi) Kunci File Audio Video File Audio Video (Dekripsi)",
"type": "Picture"
},
{
"left": 122,
"top": 433,
"width": 106,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Gambar 4. Diagram Konteks",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 57,
"top": 454,
"width": 237,
"height": 149,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Gambar 4 menjelaskan proses dari sistem keamanan data yang dilakukan oleh pengguna. Pengguna dapat mengenkripsi file, dengan cara menginputkan file audio video (file extension *.mp3 atau *.mp4) dan kunci, hasil dari proses enkripsi akan menghasilkan file audio video palsu. Pengguna juga dapat melakukan dekripsi file atau mengembalikan file audio video palsu tadi ke file audio video asli, dengan cara menginputkan file audio video palsu (file hasil enkripsi extension *.mp3 atau *.mp4) dan kunci, hasil dari proses dekripsi akan menghasilkan file audio video asli.",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"top": 618,
"width": 132,
"height": 10,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "2. DAD Level 0 ( Overview )",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"top": 631,
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"height": 35,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "DAD Level 0 ( Overview ) merupakan pemecahan dari proses yang terdapat pada diagram dibawah ini, seperti terlihat pada Gambar 5.",
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{
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"width": 134,
"height": 8,
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Gambar 5. DAD Level 0 ( Overview )",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 305,
"top": 61,
"width": 138,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "F. Rancangan Struktur Menu",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 305,
"top": 75,
"width": 237,
"height": 60,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Rancangan struktur menu menggambarkan sistematika atau susunan menu serta sub menu yang terdapat pada aplikasi sistem keamanan data. Adapun rancangan struktur menu dapat di lihat pada Gambar 6.",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"top": 268,
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Gambar 6. Rancangan Struktur Menu",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 305,
"top": 293,
"width": 237,
"height": 98,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Dari Gambar 8, dapat diketahui bahwa rancangan struktur menu pada aplikasi kriptografi ini yaitu sebelum kita menggunakan aplikasi kriptografi ini maka yang pertama yang kita lakukan ialah login sebagai admin agar bisa menggunakan aplikasi kriptografi ini, setelah itu kita akan disajikan dengan tampilan menu utama. Dari menu tersebut terdapat beberapa proses yang bisa kita gunakan.",
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{
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"text": "G. Rancangan Antarmuka",
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{
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"top": 422,
"width": 237,
"height": 48,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Rancangan antarmuka merupakan halaman- halaman menu yang terdapat pada sistem keamanan data. Adapun rancangan antarmuka sistem keamanan data, antara lain :",
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{
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"top": 485,
"width": 237,
"height": 73,
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"text": "Menu Login : Menu login muncul ketika pertama kali aplikasi sistem keamanan ini dijalankan. Pengguna harus menginputkan username dan password yang valid untuk masuk ke menu utama. Adapun halaman menu login , terlihat pada gambar di bawah ini :",
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{
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"top": 574,
"width": 237,
"height": 60,
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"text": "Menu Utama : Menu utama muncul ketika proses validasi di menu login berhasil, menu utama memiliki beberapa menu yang dapat di akses oleh pengguna, yakni ubah password , enkripsi, dekripsi, logout, keluar.",
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},
{
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"top": 651,
"width": 237,
"height": 60,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Menu Ubah Password : Menu ubah password digunakan untuk mengubah password pengguna aplikasi sistem keamanan data, sehingga hanya pengguna yang tau password yang digunakan sebelum masuk ke menu utama.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 305,
"top": 714,
"width": 237,
"height": 48,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Menu Proses Enkripsi : Menu enkripsi digunakan untuk mengamankan file audio video dengan aplikasi kriptografi, sehingga file audio video tersebut tidak bisa dibuka.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
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"text": "1.0",
"type": "Picture"
},
{
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"text": "Add File",
"type": "Table"
},
{
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"top": 694,
"width": 181,
"height": 63,
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Pengguna File Audio Video Asli 2.0 Enkripsi File Audio Video Enkripsi 3.0 Dekripsi Kunci File Audio Video Dekripsi Kunci",
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},
{
"left": 327,
"top": 147,
"width": 192,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Menu Utama Login Ubah Password ENKRIPSI DEKRIPSI LOGOUT KELUAR",
"type": "Picture"
},
{
"left": 57,
"top": 38,
"width": 213,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Jurnal Media Infotama Vol. 10 No. 1, Februari 2014",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 57,
"top": 795,
"width": 122,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Aplikasi Kriptografi untuk….",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 464,
"top": 797,
"width": 79,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "ISSN 1858 – 2680",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 529,
"top": 38,
"width": 12,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "33",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 57,
"top": 59,
"width": 237,
"height": 61,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Menu Proses Dekripsi : Menu dekripsi digunakan untuk membuka keamanan file audio video tersebut sehingga yang awalnya tidak bisa dibuka, menjadi bisa terbuka dengan catatan menggunakan variasi kunci yang sama pada aplikasi kriftografi.",
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"text": "H. Metode Pengujian Sistem",
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{
"left": 57,
"top": 151,
"width": 237,
"height": 73,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Pengujian sistem merupakan proses eksekusi sistem dengan tujuan mencari kesalahan atau kelemahan dari program tersebut. Proses tersebut dilakukan dengan mengevaluasi kemampuan program. Metode pengujian yang dipakai dalam sistem ini adalah metode black box .",
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{
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"text": "Metode pengujian black box merupakan metode pengujian dengan pendekatan yang mengasumsikan sebuah sistem perangkat lunak atau program sebagai suatu kotak hitam (Rifai, 2003:50). Pengujian dilakukan dengan memberi masukan pada form yang tersedia dengan beberapa data yang dikategorikan dalam kategori data yang sah (sesuai dengan peruntukannya), dan data yang tidak sah (data yang berfungsi untuk mengeksploitasi sistem). Setelah itu tanggapan yang diberikan oleh sistem akan dicatat.",
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"text": "IV. PEMBAHASAN",
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{
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"text": "A. Aplikasi Kriptografi untuk Mengamankan Fi- leAudio Video Menggunakan Visual Basic.Net",
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},
{
"left": 57,
"top": 410,
"width": 237,
"height": 174,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Aplikasi kriptografi untuk mengamankan file audio video menggunakan visual basic .Net dibuat untuk mengamankan file audio video yang ber- ektensi “*.mp3, *.mp4” yang dibangun menggunakan bahasa pemrograman Visual Basic .Net . Sistem keamanan data memiliki beberapa menu yang dapat diakses oleh pengguna untuk mengamankan file audio video , yakni Menu utama, ubah Password, enkripsi, dekripsi. Namun sebelum menggunakan aplikasi ini, pengguna harus login terlebih dahulu menggunakan username dan password yang valid untuk masuk ke menu utama. Adapun interface menu yang terkait dalam sistem keamanan data, antara lain :",
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"text": "1) Menu Login",
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},
{
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"top": 600,
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"height": 10,
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"text": "2) Menu Utama",
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"text": "3) Menu Ubah Password",
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{
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"top": 625,
"width": 86,
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"text": "4) Menu Enkripsi",
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{
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"top": 638,
"width": 87,
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"text": "5) Menu Dekripsi",
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},
{
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"top": 666,
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"height": 10,
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"text": "B. Proses Enkripsi",
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"text": "Proses enkripsi merupakan proses untuk mengubah file audio video asli menjadi file yang tidak dapat dijalankan. Adapun proses enkripsi yang dilakukan dalam sistem keamanan data, yakni sebagai berikut :",
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"text": "1) Pilih file audio video yang akan diamankan",
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},
{
"left": 57,
"top": 756,
"width": 237,
"height": 22,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "2) Masukkan variasi kunci untuk mengamankan file audio video tersebut.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 305,
"top": 59,
"width": 236,
"height": 23,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "3) Kemudian proses enkripsi file audio video dapat dijalankan.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 305,
"top": 99,
"width": 91,
"height": 10,
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "C. Proses Dekripsi",
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{
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"top": 113,
"width": 237,
"height": 48,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Proses dekripsi merupakan proses untuk mengubah file audio video acak menjadi file audio video asli. Adapun proses dekripsi yang dilakukan dalam sistem keamanan data, yakni sebagai berikut :",
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"text": "1) Pilih file audio video yang telah terenkripsi.",
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},
{
"left": 305,
"top": 176,
"width": 236,
"height": 23,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "2) Masukkan variasi kunci yang sama ketika proses enkripsi dilakukan.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 305,
"top": 201,
"width": 236,
"height": 23,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "3) Kemudian proses dekripsi file audio video dapat dijalankan.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 305,
"top": 241,
"width": 175,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "D. Pengujian Sistem Keamanan Data",
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{
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"top": 255,
"width": 237,
"height": 111,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Pengujian sistem keamanan data merupakan pengujian yang dilakukan untuk mengetahui keamanan data yang telah diintegrasikan pada file tertentu, dalam hal ini adalah file audio video berextensi “*.mp3, *.mp4”. Pengujian dilakukan menggunakan metode black box, yang artinya pengujian pada input data di sistem keamanan, yakni yang berkaitan dengan menu login, menu enkripsi, dan menu dekripsi.",
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"text": "Pengujian Login : Pengujian pada menu login menggunakan data yang sah maupun tidak sah. Apabila diinputkan data yang sah untuk username dan password, maka akan muncul halaman menu utama, namun apabila data yang diinputkan tidak sah, maka akan muncul pesan bahwa username dan password yang digunakan salah.",
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"text": "Pengujian Enkripsi : Pengujian pada proses enkripsi menggunakan file yang akan diacak. Apabila pengguna belum sama memasukan kunci antara password dan konfirmasi password, maka akan muncul pesan bahwa “pengguna diminta untuk memeriksa passwordnya kembali”.",
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},
{
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"text": "Pengujian Dekripsi : Pengujian pada proses dekripsi menggunakan file yang sudah diacak untuk dikembalikan ke file asli. Apabila pengguna memasukkan variasi kunci yang salah, maka akan menampilkan pesan yang menyatakan error dan pengguna diminta untuk memasukan variasi kunci hingga valid.",
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"text": "1. Sistem keamanan data menggunakan aplikasi kriptografi dibuat untuk mengamankan file audio video ber-ektensi “*.mp3, *.mp4” yang dibangun menggunakan bahasa pemrograman Visual Basic .Net.",
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"text": "Jurnal Media Infotama Vol. 10 No. 1, Februari 2014",
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"text": "data yang sah untuk username dan password, maka akan muncul halaman menu utama, namun apabila data yang di inputkan tidak sah, maka akan muncul pesan bahwa username dan password yang digunakan salah",
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"text": "Berdasarkan penelitian yang penulis lakukan di Madrasah Tsanawiyah Ja-alHaq, maka penulis menyarankan agar dapat menerapakan sistem keamanan file-file audio video yang ber-extensi “*.mp3, *.mp4” menggunakan aplikasi kriptografi agar file tersebut tidak disalah gunakan.",
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"top": 394,
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"height": 35,
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"text": "Irfan, 2013, Pengantar Sistem Komputer dan Sistem Operasi. Sekolah Tinggi Manajemen Informatika dan Komputer.",
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"text": "Candra, R. 2005. Bahan Ajar Jaringan Komputer Lanjut . Universitas Gunadarma.",
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"text": "Munir, Rinaldi 2005. Kriptografi . Sekolah Teknik Elektro dan Informatika ITB.",
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"text": "Mulya, M. 2008. Bahan Ajar Kriptografi S-1 .",
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"text": "Sadikin, Rifki. 2012. Kriptografi Untuk Keamanan Jaringan. CV Andi Offset. Yogyakarta. 392 hal",
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"text": "Soleh, M.Y. 2010. Studi Perbandingan Algoritma Kunci-Simetris Serpent dan Twofish . Program Studi Teknik Informatika Sekolah Teknik Elektro dan Informatika Institut Teknologi Bandung.",
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"text": "Suharli, Suryanto. 2005. Membangun Aplikasi Berbasis Windows dengan Visual",
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"text": "Kimcil merupakan singkatan dari kimpet cilik atau bisa juga kimpol cilik (bahkan ada juga yang mengartikan sebagai kimplikan cilik ). Dalam bahasa Indonesia kimpet berarti vagina kecil. Kimcil merupakan remaja yang berumur 14-19 tahun yang rata-rata masih pelajar SMP sampai SMA dengan berpenampilan modis dan melakukan pergaulan bebas yang bertujuan menarik banyak laki-laki dan rela menjual tubuhnya untuk mendapatkan balasan berupa materi maupun jasa sesuai apa yang disepakati. Munculnya fenomena Kimcil di kalangan pelajar mengindikasikan suatu keistimewaaan di dunia prostitusi. Bisnis hitam ini menjadikan komoditas dagangan yang dianggap sangat menguntungkan bagi mereka. Tujuan khusus penulisan artikel ini adalah untuk 1) Mengetahui dan menganalisis latar belakang munculnya prostitusi Kimcil di Kota Banyuwangi, dan 2) Mengetahui dan menganalisis dampak yang ditimbulkan dari adanya prostitusi Kimcil di Kota Banyuwangi, baik itu dampak bagi pelaku prostitusi Kimcil maupun dampaknya bagi masyarakat luas dan utamanya bagi komsumen Kimcil . Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode penelitian kualitatif dengan langkah-langkah meliputi penentuan lokasi penelitian, subyek penelitian, metode pengumpulan data, metode pengujian keabsahan data dan analisis data. Latar belakang munculnya prostitusi Kimcil Di Kota Banyuwangi adalah 1) Faktor keluarga, 2) Faktor ekonomi, 3) Faktor sosial, 4) Faktor pengalaman seks, 5) Faktor media massa, 6) Faktor mahalnya biaya pendidikan.",
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"text": "Kata Kunci: Kimcil , Anak, Prostitusi, Kota Banyuwangi.",
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"text": "Kimcil stands for little kimpet or it can also be a small knot (some even interpret it as a little cimplicant). In Indonesian kimpet means small vagina. Kimcil is a teenager aged 14-19 years who on average is still a junior to high school student with a fashionable appearance and promiscuity which aims to attract many men and is willing to sell his body to get a reward in the form of material and services according to what was agreed upon. The emergence of the Kimcil phenomenon among students indicates a speciality in the world of prostitution. This black business makes commodities that are considered very profitable for them. The specific purpose of writing this article is to 1) Know and analyze the background of the emergence of Kimcil prostitution in the city of Banyuwangi, and 2) Know and analyze the effects of Kimcil prostitution in the City of Banyuwangi, both the impact on Kimcil prostitutes and the impact on the wider",
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"text": "Jurnal Santhet, Volume 1 Nomor 2, 2017, e-ISSN: 2541-6130, P-ISSN 2541-2523, PP 26-34",
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"text": "27",
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"text": "community and especially for Kimcil consumers. The research method used is a qualitative research method with steps including determining the location of research, research subjects, data collection methods, data validity testing methods and data analysis. The background of the emergence of Kimcil prostitution in the city of Banyuwangi is 1) family factors, 2) economic factors, 3) social factors, 4) factors of sex experience, 5) mass media factors, 6) factors of the high cost of education.",
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"text": "Keywords: Kimcil , Children, Prostitution, City of Banyuwangi.",
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"text": "Pelacuran atau prostitusi ialah perbuatan perempuan atau laki-laki yang menyerahkan badannya untuk berbuat cabul secara seksual dengan mendapatkan upah (Kartini Kartono 2007:216). Sedangkan menurut Perkins and Bannet dalam Koentjoro (2004: 30), pelacuran atau prostitusi merupakan suatu bentuk transaksi bisnis yang disepakati oleh pihak yang terlibat sebagai suatu yang bersifat jangka",
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"text": "pendek yang",
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"text": "memungkinkan satu orang atau lebih mendapatkan kepuasan seks dengan metode yang beraneka ragam. Definisi tersebut sejalan dengan Koentjoro (2004:36) yang menjelaskan bahwa pekerja seks komersial merupakan bagian dari kegiatan seks di luar nikah yang ditandai oleh kepuasan seks dari bermacam-macam orang, dilakukan demi uang dan dijadikan sebagai sumber pendapatan.",
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"text": "Sundal, bondon, balon, lonte, tembluk, pereks, pecun serta kupu-kupu malam merupakan sebagian istilah yang diartikan sebagai sebutan untuk pelacur, istilah ini masih sering digunakan beberapa daerah di Indonesia.",
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"text": "Prostitusi atau pelacuran dimanapun tempatnya dan waktunya selalu ada di Negara berbudaya manapun, yang dimulai sejak zaman purba sampai sekarang.",
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"text": "Timbulnya suatu masalah yakni pelacuran sebagai gejala patologis, yang dimulai sejak adanya penataan relasi seks dan diberlakukannya norma-norma perkawinan (Kartini Kartono 2007:208). Sementara dewasa ini muncul sebutan baru untuk pelacur, yaitu Kimcil . Kimcil sendiri merupakan singkatan dari “ kimpet cilik ”. Julukan ini muncul pertama kali di daerah Jawa Tengah untuk menggambarkan sebuah fenomena gadis remaja yang menjual diri (Santosa, 2013:2). Secara etimologis Kimcil merupakan singkatan dari kimpet cilik atau bisa juga kimpol cilik (bahkan ada juga yang mengartikan sebagai kimplikan cilik ). Dalam bahasa Indonesia kimpet berarti sekitaran paha dan cilik yang berarti kecil. Kimcil merupakan remaja yang berumur 14-19 tahun yang rata-rata masih pelajar SMP sampai SMA dengan berpenampilan modis dan melakukan pergaulan bebas yang bertujuan menarik banyak laki-laki dan rela menjual",
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"text": "tubuhnya untuk mendapatkan balasan berupa materi maupun jasa sesuai apa yang disepakati.",
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"text": "Munculnya fenomena Kimcil di kalangan pelajar mengindikasikan mereka rentan dan “istimewa” dalam bisnis prostitusi. Mucikari (germo) yang beraksi di bisnis hitam ini menjadikan komoditas remaja (pelajar) sebagai dagangan yang dianggap sangat",
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"text": "menguntungkan bagi mereka. Sebagian besar yang menjadi obyek di dalamnya adalah remaja putri (perempuan) dengan status „daun muda‟ yang melekat pada diri mereka lantaran secara seksual mereka sedang mengalami tumbuh kembang. Dengan daya tariknya itulah pelaku bisnis ini banyak memperdaya mereka mengingat secara psikologis masih dalam tahap yang labil sehingga relatif lebih mudah diprovokasi. Belum lagi minimnya pengetahuan tentang seks dan pengalaman membuat mereka hanya dijadikan obyek kesenangan „lelaki hidung belang‟ dengan harga rendah dibandingkan dengan masa depan yang mereka korbankan. Akibatnya para remaja putri yang berprofesi sebagai Kimcil inipun menjadi layu sebelum berkembang.",
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"text": "Keberadaan remaja yang terjun dalam dunia gelap pelacuran atau yang sering disebut dengan Kimcil sudah terjadi di setiap Kota-Kota besar di Indonesia, tidak terkecuali di Kota Banyuwangi sebagai kecamatan paling berkembang dan sebagai pusat Kota di Kota Banyuwangi. Fenomena Kimcil memang bukanlah hal yang umum diketahui masyarakat luas karena",
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"text": "sifatnya yang “terselubung” sehingga",
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"text": "keberadaannya sangat sulit untuk dideteksi oleh masyarakat, begitu pula dengan dampak yang ditimbulkannya. Apalagi, pada jaman modern ini, praktik prostitusi semakin canggih dalam pelaksanaannya. Hal itu dipicu dengan kemajuan ilmu dan teknologi. Para pelaku Kimcil bisa memanfaatkan teknologi canggih seperti handphone dan internet, dengan hadirnya teknologi tersebut menyebabkan",
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"left": 312,
"top": 88,
"width": 201,
"height": 74,
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "prostitusi menjadi sulit dideteksi. Hadirnya fasilitas umum seperi hotel, klub malam, salon dan panti pijat juga semakin melancarkan kegiatan prostitusi terselubung tersebut.",
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"text": "Sementara itu menurut Koentjoro (2004: 134) mengatakan bahwa secara umum terdapat lima alasan yang paling mempengaruhi dalam menuntun seorang perempuan menjadi seorang pekerja seks komersial diantaranya adalah materialisme, modeling, dukungan",
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"top": 278,
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"height": 27,
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"text": "orangtua, lingkungan yang permisif, dan faktor ekonomi.",
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"text": "Sudut pandangan lain, seseorang menjadi pekerja seks komersial karena adanya dukungan orangtua atau suami yang menggunakan anak perempuan atau istri mereka sebagai sarana untuk mencapai aspirasi mereka akan materi. Jika sebuah lingkungan yang permisif memiliki kontrol yang lemah dalam komunitasnya maka pelacuran akan berkembang didalam komunitas tersebut.",
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"text": "Tujuan khusus penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis latar belakang munculnya prostitusi Kimcil di Kota Banyuwangi.",
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"text": "METODE PENELITIAN Lokasi Penelitian",
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{
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"top": 570,
"width": 201,
"height": 54,
"page_number": 3,
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"text": "Lokasi peneliti berada di Kota Banyuwangi, Kecamatan banyuwangi, Jawa Timur. Pemilihan Kota Banyuwangi sebagai lokasi penelitian dikarenakan Kota",
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"text": "Banyuwangi merupakan pusat Kota di Kota Banyuwangi. Di Kota Banyuwangi sudah menjadi rahasia umum pergaulan remajanya sangat bebas, berpenampilan modis, super ketat, melakukan pergaulan bebas, bahkan memunculkan banyak remaja tersebut terlibat dalam dunia pelacuran, yakni menjadi Kimcil .",
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"text": "Subyek Penelitian",
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"text": "Jurnal Santhet, Volume 1 Nomor 2, 2017, e-ISSN: 2541-6130, P-ISSN 2541-2523, PP 26-34",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 780,
"width": 313,
"height": 13,
"page_number": 4,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Program Studi Pendidikan Sejarah FKIP Universitas PGRI Banyuwangi",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 499,
"top": 781,
"width": 14,
"height": 11,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "29",
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},
{
"left": 85,
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"width": 201,
"height": 39,
"page_number": 4,
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"text": "Untuk menentukan subyek penelitian, maka dibutuhkan beberapa kriteria sebagai berikut: a) Remaja",
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{
"left": 85,
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"width": 202,
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"text": "perempuan yang menjadi pelacur atau Kimcil di Kota Banyuwangi dan sekitarnya, b) Kimcil yang tinggal/berdomisili di sekitar Kota Banyuwangi dan sekitarnya, c) Kimcil yang berumur 14-19 tahun, d) Kimcil yang masih seorang pelajar sekolah SMP dan SMA di Kota Banyuwangi dan sekitarnya.",
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"left": 85,
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"text": "Metode Pengumpulan Data",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 248,
"width": 201,
"height": 199,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Metode Observasi Observasi adalah suatu pengamatan yang khusus serta pencatatan yang sistematis ditujukan pada satu atau beberapa fase masalah di dalam rangka penelitian, dengan maksud untuk mendapatkan data yang diperlukan dalam pemecahan persoalan yang dihadapi Asyari (1981:82). Pada praksisnya teknik ini digunakan pada fase awal pra lapangan. Hal ini dimaksudkan agar peneliti dapat membaca situasi dan kondisi baik yang berkaitan dengan lapangan (lokasi penelitian) maupun subyek penelitian. Metode Wawancara",
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"text": "Interview (wawancara) yaitu percakapan dengan maksud tertentu atau proses tanya jawab secara langsung dengan informan yang dilakukan secara mendalam guna mendapatkan informasi data selengkap-lengkapnya. Wawancara tersebut dilakukan oleh dua belah pihak, yaitu pewawancara ( interviewer ) yang memberi pertanyaan-pertanyaan, dan yang diwawancari ( Kimcil ) yang memberikan jawaban atas pertanyaan-pertanyaan yang diberikan peneliti.",
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{
"left": 85,
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"width": 201,
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"text": "Metode Pengujian Keabsahan Data Metode pengujian keabsahan data yang digunakan peneliti adalah metode Triangulasi, yaitu tehnik pemeriksaan",
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{
"left": 85,
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"height": 54,
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"text": "keabsahan data yang memanfaatkan sesuatu yang lain diluar data itu, untuk keperluan pengecekan atau sebagai pembanding terhadap data (Moleong, 1993: 178).",
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{
"left": 85,
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"width": 99,
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"text": "Metode Analisis Data",
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"left": 312,
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"width": 201,
"height": 39,
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"text": "Analisis data yaitu proses penyusunan transkip interview serta material lain yang terkumpul. Dalam proses analisis",
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{
"left": 312,
"top": 131,
"width": 201,
"height": 10,
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"text": "itu peneliti mensintesiskan pola-pola,",
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{
"left": 312,
"top": 146,
"width": 201,
"height": 82,
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"text": "mencari pokok-pokok persoalan yang penting yang kemudian disajikan kepada orang lain dengan lebih jelas tentang apa yang didapatkan dari lapangan. Metode untuk analisis data dalam penelitian ini menggunakan metode analisis yang",
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{
"left": 312,
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"width": 201,
"height": 10,
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"text": "dipopulerkan oleh Mattew B. Milles dan A.",
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{
"left": 312,
"top": 248,
"width": 201,
"height": 82,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Michael Huberman yaitu (1992: 17-18) model interaktif, bahwa analisis terdiri dari tiga alur kegiatan yang terjadi secara bersamaan, yaitu 1) Reduksi Data, 2) Penyajian Data, 3) Penarikan kesimpulan/Verifikasi.",
"type": "Table"
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{
"left": 312,
"top": 350,
"width": 201,
"height": 22,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN Latar belakang Munculnya Prostitusi",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 312,
"top": 375,
"width": 201,
"height": 181,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Kimcil Di Kota Banyuwangi 1. Faktor Keluarga Menurut Kartini, Kartono (2007: 59) beberapa faktor yang menyebabkan kenakalan pada anak terutama pada anak usia remaja, yaitu: Anak kurang mendapat perhatian, kasih sayang dan tuntunan pendidikan orang tua, terutama bimbingan ayah, karena ayah dan ibunya masing- masing sibuk mengurusi permasalahan serta konflik batin mereka sendiri, sehingga Kebutuhan jasmani dan rohani anak menjadi tidak terpenuhi.",
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{
"left": 312,
"top": 560,
"width": 201,
"height": 185,
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"text": "Faktor keluarga termasuk faktor utama dalam terjunnya anak menjadi Kimcil di Kota Banyuwangi. Ketidakharonisan dalam keluarga dan penelantaran anak berisiko menjadikan anak-anak terlibat/terjerumus ke dalam dunia pelacuran. Suasana rumah yang tidak harmonis seringkali mengakibatkan anak lari dari rumah dan mencari suasana baru yang berada di luar rumah. Adapun hal lain menurut Kartini, Kartono (2007: 65-67) ada beberapa faktor pada diri pribadi ibu dan ayah yang melatar belakangi kenakalan anak",
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"top": 35,
"width": 417,
"height": 15,
"page_number": 5,
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"text": "Jurnal Santhet, Volume 1 Nomor 2, 2017, e-ISSN: 2541-6130, P-ISSN 2541-2523, PP 26-34",
"type": "Page header"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 780,
"width": 313,
"height": 13,
"page_number": 5,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Program Studi Pendidikan Sejarah FKIP Universitas PGRI Banyuwangi",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
"left": 499,
"top": 781,
"width": 14,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "30",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 88,
"width": 201,
"height": 68,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "antara lain adalah Pribadi ibu dan ayah yang tidak terpuji, sehingga anak meniru perilaku kedua orang tua. Hal ini sesuai dengan yang diceritakan Gadis/Nama Samaran (18",
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 158,
"width": 201,
"height": 41,
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"text": "Tahun), yaitu “keadaan orang tua saya dulu sering bertengkar karena banyak masalah” (Hasil wawancara tanggal 5 Mei 2017).",
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 204,
"width": 201,
"height": 97,
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"text": "Banyak orang tua yang gagal memberikan pendidikan dan teladan yang baik untuk anak-anaknya, kesibukan orang tua seringkali menyebabkan mereka tidak memiliki waktu yang cukup untuk mengenal anak-anaknya, begitu juga dengan kegiatan yang dilakukan oleh anak-anaknya.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 85,
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"text": "Selain itu, tingginya tingkat perceraian orang tua seringkali menjadi penyebab seorang anak memasuki dunia prostitusi. Hal ini didukung oleh data dari Radar Banyuwangi dan Berita yang menjelasakan “ dari data yang tercatat di Pengadilan Agama (PA) Banyuwangi, dalam kurun waktu delapan bulan saja (Januari- Agustus 2016), kasus penceraian di kabupaten yang dipimpin Abdullah Azwar Anas ini mencapai 4.208kasus ” (Sumber:http://www.kabarbanyuwangi.info/ angka-perceraian-di-banyuwangi-tembus-4- 208-kasus.html diunduh tanggal 20 Mei 2017).",
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 524,
"width": 201,
"height": 112,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Berdasarkan hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sebagaian besar anak yang menjadi Kimcil di Kota Banyuwangi berasal dari keluarga yang disharmonis ( broken home ). Hal tersebut dapat diketahui dari hasil wawancara dengan Bunga/nama samaran (17 tahun) yang menjelaskan bahwa:",
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{
"left": 121,
"top": 638,
"width": 166,
"height": 101,
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "“Saya tidak pernah tinggal bersama orang tua kandung saya. Saya baru mengetahui orang tua kandung saya mulai kelas 6 SD. Saya di besarkan oleh Bapak dan Ibu angkat dan orang tua angkat saya bercerai, Ibu pulang ke Ngawi dan Bapak pulang ke rumahnya di kalimantan",
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"top": 741,
"width": 165,
"height": 10,
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"text": "kemudian nikah lagi. Selanjutnya,",
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{
"left": 348,
"top": 88,
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"text": "saya ikut Ibu ke Ngawi pas kelas 5",
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{
"left": 312,
"top": 100,
"width": 201,
"height": 364,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "SD, kemudian aku di ajak nenek angkat tinggal di Songgon. Saya tau Bapak dan Ibu kandung itu di kasih tau nenek pas kelas 6 sd” (Hasil wawancara tanggal 10 Mei 2017). Hasil wawancara dan observasi tersebut menunjukkan bahwa ketika sebuah keluarga bercerai, anak ada yang tinggal bersama ibu tirinya sementara ayahnya belum resmi bercerai dengan ibu kandungnya, dan ada pula yang ditinggal pergi begitu saja oleh ayah dan ibunya. Suasana demikian menyebabkan mereka memilih untuk lari dari rumah. Pada awalnya mereka sekedar keluar malam dan duduk ( nongkrong ) di suatu tempat untuk melepaskan diri dari rasa jenuh akibat suasana keluarga yang tidak menyenangkan. Di tempat tersebutlah mereka kemudian bertemu dengan komunitas yang sama, anak-anak yang mengalami nasib yang sama. Dikarenakan sifat mereka yang masih labil mengingat usia mereka yang masih di bawah umur maka mereka sangat mudah terpengaruh untuk terjun atau masuk ke dunia prostitusi Kimcil .",
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"text": "2. Faktor Ekonomi",
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"left": 348,
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"width": 165,
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"text": "Menurut Hari Saherodji (2006:45)",
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"left": 312,
"top": 498,
"width": 202,
"height": 126,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "kemiskinan yang membuat seseorang melakukan penyimpangan, misalnya seseorang wanita menjadi pelaku prostitusi karena untuk memenuhi kebutuhan hidupnya atau keluarganya. Jika di analisis berdasarkan teori diatas Sebagian besar anak yang menggeluti profesi sebagai Kimcil di Kota Banyuwangi memiliki latar belakang sosial ekonomi yang relatif rendah.",
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"left": 312,
"top": 629,
"width": 201,
"height": 126,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Pekerjaan orang tua anak kebanyakan bekerja sebagai buruh di antaranya ada yang menjadi buruh bangunan, tukang becak dan supir bus. Selain itu, pekerjaan orang tua anak ada juga yang berprofesi sebagai pedagang, bengkel dan lain sebagainya. Bahkan ada di antara orang tua anak yang tidak mempunyai pekerjaan tetap sama sekali. Hal tersebut",
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"left": 85,
"top": 35,
"width": 417,
"height": 15,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Jurnal Santhet, Volume 1 Nomor 2, 2017, e-ISSN: 2541-6130, P-ISSN 2541-2523, PP 26-34",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 780,
"width": 313,
"height": 13,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Program Studi Pendidikan Sejarah FKIP Universitas PGRI Banyuwangi",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
"left": 499,
"top": 781,
"width": 14,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "31",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 88,
"width": 201,
"height": 169,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "seperti penjelasan Gadis/nama samara (18 Tahun) “saya terpaksa bekerja seperti ini karena keadaan ekonomi keluarga yang kurang mampu dan uang saku yang diberika orangtua tidak cukup untuk memenuhi kebutuhan sehari-hari” (Hasil wawancara tanggal 5 Mei 2017). Hal tersebut juga sama dengan penjelasan Citra (17 Tahun) yang memaparkan “saya dari kelurga yang kurang mampu, untuk mencukupi kehidupan sehari – hari kadang kurang kadang juga pas- pasan”.",
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"left": 85,
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"text": "Kondisi dan latar belakang ekonomi yang pas-pasan tersebut tidak",
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 291,
"width": 202,
"height": 461,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "memungkinkan bagi anak-anak tersebut untuk dapat hidup dengan gaya hura-hura dan mewah sebagaimana layaknya orang- orang yang berkecukupan. Sementara itu, pengaruh teman dan tayangan televisi secara konsisten mempengaruhi anak untuk bersifat konsumtif terhadap sesuatu yang telah dilihatnya, anak-anak tersebut disuguhi barang-barang mewah yang hanya dapat mereka lihat tanpa bisa mereka miliki. Suguhan gaya hidup konsumtif inilah yang dapat menyebabkan seorang anak yang tengah berada dalam periode pematangan emosi dan kelabilan menjadi bingung dalam menentukan pilihan untuk mudah terpengaruh terhadap gaya hidup materialistik. Kondisi ekonomi yang sulit dapat memaksa seseorang untuk memilih pekerjaan yang tidak memerlukan keterampilan tetapi bisa menghasilakan uang yang banyak, salah satunya adalah dengan menjadi pelacur. Hal tersebut banyak ditemukan pada fenomena anak yang menjadi Kimcil di Kota Banyuwangi. Gaya hidup konsumtif yang ada di kalangan anak yang berprofesi sebagai Kimcil di Kota Banyuwangi menjadi salah satu penyebab seorang anak akhirnya terpaksa menjual tubuhnya, keinginan untuk memiliki barang- barang mewah yang juga berkaitan erat dengan pengaruh teman dengan kondisi",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "ekonomi yang tidak memadai memaksa mereka untuk terjun ke dalam dunia prostitusi.",
"type": "Text"
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"width": 76,
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"text": "3. Faktor Sosial",
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{
"left": 312,
"top": 146,
"width": 201,
"height": 199,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Gadis-gadis muda ini rata-rata dari di pedesaan yang kurang memiliki informasi dan masih sangat polos tentang dunia prostitusi, sangatlah gampang mereka terjebak dalam bujuk rayu para agen jaringan bisnis prostitusi ini. keterlibatan gadis-gadis ini ke dalam praktek prostitusi ini, ternyata tidak semata-mata didorong dari faktor kemiskinan dan kerentanan ekonomi. Di luar itu, pelacuran sebenarnya adalah hegemoni kultural pria atas kaum perempuan (Truong, 1992:7). Hal tersebut mempengaruhi sosial interaksi terhadap lingkungan sekitarnya.",
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"width": 201,
"height": 330,
"page_number": 6,
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"text": "Menurut Kartini, Kartono (2007: 6) bentuk kenakalan anak usia merupakan gejala sakit secara sosial pada anak anak dan remaja yang disebabkan oleh bentuk (Apatis) sosial, sehingga terbentuklah tingkah laku yang menyimpang pada anak remaja. Dari teori diatas bahwa Pengaruh sosial juga menjadi faktor penyebab masuknya seorang anak ke dalam dunia prostitusi Kimcil . Pada awalnya mereka terbujuk temannya yang terlebih dahulu terjun ke dalam dunia prostitusi Kimcil . Pengaruh teman ini disebabkan karena mereka salah memilih pergaulan. Pengaruh teman pergaulan selain membuat anak menjadi luas pergaulannya juga menjadikan mereka mengenal obat-obatan terlarang dan minuman beralkohol. Anak mulai mengenal hubungan seksual di bawah umur dengan pengaruh alkohol karena terlanjur malu akhirnya mengakibatkan mereka menjadi anak yang terjun dalam bisnis prostitusi Kimcil .",
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"text": "Sebagian anak yang menjadi Kimcil telah menggunakan minuman keras (miras) dan obat-obatan terlarang (narkoba) sebelum terjun ke dunia prostitusi, sedangkan sebagaian yang lain menggunakan miras dan",
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"text": "narkoba setelah terjun ke dalam dunia prostitusi, bahkan narkoba bahkan menjadi pemicu bagi diri si anak untuk terjun ke dalam dunia prostitusi Kimcil . Untuk memenuhi keinginan konsumtif miras dan narkoba, tentu saja diperlukan dana yang tidak sedikit dan tidak dapat mereka penuhi karena keadaan ekonomi mereka tidak mencukupi sehingga mereka mencari jalan pintas untu memperoleh uang sebanyak mungkin dalam waktu yang relatif singkat dan pelacuran menjadi pilihan untuk mendapatkan uang dalam waktu yang singkat tersebut.",
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"text": "Pentingnya seorang anak dalam memilih teman yang baik dalam pergaulannya karena pergaulan mempunyai pengaruh yang sangat besar bagi seorang anak, baik secara negatif maupun positif. Pada umumnya seorang anak yang telah merasa cocok dengan teman atau kelompoknya akan cenderung mengikuti gaya teman atau kelompoknya. Sangat sulit apabila dia tidak mau mengikuti gaya kelompoknya yang dirasakan buruk, dengan tetap mempertahankan diri di dalam kelompok tersebut. Tentu ia akan diasingkan bila tidak mau mengikuti gaya hidup kelompoknya tersebut.",
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"text": "Seks jika dikaji secara ilmiah merupakan sarana reproduksi, sekaligus sumber kesenangan nafsu, dan sebenarnya juga merupakan pusat keberadaan manusia, karena seks menegaskan hubungan- hubungan kekuasaan pelaku (Suryakusuma, 1991:8). Hal ini lebih dipertegas, Masri",
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"text": "“kehidupan seks pada dasarnya bertujuan",
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"text": "untuk melanjutkan keturunan, lalu dimanipulasi oleh manusia. Kurangnya pendidikan atau pengetahuan tentang seks dirumah maupun sekolah, sehingga hal tersebut didapatkan",
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"text": "informasi dari sesama teman yang menyebabkan kurangnya pemahaman",
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"text": "tentang seks Sembiring, Ratur, Baren (1992:4). Teori diatas menjadi sebuah acuan bahwa, Pengalaman seksual dini menjadi penyebab seorang anak akhirnya menggeluti profesi sebagai Kimcil di Kota Banyuwangi. Karena perasaan malu dan merasa tertipu akhirnya anak mendapat stigma atau cap buruk di mata masyarakat. Pandangan masyarakat yang terlanjur menganggap mereka sampah masyarakat menyebabkan anak sulit untuk menarik dirinya dari dunia prostitusi. Seorang anak yang telah memperoleh cap/label dengan sendirinya akan menjadi perhatian orang-orang di sekitarnya. Selanjutnya kewaspadaan atau perhatian orang-orang di sekitarnya akan mempengaruhi orang dimaksud sehingga kejahatan selanjutnya akan mungkin terjadi lagi. Demikian halnya yang terjadi pada anak yang menggeluti profesi sebagai Kimcil .",
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"text": "5. Faktor Media Massa",
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"text": "Media masssa seperti televisi, film, surat kabar, majalah dan sebagainya belakangan semakin banyak memasang dan mempertontonkan gambar-gambar seronok dan adegen seks serta kehidupan yang glamour yang jauh dari nilai-nilai agama. Hal ini diperparah lagi dengan berkembangnya tehnologi internet yang menembus batas-batas negara dan waktu yang memungkinkan kawula muda mengakses hal-hal yang bisa meningkatkan nafsu seks. Informasi tentang seks yang salah turut memperkeruh suasana. Hal tersebut sesuai dengan penjelasan Melati (18 Tahun) yang mengemukakkan bahwa ”kadang-kadang sering lihat di hp itu akses internet sekarangkan mudah tinggal pencet bentar aja alamat link muncul tinggal memilih mau milih yang mana untuk di tonton”. Akibatnya remaja cenderung ingin mencoba dan akhirnya terjerumus kepada sex bebas ( free sex ).",
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"text": "pendidikan telah memaksa anak untuk bekerja menjual tubuh mereka dalam upaya untuk memenuhi tuntutan biaya pendidikan. Hal ini sesuai dengan pendapat yang dikemukakkan oleh Bunga (18 tahun), yaitu sebagai berikut:",
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"text": "“Sebenarnya saya tidak boleh sekolah, karena saya pengen sekolah dan punya tabungan akhirnya saya bisa sekolah saat ini, lama kelamaan saya juga bingun biyaya dari mana buat bayar sekolah yang mahal dan buat makan. Sedangkan saya gak ada yang ngasih sedangkan temen- temen saya enak uang di kasih orang tua. Karena keinginan saya sekolah dengan biaya yang mahal yawes",
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"text": "juga menjelaskan hal serupa mengenai salah satu faktor penyebab terjunnya dia menjadi",
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"text": "Kimcil , yaitu karena faktor pahalnya biaya pendidikan, menurutnya biaya pendidikan “sangat berpengaruh sekali, buat orang-orang keterbelakangan biyaya untuk menikmati pendidikan pun begitu susah. Saya merasa bersyukur masih bisa sekolah sampai saat ini”.",
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"text": "Latar belakang munculnya prostitusi Kimcil Di Kota Banyuwangi adalah 1) Faktor keluarga, yakni ketidakharonisan dalam keluarga dan penelantaran anak telah menjadikan anak-anak terlibat/terjerumus ke dalam dunia Kimcil . yaitu 2) Faktor ekonomi, yaitu sebagian besar anak yang menggeluti profesi sebagai Kimcil di Kota Banyuwangi memiliki latar belakang sosial ekonomi yang relatif rendah. Kondisi ekonomi yang sulit dapat memaksa seseorang untuk memilih pekerjaan yang tidak memerlukan keterampilan tetapi bisa menghasilakan uang yang banyak, salah satunya adalah dengan menjadi Kimcil . 3)",
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"text": "Faktor sosial, yaitu pengaruh sosial yang menjadi faktor penyebab masuknya seorang anak ke dalam dunia prostitusi Kimcil . Pada awalnya mereka terbujuk temannya yang terlebih dahulu terjun ke dalam dunia prostitusi Kimcil . Pengaruh teman ini disebabkan karena mereka salah memilih pergaulan. 4) Faktor pengalaman seks, yakni pengalaman seksual dini menjadi penyebab seorang anak akhirnya menggeluti profesi sebagai Kimcil di Kota Banyuwangi. Karena perasaan malu dan merasa tertipu akhirnya anak mendapat stigma atau cap buruk di mata masyarakat. Pandangan masyarakat yang terlanjur menganggap mereka sampah masyarakat menyebabkan anak sulit untuk menarik dirinya dari dunia prostitusi Kimcil . 5) Faktor media massa, yakni televisi, film, surat kabar, majalah dan sebagainya belakangan semakin banyak memasang dan mempertontonkan gambar-gambar seronok dan adegen seks serta kehidupan yang glamour yang jauh dari nilai-nilai agama. Hal ini diperparah lagi dengan berkembangnya tehnologi internet yang menembus batas-batas negara dan waktu yang memungkinkan kawula muda",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "mengakses hal-hal yang bisa meningkatkan nafsu seks. Informasi tentang seks yang salah turut menjerumuskan anak menjadi Kimcil . 6) Faktor mahalnya biaya pendidikan, yakni besarnya biaya",
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"text": "Ringkas . Surabaya: Usaha Nasional. Hari, Saherodji. 2006. Pokok-pokok Kriminologis . Jakarta: Aksara Baru.",
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"text": "Jurnal Santhet, Volume 1 Nomor 2, 2017, e-ISSN: 2541-6130, P-ISSN 2541-2523, PP 26-34",
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"text": "Diterima : 23 Januari 2022 . Disetujui : 2 Juni 2022 . Dipublikasikan : 3 Agustus 2022",
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"text": "ABSTRAK",
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"text": "Karyawan kantor di RS Prima Medika melakukan aktivitas pekerjaan dengan sikap kerja duduk statis. Sikap ini dipertahankan selama bekerja kurang lebih dari 4 jam sampai dengan 8 jam lebih. Sikap kerja duduk dalam waktu yang lama dengan leher dan punggung tidak dalam posisi ergonomis mengakibatkan pemendekan pada otot-otot skeletal, hal ini dikarenakan terjadinya reaksi ketegangan atau kontraksi dalam jangka waktu yang panjang sehingga apabila terjadi secaara terus menerus dapat menyebabkan keluhan pada otot-otot yang mendapat beban. Metode penelitian ini adalah metode Cross Sectional dengan menggunakan responden sebanyak 27 orang karyawan kantor RS Prima Medika yang didapat berdasarkan kriteria penelitian. Alat ukur pada penelitian ini adalah Rapid Entire Body Assessment untuk mengukur sikap kerja dan lembar kuesioner Nordic Body Map untuk mengukur keluhan muskuloskeletal dari responden. Hasil pengukuran selanjutnya dilakukan uji hipotesis dengan menggunakan Spearman’s Rho Test . Hasil Spearman’s Rho Test menunjukkan nilai signifikasi 0,990 dan nilai korelasi 0,003 antara sikap kerja dengan keluhan muskuloskeletal dan nilai korelasi 0,068 dan nilai signifikasi 0,737 antara durasi kerja dengan keluhan muskuloskeletal. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa korelasi sikap kerja dan durasi kerja dengan keluhan muskuloskeletal memiliki hubungan searah yang sangat lemah dan tidak signifikan.",
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"text": "Kata kunci : Sikap Kerja, Durasi Kerja, Keluhan Muskuloskeletal",
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"text": "Office workers at Prima Medika Hospital carry out work activities with a static sitting posture. This attitude is maintained during work of less than 4 hours to more than 8 hours. The working posture of sitting for a long time with the neck and back not in an ergonomic position results in shortening of the skeletal muscles, this is due to the occurrence of a tension reaction or contraction in the long term so that if it occurs continuously it can cause complaints in the muscles that are affected. got a load. This study used the Cross Sectional method by using respondents as many as 27 workers of the Prima Medika Hospital office which were obtained based on research criteria. The measuring tools in this study were the Rapid Entire Body Assessment to measure work attitudes and the Nordic Body Map questionnaire sheet to measure musculoskeletal complaints from respondents. The results of the measurements were then tested for hypotheses using Spearman's Rho Test. The results of Spearman's Rho Test showed a significance value of 0.990 and a correlation value of 0.003 between work attitudes and musculoskeletal complaints and a correlation value of 0.068 and a significance value of 0.737 between work duration and musculoskeletal complaints. These results indicate that the correlation between work attitudes and work duration with musculoskeletal complaints has a very weak and insignificant unidirectional relationship.",
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"text": "Keyword : Work Attitude, Duration of Work, Muscloskeletal Disorders",
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"text": "PENDAHULUAN",
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"text": "Penyakit akibat kerja merupakan suatu kondisi kesakitan yang diakibatkan oleh pekerjaan dan lingkungan kerja. Pekerjaan yang dikerjakan secara manual, saat ini sudah digantikan oleh kecanggihan mesin dan digitalisasi. Pengenalan komputer dan teknologi digital seluler telah mengubah cara kerja yang dilakukan sehingga terjadi peningkatan durasi duduk saat bekerja (Frey et al., 2019)",
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"text": "Penurunan aktivitas fisik dan kesadaran untuk berolahraga karena meningkatnya durasi duduk akan menimbulkan keluhan pada sistem muskuloskeletal. Keluhan yang sering timbul pada sistem",
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"text": "Jurnal Fisioterapi dan Rehabilitasi Vol. 6 No. 2 Juli 20 22",
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"text": "p-ISSN 2548-8716",
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"text": "Halaman 167 - 176",
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"text": "Hubungan Sikap Dan Durasi Kerja Dengan Keluhan Muskuloskeletal… | Antonius T W dkk 168",
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"text": "muskuloskeletal antara lain: nyeri otot, pegal, kaku, kesemutan, bahkan dapat menurunkan aktivitas fungsional (Prawira et al., 2017)",
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"text": "Sikap kerja duduk dalam waktu yang lama dengan leher dan punggung membungkuk dan diikuti posisi lutut yang ditekuk dan tungkai menggantung akan berpotensi mengakibatkan pemendekan pada otot-otot skeletal, hal ini dikarenakan terjadinya reaksi ketegangan atau kontraksi dalam jangka waktu yang panjang sehingga menyebabkan keterbatasan Range Of Motion (ROM). Pada saat duduk, pekerja memposisikan postur 'slump' untuk mengurangi kelelahan dan rasa tidak nyaman yang dirasakan saat duduk sehingga tubuh menyesuaikan rasa tersebut dengan cara rotasi ke arah posterior pada panggul, peningkatan kifosis pada thoracal, lordosis pada cervical meningkat, hilangnya lordosis pada lumbal mengakibatkan peningkatan tekanan pada jaringan di area sakrum. Menurut beberapa penulis, kecenderungan panggul untuk berputar ke posterior kemungkinan dikarenakan ketegangan pada otot paha belakang dan otot gluteal yang mengakibatkan fleksi tulang belakang pada segmen lumbal sehingga mendorong rotasinya panggul ke arah posterior (Youdas et al., 2015)",
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"text": "Studi menunjukkan bahwa orang bekerja dengan durasu duduk di kursi yang lama cenderung mengalami rasa tidak nyaman di sistem muskuloskeletal. Banyak penelitian mengkorelasikan dengan kejadian nyeri punggung bawah (Baker et al., 2018). Hal ini didasarkan pada beberapa analisis tentang adanya perubahan posisi tubuh di bagian thrunk, pada posisi duduk lama akan terjadi peningkatan kurva lordosis di area punggung dan hal tersebut mengakibatkan otot menjadi pasif dan menimbulkan penekanan berlebih serta kelelahan otot (Jung et al., 2021). Beberapa studi menyebutkan ada hubungan antara durasi duduk lama dengan rasa tidak nyaman yang muncul di tungkai bawah. Hal ini terjadi karena dalam posisi duduk otot tungkai bawah terutama hamstring mengalami pemendekan dalam jangka waktu yang lama (Singh et al., 2015). Selain itu, duduk dalam jangka waktu yang lama juga mengakibatkan risiko pembengkakkan pada tungkai bawah, oleh karena terhambatnya vena balik di ekstremitas inferior (Coenen et al., 2017). Studi lain juga menunjukkan hubungan duduk lama dengan rasa tidak nyaman di area bokong. Hal ini dikarenakan saat dalam posisi duduk, otot daerah paha berkontraksi secara terus menerus untuk mempertahankan posisi (Sadler et al., 2019).",
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"text": "Pemaparan yang telah disampaikan di atas menjadi latar belakang peneliti dalam melakukan penelitian yang terkait dengan hubungan sikap kerja dengan keluhan muskuloskeletal yang bersifat subjektif pada karyawan kantor di Rumah Sakit Prima Medika di Bali. Dipilihnya karyawan kantor disebabkan karena sikap kerja yang menetap dalam jangka waktu tertentu dan belum adanya sikap kerja yang mengarah ke posisi ergonomis pada sebagian besar karyawan kantor.",
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"text": "Metode penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian observasional karena peneliti hanya melaksanakan pengamatan tanpa disertai dengan pemberian perlakuan terhadap para responden. Berdasarkan cara analisis data, maka penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif yang di - sebabkan karena penelitian ini memberikan suatu gambaran keadaan dengan cara mendeskripsikan sejumlah variabel yang berhubungan dengan suatu akibat. Studi penelitian menggunakan pendekatan cross sectional dikarenakan penelitian yang dilakukan dalam waktu yang bersamaan dari mulai proses pengambilan data-data sampai dengan pengukuran variabel pada responden.",
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"text": "Penelitian dilakukan pada karyawan kantor di Rumah Sakit Prima Medika yang terletak di jalan raya Sesetan No. 10, Dauh Puri Kelod, Kecamatan Denpasar Barat, Kota Denpasar, Bali. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan Juni 2021. Pengambilan data primer diperoleh dengan melakukan penyebaran kuesioner, pengukuran, observasi dan wawancara secara informal.",
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"text": "Pengumpulan data primer berupa data responden, data sikap kerja dan data keluhan muskuloskeletal yang dialami responden. Responden pada penelitian ini berjumlah 27 orang karyawan kantor Rumah Sakit Prima Medika.",
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"text": "Jurnal Fisioterapi dan Rehabilitasi Vol. 6 No. 2 Juli 20 22",
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"text": "Hubungan Sikap Dan Durasi Kerja Dengan Keluhan Muskuloskeletal… | Antonius T W dkk 169",
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"text": "Variabel terikat ( dependent ) dalam penelitian ini adalah sikap kerja yang diukur dengan menggunakan lembar observasi Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA), sedangkan variabel bebas ( independent ) dalam penelitian ini adalah keluhan muskuloskeletal/MSDs ( Musculoskeletal Disorders ) yang diukur dengan menggunakan lembar kuesioner Nordic Body Map (NBM). Perolehan data hasil penelitian dikumpulkan dan dianalisis untuk mengetahui hubungan antar kedua variabel tersebut dengan menggunakan metode analisis bivarat dan menggunakan analisis korelasi untuk mengukur keeratan hubungan antara kedua variabel.",
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"text": "Karakteristik Responden",
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"text": "Responden berjumlah 27 orang perempuan karyawan kantor RS Prima Medika. Berdasarkan tabel 1 menunjukkan bahwa responden sebagian besar berusia 20-29 tahun sebanyak 16 responden (59,3%), sedangkan untuk masa kerja Sebagian besar responden memiliki masa kerja antara 1-5 tahun yaitu sebanyak 13 responden (48,2%).",
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"text": "Variabel Kategori Frekuensi (orang) Persentase (%) Usia 20-29 30-39 40-49 16 7 4 59,3 25,9 14,8 Total 27 100 Masa Kerja 1-5 6-10 11-15 16-20 13 7 6 1 48,2 25,9 22,2 3,7 Total 27 100",
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"text": "Sikap kerja responden pada penelitian ini diukur dengan menggunakan lembar kuesioner Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA). Hasil pengukuran REBA pada penelitian ini dengan responden berjumlah 27 orang, tersaji pada tabel 2.",
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"text": "Hasil REBA Frekuensi (orang) Persentase (%) 4 5 6 7 4 13",
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"text": "8 2 14,8 48,2 29,6 7,4 Total 27 100",
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"text": "Berdasarkan tabel 2 didapatkan hasil bahwa hasil pengukuran REBA nilai tertinggi pada 2 responden dengan nilai 7 (7,4%) dan nilai terendah pada 4 responden dengan nilai 4 (14,8%).",
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"text": "Sikap kerja karyawan kantor sebagai responden ini sebagian besar kurang ergonomis dalam melakukan aktivitas kerjanya. Sebagian besar berkaitan dengan posisi leher yang fleksi, diikuti dengan posisi punggung yang juga fleksi dan hal ini dilakukan dalam posisi statis dan dalam durasi yang lama.",
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"text": "Hubungan Sikap Dan Durasi Kerja Dengan Keluhan Muskuloskeletal… | Antonius T W dkk 170",
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"text": "Masalah lain yang dialami responden adalah berkaitan dengan bahu yang dalam posisi elevasi karena posisi meja yang tinggi, lutut yang tertekuk lebih dari 90 o dan tidak banyak menggunakan sandaran kursi dalam melakukan aktivitas kerja.",
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"text": "Beberapa contoh sikap kerja responden pada saat melakukan aktivitas kerja tersaji pada gambar 1 & 2.",
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"text": "Gambar 1. Sikap kerja responden yang memiliki keluhan pada bahu, punggung, pinggang dan pantat",
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"text": "Gambar 2. Sikap kerja responden yang memiliki keluhan pada pinggang dan leher",
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"text": "Hasil penilaian kategori REBA dengan cara skoring dalam menentukan kategori risiko yang dihasilkan terbagi dalam 4 kategori yaitu: risiko ringan, risiko sedang, risiko tinggi dan risiko sangat tinggi. Pada penelitian dengan 27 responden karyawan kantor ini didapatkan hasil penilaian kategori REBA yang tersaji pada tabel 3.",
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"text": "Tabel 3. Penilaian Kategori REBA Sikap Kerja (REBA) Frekuensi (orang) Persentase (%) Risiko rendah Risiko sedang Risiko tinggi Risiko sangat tinggi 0 27 0 0 0 100 0 0 Total 27 100",
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"text": "Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, penilaian sikap kerja dengan menggunakan REBA dari 27 orang responden keseluruhan responden memiliki risiko sedang yang berarti memerlukan investigasi lebih lanjut dan segera dilakukan perubahan atau diperlukan tindakan.",
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"text": "Hubungan Sikap Dan Durasi Kerja Dengan Keluhan Muskuloskeletal… | Antonius T W dkk 171",
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"text": "Hasil durasi kerja responden pada penelitian ini dengan jumlah responden 27 orang karyawan kantor RS Prima Medika, tersaji pada tabel 4.",
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"text": "Tabel 4. Durasi Kerja Responden Durasi Kerja (jam/hari) Frekuensi (orang) Persentase (%) < 4 4-6 6-8 > 8 2 6 15 4 7,4 22,2 55,6 14,8 Total 27 100",
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"text": "Berdasarkan tabel 4 didapatkan hasil bahwa durasi kerja responden karyawan kantor terbanyak pada saat melakukan aktivitas kerja adalah berkisar antara 6-8 jam sehari dengan jumlah responden 15 orang (55,6%), diikuti durasi kerja 4-6 jam sehari dengan 6 orang responden (22,2%), kemudian lebih dari 8 jam sehari dengan 4 orang responden (14,8%) dan terakhir adalah kurang dari 4 jam sehari dengan jumlah responden 2 orang (7,4%).",
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"text": "Keluhan Muskuloskeletal",
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"text": "Pengukuran keluhan muskulo-skeletal pada penelitian ini menggunakan lembar kuesioner Nordic Body Map . Hasil distribusi keluhan Muskuloskeletal pada 27 responden tersaji dalam tabel 5.",
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"text": "Tabel 5. Distribusi Keluhan Muskuloskeletal berdasar Nordic Body Map Area Keluhan Sedikit Sakit Sakit F % F % Leher atas Leher bawah Bahu kiri Bahu kanan Lengan atas kiri Punggung Lengan atas kanan Pinggang Pantat ( buttock ) Pantat ( bottom )",
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"text": "Lengan bawah kanan Pergelangan tangan kanan Tangan kiri Tangan kanan Lutut kiri Lutut kanan Betis kiri Betis kanan Pergelangan kaki kiri Pergelangan kaki kanan Kaki kiri Kaki kanan 4 6 4 6 2 10 3 6 8 8 3 2 0 2 1 2 2 3 2 1 2 3 14,3 21,4 14,3 21,4 7,1 35,8 10,7 21,4 28,6 28,6 10,7 7,1 0 7,1 3,6 7,1 7,1 10,7 7,1 3,6 7,1 10,7 17 16 8 8 1 5 2 15 10 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 2 1 1 0 60,7 57,1 28,6 28,6 3,6 17,9 7,11 53,6 35,7 10,7 0 0 3,6 0 0 0 3,6 7,1 7,1 3,6 3,6 0",
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"text": "Berdasar tabel 5 didapatkan hasil bahwa keluhan muskuloskeletal yang sering dikeluhkan responden adalah sedikit sakit pada punggung (35,8%), pantat ( buttock dan bottom masing-masing 28,6%), leher bawah (21,4%), bahu kanan (21,4%) dan pinggan (21,4%) serta keluhan rasa sakit terbanyak pada leher atas (60,7%), leher bawah (57,1%), pinggang (53,6%).",
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"text": "Jurnal Fisioterapi dan Rehabilitasi Vol. 6 No. 2 Juli 20 22",
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"text": "Hubungan Sikap Dan Durasi Kerja Dengan Keluhan Muskuloskeletal… | Antonius T W dkk 172",
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"text": "Sedangkan hasil penilaian Nordic Body Map berdasarkan kategori keluhan pada penelitian dengan 27 responden ini tersaji pada tabel 6.",
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"text": "Tabel 6. Penilaian Nordic Body Map Kategori Keluhan Frekuensi (orang) Persentase (%) Rendah Sedang Tinggi Sangat tinggi 26 1 0 0 96,3 3,7 0 0 Total 27 100",
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"text": "Berdasarkan hasil penelitian pada tabel 6, pengukuran dengan menggunakan Nordic Body Map dari 27 responden, terdapat sebanyak 26 responden (96,3%) mengalami keluhan muskuloskeletal dengan kategori rendah, sedangkan satu responden (3,7%) mengalami keluhan muskuloskeletal dengan kategori sedang.",
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"text": "Hasil uji Deskriptif pada pengukuran sikap kerja menggunaan REBA, durasi kerja dan keluhan muskuloskeletal dengan menggunakan NBM tersaji pada tabel 7.",
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"text": "Variabel REBA Durasi NBM N Minimum Maximum Mean St.Deviation 27 4 7 5,30 0,82 27 1 4 2,81 0,83 27 1 18 6,41 3.58",
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"text": "Berdasar tabel 7, didapatkan hasil pengukuran REBA adalah nilai rata-rata 5,30, nilai minimal 4 dan nilai maksimal 7 dengan standar deviasi 0,82. Sedangkan pada pengukuran durasi kerja didapatkan nilai rata-rata 2,81, nilai minimal 1 dan nilai maksimal 4 dengan standar deviasi sebesar 0,83. Untuk NBM didapatkan nilai rata-rata 6,41, nilai minimal 1 dan nilai maksimal 18 dengan standar deviasi 3,58.",
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"text": "Hasil uji normalitas pada penelitian ini menggunakan metode Shapiro Wilk dan hasil tersaji pada tabel 8.",
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"text": "Tabel 8. Uji Normalitas REBA dan NBM",
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"text": "Variabel Nilai p Keterangan REBA Durasi NBM 0,003 0,001 0,011 Tidak berdistribusi normal Tidak berdistribusi normal Tidak berdistribusi normal",
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"text": "Berdasarkan tabel 8, hasil yang didapatkan adalah pada hasil pengukuran REBA adalah 0,003 yang berarti tidak berdistribusi normal, hasil pengukuran durasi kerja 0,001 yang berarti tidak berdistribusi normal, sedangkan pada NBM hsil pengukuran adalah 0,011 yang berarti tidak berdistribusi normal. Jadi ketiga variabel memiliki uji normalitas yang tidak berdistribusi normal.",
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"text": "Jurnal Fisioterapi dan Rehabilitasi Vol. 6 No. 2 Juli 20 22",
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"text": "Hubungan Sikap Dan Durasi Kerja Dengan Keluhan Muskuloskeletal… | Antonius T W dkk 173",
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"text": "Penelitian ini menggunakan uji korelasi Spearman’s Rho antara sikap kerja (REBA) dengan keluhan muskuloskeletal (NBM). Dan hasil uji korelasi tersaji pada tabel 9.",
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"text": "Tabel 9. Uji Spearman’s Rho antara sikap kerja (REBA) dan Durasi Kerja dengan keluhan muskulo-skeletal (NBM) REBA Durasi Kerja NBM Correlation Coefficent Sig. (2-tailed) N 0,003 0,990 27 0,068 0,737 27",
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"text": "Berdasar tabel 9, hasil uji korelasi Spearman’s Rho antara REBA dan NBM menunjukkan nilai signifikasi sebesar 0,990 dengan korelasi koefisien 0,003, sedangkan hasil antara durasi kerja dengan keluhan muskuloskeletal menunjukkan nilai signifikasi sebesar 0,737 dengan korelasi koefisien 0,068. Hasil uji analisis data pada penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa korelasi sikap kerja dan durasi kerja terhadap keluhan muskuloskeletal memiliki hubungan searah yang sangat lemah dan tidak signifikan.",
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"text": "PEMBAHASAN",
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"text": "Hasil uji normalitas memiliki makna bahwa data tidak berdistribusi normal (p<0,05), sehingga peneliti menggunakan uji Spearman Rho sebagai uji Korelasi. Hasil yang diperoleh adalah p>0,05 yang menunjukkan Ho diterima. Maka dapat disimpulkan tidak ada hubungan antara sikap kerja, durasi kerja dan keluhan muskuloskeletal pada karyawan kantor RS Prima Medika di Denpasar.",
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"text": "Sikap Kerja",
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"text": "Karyawan kantor pada penelitian ini banyak menggunakan sikap kerja yang tidak alamiah, sikap tersebut menyebabkan posisi bagian tubuh bergerak menjauh dari posisi alamiah, sebagai contoh adalah posisi punggung yang membungkuk, kepala menunduk atau bahkan terangkat, bahu yang terangkat pada saat melakukan aktivitas dan lain sebagainya. Sikap kerja pada para responden ini diukur dengan menggunakan REBA ( Rapid Entire Body Assessment ) dengan cara pemberian skoring pada bagian tubuh mulai dari leher, badan tangan dan kaki. Hasil skor pada penelitian ini dengan menggunakan kategori REBA didapatkan hasil dari 27 responden semuanya memiliki risiko sedang yang berarti memerlukan investigasi lebih lanjut dan segera dilakukan perubahan atau diperlukan tindakan. Sikap kerja yang tidak ergonomis dengan disertai durasi waktu lama menyebabkan sikap paksa pada tubuh sehingga otot-otot bekerja lebih berat karena beban kerja yang diterima. Sikap paksa pada punggung bawah dan leher karena ketidaksesuaian antara stasiun kerja dengan kursi menyebabkan bertambahnya skor penilaian pada REBA. Apabila kondisi sikap kerja ini dilanjutkan dan tidak dilakukan perubahan, kemungkinan besar dapat menyebabkan cedera atau keluhan yang menetap pada otot-otot tubuh yang bekerja berlebihan karena sikap tidak alamiah tersebut.",
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"text": "Hal ini sejalan dengan penelitian yang dilakukan Sihombing (2015), penelitian yang dilakukan untuk mengetahui hubungan sikap kerja duduk dengan keluhan muskuloskeletal pada responnden yang bekerja sebagai penjahit. Dan dari penelitian tersebut didapatkan hasil bahwa pada sikap kerja penjahit dengan posisi duduk memiliki nilai REBA yang tinggi sehingga diperlukan investigasi dan penerapan perubahan.",
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"text": "Durasi Kerja",
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"text": "Durasi kerja responden pada penelitian ini paling banyak sekitar 6-8 jam sehari dengan jumlah responden 15 orang (55,6%) dan terdapat durasi kerja yang melebihi 8 jam dengan jumlah responden 4 orang (14,8%). Responden bekerja dengan 6 hari kerja dan pada penelitian ini tidak",
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"text": "Jurnal Fisioterapi dan Rehabilitasi Vol. 6 No. 2 Juli 20 22",
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"text": "Hubungan Sikap Dan Durasi Kerja Dengan Keluhan Muskuloskeletal… | Antonius T W dkk 174",
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{
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"text": "dilakukan pengamatan untuk durasi saat responden melakukan istirahat. Dengan durasi kerja yang ada ataupun melebihi 8 jam dari 27 responden mengalami keluhan pada muskuloskeletalnya.",
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"text": "Hasil penelitian ini sejalan dengan penelitian yang dilakukan Hadyan dkk (2017) yang menyatakan durasi seseorang bekerja yang optimal dalam sehari yang berkisar 6-8 jam dan kemudian memperpanjang waktu kerjanya dapat menyebabkan masalah dan salah satunya adalah penyakit akibar kerja yaitu keluhan muskuloskeletal. Penelitian lain yang mendukung hasil penelitian ini adalah penelitian yang dilakukan Bilondatu (2018) bahwa jumlah durasi kerja yang efisien dalam seminggu berkisar antara 40-48 jam yang terbagi dalam 5 atau 6 hari kerja dan maksimal waktu kerja tambahan yang masih efisien adalah 30 menit. Jika seseorang bekerja secara terus menerus dapat berakibat keluhan terhadap fisik maupun mental.",
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"text": "Keluhan Muskuloskeletal",
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"text": "Keluhan muskukoskeletal pada penelitian ini diukur dengan menggunakan lembar NBM ( Nordic Body Map ). Hasil NBM pada penelitian ini dihasilkan keluhan terbanyak terdapat pada area punggung sebanyak 35,8% disusul pada pantat ( buttock dan bottom masing-masing 28,6%, hal ini berkaitan erat dengan sikap kerja responden sebagai karyawan kantor dalam melakukan kerja dalam posisi duduk statis dengan durasi waktu kerja rata-rata 3 jam. Saat tubuh dalam posisi statis, maka akan terjadi penyumbatan aliran darah yang akan mengakibatkan berkurangnya pasokan oksigen dan glukosa dari darah. Selain itu, tubuh akan memproduksi sisa metabolisme seperti asam laktat yang tidak dapat diangkut keluar akibat gangguan peredaran darah yang menumpuk dan menyebabkan keluhan tidak nyaman bahkan dapat menyebabkan keluhan nyeri pada muskuloskeletal. Faktor penyebab otot-otot punggung bekerja berlebihan adalah tidak digunakannya sandaran kursi yang ergonomis yang dapat menopang dan mengurangi beban pada punggung. Selain itu, beban kerja otot yang tidak merata pada sejumlah bagian tubuh akan memperparah keluhan muskuloskeletal yang dirasakan oleh para pekerja terutama bagi mereka yang bekerja dengan posisi statis dan dalam durasi lama yang pada akhirnya akan mempengaruhi kinerja seseorang. Hasil penelitian ini sejalan dengan penelitian yang dilakukan Soe dkk (2015) yang menyatakan bahwa nyeri yang merupakan salah satu gejala adanya keluhan musuloskeletal dirasakan pada pekerja kantoran selama melakukan waktu kerjanya dengan posisi duduk.",
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"text": "Sikap kerja pada karyawan kantor RS Prima Medika yang melakukan aktivitas kerja dengan sikap kerja duduk statis dengan punggung dalam posisi sedikit membungkuk, leher yang juga sedikit menunduk akan dapat membebani otot-otot punggung dan otot leher. Dengan sikap kerja yang kurang ergonomis tersebut dilakukan dengan durasi kerja rata-rata para responden hampir 3 jam secara terus menerus akan dapat menyebabkan kontraksi otot yang berlebihan. Pada penelitian ini hubungan dari sikap dan durasi kerja terhadap keluhan muskuloskeletal memiliki hubungan yang sangat lemah dan hubungan pada penelitian ini searah yang berarti semakin tinggi nilai REBA pada sikap kerja makan akan berpengaruh pada nilai keluhan muskuloskeletal. Hasil analisis penelitian ini yang memiliki hubungan sangat lemah dapat dikarenakan jenis berat dan ringannya pekerjaan serta adanya waktu istirahat sejenak yang bisa dilakukan di sela pekerjaan. Hasil analisis ini sejalan dengan hasil analisis dari Aisha (2014) yang melakukan penelitian pada pegawai bank dan hasil yang diperoleh adalah pekerja dengan posisi kerja duduk berisiko memiliki kemungkinan keluhan muskuloskeletal yang ringan akibat adanya waktu istirahat di sela-sela pekerjaannya dan intensitas pekerjaan yang ringan dapat memungkinkan pekerja beristirahat sejenak dan merilekskan otot-ototnya. Penelitian ini juga sejalan dengan penelitian yang dilakukan Lubis dkk (2021) yang menyebutkan tidak adanya hubungan antara risiko posisi kerja duduk dengan keluhan muskuloskeletal pada pegawai pemerintah di salah satu kabupaten. Tetapi penelitian ini tidak sejalan dengan penelitian yang dilakukan Pratama (2017), yang menyatakan bahwa seluruh pekerja pandai besi mengalami keluhan muskuloskeletal saat melakukan aktivitas kerjanya dengan sebagian besar dari pekerja mengalami keluhan otot pada bagian leher atas,",
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"text": "punggung, pinggang dan anggota gerak atas. Hasil penelitian ini juga tidak sejalan dengan yang dilakukan Yoniseba dkk (2020) yang menyatakan pekerja yang memiliki durasi kerja 8 jam atau lebih akan memiliki kecenderungan untuk mengalami keluhan muskuloskeletal. Hal ini bisa dsisebabkan karena jenis pekerjaan dari responden yang termasuk dalam kategori berat.",
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"text": "Hasil yang didapat pada penelitian ini dengan penjelasan yang terkait di dalamnya dapat diambil suatu simpulan bahwa hubungan antara sikap dan durasi kerja dengan keluhan muskuloskeletal memiliki nilai korelasi 0,003 dan nilai signifikasi 0,990 antara sikap kerja dengan keluhan muskuloskeletal dan nilai korelasi 0,068 dan nilai signifikasi 0,737 antara durasi kerja dengan keluhan muskuloskeletal. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa korelasi sikap kerja dan durasi kerja dengan keluhan muskuloskeletal memiliki hubungan searah yang sangat lemah dan tidak signifikan.",
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"text": "Lubis, Z.I., Yulianti, A., Nisa, F.K., Ayulianda, S.A. (2021). Hubungan Risiko Posisi Kerja Duduk terhadap Keluhan Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSD) pada Pegawai Pemerintah Kabupaten Malang. Jurnal Ergonomi Indonesia. Vol.07, No.01: 30 Juli 2021. ISSN Print: 1411 – 951 X, ISSN Online: 2503-1716.",
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"text": "INFO ARTIKEL ABSTRACT Status Artikel: Diterima: 14-06-2022 Disetujui: 23-08-2022 Tersedia online: 31-09-2022 The purpose of this study is to analyze the adaptation of flood-affected residents in the Limboto watershed. The research method is a qualitative method that examines phenomena comprehensively with a case study approach. Interactive data analysis using three stages including; data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The results showed that during the 2018-2022 period, there were 139 flood events in the Limboto watershed, spread over 50 sub-districts/villages in 10 sub-districts. The impacts of flooding in the Limboto watershed also vary, ranging from material, economic, health, housing losses, to the death toll. This impact has prompted changes in adaptive behavior in affected communities in the Limboto watershed, such as the creation of an early warning system, an evacuation stage, the construction of temporary embankments, new livelihoods, and providing equipment to deal with floods.",
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"text": "Adaptation; Flood Disaster; Watershed",
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"text": "Muh Rifaldy R. Happy, Kependudukan dan Lingkungan Hidup, Pascasarjana Universitas Negeri Gorontalo, Gorontalo, 96218, Indonesia",
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"text": "Email: muhrifaldy.happy29@gmail.com DOI: 10.34312/jgej.v3i2.14918",
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"text": "Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu menganalisis adaptasi warga tedampak banjir di DAS Limboto. Metode penelitian adalah metode kualitatif yang mengkaji fenomena secara komrehensif dengan pendekatan studi kasus. Analisis data interaktif dengan menggunakan tiga tahap diantaranya; reduksi data, penyajian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa selama periode 2018-2022 banjir di DAS Limboto tercatat ada 139 kejadian banjir, yang tersebar di 50 kelurahan/desa di 10 kecamatan. Dampak yang ditimbulkan dari banjir di DAS Limboto pun beragam, mulai dari kerugian materil, ekonomi, kesehatan, rumah, hingga korban meninggal dunia. Dampak tersebut, telah mendorong perubahan perilaku adaptif di masyarakat terdampak di DAS Limboto seperti, pembuatan early warning system , panggung evakuasi, pembuatan tanggul sementara, mata pencaharian baru, dan menyediakan perlengkapan menghadapi banjir.",
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"text": "Daerah Aliran Sungai Limboto merupakan DAS yang berlokasi di Provinsi Gorontalo. Laporan Balai Pengelolaan Daerah Aliran Sungai (BPDAS) Hutan Lindung (HL) Bone Bolango, telah mencatat dari luas DAS Limboto 89.393 Ha, yang masuk kategori lahan kritis seluas 39,203 Ha (Suparwata & Putra, 2020). Tercatat, beberapa peristiwa banjir di DAS Limboto. Seperti pada akhir Oktober 2016 banjir menggenangi Kecamatan Limboto dan sekitarnya, serta merendam ribuan rumah dengan jumlah korban mencapai 15.000 orang (Ratnasari, 2016). Kemudian sebanyak 2.300 jiwa menjadi korban banjir pada pertengahan Oktober tahun 2020. Banjir yang terjadi di Kecamatan Limboto, Kecamatan Limboto Barat, Kecamatan Telaga, dan Kecamatan Pulubala, menurut BPBD Kabupaten Gorontalo dipicu oleh hujan lebat sehingga debit air di beberapa sungai meluap (BNPB, 2021). Keadaan ini mengakibatkan terjadinya kerusakaan di segala sektor seperti sektor fisik, sosial, ekonomi, kesehatan, dan pendidikan.",
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"text": "Penguatan modal sosial dalam bentuk kemampuan adaptasi merupakan upaya yang tepat untuk mengatasi dampak banjir (Andrea et al., 2020). Jika kapasitas masyarakat yang tinggal pada wilayah rawan bencana banjir dapat ditingkatkan maka kerentanan masyarakat tersebut akan menurun karena telah siap menghadapi kemungkinan terburuk. Dengan kapasitas yang baik dan tepat, masyarakat mampu melaksanakan persiapan yang lebih matang (Wibowo et al., 2019). Kesiapsiagaan masyarakat terhadap bencana banjir merupakan bentuk adaptasi masyarakat terhadap kondisi lingkungannya. Untuk itu, mitigasi non-struktural merupakan salah satu cara terbaik untuk menanggulangi bencana banjir yang telah menjadi kejadian rutin setiap tahun (Bissett et al., 2018).",
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"text": "Upaya meminimalisir resiko hanya dengan infrastuktur seperti, tanggul, drainase, hingga bendungan tidak akan maksimal jika kapasitas masyarakatnya masih kurang, sebab pengetahuan menjadi hal utama sebelum menentukan sikap khususnya terkait bencana (Malika et al., 2021). Penanggulangan bencana oleh pemerintah untuk mengurangi resiko dampak bencana alam telah diatur sebagaimana bunyi undang-undang nomor 24 tahun 2007 tentang penanggulangan bencana telah membawa perubahan paradigma dalam pengelolaan bencana di Indonesia. Paradigma yang dahulu bersifat responsif atau tanggap darurat, sekarang telah diubah menjadi suatu kegiatan bersifat preventif, sehingga resikonya dapat diminimalisir (mitigasi), (Faturahman, 2018). Komitmen penanggulangan bencana yang sifatnya preventif, butuh keseriusan pemerintah karena kejadian tersebut harus di tangani secepat mungkin agar meminimalisir dampak berupa pengurangan resiko bencana melalui, regulasi, ketersediaan teknologi, serta peningkatan kapasitas SDM (Saputra, 2018).",
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"text": "Sebab, jika hal tersebut tidak dimaksimalkan dalam upaya-upaya mitigasi maka akan sangat menggangu kehidupan serta aktivitas masyarakat, berupa; masalah sosial, kesehatan, lumpuhnya aktivitas perekonomian, kerusakan infrastruktur, aktivitas pelayanan masyarakat terhambat, hingga korban meninggal dunia, akan terus terjadi bahkan bisa saja meningkat sewaktu waktu (Rostati & Haryanto, 2021). Sehingga penting menelaah Adaptasi Masyarakat Terdampak Banjir dalam konflik dan fenomena banjir yang ada di DAS Limboto. Melalui analisis adaptasi masyarakat guna mewujudkan penanggulangan bencana yang bersifat preventif.",
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"text": "2. Metode",
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"text": "2.1. Lokasi dan Waktu",
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"text": "Penelitian ini dilakukan di DAS Limboto yang terletak pada 122° 42’ 0.24” - 123° 03’ 1.17” Bujur Timur dan 00° 30’ 2.035” - 00° 47’ 0.49” Lintang Utara. Secara administrasi pemerintahan, DAS Limboto terletak di tiga daerah, diantaranya; paling besar di Kabupaten Gorontalo seluas 86,518 Ha, kemudian sedikit wilayah di Kabupaten Gorontalo Utara 2,388 Ha, dan sebagian kecil masuk di wilayah Kota Gorontalo dengan luas 487 Ha. DAS yang memiliki luas 89.393 Ha ini, tersebar di 17 kecamatan. Penelitian ini dilakukan mulai dari bulan Fabruari 2022 hingga Mei 2022. Peta lokasi penelitian ditunjukkan pada Gambar 1.",
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"text": "Metode adalah metode kualitatif, yang mengkaji suatu fenomena secara komprehensif, dengan menggunakan pendekatan studi kasus. Data berupa, profil DAS Limboto (luas wilayah, jumlah sub DAS, lahan kritis) dan frekuensi banjir dicari menggunakan pendekatan study literatur guna mempermudah peneliti dalam melakuakan observasi lapangan. Kemudian, observasi dilakukan dengan melihat situasi dan kondisi kehidupan warga terdampak banjir, serta bentuk-bentuk adapatasi yang sudah dilakukan masyarakat selama tinggal di daerah yang sering banjir. Setelah itu, dilakukan penggalian informasi lebih dalam melalui wawancara mendalam kepada warga terdampak banjir terkait perilaku masyarakat apa saja yang muncul",
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"text": "Gambar 1. Peta Lokasi Penelitian",
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"text": "Muh Rifaldy R. Happy, Ramli Utina, Marini Susanti Hamidun / Jambura Geo Education Journal (2022) 3 (2): 10-16",
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"text": "Jambura Geo Education Journal (JGEJ): P-ISSN: 2721-7000 E-ISSN: 2721-7019 Journal homepage: http://ejurnal.ung.ac.id/index.php/jgej",
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"text": "12",
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"text": "selama hidup dan bermukim di daerah terdampak banjir.",
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"text": "2.2 Jenis dan Sumber Data",
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"text": "Penelitian ini menggunakan dua jenis data, yakni data primer dan data sekunder. Data primer diperoleh dari observasi lapangan dengan melihat bentuk-bentuk adaptasi masyarakat terdampak banjir. Selain itu, peneliti mewawancarai 63 korban terdampak banjir yang tersebar di 50 kelurahan/desa di DAS Limboto tentang bagaimana penyesiauan diri masyarakat terhadap kondisi lingkungan yang rentan terdampak banjir. Sedangkan data sekunder diperoleh melalui studi literatur dan dokumentasi, dari instansi yakni data di Badan Pengelolaan Daerah Aliran Sungai dan Hutan Lindung (BPDASHL) Bone Bolango dan Badan Penanggulanggan Bencana Daerah (BPBD) Kabupaten Gorontalo.",
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"text": "Tabel 1. Sebaran Responden Kecamatan Jumlah Responden Tibawa 14 Limboto Barat 13 Limboto 11 Telaga Biru 4 Telaga Jaya 2 Tilango 4 Pulubala 1 Dungaliyo 6 Tabongo 7 Batudaa 1 Total 63 (Sumber: Hasil analisis peneliti, 2022 )",
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"text": "Responden dimasing-masing kecamatan yang terdampak banjir di DAS Limboto terdapat perbedaan jumlah responden yang diakibatkan oleh perbedaan jumlah desa terdampak dan juga intensitas banjir di kelurahan/desa pada periode Tahun 2018-2021. Perbedaan intensitas banjir di masing-masing kecamatan disajikan lebih lanjut pada Tabel.2 frekuensi banjir di DAS Limboto periode 2018-2021.",
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"text": "Tabel 2. Deskripsi Profil Responden Aspek Sub Aspek % Jenis Kelamin Laki-laki 57% Perempuan 43% Lama Bermukim 7 – 10 6% 10 – 20 19% >20 75% Kesiapan Menghadapi Banjir Mengungsi 11% Tetap tinggal 89% Sumber: Hasil analisis peneliti, 2022",
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"text": "Rata-rata responden yang diwawancarai merupakan warga yang telah bermukim di kelurahan/desa terdampak banjir selama 10 Tahun lebih atau 94% dari total responden. Sisanya responden yang diwawancarai merupakan warga yang telah bermukim selama 7 sampai 10 Tahun. Sehingga secara keseluruhan respoden yang dipilih berkompeten untuk memberikan keterangan mengenai kondisi banjir yang terjadi. Jumlah gender yang dipilih sebagai narasumber cukup seimbang karena perbedaan kuantitas tidak terlalu jauh antara Laki- laki 57% dan perempaun 43%.",
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"text": "2.3 Teknik Analisis Data",
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"text": "Penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan deskriptif analisis ini menggunakan teknik analisis data interaktif dilakukan secara interaktif dan berlangsung secara terus menerus sampai tuntas, sehingga datanya jenuh. Catatan lapangan, hasil wawancara, observasi, dan studi literasi, kemudian dideskripsikan sehingga dapat memberikan kejelasan terhadap kenyataan dan realitas. Data dianalisis menggunakan tiga tahap, yaitu; reduksi data, penyajian data (Display data), penarikan simpulan (Rijali, 2019).",
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"text": "3. Hasil dan Pembahasan",
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"text": "3.1 Frekuensi Banjir",
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"text": "Berdasarkan rilis data oleh Badan Pengeloloaan Daerah Aliran Sungai dan Hutan Lindung (BPDAS) Bone Bolango, tercatat dari besaran luas DAS Limboto yang mencapai 89,386 Ha, hanya ada 5,802 Ha yang masuk",
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"text": "Muh Rifaldy R. Happy, Ramli Utina, Marini Susanti Hamidun / Jambura Geo Education Journal (2022) 3 (2): 10-16",
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"text": "Jambura Geo Education Journal (JGEJ): P-ISSN: 2721-7000 E-ISSN: 2721-7019 Journal homepage: http://ejurnal.ung.ac.id/index.php/jgej",
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"text": "13",
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"text": "dalam kategori tidak kritis. Sisanya, masuk dalam kategori kritis, yang terbagi dalam empat kategori diantaranya; agak kritis 29,317 Ha, kritis 6,849 Ha, potensial kritis 8,280 Ha, dan sangat kritis mencapai angka 39,138 Ha. Kondisi ini tentu sangat berpengaruh terhadap intensitas banjir di daerah hilir DAS Limboto.",
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"text": "Badan Penanggulangan Bencana Daerah (BPBD) Kabupaten Gorontalo mencatat, selama 4 tahun terakhir ada 139 kejadian banjir di DAS Limboto, yang itu tersebar di 50 kelurahan/desa. Data tersebut terhitung sejak Tahun 2018 sampai dengan 2021. Adapun jumlah dan total kejadian di masing-masing kelurahan/desa, peneliti sajikan dalam tabel 3.",
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"text": "Tabel 3. Frekuensi Banjir di DAS Limboto periode 2018-2021",
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"text": "Kecamatan Frekuensi Banjir Tibawa 36 Limboto Barat 33 Limboto 32 Dungaliyo 9 Tabongo 10 Telaga Biru 4 Telaga Jaya 2 Tilango 10 Batudaa 2 Pulubala 1 Total Kejadian Banjir 136 ( Sumber : Hasil analisis data sekunder, 2022)",
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"text": "3.2 Bentuk-Bentuk Adaptasi Masyarakat Terdampak Banjir",
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"text": "Jumlah kejadian banjir yang tersebar di 10 kecamatan dan 50 kelurahan/desa seperti pada Tabel 2. terjadi secara terus menerus hingga memberikan dampak kepada masyarakat, termasuk kemampuan beradaptasi. Banjir tersebut telah banyak membentuk perubahan perilaku masyarakat yang terdampak. Sebab, pola perilaku masyarakat akan berubah seiring berjalannya waktu sesuai dengan kondisi mereka (Fandari & Nindita, 2021). Warga terdampak banjir di DAS Limboto semakin menyadari bahwa pada hakekatnya keadaan banjir tersebut telah mengantarkan mereka dalam memahami syarat-syarat untuk melangsungkan hidup di kawasan yang rentan terjadi banjir (Astawa, 2019). Bentuk adaptasi dan kesiapsiagaan yang muncul di masyarakat DAS Limboto adalah respon dari berbagai macam kerugian yang mereka alami selama hidup dan bermukim di kawasan banjir DAS Limboto. Adaptasi dan kesiapsiagaan yang didapatkan dari hasil peneliti di sajikan pada Tabel 4.",
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"text": "Tabel 4. Adaptasi dan Kesiapsiagaan Aspek Bentuk Adaptasi Ketersediaan pertolongan pertama Petugas pemerintah Komunitas/Organisasi Diri sendiri Tetangga Alat-alat darurat yang disiapkan Alkon Pompa Air Tali Papan Sekop Alat pel Alasan tidak pindah tempat tinggal Tidak ada tempat Mata pencaharian Sudah terbiasa Peningkatan Kapasitas Mitigasi (Sosialisasi) Pernah Tidak Pernah Mitigasi yang Dilakukan Membuat tanggul air sementara Membuat tanggul darurat di pintu rumah Meninggikan rumah pondasi rumah Membuat tempat penyimpanan barang Membuat alarm peringatan dini Tidak melakukan apa-apa Kerugian Rumah rusak parah Rumah rusak sedang",
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"text": "Gagal panen",
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"text": "Hewan ternak (sapi, kambing, ayam, dan ikan lele) Perabot rumah tangga rusak Alat elektronik rusak (kulkas, tv, dan sound system)",
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"text": "( Sumber : Hasil analisis peneliti, 2022)",
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"text": "Menurut penuturan warga terdampak, bahwa banjir bukan hanya sekedar menyita waktu dan tenaga, akan tetapi harta benda mereka pun sering kali lenyap terbawa oleh air. Selain itu, dibeberapa tempat, warga terpaksa memilih menidurkan lahan persawahan akibat selalu gagal panen diterpa oleh banjir. Dampak yang dialami warga yang tinggal di kawasan banjir, akhirnya secara inisiatif melakukan adaptasi guna memitigasi agar resiko yang ditimbulkan banjir bisa diperkecil. Meninggikan pondasi rumah, pembuatan alarm peringatan banjir (Early Warning System) , tanggul sederhana, panggung evakuasi, adalah beberapa contoh perilaku masyarakat yang sudah semakin sadar dengan kondisi tempat tinggal mereka. Sebab, masyarakat terdampak banjir di DAS Limboto, menganggap peristiwa meningkatnya volume air hingga merendam rumah warga adalah peristiwa bulanan dan tahunan yang sudah bisa dipastikan kehadirannya. Bagi mereka banjir sudah menjadi ritual, yang ketika tanda-tanda kemunculannya (banjir) sudah terlihat, maka perlengkapan untuk menghadapi banjir akan segera dipersiapkan. Misalnya; pompa air, alat pel, kain bekas, sabun pel, sekop, gerobak dorong atau artco, papan untuk pembuatan panggung sederhana, serta tali untuk menggantung beberapa perabot rumah tangga. Keadaan ini bukanlah kabar gembira, sebab bagi warga terdampak, hal itu hanyalah langkah antisipasi agar dampak yang ditimbulkan dari banjir bisa sedikit berkurang.",
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"text": "K ehadiran alarm peringatan dini di tengah-tengah warga yang rentan terdampak banjir sangat bermanfaat, dan semestinya menjadi contoh untuk diterapkan diseluruh titik bencana banjir yang ada di DAS Limboto. Sebab, dari temuan peneliti di lokasi bencana banjir belum ada satu pun kecuali Desa Tualango yang memiliki alarm peringatan dini seperti pada Gambar 1. Sedangkan, di tempat lain sejumlah warga terdampak yang tidak tersedia alat peringatan dini, menyampaikan, bahwa setiap cuaca sudah mulai hujan masyarakat terpaksa harus berjaga-jaga. Bahkan beberapa orang harus rela tidak tidur untuk menjadi petugas yang akan meneruskan informasi kepada warga lain ketika air sudah mulai naik ke wilayah pemukiman.",
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"text": "Gambar 2. Early Warning System yang dibangun oleh salah satu warga terdampak banjir di Desa Tualango, Kecamatan Tilango. (Foto: Peneliti)",
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"text": "Bentuk adaptasi lain yang dilakukan masyarakat di Desa Tabumela, Kecamatan Tilango, yaitu secara inisiatif membuat panggung rakyat seperti pada Gambar 3. yang berfungsi sebagai tempat mengevakuasi barang-barang warga agar supaya tidak terendam oleh banjir. Selain itu, ada juga sejumlah warga terdampak banjir yang sudah mulai ikut terlibat dan membentuk kelompok tanggap bencana atau desa tanggap bencana (Destana) yang secara aktif menyampaikan informasi terkait kebencanaan kepada warga terdampak, juga membantu warga mengevakuasi orang maupun barang-barang yang hendak dihantam banjir. Masyarakat yang tinggal dipinggiran danau terlihat sudah semakin terbiasa tinggal dan beraktifitas di atas panggung buatan seperti Gambar 3. Sebab jika sudah waktunya banjir datang maka untuk menunggu air surut kembali butuh",
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"text": "waktu berbulan-bulan. Sehingga, warga akhirnya memilih beradaptasi dengan pola kehidupan baru di saat kondisi banjir. Bahkan, di dalam rumah warga terdampak pun dibuat menjadi panggung-panggung sederhana sebagai sarana untuk melanjutkan tinggal di dalam rumah.",
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"text": "Gambar 3. Panggung sederhana sebagai tempat evakuasi barang-barang warga Desa Tabumela, Kecamatan Tilango. (Foto: Peneliti)",
"type": "Caption"
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"text": "Selain berdampak pada terbentuknya perubahan perilaku masyarakat. Perubahan mata pencaharian juga merupakan proses adaptasi masyarakat terhadap banjir, seperti yang terjadi pada warga yang tinggal di daerah hilir Sungai Bulota. Masyarakat yang sebelumnya beraktivitas sebagai petani padi, memilih untuk menjadi penambang pasir karena ekosistem lahan sudah tidak baik lagi untuk digarap akibat sering terendam air. Meskipun penghasilan sebagai penambang pasir tidak sebanding dengan penghasilan saat mereka (warga) masih aktif bertani. Salah satu aktivitas tambang pasir oleh warga terdampak banjir disajikan pada Gambar volume sedimentasi di Sungai Bulota dan Gambar tambang pasir.",
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"text": "Bentuk adaptasi yang mucul dari warga terdampak banjir di DAS Limboto mayoritas lahir secara alamiah. Sebab masyarakat lokal itu sendirilah yang mampu mengidentifikasi permasalahan serta kebutuhan yang sesuai prioritas mereka, sehingga terbangun kesiapsiagaan (Pratiwi, 2021). Namun adaptasi yang baik tersebut perlu dimaksimalkan dengan meningkatkan kapasitas masyarakat, serta mendorong perilaku melalui kebijakan, sosialisasi, dan peraturan berdasarkan dampak yang ditimbulkan.",
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"text": "Gambar 4. Besarnya volume sedimentasi di Sungai Bulota, bertempat di Kelurahan Hutuo, Kecamatan Limboto. (Foto: Peneliti)",
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{
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"text": "Gambar 5. Tambang pasir warga hasil sedimentasi di Sungai Bulota. (Foto: Peneliti)",
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"text": "4. Kesimpulan",
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"text": "Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa selama periode 2018-2021 terdapat 139 kejadian banjir yang tersebar di 10 kecamatan dan 50 kelurahan/desa. Dampak yang ditumbulkan oleh banjir di DAS Limboto pun beragam, mulai dari kerugian meteril, hilangnya hewan ternak, gagal panen, lumpuh aktifitas perekonomian masyarakat, konflik sosial, kesehatan, hingga menelan korban jiwa. Warga yang hidup dan bermukim di kawasan terdampak banjir juga kian hari semakin menunjukan perubahan perilaku atau adaptasi terhadap banjir secara mandiri, seperti membuat panggung evakuasi barang-barang, alarm peringatan dini, tanggul air sementara, tanggul darurat di pintu rumah, dan juga meninggikan pondasi rumah. Namun hal ini belum maksimal sebab dibutuhkan intervensi pemerintah daerah agar tercipta perilaku adaptasi masyarakat di kawasan banjir dengan baik.",
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"text": "Muh Rifaldy R. Happy, Ramli Utina, Marini Susanti Hamidun / Jambura Geo Education Journal (2022) 3 (2): 10-16",
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"text": "Jambura Geo Education Journal (JGEJ): P-ISSN: 2721-7000 E-ISSN: 2721-7019 Journal homepage: http://ejurnal.ung.ac.id/index.php/jgej",
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"text": "5. Ucapan Terimakasih",
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"text": "Penulis menyampaikan terimakasih kepada kepada BPDASHL Bone Bolango dan BPBD Kabupaten Gorontalo yang telah menyediakan data yang diperlukan dalam penelitian.",
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"left": 57,
"top": 141,
"width": 485,
"height": 35,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Andrea, R. M., Sudharto, P. H., & Kismartini, K. (2020). Strategi adaptasi non-struktural dalam menghadapi banjir pasang: studi kasus Kota Pekalongan. Seminar Nasional Lahan Suboptimal , 103–108. http://www.conference.unsri.ac.id/index.php/lahansuboptimal/article/view/1948",
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{
"left": 57,
"top": 179,
"width": 484,
"height": 22,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Astawa, K. E. A. (2019). Adaptasi masyarakat dalam menghadapi bencana banjir di Desa Bambe Kecamatan Driyorejo Kabupaten Gresik . http://digilib.uinsby.ac.id/34855/",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 57,
"top": 204,
"width": 485,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Bissett, W., Huston, C., & Navarre, C. B. (2018). Preparation and Response for Flooding Events in Beef Cattle.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 81,
"top": 217,
"width": 460,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice , 34 (2), 309–324.",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 57,
"top": 229,
"width": 484,
"height": 48,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2018.03.005 BNPB. (2021). Banjir yang berdampak pada 2.300 warga Kabupaten Gorontalo berangsur surut . Bnpb.Go.Id. https://www.bnpb.go.id/berita/banjir-yang-berdampak-pada-2-300-warga-kabupaten-gorontalo- berangsur-surut-",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 57,
"top": 280,
"width": 485,
"height": 136,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Fandari, R. F. D., & Nindita, V. (2021). Adaptasi rumah tinggal terhadap pengaruh rob di Desa Api-Api Kabupaten Pekalongan. Science And Engineering National Seminar , 6 (Sens 6), 432–440. http://conference.upgris.ac.id/index.php/sens/article/view/2400 Faturahman, B. M. (2018). Konseptualisasi Mitigasi Bencana Melalui Perspektif Kebijakan Publik . 3 , 1–19. Malika, G., Nurullita, U., & Mifbakhuddin. (2021). Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia . 16 (November), 4–9. Pratiwi, E. (2021). Penguatan kapasitas masyarakat melalui upaya pengurangan risiko bencana berbasis komunitas (PRBBK) terhadap bencana banjir di Desa Kedung Banteng Kecamatan Tanggulangin Kabupaten Sidoarjo (p. 96). Digital Library. http://digilib.uinsby.ac.id/50393/ Ratnasari, Y. (2016). Diterjang Banjir Bandang, Gorontalo Tetapkan Darurat Bencana . Www.Tirto.Id. https://tirto.id/diterjang-banjir-bandang-gorontalo-tetapkan-darurat-bencana-bYbf",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 57,
"top": 419,
"width": 484,
"height": 23,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Rijali, A. (2019). ANALISIS DATA KUALITATIF. Alhadharah: Jurnal Ilmu Dakwah , 17 (33), 81. https://doi.org/10.18592/alhadharah.v17i33.2374",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 57,
"top": 444,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Rostati, & Haryanto, L. (2021). Dampak bencana banjir bandang terhadap aktivitas masyarakat di Kecamatan",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 81,
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"text": "Bolo Kabupaten Bima. Jurnal Pendidikan Sekolah Dasar , 01 (02), 1–5.",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 57,
"top": 470,
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"page_number": 7,
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"text": "https://jurnal.habi.ac.id/index.php/Pendikdas/article/view/66 Saputra, I. (2018). Analisis kinerja badan penanggulangan bencana daerah dalam penanganan banjir di Kabupaten Pandeglang Tahun 2017 (pp. 1–188).",
"type": "Text"
},
{
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"top": 508,
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"text": "Suparwata, D. O., & Putra, B. D. (2020). Model Partisipasi Masyarakat Dalam Pengelolaan Lahan Kitis di DAS Limboto. Jurnal Envisol , 1 (2), 1–10.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 57,
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"page_number": 7,
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"text": "Wibowo, Y. A., Ronggowulan, L., Arif, D. A., Afrizal, R., Anwar, Y., & Fathonah, A. (2019). Perencanaan mitigasi bencana banjir non-struktural di Daerah Aliran Sungai Comal Hilir, Jawa Tengah. JPIG (Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Ilmu Geografi) , 4 (2), 87–100. https://doi.org/10.21067/jpig.v4i2.3632",
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9847ebe4-0aab-e601-e123-7e81eccfe040 | https://jurnal.umsb.ac.id/index.php/menaraekonomi/article/download/240/202 | [
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"text": "Pengaruh Citra Destinasi Terhadap Kualitas, Nilai Persepsi, Kepuasan dan Minat Berprilaku: Kasus Kunjungan Wisatawan di Kota Palembang",
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"text": "Oleh Alfitriani Dosen Akademi Pariwisata Paramitha Bukittinggi",
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"text": "Perekonomian suatu negara tergantung dari sumber-sumber perekonomian yang ada di negara tersebut. Salah satu perolehan suatu negara selain sektor migas dan non migas adalah melalui sektor pariwisata. Pariwisata merupakan salah satu hal yang penting bagi suatu negara. Dengan adanya pariwisata, suatu negara atau lebih khusus lagi pemerintah daerah tempat obyek wisata itu berada mendapat pemasukan dari pendapatan setiap obyek wisata. Berkembangnya sektor pariwisata disuatu negara akan menarik sektor lain untuk berkembang pula karena produk-produknya diperlukan untuk menunjang industri pariwisata, seperti sektor pertanian, peternakan, perkebunan, kerajinan rakyat, peningkatan kesempatan kerja, dan lain sebagainya (Pendit, 1990). Mata rantai yang kegiatannya yang terkait dengan industri pariwisata tersebut mampu menghasilkan devisa dan dapat pula digunakan sebagai sarana untuk menyerap tenaga kerja sehingga dapat mengurangi angka pengangguran dan meningkatkan angka kesempatan kerja.",
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"text": "Industri pariwisata merupakan kombinasi unik antar berbagai faktor sehingga perencanaan operasional suatu destinasi berbeda dengan sektor ekonomi lainnya. Destinasi wisata adalah sebuah product tetapi memiliki banyak keterkaitan dengan stakeholder yang beragam, dengan tujuan dan persyaratan berbeda-beda. Suatu destinasi selalu berbeda dalam ukuran, daya tarik serta manfaat yang ditawarkan kepada wisatawan, nyatanya tidak ada dua atau lebih destinasi yang dapat diperlakuan secara sama oleh wisatawan Pengelolaan pariwisata harus mengacu pada prinsip-prinsip pengelolaan yang menekankan nilai-nilai kelestarian alam, budaya, komunitas dan nilai sosial yang memungkinkan wisatawan menikmati kegiatan wisatanya serta bermanfaat bagi kesejahteraan komunitas lokal (Pitana dan Diarta , 2009:81). Pariwisata sukses dapat meningkatkan pendapatan, ketenagakerjaan dan devisa (Sapta Nirwandar). Bagaimana cara menarik wisatawan untuk mengunjungi kembali dan atau merekomendasikan sebuah destinasi ke orang lain adalah rumit untuk kesuksesan pengembangan destinasi. Image suatu destinasi memberikan pengaruh terhadap keinginan wisatawan untuk berkunjung, hal ini sejalan dengan penelitian yang dilakukan oleh (Ashworth & Goodall, 1988 dalam Chen, 2006:2) mengemukakan bahwa : “Destination image plays two important roles in behaviors: (1) to influence the destination choice decision-making process and (2) to condition the after-decision- making behaviors including participation (on-site experience), evaluation (satisfaction) and future behavioral intentions (intention to revisit and willingness to recommend)”",
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"text": "O’leary & Deegan (2003 : 213) mengemukakan bahwa Citra destinasi mempermudah wisatawan ketika mengambil keputusan akan perjalanannya serta menentukan apakah pengalaman perjalanannya akan menjadi sangat memuaskan. Dari perpektif proses konsumsi wisatawan Ryan, 2002 (dalam Chen 2006:1) mengatakan bahwa:",
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"text": "Menara Ekonomi: ISSN : 2407-8565 Volume I No. 2 - Oktober 2015",
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"text": "Tourist behavior can be divided into three stages: pre- during – and post visitation. More specifically, tourist bahavior is an aggregate term, whice includes pre-visit’s decision making, on site experience evaluations and post-visit’s behavioral intentions and behaviors.",
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"text": "Selanjutnya Bigne & Sanchez 2001 (dalam Chen 2006:1) mengatakan bahwa: it has been generally accepted in the litetature that destination image has influence on tourist behaviors. Dapat diartikan bahwa perilaku wisatawan dapat dibagi menjadi tiga langkah: sebelum, sedang dan setelah. Lebih rinci, perilaku wisatawan adalah suatu istilah kumpulan, yang meliputi pre-visit’s, pengambilan kepuutusan, sedang menikmati , mengevaluasi dan post-visit’s yaitu perilaku dan niat berprilaku. Hal tersebut telah berlaku umum pada literature image destinasi yang mempunyai pengaruh atas perilaku wisatawan. Menurut Backman & Veldkamp, 1995( dalam Chen, 2006:2) “ The tourist behaviors include the choice of a destination to visit and subsequent evaluations and future behavioral intention. The subsequent evaluations include the travel experience or perceived trip quality during the sta, perceived value and overall satisfaction while the future behavioral intention include the intention to revisit and the willingness to recommend. There has been a great body of studies focusing on the interrelationship between quality, satisfaction, and behavioral intentionst",
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"text": "Dapat diartikan bahwa: Perilaku wisatawan meliputi pilihan suatu destinasi untuk mengunjungi dan evaluasi yang berikut pada niat berperilaku masa depan. Evaluasi yang berikut meliputi pengalaman perjalanannya atau merasa perjalanan yang berkualitas, nilai yang dirasa dan keseluruhan kepuasan. Minat berperilaku di masa depan meliputi niat untuk mengunjungi kembali dan kesediaan untuk merekomendasikan. Ada suatu penelitian yang memusatkan atas hubungan timbal balik antara mutu, kepuasan, dan niat tingkah laku Dengan pemahaman hubungan antara niat berperilaku masa depan dan faktor penentunya, para manajer pariwisata dan destinasi akan lebih baik mengetahui bagaimana cara membangun suatu image yang menarik dan memasarkan usaha mereka untuk memaksimalkan penggunaan sumber daya yang ada.",
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"text": "Kota Palembang yang sudah berusia 13 abad lebih ini, menjadikannya sebagai kota tertua di Indonesia (www.palembang.go.id). Sebagai kota tertua di Indonesia tentunya kota Palembang memiliki sejarah yang sangat panjang. Bukti peninggalan sejarah yang potensial adalah dari sejumlah bangunan historis warisan masa lalu.",
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"text": "Tempat wisata di Palembang tumbuh berkat keunikan kondisi alam yang dialiri sungai Musi. Sungai Musi merupakan salah satu sungai terpanjang dan terlebar di Indonesia. Daya tarik sungai Musi diikuti dengan pertumbuhan sektor wisata lain seperti wisata budaya, wisata bahari dan wisata kuliner (www.adventuretravel.co.id) Banyaknya potensi yang dimiliki serta beragamnya industri pariwisata yang dihasilkan kota Palembang, seharusnya kota Palembang merupakan kota yang maju dibidang pariwisata. Namun, tampaknya daya tarik yang ada belum dikelola dan dikembangkan dengan baik padahal saat ini pariwisata sudah menjadi tumpuan harapan pemasukan devisa yang cukup besar tidak hanya untuk kota palembang tetapi juga untuk negara.",
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"text": "Hingga saat ini, kota sungai dan kota pempek merupakan julukan masyarakat luas untuk kota Palembang. Pencitraan (image) positif ini sudah seharusnya tetap dipertahankan karena sebagai sebuah industri, pariwisata membutuhkan upaya pemasaran yang didalamnya berperan dimensi pencitraan guna memasarkan pariwisata sebagai sebuah komoditas yang akan dijual kepada para wisatawan.",
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"text": "Kota Palembang dikenal sebagai kota sungai dan kota pempek. karena kota Palembang dialiri oleh sungai yang terluas di Indonesia yaitu Sungai Musi. Sungai Musi ini membelah kota Palembang menjadi dua bagian yaitu Palembang Hulu dan Palembang Hilir. Aliran Sungai Musi berasal dari sejumlah anak sungai yang tersebar di propinsi Sumatera Selatan seperti Sungai Air Rawas dan Sungai Batanghari Leko. Di atas Sungai Musi ini terdapat beragam kegiatan ekonomi warga. Mulai dari restoran terapung, pasar terapung, tempat pengisian bahan bakar minyak terapung dan tentu saja kegiatan menangkap ikan. Karena keindahan Sungai Musi inilah maka kota Palembang bagi orang barat disebut juga sebagai Kota Venezia dari Timur. Selain itu kota Palembang kulinernya. Banyak makanan yang ditawarkan dari kota Palembang ini seperti pempek, tekwan, model, martabak Har, Pindang patin, Pindang tulang dan masih banyak yang lainnya. Pentingnya peranan brand image dapat dilihat dari pemahaman bahwa pariwisata adalah industri yang berbasis percitraan, karena citra mampu membawa calon wisatawan ke dunia simbol dan makna. Bahkan citra atau image dapat dikatakan memegang peranan lebih penting daripada sumberdaya pariwisata dengan kasat mata.",
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"text": "Daya tarik alam diperkuat dengan beragam daya tarik kota berupa budaya, dan kuliner dan buatan disekitar kota Palembang serta kreativitas warga dalam mengadakan event kota, turut menumbuhkan daya tarik wisata kota Palembang. Penelitian ini mencoba mengetahui Pengaruh Citra Destinasi terhadap Kualitas, Nilai Persepsi, Kepuasan, Minat berprilaku: kasus kunjungan wisatawan kota Palembang.",
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"text": "Berdasarkan penelitian sebelumnya yang meneliti sepuluh variabel yaitu pengaruh antara citra destinasi terhadap kualitas perjalanan, pengaruh citra destinasi terhadap nilai persepsi, citra destinasi terhadap kepuasan, citra destinasi terhadap minat berprilaku, kualitas perjalanan terhadap nilai persepsi, kualitas perjalanan terhadap kepuasan, kualitas perjalanan terhadap minat berprilaku, nilai persepsi terhadap kepuasan, nilai persepsi terhadap minat berprilaku dan kepuasan terhadap minat berprilaku.",
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"text": "Namun terdapat lima variabel yang tidak berpengaruh yaitu pengaruh citra destinasi terhadap kepuasan, citra destinasi terhadap nilai persepsi, kualitas perjalanan terhadap kepuasan, kualitas perjalanan terhadap minat berprilaku dan nilai persepsi terhadap minat berprilaku.",
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"text": "Oleh sebab itu saya mencoba melakukan penelitian kembali untuk mengkonfirmasi apakah variabel tersebut berpengaruh positif yaitu pengaruh citra destinasi terhadap kepuasan, citra destinasi terhadap nilai persepsi, kualitas perjalanan terhadap kepuasan, kualitas perjalanan terhadap minat berprilaku dan nilai persepsi terhadap minat berprilaku.",
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"text": "Berdasarkan uraian di atas, maka masalah dapat diidentifikasi sebagai berikut: a. Belum diketahuinya pengaruh antara Citra destinasi terhadap Kualitas Perjalanan. b. Belum diketahuinya pengaruh antara Citra Destinasi terhadap Nilai Persepsi. c. Belum diketahuinya pengaruh antara Citra Destinasi terhadap Kepuasan Pengunjung d. Belum diketahuinya pengaruh antara Citra Destinasi terhadap Minat Berprilaku e. Belum diketahuinya pengaruh antara Kualitas Perjalanan terhadap Nilai Persepsi f. Belum diketahuinya pengaruh antara Kualitas Perjalanan terhadap Kepuasan Pengunjung",
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"text": "g. Belum diketahuinya pengaruh antara Kualitas Perjalanan terhadap Minat Berprilaku h. Belum diketahuinya pengaruh antara Nilai Persepsi terhadap Kepuasan Pengunjung i. Belum diketahuinya pengaruh antara Nilai Persepsi terhadap Minat Berprilaku j. Belum diketahuinya pengaruh antara Kepuasan Pengunjung terhadap Minat Berprilaku",
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"text": "Menara Ekonomi: ISSN : 2407-8565 Volume I No. 2 - Oktober 2015",
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"text": "2. Rumusan Masalah",
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"text": "Nilai Persepsi ( Perceived value ) X3",
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"text": " X3.1 Penilaian Pengunjung",
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"text": " X3.2 Harga",
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"text": "Citra Destinasi",
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"text": "( Destination Image)",
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"text": "X1",
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"text": " X1.1 Attribute ",
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"text": "X1.2 Functional",
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"text": " X1.3 Common",
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"left": 99,
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"width": 114,
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"text": "Kualitas Perjalanan ( Trip Quality ) X2 X2.1 Hospitality",
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"text": " X2.2 Iingkungan",
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"text": " X2.3 Transportasi",
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"text": " X2.4 Amenitas Kepuasan (Satisfaction) X4 X4.1 Harapan X4.2 Perceived Peformance Minat Berprilaku (Behavioral Intention) Y Y.1 Loyality",
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"text": " Y. 2 Switch Y.3 Pay more",
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"text": " Y.4 External respons",
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"text": " Y.5 Internal respons Gambar 1",
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"text": "Hierarki Masalah Penelitia n",
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"text": "Menara Ekonomi: ISSN : 2407-8565 Volume I No. 2 - Oktober 2015",
"type": "Page header"
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"text": "B. PERUMUSAN MASALAH",
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"text": "Berdasarkan identifikasi masalah tersebut diatas, maka permasalahan dapat dirumuskan sebagai berikut:",
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"text": "a. Apakah terdapat pengaruh Citra Destinasi terhadap Kualitas Perjalanan?",
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 139,
"width": 334,
"height": 30,
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"text": "b. Apakah terdapat pengaruh Citra Destinasi terhadap Nilai persepsi? c. Apakah terdapat pengaruh Citra Destinasi terhadap Kepuasan?",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 85,
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"width": 356,
"height": 29,
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"text": "d. Apakah terdapat pengaruh Citra Destinasi terhadap Minat Berprilaku? e. Apakah terdapat pengaruh Kualitas Perjalanan terhadap Nilai persepsi?",
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 194,
"width": 397,
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"text": "f. Apakah terdapat pengaruh Kualitas Perjalanan terhadap Kepuasan pengunjung? g. Apakah terdapat pengaruh Kualitas Perjalanan terhadap Minat Berprilaku? h. Apakah terdapat pengaruh Nilai Persepsi terhadap Kepuasan Pengunjung? i. Apakah terdapat pengaruh Nilai Persepsi terhadap Minat Berprilaku? j. Apakah terdapat pengaruh Kepuasan pengunjung terhadap Minat Berprilaku?",
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"text": "C. PEMBAHASAN",
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"text": "Berdasarkan hasil pengujian hipotesis mengenai pengaruh Citra Destinasi, Kualitas Perjalanan, Nilai Persepai, Kepuasan Pengunjung terhadap Niat Berprilaku di kota Palembang, maka dapat disimpulkan sebagai berikut:",
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"text": "Citra Destinasi ( Image Destination) berpengaruh secara positif dan signifikan terhadap kualitas perjalanan ( Trip Quality) . Hasil ini memberikan dukungan terhadap hipotesis pertama yang menyatakan bahwa image destinasi berpengaruh positif terhadap kualitas perjalanan yang dirasa. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa peningkatnya kualitas perjalanan di kota Palembang.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 415,
"width": 441,
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"page_number": 5,
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"text": "Citra Destinasi (Image Destination) berpengaruh secara positif dan signifikan terhadap nilai persepsi (Perceived value). Hasil ini memberikan dukungan terhadap hipotesis kedua yang menyatakan bahwa Citra Destinasi berpengaruh positif terhadap Nilai Persepsi, hal ini menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan Citra Destinasi akan menyebabkan nilai persepsi oleh wisatawan yang datang ke kota Palembang.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "Citra Destinasi (Image Destination) berpengaruh secara positif dan signifikan terhadap Kepuasan Pengunjung (Tourist Satisfaction). Hasil ini memberikan dukungan terhadap hipotesis ketiga yang menyatakan bahwa Citra Destinasi berpengaruh positif terhadap Kepuasan Pengunjung, hal ini menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan Citra Destinasi akan menyebabkan meningkatnya kepuasan wisatawan yang datang ke kota Palembang. Citra Destinasi (Image Destination) berpengaruh secara positif dan signifikan terhadap Niat Berprilaku (Behavioral Intention). Hasil ini memberikan dukungan terhadap hipotesis keempat yang menyatakan bahwa Citra Destinasi berpengaruh positif terhadap Niat Berprilaku, hal ini menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan Citra Destinasi akan memperbaiki niat prilaku wisatawan yang datang ke kota Palembang.",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"text": "Kualitas Perjalanan (Trip Quality) berpengaruh secara positif dan signifikan terhadap nilai persepsi (Perceived value). Hasil ini memberikan dukungan terhadap hipotesis kelima yang menyatakan bahwa kualitas perjalanan berpengaruh positif terhadap Nilai Persepsi. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan Kualitas Perjalanan meningkatkan nilai persepsi oleh wisatawan yang datang ke kota Palembang.",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"text": "Kualitas Perjalanan (Trip Quality) berpengaruh secara positif dan signifikan terhadap Kepuasan Pengunjung ( Tourist Satisfaction). Hasil ini memberikan dukungan terhadap hipotesis keenam yang menyatakan bahwa Kualitas Perjalanan berpengaruh positif",
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"text": "Menara Ekonomi: ISSN : 2407-8565 Volume I No. 2 - Oktober 2015",
"type": "Page header"
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"text": "terhadap Kepuasan Pengunjung. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan Kualitas Perjalanan akan meningkatkan kepuasan wisatawan yang datang ke kota Palembang. Kualitas Perjalanan (Trip Quality) berpengaruh secara positif dan signifikan terhadap Niat Berprilaku (Behavioral Intention). Hasil ini memberikan dukungan terhadap hipotesis ketujuh yang menyatakan bahwa Kualitas Perjalanan berpengaruh positif terhadap Niat Berprilaku, hal ini menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan Kualitas Perjalanan akan memperbaiki niat berprilaku wisatawan yang datang ke kota Palembang.",
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"text": "Nilai Persepsi ( Perceived Value) berpengaruh secara positif dan signifikan terhadap Kepuasan Pengunjung (Satisfaction). Hasil ini memberikan dukungan terhadap hipotesis kedelapan yang menyatakan bahwa Nilai Persepsi berpengaruh positif terhadap Kepuasan pengunjung, hal ini menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan Nilai Persepsi akan meningkatkan kepuasan wisatawan yang datang ke kota Palembang.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "Tidak terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan antara Nilai Persepsi ( Perceived Value) terhadap Niat Berprilaku ( Behavioral Intention). Hasil ini tidak memberikan dukungan terhadap hipotesis kesembilan yang menyatakan bahwa Nilai Persepsi berpengaruh positif terhadap Niat Berprilaku. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan Nilai Persepsi tidak akan selalu meningkatkan Niat Berprilaku wisatawan yang datang ke kota Palembang.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "Tidak terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan antara kepuasan Pengunjung ( Tourist Satisfaction) terhadap Niat Berprilaku ( Behavioral Intention). Hasil ini tidak memberikan dukungan terhadap hipotesis kesepuluh yang menyatakan bahwa kepuasan pengunjung berpengaruh positif terhadap Niat Berprilaku. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan kepuasan pengunjung tidak akan selalu meningkatkan Niat Berprilaku wisatawan yang datang ke kota Palembang.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "Implikasi Manajerial Berikut ini terdapat beberapa temuan yang dapat menjadi masukan bagi pihak pengelola/ pemerintah kota Palembang berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang telah dilakukan. Ditemukan adanya pengaruh Citra Destinasi terhadap Kualitas Perjalanan. Berdasarkan temuan ini maka disarankan Citra yang sudah terbentuk sedemikian rupa hendaklah dipertahankan dan ditingkatkan seiring dengan upaya – upaya lainnya seperti peningkatan mutu dan kualitas daya tarik wisata kota Palembang. Citra positif suatu destinasi memainkan peran penting dalam “ attracting and retaining tourism”. Mempertahankan Citra Destinasi pariwisata kota Palembang yang memiliki banyak daya tarik wisata kuliner dan sejarah dapat melalui berbagai upaya seperti: selalu menjaga kebersihan dan kenyamanan disekitar objek daya tarik wisata, melakukan perbaikan sarana dan fasilitas wisata yang terdapat di kota Palembang demi kenyamanan wisatawan.",
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"text": "Ditemukan adanya pengaruh citra destinasi terhadap Nilai Persepsi. Berdasarkan temuan ini maka disarankan mempertahankan Citra Destinasi yang positif sehingga wisatawan yang datang memiliki persepsi yang baik terhadap kota Palembang. Ditemukan adanya pengaruh Citra Destinasi terhadap kepuasan pengunjung. Berdasarkan temuan ini maka disarankan agar pemerintah kota Palembang tetapkan dapat mempertahankan Citra Destinasi yang baik sehingga wisatawan yang datang ke kota Palembang merasa puas.",
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"text": "Ditemukan adanya pengaruh Citra Destinasi terhadap Niat Berprilaku. Berdasarkan temuan ini maka disarankan pemerintah kota Palembang dan pengelola objek wisata agar dapat membangun Citra destinasi yang positif sehingga wisatawan yang datang ke kota Palembang dapat berkunjung kembanli dan merekomendasikan kota Palembang kepada calon wisatawan lain.",
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"text": "Ditemukan adanya pengaruh Kualitas perjalanan terhadap Nilai Persepsi. Berdasarkan temuan ini maka disarankan agar pemerintah kota Palembang dapat meningkatkan kualitas perjalanan seperti aksesibilitas yang memadai sehingga dapat meningkatkan persepsi wisatawan yang datang.",
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"text": "Ditemukan adanya pengaruh Nilai Persepsi terhadap Niat Berprilaku. Berdasarkan temuan ini maka disarankan agar pemerintah kota Palembang dapat meningkatkan kualitas Nilai Persepsi. Sehingga wisatawan yang datang ke kota Palembang mau merekomendasikan kota Palembang kepada orang lain.",
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"text": "Ditemukan adanya pengaruh Nilai Persepsi terhadap Kepuasan. Berdasarkan temuan ini maka disarankan agar meningkatkan kualitas produk dan pelayanan yang ada di kota Palembang. Apabila persepsi wisatawan terhadap kota Palembang baik maka kepuasan wisatawan akan meningkat.",
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"text": "Studi menemukan tidak adanya pengaruh Nilai Persepsi terhadap Niat Berprilaku. Berdasarkan temuan ini maka disarankan tetap meningkatkan nilai persepsi walaupun hal ini tidak mempengaruhi prilaku wisatawan setelah berkunjung.",
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"text": "Studi menemukan tidak adanya pengaruh Kepuasan terhadap niat berprilaku. Berdasarkan temuan ini maka disarankan tetap meningkatkan kepuasan pengunjung walaupun hal ini tidak mempengaruhi perilaku wisatawan setelah berkunjung.",
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"text": "D. KESIMPULAN",
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"text": "No Kesimpulan Implikasi Manajerial 1 Citra Destinasi ( Image Destination) berpengaruh secara positif dan signifikan terhadap kualitas perjalanan (Trip Quality) ditemukan adanya pengaruh citra destinasi terhadap kualitas perjalanan. berdasarkan temuan ini maka disarankan citra yang sudah terbentuk sedemikian rupa hendaknya dipertahankan dan ditingkatkan seiring dengan upaya-upaya lainnya seperti peningkatan mutu dan kualitas daya tarik wisata kota Palembang. Citra positif suatu destinasi memainkan peran penting dalam",
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"height": 137,
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"text": "“attracting and retaining tourist”. Mempertahankan citra destinasi pariwisata kota Palembang yang memiliki banyak daya tarik wisata kuliner dan wisata sejarah dapat melalui berbagai upaya seperti: selalu menjaga kebersihan dan kenyamanan disekitar daya tarik wisata, melakukan perbaikan sarana dan fasilitas wisata yang terdapat di kota Palembang demi kenyamanan pengunjung. 2 Citra Destinasi ( Image destination) berpengaruh secara positif dan signifikan terhadap Nilai Persepsi (Perceived Value) Ditemukan adanya pengaruh Citra Destinasi terhadap Nilai Persepsi. Berdasarkan temuan ini maka disarankan mempertahankan citra destinasi yang positif sehingga wisatawan yang datang memiliki persepsi yang baik terhadap kota Palembang.",
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"text": "3 Citra destinasi ( Image Destination) berpengaruh secara positif dan signifikan terhadap Kepuasan pengunjung ( Tourist Satisfaction) Membangun Citra Destinasi Yang Positif Sehingga Wisatawan Yang Datang Ke Kota Palembang Merasa Puas Berkunjung Ke Kota Palembang 4 Citra Destinasi ( Image Destination) berpengaruh secara positif dan signifikan terhadap Niat Berprilaku ( Behavioral Intention) Membangun Citra Destinasi yang positif sehingga wisatawan yang datang ke kota palembang dapat berkunjung kembali dan merekomendasikan kota Palembang kepada calon wisatawan lain.",
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"text": "Menara Ekonomi: ISSN : 2407-8565 Volume I No. 2 - Oktober 2015",
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"text": "Fakultas Ekonomi UMSB",
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"text": "8",
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"text": "No Kesimpulan Implikasi Manajerial 5 Kualitas perjalanan ( Trip Quality) berpengaruh secara positif dan signifikan terhadap Nilai Persepsi ( Perceived Value) Pemerintah kota Palembang dapat meningkatkan kualitas perjalanan seperti aksesibilitas yang memadai sehingga dapat meningkatkan persepsi wisatawan yang datang. 6 Kualitas Perjalanan ( Trip Quality)",
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"text": "memberikan pengaruh secara positif dan signifikan terhadap kepuasan pengunjung ( Tourist Satisfaction) Meningkatkan kualitas perjalanan seperti aksesibilitas, amenitas dan lain-lain. Sehingga wisatawan yang berkunjung ke kota Palembang bisa merasa puas. 7 Kualitas Perjalanan (Trip Quality) berpengaruh secara positif dan signifikan terhadap Niat berprilaku ( Behavioral Intention) ditemikan adanya pengaruh kualitas perjalanan terhadap niat berprilaku. berdasarkan temuan ini maka disarankan mempertahankan kualitas perjalanan yang positif sehingga wisatawan yang datang memiliki niat berprilaku yang baik setelah berkunjung kekota Palembang 8 Nilai Persepsi ( Perceived value) berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap Kepuasan Pengunjung ( Tourist Satisfaction) Meningkatkan kualitas produk dan pelayanan yang ada di kota Palembang. Apabila persepsi wisatawan terhadap kota Palembang baik maka kepuasan wisatawan akan meningkat.",
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"text": "9 tidak terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan antara Nilai Persepsi ( perceived value) terhadap niat berprilaku ( behavioral intention) Tetap meningkatkan kualitas produk dan pelayanan yang ada di kota Palembang walaupun tidak mempengaruhi prilaku wisatawan setelah berkunjung. 10 Tidak terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan antara Kepuasan Pengunjung",
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"text": "( Tourist satisfaction) terhadap Niat berprilaku ( behavioral intention)",
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"text": "Tetap meningkatkan semua mutu produk dan pelayanan agar pengunjung merasa puas walaupun tidak mempengaruhi prilaku wisatawan setelah berkunjung.",
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"text": "E. SARAN",
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"height": 29,
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"text": "Berdasarkan temuan-temuan diatas berikut ada beberapa saran untuk penelitian selanjutnya adalah sebagai berikut:",
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"height": 58,
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"text": "Penelitian ini memiliki keterbatasan dalam hal penarikan sampling, wisatawan yang berkunjung ke kota Palembang sangat beragam, wisatawan nusantara dan wisatawan mancanegara. Untuk penelitian selanjutnya adalah mencoba dengan mendapatkan sampling dari kedua jenis wisatawan itu.",
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"text": "Dalam penelitian ini diteliti mengenai Citra Destinasi di kota Palembang, selanjutnya dapat dilakukan penelitian yang serupa didestinasi-destinasi yang lain. Destinasi yang lain diharapkan dapat meningkatkan Citra Destinasinya karena Citra Destinasi dapat mempengaruhi beberapa faktor yang dapat mempengaruhi wisatawan untuk berkunjung kembali.",
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"text": "Tidak hanya meningkatkan Citra destinasi, kualitas perjalanan menuju suatu destinasi dapat mempengaruhi wisatawan untuk berkunjung kembali. Kualitas perjalanan tersebut mencakup keramah tamahan dari tempat wisata, antraksi yang disajikan, transportasi yang baik menuju tempat wisata, dan amenitas yang memadai.",
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b19de3b3-d355-a922-8d67-f4f5007c02d2 | https://journal.fk.unpad.ac.id/index.php/amj/article/download/3191/1967 | [
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"text": "This is an Open Access article licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are properly cited",
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"text": "Intestinal protozoan infections are a worldwide problem. It is estimated that around 280 million people each year have been infected with intestinal protozoa, which not only infect adults but also children and toddlers. A study in Mozambique 1 has shown that 11.7% of toddlers aged 12–59 months were infected with intestinal protozoa ( Cryptosporidium",
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"text": "spp., Giardia lamblia, and Entamoeba histolytica) , whereas in Brazil 2 7.2% of toddlers were infected with Dientamoeba fragilis . Interestingly, studies in another part of Indonesia has shown that Balantidium coli (12.5%) and Blastocystis hominis (12.9%) frequently infects children under five. 3,4 Intestinal protozoan infections cause problems such as decreased nutritional status in toddlers, which can be found in developing",
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"text": "Correlation of Intestinal Protozoa Infection with the Nutritional Status of Toddlers Aged 12–59 Months in Jember Regency, East Java, Indonesia",
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"text": "Rizky Robeth Ardyansyah, 1 Yunita Armiyanti, 2 Ida Srisurani Wijiastuti, 3 Bagus Hermansyah, 4 Wiwien Sugih Utami, 5 Erma Sulistyaningsih 6 1 Faculty of Medicine Universitas Jember, 2 Departement of Parasitology Universitas Jember, 3 Departement of Public Health Universitas Jember, 4 Departement of Parasitology Universitas Jember, 5 Departement of Parasitology Universitas Jember, 6 Departement of Parasitology Universitas Jember, Indonesia",
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"text": "Background: Intestinal protozoan infection is a problem faced by the global community at all ages. In toddlers, it can cause problems in the form of decreased nutritional status, which is often found in developing countries such as Indonesia. The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation between intestinal protozoa infection and the nutritional status of toddlers.",
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"text": "Methods: An observational study with a cross-sectional approach was conducted in October–December 2022 on 45 children aged 12–59 months in Sucopangepok Village, Jelbuk District, Jember Regency, East Java,",
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"text": "Indonesia using, consecutive sampling techniques and a total sample size. Nutritional Status was measured based on body weight to body length using the WHO Anthropometric Calculator. Stool examination used the direct smear method and modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining. Data was analyzed using the Cramer’s V test. The p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.",
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"text": "Results: The incidence of wasted children was 15.6% and severely wasted was 2.2%. Intestinal protozoan infection had an incidence of 15.6%. The species detected were Giardia lamblia (6.7%), Cryptosporidium parvum",
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"text": "(6.7%), and Blastocystis hominis (2.2%). Statistical analysis showed there was no correlation between intestinal protozoan infection and nutritional status (p= 0.441; r= 0.191).",
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"text": "Conclusion: There is no correlation between intestinal protozoan infection and the nutritional status of toddlers. However, comprehensive collaboration between the government and the community needs to be improved, as well as healthy lifestyles for toddlers which also need to be encouraged to overcome nutritional problems in children under five old and prevent intestinal protozoa infections.",
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"text": "Keywords: Intestinal protozoa, nutritional status, toddlers, wasted",
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"text": "Correspondence: Dr. dr. Yunita Armiyanti, M.Kes., Sp.ParK., Departement of Parasitology Universitas Jember, Indonesia",
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"text": "E-mail: yunita.fk@unej.ac.id",
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"text": "Received: February 22, 2023",
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"text": "Accepted: January 24, 2024 Published: March 31, 2024",
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"text": "countries such as Indonesia. 5 The chronic nature of intestinal protozoan infection over a long period means that this problem is often overlooked, leading to impaired growth and development of children that cause a decrease in children’s cognitive, achievement, and productivity. 6 Children under five who have intestinal protozoa infection and also have poor nutritional status. 7 Moreover, there is a significant relationship between Cryptosporidium spp . and very poor nutritional status. 1 Nutrition problems in children and toddlers range from the city to the global level. The United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF) announced in 2019 that 47 million children worldwide or 6.9% of children under five were undernourished or wasted. 8 In Indonesia, the prevalence of wasted toddlers has reached 7.1% in 2021. Specifically, the rate of wasted toddlers in Jember Regency was the second highest in East Java province in the same year reached 12.8%. 9 Sucopangepok Village is one of the villages located in Jelbuk Sub-district, Jember Regency. Previous research conducted in Jelbuk Subdistrict showed that the number of toddlers with decreased nutritional status and chronic infections was 67.7% but could not show the correlation between the two. 10 Similar studies in Padang Pariaman Regency and Sampang Regency have been conducted among elementary school students aged over 5 years. 5,11 Since there are limited studies in toddlers, this study aimed to explore the correlation between intestinal protozoa infection and the nutritional status among toddlers aged 12–59 months in Sucopangepok village, Jelbuk sub-district, Jember Regency, East Java, Indonesia.",
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"text": "This descriptive and analytic observational study with a cross-sectional approach design was conducted from October to December 2022 in Sucopangepok Village, Jelbuk District, Jember Regency, Indonesia, including children aged 12–59 months who were divided into two categories, namely 12–23 months and 24– 59 months. This study used non-probability sampling data collection techniques, namely consecutive sampling. A sample size of this study was determined using the Lemeshow formula. 12 Based on the calculation, the minimum sample size needed to represent the entire population of children under five in Sucopangepok Village was 45 children.",
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"text": "Rizky Robeth Ardyansyah et al.: Correlation of Intestinal Protozoa Infection with the Nutritional Status of Toddlers Aged 12–59 Months in Jember Regency, East Java, Indonesia",
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"text": "After consent from the mothers, data on body weight, height, or length were collected and feces samples were taken to be examined at the Parasitology Laboratory of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Jember. The exclusion criteria were congenital abnormalities, death or dropping out based on parental decisions during the research process, and a history of chronic illness. The ethical clearance of this research has been approved by the Research Ethics Commission of Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Jember no. 1.662/H25.1.11/ KE/2022.",
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"text": "Nutritional status assessment used the conversion of body weight and body length or height values in the form of a z-score, calculated using the WHO Anthro Calculator application. The z-score value was read in the weight for length proportion. 13 Preparation of fecal samples used the sedimentation method. One-gram of feces was placed in a centrifuge tube with distilled water added until evenly distributed. Centrifugation was carried out at 2,000 rpm for 3–5 minutes until the supernatant and sedimentation were separated, then the supernatant was discarded to separate the sedimentation. This step was repeated up to three times. The sedimentation was further prepared for direct smear and modified Ziehl-Nelson staining. As for direct smear, 10 microliter of sediment was taken and placed on a labeled glass slide. The sample was given a droplet of saline, lugol, or eosin covered with an object glass cover, and immediately observed through a microscope with an objective lens magnification of 10X, 40X, and 100X, to identify all species of intestinal protozoa (except acid- resistant species such as Cryptosporidium parvum ). The observation results were then matched with WHO guidelines",
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"text": "As for Ziehl-Nelson staining, 100 micromiliters of the sediment was placed on a labeled glass slide. The sample was then fixed over a Bunsen flame. The dried preparation was then given a droplet of methanol above the painting bath and left for three minutes. After the methanol was dried, the preparation was washed in running water. The preparation was then given a drop of ZN A solution and left for 15 minutes to dry then washed again with running water. Furthermore, the preparation was then given a droplet of ZN B for three seconds and then washed again with running water. In the last coloring stage, the preparation was given a drop of ZN C solution for 30 seconds and then washed again with running water, and waited to dry. After drying, the preparation",
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"text": "was then observed through a microscope with an objective lens magnification of 100X. The observation results were then matched with WHO guidelines. This modified ZN staining aims to identify Cryptosporidium parvum",
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"text": "species.",
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"text": "Bivariate analysis was performed to determine the correlation between intestinal",
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"text": "protozoa infection and nutritional status using Cramer’s V coefficient test. The p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. This test also showed a correlation coefficient (r) value which showed the strength and direction of the correlation that was conducted using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 25.0.",
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"text": "Rizky Robeth Ardyansyah et al.: Correlation of Intestinal Protozoa Infection with the Nutritional Status of Toddlers Aged 12–59 Months in Jember Regency, East Java, Indonesia",
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"text": "Table 1 Sociodemographic Characteristics of the Toddlers Aged 12–59 Months and Parents in Sucopangepok Village, Jelbuk District, Jember Regency",
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"text": "Characteristics Distribution (n) Frequency (%) Age (Months ) 12–23 24–59 12 33 26.7 73.3 Address (Sub-village) Krajan Timur Krajan Barat Gujuran Barat Pangepok Cangkring Pakel Tenap Lengkong 8 4 9 7 2 9 5",
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"text": "1 17.8 8.9 20",
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"text": "15.6 4.4 20 11.1 2.2 Education level Mother Not completed elementary school Elementary School Junior High School Senior High School College Father Not completed elementary school Elementary school Junior high school Senior high school College 8 15 14 7 1 11 14 11 8 1 17.8 33.3 31.1 15.6 2.2 24.4 31.1 24.4 17.8 2.2 Occupation Mother Unemployed/housewive Farmer Shopkeeper Father Farm laborer Farmer Private worker Self-employed worker Driver Construction worker 35 9 1 3 35 1 4 1 1 77.8 20.1 2.2 6.7 77.8 2.2 8.9 2.2 2.2 Family Income High Low 6 39 13.3 86.7 Total 45 100",
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"text": "Althea Medical Journal. Volume 11, Number 2, June 2024",
"type": "Page footer"
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"text": "In total, 45 children were included. The education of the mothers were mostly elementary school graduates, and were unemployed or housewives (77.8%); whereas the majority of the fathers were farmers with monthly income lower than the minimum wage of Jember Regency) as shown in Table 1. Stool sample examination results showed that 15.6% of respondents were infected with three intestinal protozoa (Table 2), with the highest percentage by G. lamblia (6.7%) and C. parvum (6.7%) as depicted in Figure 1. There were toddlers with nutritional status defined as wasted (15.6%) and severely wested (2.2%) as shown in Table 3. There was no correlation between intestinal protozoa infection and nutritional status (p-value =0.441) with a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.191 as depicted in Table 4.",
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"text": "Children aged 12–59 months in Sucopangepok village in this study have been infected with intestinal protozoa (15.6%), slightly smaller than the findings in Ethiopia (20.4%). 14 This result might be influenced by several factors",
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"text": "such as poor personal hygiene and sanitation and transmission through livestock.",
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"text": "15",
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"text": "Cryptosporidium parvum is one of the intestinal protozoa species found to infect the children in this study (6.7%). C. parvum is the most common species infecting children under five, 16 due to poor sanitation and transmission from livestock or vice versa. 17 Poor sanitation, including the use of untreated water and indiscriminate defecation, is the major risk factor as shown in our study. The residents in Sucopangepok Village have livestock near their homes. Interestingly, these children infected with C. parvum have no clinical symptoms, suggesting the opportunistic nature of this species. In contrast, a study in Mozambique has shown that 12.1% of children with C. parvum infection showed clinical manifestations of diarrhea. 16 Infected and asymptomatic children who are not treated immediately can be the source of infection in the community. 17 This can happen when the child has poor sanitation such as indiscriminate defecation. Oocysts that come out with feces have good resistance in the environment and infect the water sources used by the residents. Livestock such as cattle might be also affected. C. parvum oocysts can enter cattle that drink water or eat grass contaminated with C. parvum , and",
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"text": "Rizky Robeth Ardyansyah et al.: Correlation of Intestinal Protozoa Infection with the Nutritional Status of Toddlers Aged 12–59 Months in Jember Regency, East Java, Indonesia",
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"text": "Table 2 Distribution and Frequency of Intestinal Protozoa Infections among Toddlers Aged 12–59 Months in Sucopangepok Village, Jelbuk District, Jember Regency",
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"text": "Infection Status Distribution (n) Frequency (%) Total n (%) Positive Giardia lamblia Cryptosporidium parvum Blastocystis hominis 3 3 1 6.7 6.7 2.2 7 (15.6) Negative 38 84.4 38 (84.4) Total 45 100 45 (100)",
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"text": "Figure 1 Results of Morphological Observations of Intestinal Protozoa",
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"text": "Note: (a) Giardia lamblia Cyst (Direct smear method 1000X); (b) Cryptosporidium parvum Oocyst (Modified ZN Staining 1000X) ; (c) Vacuolar form of Blastocystis hominis (Direct smear method 1000X)",
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"text": "Althea Medical Journal. Volume 11, Number 2, June 2024",
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"text": "89",
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"text": "become a reservoir host that can further transmit the disease. 18 Cryptosporidium parvum infection does not only affect the environment but is also harmful to the children themselves. Due to mucosal disruption, absorption surfaces are reduced, leading to impaired growth. 17 The inflammatory process in the small intestine is increased due to C. parvum infection, resulting in a state of malabsorption of various nutrients needed by the child, thus triggering wasted nutrition and aggravating the condition of children who have a low immune system. Furthermore, Giardia lamblia is a species that is also found in this study (6.7%), in line with a study in Mozambique showing that Giardia lamblia is the most prevalent infection. 16 Various factors such as the use of untreated water, the habit of not washing hands before eating in children or before cooking (caregivers), and the habit of not washing hands after defecation may play roles. Giardia lamblia has good resistance in the environment. G. lamblia cysts that remain in the consumed water may stick to the hands and can be further swallowed. Interestingly, all toddlers who are infected with G. lamblia in this study show no clinical symptoms, in contrast with study in Mozambique where 12.1% of children experience diarrhea. 16 This infection",
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"text": "has three stages, namely asymptomatic, acute, and chronic. 17 Giardia lamblia cysts are present in infected individuals although there are asymptomatic. Cysts can be found in fecal samples, and become a source of infection if not treated immediately. Giardiasis can occur when there are >100 cysts, while cysts <10 do not. 19 Acute symptoms of giardiasis may include steatorrhea, abdominal pain, bloating, belching, flatus, and vomiting. Inadequate treatment can trigger the chronic phase of giardiasis. Damage to microvilli due to trophozoite invasion of the small intestinal epithelium and trophozoite multiplication covering the surface of the intestinal lumen causes impaired nutrient absorption, which can lead to impaired nutritional status in the form of waste. Blastocystis hominis is another species found in small numbers in this study with no clinical manifestations. Interestingly, a study in Surabaya showed children infected with B. hominis who had diarrhea. 4 The majority still assume that B. hominis is a commensal intestinal parasite. 18 B. hominis infection might be caused by poor personal hygiene, exposure to farm animals, and consuming contaminated food and beverages. This intestinal protozoan is considered pathogenic if the ameboid form is found in five visual fields without",
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"text": "Rizky Robeth Ardyansyah et al.: Correlation of Intestinal Protozoa Infection with the Nutritional Status of Toddlers Aged 12–59 Months in Jember Regency, East Java, Indonesia",
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"text": "Table 3 Distribution and Frequency of Nutritional Status of Toddlers",
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"text": "Nutritional Status (Weight for length) Distribution (n) Frequency (%) Severely Wasted Wasted Normal Possible Risk of Overweight Overweight Obesity 1 7 29 5 3 0 2.2 15.6 64.4 11.1 6.7 0 Total 45 100 Table 4 Cramer’s V Test Results Infection Status Nutritional Status (Weight for length) Total (%) r p-value Severely wasted & wasted (%) Normal & Possible Risk of Overweight (%) Overweight & Obesity (%) Positive Giardia lamblia Cryptosporidium parvum Blastocystis hominis 2 (4.4) 1 (2.2) 0 (0) 1 (2.2) 4 (8.9) 2 (4.5) 2 (4.5) 0 (0) 1 (2.2) 0 (0) 1 (2.2) 0 (0) 7 (15.6) 0.191 0.441 Negative 6 (13.3) 30 (66.7) 2 (4.4) 38 (84.4) Total (%) 8 (17.8) 34 (75.6) 3 (6.7) 45 (100) Note: r=Correlation coefficien",
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"text": "other pathogens in a vacuolar form. This species has an opportunistic nature, when the host is in a state of decreased immune system such as in children with malnutrition. Clinical manifestations may not appear in immunocompetent individuals. 20 This finding also needs to be a concern because B. hominis is known to be transmitted through contaminated water (waterborne). Children who are wasted and infected with B. hominis infection that is not treated immediately can lead to severe wasted.",
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"text": "This study found a small number of severely wasted children (2.2%). This might occur due to a worsening of the nutritional status of children who were previously wasted. This worsening can be triggered by infections in the intestinal tract. Malnutrition in children under five begins with inflammation and damage to the intestinal tract. This situation encourages the malabsorption of various nutrients needed by children so that children experience malnutrition (wasted). 21 This state of malnutrition can reduce the mucosal immune response so that persistent infections that are not treated immediately in children can exacerbate the degree of severity. 24 Failure to treat malnutrition becomes a problem in the future because it can reduce cognitive capacity, work capacity, immunity, and increase the risk of metabolic disorders. 23 Interestingly, there are children with overweight status (6.7%) as also found in general in other populations. 24 Furthermore, the findings of this study indicate that there is no correlation between intestinal protozoa infection and nutritional status, opposite to the study in Egypt. 25 This non-correlated result may be due to the fact that intestinal protozoan infection is more prevalent in children with normal nutritional status than undernourished and wasted children. This is in line with a recent study in Asia which showed that 73.1% of toddlers infected with intestinal protozoa had normal nutritional status. 7 Infection in children with normal nutritional status can be triggered by low family income levels, unprotected water sources, consumption of raw water, poor sanitation, caregivers not washing their hands properly (before cooking and after cleaning the child’s anus after defecation), and children who do not wash their hands properly (before eating and after defecation). 7 This lack of correlation may also be influenced by other factors affecting nutritional status besides intestinal protozoa infection. Another factor that may affect the results",
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"text": "of this study is the nutritional intake received by children. A research showed that there is a correlation between nutritional intake and children’s nutritional status. 26 Nutritional intake also depends on other factors such as food security and parenting. The majority of fathers of children work as farmers, ensuring the availability of family food security even though the majority have low incomes. The number of mothers who do not work provides more time to provide good care for children. These things can affect the nutritional status of children in this study.",
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"text": "The limitation of this study is that it only correlates intestinal protozoan infection with the nutritional status of toddlers, without correlating with other nutritional status factors so it cannot compare the most influential factors. The factors may include socioeconomics, parenting, food security, and nutritional intake. In conclusion, there is no correlation between intestinal protozoan infection and nutritional status of children aged 12–59 months in Sucopangepok Village, Jelbuk Sub- district. Jelbuk. However, a comprehensive cooperation between the government and the community needs to be improved to deal with nutritional problems and to prevent intestinal protozoa infection. Clean and Healthy lifestyle need to be encouraged thoroughly.",
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"text": "References",
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6680d5a7-b366-87f0-bfe0-3f24b8115560 | https://ejournal.unisnu.ac.id/JE/article/download/3310/2057 | [
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"text": "Edulingua: Jurnal Linguistics Terapan dan Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris | Vol 9. No. 2. Desember 2022",
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"text": "THE EFFECTS OF OFFLINE TRACK CHANGES PEER-REVIEW AND ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION ON WRITING COMPETENCY",
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"text": "Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, English Education department ITP Markandeya Bali, Indonesia",
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"text": "This experimental study investigated the effect of Offline Track Changes Peer-Review and achievement motivation toward students’ writing competency of the tenth grade at SMAN 1 UBUD. There were two variables examined. The independent variable was Offline Track Changes Peer-Review and moderator variable was achievement motivation. Dependent variable was writing competency. Posttest only control group design with 2x2 factorial arrangement was administered in this study. The population covered eight classes of the tenth grade and only four classes were taken as sample with 131 students. The data were collected using analytical writing rubric, achievement motivation questionnaire and anecdotal notes. Two way ANOVA and Tukeytest were administered to analyze the data. The result shows: (1) there was a significant effect of Offline Track Changes Peer-Review on students’ writing competency, (2) there was an interactional effect between Offline Track Changes Peer-Review and students’ achievement motivation on students’ writing competency, (3) there was a significant difference of writing competency between high achievement motivated students taught by Offline Track Changes Peer-Review and high achievement motivated students taught by conventional strategy, and (4) there was a significant difference of writing competency between low achievement motivated students taught by Offline Track Changes Peer-Review and low achievement motivated students taught by conventional strategy.",
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"text": "Keywords: achievement motivation, offline peer-review using track changes, writing competency.",
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"text": "Writing skills are believed as the most important aspects for the student’s communicative competence because it fosters the students to think critically and also develop their thinking by exploring and sharing the ideas together. The writing ability demands the writer to be independent, comprehensive, fluent, and creative in writing. Being independent means they can write without much assistance. Being comprehensive means the understanding of the messages deliver through the writing. Being fluent refers to the ability of the writer to write smoothly, easily, and understandably. Then creativity is the ability to write the",
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"text": "original ideas, communicate it well, and make the message being understood by the readers.",
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"text": "Writing is the important skill that needs to be mastered well by the students. There are several factors that influenced the students’ success in writing. One of them is motivation (Sardiman, 2012). Inner state of need or desire is the definition of it. It generates a movement or an activity towards satisfying that desire. Therefore, motivation has the rule to stimulate desire and energy for people to achieve certain goals. Achievement refers to the best performance that people are able to perform or gain after learning period.",
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"text": "Achievement motivation is one of motivation form that can be defined as the",
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"text": "Jurnal Edulingua | Vol 4. N. 2 Juli - Desember 2017",
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"text": "<< | 64",
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"text": "Edulingua: Jurnal Linguistics Terapan dan Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris | Vol 9. No. 2. Desember 2022",
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{
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"width": 222,
"height": 108,
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"text": "driving force of all individual actions (Schunk, 2008). Generally people set moderate targets and undertake tasks that can be achieved by them. Achievement significantly motivates people to achieve their goals by working on the problem not leaving the outcome and really concern on their personal achievement rather than rewards.",
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{
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"text": "Falchikov, (2001) states that in the process of learning writing, the role of teacher and friends really influence the success of learning. Therefore, a good strategy is needed to make a suceess of learning. Peer-review sometimes referred as peer editing, peer- assessment, or peer response has becomes an important learning strategy. Peer-review allows the students to interact with peers by providing comments, mark, and review on other’s writing, providing a space for discussion. Regarding the advance of the computer assisted language learning, the combination of peer and teacher review and computer technology into writing has become an innovative and effective strategy for increasing the student’s motivation and achievement in writing.",
"type": "Text"
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"height": 149,
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"text": "Falchikov, (2001) states that peer- review or peer editing provides an opportunity to make an effective learning situation in which the students can see and correct their friends’ work. By using computer technology they can put some headlight, circles, notes, comments on their friend’s writing. The focus of this strategy is on the students (students-centered). It encourages the students to learn from their mistakes to improve their writing ability.",
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"height": 177,
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"text": "The importance of teaching writing suggests the teachers to do the best effort to teach writing. However, limited time allocation for writing class for English foreign language forces the teachers to cover the writing despite the limitation of the time in SMAN 1 UBUD for example, the writing class was done once a week and mostly writing was done out of the class as projects. As a matter of fact, writing competency is a reflection of language proficiency in general and an indication of grammar and vocabulary mastery as well as using the language",
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"text": "creatively. However, writing in SMAN 1 UBUD was assessed conventionally. Consequently, the students’ writing development could not be expected to its optimal progress.",
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"text": "Based on the personal communication with the teacher and students of SMAN 1 UBUD, it was found that the writing activity was usually started with giving the topic, asking the students to write based on the topic, collecting the students’ writing, giving feedback and comments and finally giving score. The marking load from the teachers limited the students’ opportunity to obtain some knowledge of what, how and why the mark was given to them. Besides, from the interview, the students regarded writing as the most difficult activity amongst the four language skills since they needed extra time or even much energy to fulfill the criteria. After the paper submission, the students waited for the score of their writing. Then, they were expected to revise their writing based on the feedback given by the teacher. However, they often did not understand what to do further to the given feedback. As the result, they ignored the feedback and did the same mistake again.",
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"text": "Students often show their effort in learning by asking a lot of questions to the teacher and joining some courses out of school. Moreover they are always active in the learning process. In contrast, some students do not want to take apart during the process of learning. They often do cheating with friends, and do not really care about the teacher’s explanation. That situation is perhaps influenced by many factors, such as environment, teacher’s teaching strategy, and students’ interest. In line with this, according to Marhaeni (2005), achievement motivation is motives to study, do homework, solve problems, and get skills accordingly to the schools standard. Regarding to that definition, teacher’s teaching strategy and student’s interest are very important factors to encourage the students to participate in the learning process. In this case, the teacher should find a good strategy that meet the student’s interest, and then finally it can",
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"text": "The Effects of Offline Track Changes Peer-Review And Achievement Motivation on Writing Competency Of The Tenth Grade Students Of Sman 1 Ubud in The Academic Year 2021/2022",
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"text": "motivate them to improve their writing competency.",
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"text": "In this digital era, the students have recognized the use of many technology tools such as laptop, computer, or smart phone. They often use it online or offline. Offline based peer review provides the students using computer to review their friends’ writing without connection to the internet. They can directly open the Microsoft word and start reviewing by using Track Changes. Track Changes is offline based software in Microsoft Word that allows people to keep a record of amendments made to a document. People can choose to accept or reject the amendments. Track Changes is a useful tool for managing Changes made by several reviewers to the same document. In this research, the review was done by using Track Changes in Microsoft word 2010. Therefore, in this study Offline Based Peer-Review Using Track Changes refers to a strategy that allows the students to do peer-review using laptop or computers in the classroom without connection to the internet.",
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"text": "Based on the above rationale, the researcher was inspired to conduct a research to examine the effectiveness of putting the use of technology in peer-review and",
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"text": "achievement motivation on the students’ writing competency.",
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"text": "There were two variables examined. The independent variable was Offline Track Changes Peer-Review and moderator variable was achievement motivation. Dependent variable was writing competency. Posttest only control group design with 2x2 factorial arrangement was administered in this study. The population covered eight classes of the tenth grade and only four classes were taken as sample with 131 students. The data were collected using analytical writing rubric, achievement motivation questionnaire and anecdotal notes. Two way ANOVA and Tukeytest were administered to analyze the data.",
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"text": "Hypothesis testing in this research was conducted by using two-way Anova. The next analysis would be F test. This test was conducted if there were differences in the result of two-way Anova analysis. Furthermore, Tukey test was administered as a post-hoc test to find out which groups showed more significant differences. It is obtained the following result.",
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"text": "Variance JK Db RJK F observed Sig Note Between A 3258.025 1 3258.025 175.694 0.000 Significant Between B 666.944 1 666.944 35.966 0.000 Significant Inter AB 80.278 1 80.278 4.329 0.041 Significant Within Group 1260.975 68 18.544 - - - Total 5223.500 71 - - - -",
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"text": "As what is stated in the table 4.16, it was obtained F A observed = 175.694 with p < 0.05. Therefore, null hypothesis (H 0 ) which states that there are no significant differences between students taught by using Offline Based Peer-Review Using Track Changes and students taught by using conventional strategy was rejected. In other words, it can be concluded that there were significant differences between students taught by Offline Based Peer-Review Using",
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"text": "As what is stated in the table 4.16, it was obtained F A observed = 175.694 with p < 0.05. Therefore, null hypothesis (H 0 ) which states that there are no significant differences between students taught by using Offline Based Peer-Review Using Track Changes and students taught by using conventional strategy was rejected. In other words, it can be concluded that there were",
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"text": "significant differences between students taught by Offline Based Peer-Review Using",
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"text": "Table 4.17: The Summary of Tukey Test Between High Achievement Motivated Students’ Writing Competence Taught by Using Offline Based Peer-Review Using Track Changes and Achievement Motivated Students Taught by Using Conventional Strategy",
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"text": "Variable Q observed Q table (0,05) Note A 1 B 1 with A 2 B 1 10.84 2.80 Significant Based on Table 4.17, it was obtained that Q observed = 10.84 and F table = 2.80 (F observed > F table ). In the line with that, null hypothesis which states there were no significant differences between high achievement motivated students taught by using Offline Based Peer- Review Using Track Changes and achievement motivated students taught by using conventional strategy was",
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"text": "rejected. Therefore, it can be concluded that high achievement motivated students taught by using Offline Based Peer-Review Using Track Changes and achievement motivated students taught by using conventional strategy were significantly different each other, in which in this case Offline Based Peer- Review Using Track Changes was superior to conventional strategy.",
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"text": "Table 4.18: The Summary of Tukey Test Between Low Achievement Motivated Students’ Writing Competence Taught by Using Offline Based Peer- Review Using Track Changes and Achievement Motivated Students Taught by Using Conventional Strategy",
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"text": "Variable Q observed Q table (0,05) Note A 1 B 2 with A 2 B 2 7.89 2.80 Significant",
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"text": "Based on Table 4.18, it was obtained that Q observed = 7.89 and Q table = 2.80 (Q observed > Q table ). In the line with that, null hypothesis which states there were no significant differences between low achievement motivated students taught by using Offline Based Peer- Review Using Track Changes and low achievement motivated students taught by using conventional strategy was rejected. Thus, there were significant different of writing",
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"text": "competence between low students treated by using Offline Based Peer- Review Using Track Changes and students treated with conventional strategy. Therefore, it can be concluded that between low achievement motivated students taught by using Offline Based Peer-Review Using Track Changes and low achievement motivated students taught by using conventional strategy were significantly different each other.",
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"text": "DISCUSSION",
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"text": "The result of the first finding showed that Offline Peer-Review Using Track Changes is successfully applied to improve the students’ writing competency. Falchikov (2001) states that peer-review is a review in which the students give feedback and give",
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"text": "score on their peer’s work or performance by referring to certain criteria. Peer-review has an important role to assist the students to become more autonomous, responsible, and involved in classroom activities. Since the teacher set the criteria of assessment, it encourages the students to think critically",
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"text": "Kadek Cahyadi Putra",
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"width": 413,
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"text": "The Effects of Offline Track Changes Peer-Review And Achievement Motivation on Writing Competency Of The Tenth Grade Students Of Sman 1 Ubud in The Academic Year 2021/2022",
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"text": "67 | >>",
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"text": "rather than seeing the mark which refers they are knowledgeable with the assessment criteria used to evaluate the assignments. Feedback is very important to involve the students through communication with other students. The interview with the students who were treated by Offline Based Peer-Review Using Track Changes in this study indicated that they like this treatment better than conventional review because it opens wide chance for them to communicate the ideas and enlarge them through feedback given from their peer as well as teacher.",
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"text": "The teachers should manipulate carefully the treatment implemented in the classroom. Some challenges may appear in the implementation of peer-review. Falchikov (2001) states that hesitation may influence the effectiveness of peer-review as a student may feel uneasy to mark his peer and is not ready to gain other review. As a result, they will be more generous in giving mark. On the other hand, students are sometimes not happy to award mark to others. Hence, the teachers need to set out criteria to writing and provide the students with peer-review guideline, namely peer-correction worksheet (Mackbride, 2006 in Utami, 2010). The components of the marking sheets are obtained from the criteria used in the analytical scoring rubric. The mark given by the students are used to see how far the students' understanding in peer-assessing their partner's work. Hence, the teacher has a clear description on one's strengths and weaknesses before he/she gives the final score. Any problems encountered by students in doing peer-review are thoroughly and openly discussed until agreement is reached (Black et a1.,2005: 50).",
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"text": "The obstacles in doing peer-review in the classroom predicted before conducting this study. Offline Based Peer-Review Using Track Changes suggests have been a series of activity, which cover reading peer's work, checking, check listing, and giving feedback to peer's work. It is a complex activity for students to fulfill and needs extra time and energy for creating understanding for the overall aspects required in doing Offline",
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"text": "Based Peer-Review Using Track Changes. In the beginning of this study, the students were introduced to the basic principles of peer- review included the definition and the mechanism in reading, reviewing, check listing and filling the peer feedback marking sheets, and producing the final writing. The interview with the students indicated that Offline Based Peer-Review Using Track Changes is a complex activity that motivates them in producing the best work they can do based on the uniting criteria in each genre",
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"text": "The second statistical analysis showed there was significant interaction between students taught by Offline Peer- Review Using Track Changes and students taught by using conventional strategy and students’ achievement motivation on writing competency. According to Suarsini (2011), the students with high achievement motivation treated by peer-assessment showed more intention and concentration in accomplishing their work as well as assessing their peers. It promotes cooperation, trust, and senses of responsibility, not just to one self but others. Besides, students can make models for each other by sharing their works. They also learn to make criticism and praise. The activity will guide the students to be sensitive and aware upon important aspects, such as topics (include main idea and topic sentence), content (include supporting details), vocabulary, grammar, organization, and writing rules. The mark was given by the students or through negotiation from the teacher.",
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"text": "The third statistical finding showed the difference on writing competency between high-achievement motivated students taught by peer-review and conventional strategy. Marhaeni (2005) believed that students have different level of motivation and high achievement-motivated students gained better writing achievement than low achievement-motivated students.",
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"text": "Offline Peer-Review Using Track Changes has power to involve the students’ to every phase of writing; pre-writing, drafting, reviewing, revising and editing, that can improve positive attitudes toward the subject",
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"text": "Jurnal Edulingua | Vol 4. N. 2 Juli - Desember 2017",
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"text": "<< | 68",
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"text": "Edulingua: Jurnal Linguistics Terapan dan Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris | Vol 9. No. 2. Desember 2022",
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 74,
"width": 222,
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"text": "which leads to the improvement of the students' writing achievement. Based on the interview with the students, it was found that they liked the activity. It showed a positive dynamic process of writing happened in every writing task given by the teacher. The students actively explored various sources for the task completion as they reacted immediately toward the given feedback from their peer. Different from conventional assessment which provided the students only with topic, examples, assignment paper submission, and a bit feedback, those things seemed to discourage the students, especially those who have high achievement motivation. Students' achievement motivation (one of internal motivations) is one of the important factors determining the success of students' learning. High achievement motivated students are able to explore their own ability more briefly and efficiently through innovation at their best. The students with high achievement motivation are the ones who fond of challenge from inside and outside of them.",
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"text": "The forth statistical finding explained the difference on writing competency between low achievement-motivated students taught by peer-review and conventional strategy. Ashok Sapkota (2012) states that peer-review was productive in teaching writing. It means the process of learning using peer-review is good to be applied in the classroom. It motivates the students in the way of discovering a knowledge through discussion and correction mark.",
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"text": "Low achievement-motivated students treated with Offline Based Peer-Review Using Track Changes was challenged to do a series of peer-review activity, such as reading reviewing, correcting check listing, and scoring because they were motivated to be involved in the new learning environment. In addition, there were possibilities in which the friends who know better could help the low achievement motivated students in writing.",
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"text": "Whereas, the low achievement motivated students treated by conventional strategy were discouraged to follow the process of completing the writing tasks. They",
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"text": "never try their best in producing a good piece of writing. The interview with the students showed that the students were confused about the feedback given by the teacher because the teacher did not explain what should be done further. It is different from the high achievement motivated students who were responsive and active to get feedback from the teacher. Low achievement motivated students only waited for the teacher to give feedback.",
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"text": "CONCLUSION",
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"text": "The results of this study showed a significant effect of Offline Based Peer- Review Using Track Changes and achievement motivation on students’ writing competency. The students’ writing treated by Offline Based Peer-Review Using Track Changes achieved better than those treated by conventional strategy. Moreover, both high and low achievement-motivated students appealed significant improvement on their writing competency.",
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"text": "This proves that Offline Based Peer- Review Using Track Changes was an effective strategy implemented in English class in improving the students’ writing competency. Hence, the application of Offline Based Peer-Review Using Track Changes in writing class should be taken into consideration. By implementing Offline Based Peer-Review Using Track Changes in writing class, the teacher could promote a dynamic process of writing, which stimulates the students’ activity and creativity to accomplish the writing tasks. Offline Based Peer-Review Using Track Changes could improve the students’ evaluative skills since they were correcting and grading their peer’s work based on the criteria and indicators of writing assessment provided by the teacher. It also helps the students to be more reactive and creative to fulfill the requirements of writing tasks. Integrate the use of technology in the classroom. Offline Based Peer-Review Using Track Changes open a greater chance for students to achieve their goal in learning English, especially in writing.",
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"text": "Acknowledgments",
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"text": "Kadek Cahyadi Putra",
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"width": 413,
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"text": "The Effects of Offline Track Changes Peer-Review And Achievement Motivation on Writing Competency Of The Tenth Grade Students Of Sman 1 Ubud in The Academic Year 2021/2022",
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"text": "Motivation on Writing Competency of the Tenth Grade Students of SMAN 1 UBUD” would not have been accomplished without the support of Ni WayanRoni , M.Pd. who gave permission to conduct the study in SMAN 1 UBUD, All the teachers and students of SMAN 1 UBUD who gave",
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"text": "support during the accomplishment of the thesis. My beloved Father and Mother who gave everlasting supports and pray Cito, and all friends in B2 who gave helps during the process of accomplishing the thesis.",
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"text": "REFERENCES",
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"left": 72,
"top": 199,
"width": 410,
"height": 52,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Black et al. 2005. Assessment for Learning: Putting into Practices . New York: Open University Press. Falchikov, N. 2001. Learning Together: Peer Tutoring in Higher Education . New York:Taylor and Francis",
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{
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{
"left": 72,
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{
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{
"left": 283,
"top": 38,
"width": 241,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Jurnal Edulingua | Vol 4. N. 2 Juli - Desember 2017",
"type": "Page header"
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"left": 29,
"top": 150,
"width": 36,
"height": 13,
"page_number": 8,
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"text": "<< | 70",
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"text": "Edulingua: Jurnal Linguistics Terapan dan Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris | Vol 9. No. 2. Desember 2022",
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1c910e4e-ad3c-c7b8-e3c7-bbacfb3f3997 | https://syekhnurjati.ac.id/journal/index.php/itej/article/download/16/16 | [
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"text": "Petrus Sokibi. / ITEJ (Information Technology Engineering Journals) (2017) Vol 02- No 02",
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"text": "Perancangan Sistem Monitoring Perangkat Jaringan Berbasis ICMP dengan Notifikasi Telegram",
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"text": "Sekolah Tinggi Manajemen Informatika dan Komputer CIC Cirebon Jalan Raya Kesambi No. 202 Kota Cirebon Jawa Barat Indonesia Email : petrussokibi@gmail.com",
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"text": "Abstrak - Dalam dunia pendidikan sekarang, jaringan komputer merupakan hal yang penting untuk menunjang pembelajaran maupun untuk pertukaran informasi. Monitoring merupakan metode utama untuk menjaga kestabilan jaringan komputer. Proses monitoring jaringan pada SMK NU Kaplongan masih dilakukan secara manual, dengan kompleksnya jaringan yang ada, Network Administrator membutuhkan waktu yang cukup lama untuk menemukan gangguan yang terjadi pada jaringan serta belum lagi dengan faktor Network Administrator yang tidak selalu standby untuk me- monitoring jaringan. Untuk membantu Network Administrator dalam me- monitoring jaringan, penulis akan merancang sistem monitoring perangkat jaringan dengan memanfaatkan protokol ICMP dengan bahasa pemrograman PHP dan MySQL sebagai database -nya serta Bot Telegram untuk pengiriman pesan notifikasi ketika terjadi perangkat yang terputus. Hasil penelitian ini berupa perangkat lunak berbasis web yang berfungsi untuk monitoring perangkat jaringan di lingkungan SMK NU Kaplongan. Sistem monitoring perangkat jaringan ini akan mampu membantu proses monitoring , identifikasi dan perbaikan terhadap gangguan yang terjadi pada jaringan serta membantu Network Administrator dalam menjaga stabilitas jaringan di SMK NU Kaplongan.",
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"text": "Kata kunci : monitoring, jaringan, telegram, ICMP, network administrator",
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"text": "Abstract - In the world of education now, computer network is important to support learning and for information exchange. Monitoring is the main method to maintain the stability of computer networks. Network monitoring process at SMK NU Kaplongan is still done manually, with the complexity of existing network, Network Administrator takes a long time to find the disruption that occurs on the network and not to mention the Network Administrator factor that is not always standby to monitor the network. To assist the Network Administrator in monitoring the network, I will design a network device monitoring system by utilizing the ICMP protocol with PHP and MySQL programming languages as its database and Telegram Bot for notification message delivery when the device is disconnected. The results of this research is a web-based software that serves to monitor network devices in SMK NU Kaplongan. Network monitoring system will be able to assist the process of monitoring, identification and repair of interference that occurs in the network and help Network Administrator in maintaining network stability in SMK NU Kaplongan.",
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"text": "Keyword : monitoring, network, telegram, ICMP, network administrator",
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"text": "I. PENDAHULUAN",
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"text": "Perkembangan teknologi informasi dan komunikasi saat ini berkembang sangat pesat. Perkembangan tersebut diiringi juga dengan kebutuhan manusia akan teknologi yang semakin meningkat, karena teknologi mampu memberikan kemudahan- kemudahan bagi penggunanya guna mendukung pekerjaan serta kegiatan sehari-hari. Dengan teknologi, manusia mampu mendapatkan informasi secara cepat dari satu tempat ke tempat yang lain walaupun dengan jarak yang berjauhan.",
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"text": "Monitoring jaringan merupakan kegiatan yang dilakukan untuk memantau setiap perubahan yang terjadi pada perangkat jaringan. Pemantauan jaringan menjadi suatu hal yang cukup sulit dilakukan apabila jaringan pada lingkungan suatu lembaga sudah menjadi sangat luas dan kompleks. Masalah-masalah jaringan yang sering terjadi diantaranya kerusakan perangkat",
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"text": "jaringan, kabel jaringan lepas atau putus, adanya serangan ( attacker ) dari luar, koneksi internet down , dan lain sebagainya. dimana kerusakannya tidak diketahui oleh pemantauan jaringan secara manual dan akan membutuhkan waktu pemeriksaan jaringan yang cukup lama. Disinilah seorang Network Administrator harus mampu menjaga kestabilan dari suatu jaringan.",
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"text": "Monitoring jaringan merupakan metode utama untuk menjaga kestabilitan jaringan. Dengan monitoring , diharapkan jika terjadi permasalahan pada jaringan dapat diketahui dan diperbaiki dengan cepat oleh Network Administrator . Dengan pemanfaatan protokol ICMP dan notifikasi pesan Telegram diharapkan mampu membantu Network Administrator dalam melakukan monitoring perangkat jaringan. ICMP ( Internet Control Message Protocol ) merupakan salah satu protokol di dalam jaringan komputer yang umumnya digunakan untuk mengecek",
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"text": "Petrus Sokibi. / ITEJ (Information Technology Engineering Journals) (2017) Vol 02- No 02",
"type": "Page header"
},
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"text": "© 20xx PTIPD SNJ All rights reserved",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
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"text": "dan menampilkan adanya pesan kesalahan pada jaringan komputer, terkait dengan koneksi antar komputer di dalamnya. Hasil dari monitoring perangkat jaringan tersebut akan disimpan ke dalam database . Sedangkan untuk notifikasi atau peringatan ketika terjadi gangguan pada sebuah perangkat jaringan akan memanfaatkan aplikasi telegram untuk mengirimkan pesan kepada Network Administrator . Aplikasi Telegram merupakan aplikasi yang memungkinkan pengguna untuk mengirim pesan dengan cepat dan aman. Telegram dapat mengirim pesan teks , foto, video dan dokumen dalam bentuk (doc, zip, mp3, dan lain sebagainya). Telegram dapat digunakan pada smartphone , tablet , dan bahkan komputer, selain dapat digunakan pada multi platform Telegram juga sangat ringan, mudah dan gratis. SMK NU Kaplongan merupakan suatu lembaga pendidikan swasta yang berada di bawah naungan Yayasan Darul Ma’arif Kaplongan Indramayu. Selain SMK NU Kaplongan, Yayasan Darul Ma’arif Kaplongan juga menaungi beberapa lembaga pendidikan diantaranya PAUD NU Kaplongan, SD NU Kaplongan, SMP NU Kaplongan, SMP NU Darul Ma’arif Kaplongan, SMA NU Kaplongan, SMK NU Maritim dan Pariwisata Kaplongan, STKIP NU Indramayu dan Pondok Pesantren Darul Ma’arif Kaplongan. Semua lembaga pendidikan tersebut semuanya membutuhkan akses jaringan yang dimana jaringan untuk semua lembaga disentralkan di SMK NU Kaplongan. Sedangkan dalam me monitoring jaringan, seorang Network Administrator masih melakukannya secara manual, yaitu dengan menunggu adanya laporan dari masing-masing lembaga. Setelah mendapat laporan, seorang Network Administrator akan mencari titik gangguan yang terjadi, karena cukup kompleksnya jaringan yang ada, sehingga dibutuhkan waktu yang cukup lama untuk menemukan titik gangguan yang ada.",
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"text": "Permasalahan akan gangguan pada jaringan tidak akan teratasi walaupun sudah memanfaatkan protokol ICMP sebagai metode monitoring jaringan, akan tetapi kestabilan dari suatu jaringan tetap sangat bergantung terhadap ketersediaan dan kecepatan seorang Network Administrator. Selain itu, Network Administrator harus selalu standby untuk memantau perubahan-perubahan yang terjadi pada jaringan. Hal ini yang melatar belakangi penulis dalam merancang suatu sistem monitoring jaringan yang mampu memberikan notifikasi melalui pesan Telegram ketika terjadi gangguan pada jaringan.",
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"text": "Sehingga",
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"width": 225,
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"text": "Network Administrator dapat secara cepat untuk melakukan tindakan terhadap gangguan yang ada.",
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"text": "Dari beberapa alasan di atas, untuk membantu dan mempercepat Network Administrator dalam memperbaiki gangguan yang terjadi pada jaringan, penulis akan membahas Perancangan Sistem Monitoring Perangkat Jaringan Berbasis ICMP dengan",
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"text": "Notifikasi Telegram Studi Kasus di SMK NU Kaplongan .",
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"text": "II. TINJAUAN PUSTAKA",
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"text": "A. Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) ICMP ( Internet Control Message Protocol ) merupakan salah satu protokol di dalam jaringan komputer yang umumnya digunakan untuk mengecek dan menampilkan adanya pesan kesalahan pada jaringan komputer, terkait dengan koneksi antar komputer di dalamnya.",
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"text": "Pada ICMP terdapat dua buah jenis message (pesan) yang ditampilkannya. Kedua jenis pesan teresebut meliputi :",
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"text": "1. ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) Query Message",
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"text": "ICMP Query Message merupakan jenis pesan pada ICMP yang berfungsi untuk mengirimkan informasi berkaitan dengan kondisi dari jaringan komputer bersangkutan, ke dalam sebuah query message. Di dalam ICMP query message terdapat tiga bagian utama yang meliputi Echo dan Echo Reply (untuk memeriksa aktif atau tidaknya suatu komputer di dalam jaringan komputer), Address Mask (berhubungan dengan Subnet Mask pada pengalamatan di dalam Network Layer ), serta Time Stamp dan Stamp Reply (memberikan informasi mengenai waktu yang diperlukan oleh suatu paket data di dalam pengiriman pada jaringan komputer).",
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"text": "2. ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) Error Message",
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{
"left": 316,
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"text": "ICMP Error Message merupakan jenis pesan pada ICMP yang berfungsi untuk mengirimkan pesan apabila terjadi kesalahan ( error ) di dalam jaringan komputer. ICMP error message terdiri atas Destination Unreachable (jika jaringan dan atau komputer tujuan tidak dapat dicapai), Time Exceeded (apabila waktu yang diberikan telah habis, dilihat dari TTL), Redirect (untuk pengalihan suatu paket data ke alamat atau komputer penerima yang benar), Source Quence (apabila terjadi proses Congesti berupa pembuangan paket data di dalam jaringan komputer), dan Parameter Problem (untuk permasalahan yang terjadi pada Header IP Packet ). [1]",
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"text": "B. Jaringan Komputer",
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"text": "Jaringan komputer merupakan kumpulan komputer yang terhubung secara fisik dan dapat berkomunikasi satu dengan yang lainnya dengan menggunakan aturan (protocol) tertentu. Mengelola jaringan yang hanya yang terdiri dari beberapa komputer (host) merupakan pekerjaan yang mudah. Namun jaringan tersebut berkembang dan memiliki ratusan bahkan ribuan host , maka mengelola jaringan",
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"text": "Petrus Sokibi. / ITEJ (Information Technology Engineering Journals) (2017) Vol 02- No 02",
"type": "Page header"
},
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"left": 57,
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"width": 127,
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"text": "© 20xx PTIPD SNJ All rights reserved",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
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"width": 225,
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"text": "akan menjadi mimpi buruk bagi setiap pengelola jaringan ( Administrator Jaringan).",
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"text": "Belum lagi jaringan tersebut menggunakan teknologi yang berbeda-beda, misalnya ada host yang menggunakan teknologi kabel dan host yang menggunakan teknologi nirkabel (wireless). Ditambah lagi ada beberapa host yang harus digunakan oleh pengguna umum (public user) dan beberapa host hanya bisa digunakan pengguna internal (private user) . Untuk mempermudah mengelola jaringan dengan sekala besar tersebut maka jaringan komputer (network) itu harus dipisahkan menjadi beberapa jaringan kecil. Mengatur beberapa jaringan kecil yang penghuninya hanya puluhan host tentu akan lebih mudah dari pada mengatur sebuah jaringan besar yang berisi ratusan bahkan ribuan host . Teknik memisahkan jaringan ini diimplementasikan untuk jaringan lokal (LAN), jaringan sekala menengah (MAN), jaringan sekala besar (WAN / Internet). [10]",
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"text": "C. Sistem Monitoring",
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{
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"text": "Monitoring jaringan merupakan bagian dari manajemen jaringan. Hal yang menjadi dasar dari konsep manajemen jaringan adalah tentang adanya perangkat yang melakukan manajemen dan agen atau perangkat yang dimanajemen.",
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"text": "Monitoring jaringan merupakan tugas yang sulit dan merupakan tugas yang sangat penting bagi seorang Network Administrator . Seorang Network Adminstrator selalu berusaha untuk menjaga kelancaran operasi jaringan. Jika jaringan mengalami penurunan kualitas dalam jangka waktu yang singkat saja akan menyebabkan penurunan produktivitas dalam sebuah perusahaan. Dalam hal monitoring jaringan dituntut agar bersifat proaktif daripada reaktif, Network Administator perlu memonitor lalu lintas dan kinerja dari jaringan dan memastikan tidak terjadi pelanggaran keamanan dalam jaringan.",
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"text": "Monitoring dalam hal ini merupakan proses pengumpulan data dari berbagai sumber yang dilakukan secara real time . Tahapan monitoring secara garis besar dibagi menjadi tiga tahap yaitu :",
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"text": "1. Proses di dalam pengumpulan data monitoring",
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{
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"text": "2. Proses di dalam analisis data monitoring",
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"width": 225,
"height": 125,
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"text": "3. Proses di dalam menampilkan data hasil monitoring Sumber data dalam proses pengumpulan dapat berupa informasi mengenai status hardware , dan lain sebagainya. Proses dalam analisis data dapat berupa pemilihan data dari sejumlah data yang telah terkumpul atau bisa juga berupa manipulasi data sehingga diperoleh informasi yang diharapkan. Sedangkan tahap menampilkan data hasil monitoring menjadi informasi yang berguna di dalam pengambilan keputusan atau kebijakan terhadap sistem yang sedang berjalan dapat berupa sebuah tabel, gambar, kurva, atau animasi. [2]",
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"text": "D. Aplikasi Telegram",
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{
"left": 337,
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"text": "Telegram",
"type": "Table"
},
{
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"width": 225,
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"text": "adalah sebuah aplikasi yang memungkinkan pengguna atau user untuk mengirim pesan dengan cepat dan aman, selain itu Telegram sangat ringan, mudah dan gratis. Telegram dapat digunakan pada smartphone , tablet dan bahkan komputer.",
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"height": 205,
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"text": "Telegram untuk platform iOS diluncurkan pada tanggal 14 Agustus 2013. Sedangkan versi alfa untuk platform Android secara resmi diluncurkan pada tanggal 20 Oktober 2013. Untuk iOS dapat berjalan pada versi iOS 6 dan ke atasnya, Android berjalan pada versi Android 4.1 dan ke atasnya, dan Windows Phone . Selain pada smartphone, Telegram juga dapat menggunakan versi W eb Telegram atau dengan memasang aplikasi Telegram Desktop untuk sistem operasi Windows , OSX , dan Linux . Telegram dapat mengirim pesan teks , foto, video dan dokumen dalam jenis apapun (doc, zip, mp3, dan lain sebagainya), serta dapat membuat sebuah grup sampai dengan 20.000 orang anggota atau channel untuk mengirimkan pesan broadcast yang tidak terbatas. Selain itu, Telegram juga mendukung panggilan suara yang telah di enkripsi end-to-end sebagai keamanan tambahan. [11]",
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{
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"text": "Selain keunggulan-keunggulan di atas, salah satu keunggulan telegram yang lainnya adalah fasilitas Bot Telegram. Bot Telegram merupakan akun khusus yang tidak memerlukan nomor telepon tambahan untuk didaftarkan ke Server Telegram . Akun ini berfungsi sebagai antarmuka antara kode program dengan server Telegram . Telegram merupakan salah satu aplikasi yang mendukung adanya bot ini. Dengan adanya bot ini dapat memudahkan pengguna membuat semacam aplikasi chatting . [12]",
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"text": "III. ANALISA DAN PERANCANGAN",
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{
"left": 316,
"top": 509,
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"text": "Proses analisa sistem merupakan langkah pertama pada fase pengembangan sistem sebelum fase perancangan sistem. Analisa sistem dilakukan untuk mengetahui kelebihan dan kekurangan dari sistem yang akan berjalan, hal ini juga dilakukan untuk mengetahui gambaran umum sistem monitoring perangkat jaringan. Menganalisa data merupakan tahap pertama yang dilakukan dalam proses analisa sistem.",
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"text": "A. Analisa Sistem Berjalan",
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"text": "Analisa sistem yang berjalan ini meliputi data perangkat jaringan, data blok area, topologi yang digunakan, objek penelitian dan sistem monitoring secara manual.",
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"text": "1. Perangkat Jaringan",
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"text": "Data perangkat jaringan yang dibutuhkan dalam membangun sistem monitoring ini meliputi data jenis",
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"text": "Petrus Sokibi. / ITEJ (Information Technology Engineering Journals) (2017) Vol 02- No 02",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 57,
"top": 776,
"width": 127,
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"text": "© 20xx PTIPD SNJ All rights reserved",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 53,
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"text": "perangkat jaringan dan ip address perangkat jaringan yang akan di- monitoring .",
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"text": "Tabel 1. Perangkat Jaringan No Nama Perangkat Jumlah Satuan 1 Mikrotik Routerboard 1 Unit 2 Acess Point 20 Unit 3 Modem 3 Unit 4 Switch 9 Unit 5 PC Server 1 Unit",
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"text": "2. Data Blok Area",
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"left": 312,
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"width": 229,
"height": 32,
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"text": "Data blok area dalam membangun sistem monitoring perangkat jaringan ini berupa informasi lokasi perangkat jaringan yang akan di- monitoring .",
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"text": "Petrus Sokibi. / ITEJ (Information Technology Engineering Journals) (2017) Vol 02- No 02",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 57,
"top": 776,
"width": 127,
"height": 7,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "© 20xx PTIPD SNJ All rights reserved",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 57,
"top": 82,
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"text": "Tabel 2. Lokasi Perangkat Jaringan",
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{
"left": 66,
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"width": 464,
"height": 333,
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"text": "No Gedung Ruang Nama Perangkat Jumlah Satuan 1 SMK Server Mikrotik Routerboard 1 Unit PC Server 1 Unit Switch 1 Unit 2 BTS Access Point 4 Unit 3 Kepala Sekolah Access Point 1 Unit Switch 1 Unit 4 Guru Access Point 1 Unit 5 TU Access Point 1 Unit Switch 1 Unit 6 LAB Komputer 1 Acess Point 1 Unit Switch 1 Unit 7 LAB Komputer 2 Access Point 1 Unit 8 LAB Komputer 3 Access Point 1 Unit Switch 1 Unit 9 LAB Komputer 4 Access Point 1 Unit 10 Bengkel TSM Access Point 1 Unit 11 Bengkel TKR Access Point 1 Unit 12 STKIP BAAK Access Point 1 Unit Switch 1 Unit 13 Kantor Yayasan Lobby Kantor Access Point 1 Unit Switch 1 Unit Aula Yayasan Access Point 1 Unit Rapat Access Point 1 Unit 14 SMA TU Access Point 2 Unit Switch 1 Unit 15 DM Mart Minimarket Access Point 1 Unit Switch 1 Unit",
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"text": "3. Topologi Sistem Berjalan",
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{
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"text": "Analisa sistem ini menggambarkan topologi jaringan yang digunakan di SMK NU Kaplongan. Adapun topologi jaringan yang ada sebagai berikut :",
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"type": "Page header"
},
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"width": 127,
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"text": "© 20xx PTIPD SNJ All rights reserved",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
"left": 235,
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"text": "Gambar 1. Topologi Jaringan",
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{
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"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "4. Monitoring Sistem Berjalan",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 53,
"top": 407,
"width": 229,
"height": 32,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Analisa sistem ini menjelaskan sistem yang berjalan dalam melakukan proses monitoring perangkat jaringan, adapun prosesnya sebagai berikut :",
"type": "Text"
},
{
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"top": 699,
"width": 191,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Gambar 2. Proses Sistem Monitoring Berjalan",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
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"top": 38,
"width": 296,
"height": 7,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Petrus Sokibi. / ITEJ (Information Technology Engineering Journals) (2017) Vol 02- No 02",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 57,
"top": 776,
"width": 127,
"height": 7,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "© 20xx PTIPD SNJ All rights reserved",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 53,
"top": 82,
"width": 156,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "B. Analisa Arsitektur Sistem Usulan",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 53,
"top": 93,
"width": 229,
"height": 21,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Dalam analisa ini, penulis membuat sistem usulan sebagai berikut :",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 53,
"top": 116,
"width": 166,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "1. Arsitektur Sistem Monitoring Usulan",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 53,
"top": 128,
"width": 229,
"height": 55,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Sistem monitoring perangkat jaringan akan mengirimkan pesan notifikasi telegram ketika terdapat gangguan terhadap perangkat jaringan kepada Network Administrator . Gambaran arsitektur monitoring dan pengiriman notifikasi sebagai berikut :",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 91,
"top": 385,
"width": 150,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Gambar 3. Arsitektur Sistem Usulan",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 53,
"top": 408,
"width": 123,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "2. Monitoring Sistem Usulan",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 53,
"top": 419,
"width": 229,
"height": 21,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Monitoring sistem usulan akan dijelaskan melalui diagram flowchart proses monitoring di bawah ini :",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 348,
"top": 419,
"width": 157,
"height": 9,
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Gambar 4. Monitoring Sistem Usulan",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 308,
"top": 443,
"width": 167,
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"text": "IV. HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 312,
"top": 455,
"width": 192,
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"text": "A. Spesifikasi Perangkat Keras (Hardware)",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 312,
"top": 467,
"width": 223,
"height": 107,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Spesifikasi perangkat keras yang digunakan dalam implementasi sistem monitoring perangkat jaringan ini sebagai berikut : Tabel 3. Spesifikasi Perangkat Keras No Nama Perangkat Keterangan 1 Komputer Server a. CPU Intel Xeon E3-1220 V3 3.10GHz",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 410,
"top": 560,
"width": 76,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "b. HDD 500 GB",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 410,
"top": 571,
"width": 72,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "c. RAM 12 GB",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 325,
"top": 583,
"width": 208,
"height": 96,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "d. VGA MGA G200EH 2 Perangkat Jaringan Perangkat jaringan yang akan di- monitoring yaitu Access Point . 3 Infrastruktur Koneksi Jaringan Berfungsi sebagai alat konektivitas antara server dengan perangkat yang di-",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 406,
"top": 664,
"width": 126,
"height": 32,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "monitoring dan juga untuk mengirimkan notifikasi telegram .",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 57,
"top": 38,
"width": 296,
"height": 7,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Petrus Sokibi. / ITEJ (Information Technology Engineering Journals) (2017) Vol 02- No 02",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 57,
"top": 776,
"width": 127,
"height": 7,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "© 20xx PTIPD SNJ All rights reserved",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 53,
"top": 94,
"width": 190,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "B. Spesifikasi Perangkat Lunak (Software)",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 53,
"top": 105,
"width": 229,
"height": 32,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Spesifikasi perangkat lunak yang digunakan dalam implementasi sistem monitoring perangkat jaringan sebagai berikut :",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 62,
"top": 139,
"width": 208,
"height": 68,
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Tabel 4. Spesifikasi Perangkat Lunak No Nama Perangkat Keterangan 1 Sistem Oprasi Linux Debian 8.0 Jessie 2 Server a. Web Server (Apache2)",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 157,
"top": 198,
"width": 99,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "b. Database (MySQL)",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 157,
"top": 210,
"width": 76,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "c. Web Browser",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 53,
"top": 231,
"width": 217,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "C. Implementasi Antar Muka Sistem Monitoring",
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{
"left": 53,
"top": 243,
"width": 229,
"height": 43,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Pada implementasi ini, dapat dilihat proses berjalannya sistem monitoring perangkat jaringan baik dalam proses input maupun output . Penjelasannya sebagai berikut :",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 53,
"top": 289,
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"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "1. Form Login Form Login ini berfungsi untuk membatasi hak akses ke dalam sistem monitoring perangkat jaringan ini. Network Administrator diharuskan login dengan memasukkan email dan password untuk masuk ke sistem monitoring .",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 118,
"top": 466,
"width": 99,
"height": 9,
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Gambar 5. Form Login",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 53,
"top": 489,
"width": 67,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "2. Home Page",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 53,
"top": 500,
"width": 229,
"height": 44,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Home Page merupakan halaman awal yang akan ditampilkan setelah berhasil login, juga halaman navigasi untuk masuk ke menu yang lain seperti monitoring , kelola blok area dan perangkat dan log perangkat.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 119,
"top": 692,
"width": 97,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 8,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Gambar 6. Home Page",
"type": "Caption"
},
{
"left": 312,
"top": 139,
"width": 89,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "3. Monitoring Page",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 312,
"top": 151,
"width": 229,
"height": 20,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Monitoring page merupakan halaman yang digunakan dalam proses monitoring perangkat jaringan.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 367,
"top": 309,
"width": 119,
"height": 9,
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Gambar 7. Monitoring Page",
"type": "Caption"
},
{
"left": 312,
"top": 332,
"width": 85,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "4. Monitoring Info",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 312,
"top": 343,
"width": 229,
"height": 44,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Halaman info ini merupakan bagian dari halaman monitoring . halaman ini berisikan informasi nama blok area dan jumlah perangkat yang terhubung setiap blok area.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 369,
"top": 529,
"width": 116,
"height": 9,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Gambar 8. Monitoring Info",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 312,
"top": 550,
"width": 152,
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"page_number": 8,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "5. Kelola Blok Area dan Perangkat",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 312,
"top": 562,
"width": 229,
"height": 43,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Halaman kelola blok area dan perangkat merupakan data master blok area dan perangkat, halaman ini berfungsi untuk tambah, edit dan hapus blok area serta perangkat.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 57,
"top": 38,
"width": 296,
"height": 7,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Petrus Sokibi. / ITEJ (Information Technology Engineering Journals) (2017) Vol 02- No 02",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 57,
"top": 776,
"width": 127,
"height": 7,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "© 20xx PTIPD SNJ All rights reserved",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 77,
"top": 223,
"width": 181,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Gambar 9. Kelola Blok Area dan Perangkat",
"type": "Caption"
},
{
"left": 53,
"top": 303,
"width": 118,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "6. Form Tambah Blok Area",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 53,
"top": 315,
"width": 229,
"height": 20,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Form tambah blok area merupakan halaman data master yang digunakan untuk menambah blok area.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 89,
"top": 478,
"width": 157,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Gambar 10. Form Tambah Blok Area",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 53,
"top": 501,
"width": 87,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "7. Kelola Blok Area",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 53,
"top": 512,
"width": 229,
"height": 44,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Kelola blok area merupakan bagian dari halaman kelola blok area dan perangkat. Halaman ini juga merupakan data master blok area untuk melakukan edit dan hapus blok area.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 104,
"top": 698,
"width": 127,
"height": 9,
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"text": "Gambar 11. Kelola Blok Area",
"type": "Caption"
},
{
"left": 312,
"top": 82,
"width": 89,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "8. Kelola Perangkat",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 312,
"top": 93,
"width": 229,
"height": 32,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Halaman kelola perangkat merupakan data master perangkat, pada halaman ini dapat malakukan tambah, edit dan hapus data perangkat.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 364,
"top": 263,
"width": 125,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 9,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Gambar 12. Kelola Perangkat",
"type": "Caption"
},
{
"left": 312,
"top": 286,
"width": 78,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "9. Log Perangkat",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 312,
"top": 297,
"width": 229,
"height": 32,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Log perangkat merupakan halaman yang berfungsi untuk mencatat semua perangkat yang telah mengalami gangguan.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 369,
"top": 478,
"width": 115,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Gambar 13. Log Perangkat",
"type": "Caption"
},
{
"left": 312,
"top": 501,
"width": 229,
"height": 55,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "10. Kirim Notifikasi Notifikasi aplikasi telegram berfungsi untuk mengirimkan notifikasi pesan telegram kepada Network Administrator jika tedapat perangkat yang terputus dengan jaringan.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 57,
"top": 38,
"width": 296,
"height": 7,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Petrus Sokibi. / ITEJ (Information Technology Engineering Journals) (2017) Vol 02- No 02",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 57,
"top": 776,
"width": 127,
"height": 7,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "© 20xx PTIPD SNJ All rights reserved",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 108,
"top": 281,
"width": 122,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Gambar 14. Kirim Notifikasi",
"type": "Caption"
},
{
"left": 57,
"top": 310,
"width": 185,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "D. Pengujian Waktu Respon Pengiriman",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 78,
"top": 327,
"width": 41,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Notifikasi",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 57,
"top": 344,
"width": 225,
"height": 219,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Pengujian ini dilakukan untuk menguji waktu respon pengiriman notifikasi sistem monitoring dari mulai status perangkat berubah menjadi disconnect sampai dengan notifikasi masuk ke aplikasi telegram Network Administrator . Tabel 5. Pengujian Waktu Respon Pengiriman Notifikasi Pengujian Ke Waktu Respon 1 12 detik 2 14 detik 3 13 detik 4 14 detik 5 27 detik Rata-rata 16 detik Kesimpulan :",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 57,
"top": 565,
"width": 225,
"height": 32,
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "1. Pengujian pertama sampai ke empat dilakukan dengan kondisi server dan aplikasi telegram terkoneksi dengan internet .",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 57,
"top": 600,
"width": 226,
"height": 43,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "2. Pengujian ke lima dilakukan dengan kondisi koneksi internet aplikasi telegram terputus namun notifikasi akan tetap dikirim ketika aplikasi telegram telah terhubung dengan internet kembali.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 57,
"top": 646,
"width": 225,
"height": 78,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "3. Waktu respon pengiriman notifikasi dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor diantaranya kualitas koneksi internet dan kondisi perangkat baik server maupun aplikasi telegram itu sendiri. Ketika semua perangkat dan koneksi internet normal maka notifikasi akan dikirim dengan rata-rata waktu lebih kurang 16 detik.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 308,
"top": 94,
"width": 106,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "V. KESIMPULAN",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 316,
"top": 106,
"width": 225,
"height": 21,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Kesimpulan yang diambil dari pembuatan Sistem Monitoring Perangkat Jaringan Berbasis ICMP dengan",
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{
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"top": 129,
"width": 145,
"height": 9,
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"text": "Notifikasi Telegram ini antara lain :",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 316,
"top": 141,
"width": 225,
"height": 55,
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "1. Sistem monitoring perangkat jaringan yang dibuat dengan memanfaatkan protokol ICMP ini mampu mempercepat Network Administrator dalam melakukan identifikasi gangguan yang terjadi pada jaringan lokal di SMK NU Kaplongan.",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 316,
"top": 198,
"width": 225,
"height": 43,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "2. Sistem monitoring perangkat jaringan dapat membantu Network Administrator dalam mencari titik gangguan dan memperbaiki gangguan yang terjadi pada jaringan lokal SMK NU Kaplongan.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 316,
"top": 244,
"width": 225,
"height": 55,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "3. Setiap kali terdapat perangkat yang terputus, maka sistem akan langsung mengirimkan notifikasi pesan telegram kepada Network Administrator. Sehingga mampu membatu Network Administrator dalam menjaga stabilitas jaringan.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 316,
"top": 302,
"width": 225,
"height": 66,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "4. Komputer server dan mobile aplikasi telegram Network Administrator harus selalu terkoneksi dengan internet , karena proses pengiriman notifikasi pesan telegram hanya akan berjalan jika komputer server dan mobile aplikasi telegram terkoneksi dengan internet .",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 316,
"top": 371,
"width": 225,
"height": 55,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "5. Lama waktu pengiriman notifikasi dari sistem ke aplikasi telegram Network Administrator dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor diantaranya koneksi internet dan kondisi perangkat server maupun aplikasi telegram .",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 316,
"top": 440,
"width": 104,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "DAFTAR PUSTAKA",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 316,
"top": 452,
"width": 225,
"height": 21,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "[1] Agus Eka Pratama, I Putu. Handbook Jaringan Komputer . Bandung : Informatika, 2014.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 316,
"top": 475,
"width": 225,
"height": 21,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "[2] Andre Wandi S.P. Siagian . Aplikasi Monitoring Jaringan Berbasis Web dengan",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 481,
"top": 487,
"width": 57,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 10,
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eb925d05-5935-360a-8270-3af26757418b | https://jurnal.unigal.ac.id/abdimasgaluh/article/download/13344/7514 | [
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"text": "Motivation-Building to Continue Studies for Junior High School Students through",
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"text": "Membangun Motivasi Melanjutkan Studi Siswa SMP Melalui Pelatihan dan Campus Visit Memfasilitasi Pengalaman Langsung",
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"text": "Adaninggar Septi Subekti*, Fransisca Endang Lestariningsih",
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"text": "Faculty of Education and Humanities, Universitas Kristen Duta Wacana, Yogyakarta, Indonesia *Email: adaninggar@staff.ukdw.ac.id (Diterima 13-01-2024; Disetujui 02-03-2024)",
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"text": "This community service programme was conducted to raise awareness of the students of SMP Negeri 2 Purwosari Gunungkidul, the school partner, on the importance of pursuing higher education for their future. This programme was designed and conducted in response to the needs analysis suggesting that the students at the school had a low learning motivation and many of them did not have any plan to pursue education even to high school. The programme was conducted in the form of two consecutive motivation-building activities. The first was conducted in the form of a session with the school partner. The session aimed to provide a venue for the students to share their actual dreams and to make them realise that achieving those dreams was not an impossibility. The second activity was a campus visit where the students of SMPN 2 Purwosari visited Universitas Kristen Duta Wacana and joined fun learning sessions. It was aimed to give them a first-hand experience of the learning atmosphere at university so that they could be motivated to pursue their study even at the university level. They were also facilitated to realise the many scholarship opportunities available allowing them to study at university even if they came from financially struggling families. More such community service programmes should be conducted in other contexts bearing similar characteristics of students to allow for the younger generation to dream high and fight for it.",
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"text": "Keywords: Community service programme, motivation-building, first-hand experience, training",
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"text": "Program pengabdian kepada masyarakat ini dilakukan untuk meningkatkan kesadaran siswa SMP Negeri 2 Purwosari Gunungkidul, sekolah mitra, akan pentingnya menempuh pendidikan yang lebih tinggi untuk masa depan mereka. Program ini dirancang dan dilaksanakan sebagai respon terhadap analisis kebutuhan yang menunjukkan bahwa siswa di sekolah tersebut memiliki motivasi belajar yang rendah dan banyak dari mereka yang tidak mempunyai rencana untuk melanjutkan pendidikan bahkan sampai SMA. Program tersebut dilaksanakan dalam bentuk kegiatan peningkatan motivasi (motivation-building) dalam dua kegiatan berbeda. Yang pertama dilakukan dalam bentuk sesi di sekolah mitra. Sesi ini bertujuan untuk memberikan wadah bagi para siswa untuk berbagi mimpi mereka yang sebenarnya dan menyadarkan mereka bahwa mencapai mimpi tersebut bukanlah suatu hal yang mustahil. Kegiatan kedua adalah campus visit dimana siswa SMP N 2 Purwosari mengunjungi Universitas Kristen Duta Wacana dan mengikuti sesi pembelajaran yang menyenangkan. Hal ini bertujuan untuk memberikan mereka pengalaman langsung tentang suasana pembelajaran di universitas sehingga mereka dapat termotivasi untuk melanjutkan studi bahkan sampai ke tingkat universitas. Mereka juga difasilitasi untuk menyadari banyaknya peluang beasiswa yang memungkinkan mereka untuk belajar di universitas meskipun mereka berasal dari keluarga yang memiliki kesulitan keuangan. Program pengabdian kepada masyarakat seperti ini sebaiknya lebih banyak dilakukan pada konteks lain yang memiliki kesamaan karakteristik agar generasi muda dapat memiliki mimpi yang tinggi dan memperjuangkannya.",
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"text": "Kata kunci: Program pengabdian kepada masyarakat, motivation-building, pengalaman langsung, pelatihan",
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"text": "Motivation is often regarded as the driving force for learning (Dornyei, 2005). It gives humans energy and direction to reach certain objectives, and as such it can be said that motivation directs human behaviours. Because of this reason, numerous empirical studies",
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"text": "Motivation-Building for Junior High School Students through Training and Campus Visit Facilitating a First-hand Experience Adaninggar Septi Subekti, Fransisca Endang Lestariningsih",
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"text": "have investigated the role of learning motivation in the success of learning (Saragih & Subekti, 2023; Subekti, 2018). Informed by the reiteration of the importance of learning motivation, we deemed it important to maintain the learning motivation of students.",
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"text": "Concerning this, we conducted an exploration of possible partnerships with a junior high school in a rural area of Gunungkidul district, in the Special Region of Yogyakarta (DIY). The school is SMP Negeri (SMPN) 2 Purwosari. In the 2022/2023 academic year, the number of students at the school was 146 students, spread into six different classes. Of the total students, 90% (or 131 students) were the recipients of the Smart Indonesia Programme (PIP). PIP is social assistance given by the Indonesian government in the form of cash transfers for students from poor or vulnerable families to finance their education (Social Protection, 2019).",
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"text": "Based on the accounts of the teachers at the school, the majority of students did not have the motivation to continue their studies at a higher level. Some of them would likely work after finishing their study at junior high school, few others would continue to high school. Interestingly, they already had one high school destination, namely SMK Negeri 1 Purwosari. Many of the students’ seniors already went to the high school and it is situated very close to SMPN 2 Purwosari. After they finished high school, none of them seemed to have any desire to continue to college. As an illustration of the low learning motivation, during a peak season in paragliding tourism at Parangtritis Beach, many students chose to skip classes to work as assistants taking the paragliding equipment back from the beach to the paragliding starting point. This lack of motivation partly made some teachers experience difficulties in teaching them. They find it extremely difficult to make students active in the classes they teach.",
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"text": "We deemed it important to conduct a community service programme aiming at building the motivation of the students of SMPN 2 Purwosari both in learning and pursuing a higher education at the college level. First, it was in line with our line of previous community service programmes partnering with junior and senior high schools (Subekti, 2020; Subekti et al., 2021; Subekti, Ermerawati, et al., 2022; Subekti, Winardi, et al., 2022; Subekti & Susyetina, 2019, 2020; Subekti & Wati, 2019; Winardi et al., 2023). Besides, as we are lecturers at a language education department preparing future teachers, it becomes very relevant to partner with schools and help them with their challenges using our expertise. Furthermore, helping the community is also the implementation of one of the core values of Universitas Kristen Duta Wacana (UKDW): Service to the World (Universitas Kristen Duta Wacana, 2017), suggesting that all the academic community to serve others for the",
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"text": "Volume 6, Nomor 1, Maret 2024, 562-571",
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"text": "betterment of the world. Last and perhaps most importantly, especially concerning the students of SMPN 2 Purwosari, the community service programme could be a start in making them realise the importance of education as the ‘capital’ to eradicate and cut the circle of poverty in their community.",
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"text": "Similar community service programmes may have been conducted by others (Kirana et al., 2021; Noorfikri et al., 2021; Suherman et al., 2022; Suwarma et al., 2023). These programmes typically aim to increase students' learning motivation, for example in mathematics (Suwarma et al., 2023), in online learning (Suherman et al., 2022) or to increase their competence, for example in computer skills (Noorfikri et al., 2021). Nonetheless, the particular programme aiming at increasing student motivation to pursue higher education may be one of a kind. Some community service programmes have aimed to make their participants aware of the importance of education and pursuing higher education (Aini et al., 2022; Maharani, 2021; Maskar & Wulantina, 2019; Susanti & Zumrudiana, 2022). For example, a community service activity by Maskar and Wulantina (2019) was conducted to facilitate the residents of Hanura village on possible cooperation and opportunities to pursue further studies.",
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"text": "Not only would the effect of such programmes be long-lasting, but if it is successful, the effects on students and their community could be more holistic. Hence, conducting such a programme is worthwhile.",
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"text": "A needs analysis was conducted before the implementation of the programme. It was conducted in February 2023 using interviewing the principal and all of the teachers. In the need analysis stage, we identify the problems of the partner school, SMPN 2 Purwosari. The main problem lies in the very low level of student learning motivation. As explained by the vice principal of the school, many students did not want to continue their studies after graduating from SMPN 2 Purwosari because they felt they did not need to study hard. For them, graduating from junior high school was sufficient. Besides that, the students seemed to have low self-esteem and self-confidence. They were also generally very passive in class and hardly contributed to the dynamics of the class. Nonetheless, the students seemed to be interested in artistic activities, such as singing and dancing activities. These students would immediately become enthusiastic if they were given the freedom to engage in artistic",
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"text": "activities. This interest could be leveraged during the programme for students’ betterment.",
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"text": "The needs analysis situation can be seen in Figure 1.",
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"text": "After processing the results of the needs analysis, we formulated a possible community service programme to build students' motivation to pursue higher education. We proposed two consecutive activities. The first one was to conduct a motivation-building session attended by the students at SMPN 2 Purwosari. The second one was a campus-visit activity where students of SMPN 2 Purwosari would be facilitated to visit the UKDW campus, around 33 kilometres from the school, to experience first-hand some facilities and learning atmosphere at the university. The discussion was conducted with the school principal and teachers to determine the time and all the arrangements, suggesting that the partner school also took an active role in this community service programme.",
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"text": "From the discussion, it was agreed that the motivation-building session was to be conducted on Thursday, 22 June 2023 in the Indonesian language. The UKDW campus visit by the students of SMPN 2 Purwosari was on Wednesday, 5 July 2023. The activity was named “SMPN 2 Purwosari Goes to UKDW” where the students would learn an application in a computer laboratory and join a “Fun English” session entitled “Future”. The activity was to be conducted in both Indonesian and English.",
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"text": "The first activity on Thursday, 22 June 2023 was a motivation-building session conducted at the school. 85 students from Grades XIII and IX attended the session. The facilitators were three students of the English Language Education Department of UKDW. The session was titled “Kenapa sih Harus Nglanjutin Sekolah?” (translation: Why do we have to continue our study?)",
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"text": "The three facilitators opened the session by introducing themselves whilst also sharing their inspirational figures: B.J. Habibie, George Bezos, and Ki Hajar Dewantara. After that, they invited the student participants to share what they knew about these aforementioned figures and what they could learn from them. Next, one of the facilitators shared her story of successfully attending the university even though her family was not materially affluent. She shared her story of winning a full scholarship funding her study at the university and told the students that such an opportunity was now widely available.",
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"text": "Next, the students were divided into three groups where they were facilitated to share their opinions and dreams. “Saya ingin jadi dokter ” (I want to be a doctor.), “insinyur” (an engineer), “pengusaha” (businessman) were heard during the light and fun discussion. A student said that he wanted to be like his father. When asked the reason, he said \"My father is a responsible person\", a spontaneous response which was applauded by many of the students. The situation in one of the discussion groups can be seen in Figure 2.",
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"text": "After having this discussion, the students were divided into smaller groups. In each of the groups, they were then tasked to create a poster related to their dreams or the future they desired. They seemed to enjoy the activity so much. Most of them draw pictures related to their dream jobs or professions in the future, the example of which can be seen in Figure 3.",
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"text": "Figure 3. A Students’ Poster related to their Dreams",
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"text": "After all the students finished drawing their posters, they were invited to share what they drew and the reasons behind that. One group drew Kaaba. One of the students in the group shared that he wanted to be able to go on a pilgrimage to Mecca along with his parents. One student shared that she wanted to be a teacher because she wanted to teach children and \"make them smart\". By the end of the poster-sharing session, the facilitator concluded that whatever dreams they wished to achieve, be it a doctor, an engineer, a teacher, or to be able to go on a pilgrimage to Mecca, very likely they would need to pursue higher education. The conclusion of the session can be seen in Figure 4.",
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"text": "The second activity in the motivation-building programme was on Wednesday, 5 July 2023. It was titled “SMPN 2 Purwosari Goes to UKDW” and aimed at giving the students of SMPN 2 Purwosari a first-hand experience of university life, albeit only in a day. The students along with several teachers arrived at campus at around 08.30 local time and were immediately directed to an already prepared room. After a short opening ceremony, the main session began. It was titled “Fun English” carrying the topic “Future”. Generally, it aimed to boost students’ motivation to continue their education to a higher level.",
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"text": "In the middle of the session, one of the UKDW students shared her experience about how she could continue her studies at university for free through a scholarship. She said that she did not need to pay to be able to go to college and motivated the students to continue learning and that nothing was impossible. Cost constraints should not be an obstacle to achieving their goals because there is always a way out as long as students are willing to look for funding opportunities and never give up.",
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"text": "The Basic English lesson carried a ‘hidden mission’ to motivate students as well. For example, the Future Tense material \"I will….\" was delivered in such a way that the students",
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"text": "Volume 6, Nomor 1, Maret 2024, 562-571",
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"text": "would need to reflect on their dreams or future dream jobs. For example, a student came up with these strings of sentences: \"After graduating from Junior High School, I will study at SMA N Pundong. After graduating from Senior High School, I will study at UII majoring in accounting. In the future, I will work as a bank teller.” Towards the end of the session, the students were asked to write a reflection. Some of the student reflections included \"Because there are many mistakes in the past, we can learn from the mistakes for future goals\" and \"We must make our past a lesson. We can reap the sweet after we have tried our best.\" Activities were carried out in small groups to allow for more relaxing discussion and mutual inspiration. Figure 5 shows one of the moments during the session.",
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"text": "Before going back to the school, the students were also facilitated to have a campus tour and experienced learning a simple application in an up-to-date computer laboratory, aiming to further boost their motivation to pursue further study at the college level when the time came. Figure 6 shows students learning in the laboratory.",
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"text": "Figure 6. Students Experiencing Learning at the Laboratory",
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"text": "Based on the student evaluation of the whole programme, it was found that from 71 students filling out the evaluation questionnaire, the students were generally satisfied and reported that they obtained new insights and knowledge through joining the motivation- building programme. The details can be seen in Figure 5.",
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"text": "From the data, it can be seen that all the students considered the programme beneficial in giving them new insights and knowledge. Similarly, they also seemed to enjoy the delivery of the materials by the facilitators.",
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"text": "It is fully understood that the results of this community service programme may not be feasible right after this programme. Nevertheless, such a programme can be a breakthrough because many community service programmes thus far focused on how to increase students' learning motivation in certain subjects only (Noorfikri et al., 2021; Suwarma et al., 2023). Furthermore, this programme allowed students who may not have dreamed of enrolling at universities to experience learning at a university, albeit only for a day. This could instil the students to dream high and find funding opportunities. Several community service programmes facilitated participants to know various funding opportunities for pursuing higher studies (Aini et al., 2022; Maharani, 2021; Susanti & Zumrudiana, 2022). It suggested that even if the students in the present community service programme were from financially struggling families, this should not hinder their dream to pursue their study and their dreams. In the long run, students' high aspirations can help the community around the students to level up not only their education level but also their prosperity level in general.",
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"text": "34 31 37 40 0 0 0 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 I obtained new insight and knowledge through joining the motivation-building programme The delivery of the materials by the facilitators was fun. Strongly Agree Agree Disagree Strongly Disagree",
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"text": "Conclusions can be made regarding the community service programme. In the needs analyses meeting, the teachers of the school stated that the students generally had low motivation. Nevertheless, during the implementation of the programme, students seemed to be very enthusiastic and active. They may not be A-list students, but with the right teaching approaches and techniques, as evidenced in this programme, they could be facilitated to learn many things. They could also be active in class provided that the facilitators channelled their interests and talents.",
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"text": "We express our gratitude to all the student participants of SMPN 2 Purwosari for being such active and enthusiastic students willing to learn new things during the programme. Our gratitude also goes to all the teachers of the school who supported the students throughout the programme.",
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"text": "Muslikin, Makrina Tindangen, Afif Ruchaemi Universitas Mulawarman Samarinda Kalimantan Timur email: muslikin9368@yahoo.com, makrin_tindangen@yahoo.co.id, aruchaemi@gmail.com",
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"text": "Abstract : The objective of the research is to improve the performance of junior high school science studies teacher (SMP) in implementing the Standard Process as part of National Standards of Education through Mentoring Program MGMP MKKS by applying the model of peer coaching. This research was conducted in Dinas Pendidikan Kab. Kutai Barat involving five junior high schools joined in the activities MGMP MKKS IPA teachers in Kab. Kutai Barat. Implementation of peer coaching held in five SMP: SMP Negeri 1 Bongan, SMP Negeri 2 Jempang, SMP Negeri 2 Muara Pahu, SMP Negeri 4 Sendawar, dan SMP Negeri 1 Sendawar. This research use both quantitative and qualitative approach. The research was conducted by using model of Kemmis & Mc Taggart combined with the peer coaching model developed by Ng Pak Tee. The result of this research are: implementation of peer coaching can improve the performance of teachers in the planning, implementation, and assessment of learning in the learning process, peer coaching program will increase the quality of education and learning become more meaningful for students.",
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"text": "Abstrak : Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk meningkatkan kinerja guru mata pelajaran IPA Sekolah Menengah Pertama (SMP) dalam menerapkan Standar Proses sebagai bagian dari Standar Nasional Pendidikan melalui Program Pendampingan MGMP MKKS dengan menerapkan model peer coaching. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Dinas Pendidikan Kab. Kutai Barat yang melibatkan lima sekolah menengah pertama yang tergabung dalam kegiatan MGMP MKKS guru IPA di Kab. Kutai Barat. Pelaksanaan peer coaching dilaksanakan di lima SMP yaitu SMP Negeri 1 Bongan, SMP Negeri 2 Jempang, SMP Negeri 2 Muara Pahu, SMP Negeri 4 Sendawar, dan SMP Negeri 1 Sendawar. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dan kualitatif. Penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan model Kemmis & Mc Taggart yang dikombinasikan dengan model peer coaching yang dikembangkan oleh Ng Pak Tee. Hasil penelitian ini adalah: Penerapan peer coaching dapat meningkatkan kinerja guru dalam perencanaan, pelaksanaan, dan penilaian pembelajaran dalam proses pembelajaran, program peer coaching akan meningkatkan kualitas pendidikan dan pembelajaran menjadi lebih bermakna bagi siswa.",
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"text": "Keywords : performance improvement, standard process, peer coaching",
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"text": "Copyright (c) 2021 Muslikin, Makrina Tindangen, Afif Ruchaemi Received 15 September 2020, Accepted 23 Oktober 2020, Published 25 Oktober 2020",
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"text": "Peningkatan Kinerja Guru IPA dalam Mengimplementasikan Standar Proses Melalui Pendampingan Sejawat ( Peer Coaching ) di Kab. Kutai Barat",
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"text": "14 Edukasia: Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pembelajaran, 2 (1), 2021",
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"text": "PENDAHULUAN",
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"text": "Mutu pendidikan suatu bangsa mencerminkan kemajuan bangsa tersebut. Ada banyak faktor yang mempengaruhi mutu pendidikan. 1 Faktor-faktor tersebut adalah kebijakan pemerintah di bidang pendidikan, lingkungan yang memungkinkan (meliputi infrastruktur pengetahuan, manajemen dan tata kelola sekolah, sumber daya manusia dan sumber daya fisik), proses belajar dan mengajar, serta siswa ( EFA Global Monitoring Report 2005 ). Di bidang pendidikan, Pemerintah telah mengeluarkan Undang-Undang (UU) Republik Indonesia Nomor 20 Tahun 2003 tentang Sistem Pendidikan Nasional.",
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"text": "Untuk dapat menjalankan fungsi dan merealisasikan tujuan tersebut, telah disusun seperangkat standar yang meliputi standar isi, standar proses, standar kompetensi lulusan, standar pendidik dan tenaga kependidikan, standar sarana dan prasarana, standar pengelolaan, standar pembiayaan, dan standar penilaian pendidikan.",
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"text": "Standar Proses adalah standar nasional pendidikan yang berkaitan dengan pelaksanaan pembelajaran pada satuan pendidikan untuk mencapai kompetensi lulusan. 2 Standar Kompetensi Lulusan adalah kualifikasi kemampuan lulusan yang mencakup sikap, pengetahuan, dan keterampilan.",
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"text": "Hingga saat ini, guru masih merupakan ujung tombak yang penting dalam dunia pendidikan kita. Guru memiliki peran yang sangat penting dalam menentukan kuantitas dan kualitas proses pembelajaran yang dilakukannya. Oleh karena itu, kunci dari proses pembelajaran yang bermutu ialah guru yang bermutu. Seorang guru yang bermutu pastilah seorang guru yang professional. Upaya perbaikan apa pun yang dilakukan untuk meningkatkan kualitas pendidikan tidak akan memberi sumbangan yang signifikan tanpa didukung oleh guru yang profesional dan berkualitas. Seorang guru yang profesional bukanlah guru yang telah melaksanakan proses pembelajaran selama bertahun-tahun.",
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"text": "Pengalaman bertahun-tahun tidak membuat seorang guru secara formal boleh dikategorikan „profesional‟, efektivitas pelaksanaan tugas yang dilakukan seorang guru ditentukan oleh kemampuan yang dimiliki oleh guru itu sendiri. Kemampuan tersebut ialah kemampuan dalam merencanakan, melaksanakan dan mengevaluasi proses pembelajaran yang dilakukannya, inilah lingkup Standar Proses dalam Standar Nasional Pendidikan.",
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"text": "1 Mukhibat Mukhibat, “Konstruksi Mutu Pendidikan Melalui Literasi Keuangan Pada Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini di Magetan Research Repository of IAIN Ponorogo,” accessed October 22, 2020, http://repository.iainponorogo.ac.id/556/.",
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"text": "Peningkatan Kinerja Guru IPA dalam Mengimplementasikan Standar Proses Melalui Pendampingan Sejawat ( Peer Coaching ) di Kab. Kutai Barat",
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"text": "Edukasia: Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pembelajaran, 2 (1), 2021 15",
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"text": "Sedarmayanti dalam Ruky menyatakan bahwa performance berarti kinerja, yaitu prestasi kerja, pelaksanaan kerja, pencapaian kerja atau hasil kerja atau unjuk kerja atau penampilan kerja seseorang. 3",
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"text": ". Banyak faktor yang menyebabkan masih rendahnya kinerja guru. Faktor-faktor tersebut antara lain guru kurang menguasai materi yang diajarkan, kurang mampu menyusun rencana pelaksanaan pembelajaran dengan baik yang berakibat pada rendahnya mutu proses pembelajaran, kurang mampu mengoptimalkan penggunaan sumber dan alat pembelajaran dalam proses pembelajaran.",
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"text": "Salah satu akibat dari rendahnya kinerja guru ialah rendahnya hasil pembelajaran. Rendahnya hasil pembelajaran antara lain disebabkan oleh rendahnya kinerja guru yang ditampilkan lewat rendahnya kualitas proses pembelajaran. Proses pembelajaran yang terjadi di kelas sepenuhnya menjadi tanggung jawab guru. Mengingat pentingnya proses pembelajaran dalam sistem pendidikan, terutama di sekolah formal. Pemerintah telah menerbitkan Standar Proses sebagai bagian dari Standar Nasional Pendidikan seperti telah dijelaskan di atas. Bagaimana agar Standar Proses tersebut mampu diimplementasikan dengan tepat dalam pelaksanaan pembelajaran sehingga tujuan pendidikan dapat tercapai? Salah satu caranya ialah melalui sosialisasi dan pelatihan yang intensif bagi guru (pendidik) dan tenaga kependidikan.",
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"text": "Pelatihan implementasi Standar Proses selama ini lebih banyak berupa pelatihan klasikal, baik pelatihan yang dilaksanakan oleh Dinas Pendidikan Provinsi, Dinas Pendidikan Kabupaten Kutai Barat maupun oleh Direktorat Pendidikan Dasar dan Menengah. Selain waktunya singkat, pesertanya pun dalam jumlah yang sangat banyak. Selain tidak efektif, hasilnya pun jauh dari memuaskan. Tidak semua guru dapat praktik menerapkan pengetahuan yang diperoleh dalam pelatihan. Jika pun mereka memiliki kesempatan praktik, apa yang dipraktikkannya tersebut tidak seluruhnya dipahami dengan baik. Akibatnya, ketika kembali ke sekolah, guru yang telah dilatih tersebut tetap saja kembali ke kebiasaan mengajarnya yang lamanya. Mereka cenderung untuk mempertahankan kebiasaannya dalam menyelenggarakan proses pembelajaran. Artinya, walaupun perangkat kebijakan, dalam hal ini Standar Proses,",
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"text": "2 Peraturan Menteri No.41. Standar Proses untuk Satuan Pendidikan Dasar dan Menengah . (Jakarta: Depdiknas, 2007).",
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"text": "3 Ruky, A. S. Sistem Manajemen Kinerja . (Jakarta: PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 2004).",
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"text": "Peningkatan Kinerja Guru IPA dalam Mengimplementasikan Standar Proses Melalui Pendampingan Sejawat ( Peer Coaching ) di Kab. Kutai Barat",
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"text": "16 Edukasia: Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pembelajaran, 2 (1), 2021",
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"text": "telah dikukuhkan pemerintah, namun pelaksanaannya di lapangan masih mengalami berbagai hambatan. Dengan demikian, perlu dicari bagaimana proses pelatihan yang tepat agar Standar Proses sebagai suatu standar pendidikan dapat diterapkan sesuai peruntukannya.",
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"text": "Pelatihan implementasi Standar Proses selama ini lebih banyak berupa pelatihan klasikal, baik pelatihan yang dilaksanakan oleh Dinas Pendidikan Provinsi, Dinas Pendidikan Kabupaten Kutai Barat maupun oleh Direktorat Pendidikan Dasar dan Menengah. Selain waktunya singkat, pesertanya pun dalam jumlah yang sangat banyak. Selain tidak efektif, hasilnya pun jauh dari memuaskan. Tidak semua guru dapat praktik menerapkan pengetahuan yang diperoleh dalam pelatihan. Jika pun mereka memiliki kesempatan praktik, apa yang dipraktikkannya tersebut tidak seluruhnya dipahami dengan baik. Akibatnya, ketika kembali ke sekolah, guru yang telah dilatih tersebut tetap saja kembali ke kebiasaan mengajarnya yang lamanya. Mereka cenderung untuk mempertahankan kebiasaannya dalam menyelenggarakan proses pembelajaran. Artinya, walaupun perangkat kebijakan, dalam hal ini Standar Proses, telah dikukuhkan pemerintah, namun pelaksanaannya di lapangan masih mengalami berbagai hambatan. Dengan demikian, perlu dicari bagaimana proses pelatihan yang tepat agar Standar Proses sebagai suatu standar pendidikan dapat diterapkan sesuai peruntukannya.",
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"text": "Formulasi pendampingan terhadap guru dalam meningkatkan kinerjanya perlu dilakukan dengan berbagai model, salah satu di antaranya ialah peer coaching (pelatihan sejawat). Menurut Ng Pak Tee c oaching is professional development philosophy and tool that acts as a catalyst to encourage learning and improve performance based on increased self- awarness and self-accuntability. 4",
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"text": "METODE PENELITIAN",
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"text": "Penelitian ini adalah penelitian tindakan ( action research ). Penelitian ini diawali dari perencanaan, pemberian tindakan melalui penerapan peer coaching dalam proses pembinaan pembelajaran, kemudian refleksi, pengumpulan data dan analisis data yang terkumpul untuk menentukan apakah tindakan tersebut mencapai tujuan yang diharapkan.",
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"text": "Penelitian ini dilakukan di Dinas Pendidikan Kab. Kutai Barat yang melibatkan 10 orang guru dari lima sekolah menengah pertama yang tergabung dalam kegiatan MGMP MKKS IPA Guru di Kab. Kutai Barat. Pelaksanaan peer coaching dilaksanakan di lima SMP: SMP Negeri 1 Bongan, SMP Negeri 2 Jempang, SMP Negeri 2 Muara Pahu, SMP Negeri 4",
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"text": "Edukasia: Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pembelajaran, 2 (1), 2021 17",
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"text": "Sendawar, dan SMP Negeri 1 Sendawar. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dan kualitatif. Penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan model Kemmis & Mc Taggart yang dikombinasikan dengan model peer coaching yang dikembangkan oleh Ng Pak Tee, yaitu model GROW ME.",
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"text": "Pengumpulan data yang dilakukan dengan menggunakan berbagai teknik, yaitu pengukuran dengan menggunakan: pretes (tes pemahaman, mendesain pembelajaran, praktik mengajar), serta melakukan observasi dan wawancara terhadap guru.",
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"text": "KAJIAN TEORI",
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"text": "Kinerja Guru",
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"text": "Kinerja merupakan aspek penting dalam upaya pencapaian tujuan. Tercapainya tujuan adalah hasil dari kinerja individu maupun kelompok yang baik. Begitu pula sebaliknya, kegagalan dalam mencapai tujuan yang telah dirumuskan juga merupakan akibat dari kinerja individu dan kelompok yang tidak kompak dan belum optimal.",
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"text": "Ukuran kinerja menurut T.R. Mitchel dalam Rusman 5 dapat dilihat dari quality of works, promthness, initative, and communication. Keempat standar tersebut dapat dijadikan dasar untuk mengetahui baik buruknya atau efektif tidaknya kinerja seorang guru.",
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"text": "Menilai kualitas kinerja guru, perlu ada standar kinerja untuk dijadikan acuan dalam mengadakan perbandingan terhadap apa yang dicapai dengan apa yang diharapkan. Dengan kata lain, kualitas kinerja adalah wujud perilaku atau kegiatan yang dilaksanakan dan sesuai dengan harapan dan kebutuhan atau tujuan yang hendak dicapai secara efektif dan efisien. Untuk melihat hasil kerja guru, penilaian kinerja guru mengharuskan guru mendemonstrasikan aplikasi pengetahuan, keterampilan, dan kemampuan mengajar kepada siswanya.",
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"text": "Pencapaian kinerja guru juga dapat dilakukan dengan cara melakukan penilaian terhadap guru yang mengacu pada sistem penilaian yang menyeluruh, meliputi menilai keberhasilan belajar siswa, jumlah perkembangan siswa, perkembangan teknik mengajar guru, dan perkembangan belajar siswa di kelas. Hal itu disebabkan karena kinerja merupakan",
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"text": "4 Tee, N. P. Grow Me Coaching for Schools. Second Edition . (Singapore: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2005).",
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"text": "5 Rusman, Manajemen Kurikulum . (Jakarta: Rajawali Pers, 2009).",
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"text": "18 Edukasia: Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pembelajaran, 2 (1), 2021",
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"text": "suatu kegiatan yang terdiri atas berbagai komponen, bukan suatu hasil yang terjadi pada suatu waktu tertentu.",
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"text": "Hal itu sejalan dengan apa yang dikemukakan bahwa hal pertama yang harus dimiliki guru ialah pengetahuan atau keterampilan yang tidak dimiliki siswanya dan mampu mengkomunikasikan pengetahuan atau keterampilan tersebut kepada siswa dengan menggunakan banyak strategi. 6",
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"text": "Guru yang berkinerja baik ialah guru yang berintensional (guru yang bertujuan). Slavin menjelaskan bahwa guru yang intensional atau guru yang memiliki tujuan adalah orang-orang yang terus-menerus memikirkan hasil yang mereka inginkan bagi siswa mereka dan bagaimana masing-masing keputusan yang mereka ambil membawa siswanya menuju hasil tersebut. Dalam usaha membawa siswanya mencapai hasil tersebut, kinerja guru berkaitan erat dengan kompetensinya.",
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"text": "Kinerja juga merupakan penerapan kompetensi untuk mencapai keberhasilan melalui pelaksanaan suatu tugas pekerjaan. Dengan demikian, tampak bahwa untuk mencapai keberhasilan, seseorang harus mempunyai modal kompetensi yang dapat diterapkan dalam pelaksanaan tugas. Kompetensi dalam Instructional Design and Technology menurut International Board of Standards for Training, Performance and Instruction (ibstpi, 2003) 7 adalah pengetahuan, keterampilan, atau sikap yang memungkinkan seseorang untuk secara efektif melakukan kegiatan suatu pekerjaan yang diberikan sesuai dengan standar yang diharapkan dalam pekerjaan tersebut.",
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"text": "Jika dikaitkan dengan kompetensi, terdapat 10 kompetensi dasar yang harus dikuasai seorang guru untuk dapat dikatakan memiliki kualitas kinerja yang baik. Kesepuluh kompetensi tersebut ialah (1) menguasai bahan/materi pelajaran, (2) mengelola program pembelajaran, (3) mengelola kelas, (4) menggunakan media dan sumber belajar, (5) menguasai landasan pendidikan, (6) mengelola interaksi pembelajaran, (7) menilai prestasi belajar siswa, (8) mengenal fungsi dan layanan bimbingan dan penyuluhan, (9) mengenal dan menyelenggarakan administrasi sekolah, dan (10) memahami dan menafsirkan hasil penelitian guna keperluan pembelajaran.",
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"text": "6 Slavin, R. E. Educational Psychology: Theory and Practice, Eighth Edition Jilid 1. Penerjemah: Marianto Samosir . (Boston: Pearson Education, 2008).",
"type": "Footnote"
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"text": "7 Reizer, R. A. & J. V. D. Trends and Issues in Instructional Design and Technology. Second Edition . (Boston: Pearson Education Inc, 2007).",
"type": "Footnote"
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"text": "Edukasia: Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pembelajaran, 2 (1), 2021 19",
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"text": "Standar Proses Pembelajaran",
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"text": "Pada hakikatnya, bila suatu kegiatan direncanakan lebih dahulu, tujuan dari kegiatan tersebut akan lebih terarah dan lebih berhasil. Demikian juga dengan perencanaan proses pembelajaran. Setiap aktivitas dalam proses pembelajaran dimulai dengan perencanaan. Dalam perencanaan pembelajaran, dirumuskan, dipilih, dan ditetapkan seluruh kegiatan yang akan dilaksanakan untuk mencapai tujuan pembelajaran.",
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"text": "Siagian seperti dikutip Sagala 8 bahwa perencanaan sebagai keseluruhan proses pemikiran dan penentuan secara matang hal-hal yang akan dikerjakan pada masa yang akan datang untuk pencapaian tujuan yang telah ditentukan. Proses perencanaan dilakukan secara rasional dengan mempertimbangkan berbagai aspek yang mengitarinya dan mengandung sifat optimisme didasarkan atas kepercayaan bahwa pelaku akan dapat mengatasi berbagai permasalahan.",
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"text": "Menurut Pasal 20 Peraturan Pemerintah No. 19 Tahun 2005 tentang Standar Nasional Pendidikan, perencanaan proses pembelajaran meliputi silabus dan rencana pelaksanaan pembelajaran yang memuat sekurang-kurangnya tujuan pembelajaran, materi ajar, metode pembelajaran, sumber belajar, dan penilaian hasil belajar. Peraturan Pemerintah tersebut juga menyebutkan bahwa proses pembelajaran pada satuan pendidikan diselenggarakan secara interaktif, insipiratif, menyenangkan, menantang, memotivasi siswa untuk berpartisipasi aktif, serta memberikan ruang yang cukup bagi prakarsa, kreativitas, dan kemandirian sesuai dengan bakat, minat, dan perkembangan fisik serta psikologis siswa. Dengan demikian, guru sebagai penyusun perencanaan proses pembelajaran harus mampu menyusun suatu perencanaan proses pembelajaran sesuai kriteria tersebut.",
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"text": "Menurut Pedoman Umum Pengembangan Silabus, yang dikeluarkan oleh Direktorat, Mendikdasmen, silabus disusun secara mandiri oleh kelompok guru mata pelajaran sejenis pada setiap sekolah. Demikian pula dengan RPP, harus disusun sendiri oleh guru yang bersangkutan. Dengan demikian, setiap guru harus mempunyai kemampuan dalam menyusun silabus dan RPP sehingga dia akan mampu menyusun dan mempunyai perencanaan pembelajaran yang memang dikuasainya dengan baik.",
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"text": "8 Sagala, S. Kemampuan Profesional Guru dan Tenaga Kependidikan . (Bandung: Alfabeta, 2009).",
"type": "Footnote"
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"text": "20 Edukasia: Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pembelajaran, 2 (1), 2021",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
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"width": 457,
"height": 74,
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"text": "Pelaksanaan proses pembelajaran di kelas merupakan implementasi perencanaan proses pembelajaran yang telah disusun guru dalam silabus maupun RPP. RPP merupakan acuan utama guru dalam melakukan pembelajaran, pertemuan per pertemuan. Di sinilah guru melaksanakan tugas dan perannya.",
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"text": "Pelaksanaan kegiatan inti merupakan proses pembelajaran untuk mencapai KD. Tahap kegiatan ini dilakukan secara interaktif, inspiratif, menyenangkan, menantang, memotivasi siswa untuk berpartisipasi aktif, serta memberikan ruang yang cukup bagi prakarsa, kreativitas, dan kemandirian sesuai dengan bakat, minat dan perkembangan fisik serta psikologis siswa. Selanjutnya, dalam melaksanakan kegiatan inti, guru menggunakan metode yang disesuaikan dengan karakteristik siswa dan mata pelajaran, yang dapat meliputi proses eksplorasi, elaborasi, dan konfirmasi. Metode adalah prosedur instruksi yang dipilih untuk membantu siswa mencapai tujuan atau untuk menginternalisasi isi atau pesan. 9",
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"text": "Menentukan tercapai tidaknya tujuan pembelajaran, harus dilakukan usaha dan tindakan atau kegiatan untuk menilai hasil belajar. Menurut Cruickshank penilaian adalah proses mengumpulkan, mengsintesa, dan menginterpretasikan informasi untuk membantu dalam membuat keputusan. Ini mencakup berbagai kegiatan dari pendekatan informal , seperti mengajukan pertanyaan siswa dalam pelajaran atau menonton mereka terlibat dalam diskusi kelompok kecil, dan pendekatan formal , seperti proyek-proyek atau tes. 10",
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"text": "Penilaian merupakan rangkaian kegiatan untuk memperoleh, menganalisis, dan menafsirkan data tentang proses dan hasil belajar siswa yang dilakukan secara sistematis dan berkesinambungan sehingga menjadi informasi yang bermakna dalam pengambilan keputusan.",
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"text": "Penilaian dilaksanakan dalam suasana kondusif, tenang dan nyaman dengan menerapkan prinsip valid, objektif, adil, terpadu, terbuka, menyeluruh, menggunakan acuan kriteria, dan akuntabel. Kegiatan yang dilakukan oleh guru pada tahap ini meliputi: (1) melaksanakan penilaian menggunakan instrumen yang telah dikembangkan; (2) memeriksa hasil pekerjaan siswa mengacu pada pedoman penskoran, untuk mengetahui kemajuan hasil belajar dan kesulitan belajar siswa; (3) mengembalikan hasil pekerjaan siswa untuk setiap penilaian disertai balikan/komentar yang mendidik.",
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"text": "9 Smaldino, S. E, Instructional Technology and Media for Learning. Eighth Edition . (Boston: Pearson Education Inc, 2005).",
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"text": "10 Cruickshank, Donald R. Deborah Bainer Jenkins, dan K. K. M. The Art of Teaching. Fourth Edition ., (English: McGraw-Hill, 2006).",
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"text": "Edukasia: Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pembelajaran, 2 (1), 2021 21",
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"text": "Peer Coaching",
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"text": "Peer coaching merupakan bagian dari model coaching . Coaching adalah sarana pengembangan profesional yang berfungsi sebagai satu katalisator untuk mendorong pembelajaran dan meningkatkan kinerja yang didasarkan pada kesadaran dan tanggung jawab pribadi. Coaching adalah proses dimana seseorang (pelatih) membantu yang lain (pembelajar) meningkatkan kinerjanya melalui belajar dengan melakukan proses: analisis situasi yang sedang dialami, menyusun tujuan atau target, mempertimbangkan tindakan, memilih dan melaksanakan tindakan sesuai dengan rencana, mengecek kemajuan, dan mengevaluasi pembelajaran dan kinerja. 11",
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"text": "Di sekolah, peer coaching dapat berupa suatu proses di mana dua atau lebih guru mengunjungi kelas satu sama lain dan kemudian keduanya bertemu untuk mendiskusikan pengamatan mereka dan membuat umpan balik dari apa yang mereka lihat. 12 Mereka saling menghadiri pertemuan mereka satu dan lainnya, kemudian mendiskusikan apa yang mereka dapat dan saling menolong memecahkan permasalahan yang ada. Mereka bekerja keras untuk berfokus pada solusi dan reaksi positif untuk permasalahan yang ada.",
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"text": "Peer coaching adalah strategi yang efektif untuk (1) mendorong melakukan refleksi dan analisa praktik pembelajaran, (2) mengembangkan umpan balik yang spesifik dari waktu ke waktu, (3) membantu pengembangan kerja sama antarguru di seluruh sekolah yang termasuk dalam jejaring kerja samanya. Ketiga hal tersebut dapat mendorong para guru untuk bekerja sama secara profesional sehingga menghapuskan keterisolasian. Sebagai hasilnya, para guru akan mengalami perubahan yang positif dalam praktek pembelajaran mereka. Dengan demikian , peer coaching adalah suatu cara pengembangan profesional yang ditujukkan untuk meningkatkan hubungan antarguru mitra ( collegiality ) dan mengembangkan proses pembelajaran.",
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"text": "HASIL PENELITIAN DAN PEMBAHASAN",
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"left": 120,
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"text": "Hasil penelitian yang diperoleh melalui penelitian tindakan dan uji lapangan yang",
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"text": "11 Tee, N. P. Grow Me Coaching for Schools. Second Edition . (Singapore: Pearson Prentice, 2005).",
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"text": "12 Fullan, M. The New Meaning of Educational Change. Fourth Edition . (Toronto: Teachers College Press, 2007).",
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"text": "22 Edukasia: Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pembelajaran, 2 (1), 2021",
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{
"left": 57,
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"width": 456,
"height": 260,
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"text": "dilaksanakan secara lengkap. Penelitian ini dimulai dengan kegiatan penyusunan perencanaan ( plan ) . Pada tahap ini, peneliti merencanakan segala sesuatu yang berkaitan dengan pelaksanaan penelitian. Langkah berikutnya ialah pemberian tindakan ( action ) yang disertai dengan pengamatan ( observasi ) yang dilakukan oleh peneliti. Tahap pemberian tindakan dimulai dengan pemaparan tujuan ( goal ): perkenalan tentang konsep dan prinsip peer coaching . Pretest untuk melihat kemampuan awal partisipan penelitian dalam merencanakan, melaksanakan, dan menilai pembelajaran. Hasil dari pretest tersebut merupakan dasar ( reality ) untuk menentukan langkah selanjutnya ( option ), yaitu pendalaman materi tentang standar isi, standar proses, standar penilaian. Setelah pendalaman materi, partisipan penelitian menyusun silabus dan RPP secara rinci. Partisipan penelitian juga mempersiapkan semua keperluan yang berkaitan dengan implementasi RPP yang telah disusun. Silabus dan RPP yang dikembangkan dijadikan acuan dalam praktik pembelajaran yang akan dilakukan di sekolah masing-masing.",
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"text": "Setelah pembekalan pengetahuan dan keterampilan, kegiatan dilanjutkan dengan penerapan/implementasi di sekolah masing-masing. Peneliti melakukan pendampingan disertai observasi dan wawancara saat implementasi di sekolah. Hasilnya didiskusikan dan diteliti secara cermat untuk melihat kelemahan yang ada. Hasil dan pembahasan berisi hasil- hasil temuan penelitian dan pembahasannya. Tuliskan temuan-temuan yang diperoleh dari hasil-hasil penelitian yang telah dilakukan dan harus ditunjang oleh data-data yang memadai. Hasil-hasil penelitian dan temuan harus bisa menjawab pertanyaan atau hipotesis penelitian di bagian pendahuluan.",
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"text": "Untuk mendapatkan kesimpulan perkembangan kinerja partisipan penelitian pada Siklus yang sedang berlangsung, semua data yang berkaitan dengan tindakan yang telah dilakukan, kemudian diolah/dianalisis. Dari segi pengetahuan partisipan penelitian tentang standar-standar nasional pendidikan sebagai landasan dalam penerapan proses pendidikan diperoleh data seperti berikut:",
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"text": "Partisipan Tes Pemahaman Siklus 1 Siklus 2 Siklus 3 0-30 1 12 20 30 2 13 23 25 3 11 24 25 4 10 22 26 5 15 21 27",
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"text": "Edukasia: Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pembelajaran, 2 (1), 2021 23",
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"text": "6 17 19 28 7 15 23 30 8 15 18 30 9 10 18 28 10 10 15 29 Rerata 12,8 20,3 27,8",
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"text": "Sumber: Hasil Penelitian Tahun 2020",
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"text": "Catatan: 0-30 adalah rentang skor",
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"text": "Dari data pada tabel di atas, diketahui bahwa terjadi peningkatan pemahaman partisipan penelitian terhadap standar-standar nasional pendidikan sebagai landasan dalam penerapan proses pendidikan. Hal ini sejalan dengan hasil observasi Siklus 3 dimana guru menghasilkan kinerja guru yang cukup baik.",
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"text": "Pada tahap implementasi, diperoleh data seperti berikut:",
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"text": "Tabel Rekap Hasil Analisis Instrumen Observasi Kinerja Guru IPA dalam Mengimplementasikan Standar Proses pada Pembelajaran IPA",
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"text": "(Siklus 1, Siklus 2 dan Siklus 3) Aspek yang diteliti Skor Siklus Perencanaan Pelaksanaan Penilaian 19-95 30-150 8-40 Siklus 1 42,0 49,0 18,2 Siklus 2 62,0 89,2 23,5 Siklus 3 75,5 114,0 29,7 Sumber: Hasil Penelitian Tahun 2020",
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"text": "Tabel di atas menunjukkan kinerja partisipan penelitian dalam tiap komponen mengalami peningkatan yang sangat berarti dalam proses pembelajaran. Pada komponen Perencanaan Pembelajaran, dari rata-rata skor penilaian siklus 1, siklus 2 dan siklus 3 yakni (P 1 = 42,0, P 2 = 62,0 dan P 3 = 75,5) terlihat mengalami peningkatan. Pada komponen Pelaksanaan Pembelajaran dari rata-rata penilaian siklus 1, siklus 2 dan siklus 3 yakni (P 1 = 49,1, P 2 = 89,2 dan P 3 = 114,0) terlihat mengalami peningkatan. Pada komponen Penilaian Pembelajaran dari rata-rata penilaian siklus 1, siklus 2 dan siklus 3 yakni (P 1 = 18,2, P 2 = 23,5 dan P 3 = 29,7) terlihat mengalami peningkatan. Dengan demi kian, dapat diinformasikan kinerja guru dalam proses perencanaan,pelaksanaan dan penilaian pembelajaran meningkat setelah melakukan kegiatan peer coaching di sekolah.",
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"text": "Peningkatan kinerja dalam menyusun perencanaan pembelajaran ini dimungkinkan",
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"text": "Peningkatan Kinerja Guru IPA dalam Mengimplementasikan Standar Proses Melalui Pendampingan Sejawat ( Peer Coaching ) di Kab. Kutai Barat",
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"text": "24 Edukasia: Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pembelajaran, 2 (1), 2021",
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"text": "karena setiap Silabus dan RPP yang dihasilkan oleh setiap partisipan penelitian lainnya, semua masukan tersebut disajikan bahan untuk menghasilkan Silabus dan RPP yang lebih baik untuk diterapkan dalam Pelaksanaan Pembelajaran. RPP yang disusun oleh guru telah dilengkapi dengan lembar kerja siswa dan instrument evaluasi pembelajaran. Pada prinsipnya, RPP dan perangkat pembelajaran dalam peer coaching sama dengan RPP dan perangkat pembelajaran di luar peer coaching . Namun, karena peer coaching merupakan sebuah inovasi, RPP dan perangkat pembelajaran dalam peer coaching harus bersifat inovatif dibandingkan dengan RPP dan perangkat pembelajaran di luar peer coaching . RPP dan perangkat pembelajaran dalam peer coaching adalah sesuai dengan pembelajaran yang syarat inovasi, seperti pembelajaran yang berpusat pada siswa ( student center), dayli life, life skill, hands on dan local material.",
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"text": "Kinerja partisipan penelitian dalam pelaksanaan pembelajaran pun mengalami peningkatan. Partisipan penelitian telah mampu melakukan eksplorasi, elaborasi, konfirmasi dengan baik. Partisipan penelitian telah menempatkan siswa sebagai pusat pembelajaran, menggunakan berbagai metode, media dan teknik untuk mengaktifkan siswa dalam proses pembelajaran. Pemberian pengalaman secara langsung pada siswa dalam pembelajaran IPA sangat penting, untuk mengembangkan kompetensi. Hal ini dikemukakan oleh Hewitt, G Paul and etc, 2007 bahwa siswa dapat bereksplorasi dan memahami alam sekitar secara ilmiah dengan lebih mendalam.",
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"text": "Penilaian hasil belajar dilakukan baik formal maupun informal dalam suasana yang menyenangkan sehingga memungkinkan siswa menunjukkan apa yang dipahami dan mampu dikerjakannya. Hasil belajar selama berlangsungnya program peer coaching menunjukkan peningkatan. Dengan demikian, penerapan peer coaching dalam usaha peningkatan kinerja guru berdampak positif terhadap peningkatan hasil belajar siswa. Penilaian hasil belajar oleh pendidik dilakukan berdasarkan prinsip keseluruhan, kesinambungan, dan objektivitas. Penilaian hasil belajar secara keseluruhan artinya penilaian harus dapat mencakup aspek berpikir ( cognitive domain ), aspek nilai atau sikap ( affective domain ), dan aspek keterampilan ( psychomotor domain ) yang dapat menggambarkan perkembangan atau perubahan tingkah laku yang terjadi pada diri siswa sebagai makhluk hidup. 13",
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"text": "13 Sudijono, A. Pengantar Evaluasi Pendidikan , (Jakarta: PT Raja Grafindo Persada, 2008).",
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"text": "Secara umum berdasarkan pembahasan temuan penelitian, dapat disimpulkan bahwa kegiatan peer coaching dengan menerapkan model GROW ME dapat meningkatkan kinerja guru pada aspek perencanaan, pelaksanaan, dan penilaian pembelajaran IPA SMP di Kab. Kutai Barat Tahun Pelajaran 2020/2021. Secara keseluruhan terdapat peningkatan kinerja guru dalam mengimplementasikan Standar Proses pada pembelajaran IPA SMP di Kab. Kutai Barat melalui penerapan model peer coaching dengan menggunakan model GROW Me . Penerapan pendampingan peer coaching dengan model GROW ME (yang berarti pertumbuhan satya), telah berhasil meningkatkan kinerja guru sehingga mencapai tahap GLOW (yang berarti bersinar): galvanized (G), yaitu guru yang menemukan energy dan momentum karena dapat melihat dengan jelas tujuannya; liberated (L), guru yang terbebas dari tirani yang dapat memisahkan sesuatu yang mendesak dan sesuatu yang penting; open- minded (O), berpandangan terbuka terhadap opini-opini dan kemungkinan-kemungkinan; well-grounded (W), yaitu seorang guru yang memiliki pemahaman yang baik tentang pekerjaannya.",
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"text": "DAFTAR PUSTAKA",
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"text": "Cruickshank, Donald R. Deborah Bainer Jenkins, dan K. K. M. The Art of Teaching. Fourth Edition . English: McGraw-Hill, 2006. Fullan, M. The New Meaning of Educational Change. Fourth Edition . Toronto: Teachers College Press, 2007.",
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"text": "Peraturan Menteri No. 41. \"Standar Proses untuk Satuan Pendidikan Dasar dan Menengah\". Jakarta: Depdiknas , 2007.",
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"text": "Reizer, R. A. & J. V. D. Trends and Issues in Instructional Design and Technology. Second Edition . Boston: Pearson Education Inc, 2007.",
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1609acee-3823-e00a-4176-3e0832143479 | https://jurnal.ulb.ac.id/index.php/nukleus/article/download/5871/4218 | [
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"text": "Astika et.al., (2024). Gut Microbiota Types between Well-Grown and Stunted Children … | 682",
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"text": "Gut Microbiota Types between Well-Grown and Stunted Children: A Systematic Review",
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"text": "Eriyanti Astika 1 , Ahsanal Kasasiah(*) 1 , Jekmal Malau 1 , Al Mukhlas Fikri 2",
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"text": "1 Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitas Singaperbangsa Karawang, Indonesia",
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"text": "2 Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitas Singaperbangsa Karawang, Indonesia",
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"text": "Jl. HS.Ronggo Waluyo, Puseurjaya, Telukjambe Timur, Karawang, Jawa Barat, Indonesia, Postcode 41361",
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"text": "* Correponding author: Ahsanal.kasasiah@fkes.unsika.ac.id",
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"text": "Submitted April 19 th 2024 and Accepted June 30 th 2024",
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"text": "Stunting, is one of the malnutrition in the prepartum period up to the first two years of life and often exacerbated by recurrent gastrointestinal infections after birth. This study explores from various databases including Science Direct, Pubmed, Scopus, Springer Link, Sage Journal,, with keywords: \"stunting, gut microbiota, toddler\". In this study, 8 open access articles published dddonebetween 2016 and 2024 were used as sources of information according to the PRISMA 2020 guideline, with criteria based on the PICOTS framework (Population, Intervention, Comparator, Outcomes, Timing, and Setting). The main stages of the PRISMA process included identification, screening, and eligibility. It was found that the presence of gut microbiota plays a role in stunting. Gastrointestinal infections have specific mechanisms that can lead to impaired growth and postnatal growth. Deficiency of non-pathogenic gut microbiota is considered to be the main cause. Changes in gut bacterial composition in children under five are associated with increased gastrointestinal frequency, which in turn leads to chronic growth disorders.",
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"text": "Keywords: Gut Microbiota; Stunting; Toddler",
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"text": "Jurnal Pembelajaran dan Biologi Nukleus (JPBN) by LPPM Universitas Labuhanbatu is under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (CC BY - SA 4.0) https://doi.org/10.36987/jpbn.v10i2.5871",
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"text": "INTRODUCTION",
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"text": "One of the most important unresolved global health problems is stunting, where children experience growth failure caused by chronic undernutrition, which can impact development and growth (Perin et al., 2020) . According to a 2020 WHO report, stunting affects more than 149 million children under 5 years old worldwide. The prevalence of stunting in Indonesia was found to be 21.5% in 2023 (Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia, 2023) , which translates to around 4 million people, exceeding the WHO guideline standard of 20%. According to The Global Nutrition",
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"text": "Jurnal Pembelajaran Dan Biologi Nukleus",
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"text": "p-ISSN: 2442-9481 Vol 10 (2): 682-692, July 2024",
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"text": "Astika et.al., (2024). Gut Microbiota Types between Well-Grown and Stunted Children … | 683",
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"text": "Report (2020) Indonesia actually ranks third with the highest frequency of stunting in children under 5 years old.",
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"text": "Stunting is thought to be be caused by combination of many factors such as poor nutrition in the uterus, poor nutrition intake in early childhood and infectious disease (UNICEF, 2023) . Infectious diseases are direct causes that can lead to stunting and respiratory tract infections, diarrhea is also listed as the most common disease in developing countries and mostly occurs in Asia (Aridiyah et al., 2015) .",
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"text": "One of the organs that develops after a toddler is born is the digestive system (Rafiuddin & Purwanty, 2020) . Starting from birth, the growth of bacteria in the digestive system occurs gradually. Throughout childhood and adulthood, the environment and food consumed also have an impact. Many pathogenic and non- pathogenic bacteria that are essential for the growth of the human body lives in the digestive tract (Hossain et al., 2019) . Low immunity and disease lead to an overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria in the digestive tract, which can consequently reduce the amount of probiotics in the digestive system and cause malabsorption of nutrients, which hinders the growth of children under the age of five (Shinsugi et al., 2015) .",
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"text": "A collection of microorganisms called the microbiota lives inside the host organism and includes bacteria, viruses and other creatures. The microbiota in the gastrointestinal tract plays an important role in immunity or nutrient absorption. Stunting is more often due to the gut microbiota (Sinharoy et al., 2021) . Toddlers with stunted growth have a different gut microbiota composition than those with adequate nutritional status. Furthermore, it affects proliferation and maturation of intestinal epithelial cells, absorption of nutrition and the mucosal defense against pathogen, which is essential for optimal growth (Vaivada et al., 2020) . Even though food consumption is enough, dysbiosis or the absence of one of the beneficial microbiota can disrupt the mechanism of food digestion and the formation of different vitamins, leading to growth problems. Stunted children do not get the nutrients their bodies need, which makes them vulnerable to infectious infections. Stunted children also experience changes in microbiota composition and quantity between probiotic and pathogenic bacteria as a result of this scenario. In stunted toddlers, Escherichia coli/Shigella sp. and Compylobacter sp. were more common, while non-pathogenic microbiota were less common (Thahir et al., 2020) . Increased energy loss through fecal excretion in stunted children and ingestion of pathogens were thought to be the cause of these changes (Hardjo & Selene, 2018; Rinanda et al., 2023) . In this article, we will review the bacterial profile of the gut microbiota in stunted and normally developing toddlers.",
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"text": "A systematic search was conducted in February 2024 in PubMed, Science Direct, Sage Journals, Scopus, and Springer links. The search terms were \"gut microbiota AND stunting AND toddlers\" resulting in the discovery of 1274 articles published from 2016 to 2024. The time frame from 2016 to 2024 was chosen to ensure that the study incorporated the most recent and relevant findings, reflecting the latest advancements and understanding in the field of gut microbiota and its impact on stunting in toddlers.Then the articles were selected based on duplication (duplicate",
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"text": "article titles) to 226, based on the title and corresponding abstract to 30 articles, then 20 full paper/text articles were taken. The articles were then briefly reviewed to ensure that the articles were taken according to the participants, intervention, comparator, outcome, timeframe, and setting (PICOTS) elements (Table 1) (Frandsen et al., 2020) . After passing the inclusion screening, articles were selected based on eligibility tests, assessments carried out on the retrieved articles, and then analyzed according to the inclusion data. The inclusion criteria for articles were English, information on microbiota and stunting, full paper/text and open access. Exclusion criteria were duplication and not fully accessible (Figure 1).",
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"text": "Table 1. Inclusion Criteria Based on PICOTS Elements",
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"text": "PICOTS Inclusion Criteria Participant Stunting and normal growth toddlers Intervention Gut microbiota Comparator Composition type between microbiota in stunted and normally developing toddlers Outcome Identify the type of microbiota composition between the two groups, including microbial diversity, dominant bacterial types, and the presence of pathogenic bacteria Timeframe Publication year 2016-2024 Setting All countries",
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"text": "Jurnal Pembelajaran Dan Biologi Nukleus",
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"text": "p-ISSN: 2442-9481 Vol 10 (2): 682-692, July 2024",
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"text": "Astika et.al., (2024). Gut Microbiota Types between Well-Grown and Stunted Children … | 685",
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"text": "Figure 1. Diagram PRISMA (author’s design)",
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"text": "Astika et.al., (2024). Gut Microbiota Types between Well-Grown and Stunted Children … | 686",
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"text": "RESULT AND DISCUSSION",
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"text": "Table 2. Literature Study Findings",
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"text": "No Author Title Location Subject and Method Result 1 (Rinanda et al., 2023) Correlation between gut microbiota composition, enteric infections and linear growth impairment: a case – control study in childhood stunting in Pidie, Aceh, Indonesia Indonesia Case control study. Involved 42 subjects aged 24-59 months, consisting of 21 stunted children and 21 normal children. Gut microbiome profiling was performed using 16S rDNA amplicons sequencing. Firmucutes population (50%) was exceptionally higher than Bacteroidetes (34%) in stunted children. 2 (Surono et al., 2021) Differences in immune status and fecal SCFA between Indonesian stunted childreen and children with normal nutritional status Indonesia Cross sectional research design. Micriobial metabolites valerate and acetate were analyzed with LBP ELISA kit protocol while SCFA was measured with GC- MS In stunted children ’s feces, valerate, acetate and SCFA was significantly higher These metabolites was",
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"text": "correlated with Providencia , Ruminiclostidrium ,",
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"text": "Eschericia Shigella , Eubacterium 3 (Surono et al., 2021) Gut Microbiota profile of Indonesian stunted children ans children with normal nutrition status Indonesia Subjects were toddlers 3-5 years old. 78 children wisurnoth stunting aged 3-5 years old. 53 children with normal nutrition status. Fecal analysis using 16S rRNA sequencing. Healthy children had higher Prevotella than stunted children 4 (Masrul et al., 2020) Microbiota Profile with Stunting Children in West Sumatera Province, Indonesia Indonesia 48 stunted children in West Sumatra Province, Indonesia. Fecal analysis using 16S rRNA sequencing Stunted children predominantly had high Firmicutes (47.52%), Proteobacteria (21.12%), and Bacteroidetes (16.15%). In stunted children, the GI microbiota is rich in",
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"text": "inflammatory bacteria such as the genus Desulfovibrio",
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"text": "Jurnal Pembelajaran Dan Biologi Nukleus",
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"text": "p-ISSN: 2442-9481 Vol 10 (2): 682-692, July 2024",
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"text": "Astika et.al., (2024). Gut Microbiota Types between Well-Grown and Stunted Children … | 687",
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"text": "and the order Campylobacterales . 5 Perin et al., 2020 A Retrospective Case – Control Study of the Relationship between the Gut Microbiota, Enteropathy, and Child Growth Banglades h Cross sectional reserach design. Subjects were 68 children aged 6-31 months in Mirzapur. Fecal analysis using 16S rRNA sequencing In stunted children, it was found that pathogenic Eschericia and Shigella population was increased. In the other hand,",
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"text": "beneficial Proteobacteria and Prevotella was decreased 6 Zambruni et al., 2019 Stunting Is Preceded by Intestinal Mucosal Damage and Microbiome Changes and Is Associated with Systemic Inflammation in a Cohort of Peruvian Infants Peru Subjects were 78 infants aged 5-12 months living in rural Peru for 6 months. Biomarker serum analysis of intestinal damage (I-FABP",
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"text": "and zonulin). Biomarker serum analysis of inflammation (TNF, IL-1B, IL-6, CD14). Fecal sample analysis Stunted children had higher I-FABP and CD14 in their blood. These was correlated with worse nutritional status. Stunted children had higher level of Colinsella , Clostridium sensu stricto and Ruminococcus 1 and 2. Stunted children had lower level of Pridencia 7 Vonaesch et al., 2018 Stunted chilhood growth is associated with decompartmentali zation of the gastrointestinal tract and overgrowth of oropharyngeal taxa Central Africa Subjects were children aged 2-5 years months totaling 404 children. Fecal analysis using 16S rRNA sequencing Stunted children stool were highly populated with pathogenic Escherichia coli ,",
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"text": "Shigella sp , and Compylobacter sp . Non-stunted children stool were dominated by non- pathogenic bacteria such as Lactobacili ,",
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"text": "H.pylori ,",
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"text": "Streptobacili , Bifidobacteriaceae 8 (Dinh et al., 2016) Longitudinal Analysis of the Intestinal Microbiota in Persistenly Stunted Young Children in South India South India Cross sectional reserach design. Children aged 2 monhts up to 3 years old.",
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"text": "10 children with low birth weight and",
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"text": "Higher level of Bacteroidetes , Desulfovibrio and Campylobacteral was observed in stunted children. These",
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"text": "p-ISSN: 2442-9481 Vol 10 (2): 682-692, July 2024",
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"text": "Astika et.al., (2024). Gut Microbiota Types between Well-Grown and Stunted Children … | 688",
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"text": "persistent stunting and 10 children with normal birth weight and no stunting (control) Fecal analysis using 16S rRNA sequencing associated with inflammation. Higher level of Bifidobacterium longum and Lactobacillus mucosae was observed in non stunted children",
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"text": "Pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria",
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"text": "Various factors contribute to stunting in children, including inadequate nutritional intake, gut microbiota imbalance, and socioeconomic status and history of respiratory infections (De Sanctis et al., 2021) . The presence of pathogenic and non- pathogenic bacteria in the gut can play a role in stunting (Nagao-Kitamoto et al., 2016) . Environmental factors, energy intake, and sanitation also influence stunting.",
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"text": "The study of Vonaesch et al., (2018) confirmed that there was an increase in enteropathogenic bacteria in the intestines and excessive bacteria in the oropharynx in stunted children ’ s stool samples. The findings of this study showed the presence of bacteria such as Compylobacter sp, Shigella sp, Escherichia coli , , and in stunted children ’ s stool, while in children who were not stunted, non-pathogenic bacteria such as Lactobacillus , H.pylori , Streptobacili , Bifidobacteriaceae in the stomach, duodenum were dominant. The increase of beneficial microorganisms in the digestive tract may contribute to the prevention of growth disorders.",
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"text": "The results found in Dinh et al., (2016) study showed that in toddlers with normal nutritional status, a higher number of Bifidobacterium longum and Lactobacillus were found in the feces, while in stunted toddlers, Campylobacterales and Desulfovibrio were found which are known to cause inflammation. On the other hand, a study conducted by Kamil et al., (2021) in Yogyakarta found that the population Proteobacteria in stunted children are 2.34 times higher compared to normal children. In healthy children, bacterial composition tends to be dominated by Bacteroidetes and Bifidobacterium . Bifidobacterium has a role in protecting the digestive tract from pathogenic microbes and is usually more abundant in toddlers with normal nutritional status.",
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"text": "Differences in the microbiota of stunted and normal children",
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"text": "The microbiota has an important role in various bodily processes of the body, such as nutrition metabolism, as well as in immune system modulation, immune system regulation, and protection against pathogenic bacteria. The microbiota is located in various parts of the human body, such as in the respiratory system, the skin, urogenital tract and gastrointestinal system (Helmyati et al., 2017) . Based on the research reviewed, there are differences in the types of bacteria found in children who are stunted and children with normal growth and development. Surono et al., (2021) showed that gut microbiota plays a role in fermenting dietary fiber as a source of energy for children. The presence of Prevotella microbiota species, which are non-pathogenic",
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"text": "p-ISSN: 2442-9481 Vol 10 (2): 682-692, July 2024",
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"text": "Astika et.al., (2024). Gut Microbiota Types between Well-Grown and Stunted Children … | 689",
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"text": "microbes, contributes by producing additional energy from food in the form of SCFA (Short-Chain Fatty Acid), which is beneficial for children with growth disorders. Shivakumar et al., (2021) confirmed this finding by analyzing the stool of healthy children aged 1-6 years. The microbiota found predominantly was Prevotella.",
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"text": "In the same study, Shivakumar et al., (2021) , found that the number of beneficial microbiota such as Bifidobacterium longum had a positive correlation with the nutritional status parameter body weight per age (BB/U). This is confirmed by Dinh et al., (2016) inform that healthy children with normal nutritional status had higher beneficial bacteria such as Bifidobacterium longum . On the other hand, children with pathogenic bacteria infection such as Shigella had a higher chance of being stunted. Children who were not stunted had gut microbiota with higher Bifidobacterium longum than children who were stunted. Children with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection had higher fecal Calprotectin concentrations and children with Shigella infection had a higher chance of being stunted.",
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"text": "Research by Zambruni et al., (2019) found that in stunted children, there was an increase of Clostridium sensu stricto , Collinsella and Ruminococcus population, while Providencia population decreased. Likewise, it is supported by research from Rinanda et al., (2023) which says that the population of Firmicutes (50%) is higher than Bacteroidetes (34%) in stunted children. Aziz et al., (2023) confirmed the Eschericia coli pathogen in the microbiota of gastrointestinal tract in stunted children.",
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"text": "From these studies, it was concluded that pathogenic microbiota played an important role in stunting. Eschericia and Shigella , can damage the intestine, leading to chronic inflammation, abnormalities in nutritional absorption and competition against healthy population of beneficial microbiota such as Bifidobacterium longum and Prevotella . Furthermore, these pathogenic microbiota can cause diarrhea which in turn excrete more nutrients which the host is already lacking (Aziz et al., 2023; Bagamian et al., 2023) .",
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"text": "The gut microbiota profiles that dominate in stunted children are Proteobacteria , Escherichia coli , Shigella sp , Compylobacter sp , Desulfovibrio , Firmicutes , Proteobacteria , Bacteroidetes , Ruminococcus , Actinobacteria , and Verrucomicrobia . While in the gut microbiota of non-stunted children, the dominating microbiota are Prevotelli , Lactobacili , H. pylory , Streptobacili , and Bidifobacteriaceae .",
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"text": "REFERENCES",
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"text": "Aziz, I., Noreen, Z., Ijaz, U. Z., Gundogdu, O., Hamid, M. H., Muhammad, N., Khan, A., & Bokhari, H. (2023). A prospective study on linking diarrheagenic E. coli with stunted childhood growth in relation to gut microbiome. Scientific Reports , 13 (1), 680 – 695. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-32491-x",
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"text": "Bagamian, K. H., Anderson IV, J. D., Blohm, G., & Scheele, S. (2023). Shigella and childhood stunting: Evidence, gaps, and future research directions. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases , 17 (9), e0011475.",
"type": "List item"
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"type": "Page header"
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"text": "Astika et.al., (2024). Gut Microbiota Types between Well-Grown and Stunted Children … | 690",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
"left": 113,
"top": 85,
"width": 400,
"height": 51,
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"text": "Dinh, D. M., Ramadass, B., Kattula, D., Sarkar, R., Braunstein, P., Tai, A., Wanke,",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"text": "C. A., Hassoun, S., Kane, A. V., Naumova, E. N., Kang, G., & Ward, H. D. (2016). Longitudinal Analysis of the Intestinal Microbiota in Persistently Stunted Young Children in South India. PLOS ONE , 11 (5), 1 – 17. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0155405 .",
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{
"left": 113,
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"width": 400,
"height": 51,
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"text": "Frandsen, T. F., Bruun Nielsen, M. F., Lindhardt, C. L., & Eriksen, M. B. (2020). Using the full PICO model as a search tool for systematic reviews resulted in lower recall for some PICO elements. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology , 127 , 69 – 75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2020.07.005",
"type": "List item"
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"text": "Jurnal Pembelajaran dan Biologi Nukleus , 10(2), 682-692. https://doi.org/10.36987/jpbn.v10i2.5871 Conflict of interest :",
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"text": "Author contributions : All authors contributed to the study's conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by all authors. The first draft of the manuscript was submited by [Ahsanal Kasasiah]. All authors contributed on previous version and revisions process of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.",
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"text": "http://ejournal.seaninstitute.or.id/index.php/InfoSains Jurnal Info Sains : Informatika dan Sains, Volume 13, No 02 2023 E-ISSN.2797-7889, P-ISSN.2089-3329",
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"text": "The Effect of Health Education on Increasing Knowledge About Diarrhea Disease in Elementary School Students",
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"text": "Faculty of Pharmacy, Megarezky University Email: suryasyarifuddin@unimerz.ac.id Keywords Abstract. Diarrhea is a disease that is still a health problem in Indonesia. Patients with diarrhea experience dehydration due to loss of fluid in the body which can cause loss of consciousness and death. Diarrhea cases are caused by factors such as not washing hands with soap, consuming unhygienic food, inadequate latrines, and lack of availability of clean and healthy water. Objective: to determine the effect of health education on knowledge about diarrhea disease in elementary school students before and after being given health education. Method: This study used Pre-experimental method using one group pretest and posttest design. The research sample was grade VI students as many as 45 elementary school students using Total Sampling. The analysis test uses the Wilcoxon Test to determine the effect of health education on increasing knowledge about diarrhea in elementary school students. Results: the results showed that there was a difference between the level of pretest and posttest with the difference in the average value of knowledge of elementary was 1.74 and the Wilcoxon Test analysis showed pvalue=0.00. Conclusion: There is an effect of health education on increasing knowledge about diarrheal diseases in elementary school students. Suggestion: It is expected that the implementation of this health education can be implemented in other schools or in the home environment so that the expansion of this information can increase the knowledge of school students or the community about diarrheal disease so that morbidity and mortality rates due to cases of diarrhea disease can be prevented",
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"text": "Elementary School Students",
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"text": "1. INTRODUCTION",
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"text": "Diarrhea is a disease that is still a health problem in Indonesia, causing high morbidity and mortality rates in infants, children and adolescents. One of the endemic diseases in Indonesia and has the potential to cause an Extraordinary Event (KLB). Diarrhea can be fatal if the sufferer experiences dehydration due to losing a lot of fluids in the body. Therefore, diarrhea should not be taken lightly, even though the condition is very common [1] . According to Fida and Maya (2012), diarrhea in children can cause dehydration due to loss of fluids and electrolytes through feces, causing the child's lips to appear dry. Apart from that, his skin was wrinkled and his eyes looked sunken. If dehydration is not treated immediately and appropriately, the patient will have difficulty breathing, and can even lose consciousness and lead to death [2] .",
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"text": "According to WHO and UNICEF, there are around 2 billion cases of diarrhea and 1.9 million children under the age of 5 die every year worldwide. Of these deaths, 78% occurred in developing countries, including Africa and Southeast Asia [3] . Diarrhea cases in Indonesia are caused by unhealthy environmental factors and unhygienic behavior. Diarrhea is a condition where you have watery bowel movements or can also be water (diarrhea) and usually more than 3 times a day or more often than usual. Apart from that, diarrhea sufferers' stools are also thinner than usual. This diarrheal disease can be short-lived, lasting up to several days and in some cases it can last for weeks [4] .",
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"text": "Apart from that, according to Hartono (2007), children die from diarrhea due to a lack of knowledge about diarrhea and how to prevent it. Diarrhea which is accompanied by symptoms of continuous defecation, vomiting and stomach cramps is sometimes considered trivial and can heal by itself without the need for medical help. [5] . In 2015, there were 18 cases of Extraordinary Events (KLB) of diarrhea spread across 11 provinces and 18 districts/cities, with a total of 1,213 sufferers and 30 people died. The national morbidity rate according to the 2012 Diarrhea Morbidity Survey was 214/1,000 population [6] . According to data from the South Sulawesi Provincial Health Service in 2015, the percentage of diarrhea cases was 364,669 cases, while diarrhea cases were 238,085 cases (65.29%). The highest cases were in Makassar City with a total of 28,257 reported cases out of a total population of 1,449,401 people. So, from this figure it can be said that 34.71% or 126,577 cases of diarrhea were not treated [7] .",
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"text": "http://ejournal.seaninstitute.or.id/index.php/InfoSains Jurnal Info Sains : Informatika dan Sains, Volume 13, No 02 2023 E-ISSN.2797-7889, P-ISSN.2089-3329",
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"text": "Jurnal Info Sains : Informatika dan Sains is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0 ) Page | 629",
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"text": "Several behaviors that trigger diarrhea include not maintaining cleanliness and healthy living habits in daily life, and the level of knowledge is also very low. Therefore, it is important to provide health education to increase public awareness about clean and healthy lifestyles to maintain and improve the level of public health to prevent symptoms and other diseases. [8] . The high number of cases of diarrhea, such as in students of class IV-VI at SDN 11 Lubuk Buanya Pandang, is caused by many things, such as not implementing the habit of washing hands with soap, consuming unhygienic food, inadequate latrines, and the lack of availability of clean and healthy water. [9] .",
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"text": "The solution that can be done to increase students' knowledge about diarrhea is by providing health education with the aim of helping elementary school students increase their knowledge about diarrhea. By conveying knowledge material with the help of media, it can provide high success in improving learning outcomes. Health education is a teaching and learning process in the health sector as a form of effort to maintain and improve health. The aim of health education is to change unhealthy behavior into healthy behavior for individuals, groups and society [10] . Apart from that, according to Notoaatmojo (2018) that health education is an effort to persuade or learn from the community so that they are willing to take action to maintain and improve their health status. [8] . Based on the problems above, researchers are interested in conducting research on \"The Effect of Health Education on Increasing Knowledge about Diarrhea Diseases in Elementary School Students\".",
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"text": "2. METHOD",
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"text": "This research method uses a quantitative method with a pre-experimental approach , namely one group pre-test and post-test . The place where this research was carried out was SDI Tamamaung 1 Makassar City. The time of the research is September 2023. The population in this research is all students at SDI Tamamaung 1, and the samples for this research are class VI (sixth) students with a total sample of 45 people, research samples were taken using the Total Sampling method. The data collection tool used to measure the level of knowledge of school students about diarrhea is in the form of a questionnaire sheet. This study used the Wilcoxon Test with a significance of α = 0.05, which aims to determine the effect of health education on knowledge about diarrhea in SDI Tamamaung 1 elementary school students before and after being given health education.",
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"text": "3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION",
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"text": "The results of research regarding the influence of health education on increasing knowledge about diarrheal diseases in elementary school students can be seen in the table below:",
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"text": "Table 1. Distribution of Respondents Based on Age Age (Years) n % 11 23 51.1 12 22 48.9 Total 45 100",
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"text": "Based on table 1, it shows that of the 45 school students there are various age groups, namely in the 11 year age group there are 23 people (51.1%), the 12 year age group is 22 people (48.9%). The research sample was chosen in a group of class VI (six) students because they were easy to communicate with, apart from that, according to Putri (2012) that students aged 10-12 years were the most appropriate for interviews with questionnaires because at this age children are interested in learning the height and memory of the biggest and strongest child, as well able to capture and understand the material provided which contains information about a science [9] .",
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"text": "Table 2. Distribution of Respondents Based on Gender Gender n % Man 22 48.9 Woman 23 51.1 Total 45 100",
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"text": "http://ejournal.seaninstitute.or.id/index.php/InfoSains Jurnal Info Sains : Informatika dan Sains, Volume 13, No 02 2023 E-ISSN.2797-7889, P-ISSN.2089-3329",
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"text": "Jurnal Info Sains : Informatika dan Sains is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0 ) Page | 630",
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"text": "Based on table 2, it shows that of the 45 school students there were 22 males (48.9%) and 23 females (51.1%). According to Saputro et al (2013) that gender has nothing to do with cause of diarrheal disease [11] .",
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"text": "Table 3. Mean Knowledge Before and After Being Given Health Education",
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"text": "Variable n mean elementary school Mean Difference Before (Pretest) 45 7.04 1,930 1.74 After (Posttest) 45 8.78 1,717",
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"text": "Based on table 3, the average knowledge score value before was 7.04 and after 8.78 from the 45 respondents given. health education. The difference in the average knowledge score of elementary school students before and after being given the intervention was 1.74. The results of this study show that there was an increase in knowledge after being given health education to school students at SDI Tamamaung 1. This is the same as research conducted by Munanda et al (2020) that there was an increase in knowledge before and after providing the intervention with a difference in the average knowledge of school children the baseline before and after is 1.94 [12] . Apart from that, research by Gurning et al (2014) also shows the same results that the average value of knowledge of respondents before health education was given was 6.60 and after being given health education the average value of students' knowledge level was 8.30, this shows that there is increased knowledge about the disease [13] .",
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"text": "Factors that influence the increase in knowledge of SDI Tamamaung 1 elementary school students are the counseling materials and information media provided, according to Notoatmojo (2010) that success in conducting counseling requires paying attention to the importance of appropriate counseling methods for the target group. One form of counseling method is lectures. The lecture method is a method that is suitable for target groups with high or low education. Things that need to be prepared in this method are power point slides and LCDs supported by attractive images and language, where these counseling tools function to facilitate the delivery of information and make it easier for targets to receive health information [14 ] .",
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"text": "The knowledge information obtained at this time is the definition of diarrhea, the characteristics of diarrhea, the causes of diarrhea, initial treatment methods for diarrhea, transmission routes for diarrheal disease, breaking the route of diarrhea transmission and ways to prevent diarrhea. When health education is carried out, all students listen to the material provided. It is hoped that the information provided by students can understand diarrheal diseases so that the knowledge gained can be applied to themselves and others. This finding is in line with the results of Pebriani's research (2021) that knowledge obtained from finding out after sensing certain objects causes students to lack knowledge before being given counseling because students have not received new information that they will know. The more knowledge a person has, the better the level of health that person has. Providing early health information about diarrheal diseases to elementary school aged children is a good step in reducing morbidity and mortality due to diarrheal diseases in children [15] .",
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"text": "Table 4. Effect of Health Education on Increasing Knowledge About Diarrhea Disease in",
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"text": "Elementary School Students Variable n mean elementary school Mean Difference P Before (Pretest) 45 7.04 1,930 1.74 0.00 After (Posttest) 45 8.78 1,717",
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"text": "Based on table 4, it is known that the results of the analysis using the Wilcoxon Signed Ranks statistical test show that health education greatly influences the level of elementary school students' knowledge about diarrheal diseases with a value of p = 0.00, so it can be concluded that health education is effective in increasing the knowledge of elementary school students at SDI Tamamaung 1.",
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"text": "This is in accordance with research by Fadhilah (2020) that there is an influence of health education on knowledge about diarrhea in elementary school children at SD Negeri 79 Bengkulu City with a p value = 0.000. Apart from that, the results of this study are also in line with research conducted by Gurning et al [13] using the Wilcoxon Signed Ranks statistical test showing that health",
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"text": "http://ejournal.seaninstitute.or.id/index.php/InfoSains Jurnal Info Sains : Informatika dan Sains, Volume 13, No 02 2023 E-ISSN.2797-7889, P-ISSN.2089-3329",
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"text": "Jurnal Info Sains : Informatika dan Sains is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0 ) Page | 631",
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"text": "education greatly influences the level of students' knowledge about diarrhea prevention, with a value of P = 0.001 which is smaller than α = 0.05 which means that health education greatly influences the level of students' knowledge about preventing diarrhea at the Manado 69 State Elementary School [2].",
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"text": "Health education is a process of change that occurs in a person to achieve a healthy level. The goal of health education is to change unhealthy behavior into healthy behavior in individuals, groups and communities. The education received at school is expected to change student behavior. Student behavior related to health education has the aim of changing previously unhealthy behavior to become healthy and taking responsibility for one's own health [16] . According to Notoatmodjo (2012) health education is able to change a person's or society's knowledge in taking actions related to health. Health education in general is any planned effort to influence other people, whether individuals, groups or communities, and educators or educational actors. [13] .",
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"text": "Health education carried out in schools can change student behavior into healthy behavior and able to prevent unhealthy behavior. Age child Schools are in a period when children are considered to be starting to take responsibility for their behavior himself in relation to friends peers, parents or other people. The development of school-age children tends to be influenced by their peer environment his peers. When they already know about the consequences unhealthy living behavior, they will be more selective in choosing what is good and bad [10] .",
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"text": "4. CONCLUSION",
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"text": "Based on the research results above, it can be concluded that there are differences between level knowledge before counseling ( pretest ) and after counseling ( posttest ) the difference in the average value of elementary school students' knowledge before and after being given the intervention was 1.74. Wilcoxon test analysis shows a p value = 0.00, so it can be concluded that there is an influence of health education in increasing knowledge about diarrhea in elementary school students at SDI Tamamaung 1.",
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"text": "REFERENCES",
"type": "Section header"
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"text": "[3] Indonesian Ministry of Health, 2022 Performance Report , no. January. 2023. [Online]. Available:",
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "[15] D. Pebrianti, \"Evaluation of Knowledge Before and After Counseling About Breast Cancer and Awareness Practices at Madrasah Aliyah Hidayatul Muslimin 2 Districts,\" Jurnal.Akpb- Pontianak.Ac.Id , vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 2548–1398, 2021.",
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"text": "[16] IPTP Sari, \"School Health Education as a Process of Changing Student Behavior,\" J. Educator. Jasm. Indonesia. , vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 141–147, 2013, [Online]. Available: https://journal.uny.ac.id/index.php/jpji/article/viewFile/3017/2510",
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eea1cb2d-9b29-bc01-37a8-525c5856431b | http://journal.fib.uho.ac.id/index.php/etnoreflika/article/download/2440/1640 | [
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"text": "ETNOREFLIKA: Jurnal Sosial dan Budaya, Volume 13, Nomor 1, Februari 2024: 56 – 71 http://journal.fib.uho.ac.id/index.php/etnoreflika | 56",
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"text": "Volume 13, Nomor 1, Februari 2024: 56 – 71 10.33772/etnoreflika.v13i1.2440 ISSN: 2252-9144 (Cetak)",
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"text": "ANTARA RITUAL DAN PENGETAHUAN LOKAL: STRATEGI MITIGASI ERUPSI GUNUNG GAMALAMA PERSPEKTIF ORANG TERNATE",
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"text": "BETWEEN RITUAL AND LOCAL KNOWLEDGE: GAMALAMA VOLCANO ERUPTION MITIGATION STRATEGIES FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE PEOPLE OF TERNATE",
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"text": "Safrudin Amin 1 , Dewi Apriani Aco 2 , M. Guntur Cobobi 3",
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"text": "1, 2, 3 Program Studi Antropologi Sosial, Fakultas Ilmu Budaya, Universitas Khairun Jl. Jusuf Abdulrahman Kampus II Unkhair, Gambesi, Kota Ternate Selatan",
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"text": "3 Email korenspodensi: gunturcoboby@ymail.com",
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"text": "Diterima: 28 Desember 2023; Disetujui: 20 Februari 2024",
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"text": "This is an open access article under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License How to cite (APA): Amin, S., Aco, D. A., Cobobi, M. G. (2024). Antara ritual dan pengetahuan lokal: Strategi mitigasi erupsi Gunung Gamalama perspektif orang Ternate. ETNOREFLIKA: Jurnal Sosial dan Budaya , 13 (1), 56 – 71. https://doi.org/10.33772/etnoreflika.v13i1.2440 .",
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"text": "This research explores the disaster mitigation strategies for the eruption of Mount Gamalama from the perspective of the Ternate community. Using a qualitative ethnographic approach, it reveals how rituals and local knowledge are crucial aspects of mitigation strategy. It was found that the Ternate community integrates traditional rituals with the observation of natural signs as an early warning system. This shows a synergy between spiritual beliefs and practical knowledge in facing disaster risks. The article provides insights into the importance of maintaining local knowledge as part of an effective disaster mitigation strategy.",
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"text": "Keywords: ritual, local knowledge, mitigation, eruption, gamalama mountain",
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"text": "Penelitian ini mengeksplorasi strategi mitigasi bencana letusan Gunung Gamalama dari perspektif masyarakat Ternate. Melalui pendekatan kualitatif etnografis, penelitian ini mengungkap bagaimana ritual dan pengetahuan lokal menjadi aspek krusial dalam strategi mitigasi. Ditemukan bahwa masyarakat Ternate mengintegrasikan ritual adat dengan pengamatan tanda-tanda alam sebagai sistem peringatan dini. Hal ini menunjukkan sinergi antara kepercayaan spiritual dan pengetahuan praktis dalam",
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"text": "Safrudin Amin, Dewi Apriani Aco, M. Guntur Cobobi : Antara Ritual dan Pengetahuan Lokal: Strategi Mitigasi Erupsi Gunung Gamalama Perspektif Orang Ternate",
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"text": "ETNOREFLIKA: Jurnal Sosial dan Budaya, Vol. 13, No. 1, Februari 2024: 56 – 71 http://journal.fib.uho.ac.id/index.php/etnoreflika | 57",
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"height": 40,
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"text": "menghadapi risiko bencana. Artikel ini memberikan wawasan tentang pentingnya mempertahankan pengetahuan lokal sebagai bagian dari strategi mitigasi bencana yang efektif.",
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"text": "Kata kunci: ritual, pengetahuan lokal, mitigasi, letusan, gunung gamalama",
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"text": "PENDAHULUAN",
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"text": "Sebagai kawasan yang dilalui oleh rangkaian Cincin Api Pasifik ( Ring of Fire ), menjadikan Maluku Utara sebagai salah satu daerah di Indonesia yang rentan terhadap bencana alam seperti gempa bumi, tsunami serta letusan gunung berapi. Khusus untuk bencana gunung berapi, terdapat empat gunung berapi aktif yang menjadi ancaman karena sewaktu-waktu dapat mengalami erupsi, seperti Gunung Dukono di Halmahera Utara, Gunung Ibu dan Gamkonora di Halmahera Barat, serta Gunung Gamalama di Ternate.",
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"text": "Dari keempat Gunung Berapi aktif di Maluku Utara, Gunung Gamalama di Ternate merupakan gunung berapi yang paling tinggi tingkat resiko dan kerentanannya apabila mengalami erupsi, sebab Kota Ternate yang mengelilingi kaki Gunung Gamalama merupakan pusat konsentrasi penduduk di Provinsi Maluku Utara. Berdasarkan data dari Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) jumlah penduduk Kota Ternate di tahun 2022 adalah sebanyak 206.747 jiwa, jumlah ini merupakan yang terpadat di Provinsi Maluku Utara berdasarkan perbandingan luas wilayahnya.",
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"text": "Mengacu pada riwayat letusannya, Gunung Gamalama telah mengalami lebih dari 60 kali letusan semenjak tercatat pertama kali pada tahun 1500-an (Hidayat dkk, 2022). Smithsonian Institute, sebuah lembaga riset internasional yang mencatat Riwayat letusan gunung berapi, mengungkapkan letusan pertama Gunung Gamalama terjadi tahun 1500 atau 1510, dengan letusan dahsyat terjadi pada tahun 1608, 1771, 1840, yang mengakibatkan terjadinya tsunami. Riwayat erupsi magmatik yang tercatat hingga tahun 1500, menempatkan Gunung Gamalama sebagai salah satu gunung berapi Tipe-A. Selain itu, sejak pertama kali tercatat hingga saat ini, letusan Gunung Gamalama telah mengakibatkan kematian lebih dari 200 jiwa.",
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"text": "Meskipun memiliki tingkat resiko dan kerentanan yang cukup tinggi, kawasan kaki Gunung Gamalama terus tumbuh signifikan, baik oleh penambahan jumlah penduduk maupun pembangunan kotanya. Berdasarkan catatan sejarah, Pulau Ternate telah dihuni sejak tahun 1250 (Hasyim, 2019). Namun, catatan sejarah penyebaran komoditas cengkeh yang hanya ada di Kepulauan Maluku Bagian Utara melalui Jalur Sutra hingga ke Eropa mengindikasikan bahwa Ternate telah dihuni atau dikunjungi oleh manusia jauh sebelum itu (Clercq, 1890). Perkembangan peradaban Ternate sendiri tidak lepas dari komoditas rempah-rempah cengkeh ( syzygium aromaticum ) dan pala ( myristica fragrans ), menempatkannya sebagai pusat perdagangan global di abad XIII (Andaya, 1993).",
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"text": "Safrudin Amin, Dewi Apriani Aco, M. Guntur Cobobi : Antara Ritual dan Pengetahuan Lokal: Strategi Mitigasi Erupsi Gunung Gamalama Perspektif Orang Ternate",
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"text": "ETNOREFLIKA: Jurnal Sosial dan Budaya, Vol. 13, No. 1, Februari 2024: 56 – 71 http://journal.fib.uho.ac.id/index.php/etnoreflika | 58",
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"text": "Peradaban yang terbentuk dan berkembang di bawah kaki Gunung Berapi Gamalama telah mengkonstruksi budaya, tradisi dan keseharian orang Ternate yang erat kaitannya dengan entitas gunung tersebut (Bodi, 2019; Cattaneo, 2022; Indriani & Utami, 2023). Sebagai masyarakat yang telah menempati pulau tersebut secara turun-temurun dan telah memiliki pengalaman menghadapi erupsi Gunung Gamalama beberapa kali untuk setiap generasi, masyarakat Ternate telah memiliki sistem mitigasi berbasis kearifan lokal ( local wisdom ) yang diterapkan dari waktu ke waktu. Sistem mitigasi tradisional ini didapatkan oleh masyarakat Ternate sebagai pengetahuan yang diaplikasikan secara praksis ketika terjadi peristiwa bencana letusan maupun yang dipenetrasikan ke dalam bentuk tradisi-tradisi.",
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"text": "Perspektif Orang Ternate dalam menghadapi bencana letusan Gunung Gamalama memiliki keunikan tersendiri karena di satu sisi menerapkan praktik ritual yang sifatnya mistis sementara di sisi lainnya juga menempatkan cara-cara yang dapat diterima sebagai praktik mitigasi selayaknya rekomendasi otoritas sains kontemporer. Seperti dijelaskan oleh Julian Steward dalam Teori Ekologi Budaya, dapat dirujuk bahwa terwujudnya sistem mitigasi bencana perspektif Orang Ternate merupakan perwujudan kompleks yang merepresentasikan interaksi antara manusia dan lingkungan (Steward, 1972). Fenomena ini menunjukkan bagaimana proses adaptasi manusia Ternate dengan lanskap Gunung Berapi Gamalama melahirkan sistem pengetahuan yang berfungsi sebagai suatu sistem mitigasi terhadap ancaman letusan Gunung Gamalama.",
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"text": "METODE PENELITIAN",
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"text": "Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif dengan metode etnografi yang berusaha mengungkap fenomena empirik, konstruksi berpikir, kepercayaan, dan praktik masyarakat tempatan dalam merespon peristiwa letusan Gunung Gamalama. Dengan metodologi etnografi, di mana dalam prosesnya lebih menekankan pada pengetahuan masyarakat yang diteliti. Dalam disiplin ilmu antropologi, metode etnografi adalah metode yang ideal dalam memahami masyarakat dari sudut pandang mereka sendiri tanpa ada bias dari pemahaman peneliti (Campbell & Lasiter, 2014). Secara teknis, pengumpulan data penelitian ini menggunakan teknik wawancara mendalam, observasi, serta studi literatur yang relevan baik teoritis maupun fenomenologis. Selain itu, proses immersion dalam partisipan observasi juga memberikan kemudahan bagi peneliti untuk mendapatkan akses terhadap data dan fakta yang cenderung tersembunyi dalam pikiran informan.",
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"text": "Analisis dilakukan secara kualitatif-deskriptif, mengacu pada metodologi yang digunakan, dimana pada prosesnya sangat bergantung pada interpretasi peneliti terhadap data. Ini melibatkan refleksi mendalam tentang konteks budaya subjek penelitian dan cara subjek tersebut memberikan makna pada",
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"text": "Safrudin Amin, Dewi Apriani Aco, M. Guntur Cobobi : Antara Ritual dan Pengetahuan Lokal: Strategi Mitigasi Erupsi Gunung Gamalama Perspektif Orang Ternate",
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"width": 337,
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"text": "ETNOREFLIKA: Jurnal Sosial dan Budaya, Vol. 13, No. 1, Februari 2024: 56 – 71 http://journal.fib.uho.ac.id/index.php/etnoreflika | 59",
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"left": 85,
"top": 89,
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"height": 77,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "dunia mereka. Dalam hal ini, peneliti harus mempertimbangkan bias mereka sendiri dan berusaha untuk memahami perspektif subjek penelitian secara empatik (Charmaz, 2014). Sebagai proses yang iteratif, peneliti seringkali kembali ke lapangan untuk mengumpulkan data tambahan guna memperbaiki interpretasi berdasarkan analisis awal (Emerson dkk, 2011).",
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"text": "Subjek penelitian ini terdapat di beberapa lokasi, yakni di Kelurahan Togafo, Kelurahan Rua, Kelurahan Loto. Lokasi-lokasi ini merepresentasikan populasi masyarakat tradisional suku Ternate dengan pemahaman budaya leluhur yang masih terjaga. Selain itu, lokasi penelitian ini dipilih karena terdampak langsung ketika terjadi letusan gunung Gamalama. Sementara itu, informan dalam penelitian ini adalah individu yang memiliki pengaruh didalam masyarakat, yakni mereka yang menjabat dalam struktur pemerintahan tradisional Kesultanan Ternate, pemerintah desa, maupun tokoh senior yang dituakan di komunitasnya. Kriteria informan ini ditetapkan dengan alasan pengetahuan serta pengalaman mereka dalam merespon bencana letusan Gunung Gamalama yang terjadi dalam beberapa waktu di generasi mereka.",
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"text": "HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN",
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"width": 178,
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"text": "Perspektif tentang Kie dan Duko",
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"text": "Gunung Gamalama bukan sekedar lanskap geografis yang menjadi ikonik bagi masyarakat tradisional di Ternate, lebih dari itu Gunung Gamalama adalah bagian dari sejarah, budaya dan keseharian Orang Ternate. Gunung berapi aktif dengan tinggi 1.715 mdpl ini menjulang di atas pulau seluas 76 km 2 dengan bentangan luas dari timur ke barat sekitar 10 km dan dari utara ke selatan sekitar 13 km. Secara geologis, Pulau Ternate itu sendiri terbentuk dari batuan vulkanik holosen dari Gunung Gamalama (Pratomo dkk, 2011; Nagu dkk, 2018).",
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"text": "Peran penting Gunung Gamalama tidak saja pada kontribusi geologis pembentukan Pulau Ternate yang didiami oleh penduduk, namun juga sebagai penunjang kehidupan penduduk di pulau tersebut, di mana abu vulkanik Gunung Gamalama menunjang tumbuh suburnya Pala dan Cengkih sebagai komoditas utama pulau (Hizbaron, 2016). Kemunculan peradaban Ternate dan kejayaan Kesultanan Ternate yang berpusat di pulau ini juga tidak lepas dari peran sentral eksistensi Gunung Gamalama, tidak heran, keberadaan gunung ini juga mendapatkan tempat penting bagi kebudayaan dan filosofi keseharian Orang Ternate, dalam hal ini Gunung Gamalama termasuk dalam salah satu dari empat dimensi spiritual Orang Ternate, yakni: Co’óu (Dimensi Ketuhanan) , Kaha (tanah sebagai dimensi asal muasal manusia diciptakan Tuhan) , Kie (dimensi Gunung Gamalama), dan Kolano (dimensi kepemimpinan) (Sjah, 2006) .",
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"text": "Memahami perspektif Orang Ternate terhadap peristiwa letusan Gunung Gamalama secara esensial tidak lengkap tanpa memahami bagaimana mereka menempatkan Gunung Gamalama itu sebagai simbol filosofis kehidupan",
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"text": "mereka, preposisi ini akan mengantarkan kita memahami praktik mitigasi bencana letusan Gunung Gamalama yang diterapkan oleh Orang Ternate, sebab keberadaan Gunung Gamalama itu sendiri di satu sisi telah terpenetrasi dalam berbagai produk budaya Ternate.",
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"text": "Dalam hal memaknai letusan Gunung Gamalama dalam perspektif orang Ternate, terdapat dualisme dalam memandang eksistensi gunung tersebut, dualisme ini menempatkan Gunung Gamalama sebagai entitas mitologis dan entitas materi yang direpresentasikan dalam perspektif Kie dan Duko . Idhar Anwar, Fanyira Takome 1 , mengungkapkan bahwa dualisme ini menempatkan Kie sebagai sebagai simbol kemakmuran dan Duko sebagai bencana yang mengancam.",
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"text": "“Jadi torang bisa bedakan bahwa gunung itu, istilah Bahasa Ternate bilang bahwa gunung itu duko, tara bisa. Kalo gunung (kie) kan ada depe kayu, ada depe rumpu-rumpu, pohon- pohon, itu gunung. Kalo duko, atau gunung Meletus, Bahasa Ternate bilang duko ini kan polote nih, berarti nanti setelah dia Meletus (polote) baru bisa tong bilang itu duko, tara bisa torang bilang kie atau kie gamalama duko, tara bisa.”",
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"text": "Terminologi Kie memiliki pemaknaan yang jauh lebih filosofis, sehingga penyebutannya lebih dikhususkan pada ritus-ritus yang berkaitan dengan kepercayaan orang Ternate, seperti Fere Kie (mendaki gunung) , Kololi Kie (mengelilingi gunung) , Doa Kie (doa gunung) , serta penyebutan yang memiliki esensi sakral seperti Barakat Kie Gamalama (berkat Gunung Gamalama) , Sjach (2006) menulis bahwa Kie merupakan simbol dari kekuasaan, kekuatan, serta kebesaran Allah yang ada pada alam semesta. Sementara itu, terminologi Duko di satu sisi lebih mengarah pada entitas materi yang umum, serta mengacu pada situasi di mana Gunung Gamalama sedang meletus.",
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"text": "Dua terminologi ini penting untuk dilihat sebagai sebuah komprehensifitas dalam memahami perspektif Orang Ternate dalam melihat bencana meletusnya Gunung Gamalama, sebab meskipun masing-masing memiliki interpretasi yang cenderung berbeda, namun berada di dalam satu konvergensi. Komprehensifitas dalam penelitian ini mencoba menghubungkan praktik mitigasi bencana letusan Gunung Gamalama dalam perspektif Kie yang dimanifestasikan dalam bentuk ritual-ritual maupun kepercayaan yang melingkupi peristiwa letusan Gunung Gamalama, serta perspektif Duko yang termanifestasikan dalam praktik mitigasi bencana tradisional praksis, kontemporer, maupun yang dapat diterima oleh otoritas sains.",
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"text": "Mitigasi Berbasis Ritual",
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"text": "Ritual adalah serangkaian tindakan atau upacara yang dijalankan berdasarkan norma-norma sosial, budaya, atau agama yang telah ditetapkan, yang melibatkan penggunaan simbolisme dan makna simbolis dalam rangka",
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"text": "1 Jabatan eksekutif setingkat distrik dalam struktur Kesultanan Ternate",
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"text": "Safrudin Amin, Dewi Apriani Aco, M. Guntur Cobobi : Antara Ritual dan Pengetahuan Lokal: Strategi Mitigasi Erupsi Gunung Gamalama Perspektif Orang Ternate",
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"text": "ETNOREFLIKA: Jurnal Sosial dan Budaya, Vol. 13, No. 1, Februari 2024: 56 – 71 http://journal.fib.uho.ac.id/index.php/etnoreflika | 61",
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"text": "mencapai tujuan tertentu, seperti penyampaian penghormatan kepada entitas spiritual, perayaan peristiwa penting, atau penciptaan persatuan dalam sebuah kelompok sosial (Helland & Kienzl, 2021; Hicks, 2010; Westmann, 2011). Ritual dapat dilakukan oleh individu, kelompok, atau komunitas, dan sering kali berulang dalam frekuensi tertentu (Hoskins, 2015). Dalam kepercayaan orang Ternate, ritual adalah keharusan spiritual yang tidak lepas dari perwujudan Adat se Atorang (adat dan aturan), salah satu entitas sakral yang menjadi objek ritual adalah Gunung Gamalama, hal ini tidak terlepas dari terminologi Kie yang disimbolkan sebagai kuasa Tuhan dengan segala berkat yang diturunkan melalui eksistensinya.",
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"text": "Beberapa ritual dengan objek Gunung Gamalama yang secara berkala dilakukan oleh Orang Ternate adalah:",
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"text": "Ritual Kololi Kie",
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"text": "Secara etimologi “ kololi kie ” berarti “ m engelilingi Gunung Gamalama“, ritual ini dilakukan pada saat-saat tertentu. Ada dua bentuk ritual mengelilingi gunung yang dilakukan, yakni melalui laut ( kololi kie mote ngolo) dan melalui darat ( kololi kie toma nyiha ), keduanya memiliki esensi yang sama. Di era modern, ritual ini seringkali dilakukan pada saat haul Sultan Ternate Mudhaffar Syah yang merupakan bagian dari rangkaian Festival Legu Gam , namun belakangan, sepeninggal sultan, festival tersebut sudah jarang diselenggarakan secara tahunan.",
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"text": "Menurut Djafar dan Thaib (2011), ritual ini adalah bagian dari cara Orang Ternate meminta perlindungan dari Tuhan agar dapat dihindarkan dari segala bencana dan marabahaya, termasuk juga marabahaya yang datang dari Kie Gamalama yang mereka sakralkan eksistensinya. Yanuardi (2014) menulis, beberapa tujuan dari ritual kololi kie di antaranya adalah meminta perlindungan dari bahaya letusan Gunung Gamalama, menghilangkan ketakutan dari potensi letusan Gunung Gamalama yang sewaktu-waktu dapat mengalami erupsi, serta meminta kepada Yang Maha Kuasa untuk menghentikan letusan Gunung Gamalama apabila letusan sedang terjadi. Dari sini disimpulkan bahwa ritual kololi kie dapat memiliki esensi mencegah (pra) dan mengatasi (pasca) letusan Gunung Gamalama, dari segi mitigasi berbasis ritual.",
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"text": "Ritual Fere Kie",
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"text": "Ritual fere kie masih merupakan satu rangkaian dalam rangka Kololi Kie , bedanya jika kololi kie dilakukan hanya dengan mengelilingi kaki Gunung Gamalama melalui laut dan darat, ritual fere kie dilakukan dengan mendaki hingga ke puncak Gunung Gamalama (Hasim & Nur, 2021). Ritual fere kie dipimpin oleh Bobato Akhirat 2 dan Kapita Kie 3 .",
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"text": "2 Kelompok pejabat struktural Kesultanan Ternate yang mengurusi masalah keagamaan.",
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"text": "3 Salah satu jabatan panglima perang dalam Kesultanan Ternate.",
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"text": "Safrudin Amin, Dewi Apriani Aco, M. Guntur Cobobi : Antara Ritual dan Pengetahuan Lokal: Strategi Mitigasi Erupsi Gunung Gamalama Perspektif Orang Ternate",
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"text": "ETNOREFLIKA: Jurnal Sosial dan Budaya, Vol. 13, No. 1, Februari 2024: 56 – 71 http://journal.fib.uho.ac.id/index.php/etnoreflika | 62",
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"text": "Dalam pelaksanaannya, ritual fere kie dimulai dari Keraton Kesultanan Ternate setelah pelepasan dan berdoa di pagi hari, perjalanan mendaki puncak Gunung Gamalama yang ditempuh kurang-lebih selama enam jam pun dimulai secara hikmat. Dalam perjalanannya, diisi dengan ziarah di lokasi-lokasi yang dikeramatkan ( jere ), beberapa lokasi yang dikeramatkan seperti makam Sheikh Jaffar Shadiq dan istrinya Nur Syifa pun turut diziarahi. Pada saat ziarah, dibacakan beberapa doa, yakni doa asmih , doa taiyib, doa Syekh Abdul Qadir Jailani, doa kie , doa untuk para aulia dan para wali dalam agama Islam, serta doa menolak bencana ( tolak bala ) (Muslim, 2019).",
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"left": 85,
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"text": "Prosesi ritual fere kie selain menjadi tradisi yang kental dengan nuansa budaya Islam yang lazim ditemui dalam beberapa kebudayaan nusantara yang mensakralkan tempat-tempat tertentu, juga tersisipkan agenda penting, yakni doa memohon keselamatan ( tolak bala ). Orang Ternate menyadari bahwa Gunung Gamalama, selain memberikan berkat untuk masyarakat Ternate melalui kesuburan tanahnya, juga menyimpan potensi marabahaya dari letusannya yang sewaktu-waktu terjadi. Oleh karena itu, prosesi adat fere kie juga dilakukan sebagai salah satu cara mencegah letusan Gunung Gamalama (Song, 2020; Indriani & Utami, 2023).",
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"text": "Doa Kie",
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"text": "Doa kie merupakan salah satu doa yang dihaturkan dalam berbagai ritual yang dilakukan oleh Orang Ternate, seperti pada ritual kololi kie dan ritual fere kie . Tidak ada referensi historis yang menerangkan awal mula keberadaan doa kie , namun dikatakan bahwa doa kie merupakan satu dari empat doa yang menjadi pegangan mancia himo-himo Tarnate (orang-orang tua/pendahulu Ternate). Doa yang pertama adalah doa asmih , yakni doa mencari rezeki di darat; doa yang kedua adalah doa tayyib (doa mencari rezeki di laut); doa yang ketiga adalah doa Abdul Qadir Zaelani, yaitu mencari tarekat guna membuka jalan mengenal Allah. Doa yang terakhir (keempat) adalah doa kie , yang secara substansi berisi ungkapan syukur atas karunia Allah yang diberikan kepada manusia agar mencapai keselamatan, kemaslahatan serta kemuliaan di dunia dan akhirat. 4",
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"text": "Indra, Soangare 5 Kesultanan Ternate, mempertegas sakralitas doa kie yang sangat dijunjung dalam Orang Ternate:",
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"text": "“ Karena Cuma torang di sini yang ada doa kie, doa untuk gunung, di negeri lain tarada . Doa untuk gunung sebenarnya berisi semua permohonan, doa pada para wali, para pemimpin, doa memohon keselamatan ”",
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"text": "4 Sjach, loc.cit.",
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"text": "5 Soangare merupakan sebutan bagi masyarakat adat yang loyal terhadap kesultanan dan budaya Ternate.",
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"text": "Safrudin Amin, Dewi Apriani Aco, M. Guntur Cobobi : Antara Ritual dan Pengetahuan Lokal: Strategi Mitigasi Erupsi Gunung Gamalama Perspektif Orang Ternate",
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"text": "ETNOREFLIKA: Jurnal Sosial dan Budaya, Vol. 13, No. 1, Februari 2024: 56 – 71 http://journal.fib.uho.ac.id/index.php/etnoreflika | 63",
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"text": "Pentingnya doa kie dikarenakan di dalamnya berisi banyak bait yang melingkupi keseluruhan esensi kepercayaan orang Ternate. Lebih lanjut, ungkapan kesyukuran dalam doa kie tidak terpisahkan dari visi integral agar karunia yang diberikan oleh Yang Maha Kuasa tidak menjelma menjadi mara bahaya yang mengancam keselamatan.",
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"text": "Praktik ritual dalam kebudayaan Orang Ternate dengan objek material Gunung Gamalama secara faktual menunjukkan keterkaitan erat dengan potensi bahaya yang diakibatkan oleh letusan Gunung Gamalama. Ritual-ritual ini pada dasarnya juga integral dengan permohonan perlindungan kepada Yang Maha Kuasa dari potensi bahaya tersebut. Ritual seperti kololi kie untuk mengisi kebutuhan biologis manusia dalam menghadapi rasa takut terhadap ancaman letusan Gunung Gamalama merupakan justifikasi yang logis. 6",
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"text": "Dalam praktik mitigasi, ritual-ritual ini memiliki kaitan erat dengan kesadaran kongkrit masyarakat terhadap potensi datangnya bencana, sehingga secara terus-menerus dapat memupuk sikap kesadaran untuk selalu waspada ( awareness ). Ritual-ritual adat dengan objek material pada sumber bencana atau suatu potensi bencana, secara prinsipnya merupakan bagian dari masyarakat tradisional mempraktikkan langkah mitigasi dan bentuk resiliensi mereka terhadap peristiwa bencana yang telah terjadi sejak lama, ini merupakan proses belajar yang diturunkan dari generasi ke generasi (Bhandari dkk, 2010).",
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"text": "Dalam hal ritual-ritual yang dilakukan oleh Orang Ternate dengan objek material Gunung Gamalama, memiliki keterkaitan langsung dan tidak langsung dalam hal praktek mitigasi.",
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"text": "1. Keterkaitan langsung, yakni dari aspek kesiapsiagaan. Tradisi kololi kie yang dilaksanakan secara berkala adalah bentuk inspeksi keseluruhan Pulau Ternate oleh otoritas kesultanan. Apabila ada hal yang tidak sesuai maka akan ditindaklanjuti, termasuk jika menemukan tanda-tanda alam akan terjadinya peristiwa bencana letusan Gunung Gamalama;",
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"text": "2. Keterkaitan tidak langsung, yakni dari aspek pendidikan dan kesadaran, kesiapan mental, penguatan jejaring komunitas, serta mobilisasi sumber daya yang ada agar senantiasa siap sedia menghadapi situasi bencana. Aisyah (2022) menulis, mitigasi berbasis kultural yang terkandung dalam ritual dengan objek pada material potensi bencana pada dasarnya telah memberikan petunjuk yang ditransmisikan dari generasi ke generasi, bagaimana manusia mempersiapkan diri dari berbagai potensi bencana yang ada di wilayahnya, ini relevan dengan apa yang dilakukan oleh Orang Ternate.",
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"text": "6 Syukur, loc.cit.",
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"text": "Safrudin Amin, Dewi Apriani Aco, M. Guntur Cobobi : Antara Ritual dan Pengetahuan Lokal: Strategi Mitigasi Erupsi Gunung Gamalama Perspektif Orang Ternate",
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"text": "ETNOREFLIKA: Jurnal Sosial dan Budaya, Vol. 13, No. 1, Februari 2024: 56 – 71 http://journal.fib.uho.ac.id/index.php/etnoreflika | 64",
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"text": "Mitigasi bencana yang berbasis kultural seperti yang tercermin dalam ritual-ritual ini memiliki nilai tambah karena mereka menggabungkan pengetahuan lokal dan warisan budaya dengan pemahaman ilmiah tentang potensi bencana. Ini membantu memastikan bahwa masyarakat memiliki pengetahuan yang diperlukan untuk bertahan dalam menghadapi ancaman letusan Gunung Gamalama dan potensi dampaknya. Selain itu, ritual-ritual ini berfungsi sebagai alat penting dalam pengawasan dan peringatan dini ( early warning system ), sehingga dapat meminimalkan risiko bagi masyarakat Ternate.",
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"text": "Mitigasi Berbasis Pengetahuan Lokal",
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"text": "Keunikan Orang Ternate dalam mempersepsikan potensi bencana letusan Gunung Gamalama terletak pada pengintegrasian strategi mitigasi yang berbasis pada warisan turun-temurun dan dipraktekkan secara simbolik pada ritual- ritual adat, kedua lini strategi mitigasi ini berjalan secara paralel dan menjadi bagian dari pengetahuan lokal ( local knowledge ) yang masih dipertahankan hingga hari ini. Frederick Barth (2002) menulis bahwa sistem pengetahuan, utamanya pengetahuan lokal mempengaruhi bagaimana cara manusia memahami dan merespon dunia. Dalam konteks ini, Orang Ternate telah mengembangkan suatu sistem mitigasi yang didapatkan dari proses adaptasi yang panjang, pemahaman mendalam, pengetahuan pola cuaca, ekologi dan perilaku alam serta ekosistem di lanskap yang mereka tempati, sehingga terformulasikan pengetahuan lokal tentang mitigasi bencana yang menjadi pedoman mereka dari waktu ke waktu.",
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"text": "Penelitian ini menemukan, setidak-tidaknya ada tiga fase mitigasi yang bersumber dari pengetahuan lokal masyarakat tradisional Ternate dalam menghadapi potensi letusan Gunung Gamalama, yakni fase pra letusan yang berkaitan dengan kesiapsiagaan. Fase tanggap yang berkaitan dengan apa yang mesti dilakukan ketika terjadi peristiwa letusan. Fase pasca letusan yang berkaitan dengan rekonsiliasi kembali keberlanjutan hidup masyarakat setelah peristiwa letusan.",
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"text": "Secara umum fase ini dapat dikategorikan dalam tahap kesiapsiagaan dalam manajemen bencana yang berlaku universal. Pada Orang Ternate, fase ini ditandai dengan membaca tanda-tanda alam, baik secara fisik lingkungan maupun perubahan perilaku hewan. Mengutip Setyawati dkk (2015), membaca perubahan fisik lingkungan dan perubahan perilaku hewan disebut sebagai semiotika fizikal dan semiotika faunal.",
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"text": "Adapun tanda-tanda fisik lingkungan yang diamati adalah adalah perubahan abnormal pada Danau Tolire Besar dan Danau Tolire Kecil, dua buah danau yang terletak di antara Kelurahan Loto dan Takome. Informan Idhar Anwar mendeskripsikan tanda-tanda ini diamati. Pada Danau Tolire Besar akan",
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"text": "Safrudin Amin, Dewi Apriani Aco, M. Guntur Cobobi : Antara Ritual dan Pengetahuan Lokal: Strategi Mitigasi Erupsi Gunung Gamalama Perspektif Orang Ternate",
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"text": "ETNOREFLIKA: Jurnal Sosial dan Budaya, Vol. 13, No. 1, Februari 2024: 56 – 71 http://journal.fib.uho.ac.id/index.php/etnoreflika | 65",
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"text": "terjadi perubahan warna air yang tidak biasa, biasanya air di Danau Tolire Besar yang berwarna hijau berubah menjadi merah atau jingga. Sementara pada Danau Tolire Kecil akan muncul gelembung seperti air mendidih. Biasanya tanda-tanda ini muncul satu atau dua minggu sebelum peristiwa letusan. Selain itu, akan muncul gelembung di antara celah batu karang, orang Ternate menyebutnya tulfugu . Tanda-tanda lainnya dari aspek fisik lingkungan adalah perubahan suhu yang drastis, seperti disampaikan oleh Informan H. Labojo Bajo, Mantan Kepala Desa Togafo, perubahan suhu yang dirasakan bukan berasal dari terik matahari, tetapi datang dari dalam tanah, menandakan bahwa aktivitas vulkanik Gunung Gamalama sedang meningkat.",
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"text": "Sementara itu tanda-tanda perubahan perilaku hewan dapat dilihat dari turunnya hewan-hewan yang hidup di lereng Gunung Gamalama ke pemukiman. Informan Syafii Abas, tetua kampung di Kelurahan Rua, memaparkan jika ada hewan-hewan yang jarang ditemui di pemukiman akan muncul dalam jumlah yang banyak di perkampungan, sekitar satu minggu sebelum terjadinya peristiwa letusan, hewan-hewan tersebut antara lain adalah soho (babi hutan), kuso (kuskus), dan ngako-ngako (kupu-kupu berukuran kecil).",
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"text": "Jika tanda-tanda fisik lingkungan dan perubahan perilaku hewan tersebut sudah mulai diamati dan dirasakan, maka masyarakat mulai diarahkan untuk bersiap-siaga. Informan Idhar Anwar yang memangku jabatan sebagai fanyira diminta untuk segera menyampaikan kepada tutaro untuk segera mengamankan ternaknya, anak-anak kecil agar tidak dibiarkan bermain jauh dari rumah atau pengawasan orangtuanya, melakukan jahe sum (menutup lubang sumur), tidak mencuci pakaian, tidak pergi ke kebun yang dekat dengan puncak/kawah Gunung Gamalama, menghentikan aktivitas pertambangan batu di aliran sungai yang dilalui banjir lahar, hingga menutup jendela agar tidak dimasuki abu vulkanik.",
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"text": "Fase Tanggap",
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"text": "Fase ini berlangsung ketika erupsi Gunung Gamalama terjadi. Pada fase tanggap kebanyakan diisi dengan proses evakuasi untuk menjauhi kawasan yang dianggap memiliki potensi bahaya yang tinggi. Hal pertama yang menjadi respon masyarakat pada saat peristiwa letusan adalah tidak berada dalam situasi panik. Hal ini dikarenakan kesiapsiagaan yang telah ditanamkan sebelumnya, dengan membaca tanda alam. Mereka tahu bahwa cepat atau lambat Gunung Gamalama akan Meletus. Dengan demikian, mereka sudah menyiapkan diri untuk menghadapi situasi tersebut. Selain itu, pengalaman berulang dalam menghadapi peristiwa letusan sudah menjadi gambaran seberapa besar skala letusan, sehingga ketidakpanikan menjadi kunci yang efektif dalam menjalankan proses evakuasi ke tempat aman.",
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"text": "Dalam pengetahuan Orang Ternate, telah terdapat alur proses evakuasi yang dipraktekkan secara turun-temurun sebagai warisan leluhur, jika terjadi",
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"text": "Safrudin Amin, Dewi Apriani Aco, M. Guntur Cobobi : Antara Ritual dan Pengetahuan Lokal: Strategi Mitigasi Erupsi Gunung Gamalama Perspektif Orang Ternate",
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"text": "ETNOREFLIKA: Jurnal Sosial dan Budaya, Vol. 13, No. 1, Februari 2024: 56 – 71 http://journal.fib.uho.ac.id/index.php/etnoreflika | 66",
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"text": "suatu peristiwa yang mengancam, masyarakat telah memiliki tempat di mana ia harus menyelamatkan diri, termasuk ketika terjadi letusan Gunung Gamalama. Seperti penjelasan Informan Hi. Labojo Bajo berikut:",
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"text": "“Jadi waktu itu saya, dampingi pak lurah, itu dong dari Bina Warga, dong tanya, pak itu kalo sebenarnya itu kalo daerah yang dilanda musibah, harus kita ungsi ke daerah yang aman, cari tempat yang aman untuk mengungsi, kok di sini hanya mengungsi ke ujung kampung, bingung. Jadi pak, begini, kita berpedoman pada sejarah orang tua-tua, kan di ujung kampong itu yang nama Marimbati, itu himbauan orang tua-tua, bila terjadi apa saja, banjir, gunung Meletus, itu orang tua-tua selalu teriak eeh cepat lewat jembatan. Pake Bahasa daerah, capat palisi dodoku. Lewat jembatan aman.”",
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"text": "Wilayah evakuasi yang disebutkan oleh Hi. Labojo Bajo di seberang jembatan adalah punggungan bukit yang cukup tinggi dengan topografi yang agak menjorok ke laut yang terlihat seperti tumpukan bukit batu, sehingga dinamakan marimbati (batas batu), lokasi ini memang terlihat cukup aman dan terlindungi, sehingga otoritas bencana pun membangun petunjuk arah jalur Evakuasi menuju ke tempat tersebut sebagai tempat evakuasi sementara.",
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"text": "Fase Pasca Letusan",
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"text": "Tindakan mitigasi yang dilakukan oleh Orang Ternate pada fase pasca letusan adalah memastikan apakah letusan benar-benar sudah berakhir ataukah masih ada kemungkinan akan terjadi rangkaian letusan dengan hujan abu vulkanik yang masih signifikan. Umumnya, letusan Gunung Gamalama dapat dinyatakan selesai apabila hujan abu vulkanik berhenti dan puncak Gunung Gamalama hanya terlihat mengeluarkan asap putih tipis atau tidak sama sekali.",
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"text": "Pada fase pasca letusan ini, Orang Ternate yang terdampak letusan Gunung Gamalama akan melakukan bersih-bersih rumah dan lingkungan mereka masing-masing dari abu vulkanik. Jika skala letusannya besar maka mereka akan melakukan bari , gotong royong membersihkan lingkungan secara bersama-sama. Biasanya dalam kegiatan bari ini juga dilaksanakan ritual sigofi gam , yakni ritual yang bertujuan mengusir anasir-anasir jahat yang dipercaya datang karena kelalaian mereka menjaga kampung mereka. Orang Ternate percaya bahwa dalam setiap peristiwa bencana, terlebih letusan Gunung Gamalama merupakan teguran dari Tuhan karena ada sesuatu yang menyimpang dari nilai dan norma yang semestinya mereka junjung.",
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"text": "Pada orang Ternate, proses yang terjadi pada fase pasca letusan Gunung Gamalama ini adalah momentum integrasi sosial, memicu kesadaran kolektif untuk mengelaborasi kembali kelangsungan nilai dan norma di dalam masyarakat, ritual sigofi gam adalah representasi dari momentum elaboratif tersebut.",
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"text": "Korelasi Ritual dan Pengetahuan Lokal",
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"text": "Penelitian ini mengungkap bagaimana korelasi antara ritual dan pengetahuan lokal berkontribusi pada terbentuknya pola strategi mitigasi",
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"text": "Safrudin Amin, Dewi Apriani Aco, M. Guntur Cobobi : Antara Ritual dan Pengetahuan Lokal: Strategi Mitigasi Erupsi Gunung Gamalama Perspektif Orang Ternate",
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"text": "ETNOREFLIKA: Jurnal Sosial dan Budaya, Vol. 13, No. 1, Februari 2024: 56 – 71 http://journal.fib.uho.ac.id/index.php/etnoreflika | 67",
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"text": "letusan Gunung Gamalama yang dipraktikkan oleh Orang Ternate dari generasi ke generasi. Meski secara fundamental, nilai filosofis pada praktik ritual dengan objek material Gunung Gamalama ditujukan secara lebih holistik, namun terdapat korelasi yang tidak terhindarkan antara fakta bahwa Gunung Gamalama menyimpan potensi bencana letusan dengan bagian-bagian pada praktik ritual yang meminta keselamatan dari potensi bahaya tersebut.",
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"text": "Lingkungan fisik Pulau Ternate yang hampir seluruhnya terbentuk dari lanskap Gunung Gamalama secara utuh telah mendorong bagaimana cara Orang Ternate beradaptasi secara ekologis, kemudian memanifestasikannya dalam bentuk produk-produk budayanya, termasuk cara pandang mereka terhadap keberadaan Gunung Gamalama itu sendiri. Gunung Gamalama telah menjadi fitur yang disakralkan eksistensinya, sehingga keberadaannya tidak saja mendapatkan posisi simbolis tertentu, tetapi juga sebagai pengingat bahwa bentang vulkanis tersebut memiliki potensi bahaya yang ditransmisikan dari generasi ke generasi. Konklusi ini konsisten dengan perspektif informan Syafii Abbas yang mengatakan sebagai berikut:",
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"text": "“Gunung Gamalama ini berdasarkan cerita orang tua -tua, dorang bilang punya nyawa, seperti makhluk, jadi dia bisa menegur torang kapan saja, bisa dengan Meletus, itulah kenapa torang harus berbuat sesuai ajaran agama, torang hormati gunung ini sebagai ciptaan Allah, torang kololi kie keliling gunung ini supaya ada kedekatan torang dengan gunung, kalo torang dekat maka torang akan dapat ibarat dari gunung, kalau-kalau ada bahaya, torang so bisa persiapan.”",
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"text": "Pandangan informan dalam penelitian ini membuka diskursus bahwa ritual-ritual dengan objek material Gunung Gamalama bukan hanya sebatas ekspresi kepercayaan spiritual, tetapi juga mencerminkan pengetahuan mendalam tentang alam. Kedekatan dengan alam sebagai perwujudan kedekatan dengan Tuhan merupakan pondasi Orang Ternate menjalankan peradabannya. Dalam aspek mitigasi, dinamika ini berkontribusi besar terhadap transfer pengetahuan potensi bencana, terlebih erupsi Gunung Gamalama belum tentu terjadi di setiap generasi. Namun ritual dan konstruksi pengetahuan lokal terus ditransmisikan setiap saat pada setiap generasi, ini menjadi pokok penting dalam mempersiapkan masyarakat tanggap bencana yang selalu siaga dengan strategi mitigasinya.",
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"text": "Korelasi antara praktik ritual yang kemudian menjadi pengetahuan lokal tanggap bencana. Salah satunya tercermin pada rangkaian prosesi ritual kololi kie mote ngolo (keliling gunung melalui laut), yakni ketika melakukan gerakan thawaf (memutar) di situs-situs tertentu. Pada momentum ini, Orang Ternate dibekali pengetahuan untuk memantau celah-celah bebatuan karang yang dinamakan tulfugu . Jika terdapat gelembung udara yang naik dari celah-celah tulfugu maka itu artinya terjadi anomali yang merupakan salah satu tanda-tanda alam akan datangnya bahaya. Informan Idhar Anwar mengatakan:",
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"text": "Safrudin Amin, Dewi Apriani Aco, M. Guntur Cobobi : Antara Ritual dan Pengetahuan Lokal: Strategi Mitigasi Erupsi Gunung Gamalama Perspektif Orang Ternate",
"type": "Page header"
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"left": 176,
"top": 763,
"width": 337,
"height": 27,
"page_number": 13,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "ETNOREFLIKA: Jurnal Sosial dan Budaya, Vol. 13, No. 1, Februari 2024: 56 – 71 http://journal.fib.uho.ac.id/index.php/etnoreflika | 68",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
"left": 108,
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"width": 405,
"height": 141,
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"text": "“Kan kamarin rame -rame, tanda-tanda tsunami (2004 di Aceh), Ou ini so parentah, pi kololi (kie) bawa nasi kuning di ini, di ini, di mana titik-titik yang beliau tahu bahwa negeri ini kan punya ini di sini. Samua ke pante, karena tsunaminya kan di pante. Kalo Bahasa tsunami kan dulu orang tua-tua sebut taufan fere. Gunung pica dalam laut ini, taufan fere ini kan gunung pica dalam laut ini, kalo gunung pica dalam laut, orang Ternate bilang Tulufugu, ini kan di karang-karang tarada. Jadi jauh sebelum tsunami di Aceh, Ou suruh orang pigi pasang depe ini-ini supaya jangan terjadi di Ternate. Rupanya Ou sudah berkomunikasi dengan tanda-tanda tadi, lalu melakukan Tindakan mencegah.”",
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"text": "Penelitian ini juga mengungkap bahwa pengetahuan Orang Ternate terhadap peristiwa letusan Gunung Gamalama telah jauh lebih komprehensif karena mencakup pengetahuan terhadap letusan Gunung di bawah laut. Selain itu juga mendeskripsikan peninggalan letusan, seperti bebatuan lava di Batu Angus yang berada di Kelurahan Kulaba berbeda dengan bebatuan lava di Kelurahan Takome yang dinamakan duko mano mago’ówa , yang dikatakan sebagai bebatuan lava hasil letusan bawah laut, karena berbeda tingkat kepadatannya. Dari sini disimpulkan, bahwa ritual dan pengetahuan lokal Orang Ternate seringkali dikaitkan dengan pengamatan tanda-tanda alam, yang menjadi bagian dari sistem peringatan dini dan kesiapan terhadap bencana. Dengan demikian, praktik ritual dan pengetahuan lokal Orang Ternate bersinergi, memberikan pendekatan holistik dalam menghadapi dan mengurangi risiko bencana alam, khususnya letusan gunung berapi Gamalama.",
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"text": "KESIMPULAN",
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"text": "Sejarah dan kebudayaan masyarakat Ternate telah lama menyatu dengan dinamika Gunung Gamalama. Kearifan lokal yang berakar kuat dalam tradisi dan diwariskan dari generasi ke generasi, telah menjadi alat adaptasi yang kritis dalam menghadapi letusan dan bencana lainnya. Lokasi evakuasi tradisional seperti Marimbati, pemahaman tanda-tanda alam, serta keterlibatan aktif dalam ritual spiritual, semua mencerminkan bagaimana masyarakat telah beradaptasi dengan lingkungan mereka yang dinamis.",
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"text": "Era modern membawa serangkaian metode baru dalam mitigasi bencana. Dengan memadukan kearifan tradisional dengan pendekatan modern, ada potensi untuk menciptakan strategi yang lebih resilien dan adaptif. Hegemoni kesultanan, dengan posisinya yang kuat dalam masyarakat, bisa memainkan peran penting dalam menjembatani kesenjangan antara pendekatan lama dan baru, memastikan bahwa masyarakat tetap dilindungi sambil memanfaatkan inovasi terbaru.",
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"text": "Praktik ritual dan pengetahuan lokal Orang Ternate dalam menghadapi bencana letusan Gunung Gamalama memberikan pelajaran berharga. Dalam era",
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"text": "Safrudin Amin, Dewi Apriani Aco, M. Guntur Cobobi : Antara Ritual dan Pengetahuan Lokal: Strategi Mitigasi Erupsi Gunung Gamalama Perspektif Orang Ternate",
"type": "Page header"
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"left": 176,
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"width": 337,
"height": 27,
"page_number": 14,
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"text": "ETNOREFLIKA: Jurnal Sosial dan Budaya, Vol. 13, No. 1, Februari 2024: 56 – 71 http://journal.fib.uho.ac.id/index.php/etnoreflika | 69",
"type": "Page footer"
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"text": "globalisasi yang penuh dengan tantangan, menggabungkan kekuatan tradisi dengan inovasi modern bisa menjadi kunci keberhasilan.",
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"text": "Sebagai penutup, penggabungan kearifan lokal Ternate dengan pendekatan modern menawarkan model yang menjanjikan untuk mitigasi bencana. Dengan memahami masa lalu dan memanfaatkannya untuk menghadapi tantangan masa depan, masyarakat dapat membangun fondasi yang kuat untuk keberlanjutan dan ketahanan dalam menghadapi bencana alam. Kesultanan, dengan perannya yang hegemonik, berada di garis depan upaya ini, menggabungkan tradisi dan inovasi demi keamanan dan kesejahteraan masyarakat.",
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"text": "DAFTAR PUSTAKA",
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74362e04-bf70-3b59-caa9-8e8950ba85af | https://journal.ipm2kpe.or.id/index.php/ALIGNMENT/article/download/8215/4934 | [
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"text": "ALIGNMENT : Journal of Administration and Educational Management Volume 6, Nomor 2, Juli – Desember 2023 e-ISSN : 2598-5159 p-ISSN : 2598-0742 DOI : 10.31539/alignment.v6i2.8215",
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"text": "IMPLEMENTASI MANAJEMEN SUMBER DAYA MANUSIA DALAM MENINGKATKAN KUALITAS LAYANAN PENDIDIKAN DI SDIT ASH- SHIDDIIQI",
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"text": "Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui proses implementasi manajemen SDM dalam meningkatkan kualitas layanan pendidikan di SDIT Ash-Shiddiiqi. Penelitian ini menggunaka metode pendekatan deskriptif kualitatif. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan untuk mendapatkan data yang valid yaitu melalui observasi, wawancara dan dokumentasi yang diambil langsung dari para informan yaitu kepala sekolah dan guru SDIT Ash-Shiddiiqi. Adapun teknik analisis data yang digunakan yaitu melalui reduksi data, penyajian data dan penarikan kesimpulan dan verifikasi. Hasil penelitian ini implementasi manajemen dalam meningkatkan kualitas pendidikan berjalan baik dan cukup memadai, implementasi manajemen SDM melalui beberapa tahap : Melakukan proses perencanaan sumber daya manusia yang efektif; Melakukan perekrutan secara eksternal lewat dinas pendidikan dan internal perekrutan serta seleksi untuk tenaga tambahan seperti guru honorer; Menempatkan karyawan sesuai minat dan bakat; Mengadakan pelatihan agar keterampilan guru dan karyawan semakin meningkat; Melakukan penilain kinerja dalam jangka waktu satu semester; Memberikan apresiasi berupa kompensasi dan bonus sesuai dengan jabatan dan kualifikasinya; Melakukan Pemutusan hubungan kerja sesuai dengan kesepakatan bersama. Simpulan, “implementasi manajemen sumber daya manusia di SDIT Ash Shiddiiqi kota Jambi telah dapat meningkatkan kualitas layanan pendidikan Kata Kunci : Manajemen Sumber daya Manusia dan Kualitas Pendidikan",
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"text": "This research aims the process of implementing HR management improves the quality of educational services at SDIT Ash-Shiddiiqi. This research uses a qualitative approach method. The data collection technique used to obtain valid data is through observation, interviews and documentation taken directly from informants, namely the principal and teachers of SDIT Ash-Shiddiiqi. The data analysis techniques used are through data reduction, data presentation and drawing conclusions and verification. The results of this research are that the implementation of management in improving the quality of education is going well and is quite adequate, the implementation of HR management goes through several stages : carrying out an effective human resource planning process, carry out external recruitment through the education office and internal recruitment and selection for additional staff such as honorary teachers, placing employees according to interests and talents, holding training so that the skills of teachers and employees increase, carrying out performance assessments within one semester, provide appreciation in the form of compensation and bonuses according to position and qualifications, terminate employment relations in accordance with mutual agreement. In",
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"text": "2023. ALIGNMENT: Journal of Administration and Educational Management 6(2): 383-389",
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"text": "conclusion, \"implementation of human resource management at SDIT Ash Shiddiiqi, Jambi city has improved the quality of educational services. Keywords: Human Resource Management and Education Quality Keywords: Human Resource Management and Education Quality",
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"text": "Kualitas layanan tmerupakan hal yang paling penting dan utama pada industri atau usaha yang bergerak di bidang jasa. Oleh karena itu menjaga dan meningkatkan kualitas layanan mendapat banyak perhatian terlebih di bidang pendidikan (Sibai et al., 2021). Pada dasarnya kualitas layanan mengacu pada keseluruhan penilaian dari pelanggan terhadap berbagai komponen atau atribut yang ada dalam perusahaan jasa dengan membandingkan antara harapan dan kinerja aktual mereka (Hamzah et al., 2017).",
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"text": "Dari sekian banyak industri atau usaha yang bergerak dibidang jasa, maka segmen pendidikan yang paling diharapkan untuk dapat melaksanakan kinerja yang mendukung layanan berkualitas. Hefferna dalam Mulyono berpandangan bahwa memberikan pelayanan dan kualitas terbaik merupakan kunci sukses dalam mempertahankan persaingan lembaga pendidikan yang ada (Mulyono et al., 2020). Kualitas sekolah tidak hanya tergantung kepada kebijakan nasional dan kebijakan sekolah, namun budaya sekolah mampu membentuk tradisi dan ciri khas dari setiap sekolah itu sendiri. Budaya sekolah merupakan nilai, tradisi dan kebijakan sekolah yang dipraktekan oleh semua civitas sekolah (Triwijayanti et al., 2022).",
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"text": "Budaya yang baik dari sekolah atau lembaga pendidikan dapat meningkatkan kualitas layanan sekolah dan secara langsung berdampak kepada kualitas siswa. Hal ini secara tidak langsung merupakan aspek yang dapat menjadi keunggulan dari setiap sekolah dengan ciri khas dan tradisi masing-masing Lembaga Pendidikan (Triwijayanti et al., 2022). Saat ini persaingan antar sekolah/lembaga swasta sangat tinggi, sehingga kepuasan siswa harus diprioritaskan oleh sekolah/lembaga tersebut. Untuk menarik siswa baru dan mempertahankan siswa yang sudah ada menjadi tujuan yang mendesak bagi banyak orang. Kualitas layanan memiliki peran besar bagi berbagai institusi sebagai cara mempertahankan jumlah siswa dengan merebut pasar pendidikan (Huda & Erihadiana, 2021).",
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"text": "Oleh karena itu institusi pendidikan yang bertujuan memperoleh keunggulan kompetitif di masa perlu menemukan cara yang efektif dan kreatif untuk menarik, memelihara dan membina hubungan yang lebih kuat dengan siswa (Najamuddin, 2022). Lima dimensi kualitas layanan yang bergantung pada pelanggan untuk membentuk penilaian mereka terhadap kualitas layanan yang dirasakan adalah: ( Assurance ), pengetahuan dan kesopanan karyawan serta kemampuan mereka untuk menyampaikan kepercayaan dan keyakinan; (Empati), kepedulian, perhatian individual yang diberikan kepada pelanggan; (Keandalan), kemampuan untuk melaksanakan layanan yang dijanjikan dengan andal dan akurat; (Daya tanggap), kemauan untuk membantu pelanggan dan memberikan layanan yang cepat; ( Tangibles), penampilan fasilitas fisik, peralatan, personel, dan bahan tertulis (Hamzah et al., 2017; Indriyani, 2020). Kualitas layanan memiliki peran penting bagi berbagai institusi sebagai cara mempertahankan jumlah siswa dengan merebut pasar pendidikan (Huda & Erihadiana, 2021). Memberikan pelayanan terbaik merupakan kunci sukses dalam bertahan dalam persaingan",
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"text": "Menurut Rismiati, (2018), Salah satu hal yang paling mempengaruhi kualitas layanan pendidikan adalah keberadaan sumber daya manusia yang mumpuni meliputi tenaga pendidikan dan tenaga kependidikan yang diatur melalui sebuah manajemen Sumber daya manusia. Puji, (2017), mengatakan ada beberapa proses untuk memanfaat tenaga SDM agar tercapai tujuan Lembaga : perencanaan pegawai, cara memperoleh SDM yang tepat, cara menetapkan dan penugasan, cara pemeliharaannya, cara pembinaannya, cara evaluasinya, cara pemutusan hubungan kerja. dengan menata dengan baik dan efektif (Risnawati & Priyantoro, 2021; Rusdi, 2018).",
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"text": "Kualitas layanan Pendidikan secara nyata akan terefleksi dari nilai akreditasi yang dikeluarkan oleh Badan Akreditasi yang berwenang. Akreditasi secara umum menilai kelayakan 8 standar pendidikan nasional yang salah satunya adalah manajemen sumber daya manusia. SDIT Ash Shiddiiqi merupakan Lembaga yang telah melaksanakan penilaian akreditasi selama 2 periode. Dan kualitas layanan di SDIT Ash Shiddiiqi masuk dalam kategori unggul atau terakreditasi A. Berdasarkan fenomena dan berpijak pada latar belakang masalah di atas, maka peneliti ingin sekali mengetahui bagaimana sesungguhnya pelaksanaan manjemen SDM di SDIT Ash Shiddiiqi sehingga berdampak pada kualitas layanan Pendidikan melalui penelitian yang berjudul “Implementasi Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia Dalam Meningkatkan Kualitas Layanan Pendidikan Di SDIT Ash Shiddiiqi Kota Jambi",
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"text": "METODE PENELITIAN",
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"text": "Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif. Metode deskriptif kualitatif yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Penelitian ini memiliki tujuan untuk mejelaskan secara detail impemlentasi SDM dalam meningkatkan kualitas layanan Pendidikan di SDIT Ash Shiddiiqi. Agar hasil yang didapatkan objektif dan representatif, maka dalam penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif. Pendekatan Kualitatif bertujuan untuk memahami fenomena yang dialami subjek penelitian. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif kualitatif yang bertujuan untuk mengungkapkan kenyataan yang ada di lapangan ketika penelitian.",
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"text": "Adapun tahapan metode penelitian yang akan digunakan adalah sebagai berikut: Petama Tahap pra-lapangan, yaitu observasi awal di SDIT Ash Shiddiiqi, menentukan fokus penelitian dan mencari teori yang sesuai dengan fokus penelitian, penyusunan proposal kemudian melakukan seminar proposal. Kedua Tahap kegiatan di lapangan, mengumppulkan data-data di lapangan yang terkait dengan fokus penelitian yang diimplementasikan di SDIT Ash Shiddiiqi . Ketiga Tahap analisis data , kegiatan mengolah data dan mengorganisir data yang diperoleh melalui berbagai teknik pengumpulan data. Kemudian dilakukan penafsiran data sesuai konteks penelitian. Setelah itu dilakukan pengamatan mengenai keabsahan data. Tahapan keempat dengan menyusun hasil penelitian dari seluruh rangkaian kegiatan pengumpulan data hingga pemberian makna. Konsultasi terkait hasil penelitian dan penyusunan laporan penelitian dengan dosen pembimbing yang setelahnya akan mendapatkan masukan serta kritikan yang akan dilanjutkan dengan perbaikan atau revisi",
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"text": "Setelah dilakukan perbaikan hasil penelitian maka peneliti akan mencocok atau mereviw Kembali keabsahan data yang sudah diambil dan menyampaikan hasil penelitian tersebut kepada pihak sekolah agar tidak terjadi kekeliruan dalam pengambilan kesimpulan.",
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "2023. ALIGNMENT: Journal of Administration and Educational Management 6(2): 383-389",
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"left": 288,
"top": 768,
"width": 21,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 594,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "386",
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"text": "HASIL PENELITIAN DAN PEMBAHASAN",
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"text": "Implementasi Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia di SDIT Ash Shiddiiqi adalah . Perencanaan atau Human Resources Planning",
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"text": "Pengertian Perencanaan",
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"text": "Perencanaan sumber daya manusia adalah proses analisis dan identifikasi tersedianya dan kebutuhan sumber daya manusia sehingga organisasi tersebut dapat mencapai tujuan (Havianto, 2013). Perencanaan sumber daya manusia adalah proses menentukan kebutuhan pegawai dan bermemiliki arti mempertemukan kebutuhan tersebut agar pelaksanaannya berinteraksi dengan renana organisasi (Ekawati, 2019; Sejati, 2020).",
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"text": "Dari pengertian di atas dapat disimpulkan perencanaan sumber daya manusia adalah langkah awal dalam Manajemen sumber daya manusia. yang melibatkan penentuan kebutuhan tenaga kerja saat ini dan masa depan organisasi. Proses perencanaan sumber daya manusia mencakup identifikasi posisi yang perlu diisi, analisis kebutuhan keterampilan, dan peramalan perubahan dalam tenaga kerja. Langkah awal dalam proses perencaan manajemen sumber daya manusia adalah menganalisis semua kebutuhan baik pendidik atau tenaga kependidikan, setelah dianalis baru dilakukan pengumuman lowongan penerimaan kariyawan dengan cara menggunakan medsos seperti Facebook atau intagram atau mendia lainnya. Kemudian dilakukan rekrutmen, dengan cara tes tertulis, tes bacaan Al-Qur’an, tes mengajar dan tes wawancara.",
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"text": "Pengorganisasian",
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"text": "Setelah dilakukan pengseksian, tenaga sumber daya manusia yang terpilh terlebih dulu melakukan magang di sekolah dan ditentukan oleh sekolah kelas mana saja yang akan dimasukinya. Dalam pengorganisasian ini tenaga sumber daya manusia akan dilihat bagaimana kemampuan dalam mengawasi siswa, kepedulian, sikap sopan santun, loyalitas, kemampuan dalam mengajar dan kerjasama dalam organisasi. Dari sini barulah ditempatkan sesuai dengan kemampuan maupun kualifikasinya. Dari hasil magang ini kadang penempatannya tidak sesui dengan yang dia inginkan tetapi sesuai dengan kemampuanya. Contoh dia melamar menjadi guru kelas, ternyata dalam hasil magang tidak cocok tapi dia lebih cocok jadi guru Al-Qur’an atau lainnya (Shurair & Pokharel, 2019).",
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"text": "Pengimplementasian",
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"text": "Dalam pengimplementasian ini sumber daya manusia yang sudah ditempatkan sesuai dengan kemampuan atau kapasitasnya, maka akan dilakukan pelatihan-pelatihan. Pelatihan yang akan dilaksanakan adalah pelatihan internal dan eksternal. Pelatihan internal akan membahas tentang internal sekolah, contoh bagaimana budaya sekolah, visi misi, tujuan sekolah, karakter, ini lebih kepada mengenalkan lebih dalam yang berkaitan dengan sekolah. Pelatiahan eksternal akan mendatangkan pemateri dari luar untuk menambah pengetahuan sumber daya manusia dalam merancang media pembelajaran dan lainnya (Winarsih, 2017).",
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"text": "2023. ALIGNMENT: Journal of Administration and Educational Management 6(2): 383-389",
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"text": "387",
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"text": "Pengawasan",
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"text": "Setelah perencaan, pengorganisasian. Pengimplementasian dilakukan, maka hal yang terpenting adalah pengawasan. Segala sesuatu yang sudah direncanakan tanpa dilakukan pengawasan maka tidak akan berjalan dengan baik, begitu juga pengawasan yang dilakukan oleh SDIT Ash Shiddiiqi sangatlah baik, tidak hanya pengawasan dari manusia tetapi juga menanamkan pengawasan dari Allah SWT, di Ash Shiddiiqi lebih ditanamkan kepada sumber daya manusia pengawasan dari Allah SWT.",
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"text": "Pengawasan yang dilakukan adalah seperti supervise, pembinaan sumber daya manusia, untuk pembinaan ini Ash Shiddiiqi sangat mewajibkan semua sumber daya manusia melakukan pembinaan yang di sebut dengan UPA. Dalam pembinaan ini ada banyak hal kegiatan ruhiyah yang dilakukan sumber daya manusia, seperti sholat dhuha 4 rakaat, puasa sunnah 1 x dalam satu minggu, qimul lain minimal 2 x seminggu, tilawah qur’an minimal setegah juz setiap hari, dan peningkatan ruhiyah lainnya. Inilah keunggulan yang dimiliki oleh Ash Shiddiiqi dan tidak dimiliki oleh lembaga lain (Firmansyah et al., 2022).",
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"text": "SIMPULAN",
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"text": "Berdasarkan hasil dari penelitian dan pembahasan dapat disimpulkan bahwa Manajemen sumber daya manusia diakui sangat penting oleh kepala sekolah dalam meningkatkan kualitas pendidikan sehingga harus dijalankan sebaik mungkin. Adapun proses manajemen sumber daya manusia yang ada adalah; melakukan proses perencanaan sumber daya manusia yang efektif dan melibatkan semua pihak yang terkait; Melakukan perekrutan dan seleksi secara eksternal melalui dinas pendidikan dan internal untuk tenaga tambahan; Menempatkan posisi karyawan sesuai dengan minat dan bakat agar dapat berkerja secara maksimal; Mengadakan pelatihan agar keterampilan guru dan karyawan semakin meningkat; Melakukan penilaian kinerja guru dan karyawan yang dilakukan dalam jangka waktu satu semester; Mengapresiasi kinerja karyawan melalui pemberian kompensasi serta bonus tergantung jabatan dan kualifikasinya; Melakukan pemutusan hubungan kerja saat melakukan kesalahan fatal ataupun berdasarkan pengambilan keputusan bersama.",
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"text": "Peningkatan kualitas pendidikan merupakan hal yang wajib dilakukan oleh lembaga pendidikan sekolah. Dalam upaya agar dapat mewujudkan hal tersebut perlu adanya strategi yang diambil kepala sekolah sebagai pimpinan manajerial. Adapun strategi yang digunakan adalah pertama meningkatkan profesionalisme guru. Guru yang profesional merupakan tenaga pendidik yang memiliki keterampilan yang baik serta memiliki segudang pengalaman yang luas dibidangnya, hal ini dapat di lakukan dengan mengikuti pelatihan diluar kerja seperti diklat ataupun seminar. Selanjutnya promosi perekrutan siswa dengan mendorong keterlibatan masyarakat melalui iklan promosi melalui spanduk yang memaparkan visi dan misi serta meningkatkan prestasi akademik dalam bidang pembelajaraan serta prestasi non akademik lewat lomba dan kegiatan extrakurikuller sesuai minat dan bakat agar menarik perhatian masyarakat sehingga tertarik bergabung dengan pihak sekolah. Selanjutnya meningkatkan sarana dan pra- sarana sebagai penunjang proses pembelajaraan. Terakhir yaitu melakukan evaluasi, dengan melakukan evaluasi pihak sekolah dapat mengetahui sejauh mana keberhasilan dan kegagalan dalam meningkatkan kualitas pendidikan serta langkah selanjutnya yang akan diambil untuk memgatasi kegagalan tersebut.",
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"text": "DAFTAR PUSTAKA",
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"height": 38,
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"height": 52,
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"text": "Firmansyah, F., Budiman, A., Surip, S., & Rizkiani, F. (2022). Kebijakan Dan Implementasi Manajemen Pendidikan Tinggi Dalam Meningkatkan Mutu Pendidikan. Jurnal Ilmiah Mandala Education , 8 (3). https://doi.org/10.58258/jime.v8i3.3828",
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"text": "Pendidikan, Budaya Sekolah, Citra Sekolah Terhadap Kepuasan Orang Tua.",
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"top": 157,
"width": 173,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 594,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Scholaria: Jurnal Pendidikan",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 127,
"top": 157,
"width": 386,
"height": 24,
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"text": "Dan Kebudayaan , 12 (1), 74–80. https://doi.org/10.24246/j.js.2022.v12.i1.p74-80",
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"top": 184,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Winarsih, S. (2017). Kebijakan dan Implementasi Manajemen Pendidikan Tinggi dalam Meningkatkan Mutu Pendidikan. Cendekia: Journal of Education and Society , 15 (2), 51. https://doi.org/10.21154/cendekia.v15i2.1005",
"type": "List item"
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] |
975191b7-ae8e-822c-969b-b6ea960f22ac | https://ejournal.itn.ac.id/index.php/jati/article/download/2330/2163 | [
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"text": "JATI (Jurnal Mahasiswa Teknik Informatika)",
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"text": "SISTEM REKOMENDASI PEMILIHAN FOTOGRAFER DENGAN METODE HAVERSINE DAN TF-IDF DI MALANG RAYA",
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"text": "Aditya Irvandani 1 , Karina Auliasari 2 , Renaldi Primaswara Prasetya 3",
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"text": "Program Studi Teknik Informatika S1, Fakultas Teknologi Industri Institut Teknologi Nasional Malang, Jalan Raya Karanglo km 2 Malang, Indonesia adityairvndn@gmail.com",
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"text": "ABSTRAK",
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"text": "Foto merupakan suatu media pada era seperti sekarang ini untuk mengabadikan setiap momen. Acara ulang tahun, acara pernikahan maupun acara wisuda sekalipun selalu tidak luput dari kegiatan berfoto. Namun untuk mendapatkan hasil yang bagus, kita terkadang harus membayar para fotografer yang terkenal dan setidaknya selalu sudah memiliki instansi yang memperkerjakannya. Disinilah fotografer freelance atau fotografer yang tidak memiliki keterkaitan dengan instansi bisa memberikan solusi yang prakis. Sejatinya para masyarakat awam tidak selalu memiliki relasi yang bisa menjadi fotografer untuk mendokumentasikan mereka, seperti halnya juga fotografer freelance yang tidak memiliki lahan untuk memasarkan jasa mereka. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengatasi masalah dari sisi pencari jasa ( client ) dan fotografer dengan membuat system rekomendasi pencarian fotografer freelance yang memiliki fitur menampilkan daftar fotografer berdasarkan tempat terdekat dan spesifikasi foto yang dimilikinya seperti foto pernikahan, wisuda, produk, ulang tahun. Metode Haversine ini digunakan untuk mencari jarak dari titik pencari jasa dan tempat tinggal fotografer. Serta penggunaan metode TF-IDF ( Term Frequency - Inverse Document Frequency ) sebagai pencari spesifikasi dari fotografer sesuai dengan keyword yang ada di profile pencari jasa.",
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"text": "Kata kunci : sistem rekomendasi, fotografer freelance, haversine, TF-IDF",
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"text": "1. PENDAHULUAN",
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"text": "1.1. Latar Belakang",
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"text": "Foto merupakan suatu media pada era seperti sekarang ini untuk mengabadikan setiap momen. Acara ulang tahun, acara pernikahan maupun acara wisuda sekalipun selalu tidak luput dari kegiatan berfoto. Disinilah fotografer freelance atau fotografer yang tidak memiliki keterkaitan dengan instansi bisa memberikan solusi yang prakis. Sejatinya para masyarakat awam tidak selalu memiliki relasi yang bisa menjadi fotografer untuk mendokumentasikan mereka, seperti halnya juga fotografer freelance yang tidak memiliki lahan untuk memasarkan jasa mereka.",
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"height": 148,
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"text": "Menurut data dari setiap komunitas fotografi yang ada di Malang Raya, contohnya seperi Komunitas Malang Raya Photography, Komunitas Instanusantara Malang, Komunitas Malang Raya Landscaper dan FORKOM.FM (Forum Komunikasi Mahasiswa Fotografi Malang). Terdapat setidaknya 10 fotografer freelance pada setiap komunitas yang sudah memiliki portfolio sendiri. Penggunaan social media seperti Instagram sebagai portfolio memanglah pilihan yang tepat untuk era seperti sekarang. Namun, perlu juga untuk dimaksimalkan bagaimana dari portfolio yang sudah mereka siapkan tersebut dapat dilihat atau direkomendasikan ke masyarakat umum.",
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"text": "Berdasarkan permasalahan tersebut peneliti membuat sebuah sistem rekomendasi pemilihan fotografer untuk mengatasi masalah dari sisi pencari jasa ( client ) dan fotografer itu sendiri. Yang memiliki fitur untuk menampilkan daftar fotografer berdasarkan tempat terdekat dan keahlian foto yang",
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"text": "dimilikinya seperti foto pernikahan, wisuda, produk, studio. Sistem rekomendasi pemilihan yang akan dikembangkan ini menggunakan 2 metode. Pada metode pertama memiliki konsep untuk menseleksi fotografer yang menguasai keahlian tertentu sesuai kata kunci yang digunakan. Metode ini bernama TF- IDF ( Term Frequency - Inverse Document Frequency ), yang dimana memanfaatkan keahlian foto setiap fotografer sebagai variable penentu dalam metode ini. Pada metode kedua memiliki konsep untuk mencari fotografer yang memiliki jarak terdekat dengan pencari. Metode ini bernama metode Haversine yang dimana memanfaatkan nilai latitude dan longitude dari 2 entitas. Dengan menggabungkan dua metode tersebut di harapkan masyarakat lebih mudah mencari fotografer freelance di daerah Malang Raya.",
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"text": "Berdasarkan latar belakang yang telah diuraikan diatas, maka permasalahan yang dibahas dalam program ini:",
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"text": "1. Bagaimana mengimplementasikan Metode Haversine dan TF-IDF untuk mencari fotografer yang diinginkan?",
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"text": "2. Bagaimana menghitung jarak tedekat antara pencari jasa dan fotografer freelance ?",
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"text": "3. Bagaimana menghitung kemiripan dari keahlian foto yang diinginkan pencari jasa dengan keahlian foto yang fotografer miliki?",
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"text": "Vol. 4 No. 1, Maret 2020",
"type": "Page header"
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"width": 22,
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"text": "1.3. Tujuan",
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"text": "Berdasarkan masalah yang telah dirumuskan sebelumnya, maka tujuan penyusunan dari laporan penelitian ini adalah sebagai berikut :",
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"text": "1. Dapat menghitung jarak tegak lurus antara pencari jasa dan fotografer.",
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"top": 161,
"width": 212,
"height": 44,
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"text": "2. Dapat memberikan rekomendasi fotografer sesuai radius yang telah di berikan di system 3. Dapat menghitung kemiripan antara kata kunci dan keahlian fotografer.",
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"top": 207,
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"height": 21,
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"text": "4. Membangun aplikasi menggunakan metode Haversine dan TF-IDF dengan Codeigniter",
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"text": "1.4. Batasan Masalah",
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"text": "Agar pembahasan dalam penelitian ini tidak meluas, maka penulis mengambil beberapa batasan masalah sebagai berikut ini.",
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"text": "1. Data yang digunakan dalam pembuatan website sistem rekomendasi pemilihan fotografer ini didapatkan dari beberapa komunitas fotografi seperti Malang Raya Photography, Malang Raya Landscaper, Instanusantara Malang dan Forum Komunikasi Fotografi Mahasiswa Se-Malang Raya.",
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"top": 368,
"width": 212,
"height": 32,
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"text": "2. Parameter yang digunakan dalam pencarian fotografer freelance adalah data hasil kuesioner yang di mulai dari bulan September 2019.",
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"top": 403,
"width": 212,
"height": 20,
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"text": "3. Target pengguna ditujukan untuk masyarakat umum yang membutuhkan fotografer.",
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},
{
"left": 79,
"top": 426,
"width": 212,
"height": 32,
"page_number": 2,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "4. Bahasa pemrograman yang digunakan untuk mengembangkan aplikasi adalah HTML5, CSS, PHP versi 4, MySQL dan CodeIgniter3.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 79,
"top": 460,
"width": 212,
"height": 44,
"page_number": 2,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "5. Metode yang digunakan adalah algoritma havershine dalam pencarian lokasi fotografer freelance terdekat dan TF-IDF sebagai rekomendasi keahlian foto.",
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"width": 155,
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"text": "6. Lokasi Penelitian di Malang Raya.",
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"left": 79,
"top": 518,
"width": 212,
"height": 20,
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"text": "7. Sistem dapat berjalan di beberapa jenis website yang berupa mobile maupun desktop.",
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},
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"width": 120,
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"text": "2. TINJAUAN PUSTAKA",
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"text": "2.1. Penelitian Terkait",
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"text": "Pada tahun 2018, Norman Hanifan",
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"top": 589,
"width": 219,
"height": 158,
"page_number": 2,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "mengembangkan marketplace fotografi khusus fotografer pemula. Berawal dari banyak fotografer yang menawarkan jasa untuk mengabadikan momen dengan kualitas terbaik. Namun masih tidak memiliki komunitas berakibat minimnya cakupan relasi pekerjaan yang masuk. Oleh karena itu dikembangkanlah sistem photography marketplace yang dapat membantu para fotografer pemula untuk menambah jam terbang serta mempromosikan fotografer tersebut secara online. Sistem ini dapat untuk diinputkan data pribadi mereka serta tarif yang diinginkan dan galeri hasil kerja para fotografer pemula tersebut untuk membantu mempromosikan fotografer pemula tersebut secara online . [1]",
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"height": 21,
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"text": "Pada tahun yang sama, Yulianto, dkk pada penelitiannya yang berjudul “Penerapan Formula",
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"width": 219,
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"text": "Haversine Pada Sistem Informasi Geografis Pencarian Jarak Terdekat Lokasi Lapangan Futsal”. Banyaknya penyewaan lapangan futsal di Kota Samarinda yang tidak diikuti dengan informasi yang cukup bagi masyarakat sehingga beberapa tempat penyewaan kurang terekspos, dapat memunculkan kebingungan dari masyarakat untuk mencari lapangan futsal. Berdasarkan hal tersebut diperlukan sistem yang dapat menyajikan informasi menurut jarak terdekat menggunakan formula Haversine. [2] Kembali tiga tahun sebelumnya, Abdul Azis Maarif, pada penelitiannya yang berjudul “Penerapan Algoritma Tf-Idf Untuk Pencarian Karya Ilmiah”. Banyaknya informasi yang beredar tentu membuat kebutuhan akan informasi yang relevan semakin meningkat. Penerapan algoritma TF-IDF yang dapat digunakan untuk mencari karya ilmiah sebagai pengukur tingkat similaritas antara dokumen dengan keyword yang didapat dari ekstraksi teks pada dokumen sehingga mendapatkan data yang terurut dari yang kemiripannya (tingkat similaritas). [3]",
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"text": "2.2. Metode TF-IDF",
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"text": "Term Frequency – Inverse Document Frequency atau biasa sering disebut TF-IDF adalah metode pembobotan kata dengan menghitung nilai frequency kemunculan kata pada tiap dokumen dan juga menghitung kemunculan sebuah kata pada jumlah dokumen secara keseluruhan. Metode ini menggabungkan 2 konsep perhitungan bobot yaitu frekuensi kemunculan sebuah kata di dalam sebuah dokumen tertentu dan inverse frekuensi dokumen yang mengandung kata tersebut. Inverse Document Frequency (IDF) adalah jumlah dokumen yang mengandung sebuah term didasarkan pada seluruh dokumen yang ada pada data set. [4] Langkah-langkah pada metode ini:",
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"text": "1. Preprocessing dari kata kunci dan kalimat pada dokumen yang akan diolah sesuai dengan kata kunci yang ada.",
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"text": "2. Menghitung Term Frequency dari kata kunci terhadap semua dokumen yang ada.",
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"text": "3. Menghitung Inverse Document Frequency .",
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"top": 610,
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"text": "4. Menghitung perkalian antara Term Frequency dan Inverse Document Frequency untuk mendapatkan bobot setiap kata pada tiap dokumen.",
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"text": "5. Menjumlahkan hasil pembobotan setiap kata pada setiap dokumen.",
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"text": "Terdapat 4 macam algoritma TF yang digunakan:",
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"text": "a. Raw TF Raw TF menentukan bobot suatu dokmen terhadap istilah dengan menghitung frekuensi kemunculan suatu istilah tersebut pada dokumen . Raw TF selanjutnya akan dituliskan sebagai TF.",
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"text": "JATI (Jurnal Mahasiswa Teknik Informatika)",
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"width": 107,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "Vol. 4 No. 1, Maret 2020",
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"text": "b. Logarithmic TF Logarithmic TF mengurangi tingkat kepentingan kemunculan kata dalam menghitung bobot dokumen terhadap suatu istilah dengan melakukan log terhadap TF. Log TF dapat dihitung dengan rumus:",
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"text": "c. Binary TF Binary menyeragamkan bobot dokumen terhadap istilah dengan memberi nilai 0 dan 1. Nilai 1 menyatakan suatu istilah muncul minimal satu kali dalam suatu dokumen, sementara nilai 0 menyatakan suatu istilah tidak muncul sama sekali.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 93,
"top": 253,
"width": 77,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "d. Augmented TF",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 107,
"top": 265,
"width": 185,
"height": 20,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Augmented TF menyeragamkan bobot dokumen terhadap istilah dengan",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 107,
"top": 288,
"width": 161,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "memberikan range antara 0.5 hingga 1 .",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 311,
"width": 163,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Rumus metode TF-IDF sebagai berikut:",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"top": 345,
"width": 219,
"height": 113,
"page_number": 3,
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"text": "Dimana: W = bobot dokumen terhadap suatu kata kunci TF = jumlah kata kunci pada setiap dokumen IDF = Hasil 1+Log dari jumlah semua dokumen yang mengandung kata kunci [5] Setelah bobot (W) masing-masing dokumen diketahui, maka dilakukan proses pengurutan dimana semakin besar nilai W, semakin besar tingkat similaritas dokumen tersebut terhadap kata kunci, demikian sebaliknya.",
"type": "Text"
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"top": 472,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "2.3. Metode Haversine",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 483,
"width": 220,
"height": 171,
"page_number": 3,
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"text": "Metode Harversine merupakan sebuah cara yang digunakan untuk menghitung jarak antara titik permukaan bumi dengan menggunakan garis lintang ( longitude ) dan garis bujur ( latitute ) sebagai variable inputan (Chopde & Nichat, 2013), Haversine formula adalah sebuah persamaan penting pada navigasi yang dapat memberikan jarak lingkaran besar antara dua titik pada permukaan bumi atau benda bulat berdasarkan bujur dan lintang (Chopde & Nichat, 2013). Dengan mengamsusikan bahwa bumi berbentuk sebuah lingkaran atau bulat sempurna dengan jari-jari R 6.367, 45 km dan lokasi dari 2 titik dikoordinat bola (lintang dan bujur) masingmasing dengan lon1, lat1 dan lon2, lat2.[6] Berikut adalah rumusnya:",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"text": "Keterangan : 6371 = Jari-jari bumi dengan satuan kilometer",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"top": 726,
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"text": "[7]",
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"text": "2.4. Fotografi",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 307,
"top": 102,
"width": 219,
"height": 206,
"page_number": 3,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "Kata “ Photography ” (fotografi) berasal dari Bahasa Yunani yang terdiri dari 2 kata: “Photo” yang berarti sinar dan “Graphos” yang berarti menggambar. Jadi Photography dapat diartikan “menggambar dengan cahaya”. Jika kita ibaratkan fotografi dengan melukis, dalam fotografi kita menggunakan kamera dan lensa sebagai alat lukisnya ( brush /kuas), film dan sensor digital sebagai kanvas/kertas dan cahaya sebagai catnya. Penyebutan istilah fotografi sendiri, yang dapat dicatat dari catatan paling awal dilakukan oleh Hercules Florence. Pelukis dan penemu asal Perancis ini pada 1834 menulis dalam buku hariannya kata “Photographie” untuk menggambarkan proses tersebut. Namun yang membuat kata “ Photography ” dikenal di dunia itu, setelah Sir John Herschel memberika kuliah di Royal Society of London pada tanggal 14 Maret 1839.[8]",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 307,
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"width": 219,
"height": 215,
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"text": "3. METODE PENELITIAN 3.1. Desain Arsitektur Sistem Dalam pembuatan sistem rekomendasi pemilihan fotografer dengan metode haversine dan TF-IDF ini. Sistem akan mengecek terlebih dahulu keahlian foto yang sering dicari oleh pengguna. Setelah itu sistem akan memproses data tersebut menggunakan metode TF-IDF untuk di cari fotografer yang memiliki keahlian yang sama dengan query . Jika hasil sudah di dapatkan, maka sekarang untuk metode haversine akan di proses. Namun untuk perhitungan ini menggunakan nilai latitude dan longitude dari pengguna. Pada halaman pencari jasa nanti akan terdapat tombol untuk mengecek lokasi dan mendapatkan nilai latitude longitude pengguna. Jika sudah ditemukan, maka metode Haversine bisa digunakan. Ketika keduanya sudah selesai, sistem memunculkan fotografer sesuai dengan inputan dari client. Alur di perlihatkan seperti pada Tabel 3.1.",
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{
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"text": "Tabel 1 Desain arsitektur sistem",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 307,
"top": 568,
"width": 219,
"height": 159,
"page_number": 3,
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"text": "Input Proses Output Nilai latitude , nilai longitude, radius jarak maksimal dan keahlian foto yang sering di cari. Metode TF-IDF untuk mencari fotografer yang keahlian fotonya sesuai dengan kata kunci yang ada. Setelah hasil dari TF- IDF ada, hasil tersebut akan di proses pada metode Haversine untuk mencari jarak dari nilai latidude dan longitude pengguna terhadap list fotografer yang ada. Daftar fotografer yang di rekomendasikan oleh sistem dan masuk kedalam radius jarark masksimal serta keahlian foto yang dicara oleh client .",
"type": "Table"
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"height": 11,
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"text": "JATI (Jurnal Mahasiswa Teknik Informatika)",
"type": "Page header"
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{
"left": 421,
"top": 50,
"width": 107,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Vol. 4 No. 1, Maret 2020",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 504,
"top": 789,
"width": 22,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "140",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 92,
"width": 80,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 4,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "3.2. Blok Diagram",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 103,
"width": 219,
"height": 21,
"page_number": 4,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "Pada penelitian ini terdapat sebuah blok diagram dengan sebagai berikut :",
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{
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"text": "Gambar 1 Blok Diagram",
"type": "Section header"
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{
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"top": 185,
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"height": 21,
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"text": "Penjelasan Gambar 3.1 Blok Diagram yaitu sebagai berikut:",
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{
"left": 79,
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"width": 212,
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"text": "1. Pencari jasa login ke website . Jika login gagal atau pencari jasa belum memiliki akun, maka pencari jasa bisa langsung daftar melalui website.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 79,
"top": 254,
"width": 212,
"height": 44,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "2. Sistem akan mengecek value keahlian foto yang pernah di isi oleh pengguna. Value tersebut akan diolah sebagai kata kunci pencarian fotografer berdasarkan keahlian fotonya.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 79,
"top": 300,
"width": 212,
"height": 44,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "3. Jika hasil dari metode TF-IDF sudah di dapatkan, pencari jasa akan disuruh untuk mengecek lokasi dia berada dan kemudian akan mendapatkan nilai latitude dan longitude.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 79,
"top": 346,
"width": 212,
"height": 55,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "4. Dari nilai latitude dan longitude yang sudah didapatkan tadi, akan digunakan sebagai patokan dimana fotografer berada dan dihitung menggunakan metode haversine untuk mencari jarak tegak lurus antara kedua titik.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 79,
"top": 404,
"width": 212,
"height": 43,
"page_number": 4,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "5. Client akan mendapatkan suatu rekomendasi fotografer freelance berdasarkan fotografer yang terdekat dengannya dan keahlian foto yang dicarinya",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 461,
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"text": "3.3. Diagram Usecase",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 472,
"width": 219,
"height": 55,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Use case adalah cara formal yang menggambarkan bagaimana sebuah sistem bisnis berinteraksi dengan lingkungannya. [9] Dokumentasi perancangan sistem menggunakan diagram UML untuk lebih jelasnya bisa dilihat pada gambar 2.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 122,
"top": 647,
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"text": "Gambar 2 Diagram Use Case",
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{
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"text": "Pada gambar 2 merupakan gambaran dari diagram Use Case yang memiliki 3 entitas atau hak akses seperti Fotografer, Pencari Jasa dan Admin. Pada hak akses admin, dia dapat memanajemen semua data fotografer dan pencari jasa. Pada hak akses fotografer, dia dapat memajemen profil fotografer miliknya sendiri dan tentunya dapat mengakses halaman about. Pada hak akses Pencari",
"type": "Text"
},
{
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"height": 55,
"page_number": 4,
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"text": "Jasa atau Client, dia dapat melihat daftar fotografer beserta datanya, mencari rekomendasi fotografer, memanajemen profilnya sendiri dan mengakses halaman about. Namun di ketiga hak akses ini dapat di digunakan apabila mereka sudah login ke website.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
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"text": "3.4. Flowchart Metode Haversine",
"type": "Section header"
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{
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"top": 172,
"width": 219,
"height": 32,
"page_number": 4,
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"text": "Flowchart dibawah ini merupakan flowchart dari metode Haversine, untuk lebih lengkapnya seperti gambar 3.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
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"text": "Gambar 3 Flowchart Metode Haversine",
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{
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"page_number": 4,
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"text": "Pada Gambar 3 menunjukkan bahwa metode ini menggunakan 4 inputan awal yang berada pada 2 entitas berbeda. Entitas yang dimaksud adalah pencari jasa dan fotografer. Di hasil akhir perhitungan jarak akan terdapat percabangan yang dimana fotografer yang memiliki jarak antara pengguna dan fotografer sesuai dengan yang sudah di inputkan sebelumnya.",
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"text": "JATI (Jurnal Mahasiswa Teknik Informatika)",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 421,
"top": 50,
"width": 107,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Vol. 4 No. 1, Maret 2020",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 504,
"top": 789,
"width": 22,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "141",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
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"top": 92,
"width": 130,
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"text": "3.5. Flowchart Metode TF-IDF",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 103,
"width": 219,
"height": 32,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Flowchart dibawah ini merupakan flowchart dari metode TF-IDF, untuk lebih lengkapnya seperti gambar 4.",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"text": "Gambar 4 Flowchart Metode TF-IDF",
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{
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"top": 397,
"width": 219,
"height": 44,
"page_number": 5,
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"text": "Pada gambar 4 menunjukkan bahwa metode ini dimulai dari prepocessing Tokenizing dari keahlian foto setiap fotografer dan berakhir dengan preprocessing penjumlahan bobot setiap kata pada tiap dokumen.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 443,
"width": 220,
"height": 32,
"page_number": 5,
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"text": "Untuk penjabaran setiap preprocessing tersebut, penulis memberikan flowchart- nya seperti pada gambar dibawah ini.",
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{
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"page_number": 5,
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"text": "Gambar 5 Flowchart Prepocessing Kata Kunci",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 736,
"width": 220,
"height": 32,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Pada gambar 5 menunjukkan bahwa metode ini digunakan untuk memproses kata kunci dengan cara Tokenizing atau proses pemotongan string masukan",
"type": "Text"
},
{
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"top": 92,
"width": 219,
"height": 32,
"page_number": 5,
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"text": "berdasarkan tiap kata yang menyusunnya. Hasil dari foto ini yaitu merupakan array yang berisikan setiap kata kunci yang ada.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
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"top": 364,
"width": 200,
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"text": "Gambar 6 Flowchart Prepocessing Keahlian Foto",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 307,
"top": 386,
"width": 219,
"height": 78,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Pada gambar 6 menunjukkan bahwa metode ini digunakan untuk memproses keahlian foto dengan cara Tokenizing atau proses pemotongan string masukan berdasarkan tiap kata yang menyusunnya. Hasil dari proses ini yaitu merupakan array yang berisikan setiap keahlian foto dari fotografer yang sedang di proses.",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"text": "Gambar 7 Flowchart Term Frequency",
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{
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"top": 737,
"width": 219,
"height": 32,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Pada gambar 7 menunjukkan bahwa pada proses ini setiap keahlian foto dari fotografer akan dilakukan tokenizing dan akan dihitung nilai kemunculan keahlian",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "JATI (Jurnal Mahasiswa Teknik Informatika)",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 421,
"top": 50,
"width": 107,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Vol. 4 No. 1, Maret 2020",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 504,
"top": 789,
"width": 22,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "142",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 92,
"width": 219,
"height": 21,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "foto dari setiap fotografer yang sama dengan kata kunci yang telah dimasukkan tadinya.",
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},
{
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"top": 352,
"width": 206,
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"text": "Gambar 8 Flowchart Inverse Document Frequency",
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},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 374,
"width": 219,
"height": 55,
"page_number": 6,
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"text": "Pada gambar 8 menunjukkan bahwa pada proses ini fotografer yang diproses akan dihitung berapa jumlahnya serta akan menghitung berapa jumlah fotografer yang memiliki keahlian foto seperti kata kunci yang telah disebutkan.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 121,
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"width": 121,
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"text": "Gambar 9 Flowchart TF*IDF",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 307,
"top": 92,
"width": 219,
"height": 44,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Pada gambar 9 menunjukkan bahwa pada proses ini untuk setiap keahlian dari tiap fotografer akan dikalikan Term Frequency dengan hasil Inverse Document Frequency -nya.",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"text": "Gambar 9 Flowchart SUM TF*IDF",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 307,
"top": 397,
"width": 219,
"height": 78,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Pada gambar 9 menunjukkan bahwa pada proses ini untuk setiap bobot dari keahlian foto di tiap fotografer akan di jumlahkan. Hasil dari penjumlahan tiap keahlian foto pada tiap dokumen akan digunakan sebagai bobot dari dokumen (fotografer) tersebut. Dokumen yang memiliki bobot lebih tinggi, berarti nilai similaritasnya dengan kata kunci semakin besar.",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"text": "3.6. Perhitungan Matematis Metode Haversine",
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{
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"text": "Metode Haversine merupakan metode untuk pencarian jarak pada dua entitas yaitu fotografer dan pengguna website . Dua nilai yang dipakai adalah nilai latitude dan longitude dari pengguna dan fotografer. Pada pengujian ini untuk nilai latitude dan longitude dari dua entitas ini seperti table di bawah ini :",
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"text": "Tabel 2 Nilai derajat latitude longitude awal * Client Fotografer Latitude -7.9771391000000005 -7.979035 Longitude 112.6543165 112.636944",
"type": "Table"
},
{
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"top": 639,
"width": 219,
"height": 79,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Konversi kedua entitas ini, nilai latitude dan longitudenya dari derajat ke bentuk radians menjadi sebagai berikut: Tabel 3 Nilai radian latitude longitude awal * Client Fotografer Latitude -0,138326131 -0,139260432 Longitude 1,965775437 1,965885532",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 307,
"top": 733,
"width": 219,
"height": 20,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Hitung jarak dengan menggunakan nilai latitude dan longitude awal tadi:",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"top": 48,
"width": 190,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 7,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "JATI (Jurnal Mahasiswa Teknik Informatika)",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 421,
"top": 50,
"width": 107,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Vol. 4 No. 1, Maret 2020",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 504,
"top": 789,
"width": 22,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "143",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 160,
"width": 181,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Dengan hasil jarak adalah 5,992829654 KM.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 183,
"width": 183,
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"page_number": 7,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "3.7. Perhitungan Matematis Metode TF-IDF",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 194,
"width": 220,
"height": 78,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "TF-IDF( Term Frequency – Inverse Document Frequency ) adalah metode pembobotan kata pada sebuah kalimat ataupun dokumen. Pada penelitian ini dokumen yang dimaksud adalah fotografer dan data yang di olah pada metode adalah keahlian foto dari setiap fotografer. Pengujian menggunakan kata kunci seperti Wedding, Prewed.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 275,
"width": 219,
"height": 20,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Dari kata kunci seperti di atas, di dapatkan daftar fotografer yang seperti tabel berikut:",
"type": "Text"
},
{
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"top": 309,
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"text": "Tabel 4 Tabel fotografer dan keahlian foto",
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{
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"top": 321,
"width": 178,
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"text": "No. Nama Fotografer Keahlian Foto 1 Amy Wedding, Prewed, Postwed, Studio",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 379,
"width": 84,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "1. Preprocessing",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 391,
"width": 219,
"height": 112,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Merupakan proses dimana keahlian fotografer ataupun query yang masih berupa kalimat akan di hilangkan symbol yang tidak digunakan. Kemudian setiap kata akan diubah menjadi array dan di cek apakah kata tersebut merupakan kata imbuhan. Jika Kata tersebut merupakan kata imbuhan maka akan di hapus. Untuk kata yang lolos akan di ubah menjadi huruf kecil semua. Hasil dari tahap preprocessing untuk daftar fotografer, bila di buat table akan seperti berikut:",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 80,
"top": 505,
"width": 193,
"height": 79,
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"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Tabel 5 Hasil preprocessing fotografer Fotografer ID Nama Fotografer Keahlian Foto[] 1 Amy [0] wedding [1] prewed [2] postwed [3] Studio",
"type": "Table"
},
{
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"top": 598,
"width": 219,
"height": 21,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Untuk kata kunci ataupun query bila di tabelkan akan sebagai berikut :",
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{
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"text": "Tabel 6 Hasil preprocessing query ID Kata Kunci Keahlian Foto 1 Wedding 2 Prewed",
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},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 701,
"width": 96,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 7,
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"text": "2. Term Frequency",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 713,
"width": 219,
"height": 43,
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"text": "Dari keahlian foto setiap fotografer itu akan dimasukkan pada table Term Frequency . Dimana Term Frequency adalah berupa jumlah term dari kata kunci pada semua dokumen yang ada. Untuk lebih",
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{
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"top": 92,
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"height": 21,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "jelasnya lihat hasil dari tabel Term Frequency . Hasil dapat dilihat pada tabel 7.",
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{
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"text": "Tabel 7 Hasil TF keahlian semua fotografer Term DF (Document Frequency) Wedding 1 Wisuda 1",
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},
{
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"top": 188,
"width": 129,
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Hasil dapat dilihat pada tabel 8.",
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"top": 210,
"width": 190,
"height": 81,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Tabel 8 Hasil TF keahlian setiap fotografer TF ID Fotografer ID Keahlian Term Frequency 1 1 wedding 1 2 1 prewed 1 3 1 postwed 0 4 1 studio 0",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 307,
"top": 305,
"width": 150,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "3. Inverse Document Frequency",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 307,
"top": 317,
"width": 219,
"height": 55,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Data fotografer akan dihitung jumlahnya ada berapa dan setiap kata juga akan dihitung jumlahnya ada berapa pada semua dokumen. Di pengujian ini dokumen yang dipakai adalah berjumlah 3. Hasil dapat dilihat pada tabel 9.",
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{
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"top": 385,
"width": 177,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Tabel 9 Hasil Inverse Document Frequency",
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{
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"width": 218,
"height": 103,
"page_number": 7,
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"text": "TF ID Fotografer ID Keahlian T F IDF 1+log(n/df) 1 1 wedding 1 1+Log(1/1) = 1 2 1 prewed 1 1+Log(1/1) = 1 3 1 postwed 0 0 4 1 studio 0 0 4. Term Frequency * Inverse Document",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 328,
"top": 502,
"width": 51,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Frequency",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 307,
"top": 513,
"width": 219,
"height": 55,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Hasil dari Term Frequency akan dikalikan dengan hasil dari Inverse Document Frequency . Dari hasil tersebut akan menghasilkan bobot dari setiap kata pada setiap dokumen. Hasil dapat dilihat pada tabel 10.",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"top": 582,
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"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Tabel 10 Hasil TF-IDF",
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{
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"top": 594,
"width": 219,
"height": 77,
"page_number": 7,
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"text": "TF ID Fotografer ID Keahlian TF IDF TF*IDF 1 1 wedding 1 1 1 2 1 Prewed 1 1 1 3 1 Postwed 0 0 0 4 1 Studio 0 0 0",
"type": "Table"
},
{
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"top": 687,
"width": 183,
"height": 20,
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"text": "5. Menjumlah hasil TF-IDF pada setiap fotografer",
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{
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"top": 710,
"width": 219,
"height": 43,
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"text": "Pada proses setiap dokumen akan di jumlahkan nilai TF-IDFnya. Setelah itu baru dirankingkan menurut yang terbesar. Hasil dapat dilihat pada tabel 11.",
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"width": 190,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 8,
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"text": "JATI (Jurnal Mahasiswa Teknik Informatika)",
"type": "Page header"
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{
"left": 421,
"top": 50,
"width": 107,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Vol. 4 No. 1, Maret 2020",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 504,
"top": 789,
"width": 22,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "144",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
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"top": 92,
"width": 192,
"height": 33,
"page_number": 8,
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"text": "Tabel 11 Penjumlahan TF-IDF setiap dokumen No. Nama Fotografer SUM(TF-IDF) 1 Amy 2",
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},
{
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"top": 139,
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"text": "4. HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN",
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 150,
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"text": "4.1. Halaman Utama",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 161,
"width": 219,
"height": 32,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Merupakan halaman awal ketika user membuka website tersebut. Tampilan halaman tersebut seperti pada gambar 10.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 108,
"top": 319,
"width": 148,
"height": 9,
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"text": "Gambar 10 Halaman pilih hak akses",
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 348,
"width": 179,
"height": 9,
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"text": "4.2. Halaman Pilih Hak Akses Pendaftar",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 359,
"width": 219,
"height": 55,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Merupakan halaman ketika user ingin mendaftar. Pada halaman ini user akan mendapatkan suatu percabangan dimana dia harus memilih untuk mendaftar akunnya sebagai apa nantinya. Tampilan halaman tersebut seperti pada gambar 11.",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"top": 538,
"width": 148,
"height": 9,
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"text": "Gambar 11 Halaman pilih hak akses",
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{
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"top": 550,
"width": 117,
"height": 9,
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"text": "4.3. Tampilan regist client",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 561,
"width": 220,
"height": 66,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Merupakan halaman untuk mendaftarkan diri sebagai client . Pada halaman ini terdapat kolom untuk mengisikan identitas berupa username dan password yang dipakai untuk login nanti, nama, email , nomor HP dan keahlian foto. Tampilan halaman tersebut seperti pada gambar 12.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 101,
"top": 754,
"width": 161,
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"text": "Gambar 12 Tampilan daftar akun client",
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{
"left": 307,
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"text": "4.4. Tampilan list akun fotografer",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 307,
"top": 115,
"width": 219,
"height": 78,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Merupakan halaman daftar atau list dari fotografer yang sudah terdaftar. Pada daftar fotografer ini data yang ditampilkan berupa nama, email dan nomor HP. Selain itu, terdapat juga tombol untuk mengedit dan menghapus data dari fotografer yang di inginkan. Tampilan halaman tersebut seperti pada gambar 13.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 339,
"top": 318,
"width": 154,
"height": 9,
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"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Gambar 13 Halaman daftar fotografer",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 307,
"top": 340,
"width": 171,
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"text": "4.5. Tampilan tambah akun fotografer",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 307,
"top": 351,
"width": 219,
"height": 112,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Merupakan tampilan dari halaman tambah data fotografer baru. Pada halaman ini meruapkan halaman untuk menambahkan data fotografer freelance yang baru. Data fotografer yang harus di masukkan antara lain seperti nama, username, email, password, alamat, nomor HP, akun Instagram, jenis kamera dan flash,cara berpakaiannya apakah casual ataupun sporty, keahlian foto yang dimilikinya dan tentunya foto yang pernah dihasilkannya. Tampilan tersebut seperti pada gambar 14.",
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{
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"text": "Gambar 14 Halaman Tambah Data Fotografer",
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{
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"top": 610,
"width": 168,
"height": 9,
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"text": "4.6. Tampilan Halaman Rekomendasi",
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{
"left": 307,
"top": 621,
"width": 219,
"height": 44,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Merupakan halaman untuk mengecek daftar rekomendasi fotografer terdekat dan sesuai dengan keahlian foto yang di inginkan. Tapilan tersebut seperti pada gambar 15.",
"type": "Text"
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"height": 11,
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"page_width": 595,
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"text": "JATI (Jurnal Mahasiswa Teknik Informatika)",
"type": "Page header"
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{
"left": 421,
"top": 50,
"width": 107,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Vol. 4 No. 1, Maret 2020",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 504,
"top": 789,
"width": 22,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "145",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
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"top": 203,
"width": 143,
"height": 9,
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"text": "Gambar 15 Halaman Rekomendasi",
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 225,
"width": 202,
"height": 9,
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"text": "4.7. Pengujian Hasil Sistem Terhadap Metode",
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 236,
"width": 219,
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"text": "Pada pengujian ini terdapat 20 data fotografer yang memiliki nilai latitude dan longitude yang berbeda juga. Untuk menguji metode ini harus terdapat 3 variabel penentu dari entitas pencari yaitu nilai latitude, longitude dan keahlian foto yang dicari. 3 Variabel tersebut untuk pengujian kali ini menggunakan value seperti ini :",
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"text": "Tabel 12 Tiga Variabel Pencari Variabel Value Latitude Awal -7.9771391000000005 Longitude Awal 112.6543165",
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{
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"text": "Kata Kunci Keahlian Foto Wedding, prewed",
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"text": "Untuk hasilnya adalah sebagai berikut :",
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"top": 214,
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"text": "Gambar 16 Hasil Metode",
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"height": 32,
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"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Jadi dari dari pengujian yang dilakukan, menghasilkan hasil yang sama pada perhitungan matematis.",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"text": "4.8. Pengujian user",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 307,
"top": 293,
"width": 219,
"height": 44,
"page_number": 9,
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"text": "Pengujian dilakukan oleh 12 responden yang sudah menggunakan aplikasi ini secara local. Kuesioner yang dibuat dengan memanfaatkan google form . Hasil kuesioner ditunjukkan pada Tabel 13.",
"type": "Text"
},
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"width": 454,
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"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Tabel 13 Hasil Kuesioner Pertanyaan Penilaian (%) Baik Cukup Kurang Apakah website ini dapat memberikan anda pilihan fotografer berdasarkan jarak terdekat? 9 3 0 Apakah website ini dapat memberikan anda pilihan fotografer berdasarkan keahlian foto yang anda inginkan? 11 1 0 Apakah sistem dapat menemukan lokasi anda dengan akurat? 8 3 1 Apakah menu pada sistem sudah berjalan dengan baik? 9 3 0 Apakah sistem ini mudah untuk digunakan? 10 2 0 Apakah sistem ini sudah layak dipublikasikan? 9 3 0 Jumlah 56 15 1 Prosentase 56/72*100% = 78% 15/72*100% = 21% 1/72*100% = 1%",
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"width": 143,
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"text": "4.9. Pengujian fungsional sistem",
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 567,
"width": 453,
"height": 20,
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"text": "Pengujian dilakukan untuk mengecek apakah sistem dapat berjalan dengan sesuai pada setiap browser yang ada.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
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"width": 441,
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"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Tabel 13 Pengujian Sistem Hak Akses Proses Google Chrome V.78 Mozilla Firefox V.70 Opera Browser A d m in Login dan Logout Menu Admin Menu Tampil dan Tambah Admin Menu Tampil dan Tambah Fotografer Menu Tampil dan Tambah Client Fo to g r afer Login dan Logout Halaman Fotografer Halaman About Cl ie n t Login dan Logout Halaman Rekomendasi Halaman Utama ",
"type": "Table"
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"text": "JATI (Jurnal Mahasiswa Teknik Informatika)",
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"text": "[1] Hanifan, N., 2018. Sistem Photography Marketplace Khusus Fotografer Pemula.",
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"left": 72,
"top": 470,
"width": 220,
"height": 44,
"page_number": 10,
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"text": "[2] Yulianto, R. and Kridalaksana, A.H., 2018. Penerapan Formula Haversine Pada Sistem Informasi Geografis Pencarian Jarak Terdekat Lokasi Lapangan Futsal. Informatika",
"type": "Table"
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"text": "Mulawarman: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Komputer , 13 (1), pp.14-21.",
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"top": 115,
"width": 219,
"height": 44,
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"text": "[3] Maarif, A.A., 2015. Penerapan Algoritma TF- IDF Untuk Pencarian Karya Ilmiah. Teknik Informatika Universitas Dian Nuswantoro, Semarang .",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 307,
"top": 161,
"width": 219,
"height": 55,
"page_number": 10,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "[4] Muzakki, M.F., Jondri, J. and Umbara, R.F., 2019. Analisis Sentimen Mahasiswa Terhadap Fasilitas Universitas Telkom Menggunakan Metode Jaringan Saraf Tiruan Dan Tf-idf. eProceedings of Engineering , 6 (2).",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 307,
"top": 219,
"width": 219,
"height": 55,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "[5] Deviyanto, A., & Wahyudi, M. D. R. (2018). Penerapan Analisis Sentimen Pada Pengguna Twitter Menggunakan Metode K-Nearest Neighbor. JISKA (Jurnal Informatika Sunan Kalijaga) , 3 (1), 1-13.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 307,
"top": 276,
"width": 219,
"height": 55,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "[6] Farid, F., & Yunus, Y. (2017). Analisa Algoritma Haversine Formula Untuk Pencarian Lokasi Terdekat Rumah Sakit Dan Puskesmas Provinsi Gorontalo. ILKOM Jurnal Ilmiah , 9 (3), 353-355.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 307,
"top": 334,
"width": 219,
"height": 55,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "[7] Fauzi, A., Pernando, F. and Raharjo, M., 2018. Penerapan Metode Haversine Formula Pada Aplikasi Pencarian Lokasi Tempat Tambal Ban Kendaraan Bermotor Berbasis Mobile Android. Jurnal Teknik Komputer , 4 (2), pp.56-63.",
"type": "List item"
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{
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"top": 391,
"width": 219,
"height": 9,
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"text": "[8] Megawati, C.R., Suhartono, A.W. and",
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{
"left": 328,
"top": 403,
"width": 198,
"height": 20,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Bramantijo, B., 2017. Perancangan Karya Fotografi Tentang Permainan Tradisional",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 328,
"top": 426,
"width": 184,
"height": 9,
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"text": "Indonesia. Jurnal DKV Adiwarna , 1 (10), p.9.",
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{
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"top": 437,
"width": 219,
"height": 55,
"page_number": 10,
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"text": "[9] Maulana, Y. I. (2017). Perancangan Perangkat Lunak Sistem Informasi Pendataan Guru dan Sekolah (SINDARU) Pada Dinas Pendidikan Kota Tangerang Selatan. Jurnal Pilar Nusa Mandiri , 13 (1), 21-27.",
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"text": "The student's final project which is held is an academic process carried out by universities as an practice of the tri dharma. The process carried out starting from data collection to the guidance process can be carried out quickly and efficiently. This research aims to produce a final project management system that facilitates the process starting from registration, the process of selecting supervisors, determining the title, making consultation sheets to the assessment process during the trial, besides that it is also a system that is able to predict students who take the final project. The method used to make predictions is the support vector machine (SVM), while the system development method used is Scrum. This method was chosen because of the short development process in producing quality software with low funding. This research produces a final assignment information system that can facilitate the administrative process of final project management based on the results of tests carried out using a catalon studio stating that with a pass status, so that the system created can be used, and the system used is able to predict the final project student graduation. predictions made using a support vector machine (SVM), it was found that the parameters that affect the on-time graduation of students were the number of meetings <= 50% did not pass the final project on time, and for guidance> = 51%, it was predicted that the final assignment would pass on time .",
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"text": "Keywords : prediction system; final project; Support Vector Machine",
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"text": "I PENDAHULUAN",
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"text": "Proses masa tuggas akhir merupakan masa dimana banyak mahasiswa terfokus dengan penyelsaian tugas akhir, agar dapat segera diselsaikan. Tugas akhir menjadi momen yang ditunggu-tunggu bagi mahasiswa namun juga menjadi sebuah momok menakutkan, bagi sebagian mahasiswa, yang bisa berakibat",
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"text": "terlambatnya masa studi bagi mahasiswa. Salah satu momen yang dihadapi adalah proses administrasi, yang tidak kalah membuat stress bagi mahasiswa, karena banyaknya persyaratan yang diberikan oleh pihak kampus.",
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"text": "Banyak sistem tugas akhir yang dikembangkan [1], [2], [3], namun belum",
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"text": "menerapkan sistem yang mampu memprediksi mahasiswa bisa lulus tepat waktu dalam mengerjakan tugas akhir, sistem yang ada hanya sebatas pada proses pemantauan, administrasi saja, belum menerapkan algoritma prediksi untuk melakukan predik terhadap mahasiswa yang melaksanakan tugas akhir. Padahal ini sangat penting, agar menjadi warning bagi mahasiswa agar bisa selesai tepat pada waktunya, yang tentu saja ini mempengaruhi terhadap poin dalam akreditasi program studi dimana salah satu poin penting berkaitan dengan lama studi mahasiswa.",
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"text": "Support Vector Machine (SVM) merupakan salah satu algoritma klasifikasi yang banyak digunakan yang mamapu mangatasi regresi linear maupun non linear [4]. SVM juga banyak digunkan untuk melakukan prediksi, seperti pemasaran langsung [5]. Oleh karena itu penelitian ini menggunakan SVM untuk melakukan prediksi mahasiswa yang mengambil tugas akhir.",
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"text": "II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA 2.1 Sistem Informasi Menurut John Ward dan Joe Peppard[6], menyebarkan informasi, menggunakan, mengumpulkan merupkan sistam informasi. Sedangkan menurut Ferdinan Magalin [7], kemampuan melakukan manajeerial untuk mengelola perusahaan dalam transaksi harian sebagai strategi dalam mengambil keputusan dan dapat memberikan informasi kepada pihak yang berkepentingan. Jadi bisa dikatakan bahwa sistem informasi merupakan sistem yang menyediakan [8] informasi bagi semua tingkatan dalam perusahaan, kapan saja diperlukan.",
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"text": "Sistem ini menyimpan, mengambil, mengubah, mengelola dan mengkomunikasikan informasi yang diterima menggunakan sistem informasi atau peralatan lainnya. Dari definisi di atas berarti sistem informasi sebagai sarana yang memungkinkan orang dan organisasi, memanfaatkan teknologi, mengumpulkan, memproses, menyimpan, menggunakan dan menyebarkan informasi sehingga hal ini bersangkutan dengan tujuan pemanfaatan teknologi informasi pada suatu organisasi.",
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"text": "2.2 Penelitian Terdahulu",
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"text": "Sistem informasi tugas akhir yang dibuat mustianti [1] dapat membantu dalam melakukan pemantauan mahasiswa bimbingan dan dapat membantu staf program studi dalam melakukan proses administrasi, dan telah dilakukan pengujian dengan black box testing berjalan dengan sesuai kebutuhan, selanjutnya dilakukan pengujian dengan MOS dari 3 pengguna mahasiswa, dosen dan admin dengan nilai rata-rata 98,22, namun memiliki kekurangan yaitu belum adanya menu berita acara untuk dosen memberikan penilaian, dan juga belum ada alert untuk informasi lama mahasiswa mengerjakan tugas akhir.",
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"text": "Yogi Isro Mukti",
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"text": "Penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Suwita",
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"text": "[2], melakukan pengembangan sistem informasi tugas akhir dengan menambahkan konsep content management system (CMS) , sehingga proses menjadi lebih mudah dalam mengatur sistem yang dibuat, namun sistem yang dibuat belum memiliki sistem yang mampu melakukan prediksi terhadap kapan mahasiswa menyelsaikan tugas akhir.",
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"text": "Selanjutnya penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Dwi [3] tentang perancangan, analisis dan implementasi sistem informasi tugas akhir dengan tingkat kepuasan pengguna 70,5 % dari 70 responden. Sistem yang dibuat juga belum bisa melakukan prediksi kapan mahasiswa dapat menyelsaikan tugas akhir tepat pada waktunya.",
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"text": "Berdasarkan penelitian terdahulu peneliti membuat sistem tugas akhir dengan menambahkan sistem prediksi yang mampu melakukan prediksi terhadap mahasiswa yang sedang melakukan tugas akhir, dengan menggunakan algoritma data mining yaitu Support Vector Machine (SVM).",
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"text": ". III METODOLOGI PENELITIAN",
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"text": "Penelitian ini menggunakan Metode",
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"text": "Support Vectot Machine (SVM) untuk melakukan prediksi. Support vector machine (SVM) mengalami perkembangan yang sangat pesat [4], support vector machine (SVM) dapat mengatasi masalah klasifikasi dan regresi dengan linier ataupun nonlinier kernel yang dapat menjadi satu kemampuan algoritma pembelajaran untuk klasifikasi [9]. Selain memiliki banyak kemampuan yang telah disebutkan diatas, metode SVM juga memiliki kelemahan pada sulitnya pemilihan parameter SVM yang optimal, keakuratan klasifikasi",
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"text": "atau",
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"text": "regresi ditentukan oleh sekelompok parameter yang sesuai [10]",
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"text": "Gambar 1 Klasifikasi data Support Vector Machine",
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"text": "Kinerja SVM sangat tergantung pada pilihan yang memadai dari nilai-nilai parameter, termasuk misalnya, kernel dan parameter regularisasi. Pemilihan parameter SVM umumnya sebagai masalah optimasi di mana teknik pencarian digunakan untuk menemukan konfigurasi parameter yang memaksimalkan kinerja SVM [11]",
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"text": "Untuk metode pengembangan sistem sendiri digunakan scrum karena dapat digunakan untuk mengembangkan dan memelihara produk yang kompleks. Scrum adalah [12] sebuah kerangka kerja untuk mengembangkan, menghantarkan dan",
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"text": "mengelola produk yang kompleks. Panduan ini berisi definisi Scrum yang terdiri dari peran-peran, acara-acara, artefakartefak, dan aturan-aturan yang menyatukan kesemuanya. Ken Schwaber dan Jeff Sutherland mengembangkan",
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"text": "Panduan Scrum ditulis dan disebarluaskan oleh mereka. Mereka berdua yang tetap mempertahankan Panduan Scrum.",
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"text": "Tiga peran yang ditentukan oleh kerangka Scrum. Peran-peran inilah yang membuka kekuatan Scrum dan memungkinkan nilai untuk disampaikan kepada pelanggan dan pemangku",
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"text": "kepentingan dengan cepat [13].",
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"text": "Yogi Isro Mukti",
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"text": "Vol 05 No 02 Desember 2020",
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"text": "Gambar 2 Kerangka Kerja Scrum Teknik pengumpulan data yang",
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"text": "digunakan dalam penelitian ini melalui wawancara mendalam/indepth interview",
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"text": "kepada informan terpilih. Untuk menganalisis hasil penelitian ini, maka",
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"text": "dilakukan langkah-langkah sebagai berikut:",
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"text": "wawancara mendalam maupun obsevasi langsung;",
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"text": "Reduksi data, memilih informasi mana yang sesuai dan tidak sesuai dengan masalah penelitian; Penyajian, data disajikan bisa dalam bentuk tabel, ataupun uraian penjelasan; dan tahap akhir adalah menarik kesimpulan.",
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"text": "Sistem Informasi Tugas Akhir SISTA Pekerjaan Lapangan Pengumpulan Dokumen Kompilasi Data Pralapangan Penjajakan Pengujian Keabsahan Data Memasuki Lokasi Wawancara Menganalisa Temuan Observasi Objek Dokumentasi Komparasi Data Verifikasi Simpulan Reduksi dan Klasifikasi Pengurusan Izin Penentuan Lokasi Rancangan Penelitian Persiapan Kelengkapan Penentuan Informan Crosschek Check, Recheck Triangulasi Gambar 3 Diagram Fishbone Alur Penelitian",
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"text": "IV HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN",
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"text": "Penelitian yang dilakukan dengan menggunakan komputer dengan spesifikasi",
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"text": "AMD Ryzen 5, RAM 8 GB, Sistem Operasi",
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"text": "Windows 10 64 bit. Aplikasi yang digunakan adalah Rapid Miner 9.7. Pengujian dilakukan menggunakan dataset mahasiswa Sekolah Tinggi Teknologi",
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"text": "Pagaralam, dengan parameter IPK, jumlah bimbingan 1 dan jumlah bimbingan 2. Seperti yang ditampilkan pada gambar 4.",
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"text": "Dengan minimum bimbingan 6 dan maksimul 19 dengan rata-rata bimbingan 12,895. Pada gambar 5 minimal bimbingan 1, maksimum 18 dan rata-rata didapatkan 11,211",
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"text": "Selanjutnya didapatkan 2 nilai yang berbeda, yakni lulus dan tidak lulus dari data yang dihitung dengan nilai persentase 68, 42 % Lulus, dan 31,58% Tidak Lulus.",
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"text": "Berdasarkan nilai korelasi Support Vector Machine (SVM) . Didapatkan nilai bimbingan 1 sebesar 0,717, dan pada bimbingan 2 didapatkan nilai 0,691 dan IPK 0,902. Seperti yang nampak pada tabel 1.",
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"text": "Tabel 1. Bobot berdasarkan korelasi Attribut Bobot IPK 0,902 Jumlah Bimbingan 1 0,717 Jumlah Bimbingan 2 0,691 Berdasarkan sistem prediksi yang dilakukan menggunakan support vector machine (SVM) , didapatkan bahwa parameter yang berpengaruh terhadap kelulusan tepat waktu pada mahasiswa adalah jumlah pertemuan <=50% tidak lulus tugas akhir tepat waktu, dan untuk bimbingan >=51% maka diprediksi Lulus Tugas Akhir tepat waktu.",
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"text": "Tabel 2. Korelasi SVM",
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"text": "Attribut IPK Jumlah Bimbingan 1 Jumlah Bimbingan 2 Status = Lulus IPK 1 0,708 0,35 0,717 Jumlah Bimbingan 1 0,708 1 0,756 0,902 Jumlah Bimbingan 2 0,35 0,756 1 0,691 Status = Lulus 0,717 0,902 0,691 1 Setelah didpatkan nilai SVM, langkah",
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"text": "selanjutnya adalah menerapkan SVM",
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"text": "kedalam sistem tugas akhir, yang dibangun berbasis aplikasi web, dan selanjutnya dilakukan pengujian terhadap sistem tugas akhir.",
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"text": "Dari pengujian yang dilakukan pada sistem informasi tugas akhir menggunakan katalon studio didapatkan hasil passed/ lulus tes aplikasi, seperti yang terlihat pada gambar 1. Sehingga sistem dapat digunakan dan dijalankan dalam melakukan efesiensi proses administrasi tugas akhir.",
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"text": "Gambar 8. merupakan tampilan halaman login pada aplikasi sistem tugas akhir, dengan memasukan username dan password yang terenskripsi.",
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"text": "Pada gambar 9 merupakan dashboard sistem kontrol sistem tugas akhir.",
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"text": "Pada gambar 10 merupakan halaman bagi mahasiswa dengan menampilkan form ajuan judul, yang sekaligus menampilkan prediksi terhadap mahasiswa apakah akan lulus tugas akhir tepat pada waktunya atau tidak.",
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"text": "Gambar 10 Halaman sista bagi mahasiswa",
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"text": "JUTIM (Jurnal Teknik Informatika Musirawas)",
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"text": "Yogi Isro Mukti",
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"text": "Vol 05 No 02 Desember 2020",
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"text": "Universitas Bina Insan Lubuklinggau",
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"text": "115",
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"text": "V KESIMPULAN",
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"text": "Berdasarkan pembahasan di atas disimpulkan bahwa sistem tugas akhir yang diberi nama SISTA Sekolah Tinggi Teknologi Pagaralam, dapat berjalan dengan baik, dengan menerapkan sistem kontrol, dan juga menerapkan algoritma support",
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"top": 189,
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"text": "vector machine (SVM) , yang digunakan",
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"text": "untuk melakukan prediksi terhadap mahasiswa yang sedang melaksanakan tugas akhir apakah akan tepat waktu atau tidak.",
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"text": "1. Sistem yang dibuat dapat berjalan sesuai dengan yang diharapkan",
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"top": 277,
"width": 195,
"height": 53,
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"text": "2. Penerapan algoritma Support Vector Machine (SVM), dapat digunakan untuk membantu memprediksi lulus tepat waktu tugas akhir.",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 88,
"top": 335,
"width": 194,
"height": 39,
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"text": "3. Berdasarkan pengujian di atas tingkat akurasi SVM dapat diterima untuk melakukan prediksi",
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"top": 391,
"width": 198,
"height": 141,
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"text": "VI SARAN Penelitian ini menggunakan algoritama Support Vector Machine (SVM), dalam membuat prediksi kelulusan tepat waktu tugas akhir, agar dapat meningkatkan akurasi SVM kedepannya bisa ditambahkan algoritma genetika, atau yang lain. Dan juga bisa menggunakan algoritma prediksi yang lain untuk meningkatkan akurasi prediksi lulus tepat waktu tugas akhir.",
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"text": "VII DAFTAR PUSTAKA",
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"text": "[1] M. Mustianti, I. B. Ketut Widiartha, and M. A. Albar, “Sistem Informasi Tugas",
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"text": "Akhir Program Studi Informatika,” J.",
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"text": "Teknol. Informasi, Komputer, dan Apl.",
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{
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"text": "(JTIKA ) , vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 19–29, 2020.",
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"text": "[2] FERRY STEPHANUS SUWITA, “Pengembangan sistem informasi tugas akhir dan skripsi (simita) di universitas komputer indonesia (unikom) artikel,” 2016.",
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"text": "[3] D. Indah Lestari, R. Mardiani, and I. Wicaksana Siregar, “Analisis Perancangan dan Implementasi Sistem Informasi Tugas Akhir Berbasis Web untuk Mendukung",
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"text": "Perlindungan Hukum Bagi Konsumen Muslim Terhadap Peredaran Makanan Tidak Bersertifikat Halal (Studi pada LPPOM MUI Sumatera Utara di Medan) ”",
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"text": "The regulations for legal protection for Muslim consumers against the circulation of not halal food certified are regulated in the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 18 of 2012 concerning Food and the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection, the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 33 of 2014 concerning Halal Product Guarantee.",
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"text": "The role of LPPOM MUI in halal certification is as LPH where LPPOM will be an institution that carries out the process of inspecting food ingredients, inspecting product processing, examining equipment, production rooms, and checking the halal assurance system. In addition, the role of LPPOM MUI as LPH is to submit the results of the inspection and / or testing the halalness of the product to BPJH.",
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"text": "Protection, Muslim Consumers, Food Circulation, Not Halal Certified . Abstrak Pengaturan perlindungan hukum bagi konsumen muslim terhadap peredaran makanan tidak bersertifikat halal di atur dalam Undang- Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 18 Tahun 2012 tentang Pangan dan Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 8 Tahun 1999 tentang Perlindungan Konsumen, Undang- Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 33 Tahun 2014 tentang Jaminan Produk Halal.",
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"text": "ini mendapat cukup perhatian karena menyangkut aturan-aturan guna mensejahterakan masyarakat, bukan",
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"text": "masyarakat selaku konsumen saja yang mendapat perlindungan, namun pelaku usaha juga mempunyai hak yang sama untuk mendapat perlindungan, masing-masing mempunyai hak dan kewajiban. Pemerintah berperan mengatur, mengawasi, dan mengontrol sehingga tercipta sistem yang kondusif saling berkaitan satu dengan yang lain dengan demikian tujuan mensejahterakan masyarakat secara luas dapat tercapai. 2",
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"text": "Pengetahuan tentang hukum makanan yang halal sangat penting bagi kehidupan konsumen muslim, karena berhubungan dengan hajat manusia setiap waktu. Dengan adanya label halal dalam suatu produk makanan maka konsumen muslim dapat memastikan produk mana saja yang boleh dikonsumsi. Sesuai dengan Pasal 4 Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 33 Tahun 2014 Tentang Jaminan Produk Halal (Selanjutnya disebut UU",
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"text": "Jaminan Produk Halal) menyatakan 2 Celina Tri Siwi Kristiyanti, Hukum Perlindungan Konsumen , Sinar Grafika, Jakarta, 2018, h.1.",
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"page_width": 595,
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"text": "JURNAL HUKUM KAIDAH",
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"top": 52,
"width": 303,
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"text": "Media Komunikasi dan Informasi Hukum dan Masyarakat",
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"top": 786,
"width": 105,
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"text": "Jurnal Hukum KAIDAH",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
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"text": "46",
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"text": "bahwa,Produk yang masuk atau beredar dan diperdagangkan di wilayah Indonesia wajib bersertifikat halal.",
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"text": "Data dari Lembaga Pengkajian Pangan, Obat-Obatan dan Kosmetika Majelis Ulama Indonesia (LPPOM MUI) Sumatera Utara di Medan pada tahun 2019,terdaftar 286 jumlah produk dan jumlah sertifikat halal yang terdapat pada LPPOM MUI Sumut di Medan, dan terdaftar 243 jumlah perusahaan/pelaku usaha yang mendaftarkan produk makanannya ke LPPOM MUI Sumut di Medan.",
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"text": "Beberapa kasus maraknya peredaran label halal palsu disebabkan kurangnya pengetahuan dari pengusaha, meski tindakan tersebut salah. Selain itu, pengusaha tidak siap untuk melalui tahapan memperoleh sertifikat halal, seperti kesiapan dokumen hingga produksinya.Dampaknya, mereka tak lolos saat audit. Seperti dalam contoh kasus dua varian mi instan asal Korea yang didalamnya mengandung unsur babi seperti",
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"text": "dalamSamyang,Nongshim, dan Ottogi, 3 Mie Instan Jajangmyeon Korea yang belum memiliki sertifikat halal, dua produk dairy milk yang mengandung unsur babi yaitu cadbury dairy milk roast almond dan cadbury milk hazelnut dan produk makanan Pringles belum bersertifikat halal MUI.",
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"text": "Konsumen merupakan golongan yang rentan dieksploitasi oleh pelaku usaha. Karena itu, diperlukan seperangkat aturan hukum untuk melindungi konsumen. 4 Berhubung dengan hal ini, pemerintah mempunyai peran penting terhadap sertifikasi dan labeling halal dibutuhkan dalam suatu produk makanan",
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"text": "3 https://www.islampos.com/ylki-sumut- imbau-masyarakat-waspadai-peredaran-mi-instan- mengandung-babi-53528/, diakses pada tanggal 2 Juli 2019, pukul 8.23 Wib.",
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"text": "4 Munir Fuady, Pengantar Hukum Bisnis, Citra Aditya Bakti, Bandung,2016,h.227.",
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"text": "karena sebagai konsumen muslim dibutuhkan sebuah informasi yang jelas terhadap makanan yang bersertifikat halal karena menjadi sebab, mana makanan yang dapat dikonsumsi dengan baik ( thayyiba ) dan mana makanan yang tidak dapat dikonsumsi. Pemerintah juga dituntut untuk melakukan upaya perlindungan hukum guna melindungi konsumen muslim dalam hal sertifikasi halal suatu produk makanan.",
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"text": "Lembaga Pengkajian Pangan, Obat- obatan, dan Kosmetika Majelis Ulama Indonesia atau yang disebut LPPOM MUI adalah lembaga yang bertugas kuat untuk meneliti, mengkaji, menganalisis dan memutuskan apakah produk- produk baik pangan dan turunannya, obat- obatan dan produk kosmetika apakah aman dikonsumsi baik dari sisi kesehatan dan dari sisi ajaran agama Islam yakni halal atau boleh dan baik untuk dikonsumsi bagi umat Muslim khususnya di wilayah Indonesia, selain itu memberikan rekomendasi, merumuskan ketentuan dan bimbingan kepada layanan masyarakat. 5",
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"text": "B. Rumusan Masalah",
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"text": "Berdasarkan dari latar belakang yang telah diuraikan, maka penulis merumuskan masalah yang akan diteliti adalah sebagai berikut:",
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"text": "1. Bagaimana perlindungan hukum bagi konsumen muslim terhadap peredaran makanan yang tidak bersertifikat halal di Kota Medan?",
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{
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"text": "2. Bagaimana peran Lembaga Pengkajian Pangan Obat-obatan dan Kosmetika",
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{
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"text": "Majelis Ulama Indonesia (LPPOM MUI) dalam hal pengawasan dan memberikan",
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"text": "5 https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/LPPOM_MUI diakses pada tanggal 2 Juli 2019 Pukul 11.00 Wib",
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"text": "JURNAL HUKUM KAIDAH",
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"text": "Media Komunikasi dan Informasi Hukum dan Masyarakat",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 427,
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"text": "Jurnal Hukum KAIDAH",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
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"text": "47",
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},
{
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"top": 78,
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"text": "kepastian hukum terhadap masyarakat di Kota Medan?",
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"text": "C. Tujuan Penelitian",
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"text": "Adapun tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah:",
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"text": "1. Untuk mengetahui pengaturan sertifikasi halal terhadap makanan.",
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{
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"text": "2. Untuk mengetahui perlindungan hukum bagi konsumen muslim terhadap peredaran makanan yang tidak bersertifikat halal.",
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{
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"text": "3. Untuk mengetahui peran Lembaga",
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{
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"text": "Pengkajian Pangan Obat-obatan dan Kosmetika Majelis Ulama Indonesia",
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"text": "(LPPOM MUI) dalam hal pengawasan dan memberikan kepastian hukum terhadap masyarakat di Kota Medan.",
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"text": "D. Manfaat Penelitian",
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"text": "Disamping tujuan yang hendak dicapai sebagaimana yang dikemukakan diatas, maka penulisan skripsi ini juga memberikan manfaat baik secara teoritis maupun secara praktis. 1. Manfaat Teoritis",
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"text": "a. Skripsi ini diharapkan memberikan sumbagan pemikiran pengembangan bidang pengetahuan hukum umumnya maupun hukum perdata khususnya sehingga dapat menambah bahan referensi dan bahan masukan untuk penelitian selanjutnya.",
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"text": "b. Skripsi ini",
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"text": "diharapkan dapat memberikan gambaran umum tentang bentuk perlindungan konsumen muslim terhadap makanan bersertifikat/berlabel halal serta menjadi bahan masukan bagi masyarakat umum dan aparat penegak hukum untuk memberikan",
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"text": "perlindungan konsumen terhadap",
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"text": "konsumen muslim atas makanan bersertifkat halal. 2. Manfaat Praktis",
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"text": "Secara praktis hasil penelitian ini dapat memberikan masukan dalam perkembangan ilmu hukum, khususnya yang berhubungan dengan masalah perlindungan hukum konsumen muslim terhadap makanan yang tidak bersertifikat halal.",
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"text": "E. Definisi Operasional",
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"text": "1. Perlindungan Hukum",
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"text": "adalah perlindungan akan harkat dan martabat, serta pengakuan terhadap hak-hak asasi manusia yang dimiliki oleh subyek hukum berdasarkan ketentuan hukum dari kesewenangan. 6",
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"text": "2. Perlindungan konsumen adalah segala upaya yang menjamin adanya kepastian hukum untuk memberi perlindungan kepala konsumen.",
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"text": "3. Konsumen adalah setiap orang pemakai barang dan/atau jasa yang tersedia dalam masyarakat, baik bagi kepentingan diri sendiri, keluarga, orang lain, maupun makhluk hidup lain dan tidak untuk diperdagangkan.",
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"text": "4. Makanan atau Pangan adalah segala sesuatu yang berasal dari sumber hayati produk pertanian,",
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{
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"height": 181,
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"text": "perkebunan, kehutanan, perikanan, peternakan, perairan, dan air, baik yang diolah maupun tidak diolah yang diperuntukkan sebagai makanan atau minuman bagi konsumsi manusia, termasuk bahan tambahan Pangan, bahan baku Pangan, dan bahan lainnya yang digunakan dalam proses penyiapan, pengolahan, dan/atau pembuatan makanan atau minuman.",
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"text": "5. Sertifikat Halal adalah suatu fatwa tertulis dari Majelis UlamaIndonesia",
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"text": "6 Philipus M. Hadjon, Perlindungan Bagi Rakyat di Indonesia, Bina Ilmu, Surabaya,1987, h. 1",
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{
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"text": "48",
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"text": "(MUI) yang menyatakan kehalalan suatu produk sesuai dengansyari'at Islam. 7",
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"text": "Lembaga Pengkajian Pangan Obat-Obatan dan Kosmetika Majelis Ulama Indonesia (LPPOM MUI) adalah sebuah lembaga yang dibentuk oleh MUI dengan tugas menjalankan fungsi MUI untuk melindungi konsumen muslim dalam mengonsumsi makanan, minuman, obat-obatan maupun kosmetika. 8",
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"text": "II. TINJAUAN PUSTAKA",
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"text": "A. Tinjauan Umum Tentang Perlindungan Hukum Konsumen 1. Pengertian Perlindungan Hukum Konsumen Perlindungan berasal dari kata lindung yang memiliki arti mengayomi, mencegah, mempertahankan",
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"text": "dan membentengi. 9",
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"text": "Perlindungan hukum adalah upaya pemerintah untuk menjamin adanya kepastian hukum untuk memberi perlindungan kepada masyarakat agar hak-haknya sebagai warga negara tidak dilanggar.",
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"text": "Menurut Satjipto Raharjo Perlindungan Hukum adalah memberikan pengayoman kepada hak asasi manusia yang dirugikan orang lain dan perlindungan tersebut diberikan kepada masyarakat agar mereka dapat menikmati semua hak-hak yang diberikan oleh hukum. 10 Menurut Philipus M. Hadjon",
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"text": "berpendapat bahwa perlindungan hukum adalah perlindungan akan harkat dan martabat, serta pengakuan terhadap hak-hak asasi manusia",
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"text": "7 Panji Adam, Kedudukan Sertifikasi Halal Dalam Sistem Hukum Nasional Sebagai Upaya",
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"text": "Perlindungan Konsumen Dalam Hukum Islam, Amwaluna, Vol. 1 No. 1 , Januari, 2017, h.150",
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"text": "8 http://www.halalmui.org/images/stories/pdf/ sjh-indonesia.pdf , diakses pada tanggal 8 Juli 2019, Pukul 8.19 W IB.",
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"text": "9 Dedy Sugiono, Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Pusat Bahasa, Jakarta, h.1085.",
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"text": "10 Sajipto Rahardjo, Ilmu Hukum , Citra Adya Bakti, Bandung, 2014, h. 53.",
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"text": "yang dimiliki oleh subyek hukum berdasarkan ketentuan hukum dari kesewenangan. 11",
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"text": "Philipus M. Hadjon berpendapat bahwa prinsip perlindungan hukum bagi rakyat terhadap tindak pemerintah bertumpu dan bersumber dari konsep tentang pengakuan dan perlindungan terhadap hak-hak asasi manusia karena menurut sejarahnya di Barat, lahirnya konsep-konsep tentang pengakuan dan perlindugan terhadap hak- hak asasi manusia diarahkan kepada pembatasan-pembatasan dan peletakan kewajiban pada masyarakat dan pemerintah. 12 Menurut CST Kansil Perlindungan Hukum adalah berbagai upaya hukum yang harus diberikan oleh aparat penegak hukum untuk memberikan rasa aman, baik secara pikiran maupun fisik dari gangguan dan berbagai ancaman dari pihak manapun.",
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"text": "Menurut Business English Dictionary, perlindungan konsumen adalah protecting consumers against unfair or illegal traders. Adapun Black’s Law Dictionary mendefinisikan a statute that safeguards consumers in the use goods and services. Perlindungan konsumen adalah istilah yang dipakai untuk menggambarkan perlindungan hukum yang diberikan kepada konsumen dalam usahanya untuk memenuhi kebutuhannya dari hal-hal yang merugikan konsumen itu sendiri. 13",
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"text": "Pengertian perlindungan konsumen di kemukakan oleh berbagai sarjana hukum salah satunya Az. Nasution mendefinisikan perlindungan konsumen adalah bagian dari hukum yang memuat asas-asasatau kaidah- kaidah yang bersifat mengatur hubungan dan juga mengandung sifat yang melindungi kepentingan konsumen. 14",
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{
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"text": "UU Perlindungan Konsumen Pasal 1 ayat 1 tentang Perlindungan Konsumen",
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"text": "11 Philipus M. Hadjon, Loc.Cit",
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"top": 699,
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"text": "12 Ibid , h.38",
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"text": "13 Zulham, Hukum Perlindungan",
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{
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"top": 721,
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"text": "Konsumen, Prenadamedia Group, Jakarta, 2013, h.21.",
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"text": "14 Az. Nasution, Hukum Perlindungan Konsumen Suatu Pengantar , Diadit Media, Jakarta, 2002 h. 22.",
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"text": "JURNAL HUKUM KAIDAH",
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"text": "Media Komunikasi dan Informasi Hukum dan Masyarakat",
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{
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"text": "Jurnal Hukum KAIDAH",
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{
"left": 519,
"top": 37,
"width": 14,
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"text": "49",
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"text": "menyatakan bahwa, perlindungan konsumen adalah segala upaya yang menjamin adanya kepastian hukum untuk memberi perlindungan kepada konsumen.",
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{
"left": 85,
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"text": "Perlindungan konsumen mempunyai cakupan yang luas, meliputi perlindungan konsumen terhadap barang dan jasa, yang berawal dari tahap kegiatan untuk mendapatkan barang dan jasa hingga sampai akibat-akibat dari pemakaian barang dan/atau jasa tersebut. Cakupan perlindungan konsumen dapat dibedakan dalam dua aspek, yaitu:",
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"text": "a. Perlindungan terhadap kemungkinan barang yang diserahkan kepada konsumen tidak sesuai dengan apa yang telah disepakati.",
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},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 337,
"width": 217,
"height": 9,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "b. Perlindungan terhadap diberlakukannya",
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{
"left": 99,
"top": 355,
"width": 204,
"height": 26,
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"text": "syarat-syarat yang tidak adil kepada konsumen. 15",
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"text": "Berdasarkan dari beberapa pengertian konsumen yang telah dikemukakan di atas, maka konsumen dapat dibedakan kepada tiga batasan, yaitu:",
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 458,
"width": 74,
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"text": "a. Konsumen",
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{
"left": 108,
"top": 458,
"width": 196,
"height": 67,
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"page_width": 595,
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"text": "komersial ( commercial consumer ), adalah setiap orang yang mendapatkan barang dan/atau jasa yang digunakan untuk memproduksi barang dan/atau jasa lain dengan tujuan mendapatkan keuntungan.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 527,
"width": 218,
"height": 55,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "b. Konsumen antara ( intermediate consumer ), adalah setiap orang yang mendapatkan barang dan/atau jasa yang digunakan untuk diperdagangkan kembali juga dengan tujuan mencari keuntungan.",
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},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 585,
"width": 218,
"height": 101,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "c. Konsumen akhir ( ultimate consumer/end user ), adalah setiap orang yang mendapatkan dan menggunakan barang dan/atau jasa untuk tujuan memenuhi kebutuhan kehidupan pribadi, keluarga, orang lain, dan makhluk hidup lainnya dan tidak untuk diperdagangkan kembali dan/atau untuk mencari keuntungan kembali. 16",
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "15 Aulia Muthiah, Hukum Perlindungan Konsumen , Pustaka Baru, Yogyakarta, 2018, h.39. 16 Zulham, Op. Cit , h.17-18",
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"top": 78,
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"text": "Hak konsumen sebagaimana tertuang dalam Pasal 4 UU Perlindungan Konsumen sebagai berikut:",
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"top": 130,
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"text": "a. Hak atas kenyamanan, keamanan, dan keselamatan dalam mengkonsumsi barang dan/atau jasa;",
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{
"left": 314,
"top": 165,
"width": 218,
"height": 43,
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "b. Hak untuk memilih barang dan/atau jasa serta mendapatkan barang dan/atau jasa tersebut sesuai dengan nilai tukar dan kondisi serta jaminan yang dijanjikan;",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 314,
"top": 211,
"width": 218,
"height": 32,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "c. Hak atas informasi yang benar, jelas, dan jujur mengenai kondisi dan jaminan barang dan/atau jasa;",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 314,
"top": 245,
"width": 218,
"height": 32,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "d. Hak untuk didengar pendapat dan keluhannya atas barang dan/atau jasa yang digunakan;",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 314,
"top": 280,
"width": 219,
"height": 43,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "e. Hak untuk mendapatkan advokasi, perlindungan, dan upaya penyelesaian sengketa perlindungan konsumen secara patut;",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 314,
"top": 326,
"width": 218,
"height": 20,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "f. Hak untuk mendapat pembinaan dan pendidikan konsumen;",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 314,
"top": 349,
"width": 218,
"height": 20,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "g. Hak untuk diperlakukan atau dilayani secara benar dan jujur serta tidak diskriminatif;",
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},
{
"left": 314,
"top": 372,
"width": 218,
"height": 55,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "h. Hak untuk mendapatkan kompensasi, ganti rugi dan/atau penggantian, apabila barang dan/atau jasa yang diterima tidak sesuai dengan perjanjian atau tidak sebagaimana mestinya;",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 314,
"top": 429,
"width": 218,
"height": 21,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "i. Hak-hak yang diatur dalam ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan lainnya.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 351,
"top": 464,
"width": 182,
"height": 9,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "Selain memiliki hak-hak, berdasarkan",
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{
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"top": 487,
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"text": "Pasal 5 UU Perlindungan Konsumen, konsumen juga memiliki kewajiban yaitu:",
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"top": 533,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "a. Membaca atau mengikuti petunjuk informasi dan prosedur pemakaian atau pemanfaatan barang dan/atau jasa, demi keamanan dan keselamatan;",
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},
{
"left": 314,
"top": 579,
"width": 218,
"height": 21,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "b. Beritikad baik dalam melakukan transaksi pembelian barang dan/atau jasa;",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 314,
"top": 603,
"width": 218,
"height": 20,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "c. Membayar sesuai dengan nilai tukar yang disepakati;",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 314,
"top": 626,
"width": 219,
"height": 31,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "d. Mengikuti upaya penyelesaian hukum sengketa perlindungan konsumen secara patut.",
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},
{
"left": 332,
"top": 672,
"width": 200,
"height": 26,
"page_number": 5,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "2. Pengertian Pelaku Usaha, Hak dan Kewajibannya",
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},
{
"left": 314,
"top": 707,
"width": 219,
"height": 60,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Pasal 1 angka 3 UU Perlindungan Konsumen disebutkan bahwapelaku usaha adalah setiap orang perseorangan atau badan usaha, baik yang berbentuk badan hukum",
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"width": 175,
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"text": "JURNAL HUKUM KAIDAH",
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{
"left": 177,
"top": 52,
"width": 303,
"height": 13,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Media Komunikasi dan Informasi Hukum dan Masyarakat",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 427,
"top": 786,
"width": 105,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Jurnal Hukum KAIDAH",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 519,
"top": 37,
"width": 14,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "50",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 78,
"width": 218,
"height": 96,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "maupun bukan badan hukum yang didirikan dan berkedudukan atau melakukan kegiatan dalam wilayah hukum negara Republik Indonesia, baik sendiri maupun bersama-sama melalui perjanjian menyelenggarakan kegiatan usaha dalam berbagai bidang ekonomi.",
"type": "Text"
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"height": 61,
"page_number": 6,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "Dalam penjelasan undang-undang yang termasuk dalam pelaku usaha adalah perusahaan, korporasi, BUMN, koperasi, importir, pedagang, distributor dan lain-lain.",
"type": "Text"
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"top": 251,
"width": 218,
"height": 44,
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Pasal 6 UU Perlindungan Konsumen, Produsen disebut sebagai pelaku usaha mempunyai hak sebagai berikut:",
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"top": 303,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "a. Hak untuk menerima pembayaran yang sesuai dengan kesepakatan mengenai kondisi dan nilai tukar barang dan/atau jasa yang diperdagangkan;",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 99,
"top": 349,
"width": 204,
"height": 32,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "b. Hak untuk mendapat perlindungan hukum dari tindakan konsumen yang beritikad tidak baik;",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 99,
"top": 383,
"width": 204,
"height": 32,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "c. Hak untuk melakukan pembelaan diri sepatutnya di dalam penyelesaian hukum sengketa konsumen;",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 99,
"top": 418,
"width": 204,
"height": 43,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "d. Hak untuk rehabilitasi nama baik apabila terbukti secara hukum bahwa kerugian konsumen tidak diakibatkan oleh barang dan/atau jasa yang diperdagangkan;",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 99,
"top": 464,
"width": 204,
"height": 20,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "e. Hak-hak yang diatur dalam ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan lainnya.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 499,
"width": 189,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Adapun dalam Pasal 7 UU Perlindungan",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 522,
"width": 218,
"height": 32,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Konsumen diatur kewajiban pelaku usaha, sebagai berikut:",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 106,
"top": 568,
"width": 197,
"height": 20,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "a. Beritikad baik dalam melakukan kegiatan usahanya;",
"type": "Table"
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{
"left": 106,
"top": 591,
"width": 197,
"height": 55,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "b. Memberikan informasi yang benar, jelas dan jujur mengenai kondisi dan jaminan barang dan/atau jasa serta memberi penjelasan penggunaan, perbaikan dan pemeliharaan;",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 106,
"top": 648,
"width": 197,
"height": 113,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "c. Memperlakukan atau melayani konsumen secara benar dan jujur serta tidak diskriminatif; d. Menjamin mutu barang dan/atau jasa yang diproduksi dan/atau diperdagangkan berdasarkan ketentuan standar mutu barang dan/atau jasa yang berlaku; e. Memberi kesempatan kepada konsumen untuk menguji, dan/atau",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 350,
"top": 78,
"width": 183,
"height": 44,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "mencoba barang dan/atau jasa tertentu serta memberi jaminan dan/atau garansi atas barang yang dibuat dan/atau yang diperdagangkan;",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 336,
"top": 125,
"width": 197,
"height": 54,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "f. Memberi kompensasi, ganti rugi dan/atau penggantian atas kerugian akibat penggunaan, pemakaian dan pemanfaatan barang dan/atau jasa yang diperdagangkan;",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 336,
"top": 182,
"width": 196,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "g. Memberi kompensasi, ganti rugi",
"type": "Table"
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{
"left": 350,
"top": 193,
"width": 183,
"height": 44,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "dan/atau penggantian apabila barang dan/atau jasa yang dterima atau dimanfaatkan tidak sesuai dengan perjanjian.",
"type": "Text"
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"top": 254,
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Lebih lanjut, Pasal 8 UU Perlindungan",
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"left": 314,
"top": 277,
"width": 218,
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"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Konsumen menetapkan larangan-larangan bagi pelaku usaha yang berujung pada kerugian konsumen yaitu:",
"type": "Text"
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"top": 345,
"width": 210,
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"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "1) Pelaku usaha dilarang memproduksi dan/atau memperdagangkan barang dan/atau jasa yang :",
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{
"left": 346,
"top": 380,
"width": 186,
"height": 44,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "a. tidak memenuhi atau tidak sesuai dengan standar yang dipersyaratkan dan ketentuan peraturan perundang- undangan;",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 346,
"top": 426,
"width": 187,
"height": 135,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "b. tidak sesuai dengan berat bersih, isi bersih atau netto , dan jumlah dalam hitungan sebagaimana yang dinyatakan dalam label atau etiket barang tersebut; c. tidak sesuai dengan ukuran, takaran, timbangan dan jumlah dalam hitungan menurut ukuran yang sebenarnya; d. tidak sesuai dengan kondisi, jaminan, keistimewaan atau kemanjuran sebagaimana",
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{
"left": 364,
"top": 564,
"width": 168,
"height": 32,
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"text": "dinyatakan dalam label, etiket atau keterangan barang dan/atau jasa tersebut;",
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},
{
"left": 346,
"top": 599,
"width": 186,
"height": 66,
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"text": "e. tidak sesuai dengan mutu, tingkatan, komposisi, proses pengolahan, gaya, mode, atau penggunaan tertentu sebagaimana dinyatakan dalam label atau keterangan barang dan/atau jasa tersebut;",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 346,
"top": 668,
"width": 186,
"height": 43,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "f. tidak sesuai dengan janji yang dinyatakan dalam label, etiket, keterangan, iklan atau promosi penjualan barang dan/atau jasa",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 346,
"top": 714,
"width": 186,
"height": 43,
"page_number": 6,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "tersebut; g. tidak mencantumkan tanggal kadaluwarsa atau jangka waktu penggunaan/pemanfaatan yang",
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},
{
"left": 364,
"top": 760,
"width": 146,
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"text": "paling baik atas barang tertentu;",
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"text": "JURNAL HUKUM KAIDAH",
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"text": "Media Komunikasi dan Informasi Hukum dan Masyarakat",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 427,
"top": 786,
"width": 105,
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"page_number": 7,
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"text": "Jurnal Hukum KAIDAH",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
"left": 519,
"top": 37,
"width": 14,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "51",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 117,
"top": 78,
"width": 187,
"height": 33,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "h. tidak mengikuti ketentuan berproduksi secara halal, sebagaimana pernyataan \"halal\"",
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{
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"top": 113,
"width": 141,
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"text": "yang dicantumkan dalam label;",
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},
{
"left": 117,
"top": 125,
"width": 186,
"height": 32,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "i. tidak memasang label atau membuat penjelasan barang yang memuat nama barang, ukuran, berat/isi bersih",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 99,
"top": 159,
"width": 207,
"height": 345,
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"text": "atau netto , komposisi, aturan pakai, tanggal pembuatan, akibat sampingan, nama dan alamat pelaku usaha serta keterangan lain untuk penggunaan yang menurut ketentuan harus di pasang/dibuat; j. tidak mencantumkan informasi dan/atau petunjuk penggunaan barang dalam bahasa Indonesia sesuai dengan ketentuan perundang- undangan yang berlaku. 2) Pelaku usaha dilarang memperdagangkan barang yang rusak, cacat atau bekas, dan tercemar tanpa memberikan informasi secara lengkap dan benar atas barang dimaksud. 3) Pelaku usaha dilarang memperdagangkan sediaan farmasi dan pangan yang rusak, cacat atau bekas dan tercemar, dengan atau tanpa memberikan informasi secara lengkap dan benar. 4) Pelaku usaha yang melakukan pelanggaran pada ayat (1) dan ayat (2) dilarang memperdagangkan barang dan/atau jasa tersebut serta wajib menariknya dari peredaran. Pasal 9 ayat (1) UU Perlindungan",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 512,
"width": 218,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Konsumen menyatakan bahwa pelaku usaha",
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{
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"top": 530,
"width": 38,
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"text": "dilarang",
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},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 530,
"width": 218,
"height": 60,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "untuk memperdagangkan, menawarkan, mempromosikan, mengiklankan suatu barang dan/atau jasa secara tidak benar, dan/atau seolah-olah:",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"top": 599,
"width": 204,
"height": 55,
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"text": "a. Barang tersebut telah memenuhi dan/atau memiliki potongan harga, harga khusus, standar mutu tertentu, gaya atau mode tertentu, karakteristik tertentu, sejarah atau guna tertentu;",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 99,
"top": 656,
"width": 204,
"height": 21,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "b. Barang tersebut dalam keadaan baik dan/atau baru;",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 99,
"top": 679,
"width": 204,
"height": 44,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "c. Barang dan/atau jasa tersebut telah mendapatkan dan/atau memiliki sponsor, persetujuan, perlengkapan tertentu, keuntungan tertentu, ciri-ciri kerja atau",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 725,
"width": 80,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "aksesori tertentu;",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 99,
"top": 737,
"width": 204,
"height": 32,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "d. Barang dan/atau jasa tersebut dibuat oleh perusahaan yang mempunyai sponsor, persetujuan atau afiliasi;",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 329,
"top": 78,
"width": 192,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "e. Barang dan/atau jasa tersebut tersedia;",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 329,
"top": 90,
"width": 204,
"height": 21,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "f. Barang tersebut tidak mengandung cacat tersembunyi;",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 329,
"top": 113,
"width": 204,
"height": 21,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "g. Barang tersebut merupakan kelengkapan dari barang tertentu;",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 329,
"top": 136,
"width": 204,
"height": 21,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "h. Barang tersebut berasal dari daerah tertentu;",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 329,
"top": 159,
"width": 204,
"height": 20,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "i. Secara langsung atau tidak langsung merendahkan barang dan/atau jasa lain;",
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},
{
"left": 329,
"top": 182,
"width": 204,
"height": 43,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "j. Menggunakan kata-kata yang berlebihan, seperti aman, tidak berbahaya, tidak mengandung risiko atau efek sampingan tanpa keterangan yang lengkap;",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 329,
"top": 228,
"width": 204,
"height": 20,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "k. Menawarkan sesuatu yang mengandung janji yang belum pasti.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 314,
"top": 276,
"width": 218,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 7,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "B. Tinjauan Umum Tentang Produk Makanan",
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},
{
"left": 329,
"top": 299,
"width": 27,
"height": 9,
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Halal",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 329,
"top": 323,
"width": 147,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "1. Pengertian Produk Makanan",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 314,
"top": 340,
"width": 218,
"height": 60,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Dalam pengertian luas, produk ialah segala barang dan jasa yang dihasilkan oleh suatu proses sehingga produk berkaitan erat dengan teknologi. 17 Menurut Pasal 1 angka 4",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 314,
"top": 409,
"width": 219,
"height": 112,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Undang-Undang Perlindungan Konsumen bahwa: Barang adalah setiap benda, baik berwujud maupun tidak berwujud, baik bergerak maupun tidak bergerak, dapat dihabiskan maupun tidak dihabiskan, yang dapat untuk diperdagangkan, dipakai, dipergunakan, atau dimanfaatkan oleh konsumen.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 314,
"top": 532,
"width": 219,
"height": 130,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Makanan atau pangan adalah kebutuhan dasar manusia yang paling utama dan pemenuhannya merupakan bagian dari hak asasi setiap rakyat di Indonesia. Untuk memenuhi kebutuhan perlu diselenggarakan suatu sistem pangan yang memberikan perlindunga, baik bagi pihak yang memproduksi maupun mengonsumsi.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 343,
"top": 670,
"width": 40,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Menurut",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 399,
"top": 670,
"width": 133,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Undang-Undang Republik",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 314,
"top": 687,
"width": 218,
"height": 26,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Indonesia Nomor 18 Tahun 2012 tentang Pangan dinyatakan bahwa :",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 314,
"top": 740,
"width": 218,
"height": 30,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "17 Janus Sidabalok, Hukum Perlindungan Konsumen Di Indonesia, Bandung:Citra Aditya Bakti, 2006, h.18.",
"type": "Footnote"
},
{
"left": 177,
"top": 35,
"width": 175,
"height": 16,
"page_number": 8,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "JURNAL HUKUM KAIDAH",
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{
"left": 177,
"top": 52,
"width": 303,
"height": 13,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Media Komunikasi dan Informasi Hukum dan Masyarakat",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 427,
"top": 786,
"width": 105,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Jurnal Hukum KAIDAH",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 519,
"top": 37,
"width": 14,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "52",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 120,
"top": 78,
"width": 183,
"height": 147,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Pangan adalah segala sesuatu yang berasal dari sumber hayati produk pertanian, perkebunan, kehutanan, perikanan, peternakan, perairan, dan air, baik yang diolah maupun tidak diolah yang diperuntukkan sebagai makanan atau minuman bagi konsumsi manusia, termasuk bahan tambahan Pangan, bahan baku Pangan, dan bahan lainnya yang digunakan dalam proses penyiapan, pengolahan, dan/atau pembuatan makanan atau minuman.",
"type": "Text"
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"width": 204,
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"text": "2. Pengaturan Makanan Halal dalam Hukum",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 259,
"width": 29,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Islam",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 282,
"width": 218,
"height": 61,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Sumber hukum perlindungan konsumen dalam Islam, praktis sama persis dengan sumber hukum islam yang diakui oleh mayoritas ulama (jumhur ulama), yaitu: Al- Qur’an, Sunnah,",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 349,
"width": 218,
"height": 97,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "Ijma’, dan Qiyas. Al- Qur’an dan Sunnah dapat berdiri sendiri sebagai dalil hukum, sedangkan Ijma’ dan Qiyas tidak dapat berdiri sendiri sebagai dalil hukum, karena proses Ijma’ dan Qiyas harus berdasarkan kepada dalil penyandaran dari Al- Qur’an dan Sunnah.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "C. Tinjauan Umum tentang Sertifikasi dan",
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},
{
"left": 99,
"top": 494,
"width": 204,
"height": 27,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Labelisasi Halal di LPPOM MUI Sumatera Utara di Medan",
"type": "Text"
},
{
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"top": 529,
"width": 200,
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"text": "1. Pengertian Sertifikasi dan Labelisasi",
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},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 547,
"width": 218,
"height": 43,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Halal Sertifikasi Halal adalah Fatwa Tertulis Majelis Ulama Indonesia (MUI) yang",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 599,
"width": 218,
"height": 164,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "menyatakan kehalalan suatu produk sesuai syari’at Islam setelah melalui proses pemeriksaan. Sertifikasi dibutuhkan untuk mengetahui validitas produk yang diolah, dikemas, dan diproduksi. Oppenheim dan Weston menjelaskan bahwa sertifikasi adalah tanda ( mark ) yang digunakan pada produk (barang dan/atau jasa) untuk menyatakan tentang bahan, cara pembuatan, kualitas, ketepatan (akurasi), karakteristik, pengelolaan,",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "pengolahan, dan tenaga kerja dalam menghasilkan produk tersebut. 18",
"type": "Text"
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"left": 314,
"top": 111,
"width": 219,
"height": 201,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Label Halal adalah tanda “HALAL” yang dicantumkan pada kemasan produk. Labelisasi adalah proses penyertaan label (pelabelan) yang dirancang untuk melindungi konsumen melalui informasi yang akurat mengenai jumlah, kualitas, dan isi produk. Labelisasi dibutuhkan agar konsumen dapat membandingkan produk lainnya yang bersaing. Dengan demikian, label harus mendeskripsikan dengan jelas setiap bahan asal yang terkandung dalam produk, termasuk bahan yang tersembunyi, seperti pengolahan dan bahan-bahan pendukung",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 314,
"top": 319,
"width": 219,
"height": 183,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "lainnya. 19 Tujuan labelisasi adalah untuk mencegah penipuan, serta untuk membantu konsumen memaksimalkan pilihan terhadap produk untuk kemanfaatan dan kesejahteraan. Agar konsumen bertindak sesuai dengan kepentingan terbaik mereka dan berdasarkan pilihan. Tujuan label adalah sebagai informasi untuk membantu konsumen mengidentifikasi produk makanan yang paling sesuai dengan pilihan. 20",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 314,
"top": 510,
"width": 219,
"height": 181,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Sertifikasi dan labelisasi membantu konsumen untuk mengetahui sifat dan bahan produk, sehingga memungkinkan bagi konsumen untuk memilh berbagai produk yang saling bersaing ( competing products ). Informasi inilah yang dibutuhkan konsumen pada produk panganan halal, dengan informasi yang simetris konsumen dapat menentukan pilihannya untuk mengonsumsi produk pangan halal, karena informasi yang simetris merupakan kesejahteraan bagi konsumen, sehingga",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 351,
"top": 740,
"width": 129,
"height": 9,
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"text": "18 Zulham, Op.,Cit, h.113-114.",
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{
"left": 351,
"top": 751,
"width": 78,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "19 Ibid, h.114-115.",
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},
{
"left": 351,
"top": 761,
"width": 58,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 8,
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"text": "20 Ibid, h.114.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "JURNAL HUKUM KAIDAH",
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"top": 52,
"width": 303,
"height": 13,
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"text": "Media Komunikasi dan Informasi Hukum dan Masyarakat",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 427,
"top": 786,
"width": 105,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Jurnal Hukum KAIDAH",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 519,
"top": 37,
"width": 14,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "53",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 78,
"width": 218,
"height": 27,
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "dengan sertifikasi dan labelisasi tercipta keadilan pasar bagi konsumen. 21",
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"text": "2. Prosedur Sertifikasi/Labelisasi Halal",
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},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 138,
"width": 218,
"height": 113,
"page_number": 9,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "Pasal 1 angka 3 UU Jaminan Produk Halal menyatakan bahwa Proses Produk Halal (PPH) merupakan rangkaian kegiatan untuk menjamin kehalalan produk mencakup penyediaan bahan, pengolahan,penyimpanan, pengemasan, pendistribusian, penjualan, dan penyajian Produk.",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"text": "Pengaturan sertifikasi dan labelisasi produk halal dalam UU Jamianan Produk Halal diatur dalam Pasal 4 yaitu produk yang diperdagangkan wajib bersertifikat halal. Sebagaimana Pasal 4 menyebutkan, Produk yang masuk, beredar, dan diperdagangkan di wilayah Indonesia wajib bersertifikat halal.",
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{
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"top": 380,
"width": 218,
"height": 337,
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"text": "Kewajiban bersertifikat halal terhadap produk tidak berlaku bagi semua produk, karena Pasal 26 UUJPH mengecualikan kewajiban bersertifikat halal kepada pelaku usaha yang memang memproduksi produk dari bahan yang diharamkan. Bagi pelaku usaha yang memproduksi produk dari bahan haram, wajib mencantumkan keterangan tidak halal pada produknya. Ketentuan Pasal 26 UUJPH tersebut, dipengaruhi oleh Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Republik Indonesia Nomor 2/PUU- IX/2011, terkait dengan Pengujian Pasal 58 ayat (4) Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 18 Tahun 2009 tentang Peternakan dan Kesehatan Hewan terhadap Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945. Pengaturan sertifikasi dan labelisasi produk halal dalam UUJPH, tidak melarang produksi dan perdagangan produk haram. Sepanjang produsen",
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"width": 87,
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"text": "produk haram",
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},
{
"left": 262,
"top": 708,
"width": 41,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "tersebut,",
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{
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"top": 725,
"width": 218,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 9,
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"text": "mencantumkan keterangan tidak halal.",
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{
"left": 121,
"top": 761,
"width": 60,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 9,
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"text": "21 Ibid, h.116.",
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"top": 78,
"width": 218,
"height": 130,
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"text": "Pandangan ini dipertegas dengan pengertian sertifikat halal adalah pengakuan kehalalan suatu produk yang dikeluarkan oleh Badan Penyelenggara Jaminan Produk Halal (BPJPH) berdasarkan fatwa halal tertulis yang dikeluarkan oleh Majelis Ulama Indonesia (MUI). Juga diperkuat dengan pengertian label halal adalah tanda kehalalan suatu produk.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 314,
"top": 216,
"width": 219,
"height": 355,
"page_number": 9,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "Ketentuan Pasal 67 UUJPH ayat (1) menyebutkan, “Kewajiban bersertifikat halal bagi produk yang beredar dan diperdagangkan diwilayah Indonesia sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 4 mulai berlaku 5 tahun terhitung sejak undang-undang ini diundangkan.” Ini berarti, mandatory halal certification bagi produk yang beredar dan diperdagangkan di Indonesia, mulai diberlakukan lima tahun ke depan sejak UUJPH diundangkan. Rumusan Pasal 67 ayat (2) dan (3) UUJPH, merupakan key rules untuk pengaturan jenis dan karakteristik produk yang wajib disertifikasi. Pasal 67 ayat (2) menyebutkan, “Sebelum kewajiban bersertifikat halal sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) berlaku, jenis produk yang bersertifikat halal diatur secara bertahap.” Selanjutnya pada Pasal 67 ayat (3) menyebutkan, “Ketentuan mengenai jenis produk yang bersertifikat halal secara bertahap sebagaimana diatur pada ayat (2) diatur dalam peraturan pemerintah.”",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"top": 579,
"width": 218,
"height": 61,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Penyelenggaraan Jaminan Produk Halal (JPH) merupakan tanggung jawab negara, bahwa Pemerintah bertanggung jawab dalam menyelenggarakan JPH. Ketentuan",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "A. Teknik Pengumpulan Data",
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{
"left": 315,
"top": 676,
"width": 82,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 9,
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"text": "1. Sumber Data",
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{
"left": 332,
"top": 694,
"width": 77,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "a. Data Primer",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 314,
"top": 721,
"width": 218,
"height": 44,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Data primer diperoleh dari hasil penelitian pada Lembaga Pengkajian Pangan, Obat- obatan, dan Kosmetika Majelis Ulama",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 177,
"top": 35,
"width": 175,
"height": 16,
"page_number": 10,
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"text": "JURNAL HUKUM KAIDAH",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 177,
"top": 52,
"width": 303,
"height": 13,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Media Komunikasi dan Informasi Hukum dan Masyarakat",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 427,
"top": 786,
"width": 105,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Jurnal Hukum KAIDAH",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 519,
"top": 37,
"width": 14,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "54",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 78,
"width": 218,
"height": 27,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Indonesia(LPPOM MUI Sumatera Utara di Medan)",
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{
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"top": 121,
"width": 90,
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"text": "b. Data sekunder",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 103,
"top": 138,
"width": 200,
"height": 44,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Data sekunder diperoleh dari penelitian kepustakaan berupa bahan-bahan hukum yang terdiri dari",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"top": 190,
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"text": "1) Bahan Hukum Primer",
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{
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"top": 207,
"width": 200,
"height": 61,
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"text": "Bahan hukum primer adalah bahan hukum berupa peraturan perundan-undangan yang berkaitan dengan perlindungan konsumen.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 106,
"top": 276,
"width": 127,
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"text": "2) Bahan Hukum Sekunder",
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{
"left": 124,
"top": 293,
"width": 179,
"height": 96,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Bahan hukum sekunder yaitu bahan- bahan yang erat hubungannya dengan bahan hukum primer, yakni buku-buku, jurnal-jurnal hukum, dan majalah yang berhubungan dengan objek yang diteliti.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 86,
"top": 405,
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"height": 9,
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"text": "2. Alat Pengumpulan Data",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 103,
"top": 422,
"width": 200,
"height": 78,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "a. Penelitian Kepustakaan, Data diperoleh dari beberapa literatur berupa buku- buku ilmiah, peraturan perundang- undangan, jurnal-jurnal, serta sumber kepustakaan lainnya .",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 103,
"top": 509,
"width": 200,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "b. Penelitian Lapangan, yaitu dengan",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 121,
"top": 526,
"width": 182,
"height": 78,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "melakukan wawancara di Lembaga Pengkajian Pangan, Obat-obatan, dan Kosmetika Majelis Ulama Indonesia(LPPOM MUI Sumatera Utara di Medan)",
"type": "Table"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 622,
"width": 78,
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"text": "E. Analisis Data",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 648,
"width": 218,
"height": 112,
"page_number": 10,
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"text": "Analisis data yang digunakan adalah analisis data kualitatif yaitu yang dilakukan dengan merangkai data yang dikumpulkan secara sistematis dan mendapatkan suatu keadaan yang diteliti, Bahan hukum penelitian diklasifikasikan sesuai dengan permasalahan penelitian, hasil klasifikasi bahan hukum",
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{
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"top": 78,
"width": 219,
"height": 44,
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"text": "tersebut selanjutnya disistematisasikan, Bahan hukum yang telah disistematisasikan kemudian dianalisis untuk dijadikan dasar dalam",
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{
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"top": 129,
"width": 113,
"height": 10,
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"text": "mengambil kesimpulan. 22",
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{
"left": 314,
"top": 165,
"width": 218,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "III. HASIL PENELITIAN DAN",
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{
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"text": "PEMBAHASAN",
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{
"left": 314,
"top": 199,
"width": 218,
"height": 43,
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"text": "A. Perlindungan Hukum Bagi Konsumen Muslim Terhadap Peredaran Makanan Yang Tidak Bersertifikat Halal",
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{
"left": 314,
"top": 251,
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"height": 319,
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"text": "Pemerintah bertanggung jawab dalam menyelenggarakan Jaminan Produk Halal (JPH) yang pelaksanaannya dilakukan oleh Badan Penyelenggara Jaminan Produk Halal (BPJPH). Dalam menjalankan wewenangnya, BPJPH bekerja sama dengan kementerian dan/atau lembaga terkait, MUI, dan LPH. Jaminan penyelenggaraan produk halal bertujuan untuk memberikan kenyamanan, keamanan, keselamatan dan kepastian ketersediaan produk halal bagi masyarakat dalam mengonsumsi dan menggunakan produk makanan. Hal ini menjadi penting sebagai bagian dari upaya melindungi konsumen dari produk-produk makanan yang tidak halal.Pada dasarnya keberadaan jaminan produk pangan halal berangkat dari informasi yang benar, jelas, dan lengkap baik secara kuantitatif maupun kualitas dari produk pangan yang mereka konsumsi. 23",
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{
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"width": 219,
"height": 112,
"page_number": 10,
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"text": "Pencantuman label halal sebagai konsekuensi sebuah produk yang bersertifikat halal akan mengembalikan hak-hak konsumen untuk menyeleksi dan mengkonsumsi jenis makanan yang mereka hendak konsumsi. Oleh karena itu pencantuman label harus terbuka dan jelas terlihat, sehingga menunjukan adanya",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"text": "22 Ibid, h. 30.",
"type": "Footnote"
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{
"left": 314,
"top": 730,
"width": 218,
"height": 40,
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"text": "23 KN Sopyan Hasan, Sertifikasi Halal dalam Hukum Positif: Regulasi dan Implementasi di Indonesia , Aswaja Presindo. Cetakan I, Agustus 2014, hlm. 239",
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"left": 177,
"top": 52,
"width": 303,
"height": 13,
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"text": "Media Komunikasi dan Informasi Hukum dan Masyarakat",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 427,
"top": 786,
"width": 105,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 11,
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"text": "Jurnal Hukum KAIDAH",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
"left": 519,
"top": 37,
"width": 14,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 11,
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"text": "55",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 78,
"width": 218,
"height": 96,
"page_number": 11,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "itikad baik dari pelaku usaha untuk mengembalikan hak-hak konsumen. Karena selain untuk menjamin aspek kesehatan, juga bahkan yang sangat penting adalah sebagai bentuk pemberian jaminan perlindungan dan kepuasan batiniah masyarakat. 24",
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"text": "Pengaturan perlindungan hukum bagi konsumen muslim terhadap peredaran makanan tidak bersertifikat halal di atur dalam Undang- Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 18 Tahun 2012 tentang Pangan dan Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 8 Tahun 1999 tentang Perlindungan Konsumen, Undang- Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 33 Tahun 2014 tentang Jaminan Produk Halal.",
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{
"left": 88,
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{
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"text": "18 Tahun 2012 tentang Pangan",
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"text": "Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 18 Tahun 2012 tentang Pangan terdapat beberapa pasal yang terkait dengan kehalalan produk pangan yaitu pasal 97 ayat (1), (2) dan (3) dan Pasal 102 ayat (1), (2), dan (3). Adapun bunyi pasal-pasaltersebut adalah sebagai berikut :",
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"text": "Pasal 97 : (1)Setiap orang yang memproduksi Pangan di dalam negeri untuk diperdagangkan wajib mencantumkan label di dalam dan/atau pada Kemasan Pangan. (2)Setiap orang yang mengimpor pangan untuk diperdagangkan wajib mencantumkan label di dalam dan/ atau pada kemasan pangan pada saat memasuki wilayah Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia. (3)Pencantuman label di dalam dan/atau pada kemasan Pangan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) dan ayat (2) ditulis atau dicetak dengan menggunakan bahasa Indonesia serta memuat paling sedikit keterangan mengenai :",
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"text": "24 Ibid , hlm. 240",
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"text": "a. Nama produk;",
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"text": "b. Daftar bahan yang digunakan;",
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{
"left": 375,
"top": 102,
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"text": "c. Berat bersih dan isi bersih;",
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{
"left": 375,
"top": 113,
"width": 158,
"height": 21,
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"text": "d. Nama dan alamat pihak yang memproduksi",
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{
"left": 375,
"top": 125,
"width": 158,
"height": 112,
"page_number": 11,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "atau mengimpor; e. Halal bagi yang dipersyaratkan; f. Tanggal dan kode produksi; g. Tanggal,bulan dan tahun kadaluarsa; h. Nomor izin edar bagi Pangan Olahan; dan i. Asal usul bahan Pangan tertentu.",
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"text": "Pasal 102 :",
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"text": "(1) Setiap Orang yang melanggar ketentuan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 97 ayat (1), Pasal 99, dan Pasal 100 ayat (2) dikenai sanksi administratif.",
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{
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"top": 350,
"width": 179,
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"text": "(2) Setiap Orang yang melanggar ketentuan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 97 ayat (2) wajib mengeluarkan dari dalam wilayah",
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{
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"top": 395,
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"text": "Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia atau memusnahkan Pangan yang diimpor.",
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"top": 430,
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"text": "(3) Sanksi administratif sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) berupa: a. Denda;",
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{
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"top": 465,
"width": 158,
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"text": "b. Penghentian sementara dari",
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{
"left": 375,
"top": 476,
"width": 158,
"height": 44,
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"text": "kegiatan, produksi, dan/atau peredaran; c. Penarikan Pangan dari peredaran oleh produsen;",
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"top": 522,
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"text": "d. Ganti rugi; dan/atau",
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{
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"top": 534,
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"height": 9,
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"text": "e. Pencabutan izin.",
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{
"left": 318,
"top": 557,
"width": 215,
"height": 43,
"page_number": 11,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "2. Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 8 Tahun 1999 tentang Perlindungan Konsumen",
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},
{
"left": 314,
"top": 608,
"width": 219,
"height": 148,
"page_number": 11,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 8 Tahun 1999 tentang Perlindungan Konsumen berpengaruh dan memberi perlindungan terhadap konsumen muslim dalam mengkonsumsi makanan halal. Berdasarkan Pasal 1 ayat (1) menyatakan bahwa perlindungan konsumen adalah segala upaya yang menjamin adanya kepastian hukum untuk memberi perlindungan kepada konsumen. Dan",
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"text": "56",
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"text": "pada Pasal 2 termuat asas dari perlindungan konsumen yang berbunyi: Perlindungan konsumen berasaskan manfaat, keadilan, keseimbangan, keamanan, dan keselamatan konsumen, serta kepastian hukum.",
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"text": "Pasal 4 mengatur hak-hak konsumen, Pasal 5 mengatur tentang kewajiban konsumen dan Pasal 7 mengatur tentang kewajiban pelaku usaha. Berdasarkan tiga Pasal tersebut, konsumen berhak mendapatkan informasi yang jelas, benar dan jujur mengenai kondisi dan jaminan barang dan/atau jasa. Jadi berdasarkan uraian tersebut, pelaku usaha wajib memberikan informasi yang benar terhadap produk agar menjamin kepuasan konsumen dan tidak merugikan konsumen jika ada beberapa bahan- bahan berbahaya atau di haramkan. Dengan ketentuan ini, konsumen mendapatkan perlindungan hukum atas produk pangan yang beredar di Indonesia.",
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"text": "Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1999 tentang Perlindungan",
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"text": "Konsumen telah memberikan perlindungan hukum terhadap jaminan produk halal pada makanan tercantum pada Pasal 8 yang berisi tentang pengaturan tentang perbuatan yang dilarang bagi pelaku usaha sebagaimana yang telah penulis jelaskan pada tinjauan pustaka.",
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"text": "Pada Pasal 8 Ayat (1) huruf h dinyatakan bahwa bagi pelaku usaha yang tidak mengikuti ketentuan berproduksi secara halal, sebagaimana pernyataan “halal” yang dicantumkan dalam label. Dari Pasal 8 Ayat (1) huruf h ini menyatakan bahwa apabila pelaku usaha yang telah mencantumkan label halal pada label produknya haruslah melakukan ketentuan produksi secara halal dan sesuai dengan syariat Islam. Akan tetapi apabila pada kenyataannya produksi yang dilakukan ternyata tidak dilakukan dengan halal maka akan",
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"text": "diberikan sanksi pidana yang ada pada Pasal 62 Undang-Undang Nomor 8 tentang Perlindungan Konsumen.",
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"text": "Dalam Pasal 62 Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 8 Tahun 1999 tentang Perlindungan Konsumen, tindakan merugikan konsumen dan atau mengganggu kehidupan perekonomian",
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"text": "nasional dikelompokkan ke dalam tiga kelompok, yaitu:",
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"text": "1) Tindakan pelaku usaha yang melanggar ketentuan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 8, Pasal 9. Pasal 10, Pasal 13 ayat (2), Pasal 15, Pasal 17 ayat (1) huruf a, huruf b, huruf c, ayat (2) dan Pasal 18 dipidana dengan pidana penjara paling lama 5 (lima) tahun atau pidana denda paling banyak Rp. 2.000.000.000,00. (dua miliar rupiah).",
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"text": "2) Tindakan pelaku usaha yang melanggar ketentuan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 11, Pasal 12, Pasal 13 ayat (1), Pasal 14, Pasal 16, dan Pasal 17 ayat (1) huruf d dan huruf f dipidana penjara paling lama 2 (dua) tahun atau pidana denda paling banyak Rp. 500.000.000,00. (lima ratus juta rupiah).",
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"text": "3) Tindakan pelaku usaha yang mengakibatkan luka berat, sakit berat, cacat tetap, atau kematian, diberlakukan ketentuan yang berlaku.",
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"text": "Penulis berpendapat dengan adanya sanksi pidana yang diterapkan dalam Undang- Undang Perlindungan Konsumen dapat memberikan perlindungan kepada konsumen khususnya konsumen muslim. Karena dengan adanya label halal dalam produk makanan, konsumen muslim menjadi percaya dan yakin untuk menggunakan produk ataupun makanan tersebut. Sehingga apabila produsen ataupun pelaku usaha yang pada kenyataannya dalam kegiatan produksinya tidak dilakukan dengan cara yang halal dapat diberikan sanksi yang sesuai dengan peraturan perundang-undangan.",
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"text": "Uraian diatas apabila dihubungkan dengan hak-hak konsumen, dapat dikatakan bahwa ketentuan sebagaimana diatur di dalam",
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"text": "pasal-pasal di atas bertujuan untuk melindungi konsumen atas",
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"text": "hak-haknyatermasuk didalamnya hak atas kenyamanan, keamanan dan keselamatan dalam mengkonsumsi produk makanan.",
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"text": "3. Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor",
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"text": "33 Tahun 2014 tentang Jaminan Produk Halal",
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"text": "Konsiderans Undang-Undang Nomor 33 Tahun 2014 tentang Jaminan Produk Halal menyatakan pada Konsiderans b dinyatakan bahwa untuk menjamin setiap pemeluk agama untuk beribadah dan menjalankan ajaran agamanya, negara berkewajiban memberikan perlindungan dan jaminan tentang kehalalan produk yang dikonsumsi oleh masyarakat. Sehingga dengan lahirnya Undang-Undang ini negara telah hadir untuk memberikan perlindungan untuk menjamin kehalalan produk yang dikonsumsi oleh masyarakat.",
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"text": "Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 33 Tahun 2014 tentang Jaminan Produk Halal telah mengatur secara tegas tentang kewajiban sertifikasi halal, yaitu pada Pasal 4 menyatakan secara jelas bahwa “Produk yang masuk, beredar dan diperdagangkan di wilayah Indonesia wajib bersertifikat Halal”. “ Kewajiban bersertifikat halal bagi produk yang beredar dan diperdagangkan di wilayah Indonesia sebagaimana dimaksud di atas mulai berlaku 5 (lima) Tahun terhitung sejak Undang-Undang ini diundangkan. Produk yang masuk, beredar dan diperdagangkan di wilayah Indonesia wajib bersertifikat halal artinya bahwa sertifikat halal bersifat wajib bagi importir maupun pelaku usaha yang ada di dalam negeri. Jadi hanya 2 (dua) jenis produk yang beredar di Indonesia, yakni produk Halal dan Produk Non Halal.",
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"text": "Tidak harus disyaratkan muslim yang memproduksi makanan lalu diberi sertifikat halal apabila perusahaannya kecil dan petugasnya 1 atau 2 orang saja dibagian produksinya harus muslim. Akan tetapi jika perusahaan besar seperti pabrik, maka pihak yang ditempatkan dibagian produkis bisa muslim maupun non muslim, yang terpenting menjaga agar tidak terjadi kontaminasi dengan najis dan bahan haram. 25",
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"text": "Pelaku Usaha yang memproduksi Produk dari Bahan yang diharamkan dikecualikan dalam mengajukan permohonan Sertifikasi Halal. Mengenai Produk non halal diatur dalam Pasal 18 dan Pasal 20.Produk dari bahan yang diharamkan dikecualikan dari mengajukan permohonan Sertifikat Halal tercantum dalam Pasal 26 UUJPH dan Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 31 Tahun 2019 pada Pasal 2 yang menjelaskan bahwa Produk yang berasal dari bahan yang diharamkan wajib diberikan keterangan tidak halal. Sehingga pelaku usaha wajib mencantumkan keterangan tidak halal pada produk yang diproduksi dan diedarkan.Apabila pelaku usaha tidak",
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"text": "memenuhi kewajiban mencantumkan",
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"text": "keterangan tidak halal pada produknya akan dikenai sanksi administratif berupa :",
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"text": "a. Teguran lisan",
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"text": "b. Peringatan tertulis c. Denda administratif",
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"text": "Penjelasan Pasal 2 Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 33 Tahun 2014 Tentang Jaminan Produk Halal juga diatur tentang asas-asas penyelenggaraan jaminan produk halal (JPH), yaitu;",
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"text": "25 Wawancara dengan Retni Kustiyah Mardiati, selaku Sekretaris LPPOM MUI Sumatera Utara di Medan, pada tanggal 2",
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"text": "November 2019 pukul 10.00 WIB.",
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"left": 519,
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"width": 14,
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"text": "58",
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"text": "a. Asas perlindungan adalah bahwa dalam menyelenggarakan JPH bertujuan melindungi masyarakat muslim. b. Asas keadilan, bahwa dalam penyelenggaraan JPH harus mencerminkan keadilan secara proporsional bagi setiap warga negara.",
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"text": "c. Asas kepastian hukum, adalah bahwa penyelenggaraan JPH bertujuan memberikan kepastian hukum mengenai kehalalan suatu produk yang dibuktikan dengan sertifikasi halal.",
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"text": "d. Asas akuntabilitas dan transparansi adalah bahwa kegiatan penyelenggaraan JPH harus dapat dipertanggungjawabkan kepada masyarakat sebagai pemegang kedaulatan tertinggi negara sesuai dengan ketentuan peraturan perundang- undangan.",
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"text": "e. Asas efektivitas dan efisiensi adalah bahwa penyelenggaraan JPH dilakukan dengan berorientasi pada tujuan yang tepat guna dan berdaya guna serta meminimalisasi penggunaan sumber daya yang dilakukan dengan cara cepat, sederhana, dan biaya ringan atau terjangkau.",
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"text": "f. Asas profesionalitas adalah bahwa penyelenggaraan JPH dilakukan dengan mengutamakan keahlian yang berdasarkan kompetensi dan kode etik. Menurut penulis, dengan adanya UUJPH ini akan memberikan kepastian dan jaminan bagi konsumen muslim dalam mengkonsumsi produk makanan yang beredar dimasyarakat, baik produk dalam negeri maupun produk import . Sehingga pelaku usaha berusaha memberikan perlindungan kepada konsumen muslim secara tegas. Karena dengan hadirnya UUJPH mewajibkan pelaku usaha untuk mendaftarkan produk makanannya bersertifikat halal.",
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"text": "Sesuai dengan pernyataan Ibu Retni Kustiyah Mardiati, S.Si selaku Sekretaris LPPOM MUI Sumut di Medan, bahwasannya produk makanan yang beredar di wilayah Indonesia wajib bersertifikat halal baik produk dalam negeri maupun produk import , dan mendaftarkannya ke lembaga yang berwenang",
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"text": "yaitu BPJPH setelah di berlakukannya UUJPH pada tanggal 17 Oktober 2019. 26",
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"text": "Setelah dikaitkan dengan peraturan perundang-undangan lainya menurut penulis sanksi yang dapat diterapkan bagi pelaku usaha yang tidak membuat sertifikasi adalah pada Pasal Pasal 97 Undang-Undang Nomor 18 Tahun 2012 tentang Pangan yang pada ayat (1) menyatakan:",
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"text": "“Setiap orang yang memproduksi Pangan di dalam negeri untuk diperdagangkan wajib mencantumkan label di dalam dan/atau pada Kemasan Pangan.”",
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"text": "Pencantuman label di dalam dan/atau pada kemasan Pangan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) dan ayat (2) ditulis atau dicetak dengan menggunakan bahasa Indonesia serta memuat paling sedikit keterangan mengenai :",
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"text": "a. Nama produk;",
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"text": "b. Daftar bahan yang digunakan;",
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"text": "c. Berat bersih dan isi bersih;",
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"text": "d. Nama dan alamat pihak yang memproduksi atau mengimpor;",
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"text": "e. Halal bagi yang dipersyaratkan;",
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"text": "f. Tanggal dan kode produksi;",
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"text": "g. Tanggal,bulan dan tahun kadaluarsa;",
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"text": "h. Nomor izin edar bagi Pangan Olahan; dan",
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"text": "Pasal 97 ayat (3) huruf e telah jelas bahwa lebel dalam kemasan pangan harus memuat hal bagi yang dipersyaratkan. Mengenai sanksi yang diberikan apabila melanggar Pasal 97 ayat (1) ada pada Pasal 102 :",
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"text": "(1) Setiap Orang yang melanggar ketentuan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 97 ayat (1), Pasal 99, dan Pasal 100 ayat (2) dikenai sanksi administratif.",
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"text": "26 Wawancara dengan Retni Kustiyah Mardiati, selaku Sekretaris LPPOM MUI",
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"text": "Sumatera Utara di Medan, pada tanggal 2 November 2019 pukul 10.00 WIB.",
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"text": "59",
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"text": "(2) Setiap Orang yang melanggar ketentuan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 97 ayat (2) wajib mengeluarkan dari dalam wilayah Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia atau memusnahkan Pangan yang diimpor.",
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"text": "(3) Sanksi administratif sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) berupa:",
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"text": "a. Denda;",
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"text": "b. Penghentian sementara dari kegiatan, produksi, dan/atau peredaran; c. Penarikan Pangan dari peredaran oleh produsen; d. Ganti rugi; dan/atau",
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"text": "e. Pencabutan izin.",
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"text": "Pengawasan Dan Memberikan Kepastian Hukum Terhadap Masyarakat Di Kota Medan Lahirnya Undang-Undang Jaminan",
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"text": "Produk Halal (UU JPH) memperkuat adanya kepastian hukum dan pengawasan produk halal yang beredar di Indonesia. Pemerintah memiliki kewenangan memberikan pelayanan, perlindungan dan jaminan kepada seluruh masyarakat di Indonesia, khususnya adanya kepastian hukum dan jaminan halal bagi konsumen muslim .",
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"text": "Pemerintah melakukan pengawasan terhadap peredaran makanan halal di atur dalam Pasal 49, Pasal 50 dan Pasal 51 Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 33 Tahun 2014 tentang Jaminan Produk Halal.",
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"text": "Pasal 50:",
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"text": "a. LPH;",
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"text": "b. Masa berlaku Sertifikat Halal;",
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"text": "c. Kehalalan Produk;",
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"text": "d. Pencantuman keterangan tidak",
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"text": "halal;",
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"text": "e. Pemisahan lokasi, tempat dan alat penyembelihan, pengolahan, penyimpanan, pengemasan, pendistribusian, penjualan, serta penyajian antara Produk Halal dan tidak halal; f. Keberadaan Penyelia Halal; dan/atau g. Kegiatan lain yang berkaitan dengan JPH.",
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"text": "Pasal 51:",
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"text": "1) BPJPH dan kementrian dan/atau lembaga terkait yang memiliki kewenangan pengawasan JPH dapat melakukan pengawasan secara sendiri-sendiri atau bersama-sama. 2) Pengawasan JPH dengan kementerian dan/atau lembaga terkait sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) dilaksanakan sesuai dengan ketentuan peraturan perundangan-undangan.",
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"text": "Pengawasan adalah segala usaha atau kegiatan untuk mengetahui dan menilai kenyataan yang sebenarnya mengenai pelaksanaan tugas atau kegiatan, apakah sesuai yang semestinya atau tidak. “yang semestinya” dalam pengertian ini adalah tolok ukur yang mengandung tiga segi yaitu: sesuai dengan rencana yang ditetapkan, sesuai dengan peraturan perundang- undangan dan ketentuan lainyang berlaku serta memenuhi prinsip- prinsip daya guna (efisiensi) dan hasil guna (efektifitas). 27",
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"text": "Seperti yang telah dijelaskan pada pembahasan sebelumnya bahwa sejak berlakunya UU JPH, peran LPPOM MUI adalah sebagai Lembaga Pemeriksa Halal (LPH).",
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"text": "Pasal 13 UU JPH menyatakan untuk mendirikan LPH sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 12, harus dipenuhi persyaratan:",
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"text": "a. Memiliki kantor",
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"text": "sendiri dan",
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"text": "perlengkapannya;",
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"text": "27 Jum Anggriani, Hukum Administrasi Negara , Graha Ilmu, Yogyakarta, 2012, h. 78",
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"text": "60",
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"text": "b. Memiliki akreditasi dari BPJPH;",
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"text": "c. Memiliki Auditor Halal paling sedikit 3",
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"text": "(tiga) orang; dan",
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"text": "d. Memiliki laboratorium atau kesepakatan kerja sama dengan lembaga lain yang memiliki laboratorium.",
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"text": "Halal bertugas:",
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"text": "a. Memeriksa dan mengkaji Bahan yang digunakan;",
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"text": "b. Memeriksa dan mengkaji proses pengolahan Produk;",
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"text": "c. Memeriksa dan mengkaji sistem penyembelihan;",
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"text": "d. Meneliti lokasi Produk;",
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"text": "e. Meneliti peralatan, ruang produksi, dan penyimpanan;",
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"text": "f. Memeriksa pendistribusian",
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"text": "g. Memeriksa sistem jaminan halal Pelaku",
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"text": "Usaha; dan",
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"text": "h. Melaporkan hasil pemeriksaan dan/atau pengujian kepada LPH.",
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"text": "menggambarkan peranan LPPOM MUI sebagai LPH dimana LPPOM akan menjadi lembaga yang melakukan proses pemeriksaan bahan makanan, memeriksa pengolahan produk, meneliti peralatan, ruang produksi, serta memeriksa sistem jaminan halal.",
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"text": "Selain itu peran dari LPPOM MUI sebagai LPH adalah menyerahkan hasil pemeriksaan dan/atau pengujian kehalalan produk kepada BPJH. Hal ini termuat dalam Pasal 23 Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 31 Tahun 2019 yang isinya:",
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"text": "1. Kerja sama BPJPH dengan MUI mengenai penetapan kehalalan Produk sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 21 ayat (1) huruf b dilaksanakan dengan ketentuan :",
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"text": "a. LPH menyerahkan hasil pemeriksaan dan/atau pengujian kehalalan Produk kepada BPJPH yang meliputi dokumen :",
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"text": "b. Terhadap hasil pemeriksaan dan/atau pengujian sebagaimana dimaksud pada huruf a, BPJPH melakukan verifikasi alas dokumen yang disampaikan LPH;",
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"text": "c. BPJPH menyampaikan hasil verifikasi sebagaimana dimaksud pada huruf b kepada MUI;",
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"text": "d. MUI mengkaji hasil verifikasi BPJPH sebagaimana dimaksud pada huruf c melalui sidang fatwa halal dengan mengikutsertakan pakar, unsur kementrian terkait, lembaga terkait dan/atau institusi terkait; e. Dalam hal sidang fatwa halal memerlukan informasi tambahan yang belum tercantum dalam dokumen yang diajukan oleh BPJPH, MUI mengembalikan dokumen tersebut untuk dilengkapi;",
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"text": "f. Hasil sidang fatwa halal berupa penetapan kehalalan atau ketidakhalalan produk yang ditandatangani oleh ketua dan sekertaris Komisi Fatwa MUI dan diketahui oleh Ketua Umum MUI: dan g. Penetapan kehalalan atau ketidakhalalan produk disampaikan kepada BPJPH paling lama 30 (tiga puluh) hari kerja sejak MUI menerima hasil verifikasi dari BPJPH",
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"text": "3. Keputusan penetapan kehalalan produk sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) huruf f disampaikan kepada BPJPH untuk menjadi dasar penerbitan Sertifikat Halal",
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"text": "Selanjutnya mengenai pengawasan, LPPOM MUI tidak ada melakukan pengawasan, karena yang seharusnya melakukan pengawasan adalah pemerintah seperti yang telah penulis utarakan pada awal pembahasan.Akan tetapi, LPPOM MUI menghimbau agar masyarakat membeli produk makanan yang berlabel halal. Hal ini tentunya agar masyarakat merasa terjamin dengan makanan yang dikonsumsinya tanpa ragu akan kehalalannya, karena makanan yang berlabel halal tentunya sudah melalui proses verifikasi",
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"width": 215,
"height": 10,
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"text": "seperti yang penulis jelaskan pada skripsi ini. 28",
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"text": "LPPOM MUI dalam melakukan promosi kepada pelaku usaha agar mendaftarkan produk makanannya bersertifikat halal dengan cara memberikan edukasi kepada masyarakat untuk mengonsumsi makanan yang halal. Sehingga masyarakat terdorong keinginannya untuk mengonsumsi makanan yang halal dan pelaku usaha/perusahaan mendaftarkan produk",
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"text": "makanannya bersertifikat halal. 29",
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"text": "1. Pengaturan perlindungan hukum bagi konsumen muslim terhadap peredaran makanan tidak bersertifikat halal di atur dalam Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 18 Tahun 2012 tentang Pangan dan Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 8 Tahun 1999 tentang Perlindungan",
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"top": 447,
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"text": "Indonesia Nomor 33 Tahun 2014 tentang Jaminan Produk Halal.",
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"text": "halal adalah sebagai LPH dimana LPPOM akan menjadi lembaga yang melakukan proses pemeriksaan bahan makanan, memeriksa pengolahan produk, meneliti peralatan, ruang produksi, serta memeriksa sistem jaminan halal.Selain itu peran dari LPPOM MUI sebagai LPH adalah menyerahkan hasil pemeriksaan dan/atau pengujian kehalalan produk kepada BPJH.",
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"text": "28 Wawancara dengan Retni Kustiyah Mardiati, selaku Sekretaris LPPOM MUI Sumatera Utara di Medan, pada tanggal 2 November 2019 pukul 10.00 WIB.",
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"text": "29 Wawancara dengan Retni Kustiyah Mardiati, selaku Sekretaris LPPOM MUI Sumatera Utara di Medan, pada tanggal 2 November 2019 pukul 10.00 WIB.",
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"text": "1. Lahirnya Undang-Undang Jaminan Produk Halal telah mewajibkan setiap produk melakukan sertifikasi halal .akan tetapi kewajiban ini tidak disertakan sanksi . Tentunya ini akan menghambat pelaksanaan jaminan produk halal akibat tidak ada sanksi kepada pihak yang tidak melakukan sertifikasi halal. Penulis memberi saran agar diatur lebih jauh tentang sanksi apabila pelaku usaha tidak melakukan sertifikasi halal.",
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"text": "2. Pemerintah seharusnya memberi kewenangan yang lebih kepada LPPOM MUI dalam melakukan sertifikasi halal, supaya LPPOM MUI dapat melakukan pengawasan terhadap makanan tidak berlabel halal yang beredar dimasyarakat.",
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"text": "Ahmad Hatta, dkk. Bimbingan Islam untuk Hidup Muslim , Magfirah Pustaka, Jakarta Timur, 2016, h. 359. Aisjah Girindra, Dari Sertifikasi Menuju Labelisasi Halal , Pustaka Jurnal Halal, Jakarta, 2008 Aisjah Girindra Pengukir Sejarah Sertifikasi Halal, Jakarta, LPPOM MUI,2005 Aulia Muthiah, Hukum Perlindungan Konsumen , Pustaka Baru, Yogyakarta, 2018 Az. Nasution, Hukum Perlindungan Konsumen Suatu Pengantar , Diadit Media, Jakarta, 2002 Bambang Sunggono, Metode Penelitian Hukum, PT. Raja Grafindo Perkasa. Jakarta, 2003 Celina Tri Siwi Kristiyanti, Hukum Perlindungan Konsumen , Sinar Grafika, Jakarta, 2018",
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"left": 427,
"top": 786,
"width": 105,
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"text": "h.1085.",
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"text": "Inosentius Samsul, Perlindungan Konsumen, Kemungkinan Penerapan Tanggung Jawab Mutlak , Universitas Indonesia,",
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"text": "Janus Sidabalok, Hukum Perlindungan Konsumen Di Indonesia, Bandung:Citra Aditya Bakti, 2006 Jum Anggriani, Hukum Administrasi Negara , Graha Ilmu, Yogyakarta, 2012 KN Sopyan Hasan, Sertifikasi Halal dalam Hukum Positif: Regulasi dan Implementasi di Indonesia , Aswaja Presindo. Cetakan I, Agustus, 2014",
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"top": 322,
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"text": "Munir Fuady, Pengantar Hukum Bisnis, Citra Aditya Bakti, Bandung,2016",
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"text": "Rakyat di Indonesia, Bina Ilmu, Surabaya,1987 Rosmawati, Pokok-Pokok Hukum Perlindungan Konsumen, Prenadamedia Group Depok, 2016",
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"left": 85,
"top": 450,
"width": 218,
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"text": "Sajipto Rahardjo, Ilmu Hukum , Citra Adya Bakti, Bandung, 2014",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "Soerjono Soekanto, Pengantar Penelitian Hukum Universitas Indonesia , Jakarta, 1984",
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"left": 85,
"top": 532,
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"height": 20,
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"text": "Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 5 Tahun 1999 tentang Larangan Praktek Monopoli dan Persaingan Usaha Tidak Sehat",
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"text": "Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 18 Tahun 2012 tentang Pangan Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 33 Tahun 2014 tentang Jaminan Produk Halal Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Nomor 31 Tahun 2019 tentang Peraturan Pelaksanaan Undang- Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 33 Tahun 2014 tentang Jaminan Produk Halal",
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"text": "Tanggung jawab Pelaku Usaha terhadap Pemberian Label Halal pada Produk Makanan dan Minuman Perspektif Hukum Perlindungan Konsumen, Jurnal Penelitian UNRAM, vol.18, No. 1, Februari, 2014. H. 16 Panji Adam, Kedudukan Sertifikasi Halal Dalam Sistem Hukum Nasional Sebagai Upaya Perlindungan Konsumen Dalam Hukum Islam, Amwaluna, Vol. 1 No. 1 , Januari,",
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"text": "This study aims to determine the factors that influence rice production in the Rukun Tani Farmer Group, Ciampea Udik Village, Ciampea District, Bogor Regency. This type of research is descriptive quantitative. Data analysis using hypothesis testing and classical assumption test, data processing technique using SPSS version 20 which produces multiple linear regression. The results of segmental determinant analysis, production components, land area, fertilizer costs, pesticide costs, and rice varieties have a significant impact on rice production. The variable that does not have a partial impact on rice production is the labor production factor. Simultaneously the production factors of land area, fertilizer load, pesticide burden, labor, and rice varieties have a significant impact on the rice production of the Rukun Tani Farmer Group in Ciampea Udik Village. Rice production in the Rukun Tani Farmer Group in Ciampea Udik Village was 85.4% determined by land area, fertilizer load, pesticide load, labor and rice varieties.",
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"text": "Penelitian ini memiliki maksud mengetahui faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi produksi padi di Kelompok Tani Rukun Tani, Desa Ciampea Udik, Kecamatan Ciampea, Kabupaten Bogor. Jenis penelitian adalah deskriptif kuantitatif. Analisis data memakai uji hipotesis dan uji asumsi klasik, teknik pengolahan data menggunakan alat SPSS versi 20 yang menghasilkan regresi linier berganda. Hasil analisis determinan secara segmental, komponen produksi, luas lahan, biaya pupuk, biaya pestisida, dan varietas padi berdampak secara signifikan terhadap produksi padi. Peubah yang tidak berdampak secara parsial terhadap produksi padi yaitu faktor produksi tenaga kerja. Secara simultan faktor produksi luas lahan, beban pupuk, beban pestisida, tenaga kerja, dan varietas padi memberikan dampak secara signifikan terhadap produksi padi Kelompok Tani Rukun Tani di Desa Ciampea Udik. Produksi padi pada Kelompok Tani Rukun Tani di Desa Ciampea Udik sebesar 85,4% ditentukan oleh luas lahan, beban pupuk, beban pestisida, tenaga kerja dan varietas padi.",
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"text": "Kata kunci: kelompok tani, produksi padi",
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"text": "21",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
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"text": "PENDAHULUAN",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 102,
"width": 210,
"height": 218,
"page_number": 2,
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"text": "Komoditas beras merupakan bahan kebutuhan pokok dasar warga Indonesia dan memiliki peranan penting dalam perekonomian negara karena sumber pendapatan petani. Semakin bertambah penduduk Indonesia setiap tahun, maka kebutuhan akan pangan juga meningkat. Persoalan prioritas pemerintah Indonesia saat ini adalah kebutuhan masyarakat dengan beras semakin banyak, maka untuk memenuhi kebutuhan dalam negeri harus mendatangkan dari luar negeri (impor). Upaya yang dilakukan untuk mengurangi ketergantungan impor beras salah satunya dengan meningkatkan produksi padi dalam negeri.",
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{
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"top": 322,
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"text": "Kabupaten Bogor memiliki komoditas pangan unggulan, salah satunya yaitu komoditas padi. Produktivitas padi di Kabupaten Bogor pada tahun 2019 mencapai 62,35 kuintal mengalami",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 85,
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"text": "peningkatan dari tahun sebelumnya dengan produktivitas sebesar 57,30 kuintal. Hal tersebut menandakan bahwa penggunaan faktor produksi yang efektif dan efisien.",
"type": "Text"
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"left": 85,
"top": 446,
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"height": 301,
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"text": "Beberapa hasil penelitian di wilayah yang berbeda seperti di Desa Kanjilo diperoleh bahwa faktor produksi seperti luas lahan, benih, pupuk urea, pupuk ZA, pupuk phonska, tenaga kerja, pengalaman usahatani dan pendidikan, secara bersama- sama berpengaruh nyata terhadap produksi padi di desa tersebut (Risna, 2017). Hal senada juga disampaikan oleh Sulferi (2016) yang menyatakan tenaga kerja dan luas lahan berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap produksi padi. Hasil penelitian yang berbeda dari Diantoro dkk (2009) bahwa pupuk, obat-obatan, dan tenaga keja berpengaruh nyata terhadap produksi usahatani padi pada Kelompok Tani Patemon II, sedangkan faktor yang tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap usahatani padi adalah luas lahan dan benih. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian tersebut, disimpulkan penggunaan faktor produksi yang efektif dan efisien mampu",
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"text": "meningkatkan produksi padi di beberapa wilayah desa. Desa Ciampe Udik Kecamatan Ciampea terletak di Kabupaten Bogor merupakan salah satu daerah penghasil padi. Petani disana telah bergabung menjadi suatu kelompok tani yang dibentuk karena adanya persamaan tujuan dalam berusaha tani padi. Kelompok tani tersebut tentunya menggunakan faktor- faktor produksi yang telah dijelaskan sebelumnya, dan peneliti tertarik untuk memahami faktor apa yang memberikan pengaruh terhadap hasil padi di kelompok tani Rukun Tani di Desa Ciampea Udik, Kecamatan Ciampea, Kabupaten Bogor, dengan begitu petani dapat mengambil keputusan yang tepat terkait upaya peningkatan produksi padi secara efektif dan efisien.",
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"text": "METODE PENELITIAN",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 312,
"top": 397,
"width": 201,
"height": 94,
"page_number": 2,
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"text": "Lokasi penelitian dilakukan secara berkesengajaan ( purposive) , mengingat Desa Ciampea Udik salah satu pusat hasil padi di Kecamatan Ciampea, Kabupaten Bogor. Masa penelitian kurun waktu enam bulan, mulai bulan keenam atau Juni sampai dengan November 2020.",
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{
"left": 312,
"top": 494,
"width": 202,
"height": 245,
"page_number": 2,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Populasi penelitian menurut Sudjana (2003) adalah totalitas semua nilai yang mungkin, baik hasil menghitung ataupun pengukuran kualitatif mengenai karakteristik tertentu dari semua anggota kumpulan yang lengkap dan jelas yang ingin dipelajari dari sifat-sifatnya. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh anggota kelompok tani Rukun Tani di Desa Ciampea Udik Kecamatan Ciampea Kabupaten Bogor yang berjumlah sebanyak 36 orang. Jenis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian data kuantitatif dan kualitatif. Jenis data tersebut digunakan untuk memperolah data angka dan informasi terkait kegiatan kelompok tani Rukun Tani di Desa Ciampea Udik.",
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"text": "22",
"type": "Page header"
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{
"left": 390,
"top": 57,
"width": 118,
"height": 8,
"page_number": 2,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Agrisintech, Vol. 2, No.1 (2021)",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 760,
"width": 292,
"height": 16,
"page_number": 2,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Abdilah, F., Humaira, L., & Fitriani A. : Determinan Produksi Padi Pada Kelompok Tani Rukun Tani di Desa Ciampea Udik Kecamatan Ciampea Kabupaten Bogor (21-28)",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 88,
"width": 210,
"height": 163,
"page_number": 3,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Penelitian data pokok dan sekunder dihimpun melalui pengamatan di lapangan, wawancara dengan kuesioner dari 30 orang petani padi yang tergabung pada Kelompok Tani Rukun Tani yang diambil secara random sampling. Jumlah sampel tersebut diambil berdasarkan pendapat Gay dan Diehl (1992) bahwa penelitian yang dikerjakan merupakan penelitian bersifat korelasi atau berhubungan, maka ukuran sampel sekurang-kurangnya adalah sebesar 30 subjek (unit sampel).",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 253,
"width": 210,
"height": 80,
"page_number": 3,
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"text": "Fakta atau pendukung informasi untuk penelitian, dapat berasal dari Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) Kabupaten Bogor, serta pemerintah daerah setempat. Penelitian menurut dimensi waktu yaitu data cross- section .",
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"left": 85,
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"height": 80,
"page_number": 3,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Variabel pada penelitian yaitu sebagai variabel independen adalah luas dari lahan usahatani (X 1 ), belanja pupuk (X 2 ), belanja pestisida (X 3 ), tenaga kerja (X 4 ), dan varietas padi (X 5 ). Sedangkan variabel dependen (Y) adalah produksi padi.",
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{
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"width": 213,
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"text": "Penjabaran regresi linier berganda dalam penelitian adalah untuk mengkaji data yang sudah dikumpulkan. Analisis tersebut memiliki tujuan untuk mengetahui determinan produksi antara peubah bebas dengan peubah terikat. Dilanjutkan dengan uji secara simultan maupun parsial.",
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"text": "Berikut rumus perkiraan koefisien regresi menggunakan logaritma alami (Ln) kemudian ditransformasikan ke bentuk linear.",
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{
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"height": 27,
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"text": "LnY = Lnα + β 1 LnX 1 + β 2 LnX 2 + β 3 LnX 3 + β 4 LnX 4 + β 5 LnX 5 + u",
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"text": "Keterangan: Y = Produksi Padi (ku) X 1 = Luas Lahan (ha)",
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"text": "X 2 = Biaya Pupuk (Rp)",
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 669,
"width": 106,
"height": 10,
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"text": "X 3 = Biaya Pestisida (Rp)",
"type": "Footnote"
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{
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"width": 109,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 3,
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"text": "X 4 = Tenaga Kerja (HOK)",
"type": "Footnote"
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{
"left": 85,
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"width": 156,
"height": 55,
"page_number": 3,
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"text": "X 5 = Varietas padi ( Dummy ) α = Intercept /Konstanta β 1 = Koefisien Regresi Luas Lahan β 2 = Koefisien Regresi Biaya Pupuk β 3 = Koefisien Regresi Biaya Pestisida",
"type": "Text"
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"width": 149,
"height": 46,
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"text": "β 4 = Koefisien Regresi Tenaga Kerja β 5 = Koefisien Regresi Varietas padi u = Kesalahan ( disturbance term ) e = logaritma natural",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 312,
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"text": "Uji Parsial (Uji t)",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 312,
"top": 165,
"width": 202,
"height": 177,
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"text": "Tes t statistik menjelaskan seberapa tingkat dampak suatu variabel independen (luas lahan, belanja pupuk, belanja pestisida, tenaga kerja, dan varietas padi) secara individu dalam menjelaskan variasi variabel terikat (produksi). Apabila t hitung >t tabel artinya terima hipotesis alternatif yang memberikan makna bahwa suatu variabel terikat dipengaruhi oleh variabel bebas yang bersifat individual (Ghozali, 2001:44). Program yang digunakan untuk pengujian adalah SPSS Versi 20.",
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"text": "Uji Simultan (Uji F)",
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{
"left": 312,
"top": 364,
"width": 202,
"height": 136,
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"text": "Tes statistik F bertujuan memahami apakah seluruh peubah bebas (luas lahan, beban/biaya pupuk, beban pestisida, tenaga kerja, dan varietas padi) yang masuk dalam model, berpengaruh serentak terhadap produksi padi (variabel terikat). Apabila F hitung >F tabel maka tolak H 0 dan terima Ha. (Ghozali, 2001:44-45). Pengujian hipotesis ini menggunakan program SPSS Versi 20.",
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"text": "Uji Koefisien Determinasi (R 2 ) Tujuan tes ini adalah menghitung keberhasilan suatu bentuk atau model ( goodness of fit ) sehingga diperoleh nilai yang memberikan bagian atau persentase variasi total dalam variabel terikat Y yang dijelaskan oleh variabel bebas X secara bersama (Gujarati, 1995:60).",
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"text": "Nilai koefisien determinasi (R 2 ) merupakan nilai antara nol dan satu (0<R 2 <1). Arti nilai tersebut adalah kalau nilai R 2 mengarah ke angka nol, maka kekuatan peubah bebas dalam menerangkan variasi peubah terikat sangat terbatas. Apabila hasil nilai tersebut mengarah ke angka satu, maka peubah bebas memberikan hampir",
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"text": "Agrisintech, Vol. 2, No.1 (2021)",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 492,
"top": 45,
"width": 12,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 3,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "23",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 230,
"top": 767,
"width": 286,
"height": 16,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Abdilah, F., Humaira, L., & Fitriani A. : Determinan Produksi Padi Pada Kelompok Tani Rukun Tani di Desa Ciampea Udik Kecamatan Ciampea Kabupaten Bogor (21-28)",
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{
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"width": 210,
"height": 40,
"page_number": 4,
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"text": "seluruh bukti atau data yang dibutuhkan untuk memproyeksi modifikasi peubah terikat (Ghozali, 2001:50).",
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"text": "Uji Asumsi Klasik",
"type": "Section header"
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"left": 85,
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"width": 210,
"height": 26,
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"text": "Tujuannya adalah mengetahui pola regresi",
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"left": 85,
"top": 168,
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"height": 40,
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"text": "yang didapatkan apakah menyimpang dari asumsi klasik atau tidak. Uji normalitas residual,",
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{
"left": 85,
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"width": 210,
"height": 26,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "uji multikolinearitas, uji heteroskedastisitas,",
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"width": 201,
"height": 26,
"page_number": 4,
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"text": "dan uji autokolerasi adalah tes yang digunakan untuk uji asumsi klasik.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 312,
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"text": "HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 312,
"top": 152,
"width": 201,
"height": 55,
"page_number": 4,
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"text": "Hasil analisis pengaruh/regresi dan uji hipotesis dari data yang dikumpulkan dan dioleh dengan program SPSS Versi 20 dapat dilihat pada Tabel 1.",
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"text": "Tabel 1. Hasil Analisis Regresi Linear Berganda",
"type": "Caption"
},
{
"left": 91,
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"text": "Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t Significance B Std. Error Beta (Constant) 4,423 1,314 3,366 ,003 Luas.Lahan ,588 ,152 ,844 3,880 ,001 Pupuk -,266 ,116 -,262 -2,292 ,031 Pestisida ,081 ,032 ,230 2,509 ,019 Tenaga Kerja ,177 ,164 ,217 1,078 ,292 Varietas ,127 ,030 ,361 4,192 ,000 R Square (R 2 ) : ,854 F Significance : ,000 b",
"type": "Table"
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{
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"text": "Sumber: Hasil Olah Data Primer, 2020",
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"text": "Analisis Regresi Linear berganda",
"type": "Section header"
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{
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"width": 210,
"height": 53,
"page_number": 4,
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"text": "Berdasarkan Tabel 1, dapat diperhatikan nilai koefisien regresi (B) pada lajur Unstandardized Coefficients , persamaan regresi dapat disusun sebagai berikut.",
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"height": 42,
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"text": "LnY = Ln 4,423 + 0,588 LnX 1 + (-0,266) LnX 2 + 0,081 LnX 3 + 0,177 LnX 4 + 0,127 LnX 5 + u",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "Y = 4,423 X 1 0,588 X 2 -0,266 X 3 0,081 X 4 0,177 X 5 0,127 e u",
"type": "Formula"
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{
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"width": 210,
"height": 121,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Berdasarkan persamaan regresi tersebut, maka diterangkan beberapa hal yaitu: a. Nilai koefisien konstanta (α) sebesar 4,423. Artinya jika variabel luas lahan (X 1 ), beban pupuk (X 2 ), beban pestisida (X 3 ), tenaga kerja (X 4 ), dan varietas padi (X 5 ) tetap, maka besarnya produksi padi pada kelompok tani Rukun Tani di Desa Ciampea Udik sebesar 4,423 kuintal.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "b. Nilai koefisien luas lahan (X 1 ) sebesar 0,588. Bermakna bahwa jika luas lahan",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"text": "meningkat senilai satu persen, sementara nilai beban pupuk, beban pestisida, tenaga kerja, dan varietas padi yang digunakan dianggap tetap maka akan menyebabkan produksi padi pada anggota kelompok tani Rukun Tani di Desa Ciampea Udik meningkat sebesar 0,588 %.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "c. Nilai koefisien biaya pupuk (X 2 )",
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"text": "sebesar -0,266. Artinya jika pengeluaran biaya pupuk meningkat senilai 1%, sedangkan nilai luas lahan, biaya pestisida, tenaga kerja, dan varietas padi yang digunakan dianggap tetap, maka akan menyebabkan penurunan produksi padi pada anggota kelompok tani Rukun Tani di Desa Ciampea Udik sebesar 0,266%.",
"type": "Table"
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"page_width": 595,
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"text": "d. Nilai koefisien biaya pestisida (X 3 ) sebesar 0,081. Artinya jika pengeluaran biaya pestisida meningkat senilai 1%, sedangkan nilai luas lahan, biaya pupuk, tenaga kerja, dan varietas",
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"top": 48,
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"text": "24",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 392,
"top": 50,
"width": 118,
"height": 8,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Agrisintech, Vol. 2, No.1 (2021)",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 87,
"top": 763,
"width": 285,
"height": 16,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Abdilah, F., Humaira, L., & Fitriani A. : Determinan Produksi Padi Pada Kelompok Tani Rukun Tani di Desa Ciampea Udik Kecamatan Ciampea Kabupaten Bogor (21-28)",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 88,
"width": 210,
"height": 176,
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"text": "padi yang digunakan diasumsikan tetap, akan terjadi kenaikan produksi padi pada anggota kelompok tani Rukun Tani di Desa Ciampea Udik sebesar 0,081%. e. Nilai koefisien tenaga kerja (X 4 ) senilai 0,177, berarti apabila penggunaan jumlah tenaga kerja meningkat sebesar 1%, sementara nilai luas lahan, biaya pupuk, biaya pestisida, dan varietas padi yang digunakan dianggap tetap, maka akan terjadi kenaikan hasil padi pada anggota kelompok tani Rukun Tani di Desa Ciampea Udik sebesar 0,177%.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 267,
"width": 210,
"height": 135,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "f. Nilai koefisien varietas padi (X 5 ) sebesar 0,127. Artinya jika penggunaan varietas padi mengalami peningkatan sebesar 1%, sementara nilai luas lahan, beban pupuk, beban pestisida, dan penggunaan tenaga kerja dianggap konstan, akan terjadi penambahan hasil produksi padi pada anggota Kelompok Tani Rukun Tani di Desa Ciampea Udik senilai 0,127%.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 419,
"width": 92,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Uji Parsial (Uji t)",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 435,
"width": 210,
"height": 314,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Hasil tes secara parsial untuk peubah luas lahan (X 1 ) adalah 0,001, nilai signifikansi <0,05, maka terlihat pengaruh positif dan sangat berarti antara luas lahan (X 1 ) dengan hasil produksi padi (Y). Uji parsial untuk variabel biaya pupuk (X 2 ) didapatkan angka signifikansi yaitu 0,031, dengan angka signifikansi <0,05 maka ada pengaruh negatif dan sangat berarti antara biaya pupuk (X 2 ) dengan produksi padi (Y). Hasil tes parsial untuk peubah biaya pestisida (X 3 ) diperoleh nilai signifikansi sebesar 0,019, dengan nilai signifikansi <0,05, maka terdapat pengaruh positif dan sangat berarti antara biaya pestisida (X 3 ) dengan hasil produksi padi (Y). Secara parsial, hasil uji untuk variabel tenaga kerja (X 4 ) sebesar 0,292, nilai signifikansi >0,05, berarti tidak ada pengaruh antara tenaga kerja (X 4 ) dengan produksi padi (Y). Hasil uji parsial untuk variabel varietas padi (X 5 ) senilai 0,000, dengan nilai signifikansi <0,05 yang artinya ada pengaruh positif",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 312,
"top": 88,
"width": 201,
"height": 25,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "antara varietas padi (X 5 ) dengan produksi padi (Y).",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"top": 115,
"width": 202,
"height": 177,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Kesimpulan yang dapat diambil yaitu bahwa variabel luas lahan (X 1 ), variabel biaya pestisida (X 3 ), dan variabel varietas padi (X 5 ), mempunyai pengaruh positif dan signifikan secara parsial terhadap produksi padi (Y), peubah biaya pupuk (X 2 ) mempunyai pengaruh negatif dan signifikan secara parsial terhadap produksi padi (Y), sedangkan variabel tenaga kerja (X 4 ) tidak memiliki pengaruh secara parsial terhadap produksi padi (Y) pada kelompok tani Rukun Tani di Desa Ciampe Udik.",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"text": "Uji Simultan (Uji F)",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 312,
"top": 324,
"width": 202,
"height": 163,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Berlandaskan perhitungan regresi merujuk Tabel 1, nilai F signifikan senilai 0,000, karena nilai probabilitas <0,05 yang berarti nilai tersebut signifikan. Hal tersebut memiliki makna bahwa ada dampak positif dan bermakna antara variabel luas lahan (X 1 ), biaya pupuk (X 2 ), biaya pestisida (X 3 ), tenaga kerja (X 4 ), dan varietas padi (X 5 ) secara serentak terhadap produksi padi (Y) pada Kelompok Tani Rukun Tani di Desa Ciampea Udik.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 312,
"top": 495,
"width": 202,
"height": 247,
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Koefisien Determinasi (R 2 ) Atas dasar Tabel 1, R Square adalah 0,854, jelas terlihat bahwa produksi padi (Y) pada Kelompok Tani Rukun Tani di Desa Ciampea Udik dipengaruhi oleh variabel luas lahan (X 1 ), biaya pupuk (X 2 ), biaya pestisida (X 3 ), tenaga kerja (X 4 ), dan varietas padi (X 5 ) sebesar 85,4 persen, sedangkan sisa senilai 14,6 persen dipengaruhi peubah lain dan belum dijelaskan pada penelitian. Nilai R 2 senilai 0,854, atau mendekati angka 1 maka model variabel luas lahan (X 1 ), biaya pupuk (X 2 ), biaya pestisida (X 3 ), tenaga kerja (X 4 ), dan varietas padi (X 5 ) dalam menjelaskan keragaman variasi produksi padi pada kelompok tani Rukun Tani di Desa Ciampea Udik sangat jelas",
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{
"left": 90,
"top": 50,
"width": 115,
"height": 8,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Agrisintech, Vol. 2, No.1 (2021)",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 498,
"top": 49,
"width": 11,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "25",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 225,
"top": 761,
"width": 285,
"height": 16,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Abdilah, F., Humaira, L., & Fitriani A. : Determinan Produksi Padi Pada Kelompok Tani Rukun Tani di Desa Ciampea Udik Kecamatan Ciampea Kabupaten Bogor (21-28)",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 88,
"width": 210,
"height": 25,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "dan model ini dikatakan baik ( goodness of fit ).",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 122,
"width": 77,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Asumsi Klasik",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 135,
"width": 210,
"height": 39,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Hasil uji asumsi klasik menggunakan program atau software SPSS versi 20 dan diperoleh hasil yang tersaji di Tabel 2.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 201,
"width": 201,
"height": 179,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Tabel 2. Hasil Analisis Tes Asumsi Klasik Model Collinearity Statistics Signifi- cance Tole- rance Variance Inflation Factor Luas.Lahan ,128 7,787 ,127 Pupuk ,466 2,144 ,267 Pestisida ,723 1,383 ,517 Tenaga Kerja ,151 6,644 ,192 Varietas ,819 1,220 ,078 Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) ,527 Durbin-Watson 2,039",
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 385,
"width": 158,
"height": 9,
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Sumber: Hasil Olah Data Primer, 2020",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 408,
"width": 127,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Uji Normalitas Residual",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 424,
"width": 213,
"height": 135,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Model regresi dikatakan baik yaitu jika data terdistribusi normal atau mendekati rata-rata. Upaya menguji informasi tersebut terdistribusi standar atau non normal, maka dilaksankan tes normalitas residual dengan metode Kolmogorov Smirnov. Bilamana angka Unstandardized Residual lebih besar dari 0,05, disimpulkan informasi data dikatakan memiliki distribusi secara standar.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 562,
"width": 210,
"height": 75,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Pada Tabel 2 menjelaskan bahwa nilai Unstandardized Residual sebesar 0,527. Nilai tersebut lebih besar dari 0,05, kesimpulannya adalah data pada peubah penelitian tersebar secara standar.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 655,
"width": 111,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 6,
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"text": "Uji Multikolinearitas",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 671,
"width": 210,
"height": 80,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Tes ini adalah memahami keterkaitan linier antara beberapa atau semua peubah bebas yang menjelaskan model regresi. Pola regresi yang baik semestinya tidak ada hubungan antara peubah bebas. Multikolinearitas dapat diketahui dari nilai",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 312,
"top": 88,
"width": 201,
"height": 94,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "tolerance dan variance inflation factor (VIF), seumpama nilai tolerance >0,10 dan nilai VIF <10, maka dinyatakan tidak terjadi gejala multikolinearitas di model regresi. Jika sebaliknya, maka dinyatakan terjadi gejala multikolinearitas di model regresi.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 312,
"top": 184,
"width": 202,
"height": 232,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Berdasarkan Tabel 2, dijelaskan bahwa bentuk regresi sudah bebas dari gejala multikolinearitas karena nilai tolerance lebih besar dari 0,10 yaitu peubah luas lahan sebesar 0,128, biaya pupuk 0,466, biaya pestisida sebesar 0,723, tenaga kerja sebesar 0,151, dan varietas padi sebesar 0,819. Nilai VIF semua variabel <10 dimana variabel luas lahan sebesar 7,787, variabel biaya pupuk sebesar 2,144, variabel biaya pestisida sebesar 1,383, variabel tenaga kerja sebesar 6,644, dan variabel varietas padi sebesar 1,220 sehingga dapat ditarik kesimpulan bahwa pada kajian ini, pada pola regresi, tidak ada gejala multikolineariatas.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 312,
"top": 433,
"width": 121,
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"text": "Uji Heteroskedastisitas",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 312,
"top": 449,
"width": 202,
"height": 176,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Tujuan uji ini adalah melihat kejadian bentuk regresi apakah ada perbedaan jenis dari residual satu observasi ke observasi lain. Bentuk regresi yang baik adalah tidak ada gejala heteroskedastisitas. Uji heteroskedastisitas memakai metode Glejser, yaitu nilai mutlak residual diregresikan dengan masing-masing peubah bebas. Berdasarkan pada Tabel 2, dijabarkan juga bahwa setiap variabel bebas bernilai signifikansi >0,05 dimana nilai",
"type": "Table"
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{
"left": 312,
"top": 628,
"width": 334,
"height": 108,
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "signifikansi peubah luas lahan sebesar 0,127, nilai signifikansi peubah ongkos pupuk sebesar 0,267, nilai signifikansi peubah ongkos pestisida sebesar 0,517, nilai signifikansi peubah tenaga kerja sebesar 0,192 dan nilai signifikansi peubah varietas padi sebesar 0,078. Kesimpulan yang dapat ditarik adalah",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 763,
"width": 275,
"height": 7,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Abdilah, F., Humaira, L., & Fitriani A. : Determinan Produksi Padi Pada Kelompok",
"type": "Footnote"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 772,
"width": 285,
"height": 7,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Tani Rukun Tani di Desa Ciampea Udik Kecamatan Ciampea Kabupaten Bogor (21-28)",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 84,
"top": 50,
"width": 15,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "26",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 392,
"top": 52,
"width": 118,
"height": 8,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Agrisintech, Vol. 2, No.1 (2021)",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 88,
"width": 210,
"height": 25,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "bentuk regresi di penelitian ini tiada mengalami gejala heteroskedastisitas.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 132,
"width": 88,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 7,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Uji Autokolerasi",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 147,
"width": 210,
"height": 94,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Fungsi uji ini adalah mendeteksi tersedia atau tidak autokorelasi yaitu dengan memakai uji nilai Durbin Watson (DW test). Jika angka Durbin Watson (DW) ada antara du dan 4-du, maka bentuk regresi tercatat diartikan lepas dari gejala autokorelasi.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 244,
"width": 210,
"height": 93,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Hasil uji autokorelasi didapatkan angka Durbin Waston sebesar 2,039. Berdasarkan Durbin Watson test, nilai DW yang didapat terletak pada du <DW<4 – du atau 1,833 < 2,039<2,167, artinya tidak terbentuk autokorelasi pada model regresi sehingga uji autokorelasi terpenuhi.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 354,
"width": 210,
"height": 195,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Pengaruh Luas Lahan Terhadap Produksi Padi Peubah luas lahan mempunyai angka signifikansi 0,001<0,05 artinya luas lahan secara relevan berdampak terhadap kuantitas produksi padi pada Kelompok Tani Rukun Tani di Desa Ciampea Udik. Nilai koefisien regresi variabel luas lahan memiliki nilai 0,588, berarti setiap 1% kenaikan luas lahan akan menambah padi sebesar 0,588% dengan anggapan peubah belanja pupuk (X 2 ), belanja pestisida (X 3 ), tenaga kerja (X 4 ), dan varietas padi (X 5 ) konstan/tetap.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
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"page_number": 7,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Dampak Biaya Pupuk Terhadap",
"type": "Table"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 579,
"width": 76,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 7,
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"text": "Produksi Padi",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 593,
"width": 210,
"height": 149,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Peubah belanja pupuk mempunyai angka signifikansi 0,031<0,05 artinya biaya pupuk secara signifikan berpengaruh terhadap jumlah produksi padi pada kelompok tani Rukun Tani di Desa Ciampea Udik. Nilai koefisien regresi variabel biaya pupuk bernilai senilai - 0,266, berarti jika belanja pupuk naik senilai 1%, akan membuat turun kuantitas produksi padi senilai 0,266% dengan perkiraan peubah luas lahan (X 1 ), belanja",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 312,
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"height": 25,
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"text": "pestisida (X 3 ), tenaga kerja (X 4 ), dan varietas padi (X 5 ) konstan/tetap.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 312,
"top": 129,
"width": 201,
"height": 25,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Pengaruh Biaya Pestisida Terhadap Produksi Padi",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 312,
"top": 157,
"width": 201,
"height": 176,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Peubah belanja pestisida memiliki nilai signifikansi 0,019<0,05 artinya biaya pestisida berpengaruh signifikan terhadap jumlah produksi padi pada kelompok tani Rukun Tani di Desa Ciampea Udik. Nilai koefisien regresi variabel biaya pestisida memiliki nilai positif senilai 0,081, berarti kenaikan biaya pupuk senilai 1% akan menambah kuantitas produksi padi senilai 0,081%, dengan dugaan peubah luas lahan (X 1 ), biaya pupuk (X 2 ), tenaga kerja (X 4 ), dan varietas padi (X 5 ) konstan/tetap.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 312,
"top": 350,
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"height": 25,
"page_number": 7,
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"text": "Pengaruh Tenaga Kerja Terhadap Produksi Padi",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 326,
"top": 378,
"width": 188,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 7,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Peubah tenaga kerja bernilai",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 312,
"top": 391,
"width": 201,
"height": 66,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "signifikansi 0,292>0,05, artinya tenaga kerja secara signifikan tidak berdampak nyata dengan kuantitas produksi padi pada kelompok tani Rukun Tani di Desa Ciampea Udik.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 312,
"top": 466,
"width": 201,
"height": 25,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Pengaruh Varietas Padi Terhadap Produksi Padi",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 312,
"top": 494,
"width": 202,
"height": 190,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Variabel varietas padi mempunyai nilai signifikansi 0,000<0,05, artinya varietas padi secara relevan berpengaruh nyata terhadap jumlah produksi padi pada kelompok tani Rukun Tani di Desa Ciampea Udik. Nilai koefisien regresi peubah varietas padi bernilai positif sebesar 0,127, angka tersebut berarti setiap ada kenaikan varietas padi senilai 1 persen, menambah jumlah produksi padi senilai 0,127% dengan dugaan variabel luas lahan (X 1 ), beban/biaya pupuk (X 2 ), biaya/beban pestisida (X 3 ), dan tenaga kerja (X 4 ) konstan/tetap.",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"text": "SIMPULAN",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 312,
"top": 719,
"width": 201,
"height": 25,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Secara segmental komponen produksi luas lahan, biaya pupuk, biaya pestisida,",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 86,
"top": 53,
"width": 115,
"height": 8,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Agrisintech, Vol. 2, No.1 (2021)",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 494,
"top": 52,
"width": 11,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "27",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 218,
"top": 759,
"width": 292,
"height": 17,
"page_number": 7,
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"text": "Abdilah, F., Humaira, L., & Fitriani A. : Determinan Produksi Padi Pada Kelompok Tani Rukun Tani di Desa Ciampea Udik Kecamatan Ciampea Kabupaten Bogor (21-28)",
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"text": "dan varietas padi berdampak secara signifikan terhadap produksi padi, peubah yang tidak berdampak secara parsial terhadap produksi padi yaitu faktor produksi tenaga kerja.",
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"text": "ALSUNIYAT: Jurnal Penelitian Bahasa, Sastra, dan Budaya Arab, Vol. 7, No. 1, April 2024",
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"text": "The method of Masrahiyyah is based on local wisdom according to Behaviorism Theory in Learning Maharah Kalam",
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"text": "Nurainun Ritonga 1* , Sahyoni 2 , Bermawi Munthe 3 , Muhbib Abdul Wahab 4 , Samsul Haq 5",
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"text": "1,3 Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta, Indonesia 2 Sekolah Tinggi Agama Islam Negeri Mandailing Natal, Indonesia 4 Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, Indonesia",
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"text": "5 Universitas Islam Negeri Sumatera Utara Medan, Indonesia Correspondence: E-mail: nurainunritonga64@gmail.com A R T I C L E I N F O",
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"text": "Submitted/Received 29 Feb 2024 First Revised 10 Mar 2024",
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"text": "The research explores the content and steps of utilizing the masrahiyyah method according to Behaviorism Theory to enhance Kalam proficiency. This study employs a qualitative descriptive method. Primary data sources include informants, while secondary sources include books, previous research, and scholarly articles related to the research title. Data collection techniques encompass observation, interviews, and documentation. The data analysis technique follows the Miles and Huberman model, involving data reduction, display, and conclusion/verification. The findings of this research are as follows: (1) The applied masrahiyyah method, based on Behaviorism Theory, to enhance Kalam proficiency incorporates local wisdom, including Sampuraga ( نيدلاولا رب ) , Gordang Sambilan ( قيسولما ) , Poqir Fatayat",
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"text": "( ةيملاسلإا دهاعلما ) , Abdul Haris Nasution and Musthafa Husein",
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"text": "( ةهيجولا ةيصخشلا ), Williem Iskandar )ةنهلما( . (2) The steps involve forming group work, selecting the drama script to be performed, and faculty guidance. The fourth step includes reading the drama script, casting, role-playing, discussion, and evaluation.",
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"text": "Keywords:",
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"text": "Arabic language Behaviorism theory Drama method Literature program Local wisdom",
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"text": "ALSUNIYAT JURNAL PENELITIAN BAHASA, SASTRA, DAN BUDAYA ARAB",
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"text": "Vol. 7 No. 1 | 102-112 ALSUNIYAT, P-ISSN: 2615-7241, E-ISSN: 2721-480X",
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"text": "Maharah kalam is an essential skill in studying Arabic, as it serves as the primary determinant of a student's achievement in the language, it shows that all language education learners must master speaking skills (Linur & Mubarak, 2022). It is possible to develop speaking abilities through practice (Sutiah et al., 2023). However, mastering maharah kalam is complicated by several internal and external obstacles (Prihartini, 2019). Learning maharah kalam presents the following obstacles: 1) Linguistic elements, including microdata, writing, and phonetics, (2) Non-Linguistic Aspects: Sociocultural influences, unsuitable instructional approaches, inadequate teacher training, diminished interest, and absence of motivation (Nashirullah, 2023). One factor contributing to developing these diverse issues is the challenge of learning methodologies (Takdir, 2020). The method is a comprehensive strategy that outlines the entire material delivery process. To accomplish learning objectives, methods play a crucial role in the learning process (Nasrulloh et al., n.d.).",
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"text": "Therefore, it is critical to select the appropriate method to attain the desired results. Because an element contributing to the slow achievement of set goals is the need for more precision in selecting the approach (Ritonga et al., n.d.). The maharah kalam can be increased through a variety of (Rahmanudin et al., 2023), one of which is the Masrahiyyah technique. Drama, also known as masrahiyyah , is an artistic genre. Drama visually represents the verbal exchanges and dialogue among the characters in a narrative. Furthermore, drama is a planned imitation of human existence. Drama can integrate various artistic components, such as movement, sound, and images. Consequently, drama is the origin of all the disciplines.",
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"text": "Speaking skills can only be obtained by practice and repetition (Yusvida, 2020), while the masrahiyyah method directly enhances students' speaking skills through role-playing, fostering creativity, teamwork, and courage, and unconsciously, this method teaches moral messages that can be taken away from stories acted out by students (Nuril & Pratama, 2018). Prodi Bahasa dan Sastra Arab STAIN Mandailing Natal strives to encourage its students to learn Arabic by using the Drama (Masrahiyyah) method to learn maharah kalam III. Maharah kalam 's learning requires learning theory; learning theories include Constructivism theory, behaviorism theory and cognitive theory (Madkur, n.d.) One of the theories related to habituation is the theory of behaviourism.",
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"text": "Behaviourism theory views learning as a process of changing student behaviour from not knowing to knowing and from unskilled to skilled, behaviour changes result from the interaction between stimulus and response (Mawardy, 2023). Repetition and training are used to make the desired behaviour a habit. Evaluation or assessment is based on visible behaviour, and this is by the masrahiyyah method, which in its application is practical and, of course, with habituation by continuing to repeat the practice of conversation so that an activity can be achieved which is presented in the form of a performance, a story or story which contains positive values for students (Shahbana, 2020). Maharah kalam III (Three) learning at STAIN Mandailing Natal Arabic Language and Literature Study Program in the",
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"text": "form of drama combined with local wisdom of Mandaling Natal provides positive results for training students' language skills. Therefore, the author wants to write an article related to the Method Masrahiyyah according to Behaviorist Theory to Increase maharah kalam in the Arabic Language and Literature Study Program at STAIN Mandailing Natal, North Sumatra.",
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"text": "Multiple studies have been conducted on the Masrahiyyah technique based on Behaviourism theory to enhance maharah kalam , including the research by Wibawa (2022) \"Language Skills Teaching Aspect in Arabic Drama Contest\". This research at Gontor Campus 1 academic year 1443/2021 identified three essential features of the Arabic drama competition PMDG that enhance language instruction (1) The practice of creating play scripts to enhance reading and writing skills instruction (2) Incorporating theatre exercises to enhance reading skills such as silent reading, reading aloud, and speaking skills, including question and answer sessions, memorizing dialogues, and storytelling (3) The practice of watching dramas enhances the teaching of listening skills through active listening for comprehension, enjoyment, and critical evaluation.",
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"text": "Next, a study conducted by Sahrani dan Rahnang (2019) and (Sahrani et al., 2019) entitled Learning Muhadatsah Through the Drama Method in the PBA Department Practicum Program IAIN Pontianak revealed that The drama method is seen as a practical solution due to its communicative, innovative, creative, and enjoyable characteristics so that the problems that have been faced by PBA students at the Faculty of Tarbiyah and Teacher Training IAIN Pontinak can be overcome.",
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"text": "Furthermore, the research conducted by Zahra (2021) that (1) Students' Arabic speaking skills before the action was carried out obtained an average score of 50%, students increased by 12.90% or a total of 4 students. (2) Students' Arabic speaking skills after implementing the drama method in cycle I obtained an average score of 67.74%, students who experienced an increase of 54.83% or a total of 17 students. (3) Students' Arabic speaking skills in cycle II obtained an average score of 79.03%, with students who had increased by 90.30% or a total of 28 students.",
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"text": "This research discussed the material and steps for using the masrahiyyah method according to Behaviorism Theory to Increase maharah kalam in the Arabic Language and Literature Study Program at STAIN Mandailing Natal, North Sumatra, to know the material and steps for using the masrahiyyah method according to behaviorism theory to increase maharah kalam At STAIN Mandailing Natal Arabic Language and Literature Study Program, North Sumatra.",
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"text": "This research was a qualitative descriptive research. According to Mudjia Raharjo, Qualitative Research is a method of meaning or interpreting a phenomenon or symptom for the perpetrator and the product of his actions (Rahardjo, 2020). The primary data source in this research was obtained from observations and interviews of the third-semester Arabic Language and Literature students of STAIN Mandailing Natal, while the secondary sources are",
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"text": "books, previous research, and scientific articles related to the research title. The data collection techniques were observation, interviews and documentation in the form of photos and videos of the implementation of the masrahiyyah method by third-semester students of the Arabic Language Literature Study Program at STAIN Mandailing Natal, North Sumatra. The data analysis technique was the Miles and Huberman model, which included activities in data analysis, namely data reduction, data display, and concluding/verification (Sugiyono, 2015). The researcher summarized and selected the primary data, focusing on the critical aspects obtained from the field. Subsequently, the data was presented as a narrative text, followed by drawing conclusions and verification.",
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"text": "3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The Concept of Maharah Kalam",
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"text": "Four skills in learning Arabic can develop oral and written communication, including maharah kalam (Ritonga et al., 2022) . According to Acep Irawan, maharah kalam is a person's ability to express articulatory sounds or words and thoughts in the form of ideas, opinions, desires, or feelings to the people they are talking to Hermawan (2014) speaking activities have a two-way communication aspect, namely between the speaker and the listener in a reciprocal manner, which is different from writing and reading skills, which just one person can do. (Ismail, 2019) Some linguists assume that a person's linguistic ability is only determined by mastery of vocabulary because speaking orally indeed uses words. Nowadays, learning Arabic is no longer just a tool for studying classical books; it has become a goal, a skill inherent in an Arabic language learner, especially the ability to speak Arabic. The current demands of scientific development have made Arabic one of the languages of communication and the official language of the United Nations (Aflisia & Hazuar, 2020). To improve Maharah al-kalam, a learner must also practice the use of Arabic in different situations, such as in formal or informal situations, written or spoken language, and so on. Students must also practice improving intonation and pronunciation in Arabic to communicate well and correctly. The most important thing to underline is that without intensive or continuous practice or Bi'ah Arabiyah, it will be difficult for someone to master Arabic perfectly (Zulhannan, 2015).",
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"text": "In speaking, objectives are essential. Without a firm focus on the aim, the speech sounds delivered will lack significance, causing them to drift and fail to accomplish the intended communication (Ilham & Wijiati, 2020). In general, learning maharah kalam strives to (1) pronounce Arabic sounds, including intonation and stress, and (2) distinguish between pronouncing letters with long and short meanings. (3) Express concepts using grammar; (4) Use Arabic features based on variations in tantalum, such as dhomir mudakkar and muannats; and (5) Communicate thoughts and opinions (Sa’diyah, 2018). Meanwhile, according to Zulheddi, the learning objectives of maharah kalam are Zulheddi (2010), (1) pronouncing Arabic sounds, (2) differentiating the pronunciation of identical sounds, (3) differentiating long and short pronunciations, and (4) pronouncing according to the intonation of native speakers. (5) Pronouncing adjacent sounds. (6) communicate thoughts with grammar. (7) Use",
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"text": "Vol. 7 No. 1 | 102-112 ALSUNIYAT, P-ISSN: 2615-7241, E-ISSN: 2721-480X",
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"text": "language suited to the context; (8) Use expressions appropriate to Arabic culture. (9) Use sentence structure based on grammar. (10) Describe happenings. (11) systematically convey thoughts. (12) Convey ideal thoughts. (13) Speaking systematically and continuously; (14) Pronouncing the corresponding letters of sentences. (15) Using punctuation marks in communication, (16) Speaking based on where you begin and end speaking, (17) Capable of responding spontaneously, (18) Concentrating on the information, (19) Changing topics as needed, (20) Tell fascinating tales, (21) Debate or debate specific material, (22) Give an organized speech, and (23) Communicate with native speakers over the phone.",
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"text": "Method of Masrahiyyah",
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"text": "According to Abudin Nata, Arabic has several methods, such as Al-Thariqah , a way; Manhaj, a system; and al-was h, a mediator. In this case, the most suitable term is Al-Thariqah. Ali Bin Muhammad al Jurjani says ةقيرط is the fastest way to reach the purpose (Baroroh & Rahmawati, 2020). In the learning process, appropriate methods must be used to achieve learning objectives (Imron et al., 2023). Apart from that, learning Arabic, especially maharah kalam learning, requires using interesting methods so that learning is fun and students are interested in learning Arabic. Many methods can be used in teaching maharah kalam , including the drama method (masrahiyyah) .",
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"text": "Etymologically, the word drama comes from the Greek, namely \"Dram\", which means motion. Conversation and gestures in drama act out the story that has been written in the drama script (Hariyadi & Subki, 2022). Drama, or Masrahiyyah, is a form of art that can inspire creativity, emotion, and purpose (Endraswara, 2014). Drama can be categorized into two forms: oral literature and written text. Drama functions as a theatre in oral literature and communicates the drama in written form. Drama comprises multiple elements, which include: 1) Theme, 2) Plot, 3) Characterization, 4) Dialogue, 5) Setting, 6) Message. The Masrahiyah Method focuses on encouraging students to actively engage in speaking by assuming different roles.",
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"text": "Theory of Behaviorism",
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"text": "Learning theory is a general principle or collection of interconnected principles and explains several facts and discoveries related to learning events (Shahbana, 2020). There are several learning theories, and one of them is Behaviorism. Sutiah explained that Behavioristic Theory emphasizes changes in behaviour as a result of the learning process (Sutiah, 2016); the learning process can occur through imitation activities and the presentation of examples of behaviour (Rahnang, 2023). According to the behavioristic approach, learning is a relatively long-lasting change in observable behaviour due to environmental experience-the behavioristic approach developed through experiments on humans and animals. Behaviourism emphasizes changes in behaviour based on the principle of stimulus and response (Asfar et al., 2019).",
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"text": "Edward Lee Thorndike believes that learning is a process characterized by an interaction relationship between stimulus and response. He believes that a stimulus can stimulate the learning process, such as thoughts, feelings, or other events connected through sensory devices. Meanwhile, the response is a reaction/response that arises during the learning process, which can be in the form of feelings or actions. John Watson presented that learning is a process of interaction (reciprocal relationship) between stimulus and response. The stimulus and response must be observable and measurable.",
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"text": "In addition, Chark Hull's understanding of learning theory involves exploring the connection between stimulus and response. Stimulation in education is strongly linked to biological demands. Drive (biological needs) and drive reduction (satisfaction of biological needs) play a crucial role in all human activities, with responses in the learning process manifesting differently. Guthrie's theory of learning explains a sequence of events (law of contiguity) in which a response is likely to occur if the stimulus and response are repeatedly associated.",
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"text": "Meanwhile, Burrhus Frederic Skinner emphasized that the connection between stimulus and response results from environmental interactions, leading to observable behavioural changes. Skinner suggests that the responses a person produces when given a stimulus will interact with each other, influencing the outcome of the person's response.",
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"text": "Albert Bandura stated that stimuli influence a person's behaviour and come from the interaction of everything in the learning environment. Bandura's basic principles introduce individuals to how to learn socially and morally. This principle is obtained by imitation and modelling. Reward and punishment will make individuals think and decide about their social behaviour (Putra et al., 2023).",
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"text": "The Implementation of the Masrahiyyah Method based on Behaviourism theory to enhance Maharah Kalam at the Arabic Language and Literature Program of STAIN Mandailing Natal",
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"text": "Maharah kalam provides six credits for the Arabic Language and Literature Study Programme. In the classroom setting, instructors push to make the subject interactive for students. Many approaches have been implemented, such as utilizing exciting media and suitable, enjoyable techniques. One technique employed is drama (masrahiyyah) . This approach is utilized by students in their third semester semester, specifically for the Kalam III subject.",
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"text": "When applying the drama method (masrahiyyah), the instructor creates teaching materials through stories for students to act out, drawing on local wisdom. This approach ensures that learning goes beyond just language application, allowing students to receive positive benefits from the stories that they perform. The story originates from the student's surrounding area or environment. The topics of maharah kalam based on Behaviourism theory in the third Semester of the Arabic Language and Literature Program of STAIN Mandailing",
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"text": "Natal were Sampuraga ( نيدلاولا رب ), Gordang Sambilan ( قيسولما ), Poqir Fatayat ( ةيملاسلإا دهاعلما ), Abdul Haris Nasution dan Musthafa Husein )ةهيجولا ةيصخشلا( , Williem Iskandar ( ةنهلما ).",
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"text": "One of the plays presented by BSA STAIN Mandailing Natal students was \"Sampuraga\". The story of sampuraga originates from Mandailing Natal, recounting the legend of a child who defied his mother. Many people consider the Sampuraga story the perfect example of living (Hasibuan, 2020). This motivates students and lecturers to use Arabic to present the Sampuraga story as a drama. Drama is typically presented through dialogue or actions performed by the characters. In addition, Hasanuddin mentioned that a new drama performance could be achieved through an in-depth examination of the drama text by the director and actors, along with the use of stage equipment like costumes, backdrops, and makeup. Drama is a literary work written in dialogue and performed as a performing art (Contessa & Huriyah, 2020). The event occurred at Taman Raja Batu, Panyabungan Manding Natal. The students intentionally selected this location due to the presence of a traditional Mandailing house that could serve as a residence for the king and his wife. The large stones and river surrounding the area were also intriguing, particularly for filming the scene \"Sampuraga crosses the river when travelling to leave his hometown.\"",
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"text": "The masrahiyyah method focuses on practical and direct speaking activities in Arabic language learning. When this approach is integrated with behaviourism theory, the primary emphasis is on modifying behaviour by offering stimulus, response, and reinforcement. Here are the steps to apply the masrahiyyah method based on behaviourist theory to enhance maharah kalam : At first, a workgroup will be formed consisting of the director, assistant director, secretary, property manager, music coordinator, publications manager, documentation specialist, and others. Next, the drama script for the performance is chosen. When selecting a drama script, it should be tailored to the specific situation and circumstances. The script selection also considers the number of players and the settings that may be influenced. For this particular scenario, the selected drama script is based on the local wisdom of Mandailing Natal, specifically the kisal legend \"Sampuraga\".",
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"text": "Additionally, the instructor offers support and inspiration to ensure that students feel self-assured and comfortable while participating in drama activities, considering the varying levels of Arabic language proficiency among students. Furthermore, participants in drama activities are expected to read drama scripts as directed by the director. Next, role selection (casting) involves identifying roles suitable for the student's situation. Here, the director has complete control over deciding which students will be assigned the roles. The individuals who served as directors included Ardhani, deputy director Taufik, Mrs Sampuraga, Mutiach, actor Adrian (from Sampuraga's team), Sampuraga's wife Faridah, and other students who were assigned various roles such as bodyguards, ordinary people, equipment workers, and documenters. Students are assigned specific roles to act out during this activity as part of the exercise. Seventh, discussion and evaluation involve lecturers and students engaging in discussions and evaluations with all students about the activities that have been completed.",
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"text": "Figure 1. Implementation of Arabic Drama Based on Mandailing Natal local wisdom with the theme \"Sampuraga\"",
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"text": "By integrating the masrahiyyah method with behaviourism theory, maharah kalam learning can become more focused and efficient and assist in achieving the desired changes in speaking habits. In addition to gathering data through observations and documentation, the researcher interviewed 14 students. One interview result highlighted the enjoyment of learning maharah kalam using the masrahiyyah method. Students found the learning process engaging and varied, allowing them to comprehend positive values from the stories. The findings from interviews conducted by researchers with 14 BSA students (the third semester semester) regarding implementing the masrahiyyah method in maharah kalam learning revealed that most students found the learning experience highly enjoyable",
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"text": "4. CONCLUSION",
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"text": "The masrahiyyah method of maharah kalam learning, based on Behaviourism theory, highlights the importance of student engagement in speaking through role-playing, supported by consistent practice in Arabic conversation with the assistance of Bi'ah Arabiya. The material for this practice was a local-based theme such as Sampuraga ( نيدلاولا رب ), Gordang Sambilan ( قيسولما ), Poqir Fatayat ( ةيملاسلإا دهاعلما ) , Abdul Haris Nasution dan Musthafa Husein )ةهيجولا ةيصخشلا( , Williem Iskandar ( ةنهلما ). In the implementation process, the first step involves forming a work group comprising various roles such as director, assistant director, secretary, property, music, publications, and documentation. Next, the drama script to be staged is selected. Lecturers then offer encouragement and motivation to ensure students are enthusiastic and confident. Following this, the drama scripts are read, roles are selected through casting, role-playing takes place, and finally, there is a discussion and evaluation session. The findings of this research can help Arabic teachers in the advanced maharah kalam learning process by employing the Masyrahiyah method. Through the masyrahiyah approach, students can learn in a pleasant atmosphere. Besides acquiring speaking skills, students can also derive moral messages from the stories presented in the masrahiyyah .",
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"text": "5. REFERENCES",
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"text": "* Korespondensi: Gede Wira Mahadita; Departemen/ KSM Penyakit Dalam, Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Udayana/ RSUP Sanglah, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia; wira_mahadita@unud.ac.id",
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"text": "Wunderlich’s syndromes is a collection of symptoms consisting of pain, palpable mass in the flank region, hematuria associated with spontaneous renal bleeding. Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is defined as a group of malignancies originating from the epithelium of the renal tubules. Reportedly a man, aged 47 years, with complaints of pain in the waist and upper left abdomen, accompanied by reddish urine since 3 days before being admitted to the hospital, but also experienced one month ago. On physical examination, there was a solid mass in the abdomen accompanied by tenderness. Ultrasound examination of the upper-lower abdomen showed a solid lobulated mass of impression originating from the left kidney. MSCT examination found a mass of the left kidney measuring about 11.2 cm x 16.7 cm x 20.2 cm which caused enhancement of the left renal artery. The patient then underwent a radical nephrectomy, found a left kidney tumor measuring 20 cm which was attached to the diaphragm. The result of the PA histo examination, obtained tumor cells with an increased N / C ratio, polygonal to round oval shape, moderate pleimorphic core, hyperchromatic, prominent core children, wide clear vacuole cytoplasm and partly eosinophilic with the impression of Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma Grade. III. Patient diagnosed as CCRCC with wunderlich syndrome manifestation. .Further management was planned for systemic chemotherapy or radiation treatment, but the patient refused. The patient was discharged on the 20 th day of treatment in good condition.",
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"text": "Keywords : Wunderlich’s syndromes, renal cell carcinoma, renal mass, clear cell renal cell carcinoma",
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"text": "Wunderlich’s syndromes merupakan kumpulan gejala yang terdiri dari nyeri, terabanya masa pada regio flank, hematuria yang berhubungan dengan perdarahan spontan ginjal. Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) didefinisikan sebagai kelompok keganasan yang berasal dari epitel tubulus ginjal. Dilaporkan seorang laki-laki, usia 47 tahun, s dengan keluhan nyeri pada pinggang dan perut kiri atas, disertai kencing warna kemerahan sejak 3 hari sebelum masuk rumah sakit, namun juga dialami satu bulan yang lalu. Pada pemeriksaan fisik didapatkan masa padat pada abdomen ukuran disertai nyeri tekan. Pemeriksaan USG abdomen atas-bawah menunjukkan masa solid lobulated kesan berasal dari ginjal kiri. Pemeriksaan MSCT ditemukan masa ginjal kiri ukuran sekitar 11,2 cm x 16,7 cm x 20,2 cm yang menyebabkan enhancement arteri renalis kiri. Pasien kemudian dilakukan nefrektomi radikal, didapatkan tumor ginjal kiri ukuran 20 cm yang melekat pada diafragma. Kemudian dilakukan hasil pemeriksaan histo PA, didapatkan Sel- sel tumor dengan N/C ratio meningkat, bentuk poligonal sampai bulat oval, inti pleimorfik sedang, hiperkromatik, anak inti prominent, sitoplasma luas jernih bervacuola dan sebagian eosinofilik dengan kesan Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma (CCRCC) Grade III . Pasien didiagnosis dengan CCRCC dengan manifestasi wunderlich syndrome . Penatalaksanaan lebih lanjut direncanakan pengobatan sistemik kemoterapi atau radiasi, namun pasien menolak. Pasien dipulangkan pada perawatan hari ke-20 dengan kondisi keadaan umum baik.",
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"text": "Kata kunci : Wunderlich’s syndromes, renal cell carcinoma, massa ginjal, clear cell renal cell carcinoma",
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"text": "Wunderlich’s syndromes merupakan kumpulan gejala yang terdiri dari nyeri, terabanya masa pada regio flank, hematuria yang berhubungan dengan perdarahan spontan",
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"text": "ginjal. Berdasarkan data meta-analisis oleh Zhang et al . (2002) 61,5% perdarahan spontan subkapsuler-perirenal ginjal disebabkan oleh tumor sebagai penyebab paling banyak (31,5% ganas dan 29,7% jinak), 17% karena gangguan vaskuler, 2,4% infeksi dan 6,7%-nya idiopatik. 1",
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"text": "Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) didefinisikan sebagai kelompok keganasan yang berasal dari epitel tubulus ginjal. 2 Prevalensi RCC untuk semua keganasan pada orang dewasa sekitar 2-3% dan 90% kasus keganasan pada ginjal merupakan RCC (2,3). Diseluruh dunia insiden RCC sekitar 209.000 kasus baru pertahun dengan angka kematian mencapai 102.000 pertahun. 3 World health organization (WHO) mengklasifikasikan RCC menjadi beberapa jenis seperti clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC), multilocular clear renal cell carcinoma, papilary renal cell carcinoma dan jenis lainnya yang dikelompokkan berdasarkan histologi-patologi anatomi (PA). 2 CCRCC adalah tumor korteks ginjal yang ditandai dengan sitoplasma jernih dan alveolar padat yang diselingi dengan vaskularisasi yang kompleks dan bercabang-cabang. 2 Istilah clear cell diberikan karena tingginya kandungan lipid yang hilang pada saat penyediaan preparat PA sehingga meninggalkan sitoplasma yang jernih. 4 Insiden CCRCC meningkat secara drastis di Eropa dan Amerika Serikat, namun jarang dijumpai di Asia dan Afrika. Peningkatan insiden ini tidak lepas dengan semakin berkembangnya modalitas pencitraan yang dapat mendeteksi keganasan ini secara insidental, khususnya tumor yang masih berukuran kecil dan asimtomatis. Rata-rata usia saat didiagnosis CCRCC sekitar 60-64 tahun, namun CCRCC sporadik ditemukan pada usia 40 tahun dan sangat jarang dilaporkan pada usia muda antara 14-18 tahun tanpa adanya faktor genetik. 5",
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"text": "Merokok merupakan faktor risiko utama RCC pada laki-laki. Risiko relatif (RR) sekitar 2-3 pada perokok aktif atau pasif. 6 Paparan terhadap bahan karsinogenik arsen juga meningkatkan insiden RCC sebesar 39%. 7 Obesitas berkontribusi terhadap 30% kasus di Eropa dan lebih dari 40% di Amerika Serikat dan Kanada. 8,9 Disamping itu hipertensi juga dianggap sebagai faktor risiko yang cukup bermakna dengan insiden RR sebesar 1,3-2%. 10 Faktor protektif yang berhubungan dengan kebiasaan hidup adalah kebiasaan mengkonsumsi sayur dan buah-buahan. 11 Kelainan genetik JUGA memainkan peranan yang sangat penting terhadap kejadian CCRCC. 12 Penyakit von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) yang mengakibatkan mutasi pada kromosom 3p25 merupakan faktor keturunan yang paling sering menyebabkan CCRCC. 13 Berikut akan dipaparkan kasus CCRCC dengan manifestasi wunderlich syndrome . Wunderlich syndrome merupakan manifestasi klasik RCC yang sangat jarang dijumpai dewasa ini (<10%), serta CCRCC memiliki prognosis paling buruk jika dibandingkan keganasan lain pada RCC. 13",
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"text": "Seorang laki-laki, usia 47 tahun, suku Bali datang dengan keluhan utama nyeri pada pinggang dan perut kiri",
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"text": "atas. Pasien mengeluh nyeri pada pinggang kiri dan perut kiri atas sejak bulan sebelum masuk rumah sakit (SMRS). Nyeri dirasakan terus menerus, mendadak memberat sejak 3 hari sebelum masuk rumah sakit. Sensasi nyeri seperti berat, eneg dan sejak 3 hari yang lalu makin berat dan seperti ditusuk. Nyeri dirasakan terus menerus tanpa ada faktor yang memperberat dan memperingan. Pasien juga mengeluh timbul benjolan pada perut kiri atas sejak 3 bulan SMRS dan makin membesar perlahan-lahan. Benjolan awalnya tidak begitu besar, namun sejak 1 minggu yang lalu benjolan dirasakan sebesar telur angsa dan padat. Pada awal timbul benjolan tidak nyeri, nyeri pada benjolan dan sekitarnya mulai dirasakan 1 bulan SMRS dan memberat sejak 3 hari SMRS.",
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"text": "Pasien juga mengeluh kencing warna kemerahan 3 hari SMRS saat bangun pagi, namun saat ini kencing warna kemerahan sudah mulai berkurang. Keluhan kencing warna kemerahan juga pernah dialami penderita 1 bulan yang lalu, namun sembuh dengan sendirinya. Pasien mengatakan berat badannya terus menurun sejak 3 bulan yang lalu. Dalam waktu 3 bulan berat badannya turun ±25 kg. Pasien juga mengeluh lemas yang dirasakan terus menerus sejak 3 bulan SMRS, padahal makan dan minum pasien biasa. Pasien juga mengeluhkan kedua kakinya bengkak sejak 1 minggu yang lalu.",
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"text": "Pasien didiagnosis menderita diabetes sejak 6 bulan yang lalu dan mendapat pengobatan metformin 2x500 mg. Riwayat menderita batu ginjal, penyakit hipertensi, serta gangguan pada hati disangkal penderita.",
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"text": "Pasien awalanya diduga mengalami kelainan keganasan hati dan kelainan darah, namun pemeriksaan fungsi hati dan penanda infeksi virus hepatitis dalam batas normal. Pasien juga sempat didiagnosis mengalami infeksi saluran kencing dan kemungkinan terdapat masa pada ginjal kanan.",
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"text": "Pasien adalah pekerja kerajinan perak, tidak merokok dan minum-minuman beralkohol. Dalam keseharian lebih sering mengkonsumsi makanan daging babi dan lemak yang digoreng, konsumsi buah dan sayur sangat jarang. Riwayat sakit ginjal, tumor ginjal serta hipertensi dalam keluarga disangkal penderita.",
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"text": "Pada pemeriksaan fisik didapatkan kesan sakit berat, kesadaran GCS E4V5M6, tekanan darah 120/70 mmHg, denyut nadi 84x/menit (reguler, kuat angkat), pernapasan 20 kali/menit, suhu axilla 36,8 0 celcius, VAS = 5, tinggi badan 165 cm, berat badan 50 kg (BMI=18,3) ( underweight ). Pemeriksaan fisik didapatkan konjungtiva pucat (kesan anemis), pada leher tampak pembesaran kelenjar getah bening regio coli sinistra (S), ukuran ± 1x1 cm, terfiksir, tanpa nyeri tekan. Pada pemeriksaan fisik abdomen teraba masa padat, terfiksir, ukuran ±15 x 10 cm, disertai nyeri tekan. Ekstremitas hangat, dengan edema.",
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"text": "Jurnal Penyakit Dalam Udayana Udayana Journal of Internal Medicine Volume 4, No 2: 2020 ; 24-30",
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"text": "Saat MRS penderita didiagnosis dengan suspek tumor ginjal sinistra (S), anemia berat hipokromik- mikrositer et causa (ec) anemia on chronic disease (ACD) dd/ anemia defisiensi besi (ADB), hipoalbuminemia ec inflamasi kronik. Pasien direncanakan pemeriksaan multi slice CT Scan (MSCT) abdomen + kontras, serum iron (SI), total iron binding capacity (TIBC), dan feritin. Untuk penatalaksanan selanjutnya pasien dikonsulkan ke bagian urologi setelah ada pemeriksaan MSCT.",
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"text": "Dari pemeriksaan laboratorium 1 hari setelah perawatan didapatkan Fe 418, TIBC 130,9 dan ferritin >1200,00 ng/ml. Dari hasil pemeriksaan ini anemia pada pasien bisa dijelaskan sebagai ACD dengan tidak menyingkirkan kemungkinan perdarahan yang memberikan kontribusi terhadap kejadian anemia berat pada pasien.",
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"text": "Perawatan hari ke-5 dilakukan pemeriksaan MSCT ditemukan masa ginjal kiri ukuran sekitar 11,2x16,7x20,2 cm yang menyebabkan enhancement arteri renalis kiri disertai pembesaran kelenjar disekitar hilus ginjal kiri (staging =T3N1Mx), dan cairan bebas di rongga abdomen ( Gambar 3 ). Setelah dilakukan evaluasi, pasien direncakan untuk dilakukan CT angiography , karena kendala biaya pemeriksaan imaging ini tidak bisa dilakukan.",
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"text": "Pemeriksaan FNAB regio coli sinistra (S) didapatkan hapusan hiperseluler, terdiri dari sebaran dan kelompok sel-sel epitel ganas dengan sitoplasma luas bervakuola, inti eksentrik ke tepi, pleomorpik sedang-berat, membran inti ireguler, kromatin kasar anak inti sebagian prominen. Latar sediaan berupa eritrosit dan limfosit, dan disimpulkan metastase suatu karsinoma, primer berasal dari ginjal dapat dipertimbangkan.",
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"text": "Perawatan hari ke-7 direncanakan untuk dilakukan nefrektomi radikal urgent oleh urologi dengan diagnosis pra-bedah tumor ginjal kiri susp grawitz tumor (T3NxM1), dengan adanya metastase jauh pada kelenjar getah bening coli kiri.",
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"text": "Pada saat dilakukan nefrektomi radikal (perawatan hari ke-15) didapatkan tumor ginjal kiri ukuran 20 cm ( Gambar 4 ) yang melekat pada diafragma dengan perdarahan pada area perirenal pole atas ginjal kiri dengan volume 500",
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"text": "Gambar 1. Foto polos abdomen",
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"text": "Gambar 2. USG abdomen atas-bawah, didapatkan masa lobulated kesan berasal dari ginjal kiri",
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"text": "Pada pemeriksaan laboratorium didapatkan WBC 13,26 x 10 3 /µL, HGB 5,9 g/dl, MCV 72,9 fL, MCH 22,4 pg, HCT 19,3%, PLT 370,2 K/µL, limfosit 2,26 10 3 /uL (2,6%), neutrofil 75,1 10 3 /uL (93,8%). Pemeriksaan kimia darah didapatkan SGOT 16,16 U/L, SGPT 10,98 U/L, BUN 11,38 mg/dl, SC 0,59 mg/dl (CrCl=109,46 ml/mnt) dan Glukosa Darah Sewaktu 148,1 mg/dL. Foto BOF yang dibawa penderita didapatkan ground glass appearence pada kuadran kiri atas ( Gambar 1 ). Pemeriksaan USG abdomen atas-bawah ( gambar 2 ) didapatkan masa solid lobulated kesan berasal dari ginjal kiri, splenomegali, nephritis kanan dan ascites.",
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"text": "Jurnal Penyakit Dalam Udayana Udayana Journal of Internal Medicine Volume 4, No 2: 2020 ; 24-30",
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"text": "cc. Diagnosis pasca pembedahan adalah tumor ginjal kiri susp grawitz tumor (T4N2M1). Hasil nefrektomi dikirim ke bagian patologi anatomi (PA).",
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"text": "Hasil histo-PA didapatkan sel tumor dengan N/C rasio meningkat, bentuk poligonal sampai bulat oval, inti pleomorfik sedang hiperkromatik, anak inti prominent, sitoplasma luas jernih sebagian eosinofilik. Tampak sel-sel tersebut sebagian besar tersusun solid, sebagian papiler. Tampak pula sel-sel tumor yang menginfiltrasi perirenal fat dan menembus fascia gerota ( Gambar 5 , Gambar 6 , dan Gambar 7 ). Tampak juga sel-sel tumor infiltratif sampai ke lapisan muskularis jaringan pyelum ( Gambar 8 ). Dari sediaan ureter tampak mukosa mengalami destruksi, tampak sel-sel tumor di sekitar lumen ureter. Dari histo-PA didapatkan kesimpulan Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma Grade III , pT4 pNx pMx dengan batas reseksi ureter mengandung sel ganas.",
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"text": "Penatalaksanaan lebih lanjut direncanakn pengobatan sistemik kemoterapi atau radiasi, namun pasien menolak. Pasien dipulangkan pada perawatan hari ke-20 dengan kondisi baik. Pasien masih tetap hidup sampai sekarang (5 bulan setelah dipulangkan dari RS) dengan status performa dan KU baik, penderita masih mampu menjalani aktivitas sehari-hari secara mandiri ( karnofsky = 80 dan ECOG Score = 1).",
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"text": "Wunderlich syndrome yang terdiri dari gejala berupa nyeri dan terabanya masa pada regio flank, serta hematuria sebagai manifestasi RCC sangat jarang dujumpai. 14 Di Massachusets General Hospital dari 329 kasus hanya 1 pasien dengan manifestasi wunderlich syndrome. 15 Daskalopaulus et al . (2004) hanya menemukan 13 kasus perdarahan perirenal spontan dalam 10 tahun. 16 Meta-analisis oleh Zhang tahun 2002 menunjukkan jika perdarahan spontan perirenal dan subkapsuler ginjal sebagian besar disebabkan oleh tumor (31.5% ganas dan 29.7% jinak) khususnya RCC. 1 CCRCC paling bersifat simtomatis jika dibandingkan dengan varian histologis tumor yang lainnya. Gejala umum yang didapatkan berdasarkan penelitian Lee et al . (2002) adalah: anemia (52% kasus), disfungsi hepatik (32%), gros hematuri (24%), penurunan berat badan (23%), hipoalbuminemia (20%), nyeri pada regio flank (20%), lemas (19%), hiperkalsemia (13%) dan anoreksia (11%). Di lain pihak gejala yang jarang didapatkan (<10%) terdiri dari trombositosis, keringat malam, demam, masa pada regio flank atau abdomen, hipertensi, eritrositosis dan menggigil. 14",
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"text": "Pada pasien didapatkan gejala-gejala berupa nyeri pada regio flank, masa pada regio abdomen kiri atas, dan gros hematuria (gambaran khas wunderlich syndrome ) yang disertai penurunan berat badan, anemia, lemas, dan hipoalbuminemia. Semua gambaran klinis ini sangat sesuai dengan RCC.",
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"text": "Gambar 4. Makroskopis ginjal kiri (nefrektomi)",
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"text": "Gambar 5. Mikroskopis dari sel- sel tumor",
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"text": "Gambar 6. Sel-sel tumor tersusun solid (lingkaran merah) dan sebagian papiler (lingkaran biru)",
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"text": "Jurnal Penyakit Dalam Udayana Udayana Journal of Internal Medicine Volume 4, No 2: 2020 ; 24-30",
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"text": "Wunderlich syndrome yang didasari oleh perdarahan spontan ginjal akibat rupturnya tumor terjadi pada kasus ini. Didapatkan perdarahan pada perirenal pole atas ginjal sampai menutupi lapangan operasi. Data subjektif yang mendukung adalah adanya riwayat MRS dengan keluhan lemas sampai harus diobservasi di IRD karena syok hipovolemik dengan anemia berat. Dari CT scan awal yang dilakukan mendapatkan adanya cairan bebas yang tidak begitu jelas menunjukkan tanda perdarahan. Sensitivitas CT yang dilakukan pada tahap awal terjadinya perdarahan sensitivitasnya hanya 0,57, bisa dikatakan perannya sangat parsial. 15",
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"text": "Mekanisme ruptur tumor dan perdarahan spontan pada area perirenal dan subkapsuler bisa dijelaskan melalui pendekatan 3 hipotesis. Hipotesis Polkey dan Vynalek",
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"text": "menjelaskan jika ruptur parenkim diakibatkan oleh peningkatan akut tekanan vena ginjal. 17 Hipotesis yang lain menjelaskan jika tekanan dalam tumor meningkat saat cabang dari vena renalis di blok oleh invasi tumor, sehingga sumbatan atau kongesti dalam tumor meningkat secara cepat. Perdarahan, ruptur terjadi saat adanya sumbatan total dalam vena renalis tersebut. 18 Di lain pihak juga dijelaskan jika pertumbuhan tumor sendiri dapat mengakibatkan nekrosis, ruptur dan perdarahan spontan. Tumor ginjal juga memilki banyak pembuluh darah berdinding tebal, dengan vena tortuous tanpa jaringan elastis sehingga sangat mudah untuk mengalami ruptur. 19",
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"text": "Beberapa faktor risiko didapat yang terutama berhubungan dengan RCC seperti merokok, obesitas tidak didapatkan pada pasien ini. Beberapa faktor risiko lain yang juga dianggap berkontribusi terhadap kejadian RCC seperti diabetes dan kebiasaan mengkonsumsi makanan tinggi lemak didapatkan pada pasien ini. Habib et al . (2012) melalui studi analisis retrospektif terhadap 473 pasien yang menjalani nefrektomi karena RCC mendapatkan tingginya proporsi diabetes (mencapai 25,4%). 20",
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"text": "Pada pasien tidak didapatkan adanya riwayat tumor ginjal pada keluarga (ayah, ibu/ first degree relative ) sehingga secara garis besar jenis RCC pada pasien ini berdasarkan ada tidaknya faktor yang diturunkan diklasifikasikan sebagai RCC tipe sporadik. 21 Dalam kondisi ini kerangka teori patofisiologi bisa dijelaskan melalui peran hypoxia inducible factor α (HIF-α), transformation growth factor α dan b (TGF α dan b), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), platelet derived growth factor B chain (PDGF-B) dan peran dari protein von Hippel Lindau (VHL) terhadap terjadinya RCC. 22",
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"text": "Beberapa studi menunjukkan jika VHL mampu berperan sebagai tumor supresor gen terhadap RCC, dimana VHL terbukti dapat menghambat pertumbuhan sel kanker saat dipaparkan pada kultur RCC. 23,34 Pada kondisi normal, HIF-α dihambat oleh protein VHL. VHL bersama dengan protein elongin C dan B akan berikatan dengan protein cul2 yang berfungsi mengikat faktor transkripsi HIF1a dan 2a. 25 Pada tahapan lebih lanjut VHL akan merangsang ubiqutasi dan destruksi HIF-α. 26,27",
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"text": "Apabila suatu sel mengalami defisiensi VHL maka akan terjadi overexpresi HIF-α. Sel-sel yang mengalami defisiensi VHL seolah-olah berprilaku seperti pada kondisi hipoksia meskipun sebenarnya dalam kondisi normoksia. Faktor transkripsi HIF-α menyebabkan ekspresi berlebih dari protein yang secara normal diinduksi oleh hipoksia, seperti TGF α dan b, serta PDGF-B. Protein-protein ini akan merangsang sel-sel pembuluh darah disekitarnya sehingga terjadi proses angiogenesis. Hal ini akan menciptakan lingkungan yang mensuplai cukup nutrien dan oksigen bagi sel-sel tumor (CCRCC) untuk terus tumbuh. Di lain pihak TGF-α bekerja",
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"text": "Gambar 8. Sel-sel tumor (panah biru) infiltratif kedalam lapisan muskularis (panah merah) jaringan pyelum",
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"text": "secara autokrin pada sel tumor melalui pensinyalan reseptor epidermal growth factor , yang merangsang sel tumor itu sendiri untuk terus berproliferasi.",
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"text": "Penatalaksanaan kasus dengan wunderlich syndrome pada tahap awal difokuskan untuk menangani keadaan yang mengancam nyawa dalam hal ini kondisi perdarahan yang terjadi. Inti dari pentalaksanaan wunderlich syndrome secara keseluruhan terdiri dari resusitasi, embolisasi, dan nefrektomi. 28 Bila pasien dalam kondisi tidak stabil atau tidak memungkinkan untuk dilakukan nefrektomi karena banyaknya perlengketan (adhesi) embolisasi dengan radiologi intervensi lebih dipilih dibandingkan nefrektomi setelah dilakukan resusitasi. Namun, untuk kondisi pasien stabil langsung dilakukan penanganan yang lebih definitif dengan nefrektomi. 29 Disamping itu, nefrektomi radikal juga dipilih untuk kasus-kasus dengan penyebab dasar tumor ganas (malignan) yang penegakan diagnosis pra-bedah cukup dengan CT Scan . 30 Pada kasus ini, etiologi dasarnya adalah CCRCC (T4N2M1) dan dilakukan nefrektomi radikal. Dari observasi terakhir (5 bulan setelah operasi) pasien masih hidup, dan mampu beraktivitas secara mandiri (karnofsky=80 dan ECOG Score=1). Meskipun tatalaksana pembedahan dalam kasus RCC metastase (mRCC) hanya bersifat kuratif jika pembedahan mampu mengeksisi semua deposit tumor, menurut European Association of Urology (EAU) guideline dan National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guideline nefrektomi radikal tetap memiliki peran yang sangat penting. 31,32 Uji klinik fase III oleh Mickishch et al . (2001) jika nefrektomi radikal sebelum terapi sistemik (imunoterapi berbasis interferon) berperan dalam menghambat perkembangan tumor dan memperbaiki survival pasien dengan mRCC yang memiliki status performa yang baik. 33 Nefrektomi radikal pada kasus mRCC disebut dengan nefrektomi sitoreduksi atau debulking nephrectomy . 34 Mekanisme pasti yang menjelaskan peran sitoreduksi seperti pada penelitian diatas belum ditemukan. Namun beberapa hipotesis menjelaskan jika nefrektomi sitoreduksi akan menghilangkan tumor primer yang berperan sebagai sumber sumber tumor-promoting growth factor atau sitokin imunosupresif. 35 Sitoreduksi nefrektomi hanya bisa dikerjakan pada kasus dengan status performa optimal, proporsi substansial dari beban total tumor (>75%) pada ginjal yang terlibat, dan tidak ada metastase ke sistem saraf pusat dan hati. 34 Faktor lain yang menjadi pertimbangan untuk dilakukannya nefrektomi sitoreduksi adalah potensi morbiditas yang diakibatkan oleh tumor itu sendiri seperti tumor yang lokasinya dekat dengan struktur vital, enhancement dari hilus ginjal dan adanya faktor- faktor lain yang memperberat.",
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"text": "Telah dilaporkan sebuah kasus Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma (CCRCC) (T4N2M1) dengan wunderlich syndrome pada laki-laki usia 47 tahun. Manifestasi gejala ini pada CCRCC sangat jarang dijumpai. Diagnosis ditegakkan dari anamnesis yang detail, pemeriksaan fisik dan pemeriksaan penunjang. Dari hasil CT-Scan didapatkan masa ginjal kiri ukuran 11,2x16,7x20,2 cm yang menyebabkan enhancement arteri renalis kiri disertai pembesaran kelenjar disekitar hilus ginjal kiri (T3N1Mx). Dari analisa patologi anatomi dikonfirmasi dengan diagnosis CCRCC Grade III. Pasien ini mendapat tatalaksana pembedahan berupa nefrektomi radikal atau nefrektomi sitoreduksi pada kasus mCCRCC.",
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554d092b-4918-2ceb-0f98-6b649ef119a4 | https://iptek.its.ac.id/index.php/ijcsam/article/download/6416/5089 | [
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"text": "INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTING SCIENCE AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS, VOL. 6, NO. 2, AUGUST 2020",
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"text": "Optimal Control Approach For HIV-1 Infection in CD4+T Cells with RTI and PI Treatments",
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"text": "Abstract —The purpose of this paper is to expose the optimal approach of controlling HIV-1 infection in CD4+T cells with Reverse Transcriptease Inhibitors (RTI) and Protease Inhibitors (PI) treatments. The scope of the paper includes a proposed model of the dynamic system of HIV-1 infection in CD4 cells with RTI and PI as controls and a proposed objective function model that minimizes infected CD4+T Cells, the population of free virus and therapeutic costs. From the dynamics system model and objective function model, we designed an optimal control for HIV-1 infection control. In this paper, we obtained optimal control for RTI and PI therapies. The results of this paper are as follows: by using the optimal control approach, we obtained infectious control strategy that minimizes actively infected CD4+T Cells, the population of free virus and the cost of treatment. In other words, optimal control is a good approach in determining infection control strategies that minimizes the objective function.",
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"text": "Index Terms —CD4+T Cells, RTI, PI, HIV-1 Infection.",
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"text": "I. I NTRODUCTION",
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"left": 49,
"top": 397,
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"height": 104,
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"text": "A CQUIRED Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is caused by HIV infection, one of the dangerous diseases that leads to death. In Indonesia, based on the report from the Ministry of Health, until March 31st, 2016, there are more than 13,200 people died from AIDS, 198.219 people are infected by HIV and 78,292 people are infected by AIDS. From the data, 53% of the infection are transmitted among heterosexuals and it is the highest group getting HIV infection. Many researchers are interested in studying HIV infection.",
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"text": "The study about HIV infection was conducted by Srivastava et al. They considered incomplete Reverse Transcription (RT) of HIV life cycle in CD4+ T cells and the effect of RTI drug to block the infection of CD4+ T cells [1]. Elaiw developed a model to capture HIV infection regarding the interaction of virus with both CD4+ T cells and macrophage and studied the behavior of global stability of equilibriums for the dynamical model due to the effect of antiretroviral treatment [2]. Tarfulea proposed a mathematical model taking into account the effect of combined RTI and PI drug classes to capture the dynamical behavior of HIV infection. It shows that the adherence level in taking drug determine the progress of HIV infection. The combination of RTI and PI treatments become a better treatment than that of monotherapy of RTI or PI, and drug resistance increases viral load in the body [3]. Perelson and Ribeiro used a simple model to reveal the quantitative findings",
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"text": "Manuscript received January 20, 2020; accepted May 19, 2020. The authors are with the Department of Mathematics, Diponegoro Uni- versity, Semarang, 50275 Semarang (corresponding author to provide phone and fax: 024-76480922; E-mail: heru.math.undip@ gmail.com ). This research was supported by RPI Diponegoro University.",
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"text": "of HIV biology for acute HIV infection, drug response and the emergence of viral variants [4]. Chirove et al. developed a host model to capture the spread of HIV-1 infection that is transmitted from free virus interaction to target cells and contact of infected cells to healthy cells. Chirove et al. also took into account Langerhans target cells in the mathematical model. The infection among target cells take place due to the interaction between virus and target cells, and the interaction between infected cells and susceptible target cells. The results show that the progress of HIV infection is determined by the critical values of virus production by infected CD4+ T cells. Other results show that the infection cycles in the infection process are obtained [5]. Meanwhile, Sutimin et al. developed a model taking into account the combination effect of RTI and PI drugs to block the HIV-1 infection. The drug response of target cells depends on the characteristic of immune cells, thereby the immune system of each individual shows different drug response. In the model, they divided Langerhans and CD4+ T cells into sub classes namely: sub class containing the active drugs and subclass which is not acquiring drugs [6], [7]. Sutimin et al. developed and analyzed a mathematical model incorporating the infection process through cell to cell contact of CD4+T cells, CTL compartment and the combination of RTI and PI treatments [8].",
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"text": "II. T HE P ROPOSED M ODEL",
"type": "Section header"
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"top": 524,
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"height": 224,
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"text": "In this section, the proposed mathematical model is ex- plained in detail. The mathematical model is developed from [1], [6], [7]. In [1], Sivastava et al. did not incorporating cell- cell viral transmission. In [6], [7], although considering cell- cell transmission but in the studies did not taken into account incomplete reverse transcription in latent infection of CD4+ T cells. In the proposed model, we incorporate viral transmission both through cell-to-cell and the effect of incomplete reverse transcription in latent infection of CD4+T cells. The mathe- matical model introduced the interaction between the infected CD4+ T cells and healthy CD4+ T cells, virus clearance by CD4+ T cells, and the effect of PI drug in blocking the viral replication in infected CD4+ T cells. The complete model consists of two models. The first model is a dynamical model and the second one is a model of objective function. The dynamical model describes the spread of HIV-1 infection within host cells and the objective functional model describes minimization of infected CD4+T Cells, the population of free virus and the cost of therapy.",
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"text": "TJAHJANA et al. : OPTIMAL CONTROL APPROACH FOR HIV-1 INFECTION IN CD4+T CELLS WITH RTI AND PI TREATMENTS",
"type": "Page header"
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"left": 556,
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"text": "43",
"type": "Page header"
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{
"left": 59,
"top": 58,
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"text": "The proposed dynamical model can be presented as follows",
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"text": "dT dt = λ − µ t − β 1 V T − β 2 V T + ( ε RT I α + ρ ) T 1 , dT 1 dt = β 1 V T + β 2 V T − ( µ 1 + α + ρ ) T 1 , dT i dt = ( 1 − ε RT I ) α T 1 − ( µ t + δ ) T i , dV dt = N δ ( 1 − ε PI ) T i − µ v V − φ V T . (1)",
"type": "Formula"
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{
"left": 49,
"top": 173,
"width": 251,
"height": 21,
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"text": "The proposed objective function model that must be mini- mized is",
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"text": "J = Z t f t 0 ( C 1 T i + C 2 V + w 1 ε 2 RT I + w 2 ε 2 PI ) dt . (2)",
"type": "Formula"
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"text": "Consider (1), the populations of susceptible CD4+ T cells symbolized by T die with the constant rate µ t . The recruitment rate of CD4+ T cells can be denoted by λ . The population is infected by free virus and CD4+ T cells with the constant rate β 1 and β 2 , respectively. Sometimes, viruses enter into CD4+ T cell and Reverse Transcription (RT) takes place in cytoplasm. The symbol T 1 is incomplete RT CD4+ T cells and may return to susceptible with the constant rate ρ . Once the cells acquire active RTI drug, it returns to healthy with the rate α due to the effectiveness of drug. The population diminishes due to the natural death with the constant rate µ t . The symbol T i represents CD4+ T cells that take place complete RT, thereby it is called the actively infected CD4+ T cells. These population diminish due to the natural death and lysis at the constant rate µ t , δ , respectively, and the infection rate of the population in class T 1 reduces to ( 1 − ε RT I ) α due to the effectiveness of RTI drug. The population of free virus V is produced by the infected CD4+ T cells with the average of the virus number decreases to ( 1 − ε PI ) N δ due to the effect of PI treatment, and diminishes due to natural death and clearance at the constant rates µ v and φ , respectively. The constant N and µ t are the average number of virions produced by infected CD4+ T cells and the constant natural death rate of CD4+ T cells, respectively. In control theory, model (1) consists of 4 state variables and two control variables. The state variables are T , T 1 , T i and V . The control variables are ε RT I and ε PI .",
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"text": "The values of the parameters used in this paper can be seen in Table I.",
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"text": "The parameter values used in this paper are based on estimation and data of HIV sufferers from the laboratory as reported in the paper referenced. For parameter values according to the reference values are in an interval, estimated by taking one value in the interval. Another reason why this paper takes parameter values such as those used in the next simulations is because recent papers on HIV-1 [6], [7], [8] also refer to those values. With the explanation regarding the development of the model at the beginning of Section II and the reasons for taking the values of the parameters above, it can be said that the proposed model is a valid model.",
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"text": "III. M ATHEMATICAL A NALYSIS",
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"left": 49,
"top": 727,
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"text": "In this section, controllability analysis and the existence of optimal control is reported. In control theory, dynamical model",
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"text": "TABLE I: Values of the Parameters",
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"left": 321,
"top": 73,
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"text": "Parameters Values Descriptions Units Source(s) λ 10 or 20 Production rate of CD4+ T cells Cells/day [9] φ (2,9) Constant degradation rate by Langerhans cells l/day [10], [11] β 1 0.0001 CD4+ T cells in- fection rate by free virus l/day [12], [13] β 2 0.00015 CD4+ T cells infected rate by CD4+ T cells l/day [5] δ 0.2 Constant lysis death rate of infected CD4+T cells l/day [9] α 0.26 Transmission rate of T1 due to in- complete the RT l/day [1] µ t 0.01 Natural death rate of CD4+ T cells l/day [14] µ v 2.40 Natural death rate of free virus l/day [15] µ 1 0.015 Natural death rate of CD4+ T cells due to inflammation l/day [16] ρ 0.025 Constant rate from incomplete RT class to healthy CD4+ T l/day [1] N (100,1000) The average number of virions produced by infected CD4+T cells Virions/ cells day [17], [18], [19]",
"type": "Table"
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{
"left": 312,
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"text": "(1) is nonlinear control system. The controllability analysis of the model (1) presented in the Theorem 1 as follows.",
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"text": "Theorem 1: The dynamical model (1) is locally accessible",
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"text": "Proof: The proof starts from change the form of model (1) to Affine system. In Affine system form, model (1) has a drift. The next step is generate controllability matrix through Lie Bracket. After check the rank of controllability matrix and the result is full rank, so we can conclude that the model (1) is locally accessible.",
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{
"left": 312,
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"text": "After controllability analysis, the next analysis is existence of optimal control. The existence of optimal control can be exposed in Theorem 2 as follows.",
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{
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"text": "Theorem 2: Optimal control problem with dynamical model (1) and objective function (2) exist.",
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{
"left": 312,
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"text": "Proof: The proof is based on the convexity of each summand in objective function (2). Since each summand is convex and summation of convex function is also convex then the objective functional (2) is convex. If the objective function (2) is convex then the solution of optimal control problem exists.",
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"text": "44",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
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"height": 6,
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"text": "INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTING SCIENCE AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS, VOL. 6, NO. 2, AUGUST 2020",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 101,
"top": 217,
"width": 148,
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"text": "Fig. 1: Values of objective function.",
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"text": "IV. S IMULATION R ESULTS",
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"text": "Besides values of the parameters, another important thing in the simulation is determination of initial condition T ( 0 ) , T 1 ( 0 ) , T i ( 0 ) and V ( 0 ) . The process of control design for simulation, starts from dynamical model (1). The values of the parameters from Table I are subtituted in (1) and (2), so we have a system of differential equations. With the system of differential equa- tions and objective functional (2), the Hamiltonian function is obtained. After Hamiltonian function, the Hamiltonian system is obtained. Next, the Pontryagin Maximum Principle is used to compute the optimal condition for each control variables. Therefore, the equation for each control variable is obtained. Then, each control variable is subtituted to the Hamitonian system and we have the ordinary differential equation system with control variable which has been substituted. The simula- tion result is obtained from this ordinary differential equation system with initial values for T ( 0 ) , T 1 ( 0 ) , T i ( 0 ) and V ( 0 ) are 850, 0, 41 and 3.76, respectively. The initial and final times, namely 0 and 70, respectively.",
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"height": 57,
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"text": "In this paper, the numerical method used to solve the ordinary differential equation system numerically is Runga- Kutta method. The computation is performed using the Matlab software. The Matlab version used to make simulations is Matlab R 2008a.",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"text": "The main result of simulation can be described in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 as follows. The values of objective function J and control variables u 1 and u 2 are plotted in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2, respectively.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 49,
"top": 596,
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"height": 152,
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"text": "Considering objective function (2), as described in Section II, the objective of this paper is to minimize the objective cost. Trend of objective function value is decreasing as can be seen in Fig. 1. The plot of simulation to minimize the objective function shows this trend. Plot of objective function in Fig. 1 indicates that efforts to minimize objective functions have been seen, although the functional plot of J is seen to increase at a time interval of about 350 to 450 increased compared to the value of the function at the previous interval of 150 until 345. This is possible because there are values in functional costs whose value rises at the time in that interval. Next, after 450, it can be seen that the trend of the value of J looks to continue to decreased.",
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"text": "Fig. 2: Plot of controls versus time.",
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{
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"text": "Subsequent simulations are u 1 and u 2 . As the objective of this paper, it is to find the optimal strategy through optimum control for 70 days, for each of the minimum u 1 and u 2 , the simulation result is shown in Fig. 2. It is noted that the objective function (2), besides minimizing J , the main objective of this paper is to determine how the minimum possible u 1 and u 2 can minimize the objective function value. Since u 1 represents the cost of RTI and u 2 represents the cost of PI, and it is only natural that these costs are the matters that must be minimized. Plot of u 1 and u 2 versus time can seen in Fig. 2.",
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"text": "V. C ONCLUSIONS",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 312,
"top": 416,
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"height": 200,
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"text": "With the optimal control approach, optimal control for RTI and PI treatments can be found that they simultaneously minimize functional objectives. The mathematical model for the spread of HIV-1 infection is within the host cells of four nonlinear differential equations. From the dynamics model (1) and objective function (2), with the optimal control approach, it can be obtain the simulation results of minimizing objective functional value and simulation of control determination for the minimum RTI and PI. The results are reproduced in plots u 1 and u 2 throughout the initial and final times, namely 0 and 70. For the record, different parameter values can provide plot results that may not be the same as the simulation plot results. However, the values of parameters taken from these references in the source make a convincing result for the reader. From Fig. 1, it can be seen that the value of objective function can be minimized. From Fig. 2, the minimization u 1 and u 2 was successfully shown.",
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"text": "A CKNOWLEDGMENT",
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"height": 45,
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"text": "This work was financially supported by the Diponegoro Uni- versity under the International Scientific Publication Research Grant. The authors thank to the reviewers for the valuable comments to improve the quality of this paper.",
"type": "Text"
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"left": 410,
"top": 707,
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"text": "R EFERENCES",
"type": "Section header"
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{
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"page_width": 612,
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"text": "Since knowledge obtains materials from this life to be examined and developed, it should have further been beneficial to life. In addition, a serious research or study fulfilled by its principles is an internal strategic - positive work, whereas a serious effort to ensure the research results have been truly useful to life is also an external strategic – positive one. Departing from this thought, the author proposes a concept of Bedah jurnal (Journal review) as a strategic positive effort to guarantee, as an external work, the life has received the advantages of the research findings. Thus, Bedah jurnal is an external effort, which technically is similar to Bedah buku (book review), done by inviting the selected writers of the published articles at each issue and attended by the stakeholders. At the final part of this paper, the author explains how this Bedah jurnal is believed to give great advantages to the lectures or writers, institutions or campuses, and to the nation and society.",
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"text": "Dari kehidupan ini ilmu pengetahuan mendapat bahan-bahan untuk diteliti dan dikembangkan, karena itu sudah seharusnya Ilmu pengetahuan selanjutnya bermanfaat untuk kehidupan. Serius dalam melakukan penelitian/ pemikiran dengan memenuhi segenap kaidah-kaidahnya merupakan sesuatu yang positif-strategis (internal), begitu pula serius dalam melakukan segala upaya agar hasil penelitian/ pemikiran agar benar- benar sampai dan bermanfaat untuk kehidupan adalah juga sesuatu yang positif-strategis(eksternal). Dalam hal ini bedah jurnal merupakan satu konsep yang ditawarkan sebagai upaya positif strategis untuk mengawal dan menghantarkan hasil sebuah penelitian/ pemikiran benar-benar bisa tersosialisasikan hingga bermanfaat untuk kehidupan (upaya eksternal). Jadi bedah jurnal adalah upaya ekternal, secara teknis layaknya bedah buku, bedah jurnal dilakukan dengan menghadirkan para penulis yang terseleksi dari sekian artikel yang dimuat dalam satu terbitan jurnal ilmiah dengan dihadiri para stakeholders. Dibagian akhir tulisan ini diulas bahwa bedah jurnal ini diyakini membawa manfaat yang besar bagi para dosen/ penulis, lembaga/kampus, Negara, dan masyarakat.",
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"text": "Publikasi karya ilmiah menjadi agenda penting bagi para akademisi, bukan hanya sebagai prasyarat semata tetapi hal tersebut juga dilakukan untuk masa depan bangsa Indonesia. “Kalau hasil penelitian hanya disimpan di perpustakaan, siapa yang berminat untuk membacanya Prof. Dr. Pratomo Widodo. Maka seharusnya publikasi Jurnal ilmiah adalah segala-galanya bagi seorang dosen. Menulis adalah bekerja untuk keabadian, begitu kira-kira kalimat seorang motivator untuk menyemangati para penulis dan calon penulis.",
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"text": "Dasawarsa terakhir ini segenap warga kampus negeri maupun swasta di dalam maupun luar negeri rasanya begitu terobsesi menulis untuk publikasi jurnal ilmiah. Itu sudah selayaknya bagi seorang akademisi, sehingga publikasi menjadi bukti utama orisinalitas penelitian sesungguhnya, karena sesungguhnya dosen itu adalah peneliti yang mengajar. Maka pekerjaan utama dosen itu sudah seharusnya meneliti, disamping mengajar dan mengabdi. Jejaring nasional bahkan internasional bisa terjadi apabila jurnal ilmiah banyak dijadikan sumber referensi dan juga dikutip dalam jurnal ilmiah peneliti lain serta bisa menjadi modal rekam",
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"text": "jejak peneliti sebagai akademisi. Namun apakah cukup sampai disitu, bahwa jurnal dikutip untuk jurnal berikutnya, konsep pemikiran di nukil untuk membangun konsep pemikiran berikutnya, dan untuk syarat pengurusan kenaikan pangkat, itu semua benar dan baik. Namun rasanya ada tujuan yang lebih mulia jika dilihat secara aksiologis.",
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"text": "Aksiologi adalah cabang filsafat yang mempertanyakan tentang bagaimana manusia menggunakan Ilmunya, itulah teori nilai yang berhubungan dengan kegunaan dari pengetahuan yang diperoleh. Sesuatu yang berharga itu jika padanya ada kelayakan guna atau fungsi. Jadi fungsi itulah yang dihargai, fungsi yang muncul secara maksimal itu bisa membuat sesuatu menjadi berharga. Atau boleh juga disebut bahwa harga adalah kata lain dari fungsi. Berkaitan dengan hal ini maka artikel/ karya ilmiah seorang dosen hendaknya bisa memunculkan fungsi/ peran/ makna yang maksimal. Penelitian dan publikasi ilmiah tidak dapat dipisahkan, hasil penelitian belum bermakna apabila belum terpublikasi dengan baik pada jurnal, buku atau media lainnya. Untuk apa karya tulis ilmiah dipacu untuk terus dilakukan bahkan ditingkatkan. Itu tidak lain untuk melestarikan penelitian-penelitian/ pemikiran agar terus berkembang seiring berjalannya waktu dan kebutuhan. Pemikiran yang lestari dan berkembang seiring waktu akan terus terkoreksi sehingga pada saatnya akan mampu menginspirasi publik dan selanjutnya disebut bahwa pemikiran tersebut telah berimplikasi positif pada kehidupan. Inilah tujuan pengetahuan sesungguhnya, melalui pemikiran/ penelitian bernas seorang ilmuwan, ilmu-pengetahuan bisa didalami",
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"text": "1 Wahyudin Darmalaksana dan Yaya Suryana, Korespondensi dalam Publikasi Ilmiah, Jurnal Prespektif Vol. 02; No. 01; 2018; 1-8 UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung",
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"text": "situasi dan kondisinya, ini seharusnya tidak boleh membiaskan atau bahkan menutup jalan bagi ilmu pengetahuan menuju current role- nya. Jika tidak, maka akan tetap saja jurnal untuk jurnal, pengetahuan untuk pengetahuan, dan ‘formalitas’ sekedar pengguguran kewajiban memenuhi syarat kenaikan pangkat, masih berputar-putar didalam kampus belum beranjak berjalan menuju tujuan tinggi seperti ini rasanya kurang menguntungkan. Keterjebakan akademik ini tidak boleh dibiarkan terlalu lama, agar kampus sebagai kebanggaan masyarakat makin mengakar di masyarakat. Sebagai sarana pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, jurnal ilmiah merupakan arena diskursus intelektual melalui tulisan dan sebagai basis data kebijakan publik. Artinya, kebijakan publik memerlukan naskah akademik sebagai pijakan ilmiahnya.",
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"text": "Pemerintah terus mendorong dosen dan profesor di Tanah Air untuk meneliti dan menghasilkan publikasi internasional. Selain untuk mendorong perguruan tinggi kelas dunia, hal ini juga berfungsi untuk pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi, serta daya saing bangsa. Dosen dituntut mampu menulis artikel pada jurnal yang bereputasi internasional dan terakreditasi dengan baik dan benar. Alasan tersebut tentu tidak sulit dimengerti, karena seorang dosen menjadi key person yang membawa perubahan melalui tupoks yang dimiliki, dan berbasis pada merubah manusia atau mahasiswa menjadi pemain dalam mengelola negara dan bangsa ini. Dosen adalah seorang pendidik yang profesional dengan tugas utama mengubah, mengembangkan, dan memperluas ilmu",
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"text": "pengetahuan, teknologi dan seni yang dimiliki melalui Tri Dharma perguruan tinggi Sejak tahun 2017, Kemenristekdikti sebenarnya telah memacu mutu pendidikan tinggi termasuk jumlah publikasi Indonesia melalui program World Class Professor yang profesornya datang dari berbagai penjuru dunia. Sungguh luar biasa antusias para profesor tersebut, terbukti dalam program tersebut berhasil meloloskan 39 proposal untuk berkolaborasi dengan 84 profesor dunia. Tujuannya diharapkan dapat merumuskan suatu rancangan untuk perbaikan dan penyelenggaraan pendidikan tinggi, riset, dan inovasi di Indonesia. Dengan demikian, inovasi yang dihasilkan tidak hanya untuk diproduksi saja melainkan juga harus dikomersialkan secara global. Riset hendaknya tidak hanya keinginan peneliti yang bersangkutan saja, tetapi dalam mengembangkan inovasinya harus berguna bagi masyarakat secara luas. Dosen harus aktif untuk melakukan diseminasi hasil penelitian yang telah dilakukan.",
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"text": "Kemenristekdikti telah gencar mencanangkan program untuk mensukseskan peran digital perguruan tinggi dalam rangka mengembangkan pendidikan dan riset maupun inovasi nasional. Suatu contoh dahulu tahun 2006 sampai tahun 2013, kita pasti mengenal istilah Indonesia Higher Education Network (INHERENT). Saat ini Kemenristekdikti telah berinisiatif menindaklanjuti menjadi Indonesian Research and Education Network (IdREN) yang tujuan mulianya adalah untuk meningkatkan produktivitas bangsa. Program IdREN ini merupakan kerjasama antara TELKOM dengan Kemenristekdikti dan dibangun bersama oleh perguruan tinggi negeri, seperti: UI, ITB, UGM, UB, dan ITS.Dari data Global Competitiveness Index, tercatat bahwa Indonesia masih berada di posisi ke- 36 dari 137 negara. Sampai Juli 2017 ini sudah ada 22.245 jurnal dan lebih dari 5.000 penerbit yang terindeks Scopus, kemudian sejumlah 12.140 jurnal dan 3.300 penerbit yang terindex di web of science. 2",
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"text": "Pendidikan tinggi dan pelatihan, efisiensi pasar, inovasi, maupun kesiapan teknologi menjadi faktor yang memiliki peluang dan berpotensi besar untuk terus ditingkatkan. Faktor pendidikan sangat relevan dengan keberadaan perpustakaan perguruan tinggi",
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"text": "2 Idren Sukseskan Peran Digital Perguruan Tinggi. Suara Merdeka, Sabtu, 25 November 2017, hal. 24, kol. 3-4. 3 Endang Fatmawati, Penguatan Publikasi Ilmiah Dosen Melalui Kiprah Pustakawan Perguruan Tingg, Jurnal Ilmiah Kepustakawanan “ LIBRARIA ”Vol.6, No.2, Tahun 2017 Universitas Diponegoro Semarang.",
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"text": "secara berkelanjutan. Kedudukan perpustakaan PT merupakan bagian integral dari kegiatan pendidikan, penelitian, dan pengabdian kepada masyarakat. Terkait dengan bahasa publikasi ilmiah, betapa saat ini gaung di semua PT baik swasta maupun negeri saling bahu membahu memfasilitasi civitas akademik (dosen dan mahasiswa) untuk publikasi jurnal ilmiah. Ada yang menggelar seminar, workshop penulisan, pelatihan penulisan artikel hasil penelitian, strategi tembus jurnal internasional bereputasi 3 . Jurnal nasional terakreditasi meningkat dari berjumlah 75 pada tahun 2014 pada september 2019 meningkat pesat menjadi 2706 terbitan. Perlu disyukuri Jurnal nasional bereputasi tinggi Internasional saat ini sudah berjumlah 52 jurnal pada tahun 2019.",
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"text": "Idealitas Jurnal Ilmiah",
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"text": "Hasil penelitian diarahkan dalam rangka mengembangkan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi, serta meningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakat dan daya saing bangsa. Hasil penelitian wajib disebarluaskan melalui seminar, publikasi, paten cara lain yang dapat digunakan untuk menyampaikan hasil penelitian kepada masyarakat 4 . Era sekarang riset makin maju, riset makin diperlukan oleh berbagai kepentingan diberbagai disiplin ilmu, maka publikasi Ilmiah menjadi hal sangat penting dalam perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan. Ini indikasi bahwa publikasi ilmiah dosen yang awalnya sebagai prasyarat kenaikan pangkat sebenarnya punya peran langsung sebagai kanal untuk berkontribusi dan berperan aktif dalam pengembangan",
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"text": "3 4 Kementrian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, 2014. Pedoman Akreditasi Terbitan Berkala Ilmiah. Jakarta: Direktorat Penelitian dan Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat, Dirjen Dikti. Kemendikbud.",
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"text": "Ikhtiar Akademik, Mohamad Arif Majid",
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"text": "ilmu pengetahuan. Dalam opini yang tayang di uin-malang.ac.id Prof. Dr. H. Imam Suprayogo dari UIN Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang mengemukakan, menulis artikel adalah keharusan bagi siapa saja yang mengaku menjadi dosen. Tugas dosen dan juga guru besar adalah meneliti dan hasilnya dituangkan dalam bentuk tulisan, baik berupa buku, atau di jurnal.",
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"text": "Ia melanjutkan, tidak bisa dibayangkan apa yang diajarkan jika para dosen dan guru besar tidak pernah menulis. Kegiatan meneliti dan juga menulis sebenarnya sama dengan kegiatan berpikir. Orang yang sehari- hari tidak meneliti dan tidak menulis, bagi seorang dosen atau guru besar, sama artinya dengan tidak berpikir maksimal. Oleh karena itu, meneliti dan menulis bagi seorang dosen adalah keharusan.",
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"text": "“Keberhasilan menulis buku dan sejenisnya, bagi seorang dosen atau guru besar, seharusnya dimaknai sebagai prestasi yang harus diwujudkan”. Sebagaimana petani, buku bagi dosen atau guru besar adalah hasil panennya. Seorang dosen atau guru besar yang tidak berhasil menulis buku atau jenis lainnya sama artinya dengan petani yang tidak panen atau sebagaimana nelayan yang tidak berhasil menangkap ikan,” imbuhnya. 5",
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"text": "Relevansi Jurnal Ilmiah Dengan Kepentingan Publik",
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"text": "Civitas akademik khususnya bagi para dosen harus aktif untuk melakukan diseminasi hasil penelitian yang telah dilakukan. Diseminasi merupakan bagian integral dari kegiatan penelitian yang dilakukan dan menjadi suatu proses penyebarluasan hasil penelitian kepada",
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"text": "5 Suprayogo, Imam, Opini , uin-malang.ac.id, Universitas Islam Negeri Malang 2020",
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"text": "masyarakat. Untuk mencapainya, pihak perguruan tinggi bisa bekerja sama dengan lembaga terkait, misalnya melalui Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian Masyarakat (LPPM). Bagaimana mendorong para Dosen untuk menghasilkan karya tulis kemudian aktif mempublikasikannya menjadi tantangan tersendiri yang harus dihadapi oleh setiap PT 6 . Publikasi karya ilmiah adalah persoalan teknis yang perlu dilakukan berbagai terobosan, mengingat disinilah persoalan eksternal yang jika diserahkan sepenuhnya kepada penulis/ dosen rasanya memang cukup berat. Harus ada suatu sistem yang win win solution antara dosen , lembaga/kampus, Negara, dan masyarakat.",
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"text": "Gairah akademik yang kondusif, dosen terpacu melakukan penelitian/ pemikiran dengan serius sehingga terjadi kompetisi sehat untuk menulis semakin berkualitas, lembaga penerbitan/ kampus mendapatkan artikel- artikel berkualitas sehingga membanggakan almamater, Negara dan masyarakat akhirnya mendapatkan multiplier-efeck dari kondusifitas kampus yang ada, jika ini semua memang yang dikehendaki maka sekali lagi harus ada sistem yang",
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"text": "Refleksi Teoritis Bedah jurnal",
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"text": "Bambang Brojonegoro menyebut, jika kedepan dosen semakin giat melakukan penelitian dan memasukan penelitian tersebut dalam jurnal ilmiah, maka akan lebih banyak jurnal dalam negeri yang terakreditasi secara global 7 . Jurnal ilmiah adalah dokumen otentik",
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"text": "6 Endang Fatmawati, Penguatan Publikasi Ilmiah Dosen Melalui Kiprah Pustakawan Perguruan Tingg, Jurnal Ilmiah Kepustakawanan “ LIBRARIA ”Vol.6, No.2, Tahun 2017 Universitas Diponegoro Semarang",
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"text": "7 Brodjonegoro, Bambang, Menristek/BRIN, Gatra.com, Jakarta, Senin ,November 2019",
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"text": "Jurnal Pemikiran dan Kebudayaan Islam Vol. 30 No. 2 Juli 2021 | 191-206",
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{
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"width": 256,
"height": 539,
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"text": "yang berisi sekumpulan pemikiran/ gagasan yang sudah terverifikasi oleh team editor ( setidaknya telah memenuhi standart penulisan ). Fungsi Jurnal ilmiah setidaknya ada empat, registrasi kegiatan kecendekiaan seseorang, sertifikasi hasil kegiatan kecendekiaan yang memenuhi persyaratan ilmiah minimal,diseminasi secara meluas kepada khalayak ramai, dan pengarsipan semua temuan hasil kegiatan kecendekiaan seorang ilmuwan 8 Maka jurnal ilmiah merupakan salah satu sumber pengetahuan karena di dalamnya terdapat berbagai pengembangan, pendalaman, serta inovasi keilmuan yang patut dipertimbangkan. Ketika suatu jurnal ilmiah terbit, maka konten ilmiahnya perlu ditawarkan dengan baik layaknya pedagang yang mulai membuka lapaknya di pagi hari maka berbagai upaya dilakukan sebagai ikhtiar menawarkannya kepada para calon pembeli agar laris sebelum lapak ditutup sore hari. Menjual barang yang sudah biasa dibutuhkan masyarakat seperti sembako akan lebih mudah laku jika dibandingkan dengan menjual barang baru, buku misalnya. Maka wajar jika untuk menjual buku diperlukan trik- trik kreatif dan inovatif, bahkan strategi marketing yang lebih rumit, karena buku belum menjadi kebutuhan pokok seperti halnya sembako bagi umumnya masyarakat Indonesia.",
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"text": "Disini penulis melihat hal mendasar bahwa jurnal ilmiah yang secara konten berisi hal-hal baru tentang konsep-konsep pendalaman ilmu/ pengembangan pengetahuan, semua itu belum dilihat sebagai komoditi yang harus ditawarkan dengan berbagai langkah kreatif dan strategi marketing yang bagus guna mendapat simpati",
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"text": "8 Manalu Wasmen, Kebijakan pengembangan Jurnal Ilmiah Nasional, Departemen anatomi , fisiologi, dan farmakologi, Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan IPB.",
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"text": "publik pengguna ilmu-pengetahuan yang seluas-luasnya sehingga kembali bermanfaat sebanyak-banyaknya untuk kepentingan masyarakat. Begitulah kiranya jurnal ilmiah bisa disebut telah berkontribusi dalam upaya mencerdaskan kehidupan bangsa. Cara pandang bahwa begitu jurnal ilmiah sudah terbit maka pekerjaan sudah selesai, artikel sudah teredit secara ketat, dan target terbit sesuai jadwal sudah tercapai, dan saatnya istirahat. Kurang lebih ilustrasi itu menunjuk pada situasi jika jurnal sudah terbit itulah langkah terakhir. Sebaiknya tidak seperti itu, saat jurnal ilmiah terbit itulah “langkah awal”, ini penting dijadikan kesadaran baru, sebab ini tidak lain tujuannya adalah untuk menjual/ sosialisasi kepada publik dengan seluas-luasnya. Disinilah fungsi diseminasi jurnal ilmiah. Karena itu memberi inspirasi pada penulis mencari jawaban dari pertanyaan selanjutnya, apa langkah diseminasi/sosialisasi yang cukup efektif itu. Peluang inilah yang penulis sebut sebagai bedah jurnal.",
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"text": "Apa sebenarnya bedah jurnal ini, bagaimana, dan untuk apa dilakukan, mari kita urai satu persatu. Memulai dengan menjawab pertanyaan paling mendasar, what’s this, apa sebenarnya yang dimaksud bedah jurnal disini, bedah jurnal adalah serangkaian kegiatan untuk membedah / menggali conten artikel jurnal langsung oleh penulisnya yang dilakukan pasca terbitnya suatu jurnal ilmiah, ini penting sebagai langkah awal mengawal ‘ knowledge odyssey’ dalam perjalanan panjangnya menuju ‘current role’ yang dicita-citakan. Knowledge odyssey (pengembaraan pengetahuan) disini diperkenalkan untuk memberi ilustrasi bahwa suatu pemikiran/ penelitian yang tertuang dalam suatu artikel jurnal ilmiah hendaknya",
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"text": "segera direspon oleh segenap stakeholders dan menginspirasi terjadinya sebuah pencerahan yang berdampak positif bagi peradaban, dan pencerahan dalam peradaban itulah yang dimaksud ‘current role’ (peran terkini). Saat sebuah hasil penelitian/ pemikiran dituangkan dalam suatu artikel oleh penulisnya lalu berhasil dimuat di jurnal yang sedang terbit, saat itu seakan proses perjalanan pemikiran jadi melambat karena tidak ada lagi aktifitas formal-akademik yang dilakukan, selain menunggu untuk di respons pasar. Dalam rangka menggugah respon pasar inilah bedah jurnal sungguh diperlukan.",
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"text": "Why’s that, mengapa bedah jurnal diperlukan, untuk menjawab pertanyaan ini tampaknya penting terlebih dahulu menekankan bahwa current role itulah yang sesungguhnya dibutuhkan oleh masyarakat. Namun current role tidak begitu saja bisa dicapai tanpa melewati proses panjang knowledge odyssey seperti disinggung diatas. Disini bedah jurnal sebagai jembatan pertama yang diharapkan akan mampu menghantarkan sebuah karya pemikiran/ penelitian kepada current role yang diinginkan. Seandainya sang penulis sudah puas karena artikelnya telah diterbitkan, sementara lembaga juga sudah puas karena telah bisa menerbitkan jurnal, di dukung asumsi bawah sadar yang membisik “direspon atau tidak silakan saja yang penting sudah terbit, selesai urusan” maka situasinya tidak akan jauh berbeda dengan saat ini. Tidak bermaksud mengatakan bahwa jurnal saat ini sedang pada posisi yang tidak ideal sepenuhnya tentu saja tidak begitu, karena jurnal yang sudah terbit secara online journal system (OJS) apalagi yang sudah terindexs SINTA, lebih lagi",
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"text": "scopus, reuters, atau Thomson itu pasti bisa di akses dan dibaca orang seluruh dunia.",
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"text": "Namun para pengguna/ pihak-pihak yang mengakses jurnal ilmiah itu adalah juga para akademisi/ peneliti yang berkepentingan untuk mencari referensi sebagai literature untuk menulis artikel jurnal ilmiah. Jadi jurnal dicari untuk jurnal kembali. Semoga tidak berlebihan jika itu dikatakan sebagai sekedar pengulangan yang minim makna. Kiranya cukup untuk dikatakan bahwa kondisi jurnal saat ini sedang pada posisi yang kurang efektif dan kurang mendukung bagi tersampaikannya karya pemikiran/penelitian dosen pada current role pengetahuan yang sebenarnya sangat diperlukan oleh peradaban dan kemanusiaan, inilah tujuan hakiki penulisan jurnal ilmiah, dan ini yang sungguh di tunggu oleh masyarakat. Jika artikel di jurnal itu berfungsi untuk prasyarat kenaikan pangkat sampai untuk menaikkan reputasi Perguruan Tinggi, bahkan guru besar/ profesor sekalipun diharuskan untuk tetap menulis, itu semua adalah instrument tapi tujuan tinggi yang sebenarnya tidak lain adalah untuk menuju munculnya gagasan dan sampainya current role tiap-tiap cabang pengetahuan yang mencerahkan peradaban dan kemanusiaan.",
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"text": "Selanjutnya pertanyaan Who, siapa penyelenggaranya atau pihak mana yang melakukannya. Untuk menjawabnya perlu diketahui bahwa jurnal ilmiah tentu saja berada dibawah sebuah lembaga yang menaungi, lembaga pendidikan misalnya. Maka lembaga tersebut yang mempunyai wewenang untuk menyelenggarakannya, semisal pimpinan sebuah lembaga perguruan tinggi menugaskan pada ketua LP2M (lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian Masyarakat) untuk",
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"text": "Jurnal Pemikiran dan Kebudayaan Islam Vol. 30 No. 2 Juli 2021 | 191-206",
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"text": "menyelenggarakan bedah jurnal berkala, atau mungkin secara teknis bisa dibahas pada bahasan tersendiri. Yang menjadi prinsip bahwa dalam penyelenggaraan bedah jurnal hendaknya mampu menghadirkan seluruh stakeholders dan pihak-pihak yang terkait/ bersinggungan dengan tema bedah jurnal sehingga audien dimungkinkan bisa memahami sepenuhnya isi pemikiran/ penelitian yang sedang di bedah oleh sang penulis.",
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"text": "Sebagai satu contoh semisal akan diselenggarakan bedah jurnal pendidikan dan pemikiran oleh suatu Perguruan Tinggi, dengan empat artikel utama akan dibedah oleh masing-masing penulisnya. Maka undangan seyogyanya terdiri dari seluruh/ perwakilan kepala sekolah se-kab/kota , pejabat kementerian pendidikan nasional daerah, pejabat kementerian agama daerah, tokoh agama setempat, tokoh masyarakat setempat, anggota DPRD sesuai komisi yang membidangi pendidikan, wartawan dan lain-lain. Semakin banyak pihak yang berpartisipasi maka akan semakin mendekatkan pada gairah akademik yang makin dinamis. Demikian kurang lebih ilustrasi tentang menjawab pertanyaan who disini. Publikasi ilmiah merupakan indikator kinerja utama akademisi. Belum bermakna hasil penelitian tanpa sebuah publikasi di jurnal ilmiah dan suatu jurnal ilmiah belum bermakna tanpa adanya follow-up berupa bedah jurnal. Selanjutnya tentang pertanyaan where, dimana bedah jurnal ini bisa diselenggarakan.",
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"text": "Jika melihat uraian sebelumnya maka jawaban atas pertanyaan yang sangat teknis ini adalah dimana saja bisa dilakukan. Memilih lokasi untuk penyelenggaraan bedah jurnal itu silakan saja dimanapun bisa, yang prinsip bisa",
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"text": "memudahkan akses bagi segenap stakeholder untuk hadir dalam kondisi prima. Sehingga diharapkan acara bedah jurnal ini bisa terselenggara dengan penuh kerelaan dan kegembiraan, agar terhindar dari formalitas semata. Dua hal, rela dan gembira ini cukup penting karena dua hal, pertama untuk memperoleh kualitas yang optimal dan kedua agar muncul motivasi bedah jurnal tahap lanjut sampai tercapainya rumusan baku yang mampu sebagai panduan terhantarkannya current role pemikiran/ penelitian berbagai disiplin ilmu.",
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"text": "secara lebih serius karenanya diperlukan seperangkat langkah strategis. Cara pandang inilah yang menyampaikan pada kebutuhan yang mendasar bahwa bedah jurnal adalah kegiatan yang urgen sebagai ‘ritual akademik’ yang dipersembahkan dalam rangka selamatan merayakan kelahiran/ terbitnya suatu jurnal ilmiah. Sebagaimana peristiwa kelahiran seorang bayi jika tidak usah melakukan selamatan juga tidak mengapa namun rasanya kebangetan, begitu komentar masyarakat, itulah ‘sense of community’, sesuatu yang dipandang wajar jika dilakukan dan jika tidak dilakukan terasa ada yang kurang wajar. Begitu juga sama kondisinya dengan terbitnya suatu jurnal ilmiah yang berisi tentang penelitian/ dan pemikiran para penulis yang dicapai dengan melewati sekian waktu liku-liku yang melelahkan layaknya perjuangan seorang ibu yang mengandung janin, maka setelah lahir jabangbayi wajar saja jika disyukuri/ dikasih ucapan selamat (selamatan).",
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"text": "Disini penulis merasa bahwa bedah jurnal seharusnya adalah keniscayaan akademik untuk mensyukuri lahirnya jabangbayi konsep-konsep pengetahuan yang kelak akan membawa kebahagiaan dan kemaslahatan bagi sesamanya. Lembaga sebagai orang tua berarti sungguh mempunyai kewajiban melekat untuk mendampingi dan mengawal jabangbayi konsep-konsep pengetahuan ini hingga dewasa sehingga berguna bagi masyarakat. Atau setidaknya jika lembaga sebagai orangtua merasa kurang mampu mengawalnya sampai dewasa, setidaknya sudah melakukan bedah jurnal sebagai ritual akademik dalam rangka tasyakuran atas kelahirannya dengan mengundang segenap stakeholders. Ini dirasa cukup urgen karena",
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"text": "dengan mengumumkannya ke publik dengan penuh bangga dan bahagia diharap akan membawa berkah bagi jabangbayi konsep pengetahuan itu dalam perjalanan panjangnya mengarungi knowledge odyssey hingga sampai kepada puncak karir/ current role-nya yang membawa pencerahan bagi peradaban dan kemanusiaan.",
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"text": "Jika sebuah buku perlu di bedah untuk bisa diketahui kandungan isi, otentisitas pemikiran, dan fokus gagasan dari karya ‘buku’ itu dari penulisnya sendiri, begitu pula dengan jurnal ilmiah yang meluluskan beberapa penulis dengan artikelnya masing- masing yang dimuat sebuah jurnal ilmiah. Jika buku terdiri dari beberapa bab maka artikel di jurnal ilmiah tentunya hanya satu bab namun didalami secara detil, sehingga artikel/ karya ilmiah sebenarnya lebih simple dan mudah untuk dibedah. Ini adalah kondisi yang sebenarnya menguntungkan bagi pembedah karena menyampaikan gagasannya sendiri yang hanya tentang satu tema dan audiens yang hadir juga termudahkan karena materi- tema yang disampaikan lebih fokus sehingga memungkinkan bisa memberikan masukan- saran secara lebih detil dan seksama. Akhirnya pembedah/ penulis juga teruntungkan karena mendapatkan masukan yang berarti guna penyempurnaan konsep yang berusaha dibangun. Pembedah/ penulis dan audiens/ stake holder setidaknya adalah dua pihak yang sama-sama akan termudahkan. Gairah akademik yang kondusif dan mutualisme seperti ini bisa diyakini memungkinkan lahirnya rumusan konsep pengetahuan baru yang makin kokoh sehingga diharapkan mampu memberi efek positif dan inspiratif. Bedah jurnal adalah jembatan pertama yang",
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"text": "Jurnal Pemikiran dan Kebudayaan Islam Vol. 30 No. 2 Juli 2021 | 191-206",
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"text": "membantu perjalanan suatu konsep pemikiran baru dari kelahirannya untuk kemudian diuji oleh publik secara terbuka. Konsep pemikiran baru yang dibangun oleh penulis artikel setelah dihadapkan pada stakeholders akan menerima berbagai kemungkinan yang harus dipersiapkan, setidaknya dua kemungkinan yakni diterima atau ditolak. Bagaimanapun itulah konsekwensi, dan apapun yang dilakukan manusia selalu mengandung konsekwensi, jadi memang diperlukan nyali penulis artikel dalam hal ini. Ada tanggung jawab dalam setiap pilihan, dan itu biasa.",
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"text": "Mempertimbangkan segala jerih- payah, kerumitan, manfaat, dan dampaknya bagi masa depan kehidupan, bedah jurnal sejatinya adalah kegiatan yang serius dan memerlukan banyak energi dan persiapan setiap penyelenggara. Dukungan dana yang cukup sangat diperlukan guna menunjang terselenggaranya acara dengan baik. Jika bedah jurnal bisa diterima dan diakui sebagai sebuah karya ‘jurnalisme akademik’, maka alokasi dana secara proporsional akan berangsur menjadi indikator yang menunjukkan kualitas lembaga yang menaungi jurnal tersebut . Dosen sebagai pengabdi ilmu pengetahuan yang kemudian dengan serius melakukan publikasi pemikiran/ penelitiannya yang selanjutnya dimuat di jurnal ilmiah sudah selayaknya diapresiasi. Tentu ini berlaku bagi yang konsep pemikirannya layak untuk diusung ke forum bedah jurnal sesuai dengan rekomendasi panitia karena sudah memenuhi standar kekuatan gagasan dan novelty (kebaruan) yang ditetapkan.",
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"text": "Memberi perhatian yang tinggi dengan apresiasi yang tinggi sudah selayaknya itu terjadi di Perguruan Tinggi sebagai",
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"text": "restorasi bangsa melalui Ilmu-Pengetahuan. Sesungguhnya tidak cukup mudah untuk menulis sebuah artikel/ pemikiran sehingga dipastikan bisa memenuhi qualifikasi sebuah jurnal nasional (SINTA) apalagi internasional/ sudah terindexs SCOPUS, REUTERS, atau THOMSON dan semacamnya. Justru yang seringkali terjadi adalah artikel yang sudah terkirim dikembalikan untuk direvisi dan itu berulang-kali, itupun dikonfirmasi setelah terkirim sekian lama, bahkan setelah cukup lama dan berulangkali revisi masih juga harus membayar untuk bisa diterbitkan, itulah ‘ prasyarat ’ untuk kenaikan kepangkatan tertentu. Setelah jurnal terbit dan memuat ‘artikel mahal’ tersebut selanjutnya titik sampai disitu. Karena demikian mekanisme yang digariskan, memang sebaiknya diikuti, Namun harus dipandang cukup wajar jika ini dirasa kurang wajar. Itulah situasi saat ini, menunjukkan bahwa pemikiran/ gagasan memang masih harus berjuang menghadapi sekian persoalan teknis dan berbagai jalan terjal mengarungi knowledge odyssey untuk bisa sampai pada current role yang selayaknya. Sampai disini maka semakin terlihat bahwa bedah jurnal sebenarnya adalah kebutuhan akademik yang urgen dan mendesak untuk diselenggarakan guna menjembatani sampainya konsep-konsep pemikiran hingga bermanfaat di tengah masyarakat.",
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"text": "Bedah jurnal adalah solusi atas kebekuan dan situasi pasif pasca terbitnya satu jurnal ilmiah. Pemikiran/ penelitian begitu dibutuhkan secara akademik, semua dosen dipacu untuk terus meneliti dan menulis. Namun begitu konsep pemikiran sudah berusaha dibangun dengan segenap jerih payah dan terbit dimuat di satu jurnal ilmiah",
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"text": "yang terjadi justru disikapi pasif/ dibiarkan. Hanya berfungsi sebagai literatur bagi calon penulis lain yang sekali waktu mengutip untuk referensi artikelnya, itupun jika ada. Kondisi ini tidak baik diteruskan, harus segera dicari langkah strategis untuk keluar dari kondisi pasif ini, semoga bedah jurnal bisa dipertimbangkan menjadi solusinya. Karena bedah jurnal akan membawa sekian manfaat yang sungguh luar biasa dan bersifat multiplier effect.",
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"text": "Menggaris bawahi bahwa menulis artikel ilmiah/pemikiran tentang pendalaman suatu disiplin ilmu ataupun tentang apa saja sesungguhnya tidak cukup mudah apalagi untuk memastikan bahwa artikel itu akan diterima oleh pihak jurnal berskala nasional apalagi internasional. Jadi menulis artikel ilmiah untuk jurnal ilmiah adalah pekerjaan serius yang tidak sederhana, apalagi untuk membangun konsep pemikiran baru atau meneliti hal yang baru (novelty) yang sekira belum ada namun ternyata dibutuhkan oleh kehidupan/ masyarakat adalah pekerjaan yang besar. Jika ini bisa dilakukan oleh penulis/ dosen dan dimuat di satu jurnal dan setelah terbit tidak ada follow up apapun baik dari penulis maupun dari lembaga yang menaungi jurnal tersebut, maka konsep pemikiran yang bagus tersebut tidak akan begitu berarti selain sebagai referensi buat penelitian berikutnya, itupun dalam waktu yang relatif lama dan begitu lambat. Namun dengan ilustrasi adanya bedah jurnal, tim pengelola jurnal akan memilihnya sebagai salah-satu peneliti pembedah.",
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"text": "Pada saat berlangsung bedah jurnal banyak masukan dari sekian stakeholders dan pembanding yang membuat konsep pemikirannya semakin matang, dan ini akan",
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"text": "meningkatkan kepercayaan diri peneliti disamping tentunya akan menaikkan semangatnya untuk menyempurnakan konsepnya sesegera mungkin. Setelah acara berakhir masih mendapat insentif/ honor yang layak dan selama ini belum pernah didapatkan karena menulis artikel di jurnal. Sepulang bedah jurnal maka gelora jiwa akademiknya akan mendorongnya segera merampungkan konsep pemikirannya yang baru saja dibedah dan ketajaman analisisnya sudah tidak sabar untuk melanjutkan menulis dan menulis lagi dengan lebih serius. Ternyata tidak sampai disitu, beberapa hari berselang ada telpon yang mengundangnya untuk mempresentasikan konsep pemikirannya di perusahaan penelpon yang ternyata dia adalah salah satu hadirin yang diundang penyelenggara bedah jurnal yang baru terselenggara.",
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"text": "Maka manfaat yang akan diperoleh penulis/ peneliti dalam hal ini sangatlah besar. Penulis/ peneliti akan mendapat momentum kebangkitan sensitifitas akademiknya karena merasa begitu dihargai dan diapresiasi. Kehormatan dan kepercayaan dirinya terpompa apalagi ketika menyaksikan buah karya pemikirannya dibutuhkan orang lain. Ada kepuasan pengetahuan yang bisa dirasakan. Jika boleh berandai, seperti apa kepuasan jiwa seorang peneliti/ pemikir saat karya penelitiannya diperlukan oleh sesamanya apalagi oleh Negara. Dosen/ pemikir yang puas jiwanya seperti inilah yang juga akan mampu memuaskan mahasiswa saat mengajar, memuaskan lembaga dengan prestasinya, dan akan memuaskan masyarakat sekitar dimana ia tinggal. Bagi dosen/ peneliti yang lain ini ketika melihat koleganya dipresiasi melalui karyanya, maka akan sangat mungkin terpacu",
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"text": "juga semangatnya. Jadi apresiasi yang bagus terhadap sebuah gagasan yang bagus adalah cara bagus untuk merangsang bermunculannya ide-ide, dan jurnal-jurnal bagus di tanah-air.",
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"text": "Ilustrasi bedah jurnal mungkin akan menambah beban anggaran biaya operasional lembaga/ kampus. Namun seiring perkembangan jika bisa dimasukkan dalam anggaran DIPA tentu akan lebih mapan, itu jika PTN/ PTAIN. Akan lain lagi dengan PTS/ PTAIS yang membiayai sendiri segala keperluannya. Ini semua masalah teknis anggaran semoga bisa dilalui dengan aman. Namun ketika bedah jurnal sudah menjadi kebutuhan, maka gairah akademik akan meningkat karena semua dosen berlomba menulis, meneliti, dan membangun konsep pemikiran untuk bisa diterbitkan jurnal dengan harapan terpilih sebagai pembedah dalam forum bedah jurnal yang diselenggarakan berkala oleh lembaga. Gairah akademik yang menggelora tentu akan berimplikasi positif pada semangat belajar mahasiswa sehingga merangsang mahasiswa untuk berprestasi. Direktur Jenderal Riset dan Pengembangan Kemristek dan Dikti Muhammad Dimyati mengatakan, jumlah jurnal ilmiah yang memiliki ISSN (Nomor Seri Standar Internasional) sebanyak 51.158 jurnal. Namun, yang terakreditasi baru 1.682 jurnal. Padahal, kebutuhan jurnal terakreditasi dengan adanya kebijakan wajib publikasi bagi dosen ataupun mahasiswa pascasarjana sekitar 7.817 jurnal 9 .",
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"text": "9 Menteri Riset dan Teknologi, Kementerian badan Riset dan Teknologi/ Badan Riset, 2018",
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"text": "Dengan dirangsang adanya bedah jurnal, maka keresahan Dirjen riset akan mendapat momentum untuk segera terpenuhi. Karena jika dosen/ peneliti sudah terlecut karena adanya apresiasi karya tulis peneliti, maka motivasi untuk meneliti pun akan terdongkrak. Disinilah yang dimaksud dengan bangkitnya prestasi dosen/ peneliti. Prestasi dosen dan mahasiswa merupakan prestasi lembaga/ kampus sehingga lebih dipercaya masyarakat. Akhirnya perolehan mahasiswa baru dimungkinkan juga akan bisa meningkat secara kualitas dan kuantitasnya. Pada saatnya jika lembaga/ kampus mempunyai dosen- dosen/ peneliti yang sudah diakui karena terobosan-terobosan konsep baru hasil karyanya banyak diperlukan dan dipakai oleh kalangan luar kampus/ publik bahkan Negara misalnya, maka manfaat yang akan diperoleh pasti sangat besar, berangkat dari reputasi kampus yang makin diakui. Berangkat dari bedah jurnal.",
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"text": "Sebagai ilustrasi, jika bedah jurnal sudah bisa diterima dan mulai menjadi tradisi akademik kampus-kampus di berbagai pelosok nusantara maka dari forum itu akan muncul berbagai masukan, kontribusi, dan kegairahan baru dalam pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, re-enginering, dan beragam pencerahan di berbagai sendi kehidupan. Berawal dari kegairahan akademik yang diretas dari adanya tradisi bedah jurnal dikampus- kampus sangat diyakini akan memungkinkan terjadinya percepatan pembangunan nasional dalam berbagai bidang. Sudah sepantasnya jika kampus menjadi dapur besar tempat menggodok berbagai konsep-konsep baru dan mencerahkan yang membawa harapan",
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"text": "gemilang bagi kebangkitan bangsa, karena kampus adalah restorasi bangsa, dengan bedah jurnal mengawal gagasan untuk mencerdaskan kehidupan bangsa. Ini sejalan dengan spirit “Merdeka Belajar” yang dicanangkan mas Menteri Nabiel Makarim yang menghendaki suasana kemerdekaan berpikir. kemerdekaan berpikir ini pula yang difasilitasi dalam bedah jurnal yang diharapkan mampu membuka kanal kreatifitas dan inovasi yang bertanggung jawab dari para pemikir brilliant yang diyakini banyak berdiam di kampus-kampus umum dan islam, yang negeri maupun swasta, di seluruh pelosok tanah air ini.",
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"text": "Sebagai ilustrasi di masa pandemi yang serba mencekam ini, ada fakultas kedokteran suatu kampus swasta menyelenggarakan bedah jurnal ‘Batra Medika’ yang memuat delapan artikel. Setelah tim pengelola melakukan seleksi, terpilihlah tiga artikel yang layak diusung ke forum bedah jurnal, dengan komposisi undangan seluruh stake holders plus wartawan. Hingga terselenggaralah bedah jurnal dan rupanya hadirin dibuat begitu antusias saat artikel ke dua di presentasikan langsung oleh penulisnya, artikelnya berjudul “ Zat pembunuh virus covid-19 dalam segala variannya ada di pohon yang hanya tumbuh di seputar gunung tidar ”. Selama acara berlangsung terjadilah dialog seru antara audiens yang hadir dengan pembedah yang merupakan ‘penulis kedua’ dan selanjutnya acara bedah jurnal pun usai. Panitia merasa lega dan puas karena telah berhasil menyelenggarakan bedah jurnal dengan baik dan antusiasme audiens yang luar biasa.",
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"text": "kembali artikelnya. Rupanya Dewan Kesehatan Propinsi meski bukan termasuk undangan pada saat bedah jurnal, Namun telah membaca beritanya di koran sekaligus mendapat laporan dari satu kepala rumahsakit yang ikut hadir saat bedah jurnal dan rupanya begitu tertarik dengan konsep yang ditawarkan. Singkatnya konsep yang di tawarkan penulis kedua ini sampai juga ke Menteri Kesehatan. Akhirnya dalam tempo yang tidak terlalu lama turunlah surat keputusan (SK) Menkes yang memasukkan nama penulis kedua sebagai anggota tim ahli yang bertugas mengkaji dan mendalami konsep artikelnya dan segala kemungkinannya untuk selanjutnya dijadikan vaksin nasional.",
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"text": "Jika ilustrasi diatas adalah hasil bedah jurnal yang memberi inspirasi pada kementerian kesehatan, maka jika bedah jurnal bisa dilakukan oleh segenap fakultas di setiap perguruan tinggi umum maupun islam, yang negeri maupun swasta, maka sangat dimungkinkan konsep-konsep pemikiran inspiratif itu bisa dicapai setiap kementerian.",
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"text": "Jurnal Pemikiran dan Kebudayaan Islam Vol. 30 No. 2 Juli 2021 | 191-206",
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"text": "Berbagai terobosan dan Inspirasi pendidikan, teknologi informasi, hukum, ekonomi, perdagangan, politik, dan bidang-bidang yang lain pun akan mendapat kesempatan yang sama cepatnya jika tanggap dalam menangkap konsep-konsep baru dari sumbangan ilmu pengetahuan melalui bedah jurnal. Badan Kepegawaian Nasional (BKN) maupun Badan Kepegawaian Daerah (BKD) pun bisa jadi mendapat inspirasi strategis yang bersifat buttom-up dari terselenggaranya bedah jurnal ini. jadi rasanya tidak perlu diragukan lagi bahwa manfaat yang akan diperoleh Negara secara multiplier effect dari terselenggaranya bedah jurnal di setiap kampus itu akan cukup besar. Bisa semakin diyakini bahwa bedah jurnal adalah satu langkah serius dalam usaha menserdaskan kehidupan bangsa.",
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"text": "Sesungguhnya perjalanan panjang knowledge odyssey untuk menuju current role suatu pemikiran, penerima manfaat terakhirnya adalah masyarakat. Current role suatu gagasan sejatinya menghendaki meningkatnya kualitas berpikir publik, kualitas kesehatan masyarakat, kualitas kesejahteraan masyarakat, meningkatnya kualitas pelayanan publik, meningkatnya paradigma publik dalam menyikapi dan memperoleh kemudahan dan kebahagiaan, dan pemerataan kesejahteraan untuk mengikis kesenjangan sosial, itu kurang lebihnya. Maka sebenarnya masyarakat adalah tempat tujuan tertinggi suatu konsep pemikiran. Bedah jurnal sebagai jembatan pertama mengawal suatu pemikiran bermaksud menjembatani sekaligus mengajak kepada setiap pemikir/ kompetitor untuk berkompetisi bersih dan sportif ( fastabiqul khairat ) dalam rangka menjadi manusia yang",
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"text": "sebaik-baiknya (khairunnas anfa’uhum linnas). Sehingga pada saatnya gagasan terbaik akan diukur dari seberapa baik kebermanfaatannya bagi masyarakat, bangsa, dan Negara.",
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"text": "Sedikit melanjutkan ilustrasi bahwa konsep pemikiran penulis kedua diatas yang akhirnya berhasil menjadi vaksin nasional maka masyarakatlah penerima manfaat yang sesungguhnya yaitu menjadi sehat dan terbebas dari virus corona yang masih terus mencekam Negara-negara diseluruh dunia. Begitulah bedah jurnal akan mendorong lahirnya ide-ide bernas sekaligus menjembatani tersosialisasikannya konsep- konsep bernas tersebut untuk bisa direspon hingga akhirnya mengejawantah menjadi inspirasi kebajikan dalam kebijakan, program, bahkan produk yang membawa kemaslahatan hidup. Dan kemaslahatan hidup itu berarti meningkatnya kualitas kesehatan, pendidikan, pelayanan publik, dan segala kemudahan yang dibutuhkan sesuai tuntutan kakinian.",
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"text": "Indonesia sebagai Negara hukum yang dikendalikan politik mempunyai karakteristik tersendiri dan agak unik dalam beberapa urusannya. Berbagai urusan dan peristiwa tidak selalu bisa dicerna dengan logika normal apalagi logika akademik semata. Pada akhirnya tetap logika politik lah yang akhirnya tampil sebagai pemeran utama. Sebaik apapun suatu konsep pemikiran tanpa adanya political will biasanya akan tetap menjadi biasa, tapi sebaliknya dengan adanya political will konsep yang sebenarnya biasa bisa saja menjadi luar biasa. Beberapa ilustrasi di atas mengenai manfaat bedah jurnal berikut multiplier effect- nya sebenarnya ada kesengajaan penulisan untuk menunda dulu pembahasan mengenai",
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"text": "Ikhtiar Akademik, Mohamad Arif Majid",
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"text": "political will ini. Artinya bahwa bedah jurnal akan menjadi berarti jika direspon oleh pemangku wewenang lalu diteruskan ke atas hingga memungkinkan diolah menjadi barang jadi untuk bisa dinikmati citarasanya, dan inilah yang diinginkan. Tapi dengan keyakinan yang besar untuk mendarma-baktikan konsep- pemikiran, lalu dengan sepenuh keyakinan pula lembaga berkenan menyelenggarakan bedah jurnal, insya Allah akan segera terbuka jalan bagi konsep-konsep besar pembawa pencerahan untuk segera menemukan momentumnya menuju current role yang di cita-citakan.",
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"text": "Bangsa ini sedang berada pada situasi yang sungguh tidak menentu dalam politik, ekonomi, dan hukum, setidaknya itu yang paling terlihat. Siapa tahu akan muncul gagasan-gagasan cemerlang yang akan mampu memberi pilihan terbaik untuk keluar dari situasi tidak menentu ini melaui pemikiran/ penelitian putra-putra terbaik bangsa. Penulis sungguh berharap bahwa bedah jurnal pada akhirnya akan diterima sebagai sebuah piranti akademik mendasar bagi lahirnya konsep-konsep yang berguna bagi Bangsa dan Negara. Political will adalah dimensi besar tersendiri yang tidak memungkinkan diurai dalam ruang kecil disini. Inilah keterbatasan penulis sehingga peran political will bagi terselenggaranya bedah jurnal untuk menghantarkan current role pemikiran belum mampu diurai disini. Namun yang jelas realisasi dukungan pemerintah sangat diharapkan dalam hal ini, apalagi realisasinya dalam bentuk payung hukum yang menggariskan bahwa setiap PTN/PTS/ PTAI/PTAIS untuk menyelenggarakan bedah jurnal per-semester. Dengan adanya payung hukum maka implikasi anggarannya akan",
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"text": "jelas dari mana sumbernya, dengan jelasnya anggaran maka bedah jurnal akan benar-benar terselenggara dengan seksama dan selanjutnya bisa dilihat multiplier effect- nya. Wallahu a’lam bi al-shawab.",
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"text": "Brodjonegoro, Bambang Menristek/BRIN, Gatra.com, Jakarta, Senin November 2019",
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"text": "Darmalaksana, W. “Penelitian Kompetitif Berbasis Hasil Publikasi Artikel Jurnal: Telaah Rencana Kinerja Pusat Penelitian dan Penerbitan”. Jurnal Riset dan Inovasi , 2 Januari 2016. 1-9.",
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"text": "Darmalaksana, Wahyudin dan Suryana, Yaya, “Korespondensi dalam Publikasi Ilmiah ” Jurnal Prespektif UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung .Vol. 02; No. 01; (2018). 1-8.",
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"text": "Fatmawati, Endang. “Penguatan Publikasi Ilmiah Dosen Melalui Kiprah Pustakawan Perguruan Tinggi”, Jurnal Ilmiah Kepustakawanan Libraria. Vol.6, No.2, 2017.",
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"text": "Idren. “Sukseskan Peran Digital Perguruan Tinggi.” Suara Merdeka , Sabtu, 25 November 2017, hal. 24, kol. 3-4.",
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"text": "Pedoman Akreditasi Terbitan Berkala Ilmiah. Jakarta: Direktorat Penelitian dan Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat, Dirjen Dikti. Kemendikbud, 2014.",
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"text": "Lukman. Strategi Peningkatan Publikasi Ilmiah Bereputasi, Surabaya: PDII LIPI Jakarta, 2016.",
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"text": "Suprayogo, Imam. Opini , uin-malang.ac.id, Universitas Islam Negeri Malang 2020",
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"text": "PENGARUH PENGGUNAAN MODEL PROJECT BASED LEARNING TERHADAP KEMAMPUAN PEMECAHAN MASALAH MATEMATIS PESERTA DIDIK SMA",
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"text": "Program Studi Pendidikan Matematika Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan Universitas Siliwangi, Jawa Barat, Indonesia",
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"text": "Received March 27 th , 2017 Revised March 31 st , 2017 Accepted June 7 th , 2017",
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"text": "This study aims to determine the positive effect of the use of models Project Based Learning on mathematical problem-solving skills of learners and to determine how the independence of learners in the learning of mathematics by using a model of Project Based Learning. The method used is the method of experimental research. The population in this research is the students of class X SMA Negeri 3 Tasikmalaya. Samples taken at random by class, the class that the sample is class X-1 as the experimental class numbering 33 students and class X-3 as the control classes totaling 34 students. Instruments used in the form of test mathematical problem solving ability of students and observation sheets independence of learners. Based on the results of data analysis, and hypothesis testing can be concluded that there is a positive effect of the use of models Project Based Learning on the ability of mathematical problem solving eatif learners and independence of learners in mathematics instruction using Project Based Learning model of obtaining higher category. Research targets to be achieved is a scientific publication in a journal with the ISSN or nationally accredited journals, proceedings of the seminar-scale scientific local, regional and national as well as the enrichment of teaching materials that can be used in the course Capita Selecta Secondary Mathematics.",
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"text": "Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh positif penggunaan model Project Based Learning terhadap kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematik peserta didik dan untuk mengetahui bagaimana kemandirian belajar peserta didik dalam pembelajaran matematika dengan menggunakan model Project Based Learning. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode penelitian eksperimen. Populasi dalam penelitian ini yaitu peserta didik kelas X SMA Negeri 3 Tasikmalaya. Sampel diambil secara acak menurut kelas, kelas yang menjadi sampel yaitu kelas X-1 sebagai kelas eksperimen yang berjumlah 33 orang peserta didik dan kelas X-3 sebagai kelas kontrol yang berjumlah 34 orang peserta didik. Instrumen yang digunakan berupa soal tes kemampuan Pemecahan Masalah matematik peserta didik dan lembar observasi kemandirian belajar peserta didik. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian analisis data, dan uji hipotesis dapat disimpulkan bahwa terdapat pengaruh positif penggunaan model Project Based Learning terhadap kemampuan Pemecahan Masalah eatif matematik peserta didik dan kemandirian",
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"text": "Keywords: Model Project Based Learning Mathematical Problem Solving Ability Independent learning",
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"text": "Kata kunci:",
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"text": "Model Project Based Learning Kemampuan Pemecahan Masalah Matematis Kemandirian belajar",
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"text": "belajar peserta didik dalam pembelajaran matematika dengan menggunakan model Project Based Learning memperoleh kategori tinggi. Target penelitian yang ingin dicapai adalah publikasi ilmiah dalam jurnal yang memiliki ISSN atau jurnal nasional terakreditasi, prosiding pada seminar ilmiah yang berskala lokal, regional maupun nasional serta pengayaan bahan ajar yang dapat digunakan dalam perkuliahan Kapita Selekta Matematika Menengah.",
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"text": "Copyright © 2017 by the authors; licensee Department of Mathematics Education, University of Singaperbangsa Karawang.",
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"text": "Pemecahan masalah merupakan kemampuan dasar yang harus dikuasai oleh peserta didik. Sebagian besar kehidupan ini adalah berhadapan dengan masalah-masalah, maka dari itu peserta didik diarahkan untuk belajar memecahkan masalah sebagai bekal baginya untuk masa depan karena pemecahan masalah merupakan tipe belajar tingkat tinggi sehingga dalam pembelajarannya perlu adanya strategi khusus yang banyak melibatkan keaktifan peserta didik. Mengingat masih rendahnya kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematik peserta didik, tentunya ada berbagai cara untuk mencapai kemampuan tersebut.",
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"text": "Kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematik adalah kemampuan peserta didik dalam menyelesaikan atau memecahkan masalah berupa soal yang tidak rutin perlu menggunakan konsep lain dalam penyelesaiannya, tidak dapat diselesaikan secara langsung dan perlu menggunakan langkah-langkah dalam penyelesaiannya. Ada empat tahap yang dikemukakan Polya dalam menyelesaikan soal pemecahan masalah, yaitu memahami masalah, merencanakan penyelesaian, menyelesaikan masalah sesuai rencana, dan melakukan pengecekan kembali terhadap semua langkah yang telah dikerjakan.",
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"text": "Sejalan dengan perkembangan paradigma dunia pendidikan, sejumlah terobosan guna meningkatkan mutu pendidikan agar mampu menghasilkan lulusan yang siap bersaing secara global di masa yang akan datang dengan ditujukan untuk menghasilkan lulusan yang kompetitif, inovatif, kreatif, kolaboratif serta berkarakter perlu adanya penerapan model pembelajaran yang banyak melibatkan keaktifan peserta didik dalam belajar. Hal tersebut memungkinkan dapat meningkatkan kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematik peserta didik.",
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"text": "Kurikulum 2013 adalah kurikulum baru. Kurikulum ini adalah pengembangan dari kurikulum tingkat satuan pendidikan (KTSP). Dalam kurikulum baru ini perubahan jelas terjadi. pada saat proses pembelajaran kurikulum 2013 mewajibkan setiap pendidik menggunakan proses pembelajaran ilmiah atau pendekatan saintifik. Kosasih, E (2014:72) “Pendekatan saintifik merupakan pendekatan di dalam kegiatan pembelajaran yang mengutamakan kreativitas dan temuan-temuan peserta didik.” Pengalaman belajar yang didapat peserta didik pada pembelajaran ilmiah bukan berupa hafalan tetapi berupa pengetahuan, keterampilan, dan sikap yang mereka peroleh berdasarkan kemampuan yang mereka miliki. Permendikbud (Kosasih, E 2014:72) mengemukakan “Proses pembelajaran saintifik terdiri atas lima pengalaman berlajar pokok, yaitu mengamati, menanya, menalar, mengasosiasi, dan mengomunikasikan.”",
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"text": "Salah satu upaya untuk meningkatkan kemampuan dalam memecahkan suatu permasalahan, serta membentuk pola pikir peserta didik ke arah yang lebih baik yaitu dengan model pembelajaran berbasis inquiry . Terdapat beberapa macam model pembelajaran yang berbasis inquiry , diantaranya pembelajaran menemukan ( Discovery Learning ), Problem Based Learning (PBL), Project Based Learning (PjBL), dan sebagainya.",
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"text": "Model Project Based Learning (PjBL) merupakan sebuah pembelajaran dengan aktivitas jangka panjang yang melibatkan peserta didik dalam merancang, membuat, dan menampilkan produk untuk mengatasi permasalahan dunia nyata. Selain kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematik peserta didik, peneliti juga ingin mengamati perkembangan kemandirian belajar peserta didik yang dihadapkan dengan model Project Based Learning (PjBL). Kemandirian belajar peserta didik merupakan pengamatan yang dilakukan untuk mengukur sejauh mana peserta didik dapat menunjukkan tujuan, bahan dan pengalaman belajar, serta evaluasi dalam pembelajaran matematika. Hal ini sejalan dengan pendapat Bandura (Sumarmo, Utari, 2013: 110) mengemukakan bahwa kemandirian belajar adalah “Kemampuan memantau perilaku sendiri dan merupakan kerja keras personality manusia",
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"text": "Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis dan menginterpretasi kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematik dengan menggunakan model Project Based Learning (PjBL). Project Based Learning (PjBL) atau pembelajaran berbasis proyek adalah metode pembelajaran yang menggunakan proyek/kegiatan sebagai media. Metode belajar ini menggunakan masalah sebagai langkah awal dalam megumpulkan dan mengintegrasikan pengetahuan baru berdasarkan pengalamannya dalam berkreatifitas secara nyata dengan melakukan eksplorasi, penilaian, interpretasi, sintesis, dan informasi untuk menghasilkan berbagai bentuk hasil belajar. Langkah-langkah pembelajaran berbasis proyek antara lain penentuan pertanyaan mendasar (mengamati dan menanya), mendesain perencanaan proyek, menyusun jadwal, memonitor peserta didik dalam kemajuan proyek (mengumpulkan informasi), menguji hasil (mengolah informasi atau mengasosiasikan), dan mengevaluasi pengalaman (mengkomunikasikan).",
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"text": "Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode eksperimen. Alasan digunakan metode eksperimen karena penelitian ini mengkaji hubungan sebab-akibat. Arikunto (2010:9) menyatakan, “Eksperimen adalah suatu cara untuk mencari hubungan sebab akibat (hubungan kausal) antara dua faktor yang sengaja ditimbulkan oleh peneliti dengan mengeliminasi atau mengurangi atau menyisihkan faktor-faktor lain yang mengganggu”. Penelitian eksperimen ini bertujuan untuk melihat pengaruh dari penggunaan model Project Based Learning (PjBL) terhadap kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematik peserta didik.",
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"text": "Pada bagian pendahuluan telah dikemukakan bahwa tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis dan menginterpretasi kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematik dengan model Project Based Learning . Data kuantitatif diperoleh dari data hasil tes masing-masing kelas. Data hasil tes matematika diperoleh dari posttest melalui tes tertulis berbentuk uraian terdiri dari 4 butir soal dengan skor maksimal 10, sehingga skor maksimal ideal 40. Data yang digunakan untuk mengetahui kemandirian belajar peserta didik adalah penyebaran angket skala kemandirian belajar. Angket diberikan kepada peserta didik untuk mengetahui skala kemandirian belajar peserta didik terhadap penggunaan model Project Based Learning (PjBL). Penyebaran angket dilakukan satu kali yaitu setelah seluruh proses pembelajaran selesai dan setelah dilaksanakan tes kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematik. Skala yang diberikan kepada peserta didik berbentuk pernyataan positif dan negatif. Soal tes tersebut diujikan pada kedua kelas (kelas eksperimen dan kelas kontrol), dengan jumlah siswa pada masing-masing kelas sebanyak 33 dan 34 orang peserta didik.",
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"text": "Data hasil posttest terdiri dari data kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematik peserta didik. Posttest diberikan setelah diadakan pembelajaran sebelumnya pada siswa kelas eksperimen dengan pembelajaran yang menggunakan model Project Based Learning dan kelas kontrol dengan pembelajaran langsung. Analisis statistik terhadap data kemampuan kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematik dilakukan dengan menggunakan T-Test uji perbedaan dua rata-rata kedua kelompok serta dilakukan uji normalitas dan homogenitas varians populasi. Uji normalitas distribusi data dilakukan dengan uji Chi kuadrat dan uji homogenitas varians populasi dengan uji-F. Berdasarkan hasil uji normalitas dan uji homogenitas, data skor posttest kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematik pada kelas eksperimen dan kelas kontrol berdistribusi normal dan variansinya homogen, maka untuk mengetahui ada atau tidak adanya perbedaan rerata kedua kelas digunakan uji kesamaan dua rata-rata (uji-t).",
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"text": "Data hasil tes kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematik dideskripsikan dan dianalisis berdasarkan hasil tes kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematik peserta didik, yaitu pada kemampuan mengekspresikan ide-ide matematika melalui lisan, tertulis, dan mendemontrasikannya serta menggambarkannya secara visual diperoleh rata-rata kelas eksperimen I yaitu 21,18 sedangkan kelas eksperimen II yaitu 17,44. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematik yang pembelajarannya menggunakan model Project Based Learning secara signifikan lebih baik dari pembelajaran langsung. Namun hal tersebut belum memberikan kesimpulan yang benar- benar tepat, maka peneliti mengolah data tersebut dengan analisis uji perbedaan dua rata- rata.",
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"text": "Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan pada pengujian persyaratan analisis, bahwa kedua varians homogen, dilanjut dengan perhitungan uji-t. Ternyata maka ditolak dan diterima. Artinya, penggunaan model Project Based Learning berpengaruh positif terhadap kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematik peserta didik. Selain melaksanakan tes kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematik, pada kelas eksperimen juga dilaksanakan penyebaran skala kemandirian belajar peserta didik untuk mengukur kemandirian belajar peserta didik pada mata pelajaran matematika selama mengikuti pembelajaran matematika dengan menggunakan model Project Based Learning (PjBL) setiap indikator termasuk pada kategori tinggi.",
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"text": "Penelitian ini menggunakan dua kelas, satu sebagai kelas eksperimen dan satu kelas kontrol. Kelas eksperimen dan kelas kontrol diberikan perlakuan yang berbeda pada proses pembelajaran yang dilaksanakan. Kelas eksperimen menerapkan model Project Based Learning sedangkan kelas kontrol menerapkan model pembelajaran langsung. Kelas eksperimen yang menggunakan model Project Based Learning pada proses pembelajarannya melalui enam tahap yaitu penentuan pertanyaan mendasar, mendesain prencanaan proyek, menyusun jadwal, memonitor peserta didik dan kemajuan proyek, menguji hasil dan mengevaluasi pengalaman.",
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"text": "Pada tahap pertama guru memberikan pertanyaan essensial yaitu pertanyaan yang dapat memberikan penugasan peserta didik dalam suatu aktivitas, dengan mengambil suatu tema atau topik. Hal ini sesuai dengan pendapat Brown dan Campione (Warsono dan Hariyanto, 2012:155) bahwa ada dua komponen pokok dalam pembelajaran berbasis proyek yaitu,",
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"text": "a. Ada masalah menantang yang mendorong siswa mengorganisasikan dan melaksanakan suatu kegiatan yang secara keseluruhan mengarahkan siswa kepada suatu proyek yang bermakna dan harus diselesaikan sendiri sebagai tim.",
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"text": "b. Karya akhir berupa artefak atau serangkaian artefak, atau suatu penyelesaian tugas berkelanjutan yang bermakna bagi pengembangan pengetahuan dan keterampilan mereka.",
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"text": "Pada tahap selanjutnya peserta didik dibagi kedalam kelompok heterogen, kemudian guru membagikan bahan ajar berupa tugas proyek dan LKPD yang akan membantu peserta didik dalam menjawab pertanyaan yang diberikan guru. Pada tahap ini guru dan peserta didik membicarakan aturan main untuk disepakati bersama dalam proses penyelesaian proyek. Tahap selanjutnya peserta didik difasilitasi untuk membuat jadwal aktifitas, pada tahap ini guru mengarahkan peserta didik untuk membuat jadwal aktifitas yang mengacu pada waktu maksimal yang disepakati.",
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"text": "Tahap memonitor peserta didik dan kemajuan proyek, pada tahap ini guru memberikan arahan dan bimbingan selama menyelesaikan proyek. Selanjutnya tahap menguji hasil, penilaian peserta didik dilakukan oleh guru selama monitoring. Tahap yang terakhir yaitu mengevaluasi pengalaman, peserta didik dan guru melakukan refleksi diantanya menceritakan kesulitan-kesulitan yang dialami dan cara mengatasinya dan perasaan yang dirasakan pada saat menemukan solusi dari masalah yang dihadapi. Berdasarkan hasil evaluasi tes kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematik, rata-rata yang diperleh pada model ini lebih rendah dari model PjBL. Hal ini disebabkan peserta didik merasa terbebani dengan proyek atau suatu hasil yang harus disajikan, waktu yang digunakan dalam mengerjakan suatu proyek membutuhkan waktu yang cukup lama sehingga sebagian peserta didik muncul rasa malas dan bosan serta tidak berperan aktif dalam pembelajaran.",
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"text": "Kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematik adalah proses pembelajaran peserta didik dalam memecahkan masalah yang bersifat tidak rutin. Kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematik dianggap penting bagi guru dan bagi peserta didik dari tingkatan Sekolah Dasar sampai Sekolah Menengah Atas atau sederajatnya, tetapi kemampuan pemecahan masalah masih dianggap hal sulit baik bagi peserta didik yang melakukan proses pembelajaran maupun bagi guru yang mengajarkannya.",
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"text": "Pemecahan masalah merupakan tujuan pembelajaran untuk menyelesaikan masalah dalam semua aktivitas. Sumarmo, Utari (2013: 198) menjelaskan pemecahan masalah sebagai tujuan memuat semua aktivitas penyelesaian masalah yang kompleks yang meliputi memahami masalah termasuk didalamnya mengidentifikasi kecukupan data, dan membuat model matematik atau merumuskan masalah memilih alternatif strategi yang relevan, melaksanakan strategi disertai dengan motivasi yang kuat, dan menjelaskan atau menginterpretasikan hasil, serta memeriksa kebenaran hasil atau jawaban.",
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"text": "Arikunto, S. (2010). Dasar-Dasar Evaluasi Pendidikan. Edisi Revisi. Jakarta: Bumi Aksara. Kosasih, E. (2014). Strategi Belajar dan Pembelajaran Implementasi Kurikulum 2013 . Bandung: Yrama Widya.",
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"text": "How to cite: Jenifer Beatrix Renjaan, Rasji (2023) Kedudukan Surat Penerimaan Pemberitahuan Perubahan Data Yayasan Sebagai Objek Sengketa di Peradilan Tata Usaha Negara, (8) 7,",
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"text": "Sesuai dengan Prinsip kekuasaan kehakiman yang merdeka itu sendiri antara lain harus diwujudkan dalam sikap independensi hakim dalam memeriksa dan memutus perkara yang dihadapinya, pertimbangan hakim merupakan salah satu aspek terpenting dalam menentukan terwujudnya nilai dari suatu putusan hakim yang mengandung keadilan (ex aequo et bono) dan mengandung kepastian hukum, di samping itu juga mengandung manfaat bagi para pihak yang bersangkutan sehingga pertimbangan hakim ini harus disikapi dengan teliti, baik, dan cermat.",
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"text": "In accordance with the principle of independent judicial power itself, among others, must be manifested in the independence of judges in examining and deciding the cases they face, the judge's consideration is one of the most important aspects in determining the realization of the value of a judge's decision that contains justice (ex aequo et bono) and contains legal certainty, in addition to containing benefits for the parties concerned so that this judge's consideration must be addressed with Meticulous, kind, and meticulous.",
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"text": "Peradilan di indonesia dewasa ini menjamin warga negaranya untuk mendapatkan keadilan sesui dengan hukum yang berlaku melalui kekuasaan kehakiman dengan perantara peradilan (Joko & SH, 2020). Kekuasaan kehakiman merupakan kekuasaan yang merdeka untuk menyelengarakan peradilan guna menegakan hukum dan keadilan, kemudian kekuasaan kehakiman diperinci ke dalam Undang-Undang Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 48 Tahun 2009. Kekuasaan kehakiman dilakukan oleh sebuah Mahkamah Agung dan badan peradilan yang ada di bawahnya dalam lingkungan",
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"text": "Perdaila Umum diatur dalam Undang-Undang Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 49 Tahun 2009 tentang Peradilan Umum, sebagai perubahan atas Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 1986 Jo. Undang Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 2004. Yang dimaksud Badan Peradilan Umum di dalam Undang-Undang tersebut adalah pengadilan negeri dan pengadilan tinggi di lingkungan peradilan umum. Kemudian di dalam pasal 8 menyebutkan bahwa di lingkugan peradilan umum dapat dibentuk pengadilan khusus yang diatur dengan undang-undang. Peradilan Agama diatur dalam Undang-Undang Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 7 Tahun 1989 jo. Undang- Undang Nomor 3 Tahun 2006 jo. Undang-Undang Nomor 50 Tahun 2009 tentang Peradilan Agama. Dalam hal ini adalah pengadilan agama dan pengadilan tinggi agama di lingkungan peradilan agama. Peradilan Agama adalah peradilan khusus yang ditujukan kepada umat Islam dengan lingkup kewenagan yang khusus, baik mengenai perkarannya ataupun para pencari keadilan (justiciable) (Anshori, 2007).",
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"text": "Kemudian di Pasal 3 menyatakan bahwa di lingungan peradilan agama dapat dibentuk pengadilan khusus yang diatur dengan undang-undang. Peradilan militer diatur dalam Undang-Undang Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 31 Tahun 1997 tentang Peradilan Militer. Dalam hal ini adalah pengadilan militer, pengadilan tinggi militer, pengadilan militer utama, dan pengadilan militer pertempuran. Peradilan Tata Usaha Negara dalam Undang-Undang Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 5 Tahun 1986 jo. Undang-undang Nomor 9 Tahun 2004 jo. Undang-undang Nomor 51 Tahun 2009 tentang Peradilan Tata Usaha Negara. Dalam hal ini adalah pengadilan tata usaha negara dan pengadilan tinggi tata usaha negara di lingkungan peradilan tata usaha negara. Kemudian pasal 9A menyebutkan bahwa di lingkungan peradilan tata usaha negara dapat dibentuk pengadilan khusus yang diatur dengan undang-undang.",
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"text": "Adapun untuk Mahkamah Konstitusi diatur dalam Undang-Undang Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 24 Tahun 2003 jo. Undang-undang Nomor 8 Tahun 2011 tentang Mahkamah Konstitusi. Kekuasaan pokok Mahkamah Agung adalah sebagai pengadilan negara tertinggi, yakni mempunyai mempunyai fungsi bidang peradilan (Angkouw, 2014). Dalam bidang peradilan sebagai Lembaga kasasi dan pengujian peraturan perundang-undangan di bawah undang-undang Kasasi sebagaimana diatur dalam Pasal 24A ayat (1) Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 setelah amandemen, yang menyatakan: “Mahkamah Agung berwenang mengadili pada tingkat kasasi, menguji peraturan perundang-undangan dibawah undang-undang terhadap undang-undang, dan mempunyai wewenang lainnya yang diberikan undang-undang”.",
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"text": "Seperti yang dijelaskan diatas terkait dengan kewenagan Peradilan Tata Usaha Negara dalam Pasal 47 Undang-undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1986 tentang Peradilan Tata Usaha Negara sebagaimana telah diubah dengan Undang-undang Nomor 9 Tahun 2004 Undang-undang Nomor 51 Tahun 2009 diatur tentang kekuasaan Pengadilan Tata Usaha Negara(PTUN) dalam system Peradilan di Indonesia, dikutip dan berbunyi sebagai",
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"text": "Kedudukan Surat Penerimaan Pemberitahuan Perubahan Data Yayasan sebagai Objek Sengketa di Peradilan Tata Usaha Negara",
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"text": "berikut: “pengadilan bertugas dan berwenang memerikasa,memutus, dan menyeleaikan",
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"text": "Sengketa Tata Usaha Negara”.",
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"text": "Bahwa suatu Keputusan Tata Usaha Negara (beschikking) yang sesuai dengan ketentuan Undang-undang Nomor 51 Tahun 2009 tentang Perubahan Kedua Atas Undang-undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1986 tentang Peradilan Tata Usaha Negara (UU PTUN). Pasal 1 angka 9 Undang-undang Nomor 51 Tahun 2009 yang dikutip dan berbunyi:",
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"text": "“Keputusan Tata Usaha Negara adalah suatu penetapan yang dikeluarkan oleh badan atau pejabat tata usaha negara yang berisi tindakan hukum tata usaha negara yang berdasarkan peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku, yang bersifat konkret, individual, dan final, yang menimbulkan akibat hukum bagi seseorang atau badan hukum perdata.”",
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"text": "Sengketa Tata Usaha Negara muncul jikalau seseorang atau badan hukum perdata merasa dirugikan, sebagai akibat dikeluarkannya suatu keputusan. Sebagaimana diketahui bahwa Pejabat TUN dalam fungsi menyelenggarakan kepentingan dan kesejahteraan umum tidak terlepas dari tindakan mengeluarkan keputusan, sehingga tidak menutup kemungkinan pula keputusan tadi menimbulkan kerugian (Koraag, 2021). Hal ini sejalan dengan konsep negara hukum yang mensyaratkan setiap tindakan pejabat harus berdasar pada kewenangan yang diberikan kepadanya, dan setiap penggunaan wewenang selalu disertai dengan tanggung jawab. Prinsip yang populer dalam kajian hukum administrasi menyatakan, “tidak ada kewenangan tanpa pertanggungjawaban” (deen bevoegdheid zonder verantwoordenlijkheid).",
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"text": "Sesuai dengan karakteristiknya yang bersifat konkrit individual, Final suatu KTUN secara langsung menimbulkan akibat hukum tertentu begitu diterbitkan meskipun KTUN itu ternyata cacat dan menimbulkan kerugian bagi pihak yang dituju. Memahami konsekuensi ini maka sejak semula telah ditegaskan agar pejabat TUN benar-benar cermat dan hati-hati dalam menerbitkan keputusan. Sebaliknya, bagi pihak yang merasa dirugikan kepentingannya atas penerbitan suatu keputusan disediakan sarana untuk menguji keabsahannya melalui gugatan ke peradilan tata usaha negara (PTUN).",
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"text": "Prinsip kekuasaan kehakiman yang merdeka itu sendiri antara lain harus diwujudkan dalam sikap independensi hakim dalam memeriksa dan memutus perkara yang dihadapinya. Dalam memutus suatu perkara, hakim tentunya memiliki beberapa pertimbangan agar putusan yang dikeluarkannya bersifat adil, namun kata “adil” tentunya memiliki pengertian yang berbeda bagi setiap pihak karena putusan pengadilan bersifat win-lose solution. Setiap hakim tentunya boleh memiliki pertimbangannya sendiri sehingga putusan suatu sengketa dapat berbeda.",
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"text": "Pertimbangan hakim merupakan salah satu aspek terpenting dalam menentukan terwujudnya nilai dari suatu putusan hakim yang mengandung keadilan (ex aequo et bono) dan mengandung kepastian hukum, di samping itu juga mengandung manfaat bagi para pihak yang bersangkutan sehingga pertimbangan hakim ini harus disikapi dengan teliti, baik, dan cermat (Permana, 2016). Apabila pertimbangan hakim tidak teliti, baik, dan cermat, maka putusan hakim yang berasal dari pertimbangan hakim tersebut akan dibatalkan oleh Pengadilan Tinggi Mahkamah Agung (Arto, 2004).",
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"text": "Putusan hakim dalam mengadili suatu perkara haruslah menggambarkan adanya penegakan hukum itu sendiri, misalnya apakah telah dilaksanakan baik atau tidak, apakah putusan itu melanggar kepastian hukum untuk mencapai keadilan, apakah putusan itu meninggalkan keadilan untuk mencapai kepastian hukum, ataukah apakah putusan tersebut mampu menyelaraskan antara kepastian hukum dengan keadilan yang ingin dicapai.",
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"text": "Berkaitan dengan putusan hakim, khusunya dalam sengketa di Pengadilan Tata Usaha Negara Jakarta. Adapun Objek Sengketa yang yang menjadi permasalahan adalah: Surat keputusan Menteri Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia Republik Indonesia Nomor: AHU-AH.010.06-0019613 tanggal 23 Agustus 2020Perihal: Penerimaan Perubahan Data Yayasan Kawaluyaan, Mengenai Perubahan Pembina, Pengurus, Pengurus Yayasan Kwaluyaan. (selanjutnya disebut Objek Sengketa)",
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"text": "Pada Putusan Tingkat Pertama Nomor: 207/G/2020/PTUN-JKT, Menurut Majelis Hakim “Objek sengketa merupakan sebuah keputusan Tata Usaha Negara karena telah memenuhi Unsur-unsur sebuah Keputusan Tata Usaha Negara berdasarkan Pasal 1 angka 9, angka 10, angka 12 Undang-Undang Nomor 51 Tahun 2009 tentang Perubahan Kedua Atas Undang-undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1986 Tentang Peradilan Tata Usaha Negara”.",
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"text": "Pada Putusan Tingkat Banding dan Kasasi, Majelis Hakim berbeda pendapat yaitu “Objek sengketa hanya sebuah tanda terima surat/pencatatan administratif, tidak memenuhi unsur besslising (memutus) dan Willsforming (kehendak), sehingga tidak memenuhi kualifikasi sebagai Keputusan Tata Usaha Negara yang menjadi kewenangan Pengadilan Pengadilan Tata Usaha Negara untuk memeriksa dan mengadilinya sebagaimana dimaksud ketentuan Pasal 1 angka 9 Undang-Undang Nomor 51 Tahun 2009.”",
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"text": "Hal tersebut yang menjadi permasalahan dari aspek hukum karena tidak ada kepastian hukum tentang Objek sengketa tersebut sebagai sebuah KTUN yang menjadi kewenagan Peradilan Tata Usaha Negara atau hanya Surat Penerimaan Pemberitahuan yang dikeluarkan oleh Menteri Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia. (bukan KTUN)",
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"text": "Metode Penelitian",
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"text": "Metode penelitian tentunya menjadi hal yang penting dalam menetukan tindakan- tindakan apa saja dan dengan cara bagaimana suatu penelitian dilakukan.Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode penelitian yuridis normatif, dalam hal ini hukum dipahami sebagai apa yang tercantum dalam peraturan perundang-undangan (Law in books) maupun sebagai aturan atau norma yang menjadi standar perilaku manusia yang dapat diterima (Asikin, 2004).",
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"text": "Bahan hukum primer, bahan hukum sekunder, bahan hukum tersier, merupakan sumber hukum yang digunakan. Bahan hukum primer, yakni suatu bahan hukum yang sifatnya mengikat dan terdiri dari Undang-undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1986 tentang Peradilan Tata Usaha Negara sebagaimana telah diubah dengan Undang-undang Nomor 9 Tahun 2004 dan Undang-undang Nomor 51 Tahun 2009. Putusan Pengadilan Tata Usaha Negara Nomor 207/G/2020/PTUN-JKT jo 143/B/2021/PT.TUN.JKT jo 171",
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"text": "Kedudukan Surat Penerimaan Pemberitahuan Perubahan Data Yayasan sebagai Objek Sengketa di Peradilan Tata Usaha Negara",
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"text": "K/TUN/2022. Bahan hukum sekunder, yang dalam hal ini akan mampu menjadi penjelas tentang berbagai bahan yang sifatnya primer, seperti diktat, jurnal, skripsi, serta pendapat para ahli terkait kewenagan peradilan tata usaha negara. Bahan hukum tersier menjadi bahan pendukung dan penjelasan yang mengandung makna terhadap dua bahan sebelumnya (primer dan sekunder) seperti, ensiklopedia dll.",
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"text": "Hasil dan Pembahasan",
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"text": "Apa yang menjadi dasar pertimbangan hukum hakim PTUN Jakarta dan hakim PT-TUN Jakarta dalam memutus perkara yang sama terkait Objek sengketa Surat Penerimaan perubahan data yang dikeluarkan oleh Menteri hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia?",
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"text": "Dalam Penelitian ini, penulis akan menguraikan apa yang menjadi perbedaan pertimbangan hukum hakim di pengadilan tingkat pertama dan pengadilan tingkat banding terhadap kedudukan surat penerimaan perubahan data yayasan yang menjadi objek sengketa di peradilan tata usha negara.",
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"text": "Dalam Putusan Pengadilan Tata Usaha Negara Jakarta Nomor207/G/2020/PTUN- JKT, maksud dan tujuan gugat Penggugat pada pokoknya memohon agar Pengadilan Tata Usaha Negara Jakarta menyatakan batal atau tidak sah, dan mewajibkan Tergugat untuk mencabut objek sengketa berupa Surat Keputusan Menteri Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia Nomor : AHU-AH.01.06-0019613 Tanggal 23 Agustus 2020 Perihal : Penerimaan Perubahan Data Yayasan Kawaluyaan, Mengenai Perubahan Pembina, Pengurus, Pengawas Yayasan Kawaluyaan. (selanjutnya disebut “Objek Sengketa”).",
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"text": "Majelis Hakim terlebih dahulu mempertimbangan eksepsi yang diajukan Menteri Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manuisa Republik Indonesia, (selanjutnya disebut “Tergugat”) dan Yayasan Kawaluyaan yang diwakili oleh James Nangoi, (selanjutnya disebut Tergugat II Intervensi). Eksepsi yang diajukan antara lain berkaitan dengan Kewenagan Pengadilan Tata Usaha Negara, Legal Standing Penggugat dalam Mengajukan Gugatan, Gugatan Kabur Dan Tidak Jelas.",
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"text": "Tergugat mendalilkan permasalahan ini pada prinsipnya secara substansi merupakan permasalahan keperdataan, bahwa objek sengketa didasarkan pada ketentuan Undang-undang, dimana Tergugat hanya melaksanakannya sebagai tindakan yang diperintahkan oleh Undang-undang. Adapun perubahan menurut Tergugat hanyalah sebatas surat bukti telah diterima dan dicatatkannya pada Sistem Administrasi Badan Hukum (SABH) melalui system layanan elektronik yang dikembangkan Tergugat. Menurut majelis hakim yang perlu dipertimbangkan terlebih dahulu yaitu mengenai apa yang menjadi wewenang atau Kompetensi absolut dari pengadilan Negeri (sengketa perdata) dan Pengadilan Tata Usaha Negara.",
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"text": "Majelis hakim berpendapat tolak ukur objectum litis dari masing-masing Lembaga yaitu Keputusan Tata Usaha Negara untuk Pengadilan Tata Usaha Negara, perkara pidana dan perkara perdata untuk Lembaga Pengadilan Negeri. Mencermati objek sengketa In litis yang diterbitkan oleh Tergugat menurut Majelis Hakim telah memenuhi Unsur-unsur sebuah Keputusan Tata Usaha Negara berdasarkan Pasal 1 angka (9), angka (10), angka (12) Undang-undang Nomor 51 Tahun 2009 Tentang Peradilan Tata Usaha Negara sehingga surat keputusan yang dimaksud menurut Majelis hakim adalah sebuah Keputusan Tata Usaha Negara (KTUN). Demikian menjadi wewenang Peradilan Tata Usaha Negara, dalam hal ini Pengadilan Tata Usaha Negara Jakarta untuk memeriksa dan mengadili objek sengketa ini.",
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"text": "Berkaitan dengan eksepsi kedua, Legal Standing Penggugat dalam mengajukan gugatan, menurut Menurut Majelis Hakim berdasarkan ketentuan pasal 53 ayat (1) Undang-undang Nomor 9 Tahun 2004, jelas bahwa orang atau badang hukum perdata selaku subyek hukum diberikan hak untuk mengajukan gugatan ke Pengadilan Tata Usaha Negara, sepanjang ia dapat membuktikan bahwa ada suatu kepentingan yang dirugikan dengan terbitnya Keputusan Tata Usaha Negara yang digugat (Point d` interet, pint`d action atau no interest no action).",
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"text": "Berkaitan dengan eksepsi ketiga, Gugatan Kabur (obscuur libel), menurut Majelis Hakim syarat formal dan materil dari suatu gugatan sudah terpenuhi berdasarkan Pasal 56 Undang-undang Nomo 5 Tahun 1986 yang menyatakan: (1) Gugatan harus memuat: a) nama, kewarganegaraan, tempat tinggal, dan pekerjaan penggugat, atau kuasanya; b) nama, jabatan, dan tempat kedudukan tergugat; c) dasar gugatan dan hal yang diminta untuk diputuskan oleh Pengadilan. (2) Apabila gugatan dibuat dan ditandatangani oleh seorang kuasa penggugat, maka gugatan harus disertai surat kuasa yang sah. (3) Gugatan sedapat mungkin juga disertai Keputusan Tata Usaha Negara. yang disengketakan oleh penggugat.",
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"text": "Dalam pokok perkara, Majelis Hakim memberikan penilaian hukum menggunakan 3 (tiga) parameter syarat sahnya Keputusan Tata Usaha Negara sebagaimana diatur dalam Pasal 52 ayat (1) dan (2) Undang-undang Nomor 30 Tahun 2014 Tentang Administratif Pemerintahan yaitu: (1) Syarat sahnya Keputusan meliputi: a) ditetapkan oleh pejabat yang berwenang; b) dibuat sesuai prosedur; c) substansi yang sesuai dengan objek Keputusan. (2) Sahnya Keputusan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) didasarkan pada ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan dan AUPB.",
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"text": "Berdasarkan 3 (tiga) parameter syarat tersebut Majelis hakim berpedoman pada peraturan Perundang-undangan yang dijadikan dasar bagi Tergugat dalam menerbitkan objek sengketa yaitu berdasarkan pada Peraturan Menteri Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia Republik Indonesia Nomor 2 Tahun 2016 Tentang Tata Cara Pengajuan Permohonan Pengesahan Badan Hukum dan Persetujuan Perubahan Angaran Dasar Serta Penyampaian Pemberitahuan Perubahan Angaran Dasar dan Perubahan Data Yayasan, Pasal 19 PP Nomor 2 Tahun 2013 Tentang Perubahan Atas PP Nomor 63 Tahun 2008 Tentang Pelaksanaan Undang-undang Tentang Yayasan.",
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"text": "pengurus yayasan atau kuasanya dengan melampirkan dokumen yang memuat perubahan tersebut dan menteri berdasarkan pemberitahuan perubahan data sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) melakukan pencatatan perubahan data dan menerbitkan surat penerimaan pemberitahuan perubahan data.",
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"text": "Dalam Peraturan Menteri Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia Republik Indonesia No. 2 Tahun 2016 Tentang Tata Cara Pengajuan Permohonan Pengesahan Badan Hukum dan Persetujuan Perubahan Anggaran Dasar Serta Penyampaian Pemberitahuan Perubahan Anggaran Dasar Dan Perubahan Data Yayasan Pasal 27 ayat (1) menyatakan perubahan data yayasan cukup diberitahukan oleh pemohon kepada menteri dan ayat (3) menyatakan perubahan data yayasan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) meliputi a) perubahan pembina, b) perubahan atau pengangkatan kembali pengurus dan pengawas dan, c) perubahan alamat lengkap.",
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"text": "Menurut Majelis hakim dari ketentuan yakni pasal 19 ayat (1) (3) PP Nomor 2 Tahun 2013 Tentang Perubahan Atas PP No. 63 Tahun 2008 Tentang Pelaksanaan Undang-Undang Tentang Yayasan dan Peraturan Menteri Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia Republik Indonesia No. 2 Tahun 2016 Tentang Tata Cara Pengajuan Permohonan Pengesahan Badan Hukum dan Persetujuan Perubahan Anggaran Dasar Serta Penyampaian Pemberitahuan Perubahan Anggaran Dasar Dan Perubahan Data Yayasan Pasal 27 ayat (1), (3) diatas Majelis Hakim berpendapat bahwa dalam segi kewenangan mengeluarkan keputusan objek sengketa a quo telah sesuai dengan peraturan perundangan yang mengaturnya maka, selanjutnya Majelis Hakim akan menguji dari segi prosedural formal dan materiil substansi dari terbitnya obyek sengketa.",
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"text": "Majelis hakim berpendapat dalam rangka memberikan pertimbangan yang cukup untuk menghindari putusan yang kurang mempertimbangkan (onvoeldoende gemotiveerd) maka Majelis Hakim dalam rangka mencari kebenaran materiil berdasarkan kewenangannya dalam pemeriksaan sengketa Tata Usaha Negara tidak terikat hanya terhadap dalil maupun bukti yang diajukan oleh Para pihak yang bersengketa. Berdasarkan Pasal 7 ayat (2) huruf f dan i, Pasal 10 ayat (1) huruf a dan d Undang-Undang No. 30 Tahun 2014 tentang Administrasi Pemerintahan dinyatakan :",
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"text": "Pasal 7 ayat (2): Pejabat Pemerintahan memiliki kewajiban: 1) memberikan kesempatan kepada warga masyarakat untuk didengar pendapatnya, sebelum membuat Keputusan dan/atau Tindakan sesuai dengan ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan; 2) memeriksa dan meneliti dokumen Administrasi Pemerintahan, serta membuka akses dokumen Administrasi Pemerintahan kepada warga masyarakat, kecuali ditentukan lain oleh undang-undang;",
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"text": "Pasal 10 ayat (1): Asas-Asas Umum Pemerintahan yang Baik yang dimaksud dalam Undang-Undang ini, meliputi asas: a. kepastian hukum dan d. Kecermatan;",
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"text": "Majelis Hakim berpendapat meskipun secara prosedural penerbitan objek sengketa telah memenuhi apa yang diatur dalam Peraturan Menteri Hukum Dan Hak Asasi Manusia Republik Indonesia Nomor 2 Tahun 2016 Tentang Tata Cara Pengajuan Permohonan Pengesahan Badan Hukum dan Persetujuan Perubahan Anggaran Dasar Serta Penyampaian Pemberitahuan Perubahan Anggaran Dasar Dan Perubahan Data Yayasan, namun dari aspek substansi Majelis Hakim berpendapat penerbitan Surat Keputusan Tergugat telah bertentangan dengan peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku khususnya Pasal 7 ayat (2) huruf f dan i, Pasal 10 ayat (1) huruf a dan d UUAP, sehingga telah memenuhi ketentuan sebagaimana dimaksud Pasal 53 ayat (2) huruf a Undang-Undang Nomor : 9 Tahun 2004 Tentang Perubahan Atas Undang-Undang Nomor: 5 Tahun 1986 Tentang Peradilan Tata Usaha Negara, dan oleh karenanya",
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"text": "terhadap gugatan Penggugat haruslah dikabulkan seluruhnya dan terhadap objek sengketa a quo dinyatakan batal dan kepada Tergugat diwajibkan untuk mencabut objek sengketa.",
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"text": "Berdasarkan pada Pertimbangan-pertimbangan Putusan yang diberikan oleh Majelis Hakim PTUN Jakarta tersebut, telah diajukan banding oleh Yayasan Kawaluyaan yang diwakili oleh James Nangoi (selanjutnya disebut Pembanding/Tergugat II Intervensi) dan Menteri Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia RI (selanjutnya disebut Pembanding/Tergugat).",
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"text": "Terhadap eksepsi tentang kompetensi absolut Majelis Banding memberikan pertimbangan sebagai berikut: Pembanding/Tergugat dan Pembanding/Tergugat II Intervensi dalam eksepsi dan jawaban maupun dalam memori bandingnya pada pokoknya menyatakan bahwa objek sengketa tidak memenuhi kualifikasi sebagai suatu keputusan tata usaha negara melainkan hanya sebuah tanda terima surat/pencatatan administratif. Majelis Banding menilai apakah Tindakan Pembanding/Tergugat yang memberitahukan adanya penerimaan dan pencatatan dalam SABH merupakan suatu keputusan tata usaha negara? Untuk menjawab pertanyaan tersebut di atas Majelis Banding menggunakan tolak ukur unsur beslising (memutus) dan willsforming (kehendak) yang merupakan suatu ajaran yang sudah diterima secara universal, dan telah dianut dalam Putusan Mahkamah Agung RI.",
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"text": "Menurut Majelis Banding ditinjau dari segi fungsi, sesuai dengan isinya, surat objek sengketa merupakan pemberian informasi/pemberitahuan ke Notaris Popy Sofiah Sofyan, S.H. SP.N bahwa permohonannya telah diterima dan dicatat dalam SABH. Surat objek sengketa diterbitkan setelah adanya permohonan perubahan data yang diunggah oleh Notaris Popy Sofiah Sofyan, S.H.SP.N., ke dalam SABH. SABH merupakan layanan online Pembanding/Tergugat untuk meningkatkan pelayanan kepada masyarakat untuk menciptakan tata pemerintahan yang baik (good governance) dan modern, dan notaris sebagaimana diatur dalam UU Nomor 2 Tahun 2014 tentang Perubahan Atas UU Nomor 30 Tahun 2004 tentang Jabatan Notaris pada Pasal 1 angka 1, notaris adalah pejabat umum yang berwenang untuk membuat akta otentik, yaitu suatu akta yang memiliki kekuatan pembuktian yang kuat dan penuh.",
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"text": "Notaris sebagai pejabat umum yang telah diberi wewenang membuat akta otentik bertanggung jawab penuh terhadap kebenaran akta yang dibuatnya sehingga dalam sistem online milik Pembanding/Tergugat, akta notaris tersebut diterima sebagai sebuah akta otentik yang tidak dilakukan pengujian keabsahannya, dan Pembanding/Tergugat hanya menerima dan mencatatnya dan setelah menerima dan mencatat dalam sistem online-nya, Pembanding/Tergugat membuat surat pemberitahuan penerimaan sebagaimana objek sengketa. Dengan demikian surat objek sengketa sebetulnya merupakan derifatif/turunan dari tindakan utama yang sudah terjadi yaitu pendaftaran dalam sistem SABH yang dilakukan oleh Notaris Popy Sofiah Sofyan, S.H., SP.N.",
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"text": "Majelis Banding berpendapat surat pemberitahuan tidak mengandung suatu “beslissing” sifat memutuskan atau menetapkan dari Dirjen AHU atas nama Pembanding/Tergugat. Pembanding/Tergugat hanya memberitahu bahwa kehendak Notaris Popy Sofiah Sofyan, S.H., SP.N. melakukan perubahan data telah diterima dan dicatat dalam SABH; Menimbang, bahwa dalam Objek Sengketa juga tidak ditemukan adanya sifat “Will” kehendak dari Pembanding/Tergugat, yang ada adalah “Will” kehendak dari Notaris Popy Sofiah Sofyan, S.H., SP.N; Menimbang, bahwa surat objek sengketa juga tidak termasuk dalam sebuah keputusan yang bersifat konstitutif (keputusan yang bersifat penetapan mandiri) maupun deklaratif (keputusan yang bersifat pengesahan setelah melalui proses pembahasan di tingkat pejabat pemerintahan yang",
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"text": "menetapkan keputusan yang bersifat konstitutif), sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 54 UUAP.",
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"text": "Sesuai dengan pertimbangan hukum tingkat pertama yang membatalkan surat objek sengketa dengan pertimbangan bahwa perkara No.289/Pdt.G/2019/PN.Bdg belum incracht sehingga Pembanding/Tergugat seharusnya tidak melakukan perubahan data meurut Majelis Banding seharusnya juga diterapkan terhadap Surat Nomor AHU.AH.01.06.0019186 tanggal 3 Agustus 2020, oleh karena Terbanding/Penggugat pun melakukan hal yang sama seperti yang Pembanding/Tergugat II Intervensi lakukan yaitu mengajukan permohonan perubahan data melalui SABH dan atas permohonan perubahan data tersebut Terbanding/Penggugat juga telah mendapatkan surat sejenis sebagaimana objek sengketa yaitu Surat Nomor AHU.AH.01.06.0019186 tanggal 3 Agustus 2020 tentang penerimaan perubahan data.",
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"text": "Majelis Banding berpendapat apabila surat objek sengketa dinyatakan batal maka Surat Nomor AHU.AH.01.06.0019186 tanggal 3 Agustus 2020 demi hukum juga batal karena surat tersebut juga diterbitkan pada saat perkara No.289/Pdt.G/2019/PN.Bdg belum incracht, padahal Surat Nomor AHU.AH.01.06.0019186 tanggal 3 Agustus 2020 dijadikan dasar legalitas (legal standing) Terbanding/Penggugat bertindak untuk dan atas nama Yayasan Kawaluyaan sebagai Penggugat dalam perkara ini sebagaimana dalam surat gugatannya;",
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"text": "Demikian berdasarkan semua Pertimbangan Majelis Banding diatas maka menurutnya surat objek sengketa bukanlah suatu keputusan tata usaha negara dan dengan berdasarkan pertimbangan hukum tersebut di atas, maka Majelis Banding berpendapat bahwa eksepsi dari Pembanding/Tergugat dan Pembanding/Tergugat II Intervensi terkait dengan status hukum objek sengketa tidak memenuhi kualifikasi sebagai suatu Keputusan Tata Usaha Negara adalah beralasan menurut hukum sehingga eksepsi tersebut dapat diterima sehingga oleh karena eksepsi mengenai objek sengketa yang digugat oleh Pembanding/Penggugat adalah tidak memenuhi kualifikasi sebagai suatu Keputusan Tata Usaha Negara, maka Pengadilan Tata Usaha Negara tidak berwenang untuk memeriksa dan memutus Objek Sengketa, dan dengan demikian eksepsi yang lain tidak perlu lagi untuk dipertimbangkan.",
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"text": "Notaris sebagai pejabat umum yang berwenang untuk membuat akta autentik dan memiliki kewenangan lainnya sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 1 ayat (1) Undang- Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2014 tentang Perubahan Atas Undang-Undang Nomor 30 Tahun 2004 tentang Jabatan Notaris, mempunyai kewenangan untuk membuat akta pendirian Yayasan (Pangemanan, 2016). Ruang lingkup kewenangan notaris adalah dalam bidang hukum perdata untuk menciptakan kepastian hukum melalui akta autentik. Akta autentik termasuk dalam alat bukti tertulis. Dalam Pendirian Yayasan maupun Perubahan Yayasan diwajiban untuk membuat Akta Notaris dan pengesahan atau penerimaan melalui surat Keputusan oleh Menteri hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia (Riszky, 2022).",
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"text": "otentik yang tidak dilakukan pengujian keabsahannya, dan Pembanding/Tergugat hanya menerima dan mencatatnya dan setelah menerima dan mencatat dalam sistem online-nya, Pembanding/Tergugat membuat surat pemberitahuan penerimaan sebagaimana objek sengketa. Dengan demikian surat objek sengketa sebetulnya merupakan derifatif/turunan dari tindakan utama yang sudah terjadi yaitu pendaftaran dalam sistem SABH yang dilakukan oleh Notaris Popy Sofiah Sofyan, S.H., SP.N.;",
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"text": "Romejin mengemukakan bahwa Tindakan pemerintah adalah tiap-tiap Tindakan atau perbuatan dari yang satu alat administrasi negara (bestuur organ) yang mencangkup juga perbuatan atau hal-hal yang berada diluar lapangan hukum tata pemerintahan, seperti keamanan, peradilan dan lain-lain dengan maksud menimbulkan akibat hukum dalam bidang hukum Administrasi (Wibawa & Putu, 2020). Perbuatan Pemerintah yang termasuk golongan perbuatan hukum dapat berupa: A. Perbuatan hukum menurut hukum privat (sipil)",
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"text": "Dapatkah administrasi negara mengadakan hubungan hukum berdasarkan hukum privat? Terdapat dua pendapat yang mengataka; administrasi tidak dapat menggunakan hukum privat dan administrasi dapat menggunakan hukum privat",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 309,
"width": 428,
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"text": "Pendapat kedua yang menyatakan bahwa administrasi negara dalam menjalankan tugasnya dalam beberapa hal dapat juga menggunakan hukum privat. Tetapi untuk menyelesaikan suatu soal khusus dalam lapangan administrasi negara telah tersedia peraturan-peraturan hukum publik, maka administrasi negara harus menggunakan hukum publik itu dan tidak dapat menggunakan hukum privat. Pendapat ini dikemukakan oleh Prof. Krabbe,Kranenburg Vegting,Donner dan Huart. B. Perbuatan hukum menurut hukum publik terbagi atas dua yaitu:",
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{
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"top": 406,
"width": 428,
"height": 24,
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"page_width": 595,
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"text": "1) Perbuatan hukum publik yang bersegi satu artinya hukum publik itu lebih merupakan kehendak satu pihak saja yaitu pemerintah.",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"top": 433,
"width": 198,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "2) Perbuatan hukum publik bersegi dua.",
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 447,
"width": 429,
"height": 135,
"page_number": 10,
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"text": "Akta merupakan suatu perjanjian yang dalam prakteknya diatur dalam Hukum Perdata atau masuk dalam ranah Hukum Privat (Tutik & SH, 2015). Sedangkan Tindakan badan atau pejabat Administrasi dalam hal ini Menteri Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia masuk dalam ranah hukum publik. Oleh karena Tindakan pendirian maupun perubahan itu adalah merupakan perbuatan hukum bersegi dua yang melibatkan aspek hukum publik dan hukum privat. Prakteknya terkait dengan Akta Pendirian maupun perubahan Yayasan disengketakant di pengadilan negeri karena menyangkut ranah Hukum Privat. Sedangkan Tindakan Badan/Pejabat Administrasi dalam hal ini Menteri Hukum dan Hak Asasi manusia dalam menerima atau menerbitkan Surat Keputusan di sengketakan di pengadilan Tata Usaha Negara yang merupakan ranah hukum publik.",
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{
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"width": 428,
"height": 80,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Dalam kasus ini dalam kasus ini Akta merupakan suatu perjanjian yang dalam prakteknya diatur dalam Hukum Perdata atau masuk dalam ranah Hukum Privat. Sedangkan Tindakan badan atau pejabat Administrasi dalam hal ini Menteri Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia masuk dalam ranah hukum publik. Oleh karena Tindakan pendirian maupun perubahan data yayasan itu adalah merupakan perbuatan hukum bersegi dua yang melibatkan aspek hukum publik dan hukum privat (Puang, 2015).",
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"text": "Prakteknya terkait dengan Akta Pendirian maupun perubahan Yayasan disengketa di pengadilan negeri karena menyangkut ranah Hukum Privat. Sedangkan Tindakan Badan/Pejabat Administrasi dalam hal ini Menteri Hukum dan Hak Asasi manusia dalam menerima atau menerbitkan Surat Keputusan di sengketakan di pengadilan Tata Usaha Negara yang merupakan ranah hukum publik. Bahwa dalam pasal 53 ayat (1) Undang- undang Nomor: 9 Tahun 2004 dinyatakan bahwa:",
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"text": "Kedudukan Surat Penerimaan Pemberitahuan Perubahan Data Yayasan sebagai Objek Sengketa di Peradilan Tata Usaha Negara",
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"text": "Syntax Literate , Vol. 8, No. 7, Juli 2023",
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"text": "4807",
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{
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"text": "Orang atau badan hukum perdata yang merasa kepentingannya dirugikan oleh suatu Keputusan Tata Usaha Negara dapat mengajukan gugatan tertulis kepada Pengadilan yang berwenang yang berisi tuntuan agar Keputusan Tata Usaha Negara yang disengketakan itu dinyatakan batal atau tidak sah, dengan atau tanpa disertai tuntutan ganti rugi dan/atau rehabilitas.",
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"text": "Oleh sebab itu jelas bahwa terdapat pihak yang dirugikan dengan terbitnya objek sengketa sehingga bisa disengketakan di Pengadilan Tata Usaha Negara dan terkait dengan akta menjadi kewenagan pengadilan Negeri (sengketa perdata) (Mintarum & Afhami, 2022).",
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{
"left": 85,
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"width": 428,
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"page_number": 11,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Sesuai dengan kewenagan atau kompetensi absolut dari Pengadilan Negeri (sengketa perdata). Selanjutnya penulis akan melihat dari Surat Penerimaan Pemberitahuan Perubahan data Yayasan yang dikeluarkan oleh Menteri Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia RI yang menjadi objek sengketa di kasus ini.",
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"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Sesuai dengan badan hukum Yayasan terdapat 3 macam/jenis perubahan dalam Yayasan yaitu sebagai berikut:",
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{
"left": 85,
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"text": "1) Perubahan Anggaran Dasar Yayasan yang harus mendapat Persetujuan Menteri yaitu: (a) Perubahan Nama Yayasan. (b) Perubahan Kegiatan Yayasan.",
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{
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"width": 428,
"height": 52,
"page_number": 11,
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"text": "2) Perubahan Anggaran Dasar Yayasan yang diberitahukan kepada Menteri. Perubahan Anggaran Dasar Yayasan ini merupakan perubahan selain perubahan yang dimaksud dalam angka 1 (satu) di atas, yang cukup diberitahukan kepada Menteri: Perubahan Pasal atau ayat dalam anggaran dasar Yayasan.",
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 378,
"width": 428,
"height": 39,
"page_number": 11,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "3) Perubahan data Yayasan yang diberitahukan kepada Menteri. Perubahan data Yayasan ini meliputi: (a) Perubahan Pembina Yayasan. (b) Perubahan atau Pengangkatan Kembali pengurus/atau Pengawas Yayasan. (c) Perubahan alamat lengkap Yayasan.",
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 419,
"width": 428,
"height": 135,
"page_number": 11,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Dalam kasus ini, objek sengekta adalah Surat Jenderal Administrasi Hukum Umum atas nama Menteri Hukum dan HAM RI Nomor: AHU-AH.01.06-0019613, diterbitkan tanggal 23 Agustus 2020, perihal penerimaan perubahan data Yayasan Kawaluyaan. Isi dari surat objek sengketa selengkapnya sebagai berikut: “Sesuai dengan data dalam format Isian Perubahan yang disimpan di dalam Sistem Administrasi Badan Hukum berdasarkan Akta Notaris Nomor 06, tanggal 21 Agustus 2020 yang dibuat oleh Notaris Popy Sofiah Sofyan, S.H. SP.N, berkedudukan di Kabupaten Bandung, mengenai perubahan Pembina, Pengurus, Pengawas, Yayasan Kawaluyaan, berkedudukan di Kota Bandung, telah diterima dan dicatat di dalam Sistem Administrasi Badan Hukum. Demikian untuk diketahui”",
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{
"left": 85,
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"width": 428,
"height": 80,
"page_number": 11,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Berdasarkan pada penjelasan tersebut di atas, perubahan yayasan dalam objek sengekta termasuk dalam point ke 3 (tiga) yang ditinjau dari segi fungsi, sesuai dengan isinya, surat objek sengketa merupakan pemberian informasi/pemberitahuan ke Notaris Popy Sofiah Sofyan, S.H. SP.N bahwa permohonannya telah diterima dan dicatat dalam SABH. Namun tidak dapat dipungkiri bahwa menteri hukum dan HAM juga dijadikan tergugat III di peradilan perdata.",
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{
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"width": 428,
"height": 108,
"page_number": 11,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Berdasarkan pada penjelasan tersebut di atas, perubahan yayasan dalam objek sengekta termasuk dalam point ke 3 (tiga) yang ditinjau dari segi fungsi, sesuai dengan isinya, surat objek sengketa merupakan pemberian informasi/pemberitahuan ke Notaris Popy Sofiah Sofyan, S.H. SP.N bahwa permohonannya telah diterima dan dicatat dalam SABH. Benar bahwa sesuai dengan pertimbangan hukum majelis banding bahwa surat pemberitahuan tidak mengandung suatu “beslissing” sifat memutuskan atau menetapkan dari Dirjen AHU atas nama Pembanding/Tergugat dalam hal ini Menteri hukum dan HAM.",
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"page_number": 12,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "Jenifer Beatrix Renjaan, Rasji",
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{
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"width": 24,
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"text": "4808",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
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"width": 196,
"height": 11,
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"text": "Syntax Literate , Vol. 8, No. 7, Juli 2023",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 88,
"width": 428,
"height": 66,
"page_number": 12,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Pembanding/Tergugat hanya memberitahu bahwa kehendak Notaris Popy Sofiah Sofyan, S.H., SP.N. melakukan perubahan data telah diterima dan dicatat dalam SABH; bahwa dalam Objek Sengketa juga tidak ditemukan adanya sifat “Will” kehendak dari Pembanding/Tergugat, yang ada adalah “Will” kehendak dari Notaris Popy Sofiah Sofyan, S.H., SP.N.",
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"text": "Bahwa surat objek sengketa juga tidak termasuk dalam sebuah keputusan yang bersifat konstitutif (keputusan yang bersifat penetapan mandiri) maupun deklaratif (keputusan yang bersifat pengesahan setelah melalui proses pembahasan di tingkat pejabat pemerintahan yang menetapkan keputusan yang bersifat konstitutif), sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 54 UUAP (Putra, 2020).",
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"text": "Namun Menurut pertimbangan hukum majelis tingkat pertama sesuai dengan fakta hukum di persidangan terhadap objek sengketa dikeluarkan dalam masa proses gugatan di peradilan umum yang belum ada putusan pengadilan yang berkekuatan hukum tetap (inkracht van gewijsde) dan pada saat itu Menteri hukum dan HAM juga dijadikan Terggugat III dalam perkara di peradilan umum tersebut.",
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"text": "Menurut majelis banding bahwa dalam pertimbangan hukum tingkat pertama yang membatalkan surat objek sengketa dengan pertimbangan bahwa perkara perdata belum incracht sehingga Menteri hukum dan HAM seharusnya tidak melakukan perubahan data seharusnya juga diterapkan terhadap Surat Nomor AHU.AH.01.06.0019186 tanggal 3 Agustus 2020, oleh karena Terbanding/Penggugat pun melakukan hal yang sama seperti yang Pembanding/Tergugat II Intervensi lakukan yaitu mengajukan permohonan perubahan data melalui SABH dan atas permohonan perubahan data tersebut Terbanding/Penggugat juga telah mendapatkan surat sejenis sebagaimana objek sengketa yaitu Surat Nomor AHU.AH.01.06.0019186 tanggal 3 Agustus 2020 tentang penerimaan perubahan data.",
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"width": 428,
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"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Sehingga Majelis Banding berpendapat apabila surat objek sengketa dinyatakan batal maka Surat Nomor AHU.AH.01.06.0019186 tanggal 3 Agustus 2020 demi hukum juga batal karena surat tersebut juga diterbitkan pada saat perkara No.289/Pdt.G/2019/PN.Bdg belum incracht, padahal Surat",
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"left": 85,
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"height": 52,
"page_number": 12,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Nomor AHU.AH.01.06.0019186 tanggal 3 Agustus 2020 dijadikan dasar legalitas (legal standing) Terbanding/Penggugat bertindak untuk dan atas nama Yayasan Kawaluyaan sebagai Penggugat dalam perkara ini sebagaimana dalam surat gugatannya.",
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{
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"text": "Berdasarkan pada perbedaan pertimbangan diatas, menurut penulis terdapat kelemahan dari penerapan SABH yang diterapkan oleh Menteri hukum dan HAM oleh sistim pelayanan secara elektronik (berlaku istilah “First Come First Serve“), Sedangkan faktanya banyak nama-nama yang diajukan oleh pemohon yang dikemudian hari baru ditemukan adanya permasalahan terkait dengan keabsahan atau masih adanya permasalahan hukum berkaitan dengan berkas yang dijadikan lampiran dan diserahkan kepada notaris, yang dijadikan pelengkap dokumen persyaratan untuk diajukannya permohonan perubahan data kepada Menteri hukum dan HAM oleh karenanya Tindakan Menteri hukum dan HAM bertentangan dengan Pasal 10 ayat (1) huruf (a) dan (d) UUAP yaitu melanggar asas kepastian hukum dan asas kecermata.",
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"text": "Putusan majelis banding dalam mengadili perkara haruslah menggambarkan adanya penegakan hukum itu sendiri, apakah telah dilaksanakan baik atau tidak, apakah putusan itu melanggar kepastian hukum untuk mencapai keadilan, apakah putusan itu meninggalkan keadilan untuk mencapai kepastian hukum, ataukah apakah putusan tersebut mampu menyelaraskan antara kepastian hukum dengan keadilan yang ingin dicapai.",
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"text": "Kedudukan Surat Penerimaan Pemberitahuan Perubahan Data Yayasan sebagai Objek Sengketa di Peradilan Tata Usaha Negara",
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"text": "Syntax Literate , Vol. 8, No. 7, Juli 2023",
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"text": "4809",
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{
"left": 85,
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"width": 428,
"height": 80,
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"text": "Berdasarkan pada hal tersebut penulis berpendapat bahwa majelis banding telah keliru dalam majatuhkan putusan tingkat banding. Surat penerimaan perubahan data yang menjadi objek sengketa seharusnya dibatalkan terlebih dahulu dalam rangka memperbaiki adanya kekurangan dari penerapan sistem SABH berupa sistem pelayanan secara elektronik yang diterapkan oleh Menteri hukum dan HAM yang menyebabkan ketidakpastian hukum.",
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"text": "Sesuai dengan Prinsip kekuasaan kehakiman yang merdeka itu sendiri antara lain harus diwujudkan dalam sikap independensi hakim dalam memeriksa dan memutus perkara yang dihadapinya, pertimbangan hakim merupakan salah satu aspek terpenting dalam menentukan terwujudnya nilai dari suatu putusan hakim yang mengandung keadilan (ex aequo et bono) dan mengandung kepastian hukum, di samping itu juga mengandung manfaat bagi para pihak yang bersangkutan sehingga pertimbangan hakim ini harus disikapi dengan teliti, baik, dan cermat (Pasetyo, Islamil, Rasyid, & Asih, 2021).",
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"text": "Apabila pertimbangan hakim tidak teliti, baik, dan cermat, maka putusan hakim yang berasal dari pertimbangan hakim tersebut akan dibatalkan oleh Pengadilan Tinggi Mahkamah Agung berdasarkan pada perkara nomor 171 K/TUN/2022 dalam kasus ini.",
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"text": "Kesimpulan",
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"text": "Dalam putusan PTUN Jakarta Menurut pertimbangan hukum majelis tingkat pertama sesuai dengan fakta hukum di persidangan terhadap objek sengketa dikeluarkan dalam masa proses gugatan di peradilan umum yang belum ada putusan pengadilan yang berkekuatan hukum tetap (inkracht van gewijsde) dan pada saat itu Menteri hukum dan HAM yang mengeluarkan objek sengketa juga dijadikan Tergugat III dalam perkara di peradilan umum tersebut.",
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"text": "Menurut majelis banding bahwa dalam pertimbangan hukum tingkat pertama yang membatalkan surat objek sengketa dengan pertimbangan bahwa perkara perdata belum incracht sehingga Menteri hukum dan HAM seharusnya tidak melakukan perubahan data seharusnya juga diterapkan terhadap Surat Nomor AHU.AH.01.06.0019186 tanggal 3 Agustus 2020, oleh karena Yayasan Kawaluyaan yang diwakili oleh Alisar (selanjutnya disebut Terbanding/Penggugat) pun melakukan hal yang sama seperti yang Pembanding/Tergugat II Intervensi dalam hal ini Yayasan kawaluyaan yang diwakili oleh James Nangoi lakukan yaitu mengajukan permohonan perubahan data melalui SABH dan atas permohonan perubahan data tersebut Terbanding/Penggugat juga telah mendapatkan surat sejenis sebagaimana objek sengketa yaitu Surat Nomor AHU.AH.01.06.0019186 tanggal 3 Agustus 2020 tentang penerimaan perubahan data.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "Sehingga Majelis Banding berpendapat apabila surat objek sengketa dinyatakan batal maka Surat Nomor AHU.AH.01.06.0019186 tanggal 3 Agustus 2020 demi hukum juga batal karena surat tersebut juga diterbitkan pada saat perkara perdata belum incracht, padahal Surat Nomor AHU.AH.01.06.0019186 tanggal 3 Agustus 2020 dijadikan dasar legalitas (legal standing) Terbanding/Penggugat bertindak untuk dan atas nama Yayasan Kawaluyaan sebagai Penggugat dalam perkara ini sebagaimana dalam surat gugatannya.",
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"text": "Berdasarkan pada perbedaan pertimbangan diatas, menurut penulis terdapat kelemahan dari penerapan SABH yang diterapkan oleh Menteri hukum dan HAM oleh sistim pelayanan secara elektronik (berlaku istilah “First Come First Serve“), Sedangkan",
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"text": "faktanya banyak nama-nama yang diajukan oleh pemohon yang dikemudian hari baru ditemukan adanya permasalahan terkait dengan keabsahan atau masih adanya permasalahan hukum berkaitan dengan berkas yang dijadikan lampiran dan diserahkan kepada notaris, yang dijadikan pelengkap dokumen persyaratan untuk diajukannya permohonan perubahan data kepada Menteri hukum dan HAM oleh karenanya Tindakan Menteri hukum dan HAM bertentangan dengan Pasal 10 ayat (1) huruf (a) dan (d) UUAP yaitu melanggar asas kepastian hukum dan asas kecermata.",
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"text": "Putusan majelis banding dalam mengadili perkara haruslah menggambarkan adanya penegakan hukum itu sendiri, apakah telah dilaksanakan baik atau tidak, apakah putusan itu melanggar kepastian hukum untuk mencapai keadilan, apakah putusan itu meninggalkan keadilan untuk mencapai kepastian hukum, ataukah apakah putusan tersebut mampu menyelaraskan antara kepastian hukum dengan keadilan yang ingin dicapai.",
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"text": "Berdasarkan pada hal tersebut penulis berpendapat bahwa majelis banding telah keliru dalam menjatuhkan putusan tingkat banding. Surat penerimaan perubahan data yang menjadi objek sengketa seharusnya dibatalkan terlebih dahulu dalam rangka memperbaiki adanya kekurangan dari penerapan sistem SABH berupa sistem pelayanan secara elektronik yang diterapkan oleh Menteri hukum dan HAM yang menyebabkan ketidakpastian hukum.",
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"text": "Brawijaya University, Indonesia cacaimani@student.ub.ac.id; ive@ub.ac.id correspondence: cacaimani@student.ub.ac.id https://doi.org/10.24071/uc.v2i2.3849 received 11 October 2021; accepted 12 November 2021",
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"text": "As a side effect of the emergency transition to remote online learning, all Indonesian schools and universities have stopped teaching in classroom settings in mid-March 2020 and began using internet platforms to deliver online learning activities. However, there are issues concerning students' perseverance and achievement as fully online learning is implemented. Considering many learners may not be able to concentrate on studying under traumatic circumstances, such as a pandemic, it is necessary to consider learning strategies that produce learning opportunities for all students to achieve specific goals in distance learning. Writing skills are considered the most challenging of all language skills among English as foreign language (EFL) students. When students use an online self-regulated learning (OSEL) strategy in learning writing, they can control their performance and benefit from online learning by adjusting their behaviors. Thus, the aim of the study is to find the causal relationship between OSEL strategy and writing skills.",
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"text": "Keywords: online learning, OSEL, self-regulated learning, writing skills",
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"text": "Due to the novel coronavirus disease 2019 or Covid-19's pandemic outbreak, almost all human activities have shifted online (Kramer & Kramer, 2020). The side effects of the pandemic are also being felt in the education system (Stambough et al., 2020). For education, the pandemic gives both challenges (Daniel, 2020) and opportunities (Azorín, 2020). As a side effect of the emergency transition to remote online learning, all Indonesian schools and universities have stopped teaching in classroom settings in mid-March 2020 and began using internet platforms to deliver online learning activities. In this environment, students can learn and interact with instructors and other students from anywhere, since time and location are no longer barriers (Singh & Thurman, 2019). This allows students to live far away from the campus and juggle their studies with other responsibilities such as work and family. Regardless of these advantages, proficiency in a virtual learning environment is often dependent on the students’ abilities to continually and independently participate in the learning process, as students face challenges adapting to the unplanned shift to online learning (Baticulon et al., 2021). Nonetheless, there are issues concerning students' perseverance and achievement as fully online learning is implemented. Considering many learners may not be able to concentrate on",
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"text": "UC Journal , e-ISSN 2774-9401, Vol. 2, No. 2, November 2021, pp. 96-104",
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"text": "studying under traumatic circumstances, such as a pandemic, it is necessary to consider learning strategies that produce learning opportunities for all learners to achieve specific goals in distance learning. However, students who are under duress may find it more challenging to be self-directed than usual.",
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"text": "Learning a language requires an appropriate and effective strategy. When learning a language, learners need to take active roles in the learning process and be prepared with strategies to control their learning (Griffiths, 2018). However, learners are involved with using many different methods while learning a language; for example, some strategies could provide the maximum benefits for some learners, yet others are ineffective. Therefore, they must be equipped with designs that are most suited to them. The student's capacity to control their learning process is essential to the efficacy of online learning. (Nikolaki et al., 2017). Self-regulated learning (SRL) is a learning theory that outlines how individuals control their own learning. Several theories have already been explained about self-regulation, and one of those is Zimmerman (1990), who states that self-regulated learners can manage their learning while also simultaneously actively participating in accomplishing their academic goals.",
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"text": "SRL is founded on a variety of theoretical models that serve as frameworks for conducting SRL research. According to Zimmerman and Moylan (2009), the SRL model is divided into three stages; planning, performance, and self-reflection. Students analyze the assignment, establish targets, and develop a strategy to achieve targets throughout the planning stage. A variety of motivational beliefs can influence their learning approach’s engagement and stimulate their process. During the performance stage, students execute the work whilst tracking performance and adopting various self-regulated strategies to remain academically motivated as well as actively engaged in the learning process to accomplish assignments. Subsequently, during the self-reflection stage, students assess how well they did the assignment and design the new strategies for future learning.",
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"text": "Nevertheless, the self-regulation of students in online learning environments may differ from traditional learning (Barnard et al., 2009). Online learners may need to design their own learning strategy, determine how to engage with course material, manage their time effectively, and stay on track despite competing life priorities. Because of the significant differences in academic outcomes between two learning environments, students' online self-regulation (OSEL) may become a construct made up of several components. For this research, we will focus on the English language, specifically in writing abilities. The OSEL strategy is presumed to contribute to the achievement of the language learning goal. The goal of learning English, as is well known, is to improve oral communication and written language abilities. However, writing skills are often considered the most challenging of all language skills among English as foreign language (EFL) students. This is because, unlike other skills of language, learning writing requires learners to properly organize and develop their ideas (Thi & Anh, 2019). That being the case, in order to write properly in a foreign language, EFL students need to have more and higher cognitive abilities. Thus, the study's goal is to determine the causal relationship between OSEL strategy and writing skills.",
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"text": "The data for analysis was gathered through library research. Library research can also be described as the process of reviewing, analyzing, and interpreting research materials in order to collect data from the literature (Zed, 2004). The research was carried out by examining books and academic journals for summaries, descriptions, and overviews of the research concerns in the question. Particular topics are investigated in order to discover the significance and correlation of current research with a larger field of study. This research provides information related to the OSEL strategy for developing writing skills in online learning for giving the reader a basic knowledge of the topic.",
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"text": "Established on the five OSEL components modified from Zheng et al., (2016), OSEL is a self-learning strategy that enables learners in managing and synchronizing information. There are five OSEL components; goal planning, environment-structuring, task strategies, time management, help-assistance, as well as self-reflection. When it comes to goal planning, it demonstrates how online learners set short and long-term targets to guide them through every action they take when learning English. The term environment-structuring refers to a learners' technique for finding an appropriate environment in which to study English online in order to optimize learning, reduce anxiety, and enhance emotional and behavioral stability. The task strategies refer to how learners could prevent interruption by reading loud English materials or resources on the internet and preparing questions before getting the materials or resources. The time management strategies refer to how learners learn English online while maintaining social and life activities at the same time. The help-seeking strategies refer to how learners seek assistance when their knowledge or comprehension is insufficient to allow them to solve an issue independently during learning English online. Furthermore, the self-reflection strategies highlight how students interact with one another by exchanging knowledge that occurred during the learning process in order to enhance their learning abilities. As a result, the components such as students' behavior, emotions, environment, motivations, and thoughts contribute to the self-regulation process during learning English online and are associated with academic achievement.",
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"text": "A number of research studies have been carried out to investigate the use of OSEL in an online environment. Outstanding online students are motivated in academic and have a high level of self-efficacy, (Alkış et al., 2018), have proper time management skills (Broadbent, 2017), able to set certain goals, review learning materials, and persevere (Kizilcec et al., 2017). Hence, for students to engage in online learning activities, such as studying English writing, this strategy is essential. Students who have higher levels of self-regulation will be highly motivated to learn. Students with high-level of self-regulated learning abilities remain to be continually conversant with the progress that they made. Students' academic performance will improve because they have appropriate self-regulation abilities, such as being aware of their learning goals, monitoring and managing their study time, and properly designing their learning plans.",
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"text": "UC Journal , e-ISSN 2774-9401, Vol. 2, No. 2, November 2021, pp. 96-104",
"type": "Page header"
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"text": "Barnard et al., (2009) examined the construct aspects of learners' OSEL and divided them into six types: goal planning, environment-structuring, time management, help-seeking, task strategies, and self-reflecting. Previous study has revealed there is a significant correlation between OSEL and English achievement in online learning (Stasya & Emaliana, 2021). According to a study done by Broadbent (2017), OSEL is essential in assisting students' time management and effort regulation skills in online learning. Students with good time management and effort regulation abilities can accomplish tasks on time and attend class while maintaining social and life activities at the same time. Nonetheless, if learners experience difficulties in online learning due to the lack of OSEL abilities, it is possible that they lack sufficient goal commitment, self-efficacy, or perseverance to accomplish assignments (M. H. Cho & Shen, 2013).",
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"text": "Writing skills",
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"height": 177,
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"text": "Writing requires not only knowledge of grammar, vocabulary, and a genre, but also the capacity to self-regulate one's learning (Zimmerman & Risemberg, 1997). It is a challenging task that necessitates a certain amount of linguistics understanding, strategic thinking, vocabulary, and grammar. As a result, cognitive and metacognitive processes are involved (Graham et al., 2007). EFL students, on the other hand, face some challenges in mastering English. When students attempt to construct a sentence, paragraph, or text, they frequently encounter problems. Some issues can be discovered in text writing such as students who rarely write in English have a hard time expressing their ideas or thoughts. They are usually afraid of making errors and lack self-efficacy when it comes to writing. Identification of the challenges students face in their writing, which enhances their awareness and stimulates the use of learning strategies, is an essential component in assisting students in developing their writing ability.",
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"text": "OSEL and writing skills",
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"text": "The writing self-regulated learning (SRL) strategy is defined as self-initiated activities used by writers to obtain a variety of literary goals, such as improving writing outcomes and abilities (Zimmerman & Risemberg, 1997). The focus on enhancing students' self-regulatory capacity has led initiatives to include metacognitive training to improve learners' self-regulation abilities in writing (Teng, 2016). According to Teng and Huang (2019), learners must be given opportunities to acquire metacognitive awareness. Learners, who have acquired a metacognitive strategy, will become more independent, able to plan, monitor, and assess their learning process.",
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"text": "Writing purposes are an important component of the process of writing. Even if students comprehend the assignment, they may begin writing without having a clear aim in mind. They may be so focused on accomplishing the task that they neglect to consider its goal. It is also difficult for learners to improve their abilities over time if their targets are not clearly stated. Prior research has shown that goal- oriented students may achieve success in a specific activity by acquiring information, skills, and assessing their own previous performance (Bouffard et al., 1995). According to Bai (2018)'s finding, high competence students exhibited significantly higher self-management for writing achievement. Learners acquire self-learning management and monitoring over their own learning process by",
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"text": "UC Journal , e-ISSN 2774-9401, Vol. 2, No. 2, November 2021, pp. 96-104",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 303,
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"text": "100",
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{
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"text": "implementing metacognitive strategies. They establish their academic targets, develop strategies for achieving them, and assess whether or not their goals have been reached.",
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"text": "Learners, who lack OSEL abilities, can use the internet to support and improve their self-regulated learning (Yot-Domínguez & Marcelo, 2017). Students can access all of the information and resources they need to assist them during their writing assignment. However, they frequently rush in without fully comprehending what they are meant to perform. With the assistance of task strategy, learners could use a read-aloud technique in conjunction with writing skills to model how a particular text should be constructed when reading materials uploaded online. OSEL is essential in online learning since it allows institutions and teachers to assess students' efficacy and provide appropriate support. Students' online learning performance varies substantially depending on their self-regulation characteristics. Moreover, according to Li et al., (2020)’s finding, self-regulation allows students to outperform less self-regulated learners when it comes to completing tasks. Students frequently become distracted while working on writing assignment.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 113,
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"height": 439,
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"text": "Help-seeking is a useful learning strategy that can assist online students in improving their writing abilities by giving feedback. Help-seeking refers to when pupils are facing academic challenges and actively seek assistance (Cheng & Tsai, 2011). It is one among many learning strategies students adopt to enhance their learning, such as continuing and organizing their studies, taking notes, outlining their work, and reviewing. Learners receive feedback on the outcome of their learning or on areas where they need to improve, which encourages them to continue practicing. Xu (2021) discovered that feedback-seeking orientation in writing was associated with cognitive, metacognitive, social behavior, and motivational OSEL strategy in a positive and significant way. However, many EFL students are still reluctant to seek assistance when they are experiencing difficulties. Not only can reflecting assist students improve their writing abilities, but it also benefits students by allowing them to learn about their learning experiences as well as for teachers during learning activities. It evaluates students' strengths and weaknesses, develops their cognitive and metacognitive abilities, enables students to develop their learning styles, improves their personalities, and encourages them to be self-motivated (Klimova, 2014). Learners will be able to improve their general writing skills, such as grammar and vocabulary, by doing so. They can improve their writing and thinking skills by adopting this approach. It also performs as a witness to self-improvement in the learning process. However, Fathi et al., (2019) revealed that the peer-review exceeded the self-review during a writing assignment. The result might be explained by the fact that peers’ comments and evaluations offered scaffolding and a type of mediated regulation to the participants, which is believed to have improved students' self-regulation. As a result of systematic engagement and the mutual need between students and competency methods, teachers must be involved in designing a plan for learners' self-regulated learning. This highlights the necessity of OSEL assistance in online environments for assisting learners in obtaining academic achievement in learning English writing. Hill and Hannafin (2001) proposed conceptual support as a tool for helping students in prioritizing knowledge. Learners can benefit from metacognitive support while measuring their progress. The usage of materials can be facilitated through procedural support. Lastly, strategic support can provide alternative possibilities for",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "UC Journal , e-ISSN 2774-9401, Vol. 2, No. 2, November 2021, pp. 96-104",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 303,
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"text": "101",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
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"text": "completing tasks. From that, it can be said that the teacher’s presence is still important and necessary to assist students’ OSEL in developing their writing skills in online learning.",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"text": "In improving students’ writing ability during the coronavirus outbreak, the following model hypothesis of causal relationship among them is developed:",
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"text": "Figure 1. The model hypothesis of a causal relationship between OSEL and English writing skills.",
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{
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"text": "The proposed model hypothesis of a causal relationship between OSEL strategy and writing skills is described above. OSEL has a significant contribution to developing students’ writing skills during online learning. To be effective, the components of OSEL must be used consistently. In order to deliver maximum benefits, consistency is required throughout learning strategies. In terms of teaching and learning process, considering students' problems may pose obstacles in OSEL, the presence of teachers in assisting students in overcoming these challenges are essential. When OSEL is employed at their best, learners will earn benefits in language learning, especially in writing skills. Thus, they will get good achievement in learning writing, that is proven by the ability to concentrate in online learning. As a result, the present research findings contribute to the interpretation of how OSEL strategy has a relationship with students’ English achievement, notably with writing achievement. Therefore, the hypothesis is formulated as follows: the higher the level of self-regulation in EFL students' online learning, the better their writing achievement. Accordingly, based on current indications and various theories derived from findings in studies on the analysis of possible relationships between OSEL strategy and writing skills in online learning, the tentative answer on their relationships is developed.",
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"text": "Conclusion",
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"height": 107,
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"text": "To obtain better and optimal academic achievement and performances, learners must be self-regulated and engaged in the learning process. Improving writing skills necessitates hard work and perseverance in reviewing, elaborating, and interpreting materials. Learners will perform better in an online learning environment if they have appropriate strategies for completing tasks. By encouraging students to acquire understanding and abilities on their own, OSEL can help individuals become more motivated and engaged to study. As a result, the contribution of the instructor and teacher in online learning is essential.",
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"text": "Moreover, the emergence of technologies has changed learning environments. Hence, we need to extend our research in the online learning environment to investigate how OSEL strategies significantly promote' writing competency among university students in an EFL writing context. Further investigation into the significance of OSEL in online learning will extend SRL theories within virtual learning environments and enhance student outcomes, particularly in English writing proficiency.",
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"text": "ONLINE SELF-REGULATED",
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"text": "LEARNING (OSEL)",
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"text": "WRITING SKILLS",
"type": "Caption"
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{
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"text": "UC Journal , e-ISSN 2774-9401, Vol. 2, No. 2, November 2021, pp. 96-104",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 303,
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"page_width": 595,
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"text": "102",
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"text": "References",
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{
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568750b6-067b-611b-2625-d5171b2ce708 | https://iptek.its.ac.id/index.php/geosaintek/article/download/2947/2291 | [
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"text": "IDENTIFIKASI REKAHAN DANGKAL AKIBAT AKTIVITAS LUMPUR SIDOARJO DI KECAMATAN TANGGULANGIN – KABUPATEN SIDOARJO MENGGUNAKAN METODE GROUND PENETRATING RADAR (GPR)",
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"text": "Ilham Adi Pratama 1) , Dwa Desa Warnana 1) , Firman Syaifuddin 1)",
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"text": "1 Teknik Geofisika, Fakultas Teknik Sipil dan Perencanaan, Instittut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember Email: Ilham.adhy@gmail.com",
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"text": "Abstrak. Rencana pengeboran sumur gas baru PT. Lapindo Brantas di Tanggulangin, Sidoarjo dinilai beresiko karena lokasinya yang dekat dengan pusat semburan yang telah rusak dan masih sangat rawan, sehingga masih ada potensi keluarnya semburan di area tanggul dan sekitarnya jika dibor. Selain itu, aktivitas lumpur sidoarjo menyebabkan kondisi bawah permukaan di daerah penelitian menjadi rentan terhadap resiko rekahan dan penurunan tanah. Oleh sebab itu, perlu dilakukan penelitian tentang kondisi bawah permukaan dangkal menggunakan metode Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) yang bertujuan untuk mendeteksi rekahan dangkal yang berada di sekitar daerah rencana pengeboran. Metode GPR dipilih karena dapat memetakan kondisi bawah permukaan yang dangkal secara terperinci dengan resolusi yang tinggi. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini, diketahui bahwa pada daerah rencana pengeboran terdapat banyak rekahan berpola radial dengan arah barat daya-timur laut dan rekahan berpola melingkar (circular) yang berarah barat laut-tenggara. Kondisi tersebut membuat daerah bawah permukaan di sekitar lokasi rencana pengeboran menjadi tidak stabil dan berisiko karena dapat menyebabkan penurunan tanah di daerah sekitar dan dikhawatirkan dapat memperluas semburan lumpur panas pada daerah penelitian.",
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"text": "Kata Kunci: Rekahan, Lumpur Panas, GPR",
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"text": "Abstract. PT. Lapindo Brantas’s new gas well drilling has potential risk because the location was so closed with the central of mud volcano eruption that already broken and risky. Further breakouts of mud are still possible in embankment and around if there is drilling activity. Sidoarjo mud activities also causing subsurface conditions research area becomes vulnerable to the risk of fractures and land subsidence. Therefore, there should be a study about shallow subsurface conditions using Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) which aims to detect shallow fracture in the surrounding area of PT. Lapindo Brantas’s new gas well drilling plan in Tanggulangin, Sidoarjo. GPR method chosen because it can mapping the shallow subsurface in detail with high resolution. Based on the observation result, it is known that there are lot of fracture with two types, first is radial type with south west-north east direction and second is circular type with north west-south east direction. Fractures show that shallow subsurface condition in PT. Lapindo Brantas’s new gas well drilling is very risky because it can lead to decreased land deeper and feared to expand the mud flow in Sidoarjo area.",
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"text": "Keywords: Fractures, Mud Volcano, GPR",
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"text": "PENDAHULUAN",
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"text": "Pada awal tahun 2016, PT. Lapindo Brantas berencana melakukan pengeboran sumur gas baru di daerah Tanggulangin, Sidoarjo. Lokasi pengeboran ini berjarak sekitar tiga kilometer dari pusat semburan utama, sehingga dinilai memiliki resiko yang tinggi yang dapat mengakibatkan meluasnya semburan lumpur panas ke daerah tersebut. sehingga perlu dilakukan penelitian dengan menggunakan metode geofisika untuk mengetahui kondisi bawah permukaan dangkalseperti rekahan pada daerah pengeboran sumur gas baru tersebut.",
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"text": "Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi posisi dan pola rekahan pada daerah penelitian sehingga dapat digunakan untuk mengetahui pengaruh rekahan yang ada terhadap kondisi tanah di daerah pengeboran sumur gas baru sehingga dapat diketahui tingkat resiko yang timbul jika pengeboran sumur gas baru milik PT Lapindo Brantas tetap dilakukan.",
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"text": "Metode geofisika yang cocok untuk memetakan rekahan adalah Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR), karena mampu memetakan kondisi bawah permukaan yang dangkal secara terperinci dengan resolusi yang tinggi(Handoko dkk., 2010).",
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"text": "Jurnal Geosaintek. 03 / 01 Tahun 2017",
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"text": "24",
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"height": 26,
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"text": "Pada penelitian ini, kedalaman yang dapat dipertanggungjawabkan adalah 35 meter.",
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"text": "TINJAUAN PUSTAKA Geologi Regional",
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"text": "Batuan di daerah Sidoarjo disusun oleh lapisan batuan sedimen yang terdiri dari batulanau, batulempung, batuserpih, batupasir dan batugamping. Umur batuan sedimen tersebut berkisar antara Miosen Awal hingga Resen. Formasi- formasi batuan di daerah Sidoarjo secara geologi regional termasuk ke dalam zona depresi Kendeng. Pada zona depresi ini terbentuk beberapa anticlinorium (Smiyth dkk, 2008).",
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"text": "Gambar 1 Zona Stratigrafi dan Struktur Pulau Jawa Menurut van Bemmelen, 1949 (Smiyth dkk, 2008).",
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"text": "Metode Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) merupakan suatu metoda pengukuran geofisika yang menggunakan sinyal gelombang elektromagnetik dalam prinsip kerjanya. Metode GPR didasarkan atas persamaan Maxwell yang merupakan perumusan matematis untuk hukum-hukum alam yang berkaitan dengan semua fenomena elektromagnetik yang menjelaskan bagaimana medan listrik dan medan magnet dapat terjadi. Persamaan Maxwell untuk medium isotropic heterogen dirumuskan sebagai berikut:",
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"text": "(1) dengan hubungan (2)",
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"text": "dimana E dan H adalah intensitas medan listrik dan magnet dan diukur dalam [volt/m] dan [ampere/m]. D dan B adalah kerapatan fluks listrik dan magnetik yang diukur dalam [coulomb/m 2 ] dan [weber/m 2 atau tesla]. dan J adalah tahanan jenis dan kerapatan arus listrik yang diukur dalam satuan [ohm.m] dan [ampere/m 2 ], sedangkan besaran dan adalah permitivitas dan permeabilitas dalam ruang hampa yang bernilai 8.854 × 10 −12 farad/m dan 4π × 10 −7 henry/m, sedangkan besaran adalah konduktivitas yang diukur dalam satuan [S/m] (Orfanidis, 2002).",
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"text": "dapat diturunkan persamaangelombang",
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"text": "elektromagnetik sebagai berikut:",
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"text": "dengan kecepatan rambat gelombang di udara dan ruang vakum sebesar:",
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"text": "Gelombang Radar",
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"text": "Radiasi elektromagnetik yang direfleksikan material bergantung pada kontras konstanta dielektrik relatif perlapisan-perlapisan yang berdekatan. Jika kontras tersebut besar, maka jumlah energi gelombang radar yang direfleksikan juga besar. Koefisien refleksi (R) didefinisikan sebagai perbandingan energi yang dipantulkan dan energi yang datang. Besarnya R ditentukan oleh kontras kecepatan dielektrik relatif dari medium. Dalam semua kasus magnitudo R berada pada rentang ±1. Bagian energi yang ditransmisikan sama dengan 1-R, sedangkan daya koefisiensi refleksi sama dengan R 2 .",
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"text": "Amplitudo koefisien refleksi diberikan oleh persamaan berikut:",
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"text": "√ √ √ √ (9)de",
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"text": "ngan V 1 dan V 2 adalah kecepatan gelombang radar pada lapisan 1 dan 2 (V 1 < V 2 ), dan ε 1 , ε 2 adalah",
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"text": "Identifikasi Rekahan Dangkal …",
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"height": 163,
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"text": "konstanta dielektrik relatif (ε r ) dari lapisan 1 dan lapisan 2.Kecepatan gelombang elektromagnetik pada berbagai medium bergantung pada kecepatan cahaya di udara, konstanta dielektrik relatif ( ), dan permeabilitas magnetik ( =1 untuk materi non magnetik). Selain itu, kecepatan gelombang elektromagnetik tergantung pada jenis bahan dan merupakan fungsi dari permitivitas relatif bahan. Kecepatan gelombang elektromagnetik dalam material (V m ) dirumuskan dalam persamaan beikut (Reynold, 1997):",
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"text": "(10)di manaV m adalah kecepatan gelombang",
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"left": 57,
"top": 314,
"width": 235,
"height": 76,
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"text": "elektromagnetik, c adalah kecepatan cahaya, ε r adalah konstanta dielektrik relatif, adalah permeabilitas magnetik relatif (henry/m) dan P adalah loss factor ( ).Untuk material dengan loss factor rendah (P ≈ 0), maka berlaku persamaan:",
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"text": "√ √ (11)",
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"text": "METODOLOGI PENELITIAN",
"type": "Section header"
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"top": 462,
"width": 235,
"height": 71,
"page_number": 3,
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"text": "Lokasi penelitian ini berada di sekitar daerah pengeboran sumur gas baru di Tanggulangin, Sidoarjo, Jawa Timur. Dimana titik Tanggulangin 6 dan Tanggulangin 10 merupakan daerah yang akan dilakukan pengeboran sumur gas baru Lapindo.",
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"text": "Gambar 2Lintasan pengukuran GPR (lintasan 1-5) dan lokasi rencana pengeboran (Sumur TA 6 dan 10) (Earth, 2016)",
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"top": 732,
"width": 234,
"height": 41,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Pengambilan data yang dilakukan pada tanggal 20-25 April 2016. Data GPRtersebut kemudian diolah berdasarkan diagram alir sebagai berikut.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
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"top": 385,
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"text": "Gambar 3 Diagram Alir Pengolahan Data GPR",
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"text": "Adjust Signal Position digunakan untuk menghilangkan waktu jeda antara sinyal yang terbaca pertama hingga sampai pada kontras lapisan permukaan tanah. Poses filteing digunakan untuk menghilangkan berbagai frekuensi lateral dan horizontal. Proses inverse amplitude decay dilakukan untuk meningkatkan gain, peningkatan gain dilakukan karena sinyal radar sangat cepat teratenuasi ketika menjalar ke dalam permukaan bumi, sehingga sinyal dari kedalaman yang lebih tinggi menjadi sangat kecil/lemah dan informasi yang berasal dari sinyal lemah tersebut tidak begitu terlihat. Proses 1-D Phase Shifting Migration ini digunakan untuk memindahkan data GPR ke posisi yang benar secara horizontal maupun vertikal. Ketidakpastian posisi ini disebabkan oleh efek difraksi yang terjadi ketika gelombang elektromagnetik mengenai ujung atau puncak suatu diskontinuistas akibat perbedaan struktur geologi seperti sesar atau lipatan, dan 1-D Time to Depth Conversion merupakan proses konversi data GPR dari domain waktu menjadi domain kedalaman. Hal ini dilakukan untuk mendapatkan kedalaman sebenarnya dari data penampang.",
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"text": "Jurnal Geosaintek. 03 / 01 Tahun 2017",
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"text": "HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN IdentifikasiRekahan",
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"text": "Parameter pertama yang digunakan sebagai dasar penentuan lokasi dan arah rekahan adalah pola diskontinuitas structural yang dapat diamati secara langsung pada radargram serta data dari kondisi di lapangan saat pengambilan data, seperti adanya jembatan atau sawah. Parameter kedua adalah struktur geologi di lokasi penelitian sehingga dapat diketahui pola dan arah rekahan pada struktur geologi tersebut, di mana struktur geologi akan menjadi parameter untuk mengonfrmasi rekahan yang ditentukan oleh parameter diskontinuitas. Menurut penelitian yang dilakukan Yin dan Jr pada tahun 2004, struktur yang menembus ( piercement structure) yang aktif memiliki pola rekahan yang circular (melingkar) dan radial (menjari) dengan model ditunjukan oleh gambar 4:",
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"text": "Gambar 4 (a) Contoh pola rekahan pada struktur menembus aktif ( active piercement structures )",
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"text": "tampak atas, (b) penampang bawah permukaan dari pola rekahan pada stuktur menembus aktif (active piercement structures) (Yin & Jr, 2004).",
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"text": "Struktur geologi di Lumpur Sidoarjo (Lusi) dapat dianalogikan memiliki model yang serupa dengan Gambar 4 karena menurut penelitian Mazzini et al tahun 2009 yang menginterpretasikan data seismik yang melintasi lokasi semburan Lumpur Sidoarjo menyatakan bahwa terdapat struktur menembus (piercement structure) yang kompleks sebagai struktur geologi Lumpur Sidoarjo.",
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"text": "Analisis Rekahan",
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"text": "Lintasan yang berorientasi barat timur dan berada di utara pusat semburan Lusi, dapat mengidentifikasi rekahan pada jalur selatan-utara, tenggara-barat laut, dan barat daya-timur laut yang akan tampak pada radargram. Lintasan yang berorientasi selatan utara dan berada di utara pusat semburan Lusi, hanya akan mengidentifikasi rekahan yang berada pada jalur barat hingga timur.",
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"text": "Gambar 5 merupakan hasil overlay radargram dari seluruh lintasan pengukuran terhadap peta daerah pengukuran. Overlay ini digunakan untuk mengetahui posisi rekahan sebenarnya pada daerah pengukuran. Dari hasil overlay ini, terlihat banyak sekali rekahan-rekahan yang berada di daerah penelitian. Rekahan-rekahan ini merupakan indikator bahwa daerah penelitian ini tidak stabil.",
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"text": "Apabila rekahan pada orientasi yang sama dihubungkan dan di-overlay dengan peta lapisan bawah permukaan, maka terlihat suatu pola rekahan yang terbagi menjadi dua tipe pola rekahan, yaitu pola rekahan circular yang berpola melingkari pusat semburan Lusi dan pola rekahan radial atau menjari, yang mengarah ke pusat semburan Lusi, seperti terlihat polanya pada Gambar 6. Rekahan pada jalur barat daya-timur laut dan berada pada sisi utara pusat stuktur merupakan rekahan jenis radial yang menjalar memanjang relatif lurus dari pusat semburan. Rekahan yang tampak berada pada arah barat laut-tenggara merupakan rekahan circular yang menyebar dan mengelilingi pusat semburan.",
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"text": "Identifikasi Rekahan Dangkal …",
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"text": "Kesimpulan yang didapat dari penelitian ini adalah:",
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"text": "1. Rekahan terlihat pada seluruh radargram lintasan pada kedalaman 0-36 meter dengan panjang rekahan 9-61 meter.",
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{
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"text": "2. Terdapat dua pola rekahan, yaitu rekahan berarah barat daya-timur laut dan berada di utara pusat semburan merupakan jenis rekahan radial yang menjalar lurus atau menjari dari pusat semburan; dan rekahan berarah barat laut-tenggara merupakan jenis rekahan circular yang menyebar seperti lingkaran dari pusat semburan.",
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{
"left": 57,
"top": 322,
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"page_number": 6,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Saran",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 57,
"top": 337,
"width": 234,
"height": 41,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Saran yang dapat diberikan berdasarkan hasil dan kesimpulan untuk membangun hipotesa- hipotesa selanjutnya adalah:",
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{
"left": 75,
"top": 382,
"width": 216,
"height": 133,
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"page_width": 595,
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"text": "1. Untuk mendapatkan hasil yang lebih baik dan akurat terhadap sebaran dan pola rekahan, lintasan pengukuran dapat diperbanyak dengan berbagai variasi orientasi sehingga dapat mengidentifikasi lebih banyak variasi arah rekahan, karena faktor keberhasilan identifikasi rekahan adalah arah pengukuan yang tepat dan sesuai struktur geologi daerah penelitian.",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 75,
"top": 519,
"width": 216,
"height": 41,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "2. Perlu dilakukan penelitian dengan metode geofisika yang lain sebagai pembanding hasil posisi dan letak dari rekahan.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 57,
"top": 580,
"width": 97,
"height": 11,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Ucapan Terima Kasih",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 57,
"top": 595,
"width": 235,
"height": 71,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Penulis mengucapkan terima kasih kepada dosen pembimbingDr. Dwa Desa Warnana dan Bapak Firman Syaifuddin atas bimbingan dan pengarahan yang diberikan kepada penulis selama proses penelitian hingga penulisan.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "DAFTAR PUSTAKA",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 57,
"top": 701,
"width": 234,
"height": 56,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "H andoko, Godwin, K, B., & U, H. (2010). Penafsiran Struktur Geologi Bawah Permukaan di Kawasan Semburan Lumpur Sidoarjo, Berdasarkan Penampang Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR).",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 75,
"top": 761,
"width": 214,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Jurnal Geologi Indonesia, Vol. 5 No. 3, 187-195.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 307,
"top": 87,
"width": 234,
"height": 87,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Mazzini, A., Nermoen, A., Krotkiewski, M., Podladchikov, Y., Planke, S., & Svensen, H. (2009). Strike-slip faulting as a triger mechanism for overpressure release through piercement structure. Implication for the Lusi mud volcano, Indonesia , 1751-1765.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 307,
"top": 178,
"width": 234,
"height": 26,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Orfanidis, S. J. (2002). Electromagnetic Waves and Antennas. Piscataway: Rutgers University .",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 307,
"top": 209,
"width": 234,
"height": 71,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "R. Smyth, H., Hall, R., & J. Nichols, G. (2008). Cenozoic volcanic arc history of East Java, Indonesia: The stratigraphic record of eruptions on an active continental margin. The Geological Society of America, 436.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 307,
"top": 284,
"width": 234,
"height": 42,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Reynold, J. M. (1997). An Introduction to Applied and Enviromental Geophysics. England: John Wiley and Sons, inc.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 307,
"top": 330,
"width": 234,
"height": 56,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Yin, H., & Jr, R. H. (2004). Balancing and restoration of piercement structures: geologic insights from 3D kinematic models. Journal of Structural Geology, 99-114.",
"type": "Text"
}
] |
22b5407a-5923-81b7-e7d8-621a5e790fc9 | https://www.ejournal.warmadewa.ac.id/index.php/notariil/article/download/1759/1920 | [
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"text": "The Existence of Publicity Principles in Complete Systematic Land Registration",
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"text": "Anak Agung Istri Chintya Paramitha, I Made Suwitra, I Nyoman Alit Puspadma 123 Program Studi Magister Kenotariatan, Program Pascasarjana Universitas Warmadewa aai.chintyaparamitha@yahoo.com",
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"text": "Paramitha, A, A, I, C., Suwitra, I, M., Puspadma, I, N, A. (2020). The Existence of Publicity Principles in Complete Systematic Land Registration. Jurnal Notariil. 5 (2). 81-88. Doi: https://doi.org/10.22225/jn.5.2.1759.81-88",
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"text": "This study aims to analyse the legal certainty of land rights certificates through the complete systematic land registration program regulated in Permen ATR / BPN No.6 / 2018. The issues examined include the legal certainty of land rights certificates issued based on Permen ATR / BPN No.6 / 2018 and legal protection of certificates issued under Permen ATR / BPN No.6 / 2018 for holders of certificates of land rights. This study uses normative legal research. The data was primary and secondary legal materials related to land registration. The results of the study are associated with legal objectives, then Permen ATR / BPN No. 6/1997 provides great advantages and can create an element of justice by issuing certificates throughout the community, so that legal certainty is given but it becomes weak due to disharmony between the two rules. So that applies the legal principle of the lex superiori derogat legi inferiori. The lower provisions are null and void and have no binding legal force as a result, land rights certificates issued based on Permen ATR / BPN No.6 / 2018 do not have legal power. In order to achieve legal certainty and protection, the provisions of Article 24 paragraph (2) Permen ATR / BPN No.6 / 2018 is adjusted to Article 26 paragraph (1) PP No. 24/1997 or the rules regarding PTSL are made in laws and regulations of the same level or higher than PP No.24 / 1997.",
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"text": "Keywords: Complete Systematic Land Registration; Certificate of Land Rights; Legal Certainty; Legal Protection",
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"text": "1. INTRODUCTION",
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"page_number": 1,
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"text": "Provision of legal certainty of land rights for all people is one of the main objectives in Law Number 5 of 1960 concerning Basic Regulations on Agrarian Principles (State Gazette of the Republic of Indonesia of 1960 Number 104, Supplement to the State Gazette of the Republic of Indonesia Number 2043) (hereinafter referred to as UUPA). The Basic Agrarian Law instructs the government to hold land registration throughout the territory of the Republic of",
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"text": "Indonesia which is rechtskadaster, means that guarantee the legal certainty and certainty of their rights.",
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"text": "Land registration throughout the territory of the Republic of Indonesia is carried out to provide legal certainty, as determined in Article 19 of the UUPA. Furthermore, in accordance with Article 19 paragraph (1) of the UUPA a Government Regulation Number 10 of 1961 concerning Land Registration is issued (State Gazette of the Republic of Indonesia of 1961",
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"text": "The Existence of Publicity Principles in Complete Systematic Land Registration. Jurnal Notariil. 5 (2) 2020. 82",
"type": "Page header"
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{
"left": 72,
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"height": 119,
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"text": "Number 28, Supplement to State Gazette of the Republic of Indonesia Number 2171) (hereinafter referred to as PP No. 10 / 1961) as an implementation provision that specifically regulates land registration. The land registration remains within the framework and principles contained in Article 19 of the UUPA ( Lubis & Lubis, 2008 ).",
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"text": "However, for more than 37 years in the implementation of the UUPA, land registration was based on PP No. 10/1991 only register as many as 16.5 million plots of land or only 30% (thirty percent) of the plots of land estimated to be 55 million plots of land in the entire territory of the Republic of Indonesia. Therefore, PP No. 10/1961 is deemed no longer sufficient, so a revision was made with the issuance of Government Regulation Number 24 of 1997 concerning Land Registration (State Gazette of the Republic of Indonesia of 1997 Number 59, Supplement to the State Gazette of the Republic of Indonesia Number 3696) (hereinafter referred to as PP No. 24/1997) (Lubis & Lubis, 2008)",
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"text": "The first land registration activity regulated in PP No. 24/1997 is implemented in two ways, systematically and sporadically. Systematic land registration is the activity of land registration for the first time carried out simultaneously which includes all objects of land registration that have not been registered in the territory or territory of a village. Meanwhile, sporadic land registration is the activity of land registration for the first time concerning one or several objects of land registration in the territory or parts of a village or a certain area individually or in bulk.",
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"text": "Further arrangements regarding land registration activities both systematically and sporadically are set forth in the Regulation of the Minister of Agrarian Affairs / Head of the National Land Agency Number 3 of 1997 concerning Provisions for Implementing Government Regulation Number 24 of 1997 concerning Land Registration (hereinafter referred to as Perkaban No. 3 / 1997). However, in the provisions of PP No. 24/1997 jo PMNA / KBPN No. 3/1997 was also felt not to be",
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"text": "maximal. Of 126 million land parcels in Indonesia, only 46 million have been registered, this means that there are 80 million land parcels that have not been registered ( Saut & Jokowi, n.d. ). So that the remaining 80 million parcels of land are the targets in the National Medium-Term Development Plan (hereinafter referred to as the RPJMN) established through Presidential Regulation Number 2 of 2015 concerning the National Medium-Term Development Plan 2015-2019 (State Gazette of the Republic of Indonesia Year 2015 Number 3) (hereinafter referred to as Perpres No. 2/2015).",
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"text": "The latest program currently being implemented by the government is in accordance with the demands of the RPJMN, namely that in 2025 all land in the territory of the Republic of Indonesia has been registered. The Ministry of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning / National Land Agency conducts a Systematic Complete Land Registration program (hereinafter referred to as PTSL). PTSL is a land registration activity that is carried out simultaneously for all objects of land registration in the entire territory of the Republic of Indonesia in one village or other name of the same level, which includes the collection and determination of the truth of physical and juridical data concerning one or several land registration objects for registration purposes. Under the PTSL program, the Ministry of Agriculture and Spatial Planning / National Land Agency targets 126 million land parcels in Indonesia to be registered and fully certified by 2025 ( Purbaya, 2017 ).",
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"height": 173,
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"text": "The regulation concerning PTSL was first issued by the Minister of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning as outlined in the Regulation of the Minister of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning / Head of the National Land Agency of the Republic of Indonesia Number 35 Year 2016 concerning the Acceleration of the Implementation of Systematic Land Registration Complete (hereinafter referred to as Permen ATR / KBPN No. 35/2016). The rules regarding PTSL have been revised four times with Permen ATR // KBPN No. 35/2016,",
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"text": "The Existence of Publicity Principles in Complete Systematic Land Registration. Jurnal Notariil. 5 (2) 2020. 83",
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"text": "CC-BY-SA 4.0 License, Jurnal Notariil, ISSN 2540-797X, E-ISSN 2615-1545",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 72,
"width": 218,
"height": 345,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "amended by Regulation of the Minister of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning / Head of the National Land Agency of the Republic of Indonesia Number 1 of 2017 concerning Amendment to Regulation of the Minister of Agrarian and Spatial Planning / Head of the National Land Agency of the Republic of Indonesia Number 35 of 2016 concerning the Acceleration of Systematic Land Registration Implementation Complete, and refined with Regulation of the Minister of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning / Head of the National Land Agency of the Republic of Indonesia Number 12 of 2017 concerning Complete Systematic Land Registration Acceleration. The latest amendment was made with the issuance of Presidential Instruction Number 2 of 2017 which requires a change in regulation regarding PTSL, then the rules regarding PTSL are amended by Minister of Agrarian and Spatial Regulation / Head of National Land Agency Number 6 of 2018 concerning Complete Systematic Land Registration (hereinafter in writing called Permen ATR / BPN No. 6/2018).",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 417,
"width": 218,
"height": 146,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "PTSL activities are expected to increase the guarantee of legal certainty. One of the issues regarding guaranteed legal certainty in PTSL is the principle of publicity. The principle of publicity has led to differences in regulation between the provisions in PP No. 24/1997 with the provisions in Permen ATR / KBPN No. 6/2018, which is the principle of publicity in PP No. 24/1997 regulated in Article 26 paragraph (1) specifies:",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 90,
"top": 563,
"width": 186,
"height": 146,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "“ The list of contents as referred to in Article 25 paragraph (2) along with maps of the relevant parcels or plots as a result of measurements as referred to in Article 20 paragraph (1) shall be announced for 30 (thirty) days in systematic land registration or 60 (six) twenty) days in sporadic land registration to provide an opportunity for interested parties to submit an objection .”",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 710,
"width": 205,
"height": 52,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "The principle of publicity in Article 24 paragraph (2) Permen ATR / KBPN No. 6/2018, namely by making an announcement of juridical data and",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 309,
"top": 72,
"width": 204,
"height": 53,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "physical data for a land registration application for the first time. Article 24 paragraph (2) Permen ATR / KBPN No. 6/2018 determines:",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 327,
"top": 125,
"width": 186,
"height": 119,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "“ To fulfill the principle of publicity in proving land ownership, juridical data and physical data on plots of land and maps of plots of land are announced using the Physical Data and Juridical Data Announcement form (DI 201B) for 14 calendar days at the PTSL Adjudication Committee Office and Village Head Office ”",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 309,
"top": 245,
"width": 219,
"height": 292,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "The regulation of the principle of publicity between the provisions in the two rules can provide a potential for future disputes, because in principle the lower regulation must not conflict with the higher regulation as stipulated in the provisions of Article 7 paragraph (1) of Law Number 12 of 2011 concerning the Formation of Laws and Regulations (State Gazette of the Republic of Indonesia of 2011 Number 82, Supplement to the State Gazette of the Republic of Indonesia Number 5234) (hereinafter referred to as Law No. 12/2011). So if there is a disharmony between laws and regulations it can cause uncertainty and legal protection obtained, namely the product of Permen ATR / BPN No. 6/2018 i.e. the certificate of land rights does not have a guarantee of legal certainty and legal protection for holders of land rights whose names are listed in the certificate.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 309,
"top": 537,
"width": 218,
"height": 93,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Based on the description, as already mentioned above, this research aims to discuss the legal certainty of a certificate of land rights issued based on Permen ATR / BPN No. 6/2018 and the legal protection for right holders of certificates issued based on Permen ATR / BPN No. 6/2018.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 309,
"top": 643,
"width": 70,
"height": 13,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "2. METHOD",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 309,
"top": 656,
"width": 218,
"height": 106,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "This study was designed in normative legal research that examines the law from an internal perspective with the object of research is the legal norm ( Dianta, 2016 ). The type of normative legal research was chosen because this study outlines the problems for further discussed based on legal theories and then related to the",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 74,
"top": 50,
"width": 449,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "The Existence of Publicity Principles in Complete Systematic Land Registration. Jurnal Notariil. 5 (2) 2020. 84",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 138,
"top": 784,
"width": 322,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "CC-BY-SA 4.0 License, Jurnal Notariil, ISSN 2540-797X, E-ISSN 2615-1545",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 72,
"width": 218,
"height": 93,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "applicable laws and regulations ( Soekanto & Mahmuji, 1955 ). Normative legal research used in this study due to the problem in the aspect of legal norms, namely the existence of norm conflicts that occurred between Article 26 paragraph (1) PP No. 24/1997 with Article 24 Permen ATR / BPN No.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 165,
"width": 219,
"height": 93,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "6/2018 related to the issue of announcement, where an announcement is needed to fulfill the principle of publicity in proving land ownership. Normative legal research is conducted by examining primary and secondary legal materials related to land registration.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 271,
"width": 177,
"height": 13,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 284,
"width": 218,
"height": 40,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Legal Certainty Certificate of Land Rights Issued Based on Permen ATR / BPN No. 6/2018",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 324,
"width": 219,
"height": 279,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Land registration in Indonesia consists of two activities, namely land registration for the first time and maintenance of land registration data. The activity of land registration for the first time means that the land parcels and rights holders referred to for the first time are recorded in the registration book, either as the first ownership or since ownership has been held down or as the last owner in which the land parcels were obtained from the transfer of rights in the form of purchase, grants, and so forth. Provisions regarding land registration for the first time are regulated in PP No. 24/1997, where land registration activities are held for the first time, covering the collection and processing of physical data, verification of rights and bookkeeping, issuance of certificates, presentation of physical and juridical data, and storing public lists and documents.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 603,
"width": 219,
"height": 159,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Land registration activities as described have been done in 2 (two) ways, namely systematic and sporadic land registration. In PP No. 24/1997, systematic land registration is the activity of land registration for the first time carried out simultaneously which includes all objects of land registration that have not been registered in the territory or part of a village (Article 1 number 10 PP No.24 / 1997). While sporadic land registration is the activity of land registration for the first time",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 309,
"top": 72,
"width": 218,
"height": 53,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "regarding one or several objects of land registration in the territory or parts of a village individually or in bulk (Article 1 number 11 PP No. 24/1997).",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 309,
"top": 125,
"width": 218,
"height": 226,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "To accelerate the systematic implementation of land registration, the government established a Systematic Complete Land Registration program or PTSL. In 2018, for the acceleration of PTSL activities, the President of the Republic of Indonesia signed Presidential Instruction (Inpres) No. 2 of 2018 concerning the Acceleration of Complete Systematic Land Registration in the Entire Territory of the Republic of Indonesia (hereinafter referred to as Inpres No. 2/2018). This Presidential Instruction is addressed to several ministries related to land, one of which is addressed to the Minister of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning / Head of the National Land Agency.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 309,
"top": 363,
"width": 218,
"height": 106,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Through Presidential Instruction No. 2/2018 a new PTSL regulation was issued in Permen ATR / BPN No. 6/2018, which in the regulation has shortened the announcement time of systematic land registration as regulated in PP No.24 / 1997. According to Article 26 paragraph (1) PP No. 24/1997 mentioned:",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 309,
"top": 469,
"width": 219,
"height": 159,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "“ The list of contents as referred to in Article 25 paragraph (2) along with maps of the relevant parcels or plots as a result of measurements as referred to in Article 20 paragraph (1) shall be announced for 30 days in systematic land registration or 60 days in sporadic land registration to provide an opportunity for interested parties to submit an objection. ” While article 24 paragraph (2) Permen ATR/BPN No. 6/2018 mentioned:",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 327,
"top": 629,
"width": 200,
"height": 119,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "“ To fulfill the principle of publicity in proving land ownership, juridical data and physical data on plots of land and maps of plots of land are announced using the Physical Data and Juridical Data Announcement form (DI 201B) for 14 (fourteen) calendar days at the PTSL Adjudication Committee Office and Village Head's Office. ”",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 74,
"top": 50,
"width": 449,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "The Existence of Publicity Principles in Complete Systematic Land Registration. Jurnal Notariil. 5 (2) 2020. 85",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 138,
"top": 784,
"width": 322,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "CC-BY-SA 4.0 License, Jurnal Notariil, ISSN 2540-797X, E-ISSN 2615-1545",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 72,
"width": 218,
"height": 438,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "The difference in time of the announcement is clearly seen that the systematic announcement of land registration in PP No. 24/1997 was held for 30 days, while the announcement in Permen ATR / BPN No. 6/2018 is shortened to 14 days. This shortening of time creates a conflicting norm between the two regulations that causes vertical disharmony in the fulfillment of the principle of publicity itself. Where the principle of publicity in the registration of land itself is intended to provide juridical data about who is the subject of his rights, what is the name of the right to land, as well as how the transition and encumbrance occurred ( Mertokusumo, 1988 ). In PTSL itself, the fulfillment of the principle of publicity is intended so that all people know about the physical data and juridical data of land that has been registered either through sporadic or systematic registration, this is done with the aim of providing opportunities to other parties who object to immediately filing the objection, so before the registration of the land is recorded in the land book and issued in the form of a certificate it is hoped that no more parties will still object to the land registration. So that if there is a difference in the provisions of land registration with the provisions in PTSL on the principle of publicity, it can be questioned about the legal certainty of the certificate itself.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 510,
"width": 219,
"height": 252,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "If examined further, regarding the announcement of 14 days in complete systematic land registration, if seen from the elements of its effectiveness, that the implementation of the acceleration is only legal in accordance with the Presidential Instruction which aims to obtain legal certainty of holders of land rights over the land under their control. It's just because the regulation regarding the acceleration is regulated by Ministerial Regulation, which when seen from the intersection of norms or hierarchy of laws and regulations according to Article 7 paragraph (1) of Law no. 12/2011 it is known that Government Regulation (PP) is under the Act / Government Regulation in Lieu of Law, while Ministerial Regulation as can be seen that there is no regulation regarding",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 309,
"top": 72,
"width": 218,
"height": 106,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "ministerial regulations in the order of the laws. Ministerial Regulation is a regulation stipulated by the minister based on the material content in the context of carrying out certain affairs in government. The position of Ministerial Regulation itself is regulated in Article 8 paragraph (1) and paragraph (2) of Law no. 12/12.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 323,
"top": 178,
"width": 204,
"height": 13,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Furthermore, the issuance of ATR / BPN",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 309,
"top": 191,
"width": 218,
"height": 226,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Regulation No. 6/2018, deliberately designed, to provide certainty and legal protection for holders of land rights certificates, as well as PP No. 24/1997 which is also an order of Article 19 of the UUPA. So that the implementation of PTSL in the presence of Permen ATR / BPN No. 6/2018 seen from the purpose of the law it has fulfilled the elements of benefit and also justice, but seen from the disharmony of legal norms between Article 26 paragraph (1) PP No. 24/1997 with Article 24 paragraph (2) Permen ATR / BPN No. 6/2018 it is felt that there are still doubts about the certainty of the law itself, that the law with one another is not contradictory.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 309,
"top": 417,
"width": 218,
"height": 332,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "In addition, if there is a lawsuit against the land rights in the future both the lawsuit regarding physical data and juridical data, it cannot be separated from the implementation of the principle of publicity which fulfillment of the principle of publicity aims to provide opportunities for those who object to object. With the announcement of 30 days in Article 26 paragraph (1) PP No. 24/1997 to date, there are still complaints over objections to land rights certificates and can be a great opportunity if the time period is shortened and regulated in regulations whose position is weaker than the PP. In resolving land cases, a judge may decide in 2 ways namely the judge will ignore the contradictions in Article 26 paragraph (1) PP No. 24/1997 with Article 24 paragraph (2) Permen ATR / BPN No. 6/2018, seen from the achievement of elements of expediency and justice in the implementation of PTSL and the judge can decide not to ignore the contradictions despite the achievement of maximum benefits and a sense of justice for the",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 74,
"top": 50,
"width": 449,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "The Existence of Publicity Principles in Complete Systematic Land Registration. Jurnal Notariil. 5 (2) 2020. 86",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 138,
"top": 784,
"width": 322,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "CC-BY-SA 4.0 License, Jurnal Notariil, ISSN 2540-797X, E-ISSN 2615-1545",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 72,
"width": 218,
"height": 26,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "community, so there is still doubt or uncertainty.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 99,
"width": 218,
"height": 477,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "From the analysis above, if reviewed from its own legal purpose, the regulation regarding PTSL in Permen ATR / BPN No. 6/2018 was formed because of an order from the UUPA for the interest of the people, where PTSL itself was made with the maximum benefit for the people that is to achieve legal certainty by registering all land in Indonesia. So that it will provide a sense of justice for all the people of Indonesia and be able to enjoy its great benefits equally regardless of the degree of ability. However, due to the acceleration of the announcement period which must be carried out for the fulfillment of the principle of publicity, the announcement of 30 days as stipulated in PP No. 24/1997 is shortened to 14 days as stipulated in Permen ATR / BPN No. 6/2018, in terms of the theory of norm gap, it looks as if there is disharmony because the ministerial regulation is not in the hierarchy of statutory regulations so that it makes the PP position higher. Therefore, judging from the hierarchy of statutory regulations, PP No. 24/1997 has a higher position (lex superiori) compared to Permen ATR / BPN No. 6/2018 which has a lower position (lex inferiori). So with the fulfillment of the legal goals of expediency and justice but there is still a disharmony of norms between the two regulations making the ATR / BPN Regulation No. 6/2018 has legal certainty but still has weaknesses because it is governed by regulations that are lower than PP.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 589,
"width": 218,
"height": 41,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Legal Protection for Rightsholders of Certificates Issued Based on ATR / BPN Regulation No. 6/2018",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 630,
"width": 219,
"height": 132,
"page_number": 6,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "Means of legal protection can be divided into two namely preventive legal protection and repressive legal protection. Preventive legal protection is to provide an opportunity for the people to submit objections ( inspraak) to their opinions before a government decision gets a definitive form. This legal protection aims to prevent disputes from occurring and is of great significance to government actions",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 309,
"top": 72,
"width": 218,
"height": 53,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "based on freedom of action ( Hadjon, 1998 ), While repressive legal protection is legal protection that functions to resolve in the event of a dispute.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 309,
"top": 125,
"width": 218,
"height": 279,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Legal protection is very important for every certificate holder of land rights. Where the state guarantees legal certainty and protection for owners whose names are listed in land rights certificates. Legal protection for holders of land rights is intended so that holders of land rights are protected by their rights. The concept of understanding legal protection as outlined by Philipus M. Hadjon written in Dutch, that is “ rechtsbescherming van de burgers tegen de overhead ” and in English written “legal protection of the individual in relation to acts of administrative authorities” ( Hadjon, 1998 ). Legal protection as an illustration of the legal function in which law can provide justice, order, certainty, usefulness, peace, peace for all the interests of humans in society. Every person as a citizen has human rights, these rights include the right to safety, security and legal protection.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 309,
"top": 404,
"width": 218,
"height": 80,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Related to the protection for the owner whose name is listed in the certificate of land rights, actually has been regulated in the UUPA. The principle of legal protection can be found in Article 18 of the UUPA, i.e.:",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 327,
"top": 484,
"width": 200,
"height": 79,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "“ In the public interest, including the interests of the nation and state and the common interests of the people, land rights can be revoked by providing appropriate compensation and in a manner regulated by law ”",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 309,
"top": 563,
"width": 218,
"height": 199,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Conflicts of norms that occur in the provisions of Article 26 paragraph (1) PP No. 24/1997 with Article 24 paragraph (2) Permen ATR / BPN No. 6/2018, preventive legal protection cannot be achieved, and if preventive legal protection is not achieved as well as repressive legal protection. If reviewed from the rules of establishing legislation, the position of PP No. 24/1997 higher than Permen ATR / BPN No. 6/2018, whereas in a hierarchy of laws and regulations that lower regulations must not contradict higher regulations. If related to disharmony between Article 24 paragraph (1) PP No. 24/1997 with Article 24",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 74,
"top": 50,
"width": 449,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "The Existence of Publicity Principles in Complete Systematic Land Registration. Jurnal Notariil. 5 (2) 2020. 87",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 138,
"top": 784,
"width": 322,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "CC-BY-SA 4.0 License, Jurnal Notariil, ISSN 2540-797X, E-ISSN 2615-1545",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 72,
"width": 219,
"height": 358,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "paragraph (2) Permen ATR / BPN No. 6/2018, then the application of ATR / BPN Regulation No. 6/2018 becomes null and void. The consequence of null and void is that the ministerial regulation makes all certificates of land rights issued through PTSL based on the ministerial regulation do not have strong legal force, so there is no legal protection for holders of certificates of land rights. With these consequences, we need a protection for the owner of land rights. Therefore, the state should protect the holder of the certificate of land rights because of the good faith of the holder and the state's decision to issue the certificate as proof of land rights. So that the protection that can be given to Indonesian citizens against ownership certificates issued through PTSL based on Permen ATR / BPN No. 6/2018, preventive legal protection can be given. Where prevention can be carried out in the event of disputes and encourage the government to be more careful in making decisions relating to PTSL itself and the people can submit objections or be asked for their opinions regarding the decision plan.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 72,
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"width": 96,
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"page_number": 7,
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"text": "4. CONCLUSION",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 457,
"width": 219,
"height": 305,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Based on research result that has been already mentioned above, then can be concluded that firstly, disharmony between regulations regarding the period of announcement in the provisions of Article 26 paragraph (1) PP No. 24/1997 with Article 24 paragraph (2) Permen ATR / BPN No. 6/2018 when viewed from the objective of the law, it has fulfilled the elements of maximum benefit and justice for all Indonesian people, but in the element of legal certainty it is still in doubt. When viewed from the hierarchy of laws and regulations in Law No.12 / 2011, PP No.24 / 1997 has a higher position in the hierarchical structure of legislation compared to Permen ATR / BPN No.6 / 2018. Indeed, the rules of Permen ATR / BPN No.6 / 2018 from their legal objectives have fulfilled legal certainty but the acceleration causes disharmony in the two rules which causes PTSL regulation has weaknesses. So when viewed from the",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 309,
"top": 72,
"width": 218,
"height": 53,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "perspective of disharmony, applies the principle of the law of lex superiori derogat legi inferiori (a higher degree law overrides a lower degree law).",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 309,
"top": 125,
"width": 218,
"height": 279,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Secondly, viewed from the side of the disharmony norms and with the application of the legal principle of lex superiori derogat legi inferiori to resolve disharmony problems between laws and regulations, the lower provisions become null and void or must be canceled and do not have binding legal force. So that the legal product in the form of land rights certificates issued based on Permen ATR / BPN No. 6/2018 has weak legal power, so it does not have legal protection especially preventive legal protection for holders of land rights whose names are listed in the certificate. If there is no preventive legal protection, then automatically there is no repressive protection. Therefore, a legal protection is needed to protect the owner whose name is listed in the certificate of land rights issued based on the regulation of Permen ATR / BPN No. 6/2018.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "REFERENCES",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 309,
"top": 430,
"width": 218,
"height": 109,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1960 Tentang Pokok-Pokok Agraria (Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1960 Nomor 104, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 2043).",
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ebb606d8-2f7e-565d-730e-05e42670cdf7 | https://jurnal.itsm.ac.id/index.php/relasi/article/download/302/285 | [
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"text": "Relasi : Jurnal Ekonomi, Vol. 15, No. 1, Januari 2019, hlm. 69-94",
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"text": "Strategi Promosi Perekrutan Siswa Di SMK Bisnis Dan Teknologi Terhadap Minat Siswa Untuk Mendaftar",
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"text": "Tjipto Djuhartono 1 ; Khoirul Umam 2 ; Ai Annisa Utami 3",
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"text": "Pendidikan Ekonomi Universitas Indraprasta PGRI, Jakarta 1,2,3",
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"text": "This research concerns students' interest in deciding to enroll in Business and Technology Vocational Schools in terms of factors that influence students from information obtained through promotional media used by Vocational Business and Technology namely Banners, Brochures, Presentations, Friend Recommendations, Parent Choices , Own Choices, Teacher Recommendations and Others. The purpose of this research is to determine what strategies must be done by the Vocational Business and Technology through the promotional media used. The results of the 60 respondents showed that from eight sources of information about the Business and Technology Vocational Schools obtained by these students, the Brochure ranked first, followed by Parent Choices and then Friend Recommendations. The research method used is a survey using a questionnaire. The data obtained is then analyzed and presented in the form of tabulations.",
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"text": "Keywords : Promotion strategy, Vacational High School, Business School",
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"text": "1.Pendahuluan",
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"text": "Persaingan antar sekolah yang terjadi sekarang ini begitu kompetitif. Sebagai institusi pendidikan yang merupakan penyedia jasa pendidikan berusaha untuk memikirkan bagaimana cara yang tepat untuk meningkatkan kepuasan serta memenuhi kebutuhan para pelanggan yaitu para siswa dengan meningkatkan mutu pendidikan disekolah. Mutu pendidikan adalah gambaran dan karakteristik menyeluruh jasa pelayanan pendidikan secara internal ataupun ekternal yang menunjukkan kemampuannya memuaskan kebutuhan yang diharapkan. Dalam kurun waktu lima tahun terakhir, telah terjadi pertumbuhan jumlah unit sekolah baru di setiap propinsi. Setidaknya dari tiga propinsi yang dapat dirangkum oleh peneliti yaitu DKI Jakarta, Jawa Barat dan DI Yogyakarta, menunjukkan tren pertumbuhan. Jawa Barat merupakan propinsi dengan jumlah pertumbuhan terbesar dan memilik tren pertumbuhan signifikan selama 5 tahun terakhir yaitu pada tahun ajaran 2011/2012 sebesar 1.765 unit SMK, 2012/2013 sebesar 1.898 unit, tahun ajaran 2013/2014 sebesar 2.288, tahun ajaran 2014/2015 sebesar 2.442 unit dan",
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"text": "Vol. 15, No. 1, Januari 2019, hlm. 69-94 ISSN 0213-2431 (Print) ISSN 2502-9525 (Online)",
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"text": "Corresponding Author Nama : Tjipto Djuhartono Email : tjiptodjuhartono@gmail.com",
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"text": "tahun ajaran 2015/2016 sebesar 2.515 unit SMK. Sementara DKI Jakarta pad atahun ajaran 2011/2012 sebesar 598 unit, tahun ajaran 2012/2013 sebesar 615 unit, tahun ajaran 2013/2014 sebesar 592 unit, tahun ajaran 2014/2015 sebesar 600 unit, dan tahun ajaran 2015/2016 mengalami penurunan sebesar 586 unit. Jumlah pertumbuhan terendah berada pada propinsi DI Yogyakarta, yaitu pada tahun ajaran 2011/2012 sebesar 208 unit SMK, tahun ajaran 2012/2013 sebesar 225 unit SMK, tahun ajaran 2013/2014 turun sebesar 220, mengalami peningkatan kembali sebesar 222 unit SMK pada tahun ajaran 2014/2015 dan kembali turun sebesar 218 pada tahun ajaran 2015/2016, sebagaimana tercantum pada Gambar 1 di bawah ini.",
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"text": "Sumber: BPS (data diolah)",
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"text": "Gambar 1. Jumlah SMK di bawah Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Menurut Propinsi tahun ajaran 2011/2012 s/d 2015/2016",
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"text": "Di sisi lain, pendidikan adalah salah satu bagian yang fundamental dalam meningkatkankualitas manusia. Pendidikan juga merupakan komponen variabel dalam menghitungIndeks Pembangunan Manusia (IPM). Pendidikan nasional harus mampu menjaminpemerataan kesempatan pendidikan, peningkatan mutu serta relevansi dan efisiensimanajemen pendidikan untuk menghadapi tantangan sesuai dengan tuntutan perubahan di era globalisasi dan pasar bebas. Arah pendidikan nasional menitikberatkan pada peningkatan mutu, otonomi dan peningkatan daya saing bangsa. Daya saing dapat diartikan sebagai kemampuan penyelenggaraan pendidikan yang sanggup berkompetisi dalam hal kualitas dengan bangsa–bangsa lain.",
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"text": "Deskripsi pendidikan itu sendiri telah tercantum di dalam Undang-Undang",
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"text": "1 2 3 4 5 DKI Jakarta 598 615 592 600 586 Jawa Barat 1 765 1 898 2 288 2 442 2 515 DI Yogyakarta 208 225 220 222 218 0 500 1 000 1 500 2 000 2 500 3 000 U n it Jumlah SMK",
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"text": "Republik Indonesia Nomor 20 Tahun 2003 tentang Sistem Pendidikan Nasional di Bab 1 pasal 1 Tentang Ketentuan Umum yang menyebutkan bahwa, pendidikan adalah usaha sadardan terencana untuk mewujudkan suasana belajar dan proses pembelajaran agar peserta didik secara aktif mengembangkan potensi dirinya untuk memiliki kekuatan spiritual keagamaan, pengendalian diri, kepribadian, kecerdasan, akhlak mulia, serta keterampilan yang diperlukan dirinya, masyarakat, bangsa dan negara. Artinya, untuk menciptakan manusia yang berkualitas, maka dibutuhkan upaya dan proses tersistematis yang mampu mengembangkan potensi dari siswa sebagai peserta didik, yaitu kompetensi. Antara lain adalah kompetensi spiritual, pengendalian diri, personalitas, intelegensia, akhlak, spesialisasi, kecerdasan sosial dan paham bahwa dirinya adalah bagian dari bangsa dan negara.",
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"text": "Pengembangan potensi diri pada peserta didik sangat dibutuhkan untuk menghadapi globalisasi pendidikan. Kekuatan spiritual keagamaan, pengendalian diri, kepribadian, kecerdasan, akhlak mulia sangat diperlukan dalam mengantisipasi derasnya arus globalisasi di segala bidang. Ketrampilan peserta didik tidak hanya diperlukan bagi dirinya, namun sangat diperlukan bagi masyarakat, bangsa dan negara. Hal ini nampak sekali terutama dalam mengatasi berbagai masalah sosial, terutama masalah pengangguran.",
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"text": "Salah satu isu yang sangat menarik untuk dikaji sebagaimana termuat dalam Rencana Strategis Departemen Pendidikan Nasional tahun 2015-2019 (Hal. 62: butir b) adalah adanya upaya dari pemerintah untuk meningkatkan ketersediaan SMA/SMK/MA di kecamatan-kecamatan yang belum memiliki satuan pendidikan menengah melalui pembangunan USB, terutama penambahan RKB, dan pembangunan SMP/MTs-SMA/MA satu atap, serta ketersediaan SMK yang mendukung pembangunan bidang pertanian, maritim, pariwisata, industri manufaktur, dan ekonomi kreatif. Sementara d pada poin “k”, disebutkan bahwa adanya upaya pemerintah untuk melakukan penguatan kecakapan akademik siswa SMK seperti matematika, pemecahan masalah dan bahasa untuk memenuhi kebutuhan industri yang mensyaratkan penguasaan keterampilan dasar.",
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"text": "Kebijakan di atas ternyata tidak sinkron dengan kondisi yang terjadi di lapangan. Khususnya SMK (Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan) sebagai salah satu",
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"text": "lembaga pendidikan formalyang bertujuan untuk mempersiapkan siswa agar memiliki kompetensi yang diperlukan dan siap masa transisi menuju dunia kerja, ternyata belum benar-benar mampu mewujudkan target pencapaian dari kebijakan pemerintah tersebut. Jika melihat angka prosentase dari jumlah lulusan SMK yang bekerja terhadap angkatan kerja, menunjukkan bahwa mulai dari tahun 2010 hingga 2018, mengalami tren menurun. Tren tertinggi dicapai pada tahun 2014 sebesar 92,79%, dan merosot tajam sebesar 90,18% pada tahun 2016. Meskipun mengalami penaikan di tahun 2017 dan 2018 yaitu sebesar 90,73% dan 91,08%, namun masih belum bisa meyentuh angka tertinggi yangtelah dicapai di tahun 2014. Artinya, prestasi lulusan SMK untuk diterima pada dunia kerja terutama di dunia industri, melemah sebagaimana yang tercantum pada Tabel 1 di bawah ini.",
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"text": "Pendidikan Tertinggi yang DITAMATKAN % Bekerja / AK 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Tidak/belum pernah sekolah 98,98 98,20 97,88 98,03 97,47 97,54 97,85 97,79 98,87 Tidak/belum tamat SD 97,08 97,01 96,68 96,98 96,48 96,78 96,56 96,94 97,46 SD 95,37 96,11 95,86 95,93 96,05 95,98 96,38 96,02 97,09 SLTP 92,45 92,13 92,14 91,79 92,56 92,86 94,24 94,64 94,82 SLTA Umum/SMU 88,10 87,43 89,47 90,55 90,90 91,83 93,04 92,97 92,81 SLTA Kejuruan/SMK 86,19 89,90 90,41 92,28 92,79 90,95 90,18 90,73 91,08 Akademi/Diploma 84,29 87,76 92,43 94,28 94,13 92,51 92,78 93,65 92,08 Universitas 85,76 89,77 92,98 94,98 95,69 94,66 93,78 95,02 93,69",
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"text": "Beberapa penyebab dari terjadinya kondisi tersebut di atas antara lain masalah kompetensi lulusan SMK yang kebanyakan tidak memenuhi standar kebutuhan industri dan perusahaan. Hal ini terjadi karena penerapan kurikulum belajar yang tidak sinkron dengan kebutuhan dunia kerja secara riil sehingga mengakibatkan lulusan SMK tidak siap untuk masuk ke dunia kerja, terutama industri. Masalah kedua adalah kompetensi guru yang mengajar. Persoalan yang muncul adalah ketika guru yang mengajar mata pelajaran produktif tidak memiliki latar belakang pengetahuan dan pendidikan yang sesuai dengan mata pelajaran yang diajarkannya, atau bahkan tidak pernah terjun ke lapangan, sehingga tidak memiliki basic experince yang mapan untuk mempertajam materi pelajaran yang diajarkan",
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"text": "kepada siswanya. Masalah ketiga adalah kemampuan sekolah dalam menyediakan sarana dan pra sarana belajar yang mendukung siswa untuk menerapkan ilmunya di lapangan seperti laboratorium, bengkel, dan sejenisnya. Tidak semua SMK mampu menyediakan infrastruktur pembelajaran tersebu dengan baik, sehingga mengakibatkan siswa sering kali tidak melakukan praktikum secara sempurna sebagai bagian dari penerapan teori yang diperolehnya di kelas.",
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Merujuk kepada ketentuan pemerintah di atas mengenai daya saing SMK terhadap dunia kerja dan industri, maka dibutuhkan strategi manajerial yang baik bagi SMK agar bisa menyesuaikan diri dan mampu mempertahankan jumlah penerimaan siswa dan lulusan yang berkualitas. Salah satu upaya yang dilakukan adalah melakukan promosi sebagaimana yang dilakukan oleh SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi. Dalam perjalanannya, SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi mengalami kondisi tidak hanya harus mempersiapkan lulusan yang berkompeten dan berkompetisi dalam dunia bisnis dan industri, namun juga berusaha untuk mempertahankan eksistensinya di tengah-tengah persaingan dengan SMA dan SMK lainnya yang juga memiliki kompetensi lebih baik. Salah satu tantangan yang dihadapi oleh SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi adalah menentukan strategi apa yang mampu meningkatkan minat siswa baru untuk mau mendaftar di SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi tersebut.",
"type": "Text"
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"width": 400,
"height": 94,
"page_number": 5,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Sehingga berangkat dari persoalan di atas, maka peneliti mencoba untuk meneliti bentuk-bentuk strategi apa yang layak untuk digunakan oleh SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi dalam upaya meningkatkan minat siswa mendaftar dengan judul penelitian adalah Strategi Prommosi Perekrutan Siswa di SMK Bisnis dan Teknolgi Terhadap Minat Siswa Untuk Mendaftar.",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"top": 592,
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"text": "Berdasarkan uraian dari latar belakang di atas, maka rumusan masalah yang akan diteliti adalah sebagai berikut:",
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"text": "1. Upaya apa yang harus dilakukan oleh SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi dalam meningkatkan kualitas jasa pendidikannya kepada siswa?",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 142,
"top": 675,
"width": 371,
"height": 32,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "2. Strategi promosi apa yang harus dilakukan oleh SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi untuk dapat meningkatkan jumlah siswa",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 152,
"top": 71,
"width": 266,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Relasi : Jurnal Ekonomi, Vol. 15, No. 1, Januari 2019, hlm. 69-94",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 107,
"top": 788,
"width": 166,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "74 STIE MANDALA JEMBER",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
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"top": 116,
"width": 104,
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"text": "2.Tinjauan Pustaka",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 137,
"width": 115,
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"text": "Pengertian Pelayanan",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 158,
"width": 400,
"height": 114,
"page_number": 6,
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"text": "Secara umum, pelayanan di definisikan lebih kepada kontekstual dari kata tersebut. Banyak artkel ilmiah yang menyebutkan kata service namun diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Indonesia, memiliki arti dan makna berbeda, antara lain layanan, jasa dan servis. Dalam bahasa Inggris sendiri, istilah service pun diterjemahkan berbeda. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (2000) setidaknya mendefinisikan kata service antara lain sebagai berikut:",
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{
"left": 103,
"top": 282,
"width": 268,
"height": 11,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "1). Kondisi atau posisi menjadi pelayan atau pembantu",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 103,
"top": 302,
"width": 277,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "2). Penyerahan formal dokumen resmi kepada seseorang",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 103,
"top": 323,
"width": 382,
"height": 32,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "3). Tindakan untuk memeukul bola dalam permainan olah raga tenis, tenis meja, bulu tangkis, bola volley",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 103,
"top": 365,
"width": 247,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "4). Melayani pelanggan di hotel, restoran dan toko",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 103,
"top": 385,
"width": 382,
"height": 53,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "5). Bisnis yang pekerjaannya melakukan sesuatu bagi pelanggan tetapi tidak menghasilkan barang. Pekerjaan-pekerjaan seperti ini meliputi jasa finansial,perbankan dan asuransi",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 103,
"top": 448,
"width": 345,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "6). Keterampilan atau bantuan tertentu yang bisa ditawarkan seseorang",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 468,
"width": 400,
"height": 218,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Keanekaragaman makna dalam hal pemakaian istilah service juga dijumpai dalam literatur manajemen . Dalam perspektif manajemen, kata service mengacu pada tiga lingkup definisi utama, yaitu: industri, output atau penawaran, dan proses (Johns, 1999; dalam Fandi 2011). Dalam konteks indutsri, istilah jasa (service) digunakan untuk menggambarkan berbaggai sub-sektor dalam kategori aktivitas ekonomi, seperti transportasi, finansial, perdagangan ritel, personal services, kesehatan, pendidikan dan layanan publik. Dalam lingkup penawaran, jasa dipandang sebagai produk intangible yang outputnya lebih berupa aktifitas ketimbang obyek fisik, meskipun dalam kenyataannya banyak pula jasa yang melibatkan produk fisik. Sebagai proses, jasa mencerminkan penyampaian jasa inti, interaksi personal, kinerja dalam arti luas serta pengalaman layanan.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 85,
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"width": 400,
"height": 52,
"page_number": 6,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Lovelock, Peterson dan Walker (2004) dalam Fandy dan Gregorius (2011: p. 14) menjelaskan bahwa service dipandang sebagai sebuah sistem dalam setiap bisnis jasa yang memiliki dua komponen, yaitu (1) operasi jasa ( service operation )",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"page_number": 7,
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"text": "Relasi : Jurnal Ekonomi, Vol. 15, No. 1, Januari 2019, hlm. 69-94",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 327,
"top": 788,
"width": 165,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 7,
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"text": "STIE MANDALA JEMBER 75",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 116,
"width": 401,
"height": 53,
"page_number": 7,
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"text": "di mana input diproses dan elemen-elemen produk jasa diciptakan; dan (2) penyampaian jasa ( service delivery ) di mana elemen-elemen produk jasa tersebut dirakit, dirampungkan dan disampaikan kepada pelanggan.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 113,
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"text": "Manajemen Kepuasan Pelanggan",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 113,
"top": 199,
"width": 401,
"height": 114,
"page_number": 7,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Fandy Tjiptono (2011: p. 292) mendefinisikan kepuasan sebagai “upaya pemenuhan sesuatu” atau membuat sesuatu memadai. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (2000) dalam Tjiptono (2011: p 292) mendeskripsikan kepuasan sebagai “ the good feeling when you have the achieved something or when something that you wanted to happen does happen ; the act of fulfilling a need or desire ; dan an acceptable way of dealing with complain, a debt, an injury, etc ”.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 113,
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"text": "Staus dan Nehaus (1997) dalam Tjiptono membedakan tiga tipe kepuasan dan dua tipe ketidakpuasan berdasarkan kombinasi antara emosi-emosi spesifik terhadappenyedia jasa., ekspektasi menyangkut kapabilitas kinerja masa depan pemasok jasa, dan minat berperilaku untuk memilih lagi penyedia jasa bersangkutan. Tipe-tipe kepuasan dan ketidakpuasan tersebut adalah demanding satisfaction , stable satisfaction , resigned satisfaction , stable dissatisfaction , dan demanding dissatisfaction .",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 113,
"top": 468,
"width": 400,
"height": 156,
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"text": "Demanding customer satisfaction . Tipe ini merupakan tipe kepuasan yang aktif. Relasi dengan penyedia jasa diwarnai dengan emosi positif, terutama optimisme dna kepercaaan. Berdasarkan pengalaman positif masa lalu, pelanggan dengan tipe kepuasan ini berharap bahwa penyedia jasa bakal mampu memuaskan ekspektasi mereka yang semakin meningkat di masa depan. Selain itu, mereka bersedia meneruskan relasi. Namun demikian, loyalitas tergantung pada kemampuan penyedia jasa dalam meningkatkan kinerjanya seiring dengan meningkatnya tuntutan pelanggan",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"text": "Stable customer satisfaction . Pelanggan dalam tipe ini memiliki aspirasi pasif dan perilaku yang demanding .Emosi positifnya terhadpa penyedia jasa bercirikan steadiness dan trust dalam relasi yang terbina saat ini. mereka menginginkan segala sesuatunya tetap sama.",
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{
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"text": "Resigned customer satisfaction . Pelanggan dalam tipe ini juga merasa puas. Namun, kepuasannya bukan disebabkan oleh ekspektasi, lebih didasarkan kepada",
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"text": "Relasi : Jurnal Ekonomi, Vol. 15, No. 1, Januari 2019, hlm. 69-94",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 107,
"top": 788,
"width": 166,
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"text": "76 STIE MANDALA JEMBER",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 116,
"width": 400,
"height": 53,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "kesan bahwa tidak realistis untuk berharap lebih. Perilaku konsumen tipe ini cenderung pasif. Mereka tidak bersedia melakukan berbagai upaya dalam rangka menuntut berbagai situasi.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 178,
"width": 400,
"height": 94,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Stable customer dissatisfaction . Pelanggan dalam tipe ini tidak puas terhadap kinerja penyedia jasa, namun mereka cenderung tidak melakukan apa-apa. Relasi mereka dengan penyedia jasa diwarnai emosi negatif dan asumsi bahwa ekspektasi mereka tidak bakal terpenuhi di masa datang. Mereka juga tidak melihat adanya peluang untuk perubahan atau perbaikan",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 85,
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"width": 400,
"height": 114,
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"text": "Demanding customer dissatisfaction . Tipe ini bercirikan tingkat aspirasi aktif dan perilaku demanding . Pada tingkat emosi, ketidakpuasannya menimbulkan protes dan oposis. Hal ini meyiratkan bahwa mereka akan aktif dalam menuntut perbaikan. Padasaat bersamaan, mereka juga merasa tidak perlu untuk tetap loyal pada penyedia jasa. Berdasarkan pengalaman negatifnya, mereka tidak akan memilih penyedia jasa yang sama lagi di kemudian hari.",
"type": "Text"
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"left": 85,
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"text": "Pengukuran Kepuasan Pelanggan",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 427,
"width": 400,
"height": 94,
"page_number": 8,
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"text": "Ada beberapa metode yang bisa digunakan oleh perusahaan untuk mengukur dan memantau pelanggannya dan pelanggan pesaing. Kotler et.al (2004) dalam Tjiptono (2011: 314) mengidentifikasikan empat metode yang mengukur kepuasan pelanggan: sistem keluhan dan saran, ghost shopping, lost customer analysis, dan survey kepuasan pelanggan.",
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"text": "1. Sistem Keluhan Pelanggan",
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 551,
"width": 400,
"height": 197,
"page_number": 8,
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"text": "Setiap organisasi yang berorientasi pada pelanggan perlu menyediakan kesempatan dan akses yang mudah dan nyaman bagi para pelanggannya guna menyampaikan saran, kritik, dan pendapat serta keluhan mereka. Media yang digunakan bisa berupa kotak saran yang ditempatkan di lokasi-lokasi strategis ( yang mudah dijangkau atau sering dilewati pelanggan), kartu komentar yang bisa diisi langsung maupun yang dikirmkan via pos, saluran telepon khusu bebas pulsa, websites, dan lain-lain. Informasi yang diperoleh melalui metode ini dapat memberikan ide-ide baru yang berharga kepada perusahaan. Sehingga memungkinkan bagi perusahaan untuk bergerak secara tanggap dan cepat untuk mengatasi masalah-masalah yang timbul. Berdasarkan karakteristiknya, metode ini bersifat pasif, karena perusahaan",
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Relasi : Jurnal Ekonomi, Vol. 15, No. 1, Januari 2019, hlm. 69-94",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 327,
"top": 788,
"width": 165,
"height": 11,
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "STIE MANDALA JEMBER 77",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 116,
"width": 400,
"height": 53,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "menunggu inisiatif pelanggan untuk menyampaikan keluhan atau penndapat. Sehingga sulit memperoleh gambaran lengkap mengenai kepuasan atau ketidakpuasan pelanggan melalui cdara ini semata",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"text": "2. Ghost Shopping",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 199,
"width": 400,
"height": 135,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Salah satu cara untuk memperoleh gambaran kepuasan pelanggan adalah dengan mempekerjakan beberapa orang untuk berperan atau berpura-pura sebagai pelanggan potensial produk perusahaan dan pesaing. Mereka diminta untuk berinteraksi dengan staf penyedia jasa dan menggunakan produk perusahaan. Berdasarkan pengalamannya tersebut, mereka kemudian diminta melaporkan temuan-temuannya berkenaan dengan kekuatan dan kelemahan produk perusahaan dan pesaing.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 113,
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"text": "3. Lost Customer Analysis",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 113,
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"height": 73,
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"text": "Sedapat mungkin sebaiknya perusahaan menghubungi kembali para pelanggan yang telah berhenti membeli atau yang telah pindah pemsok agar dapat memahami mengapa hal itu terjadi dan supaya dapatt mengambil kebijakan perbaikan/penyempurnaan selanjutnya",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "4. Survey Kepuasan Pelanggan",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 113,
"top": 468,
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"height": 53,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Melalui survey, perusahaan akan memperoleh tanggapan dan balikan secara langsung dari pelanggan dan juga memberikan kesan positif bahwa perusahaan menaruh perhatian terhadap para pelanggannya.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "Promosi",
"type": "Section header"
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{
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"height": 197,
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"text": "Menurut Kotler dalam Rangkuti (2010: p. 49), promosi mencakup semua alat-alat bauran pemasaran yang peran utamanya adalah lebih mengadakan komunikasi yang sifatnya membujuk. Kegiatan promosi menurut Rangkuti (2010), merupakan hal yang sangat penting dan harus dapat memperlihatkan dengan cara yang tepat sehingga innformasi yang disampaikan dapat diterima dan dimengerti oleh masyarakat yang diharapkan dapat menjadi konsumen bagi perusahaan. Rangkuti menjelaskan bahwa promosi adalah kegiatan penjualan dan pemasaran dalam ranggka menginformasikan dan mendorong permintaan terhadap produk, jasa, dan ide dari perusahaan dengan cara memengaruhi konsumen agar mau membeli produk dan jasa yang dihasilkan oleh perusahaan. Sehingga karakteristik",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "Relasi : Jurnal Ekonomi, Vol. 15, No. 1, Januari 2019, hlm. 69-94",
"type": "Page header"
},
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"text": "promosi menurut Rangkuti (2010) adalah sebagai berikut:",
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"text": "a. Promosi adalah salah satu variabel marketing mix yang memiliki peranan penting bagi perusahaan dalam menyebarkan informasi kepada konsumen dan publik.",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 113,
"top": 199,
"width": 372,
"height": 52,
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "b. Promosi berusaha menarik perhatian konsumen melalui informasi yang diberikan kepada konsumen untuk memberitahukan adanya produk baru perusahaan",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 261,
"width": 372,
"height": 52,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "c. Promosi adalah kegiatan perusahaan yang menyebarluaskan arus informasi agar konsumen terus mengingatnya sehingga timbul keinginan konsumen untuk mencoba dan membeli produk perusahaan.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 323,
"width": 371,
"height": 32,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "d. Promosi berusaha mengubah sikap atau perilaku konsumen terhadap produk atau jas perusahaan",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 365,
"width": 371,
"height": 52,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "e. Promosi merupakan kegiatan yang secara langsung daat dilihat dan dirasakan konsumen dan secara tidak langsung juga memaksa konsumen untuk membeli poduk atau jasa perusahaan.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 85,
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Pengaruh Komunikasi Terhadap Pembentukan Sikap",
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{
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"text": "Sikap terdiri dari tiga komponen utama yaitu kognitif, afektif dan komponen konatif. Komponen konginitif terdiri dari pengetahuan konsumen tentang produk, merk, dan pemasar. Pengetahuan ini didapat dari kepercayaan terhadap atribut objek dan manfaat yang ditawarkan dan didasari oleh pengalaman konsumen pribadi dan informasi yang dikumpulkan baik dari pemasar maupun dari konsumen lainnya.",
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"text": "Komponen afektif meliputi perasaan dan emosi konsumen terhadap objek yang diwujudkan dengan mengevaluasi objek secara keseluruhan objek yang bersangkutan. Evaluasi ini banyak dipengaruhi oleh kepercayaan yan telah terbentuk sebelumnya. Komponen konatif adalah niat konsumen untuk bertindak terhadap suatu objek, biasanya berupa kecenderungan untuk membeli suatu produk untuk memuaskan kebutuhannya.",
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"text": "Sementara sikap adalah hasil dari proses belajar. Artinya, sikap yag cenderung relevan dengan perilaku pembelian adalah hasil bentukan dari pengalaman menggunakan produk secara langsung, informasi dari mulut ke mulut ( word of",
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"text": "Relasi : Jurnal Ekonomi, Vol. 15, No. 1, Januari 2019, hlm. 69-94",
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"text": "STIE MANDALA JEMBER 79",
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"text": "mouth ), komunikasi di berbagai media, internet maupun direct marketing .",
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"text": "3. Metode Penelitian",
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"text": "Desain Penelitian",
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"text": "Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif deskriptif. Subjek dalam penelitian ini adalah siswa yang belajar di SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi.Data dalam penelitian ini dikumpulkan dengan menggunakan metode survey, yang digunakan untuk mengumpulkan data berupa sikap, tanggapan dan respon siswa dari pengalaman yang pernah dialaminya terhadap pelayanan, sarana dan pra sarana yang dimiliki oleh SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi. Pada penelitian ini pengumpulan data juga dilakukan dengan menggunakan kuesioner dimana yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah kuesionerpenilaian siswa terhadap kinerja pelayanan secara umum baik ditinjau dari sisi pengajaran maupun infrastruktur yang disediakan.",
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"text": "Lokasi Penelitian",
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"top": 385,
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"height": 53,
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"text": "Lokasi penelitian dilakukan di SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi yang beralamat di Jalan Cikunir Raya No. 1, Jakamulya, Bekasi Selatan, Jaka Mulya, Bekasi Sel., Kota Bks, Jawa Barat 17146",
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"text": "Populasi",
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"width": 400,
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"text": "Populasi yang diperoleh adalah guru mata pelajaran di SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi sebesar 60 orang",
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"text": "Teknik Pengumpulan Data",
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"text": "Penelitian ini dengan wawancara, dengan menggunakan kuesioner terhadap responden.",
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"text": "Instrumen Penelitian",
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"text": "Instrumen penelitian yang digunakan adalah kuesioner yang digunakan oleh peneliti untuk mengumpulkan data dari dua variabel, yaitu variabel independen dan dependen.",
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"text": "4. Hasil Dan Pembahasan",
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"text": "Hasil",
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"text": "Dalam hasil penelitian ini disajikan data hasil penghitungan dari 60 siswa responden. Data tersebut kemudian disajikan ke dalam bentuk grafik dan tabel yang merupakan hasil penghitungan dari setiap item pertanyaan dan variabel yang",
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"text": "Relasi : Jurnal Ekonomi, Vol. 15, No. 1, Januari 2019, hlm. 69-94",
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"width": 166,
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"text": "80 STIE MANDALA JEMBER",
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"width": 400,
"height": 135,
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"text": "dianalisa.Variabel penilaian yang dihitung adalah penilaian siswa terhadap bentuk promosi yang dilakukan oleh SMK Bisnis dna Teknologi dalam bentuk Iklan, Sales Promotion, Word of Mouth, Public Relation, dan Event Marketing dengan indikator YA dan TIDAK. Adapun variabel tersebut kemudian ditinjau berdasarkan total siswa, yang disajikan dalam bentuk prosentase penilaian terhadap jumlah siswa seluruhnya maupun ditinjau dari prosentase per level variabel. Variabel penilaian tersebut kemudian dianalisa terhadap variabel penilaian",
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"text": "Analisa Hasil Penilaian Siswa Terhadap Sumber Informasi Yang Diperoleh",
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"text": "Tentang SMK Bisnis Dan Teknologi",
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"text": "Dari hasil penelitian diperoleh bahwa siswa memperoleh informasi tentang SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi dari berbagai sumber informasi yang diperolehnya sebagaimana yang ditunjukkan pada Tabel 5.1, yang ditinjau dari 60 siswa yang belajar di SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi, sebagaimana yang tertera di bawah ini.",
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"text": "Sumber Informasi Tentang SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi",
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"text": "Tabel 5.1. Sumber Informasi SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi",
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"text": "Yang Diperoleh Siswa",
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"text": "Berdasarkan data yang diperoleh dari hasil penelitian, menunjukkan bahwa sebanyak 60 siswa memperoleh informasi tentang SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi berasal dari Spanduk, Brosur, Presentasi di kelas, Rekomendasi Teman, Pilihan dari Orang Tua Siswa yang bersangkutan, memilih atas keputusan sendiri, Rekomendasi dari Guru Sekolah, dan sumber lain. Berdasarkan data, siswa yang memperoleh informasi tentang SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi berasal dari Spanduk sebesar 10 orang atau sebesar 16,7%. Sumber dari brosur sebanyak 23 orang atau sebesar 38,3%. Memperoleh informasi dari presentasi pihak SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi di",
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"text": "Informasi tentang SMK BISTEK KETERANGAN JUMLAH % Spanduk 10 16,7 Brosur 23 38,3 Presentasi 3 5,0 Rekomendasi Teman 16 26,7 Pilihan Orang Tua 19 31,7 Pilihan sendiri 14 23,3 Rekomendasi Guru 0 0,0 Lain-lain 3 5,0",
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"text": "Relasi : Jurnal Ekonomi, Vol. 15, No. 1, Januari 2019, hlm. 69-94",
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"text": "STIE MANDALA JEMBER 81",
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"text": "kelas siswa yang bersangkutan sebesar 3 orang atau sebesar 5%. Memperoleh informasi dari rekomendasi teman sebanyak 16 orang atau sebesar 26,7%.Siswa memperoleh informasi tentang SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi karena pilihan dari orang tua siswa sendiri adalah sebanyak 19 orang atau sebesar 31,7%. Sementara siswa yang memperoleh informasi karena mencari sendiri dan atas keputusan diri sendiri sebanyak 14 orang atau sebesa 23,3%. Di sisi lain, rekomendasi guru atas informasi yang diperoleh siswa tentang SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi adalah sebesar 0%, atau dapat dikatakan bahwa siswa tidak memperoleh informasi tentang SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi dari guru di sekolahnya sendiri. Dan terakhir adalah siswa memperoleh informasi tentang SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi berasal dari faktor lain selain sumber informasi resmi yang ada, yaitu sebanyak 3 orang atau sebesar 5%.",
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"text": "Jika dibandingkan dari sumber-sumber informasi yang ada tersebut, tercatat bahwa porsi tertinggi adalah Brosur sebesar 38,3%. Sementara porsi sumber informasi tertinggi berikutnya disusul oleh Pilihan Orang Tua siswa sebesar 31,7%.",
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"text": "1. Faktor Keputusan Siswa Mendaftar di SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi",
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"text": "Ditinjau dari aspek non promosi, ternyata terdapat beberapa faktor yang memengaruhi keputusan siswa untuk mendaftar di SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi sebagaimana yang dicantumkan di Tabel 5.2 berikut:",
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"text": "KETERANGAN JUMLAH % Jurusan sesuai minat 45 75,0 Program sekolah lengkap 10 16,7 Fasilitas Belajar Lengkap 9 15,0 Gedung Sekolah & Sarana Fisik bagus 7 11,7 Kompetensi Guru Sesuai Bidang 17 28,3",
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"text": "Berdasarkan data yang diperoleh dari hasil penelitian, menunjukkan bahwa sebanyak 60 siswa responden yang memutuskan untuk mendaftar di SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi, dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor utama antara lain SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi menyediakan jurusan yang sesuai dengan minat siswa yang bersangkutan, Program Kegiatan Sekolah yang dinilai lengkap, Fasilitas Belajar yang lengkap, Gedung dan Sarana Fisik Sekolah yang representatif, Kompetensi",
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"text": "Relasi : Jurnal Ekonomi, Vol. 15, No. 1, Januari 2019, hlm. 69-94",
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"text": "82 STIE MANDALA JEMBER",
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"text": "Guru Mata Pelajaran yang sesuai dengan bidangnya. Berdasarkan data, jurusan yang disediakan oleh SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi sesuai dengan minat siswa itu sendiri, yaitu sebanyak 45 orang, atau sebesar 75%. Program Kegiatan Siswa yang dinilai lengkap sebanyak 10 orang atau sebesar 16,7%. Fasilitas Belajar yang dinilai lengkap sebanyak 9 orang atau sebesar 15,5%. Infrastruktur seperti Gedung Sekolah dan Sarana Fiosik yang representatif bagi sisaw dalam proses kegiatan belajar juga memengaruhi siswa sebanyak 7 orang atau sebesar 11,7%. Dan terakhir yangtak akalah pentingnya adalah kompetensi Guru mata pelajaran yang sesuai dengan bidangnya mampu memengaruhi siswa sebanyak 17 orang atau sebesar 28,3%.",
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"text": "Jika dibandingkan di anatar faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi keputusan siswa unntuk mendaftar di SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi, maka diperoleh bahwa faktor paling besar yang memengaruhi siswa adalah kesesuaian antara minat dengan jurusan yang disediakan oleh pihak SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi. Faktor terbesar kedua adalah sebagian besar yang mendaftar di SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi disebabkan oleh siswa mengetahui kompetensi yang dimiliki oleh Guru Mata Pelajaran di SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi dengan baik.",
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"text": "Analisa Dan Interpretasi Penilaian Siswa Terhadap Kegiatan Promosi SMK Bisnis Dan Teknologi",
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"text": "Penilaian Siswa Terhadap Iklan SMK Bisnis Dan Teknologi",
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"text": "Pernyataan PENILAIAN YA % TIDAK % 1 29 48,3 31 51,7 2 37 61,7 23 38,3 3 32 53,3 28 46,7",
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"text": "4 40 66,7 20 33,3 5 50 83,3 10 16,7 6 50 83,3 9 15,0",
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"text": "Tabel 5.4. menunjukkan data mengenai siswa yang terpapar iklan dari SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi sehingga mampu memengaruhi mereka untuk mendaftar sebagai siswa. Dari tujuh pernyataan yang ada dalam kuesioner, sebanyak 83,3% dari 60",
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"text": "Relasi : Jurnal Ekonomi, Vol. 15, No. 1, Januari 2019, hlm. 69-94",
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"width": 400,
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"text": "siswa menilai bahwa informasi yang tercantum dalam brosur SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi cukup jelas dan lengkap serta mudah dikenali dengan desainnya yang khas. Sementara jika dibandingkan dengan aktifitas iklan yang dilakukan, nilai terendah sebesar 48,3% siswa menilai bahwa sering melihat spanduk pengumuman Penerimaan Siswa Baru SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi di setiap sudut jalan yang dilalui.",
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"text": "Penilaian Siswa Terhadap Sales Promotion SMK Bisnis Dan Teknologi Tabel 5.5. Penilaian Siswa Terhadap Sales Promotion SMK Bisnis dan",
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"text": "Teknologi SALES PROMOTION PENILAIAN Pertanyaan YA % TIDAK % 8 43 71,7 17 28,3 9 7 11,7 51 85,0 10 53 88,3 4 6,7",
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"text": "Tabel 5.5 menunjukkan penilaian siswa terhadap kegiatan Sales Promotion SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, respon tertinggi siswa terhadap kegiatan promosi SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi jatuh pada aspek beasiswa yang ditawarkan, yaitu sebesar 53 siswa atau 88,3%. Penilaian terbesar berikutnya dari siswa adalah pada aspek kegiatan promosi dalam bentuk fasilitas potongan biaya bagi siswa berpestasi, yaitu sebesar 43 siswa atau 71,7%. Sementara hanya 7 siswa atau 11,7% yang memanfaatkan promosi SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi dalam bentuk bantuan biaya pendidikan bagi siswa. Dengan kata lain, sebagian besar minat siswa yang tertarik kepada promosi yang dilakukan oleh SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi adalah dalam bentuk potongan biaya bagi siswa berprestasi dan beasiswa.",
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"text": "Penilaian Siswa Terhadap Public Relations SMK Bisnis Dan Teknologi Tabel 5.6. Penilaian Siswa Terhadap Public Relations SMK Bisnis dan",
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"text": "11 25 41,7 34 56,7 12 14 23,3 46 76,7 13 47 78,3 12 20,0 14 39 65,0 19 31,7",
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"text": "Tabel 5.6 menunjukkan kegiatan Public Relations di SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi dalam menarik minta siswa untuk mendaftar. Dari hasil penelitian yang dilakukan, diperoleh data bahwa sebanyak 56 siswa atau 93,3% menyatakan bahwa pihak SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi selalu memberikan ceramah tentang prospek kerja pada lulusan SMK di masa depan sesuai dengan tuntutan dunia usaha. Artinya, bentuk promosi ini merupakan salah satu cara efektif yang dapat menarik sebagian besar siswa untuk mendaftar di SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi dan sebagian besar siswa tertarik dengan bentuk promosi ini. Di sisi lain, sebanyak 54 siswa atau 90% menyatakan bahwa salah satu yang menyebabkan siswa mendaftar di SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi adalah karena keputusan orang tua siswa yang mendaftarkan anaknya untuk masuk di SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi. Keputusan tersebut dikarenakan orang tua siswa memiliki kesadaran tentang prospek SMK setelah mengikuti seminar yang dilakukan oleh SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi itu sendiri.",
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"text": "Teknologi WORD OF MOUTH PENILAIAN Pertanyaan YA % TIDAK % 17 18 30,0 42 70,0 18 37 61,7 23 38,3 19 2 3,3 58 96,7",
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"text": "Word of mouth merupakan salah satu bentuk promosi yang dilakukan oleh pihak SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi dengan cara siswa, orang tua, guru dan pihak- pihak lain merekomendasikan SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi kepada orang lain atau calon siswa. Biasanya, rekomendator adalah orang-orang yang mampu memengaruhi orang lain dikarenakan status atau memiliki power tertentu untuk dapat mengajak orang lain mengikuti perintahnya. Dari hasil penelitian yang telah dilakukan, terlihat bahwa sebanyak 38 siswa atau 63,3% mengatakan bahwa keputusan untuk mendaftar sebagai siswa di SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi atas dasar keinginan sendiri. Sementara, keputusan siswa untuk mendaftar di SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi atas dasar pilihan orang tua adalah 37 siswa atau 61,7%. Artinya, sebagian besar siswa yang mendaftar di SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi adalah siswa yang memiliki kesadaran sendiri tentang masa depannya. Kesadaran tersebut sebagian besar muncul secara mandiri, dan sebagian lagi karena faktor orang tua yang juga sadar tentang pentingnya karir kerja bagi anaknya di masa depan.",
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"text": "Sementara di sisi lain, faktor dari ajakan teman hanya sebesar 18 orang atau 30% dari total 60 siswa yang mendaftar. Dan faktor guru adalah yang paling terendah yaitu sebanyak 2 orang atau 3,3%. Sehingga dari adata tersebut dapat diterjemahkan bahwa tingkat kemandirian keputusan siswa untuk mendaftar di SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi adalah cukup tinggi, di samping juga dengan tingginya kesadaran orang tua siswa terhadap masa depan anaknya untuk diterima di dunia kerja sehingga memutuskan untuk mendaftarkan sang anak ke SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi. Hal ini terlihat dari kecilnya jumlah siswa yang memilih mendaftar di SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi dari faktor ajakan teman dan lingkungan dari siswa itu berada.",
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"text": "Penilaian Siswa Terhadap Event Marketing SMK Bisnis Dan Teknologi Tabel 5.8. Penilaian Siswa Terhadap Event Marketing SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi",
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"text": "Pertanyaan YA % TIDAK % 22 55 91,7 5 8,3 23 35 58,3 25 41,7 24 52 86,7 8 13,3",
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"text": "Event marketing merupakan salah satu bentuk promosi dengan cara menyelenggarakan acara-acara tematik yang bertujuan untuk menciptakan eksperiensial bagi konsumen atau target audiens. Dalam hal ini bentuk acara yang dilaksanakan oleh SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi adalah kompetisi dan kontes bagi siswa berprestasi di bidangnya. Acar atersebut bertujuan untuk menciptakan sebuah pengalaman bagi siswa tentang mengasah kemampuan dan keterampilannya dengan komtestan yang lain. Dari situ, siswa akan terlatih dan terasah kemampuan sesuai dibidangnya. Siswa akan mengetahui bahwa dirinya mampu untuk bisa berkompetisi karena memiliki kompetensi yang layak.",
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"text": "Berdasarkan data yang diperoleh dari hasil penelitian terhadap siswa yang mendaftar di SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi, menunjukkan bahwa sebanyak 55 siswa atau 91,7% menyatakan bahwa SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi selalu menyelenggarakan acara dalam bentuk kompetensi dan kontes bagi siswa yang memiliki kompetensi di bidangnya. Selanjutnya, sebanyak 52 siswa atau 86,7% mengatakan bahwa acara tersebut sangat bermanfaat bagi siswa yang bersangkutan. Dan sebanyak 35 siswa atau 58,3% mengikuti acara tersebut dibandingkan siswa yang tidak mengikuti sebesar 25 siswa atau 41,7% . Artinya, dapat diterjemahkan bahwa kegiatan event marketing yang dilakukan oleh SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi dinilai sangat bermanfaat bagi siswa, dan merupakan salah satu faktor yang mendorong keputusan siswa untuk mendaftar di SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi.",
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"text": "Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang telah dilakukan terhadap siswa di SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi, dapat dijelaskan sebagai berikut.",
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"text": "Dalam hal memperoleh informasi mengenai SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi dari",
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"text": "Relasi : Jurnal Ekonomi, Vol. 15, No. 1, Januari 2019, hlm. 69-94",
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"text": "siswa yang mendaftar, sebanyak 23 siswa dari 60 responden mengatakan bahwa mereka memperoleh informasi hingga mendaftar di SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi melalui brosur. Sebanyak 19 siswa memperoleh informasi tersebut dari orang tua yang telah menentukan untuk mendaftarkan sang anak ke SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi. Sebanyak 16 siswa memperoleh informasi atas rekomendasi dari teman, sebanyak 14 siswa memperoleh informasi dengan mencari sendiri, sebanyak 10 siswa karena melihat spanduk, dan jumlah terkecil dari siswa yang berhasil memperoleh informasi tentang SMK Bisnis dan Tenologi adalah sebanyak 3 orang melalui paparan presentasi dari pihak SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi di kelas mereka dan sebanyak 3 orang lain memperoleh informasi melalui sumber lain.",
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"text": "Berdasarkan data tersebut, dapat dianalisa bahwa salah satu bentuk media promosi yang paling efektif untuk menyampaikan informasi mengenai SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi adalah brosur. Dan target penyampaian informasi yang paling efektif bagi SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi dalam merekrut siswa baru dan membangun minat siswa untuk mendaftar adalah melalui orang tua siswa yang bersangkutan. Di sisi lain, lingkungan pertemanan dan sosial juga merupakan target yang efektif sebagai sumber informasi yang dapat dipercaya oleh siswa untuk mencari tahu tentang SMK yang diminatinya. Teman merupakan salah satu pihak terdekat yang seringkali dijadikan rujukan oleh siswa dan dipercaya dalam memberikan informasi yang diinginkan siswa tersebut. Keputusan siswa untuk mencari tahu tentang SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi secara mandiri juga merupakan faktor penentu cukup signifikan bagi SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi. Walaupun dari data yang diperoleh atas hasil penelitian menunjukkan jumlah yang tidak signifikan (sebanyak 14 siswa), namun siswa yang lebih memilih untuk mencari tahu sendiri tentang SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi ketimbang sumber informasi mengenai sekolah lain, merupakan target audiens utama dan terpenting bagi SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi. Sementara spanduk, ternyata tidak bisa dijadikan sumber informasi utama karena hanya 10 siswa yang memperoleh informasi tentang SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi. Kondisi tersebut dapat dijelaskan bahwa titik lokasi pemasangan spanduk yang tidak strategis serta desain dan tata letak huruf secara keseluruhan yang melekat pada spanduk tersebut, merupakan salah satu faktor penyebab siswa tidak memperoleh",
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"text": "informasi secara lengkap mengenai SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi.",
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"text": "Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat faktor-faktor yang secara garis besatr mempengaruhi keputusan siswa untuk mendaftar di SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi yaitu faktor kesesuaian antara Jurusan yang disediakan oleh SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi dengan minat siswa, kelengkapan program-program pembelajaran yang ada di SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi, kelengkapan fasilitas belajar yang disediakan, tampilan fisik yang representatif dan mendukung siswa untuk belajar seperti gedung sekolah dan sarana fisik seperti laboratorium, perpustakaan dan lainnya, dan terakhir adalah kemampuan yang dimiliki oleh guru mata pelajarana yang sesuai dengan bidang dan latar belakang pendidikannya.",
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"text": "Berdasarkan analisa data yang telah dilakukan, menunjukkan bahwa dari lima faktor besar yang memengaruhi keputusan siswa untuk mendaftar di SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi, sebanyak 45 siswa dari 60 siswa dipengarui oleh kesesuaian antara minat dan jurusan yang disediakan oleh pihak SMK Bisnis dna Teknologi. Faktor terbesar berikutnya adalah kompetensi guru yang sesuai di bidangnya. Berdasarkan data tersebut, dapat dianalisa bahwa SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi telah mampu memenuhi unsur kebutuhan paling utama ketika siswa tersebut memutuskan untuk mendaftar di Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan itu sendiri, yaitu mampu memenuhi minat siswa terhadap kompetensi yang diinginkan, dan mampu memenuhi kebutuhan siswa untuk memperoleh keahlian dan keterampilan dari jurusan yang dipelajarinya.",
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"text": "Dalam konteks iklan dengan menggunakan media brosur dan spanduk yang dilakukan oleh pihak SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi, diperoleh hasil bahwa dari 60 siswa responden, mengatakan brosur dan spanduk sudah informative dan designable . Artinya, pesan promosi yang ingin disampaikan oleh SMK Bisni dan Teknologi melalui kedua media tersebut sudah komunikatif dan mampu dipahami oleh siswa dengan baik.",
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"text": "Kegiatan Sales promotion yang dilakukan oleh SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi juga merupakan salah satu faktor yang memengaruhi keputusan siswa untuk mendaftar. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, sebagian besar minat siswa untuk mendaftar adalah karena ingin memperoleh beasiswa yang disediakan oleh SMK",
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"text": "Bisnis dan Teknologi. Hal ini cukup beralasan mengingat setiap kali kegiatan sales promotion dilakukan, SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi selalu “menjanjikan” adanya potongan biaya dalam bentuk beasiswa kepada target siswa. Namun jika diukur dari jumlah siswa yang memperoleh beasiswa, ternyata hanya tujuh orang dari 60 responden yang ditanya. Jumlah ini sangatlah sedikit, dan mengingat pula dampak yang muncul ketika “janji beasiswa” ini dilakukan sangat selektif dalam kategori syarat yang sempit, maka akan melemahkan motivasi siswa yang akan mendaftar di SMK Bisnis an Teknologi. Sehingga perlu bagi pihak SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi untuk merancang kembali bentuk promosi dalam bentuk beasiswa ini dengan kategori yang lebih luas agar cakupan pasar juga bisa lebih luas.",
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"text": "Data hasil penelitian dalam kategori kegiatan public relations yang dilakukan oleh pihak SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi menjelaskan bahwa sebagian besar siswa responden mengatakan bahwa kegiatan public relations yang dilakukan oleh SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi sering dilakukan, namun dari 60 responden, sebanyak 25 orang yang mengatakan bahwa ia hadir dalam kegiatan kegiatan public relations tersebut dan 34 siswa tidak hadir. Sebanyak 14 orang mengatakan bahwa ia pernah diundang dan 46 siswa lainnya mengatakan bahwa ia tidak pernah diundang. Dari 60 responden tersebut, jika ditinjau dari dampak undangan yang dilakukan oleh SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi tersebut terhadap respon siswa pada undangan tersebut, maka dapat dikatakan bahwa kegiatan public relations tersebut efektif. Tanggapan dan respon siswa baik sekali, hal tersebut terlihat dari 14 siswa yang merasa diundang, dan sebanyak 25 (73%) orang hadir dalam acara tersebut. Namun jika ditinjau dari upaya promosi dalam bentuk mengundang siswa itu sendiri, maka dapat dikatakan lemah. Terbukti dari 60 siswa respnden, hanya 14 (23%) orang yang mengatakan merasa diundang. Sementara 46 siswa (76,7%) tidak merasa diundang. Sehingga dapat dikatakan bahwa cakupan undangan dari SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi tidak optimal . Ditinjau dari sisi kemanfaatan kegiatan public rekations tersebut bagi siswa, dapat dikatakan sudah baik yang terlihat dari sebanyak 47 (78,3%) siswa responden mengatakan acara tersebut sangat bermanfaat bagi mereka. Sehingga dari keseluruhan kegiatan public relaitions yang dilakukan oleh pihak SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi dapat dikatakan bahwa kegiatan",
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"text": "tersebut mampu membangun minat siswa dan orang tua untuk mendaftar di SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi, ditambah lagi dengan intensitas atau frekuensi kegiatan tersebut yang sering dilakukan. Namun cakupan kegiatan tersebut tidak menjangkau lebih luas dalam jumlah siswa untuk hadir pada acara tersebut. Strategi yang harus dilakukan oleh pihak SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi adalah memperluas cakupan undangan public relations tersebut ke dalam kategori lapisan siswa (misal: kelas 7, 8, 9 SMP). Pihak SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi perlu merancang metode ceramah, materi dan teknik dari kegiatan tersebut secara khusus sesuai dengan karakteristik target audiens di setiap lapisan tersebut. Tujuan secara keseluruhan dari cara ini adalah membangun kesadaran siswa sejak dini tentang dunia uasaha dan karir di bidangnya melalui SMK.",
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"text": "Hasil penelitian dan analisis data mengenai kegiatan promosi dalam bentuk Word of Mouth yang dilakukan oleh pihak SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi menyatakan bahwa sebagian besar siswa memutuskan untuk mendaftar di SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi karena faktor kedadaran diri sendiri. Tentunya hal ini sangat baik bagi SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi karena setiap input siswa yang ikut sebagai peserta didik adalah siswa-siswa yang sudah memiliki konsep dan tujuan diri cukup besar, sehingga pengelolaan peserta didik di sekolah tersebut dapat berjalan dengan baik. Selain itu, kesadaran orang tua terhadap pentingnya menyekolahkan anaknya di SMK juga dapat dikatakan cukup baik. Hal ini terlihat dari 60 siswa responden, sebanyak 37 siswa mengatakan bahwa ia mendaftar di SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi karena faktor pilihan orang tua. Dapat dikatakan bahwa selain tingginya tingkat kesadaran orang tua terhadap pentingnya pendidikan anak, orang tua juga memiliki kesadaran tentang karir dan masa depan anak itu sendiri dalam menghadapi persaingan ketat dalam dunia kerja. Di sisi lain, dari 5 pihak yang menjadi faktor yang memengaruhi keputusan siswa mendaftar, sebanyak 2 siswa mengatakan bahwa mereka mendaftar di SMK Bisnis dan Tenologi karena faktor rekomendasi dari guru di sekolahnya. Tentunya jika dibandingnya dari 4 pihak rekomendator yang lain, peran guru sangat kecil dalam memengruhi keputusan siswa. sehingga strategi yang harus dilakukan oleh pihak SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi adalah harus menjalin kerjasama dan hubungan baik serta memberikan pemahaman tentang",
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"text": "Relasi : Jurnal Ekonomi, Vol. 15, No. 1, Januari 2019, hlm. 69-94",
"type": "Page header"
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"text": "STIE MANDALA JEMBER 91",
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"text": "dinamika dunia kerja kepada guru yang bersangkutan terhadap anak didiknya nanti.",
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"text": "Kegiatan promosi dari aspek event marketing yang dilakukan oleh SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi, diperoleh data bahwa sebagian besar kegiatan yang dilakukan dalam bentuk menyelenggarakan kompetisi dan kontes kompetensi siswa sesuai bidangnya. Kemanfaatan dan dampak dari acara tersebut dinilai baik jika ditinjau dari jumlah siswa yang mengakuinya sebanyak 52 siswa dari 60 responden. Namun keikutsertaan siswa dalam acara tersebut belum optimal, dari 60 siswa responden mengatakan bahwa sebanyak 35 siswa mengikuti dan 25 siswa sisanya tidak ikut dalam acara tersebut. Kondisi ini harus menjadi catatan pertimbangan oleh pihak SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi untuk meningkatkan keterlibatan siswa dalam acara tersebut dan membangun kesadaran siswa akan potensi dirinya melalui kontes dan kompetisi yang ada.",
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"text": "5. Simpulan",
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"text": "Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dan pembahasan yang telah dilakukan, maka dalam hal ini dapat disimpulkan sebagai berikut:",
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"text": "1. Secara umum, terdapat 5 hal besar yang perlu dipetakan dalam menentukan strategi promosi di SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi di masa depan, yaitu kesesuaian jurusan yang diminati siswa, ketersediaan program unggulan sekolah, kelengkapan fasilitas belajar, sarana dan pra sarana pembelajaran, kompetensi guru yang sesuai di bidangnya.",
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"text": "2. Dari 5 hal tersebut, terdapat 2 faktor besar yang menjadikan alasan utama bagi siswa untuk mendaftar di SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi, yaitu Bidang Jurusan yang diminati dan Kemampuan guru dalam memberikan materi dan pembelajaran.",
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"text": "3. Dalam kategori media iklan yaitu brosur dan spanduk yang dimiliki SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi, dapat dikatakan sudah komunikatif dan informatif yang terbukti dari pengakuan siswa yang mudah mengenali ciri khas media iklan dai SMK tersebut",
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"text": "4. Poin utama yang menjadi daya tarik siswa untuk mendaftar dalam kegiatan sales promotions yang dilakukan oleh SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi adalah fasilitas beasiswa",
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"text": "Relasi : Jurnal Ekonomi, Vol. 15, No. 1, Januari 2019, hlm. 69-94",
"type": "Page header"
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"width": 166,
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"text": "92 STIE MANDALA JEMBER",
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"text": "5. Dalam kegiatan public relations, kemanfaatan yang diperoleh siswa sangat tinggi. Serta intensitas kegiatan yang dilakukan tinggi. Namun cakupan dari kegiatan tersebut terhadap jumlah siswa dan lapisan siswa belum optimal",
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"text": "6. Dalam hal bentuk promosi melalui word of mouth , sebagian besar siswa mengatakan bahwa mereka mendaftar atas kesadaran diri sendiri. Sementara rekomendator terbesar berikutnya adalah orang tua. Dalam hal ini, peran guru sebagai rekomendator sangat kecil",
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"text": "7. Dalam kegiatan event marketing , sebagian besar siswa mengatakan bahwa SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi selalu menyelenggarakan acara tersebut dalam bentuk kontes dan kompetisi. Namun jumlah peserta yang mengikuti kegiatan tersebut tidak optimal.",
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"text": "Saran",
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"text": "Berdasarkan uraian dari kesimpulan di atas, maka saran yang dapat diberikan oleh peneliti adalah sebagai berikut:",
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"text": "1. Pihak manajemen SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi perlu melakukan pemetaan situasi dan kondisi target promosi yang akan dilakukan dan menentukan jenis atau tipikal promosi yang relevan agar dapat fokus kepada kegiatan tersebut untuk mengoptimalkan jumlah siswa yang mendaftar",
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"text": "2. Pihak manajemen SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi harus mengetahui potensi apa yang dimilikinya secara internal dan mampu memprediksi potensi situasi eksternal di masa depan sehingga dapat mengambil langkah-langkah kebijakan promosi yang relevan dan memberikan dapak signifikan",
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"text": "3. Dalam kegiatan public relations di masa depan, SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi perlu meningkatkan cakupan promosi lebih luas dari setiap lapisan target siswa yang ada.d engan begitu, pihak manajemen SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi harus menentukan metode yang relevan dari setiap karaiteristik target siswa tersebut. tujuannya adalah menanamkan kesadaran sejak dini kepada siswa untuk mau mendafgar di SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi",
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"text": "4. Pihak manajemen SMK Binis dan Teknologi perlu membina hubungan dan kerjasa lebih intensif kepada semua pihak yang berperan sebagai",
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"text": "Relasi : Jurnal Ekonomi, Vol. 15, No. 1, Januari 2019, hlm. 69-94",
"type": "Page header"
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"text": "STIE MANDALA JEMBER 93",
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"text": "rekomendator siswa untuk mendaftar. Terutama guru pengajar dari calon siswa yang ada. Peran guru tidak bisa diabaikan dalam hal ini karena mereka sebagai narasumber siswa dalam memperoleh informasi yang kredibel tentang SMK Bisnis dan Teknologi.",
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"text": "Garvin, D.A. (1988), Managing Quality, New York: The Free Press Indonesia, P. R. (2003). Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 20 Tentang Sistem Pendidikan Nasional. Presiden Republik Indonesia. Jakarta: Sekretaris Negara Republik Indonesia.",
"type": "Text"
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"top": 323,
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"height": 73,
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"text": "Kamayuda, D. M. (2016). PERENCANAAN STRATEGI BERSAING SEKOLAH DALAM MENINGKATKAN JUMLAH PESERTA DIDIK BARU DI SALAH SATU SEKOLAH SWASTA SALATIGA. Kelola Jurnal Manajemen Pendidikan, 3 No.1 , 15-29.",
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"text": "Nurmayatin, S., & Sutarmin, S. (2016, September). Perumusan Strategi Guna Peningkatan Daya Saing Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan Ma'arif NU 02 Bumiayu. Jurnal Bisnis dan Manajemen (JBIMA), 4 , 202-221. Rangkuti, F. (2009). Strategi Promosi Yang Kreatif Dan Analisis Kasus Integrated Marketing Communication. Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama.",
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"left": 113,
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"width": 400,
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"text": "Tjiptono, Fandy & Gregorius Chandra (2011),Service, Quality & Satisfaction, edisi",
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"text": "3, Penerbit ANDY Jogjakarta, Indonesi",
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e197f436-c7ee-2845-048d-be8f0a0ba744 | https://attractivejournal.com/index.php/aj/article/download/887/747 | [
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"text": "Raulina 1* , Martongo Sitinjak 2 , Erwin Syaputra Damanik 3 , Nelly Maria Hutahaean 4 1*,2,3,4 Sekolah Tinggi Theologia HKBP Pematangsiantar, Indonesia",
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"text": "Received September 20, 2020 Revised November 02, 2020 Accepted November 05, 2020",
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"text": "Giving alms is a religious practice carried out by Jews, especially by rich people. Most of them do alms by showing off their deeds to the crowd. Without ignoring the words “So let your light shine before people, so that the may see your good deeds” (Matt. 5:16), but in the text Matthew 6:1 -4, Jesus commands: “Do not carry out your religious duties in front of people. People so that the can see. Alms should be given in secret. This is the focus of this research “What is the background of the problem that occurs in the context of Matthew 6:1-4 so that Jesus teaching giving alms in secret in that text? By using the critical historical interpretation method, the exploration of the meaning of the text is carried out by considering historical points of view within the text and history outside the text. The results of this research show that Jesus was not contradicting His own words. Jesus is confirming His teaching that the basis of every good deed for believers is the right motivation. Giving alms is done to realize God’s truth and justice in the world, and also for the glory of God. The importance of this research is to review the giving of alms that is intentionally published via social media today",
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"text": "Keywords : Giving alms, Religion, Book of Matthew",
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"text": "https://www.attractivejournal.com/index.php/aj/ This is an open access article under the CC BY SA license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ Published by CV. Creative Tugu Pena",
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"text": "Dalam Injil Matius, Yesus Sang Mesias, Anak Allah mengundang orang percaya untuk bertobat dan masuk ke dalam Kerajaan Allah (bnd. Mat. 4:17). Hal tersebut menjadi dasar harapan Yesus agar perilaku dari orang percaya dapat sejalan dengan kehidupannya di dalam Kerajaan Allah (Kingsbury, 2000). Pengajaran-Nya tersebut disampaikan kepada pendengar-Nya berdasarkan tafsiran-Nya atas Torah dan tradisi para tua-tua Farisi yang diwariskan kepada orang Yahudi pada saat itu. Akan tetapi pengajaran-Nya tersebut tidak selalu dapat diterima dengan baik oleh semua orang yang pernah mendengar-Nya karena pengajaran-Nya cenderung bertentangan dengan pengajaran pihak lain pada saat itu. Mereka ialah pihak yang menafsirkan Torah dengan menggunakan pikiran mereka sendiri, hingga memungkinkan penafsiran mereka menjadi kurang tepat (Kee, 1971).",
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"text": "Yesus sebagai pengajar yang mengajar berdasarkan Torah membuat beberapa ahli berpendapat bahwa terdapat kesejajaran antara Yesus dan Musa. Alasannya karena keduanya sama-sama menyampaikan Hukum Allah kepada orang-orang percaya di atas bukit. Fokus utama dari kesamaan keduanya ialah perintah Allah yang mereka sampaikan. Namun jika diperhatikan melalui media yang penyampaianya",
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"text": "Vol. 2 No. 3, November 2020",
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"text": "Memberi Sedekah dengan Tersembunyi: Studi Hermeneutis Terhadap Matius 6: 1-4",
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"text": "maka akan terlihat dengan jelas perbedaan di antara keduanya. Pada saat Musa menyampaikan Hukum Allah, Allah memberikan Hukum-Nya tersebut kepada Musa dengan menggunakan perantaraan dua loh batu di Bukit Sinai. Pada saat Yesus menyampaikan Hukum Allah, Allah memakai diri Yesus sendiri dengan pengajaran- Nya sebagai perantara untuk menyampaikan Hukum-Nya (Allah). Hal ini terjadi karena Matius memang menunjukkan bahwa pengajaran Yesus merupakan penggenapan atas hukum Taurat atau kitab para nabi dari PL (Bdk. Mat. 5:17) (Hakh, 2019). Dalam Khotbah di Bukit Yesus bahkan mengungkapkan arti yang sesungguhnya dari hukum Taurat memakai penjelasan yang lebih baru yaitu tentang perintah untuk berperilaku yang benar. Yesus menyampaikan penggenapan Hukum tersebut kepada murid-murid-Nya serta orang banyak yang datang dari Galilea, Dekapolis, Yerusalem, Yudea, dan dari seberang Yordan (Mat. 4: 25).",
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"text": "Penulis Matius menuliskan Khotbah Yesus di Bukit pada pasal yang dimulai dari pasal 5 sampai pasal 7. Dalam 3 pasal tersebut, Yesus banyak mengkritik dan meluruskan kembali praktik-praktik etis keagamaan Yahudi yang dilakukan tidak lagi sesuai dengan yang sepatutnya. Yesus melakukan hal tersebut karena Ia datang untuk menggenapi hukum Taurat yang merupakan sumber praktik-praktik tersebut. Yesus menjelaskan penggenapan-Nya ini dalam pasal 5. Setelah itu, Ia kemudian memulai bagian baru dari Khotbah Yesus di Bukit dengan teks dalam pasal 6 yang berfokus pada ajaran praktik keagamaan. Melalui pasal ini, Matius menyinggung tiga praktik keagamaan yang fundamental bagi Yahudi yaitu, bersedekah (2-4), berdoa (5-6), dan berpuasa (16-18) (Hill, 1982). Dalam penjelasan ketiga praktik keagamaan tersebut, penulis Matius menggunakan beberapa pola penjelasan yang sama. Kesamaan tersebut terdapat di dalam satu kalimat yang sama persis digunakan pada masing-masing penjelasan praktik keagamaan tersebut (Mat. 6:4,6,18). Persamaan tersebut ialah seperti, “ ….jadi apabila engkau…… janganlah….. seperti orang munafik di rumah ibadat dan di jalan- jalan, supaya dipuji orang… Aku berkata kepadamu sesungguhnya mereka telah mendapatkan upahnya..” Hal ini mengindikasikan adanya keterkaitan dari ketiga praktik tersebut.",
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"text": "Secara khusus teks tentang praktik bersedekah dan berpuasa dalam Matius 6:1- 4; 16-18 tidak memiliki teks paralel lain dalam kitab Injil lainnya. Hal ini menyiratkan bahwa Injil Matius sepertinya memiliki alasan yang kuat untuk mengangkat ajaran ini dalam Injilnya. Injil Matius merupakan Injil yang berusaha melalui sastra dan interpretasinya untuk menghadapi tradisi yang berkembang di sekitarnya. Ia mengangkat permasalahan yang sedang dihadapi orang-orang sezamannya dan memberikan jawaban kepada mereka dengan suatu kerangka teologis yang konsisten (Marxsen, 2006). Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa bukan hanya tentang Yesus yang menolak sedekah orang-orang munafik, namun penulis Injil Matius sendiri hendak menjawab permasalahan yang sedang terjadi pada masa penulisan Injil ini. Matius diduga terlibat dalam semacam polemik melawan otoritas Yahudi pada saat itu, yaitu penerus ahli-ahli Taurat, orang-orang Farisi, pendiri gerakan para rabi di Jamnia, dan para pemimpin Yahudi di seluruh Siro-Palestina yang mungkin telah bersekutu dengan mereka (Keener, 2009). Permasalahannya dalam konteks Matius ini ialah bahwa komunitas penerima Injil ini pada masanya sedang menghadapi tekanan dan penganiayaan dari kelompok orang Farisi tersebut karena komunitas penerima Injil ini mengakui Yesus sebagai Tuhan dan melakukan pembaptisan, sementara orang Yahudi tidak pernah mengakui Yesus sebagai Tuhan. Tekanan yang dihadapi orang percaya pada saat itu membuat mereka dalam posisi yang sulit bahkan mendorong mereka untuk memisahkan diri dari komunitas yang dipimpin oleh Farisi tersebut. Salah satu",
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"text": "Memberi Sedekah dengan Tersembunyi: Studi Hermeneutis Terhadap Matius 6: 1-4",
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"text": "pokok penyebab persoalan di antara keduanya ialah perbedaan penafsiran terhadap Hukum Taurat, di mana komunitas yang dipimpin oleh Farisi melegalistikkan tafsirannya dan menolak tafsiran Yesus yang dipercayai oleh komunitas Injil Matius. Dimana legalistik tafsiran Farisi tersebut cenderung akan membawa mereka pada penyalahgunaan tafsiran untuk kepentingan sepihak.",
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"text": "Farisi merupakan komunitas yang berani dengan seutuhnya akan menundukkan diri mereka kepada Hukum Taurat namun sesuai dengan tafsiran mereka sendiri. Mereka menunjukkan bagaimana kehidupan yang saleh dengan melakukan praktik-praktik keagamaan seperti doa, puasa, dan memberikan persepuluhan demi perubahan masa depan yang akan Allah lakukan, akan tetapi pada kenyataanya mereka tidak selamanya melakukan hal tersebut semata-mata untuk Allah. Pada dasarnya, tiga praktik kesalehan tersebut merupakan karakteristik dari anak-anak kerajaan Allah. Mereka mempraktekkannya dengan cara tanpa memegahkan diri serta memiliki hasrat untuk menerima sanjungan dari orang lain (Tyndale, 1981). Artinya, komunitas Farisi telah melakukan beberapa praktik kesalehan tidak sesuai dengan yang sepatutnya, karena di dalam Matius 6:2 disebutkan bahwa orang munafik (Farisi) melakukan praktik kesalehan supaya mereka dipuji, padahal praktik tersebut tidak sepatutnya dengan hasrat untuk menerima sanjungan.",
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"text": "Dalam Matius 6:1-4, Yesus mengatakan secara langsung bahwa ada kelompok orang munafik yang menjalankan praktik sedekah dengan motivasi supaya dilihat oleh orang lain. Yesus menyebutkan kerusakan moral yang terjadi dalam menjalankan praktik kesalehan Yahudi. Kerusakan itu ada pada timbulnya sikap yang mengedepankan kemegahan diri daripada kemegahan Allah pada masa Yesus mengajar itu (Turner, 2008). Secara khusus dalam Matius 6:1-4 ini, penulis Injil Matius memfokuskan pengajaran Yesus pada ajaran memberi sedekah.",
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"text": "Bersedekah merupakan sebuah praktik keagamaan Yahudi yang berkembang dari Taurat Musa yang memandang bahwa belas kasihan ialah perasaan yang dipelihara dan dipupuk dalam perbuatan yang ideal (Ul. 15:11). Bersedekah sepatutnya didasari oleh perasaan belas kasihan, jika tidak demikian maka praktik tersebut telah menyerong dari Taurat Musa (Douglas, 2011). Orang yang tidak bersalah/tidak berdosa dan mereka yang tertindas akan menerima belas kasih ( tsadakah ) dari Allah. Sejak penghakiman di mana Allah aktif, הָק ָד ְצ ( tsadakah ) akan menjadi pertolongan bagi bangsa-Nya atau orang-orang benar. Dalam Judaisme, הָק ָד ְצ ( tsadakah ) tidak hanya merujuk kepada kebenaran seperti perilaku yang sesuai dengan norma yang benar, tetapi juga tindakan yang penuh kebajikan. Orang Yunani yang berbicara dalam bahasa Yahudi biasanya menggunakan δικαιοσύνη ( dikaiosune ) dalam arti yang sama dengan הָק ָד ְצ ( tsadakah ), lebih merujuk kepada tindakan yang penuh kebajikan, dan bahkan mendorong untuk melakukan perbuatan yaitu memberi sedekah, daripada sekedar menimbulkan perasaan saleh. Dalam Matius 6:2-4 ini Yesus mengingatkan untuk melawan penyalahgunaan hal bersedekah dalam pelayanan yang sombong, peringatan melawan memberi sedekah yang lalai. Pada waktu terkemudian bahkan setiap orang Kristen dianjurkan pada hari pertama dari setiap minggu, supaya menyisihkan sebagian dari keuntungannya untuk dipergunakan bagi kebutuhan kaum miskin (Kis. 11:30; Rm. 15:25-27; 1 Kor. 16:1-4). Sedekah disamakan dengan kebenaran karena sedekah adalah tindakan yang benar untuk membantu orang yang berkekurangan (Ef. 4:28).",
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"text": "Dalam sumber aslinya, sedekah dalam Matius 6:1-4 berasal dari kata Yunani έλεημοσυνη ( eleemosune ) yang artinya, simpati. Kata Yunani eleemosune yang dipakai",
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"text": "Memberi Sedekah dengan Tersembunyi: Studi Hermeneutis Terhadap Matius 6: 1-4",
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"text": "untuk istilah bersedekah dalam Matius 6:1-4 ini mengandung makna rasa kasihan yang membuat orang tergerak untuk memberikan uang atau barang kepada orang miskin. Memang jika dilihat dari asal katanya, έλεημοσυνη ( eleemosune ) dan έλεος ( eleos ), sedekah/derma berasal dari bentuk kata belas kasihan; murah hati (Newman Jr, 2014). Kata έλεημοσυνη ( eleemosune ) juga digunakan dengan hubungannya kepada הָק ָד ְצ ( tsadakah ) Allah sebagai relasi-Nya kepada bangsa-Nya atau kepada orang-orang benar. Allah menghakimi melalui הָק ָד ְצ ( tsadakah ) . הָק ָד ְצ ( tsadakah ) adalah norma dalam bertindak dari Allah. Norma ini diperuntukkan bagi orang-orang yang menjaga Hukum. Sedekah bukan hanya sebatas sebuah tindakan untuk menolong orang yang membutuhkan, namun juga merupakan bentuk relasi manusia dengan Allah. Ketika manusia tidak menjalankan sedekah, maka ia telah memutus relasi itu secara sepihak. PL sendiri menyerukan tindakan amal seperti sedekah atas nama masyarakat miskin dan tidak berdaya. Hal ini berakar pada etika dalam PL. Semuanya itu terikat dengan identitas Israel sebagai bangsa yang dibebaskan oleh Allah. Dengan menjadi umat yang dibebaskan, mereka juga terpanggil untuk menjadi agen pembebasan seperti bagi orang terikat hutang dan kerja paksa yang dibebaskan selama Tahun Yobel (Downs, 2016). Sejak dalam PL, masyarakat miskin mendapat pemeliharaan dari Allah melalui perlakuan orang-orang berekonomi lebih mapan. Oleh karena itu, ketika sedekah itu sangat penting karena memanifestasikan relasi antara Allah dengan bangsa-Nya dan ketika sedekah tidak dilakukan untuk tujuan menegakkan hak orang-orang yang miskin menerima pembebasan dari pemberi sedekah, maka tujuan sedekah tersebut menjadi tidak benar (Menn, 2015).",
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"text": "Dengan dasar sedekah yang demikian, maka dalam teks Matius 6:2 Yesus menegaskan agar tidak menggembar-gemborkan perbuatan memberi sedekah tersebut kepada khalayak umum, sebab hal tersebut merupakan perilaku yang dilakukan oleh orang-orang munafik. Kemunafikan ini mungkin berakar pada alasan mereka memberikan sedekahnya seperti yang Yesus telah sebutkan yaitu, supaya mereka dipuji oleh orang (Longman III dan Garland, 2010). Dengan dasar hasrat ingin mendapat pujian dari orang-orang, para orang munafik akan menguar-uarkan perbuatannya di rumah-rumah ibadat dan di lorong-lorong. Yesus mengecam perbuatan yang demikian, sebaliknya Ia memerintahkan supaya memberikan sedekah secara tersembunyi.",
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"text": "Ajaran Yesus untuk memberi sedekah secara tersembunyi dalam teks ini seakan bertolak belakang dengan ajaran Yesus untuk menjadi terang yang bercahaya di depan orang dalam teks Matius 5:16. Berdasarkan teks tersebut, orang percaya sebagai terang sepatutnya bercahaya di depan orang lain supaya mereka melihat perbuatan baiknya dan turut memuliakan Bapa yang di sorga. Namun apakah benar bahwa ajaran Yesus dalam Matius 6:1-4 ini kontradiksi dengan ajaran Yesus dalam Matius 5:16? Kemungkinan besar jawabannya ialah tidak sebab ajaran Yesus ini bermuara pada kecaman Yesus terhadap perbuatan orang-orang munafik pada masa itu yang bercahaya bukan untuk kemuliaan Bapa di sorga, melainkan untuk kemuliaan dirinya sendiri.",
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"text": "Kemunafikan beberapa kali dikritik oleh Yesus dalam kitab Matius ini. Istilah orang munafik yang disebutkan dalam teks ini lebih dekat pada pengertian profesi sebagai aktor pada masa penulisan Injil ini. Sebuah profesi untuk melakonkan sifat dan perilaku yang sebenarnya bukanlah dirinya sendiri, melainkan sifat dan perilaku yang direka-reka. Dengan makna seperti itu, orang munafik sama halnya dengan orang yang memainkan lakon sebagai orang yang berbuat seakan-akan sesuai dengan ketetapan Taurat Allah yang diberikan kepada orang percaya, dan dunia menjadi",
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"text": "panggung sandiwaranya. Yesus dengan tegas menolak dan membuka kemunafikan tersebut, secara khusus kemunafikan dalam bersedekah pada saat itu.",
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"text": "Terdapat pertentangan di antara Yesus dan orang Farisi secara khusus mengenai dasar untuk melakukan sedekah itu sendiri. Memang secara eksplisit dalam teks Matius 6:1-4, Yesus tidak menjelaskan dasar yang sebenarnya untuk memberikan sedekah, sebaliknya Yesus lebih memberikan solusi atas penyimpangan dari pemberian sedekah yang dilakukan oleh Farisi dan pengikut tafsirannya, yaitu dengan memberikan sedekah secara tersembunyi. Dasar sedekah dari Farisi sendiri ialah hasratnya untuk menerima pujian, sedangkan dasar sedekah yang hendak diajarkan oleh Yesus ialah belas kasihan (έλεος). Dengan dasar yang keliru ini, maka Yesus menawarkan etika praktis untuk menghindari dasar sedekah yang salah tersebut, yaitu dengan memberikan sedekah dengan tersembunyi. Kemungkinan Matius 6:1-4 ini mengajarkan untuk memberi sedekah dilakukan bukan untuk dilihat oleh orang-orang akan tetapi untuk dilihat oleh Bapa, karenanya Yesus mengajarkan untuk memberi sedekah secara tersembunyi tersebut.",
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"text": "Tuhan Israel adalah Tuhan yang tersembunyi, namun Dia tetap menjadi penyelamat. Dia menyembunyikan wajah-Nya dalam murka, tetapi dia kembali kepada umat-Nya dengan kasih karunia yang kekal (Yes. 45:15; 54:8). Meskipun jalan Israel mungkin tersembunyi dari Tuhan, itu tidak terputus dari penghiburan Tuhan yang memberi kekuatan kepada yang lelah (Yes. 40:27, 29). Allah menyembunyikan diri-Nya dari manusia, tetapi manusia tidak dapat bersembunyi dari Allah. Sebagai Tuhan yang tersembunyi, Ia mengungkapkan apa yang tersembunyi (Mundle, 1972).",
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"text": "Yesus menawarkan solusi melalui perintah-Nya untuk bersedekah dengan tersembunyi dalam Matius 6:4 setelah memaparkan sedekah yang munafik. Selain memaparkan bagaimana sedekah yang munafik, Ia juga memaparkan apa pengaruhnya jika melakukan sedekah yang munafik, yaitu tidak beroleh upah dari Bapa di Sorga, tetapi upah yang diterimanya ialah sebatas pujian yang dari manusia yang mereka harapkan itu (ay.2). Sebaliknya jika melakukan sedekah dengan tersembunyi, maka Allah yang melihat dan tersembunyi akan membalasnya. Namun apa yang menjadi alasan Yesus menawarkan pendengar-Nya untuk bersedekah dengan tersembunyi? Selain itu, bagaimana perintah untuk memberikan sedekah secara tersembunyi ini dapat berpengaruh mengubah sikap orang-orang munafik pada saat itu secara konkret? selanjutnya bagaimana sebenarnya konteks yang terjadi di dalam teks maupun penulisan teks sehingga Injil Matius menampilkan pengajaran Yesus untuk memberi sedekah dengan tersembunyi dalam teks ini?",
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"text": "Melalui kacamata etika, dalam etika deontologis yang berpusat pada kewajiban. Kepatuhan terhadap sebuah aturan akan menentukan hasil dari aturan tersebut. Aturan selalu menjadi dasar yang harus dipakai untuk mengambil sebuah tindakan. Ketika aturan telah dipatuhi maka hasilnya adalah baik. Bahkan dalam etika ini, apabila kegagalan menjadi hasil dari beberapa tindakan yang diambil berdasarkan aturannya, hal itu tetap baik adanya (Geisler, 2003). Hal ini karena kewajiban atau aturan itu sendiri dibuat karena suatu alasan normatif yang kuat dan mendasar (Stratton-Lake, 2012). Apabila diperhadapkan dengan sistem tersebut, memberi sedekah secara tersembunyi merupakan kewajiban yang Yesus tetapkan kepada para pendengar-Nya. Maka ajaran tersebut akan membawa kebaikan berdasarkan kebaikan yang Yesus sendiri sudah pikirkan melalui pelaksanaan aturan sedekah-Nya itu. Lalu, apa hasil dari sedekah secara tersembunyi yang diharapkan terjadi sesuai etika deontologis tersebut? Serta bagaimana pula alasan normatif Yesus memberikan aturan yang demikian?",
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"text": "Dalam gereja masa kini, terkhususnya HKBP, gereja dengan jemaat yang ekonominya mapan akan memberikan bantuan berupa uang ataupun barang kepada orang-orang yang membutuhkan, seperti bantuan kepada korban bencana, bantuan kepada jemaat yang miskin, bantuan beasiswa kepada pelajar. Biasanya ketika hal ini telah dilakukan, parhalado akan mewartakannya dalam ibadah minggu dengan tujuan transparansi kepada seluruh anggota jemaat. Di samping itu, gereja juga akan mendokumentasikan hal tersebut untuk disimpan sebagai bukti pelaksanaan kegiatannya. Lalu apakah teks ini hendak mengatakan bahwa transparansi yang diterapkan oleh gereja tersebut merupakan penyimpangan dari hukum Allah? Lalu bagaimana juga dasar atau pun tujuan praktik sedekah yang dilakukan oleh gereja masa kini ketika diperhadapkan dengan dasar dan tujuan sedekah dalam teks Matius 6:1-4 masa kini? Bukan hanya gereja, namun kegiatan-kegiatan bersedekah untuk menolong orang yang miskin atau membutuhkan juga masih dipraktikkan oleh sebagian besar orang percaya hingga pada saat ini. Berbeda dengan perintah Yesus juga untuk memberikan sedekah itu dengan tersembunyi, sedekah orang-orang pada saat ini dapat dengan mudah untuk dilihat karena mereka mempertontonkannya melalui televisi, Youtube , dan media sosial lainnya. Jika hal ini diperhadapkan dengan perintah Yesus untuk memberikan sedekah dalam teks Mat. 6:1-4 ini, sepertinya sedekah yang telah dilakukan oleh orang percaya masa kini sama dengan praktik sedekah yang dilakukan orang-orang munafik yang disebutkan oleh Yesus, yaitu mencanangkan sedekahnya di depan orang-orang. Lalu apakah hal tersebut salah, sedangkan mungkin saja ada beberapa orang yang tergerak hatinya untuk memberikan sedekah menolong orang tertindas setelah menonton konten tersebut? Apa kebenaran yang sesungguhnya? Dengan munculnya berbagai pertanyaan yang berkecamuk dalam pikiran penulis seperti beberapa yang disebutkan di atas, maka teks ini diangkat dalam sebuah tulisan ilmiah. Tulisan ini akan berusaha untuk menggali pesan Matius dan meneruskannya kepada dunia saat ini yang sedang membutuhkan penjelasan lebih baik mengenai bagaimana makna bersedekah yang sepatutnya sesuai dengan ajaran Yesus.",
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"text": "Di dalam melakukan penelitian untuk tulisan ini, penulis akan menggunakan penelitian secara literatur yaitu dengan menggali buku-buku, termasuk tafsiran Matius dan secara khusus buku-buku yang membahas istilah sedekah. Untuk menggali teks, penulis akan menggunakan metode Historis Kritis. Metode ini akan membantu penulis memahami makna teks dari sudut pandang historis, baik sejarah di dalam teks itu sendiri maupun sejarah dari teks tersebut. Penelitian ini dibatasi pada penelitian Injil Matius 6:1-4 mengenai konsep memberi sedekah dengan tersembunyi sesuai dengan ajaran Yesus. Penulis akan melakukan pendekatan dengan menggunakan kaidah- kaidah dalam metode historis kritis. Penulis juga akan memperhadapkan hasil penelitian ini dengan konteks masa kini. Hal ini dilakukan melalui perefleksian secara teologis terhadap realita hal bersedekah yang tidak dilakukan secara tersembunyi di dalam realita kehidupan masa kini. Dalam Matius 6:1-4, Yesus mengingatkan pendengar-Nya untuk memberi sedekah dengan cara dan tujuan yang benar, yaitu dengan cara tersembunyi dan untuk kemuliaan Bapa. Pemberian sedekah yang bertujuan untuk kemuliaan diri hanya akan meniadakan upah dari Bapa yang di Surga.",
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"text": "Memberi Sedekah dengan Tersembunyi: Studi Hermeneutis Terhadap Matius 6: 1-4",
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"text": "TEMUAN DAN PEMBAHASAN",
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"text": "1. Tema Teologis",
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"text": "Melalui penelitian terhadap teks Matius 6:1-4 maka penulis menemukan muatan teologi yang menjadi tema utama dalam teks. Teologi tersebut ialah ‘Teologi Sedekah’. Matius 6:1 -4 memperlihatkan bagaimana Yesus mengajarkan tentang sedekah yang seharusnya dilakukan oleh pendengar-Nya. Sedekah seharusnya dilakukan dengan tersembunyi. Dalam cara tersembunyi tersebut Yesus memperingatkan mereka mengenai motivasi dan tujuan sedekah yang benar. Sedekah yang benar dimotivasi oleh kasih yang ikhlas dan ditujukan untuk kemuliaan Allah. Sederhananya, sedekah menghubungkan orang percaya kepada Allah melalui tindakan yang didasari kasih. Bukan sembarang juga Yesus mengajarkan tentang sedekah yang benar ini, akan tetapi sebagaimana yang Ia beritakan bahwa Kerajaan Sorga sudah dekat, sedekah juga merupakan unsur dari etika dalam Kerajaan Sorga tersebut.",
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"text": "a) Sedekah dalam Etika Kerajaan Allah",
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"text": "Dalam tradisi Yahudi, hukum dan etika memiliki hubungan timbal balik. Hubungan tersebut adalah ketika Yahudi melegalisasi etika menjadi hukum. Umumnya etika – etika tersebut termuat dalam Halakah . Halakah merupakan kumpulan dari berbagai jenis kewajiban dalam tradisi Yahudi. Kewajiban-kewajiban itu ialah kewajiban dalam ilmu pengetahuan tentang perilaku manusia (politik, etika, dan kewarganegaraan), ketaatan kepada mitzvoth (perintah-perintah dari Allah) dan termasuk juga ritus dan upacara, standar etis, serta peraturan-peraturan keras yang sah (Horowitz, 1963). Praktik sedekah sendiri termuat dalam halakah tersebut. Hal ini menjelaskan bahwa sedekah merupakan bagian dari praktik etis dalam kehidupan umat Yahudi. Praktik etis ini kemudian diteruskan oleh Yesus dalam Matius 6:1-4 dan menjadi bagian dari etika Kristen hingga masa kini.",
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"text": "Ada perbedaan antara ajaran rabi Yahudi dan Yesus. Ajaran rabi dijelaskan secara rumit sedangkan ajaran Yesus tampaknya sangat sederhana. Akan tetapi walaupun sederhana, Yesus benar-benar menghilangkan unsur keakuan dari pusat etika yang diajarkan-Nya (Gutrhie, 2016). Sama halnya dalam ajaran memberi sedekah, rabi Yahudi memiliki banyak penjelasan tentang bagaimana praktik sedekah itu dilakukan, setidaknya ada 13 poin penting yang perlu diperhatikan dalam praktik etis sedekah yang dilakukan dalam Yahudi. Sedangkan Yesus menjelaskan praktik sedekah dengan lebih sederhana yaitu, memberikan sedekah dengan tangan kanan tanpa diketahui oleh tangan kiri (Mat. 6:3). Yesus benar-benar menghilangkan unsur keakuan dari pusat praktik sedekah tersebut dengan menghilangkan ego si pemberi dalam ketersembunyian sedekahnya tersebut. Kemurnian motivasi merupakan hal yang sangat penting bagi Yesus, karena misi-Nya berpusat pada sikap menyangkal diri. Itu artinya, bagi Yesus, seseorang memberikan sedekah bukan untuk mencari keuntungan bagi kepentingan dirinya sendiri.",
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"text": "Upah sedekah yang diberikan dengan tersembunyi ialah bersama-sama dengan Bapa di dalam Surga, seperti disebutkan sebelumnya. Upah eskatologis ini bukan sebatas upah di di masa mendatang, akan tetapi upah yang sedang diterima dan akan disempurnakan. Eskatologi ini disebut dengan ‘eskatologi yang sudah terjadi’, di mana kehidupan menurut etika Yesus menjadi bukti telah hadirnya kerajaan Allah di dunia.",
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"text": "Keadilan merupakan salah satu ciri Kerajaan Allah, Malcolm Brownlee menjelaskan bagaimana Allah menghendaki keseimbangan di antara semua manusia",
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"text": "Memberi Sedekah dengan Tersembunyi: Studi Hermeneutis Terhadap Matius 6: 1-4",
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"text": "112",
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{
"left": 85,
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"height": 178,
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"text": "supaya tidak ada orang yang melarat dan tertindas di satu pihak dan di pihak lain tidak ada orang yang bermegah diri karena kekayaan atau kuasa yang berlebihan. Hal ini berdasar pada keadilan Allah dimana Allah menciptakan dunia untuk kebutuhan semua orang (Brownlee, 2011). Sedekah sebagai praktik untuk membantu orang miskin akan membawa keadilan sosial bagi mereka, karena sedekah membuat mereka dapat hidup lebih baik lagi, lepas dari ketertindasan dan dapat merasakan kenyamanan seperti orang yang berkecukupan dapat rasakan. Lebih lanjut lagi, menghadirkan keadilan tersebut dimotivasi oleh kasih, karena dengan mengasihi orang lain maka mereka akan memperjuangkan keadaan adil bagi orang-orang tersebut. Demikianlah halnya umat Allah memberi sedekah dimotivasi oleh kasih untuk menghadirkan keadilan seperti dalam Kerajaan Allah ke dalam dunia yang mereka tempati. Di mana secara etis, Allah menuntut supaya kita mengasihi sesama manusia demi kehendak Kristus (Verkuyl, 2019).",
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"text": "b) Sedekah Berjalan karena Ugahari",
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"text": "Berangkat dari Keluaran 16:16-18, tentang Manna segomer per orang. Manna yang baru diambil harus habis dimakan dalam hari itu juga. Dilarang untuk menyimpan Manna sampai bermalam (Stuart, 2006). Oleh karena hal itulah, Musa menyampaikan perintah Allah agar setiap orang yang mengumpulkan Manna untuk tendanya, masing-masing mengambil Manna secukupnya untuk dimakan dalam sehari. Ketika perintah ini tidak dituruti, maka untuk keesokan harinya Manna yang diambil akan berkembang biak cacing dan berbau busuk (ay. 19-21) (Childs, 1974).",
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"text": "Paulus menggunakan teks Keluaran 16:18 ini dalam 2 Korintus 8 sebagai ilustrasi bagi orang Kristen untuk saling berbagi seperti orang Israel mengumpulkan Manna yang dikumpulkan setiap orang (Kaiser, 2008). Menurut Paulus, teks ini menjadi dasar untuk prinsip dalam mempertanggungjawabkan urusan penyediaan materi oleh Allah. Paulus menyamakan uang dengan Manna. Dia mengajarkan bahwa uang yang ada pada manusia pun adalah pemberian Allah sebanyak Manna yang diberikan kepada bangsa Israel. Meskipun sebagian orang lebih baik dalam menghasilkan uang daripada yang lain. Uang tetaplah pemberian Tuhan. Bagi Paulus, hal ini menjadi dasar kuat untuk melakukan sedekah. Uang harus dibagikan untuk membangu komunitas, karena uang yang ditimbun akan membusuk, bahkan membusukkan jiwa. Jadi orang percaya yang lebih kaya harus berbagi dengan yang lebih miskin, tidak hanya di dalam satu jemaat tetapi juga di antara jemaat dan di luarnya. Mereka cukup memakai uang secukupnya sesuai yang mereka butuhkan dan tidak menimbunnya dalam kekayaan yang melimpah-limpah (Keller, 2010).",
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"text": "Dalam sikap cukup adalah cukup seperti disebutkan oleh Paulus di atas, perilaku untuk hidup dalam kesederhanaan. Bukan hidup berkekurangan, akan tetapi hidup yang lebih seimbang untuk menemukan hidup yang membawa kepada pemenuhan dan kepuasan. Inilah yang disebut dengan pola hidup ugahari. Pola hidup ugahari ini mendorong umat untuk hidup damai melalui kehidupan yang adil. Hanya dalam kewajaran (keadilan) dalam mengkonsumsi sumber-sumber alam, umat dapat hidup damai. Dengan hidup ugahari yang demikian, maka mungkinlah lahir energi untuk kegiatan-kegiatan rohaniah dan pelayanan karitatif terutama sedekah (Simanullang, 2003).",
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"text": "c) Hubungan Allah dengan Manusia dalam Sedekah yang Tersembunyi",
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"text": "Dalam Perjanjian Lama, sedekah merupakan karunia yang menghubungkan Allah dengan umat-Nya. Berdasar pada asal katanya dalam PL, sedekah dari tsedeqah ,",
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"text": "Memberi Sedekah dengan Tersembunyi: Studi Hermeneutis Terhadap Matius 6: 1-4",
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"text": "hubungan antara Allah dan manusia terlihat dari bagaimana Allah menyelamatkan dan membawa manusia dari ketertindasan ke dalam kejayaan berdasarkan pengadilan-Nya melalui tsedeqah -Nya. Sikap Allah yang mau menyelamatkan manusia tersebut mengakibatkan manusia mau merespon perbuatan Allah, seperti Christopher Wright mengatakan bahwa ajaran etis PL pertama-tama dan terutama berpusat pada Allah. Allah yang menganugerahkan dan berbuat sesuatu kepada umat-Nya pada masa lampau dan pada masa yang akan datang dalam pengalaman pribadi mereka, memotivasi mereka untuk merespon Allah (Wright, 2007). Atas penyelamatan Allah dalam tsedeqah bagi umat dalam PL, umat Allah termotivasi untuk melakukan tsedeqah dalam kehidupannya di dunia.",
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"text": "Cakupan tsedeqah yang dilakukan oleh umat Allah dalam PL terjangkau dalam perbuatan baik yang dibawa oleh kemurahan hati dan membawa keadilan bagi seluruh umat Allah. Perbuatan baik umat Allah ini mencakup banyak hal dalam kewajiban agama yang dijalankan oleh orang Yahudi. Salah satunya ialah dalam sedekah. Sedekah dalam Yudaisme merupakan sebuah kewajiban, karena melalui sedekah maka hak bagi orang yang ditentukan untuk menerima sedekah mendapatkan keadilan dalam kehidupan mereka. Hal ini jelas berhubungan dengan yang telah disebutkan sebelumnya, di mana kemurahan Allah membawa keadilan bagi seluruh umat-Nya akan memotivasi umat-Nya itu untuk melakukan kemurahan hati di dalam hidupnya, bahkan menyebutnya sebagai sebuah kewajiban agama. Semua umat Allah wajib melakukannya, bahkan orang miskin yang disokong oleh sedekah pun ikut melakukannya.",
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"text": "Dalam kewajiban agama bersedekah tersebut, umat Allah memelihara dan memupuk perasaan belas kasihan yang mendorong untuk melakukan perbuatan yang ideal. Perasaan tersebut membawa mereka terhubung dengan Allah, karena perasaan belas kasih, perasaan haru, pelepasan dan keselamatan merupakan perasaan yang menghubungkan manusia dengan Allah yang juga melakukan unsur perasaan tersebut. Seperti yang disebutkan oleh Evans bahwa Kitab Suci menekankan umat Allah untuk melayani Allah maka harus membantu orang yang membutuhkan (misalnya, Ul. 15:11; 24:13; Pkh. 7:10).",
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"text": "Dalam Perjanjian Baru, sedekah hanya dijelaskan pada tiga kesempatan saja yaitu Matius 6:1-4, Lukas 11:41, 12:33. Pada teks-teks tersebut Yesus sama sekali tidak menguras alegori pengajaran-Nya, akan tetapi lebih kepada kesaksian tentang motivasi di dalamnya (Cooper, 1999). Yesus tidak menghargai mahalnya pemberian tersebut, tetapi cinta dan penyangkalan diri yang proporsional yang mendorongnya. Dengan semuanya itu maka menjadi jelas bahwa dalam PB, sedekah memiliki makna rohani. Makna rohani ini menjadi bukti bahwa orang yang memberikan sedekah adalah orang yang memiliki iman yang hidup. Mereka yang telah menerima terang Yesus dan mengimani-Nya akan melakukan sedekah sebagai respon imannya. Persis seperti hubungan yang terjadi dalam PL dimana kasih Allah memotivasi umat Allah untuk merespon-Nya. Seperti yang dikatakan oleh Luther bahwa, orang percaya tidak akan perlu lagi diperintah untuk melakukan kebaikan jikalau ia beriman, karena berbuat baik adalah bukti iman (Sumakul, 2016).",
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"text": "Selanjutnya Yesus mengajar murid-murid-Nya agar memberikan sedekah dengan tersembunyi dan bukan seperti orang munafik. Yesus menyebutkan ada dua jenis sedekah, yaitu sedekah dengan tersembunyi dan sedekah orang munafik. Kedua jenis sedekah tersebut mendatangkan upahnya masing-masing. Upah dari sedekah orang munafik tersebut ialah pujian dari orang lain. Sedangkan upah untuk sedekah yang diberikan dengan tersembunyi ialah bersama-sama Bapa dalam Surga (Mat. 6:1).",
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"text": "Bersama-sama Bapa dalam Surga jelas membicarakan tentang upah eskatologis. Dengan itu, sedekah dapat dimaknai sebagai penghubung umat Allah dengan Allah dalam lingkup eskatologis. Dengan melakukan sedekah, Allah akan memberikan keadilan-Nya pada masing-masing pemberi sedekah. Namun, sedekah tersembunyi bukanlah sedekah yang dilakukan dengan tujuan mengejar upah, akan tetapi karena sebuah tanggung jawab sebagai umat Allah kepada Allah.",
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"text": "Sedekah diberikan dengan tersembunyi seperti yang diajarkan oleh Yesus dalam Matius 6:1-4 ialah pemberian kepada orang miskin menggunakan tangan kanan dengan tanpa sepengetahuan dari tangan kiri (6:3). Melakukan sedekah dengan prinsip tersebut ialah demi tujuan kerahasiaan. Dengan merahasiakan sedekah sedemikian rupa, para pemberi sedekah telah memberikan sedekah tanpa tujuan untuk menarik perhatian orang lain untuk melihat perbuatannya tersebut. Tujuan menarik perhatian orang lain layaknya seperti yang dilakukan oleh orang-orang munafik. Bahkan seperti dalam ajaran Yahudi, sedekah diberikan serahasia mungkin sehingga si pemberi tidak mengetahui kepada siapa ia memberi dan si penerima tidak mengetahui dari siapa dia menerima. Dengan begitu dalam tujuan kerahasiaan dan untuk tidak menarik perhatian orang lain ini, sedekah yang dilakukan dengan tersembunyi menekankan agar memberi sedekah dengan motivasi yang ikhlas dan tulus tanpa mengharapkan sesuatu apapun dari orang lain, bahkan agar dirinya sendiri tidak berbangga diri dengan apa yang telah diperbuatnya makanya ia juga perlu untuk melupakannya.",
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"text": "Secara etis, sedekah secara tersembunyi oleh Yesus ini dinaungi dalam sistem etika deontologis. Yesus secara tegas mewajibkan semua pemberian sedekah dilakukan dengan cara tersembunyi terlepas dari apapun motivasi dan tujuannya memberikan sedekah. Kemungkinan masih ada orang yang memiliki motivasi murni untuk melakukan kebenaran dan keadilan dalam memberikan sedekah kepada orang tertindas di ruang publik. Ia ikhlas dan tulus dalam memberikan sedekah tanpa mengharapkan sesuatu apapun dari orang lain. Atas hal tersebut, tidak dapat dikatakan bahwa semua orang melakukan sedekah di ruang publik supaya orang melihat sedekahnya. Akan tetapi, Yesus memberikan sebuah aturan bagi seluruh pengikut-Nya untuk memberikan sedekah dengan tersembunyi secara wajib. Yesus mengedepankan cara melakukan sedekah daripada jumlah sedekah yang mungkin akan diterima oleh orang tertindas dan tidak berdaya.",
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"text": "Dapat dikatakan, ketika sedekah diberikan secara terbuka dan orang-orang mulai berbondong-bondong untuk melakukan sedekah untuk memperoleh kehormatan, maka semakin banyak juga orang tidak berdaya dan tertindas yang akan mendapatkan sedekah bahkan dalam jumlah yang lebih besar lagi. Akan tetapi sebaliknya, Yesus mewajibkan pengikut-Nya untuk bersembunyi ketika memberikan sedekah. Di mana praktik itu tidak akan mendatangkan kehormatan. Akibatnya, banyak orang akan condong tidak tertarik untuk melakukan sedekah. Akhirnya kuantitas orang yang menerima sedekahpun akan menjadi lebih sedikit. Namun bagi Yesus hal tersebut bukan tujuan utama ajaran-Nya. Tidak ada cara lain dalam bersedekah, wajib untuk dengan tersembunyi. Tanpa tujuan untuk keuntungan pribadi. Mengikuti aturan yang diberikan-Nya ini merupakan jalan terbaik dalam memberikan sedekah. Bagi Yesus, kualitas dari sedekah itulah hal yang utama. Hal tersebut sesuai dengan etika deontologis, ketika aturan sudah dijalankan maka hasilnya adalah baik.",
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"text": "Teks Matius 6:1-4 berisi tentang ajaran Yesus kepada murid-murid-Nya untuk memberikan sedekah secara tersembunyi. Secara implisit melalui ungkapan memberi sedekah dengan tangan kanan tanpa diketahui oleh tangan kiri menjadikan sedekah tersembunyi, Yesus mengajarkan agar murid-murid-Nya tidak melakukan sedekah untuk diketahui oleh orang lain bahkan untuk dikenang dalam dirinya sendiri. Allah sumber segala harta benda telah memberkati umat, maka umat mengungkapkan rasa syukur melalui sedekah. Oleh karena itu umat harus menyangkal dirinya dalam melakukan kebenaran, termasuk sedekah yang membawa keadilan Kerajaan Allah di dunia, karena tindakan kebenaran sesungguhnya ditujukan untuk kemuliaan Allah sebagai ungkapan rasa syukur. Bukan karena motivasi di luar motivasi tersebut.",
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"text": "Pengajaran sedekah Yesus dalam Matius 6:1-4 merupakan ajaran untuk menghindarkan para pengikut-Nya dari keberlangsungan praktik sedekah yang tidak benar pada saat itu. Praktik sedekah dilakukan dengan munafik. Motivasi mereka ialah mengejar kemuliaan dari orang-orang. Hal ini terjadi karena budaya hormat dan rasa malu yang gencar saat itu. Citra diri merupakan hal yang sangat mereka butuhkan dalam kehidupan sosialnya. Sedekah menjadi alat mereka untuk menciptakan citra terpuji dan dihormati. Citra itu dimaksudkan untuk meraih sebuah kedudukan jabatan, nama baik keluarga, dll. Oleh karena itu orang percaya perlu diperingatkan dan dituntun dengan dasar dan tujuan sedekah yang benar.",
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"text": "Ajaran Yesus dalam Matius 6:1-4 menunjukkan bahwa sedekah seperti orang munafik sama sekali tidak didasari motivasi sedekah yang benar. Pada masa kini terdapat fenomena seperti sedekah orang munafik pada masa Yesus tersebut. Kesamaannya ialah melakukan sedekah untuk dipertontonkan kepada ruang publik. Bahkan dengan penonton yang jauh lebih banyak daripada masa Yesus, yaitu penonton melalui media sosial. Dengan begitu citra yang mereka dapatkan akan jauh lebih terhormat daripada orang munafik masa Yesus. Untuk menghindarkan hal tersebut terjadi, maka mereka sepatutnya mereka menyangkal diri dalam melakukan praktik sedekahnya. Apabila praktik sedekah ditujukan untuk menumbuhkan motivasi bersedekah bagi penontonnya, seharusnya mereka menyembunyikan identitas mereka dan semua orang yang ada dalam tontonan tersebut. Karena pada dasarnya, sedekah di luar tujuan untuk mewujudkan kebenaran dan keadilan, secara kontekstual adalah pelanggaran pada ajaran Yesus.",
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"text": "Mahkuta (2023)Analisis sistem kontrol kecepatan motor DC pada rotary kiln menggunakan DC variabel speed drive di industri semen. Jurnal Informatika dan Teknik Elektro Terapan, 11(1).",
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"text": "Abstrak. Motor DC merupakan salah satu jenis motor yang digunakan pada industri semen. Hal ini dikarenakan motor DC dapat mempermudah pekerjaan sehingga proses industri berjalan dengan efisien. Kecepatan motor yang dapat diatur sesuai kebutuhan juga dibutuhkan dalam proses produksi. Pada penelitian kali ini menggunakan metode studi literatur, observasi lapangan, wawancara, proses pengumpulan data dan pengujian, yang bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaturan kecepatan motor DC pada rotary kiln yang menghasilkan kecepatan maksimum 1000 rpm yang terhubung dengan gear box dengan perbandingan sebesar 28 dan rasio roda gigi 8 ,9 menghasilkan output kiln 4 rpm. Dengan penggunaan VSD DC dapat menghasilkan kecepatan variabel yang dapat dikendalikan sesuai dengan kebutuhan operasional.",
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"text": "Abstract. DC motor is one type of motor used in Cement industry. This is because DC motors can make work easier so that industrial processes run efficiently. Motor speed that can be adjusted as needed is also needed in the production process. In this research using literature study methods, field observations, interviews, data collection and testing processes, which aim to analyze the DC motor speed regulation on a rotary kiln producing a maximum speed of 1000 rpm connected to a gear box with a ratio of 28 and a gear ratio of 8 ,9 resulting in a kiln output of 4 rpm. With the use of DC VSD can produce a variable speed that can be controlled according to operational needs .",
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"text": "Di era Masyarakat Ekonomi ASEAN (MEA) yang dituntut untuk memajukan dunia karena akan berkembang sangat pesat dan penuh persaingan, nantinya akan semakin banyak perusahaan yang beroperasi dalam memproduksi komoditi sejenis, sehingga",
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"text": "persaingan akan semakin tajam. dalam memasarkan produknya. Industri Semen yang bergerak di bidang produksi semen dituntut untuk dapat memenuhi kebutuhan masyarakat akan semen yang berkualitas dengan harga yang ekonomis. Agar tidak kalah bersaing dengan perusahaan lain yang sama-sama memproduksi",
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"text": "semen, maka diperlukan peningkatan produktivitas yang dapat dicapai dengan sistem produksi yang efektif, efisien, dan handal untuk mendukung peningkatan produksi dalam skala besar. Koordinasi operasi, pengendalian, pemeliharaan, dan pengawasan kinerja produksi serta sumber daya manusia yang berkualitas merupakan faktor terpenting bagi Industri Semen untuk menghadapi persaingan di dalam negeri.",
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"text": "Industri semen, dengan berkembangnya dunia industri, kebutuhan akan alat penggerak seperti motor listrik sangat dibutuhkan dalam melakukan proses produksi yang bekerja secara mekanis untuk menghasilkan suatu produk dalam suatu industri. Motor listrik sangat banyak digunakan pada industri besar, seperti Industri Semen. Motor listrik yang digunakan pada industri semen adalah jenis motor AC dan DC [1] Karena industri tersebut memiliki kapasitas produksi yang besar sehingga dalam memilih motor listrik akan lebih ekonomis maka dengan adanya motor listrik dalam mengubah energi listrik menjadi energi mekanik sangat diperlukan. banyak digunakan dalam mempercepat proses pengerjaan bahan baku menjadi suatu produk sehingga memungkinkan untuk menghemat tenaga manusia khususnya yang terdapat pada unit pembakaran semen yang memerlukan putaran mekanik untuk melakukan suatu proses kerja dan jenis motor yang digunakan adalah jenis motor DC.",
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"text": "pengoperasiannya mudah dikendalikan dan memiliki torsi yang besar jika dibandingkan dengan motor AC, untuk itu dipilihlah motor DC untuk memenuhi tuntutan tersebut dengan menggunakan penggerak kecepatan variabel DC yang dapat mengatur dan mengontrol putaran. kecepatan motor listrik dengan mengatur frekuensi daya listrik yang dikirim ke motor.",
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"text": "Dari latar belakang ini timbul suatu ide untuk membuat sistem kontrol kecepatan motor DC dengan menggunakan DC variabel speed driven sebagai alat kontrol yang dapat mengatur kecepatan putaran motor DC yang dapat diatur kapanpun dan dimanapun tanpa perlu mengkhawatirkan jarak tertentu.",
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"text": "2. TINJAUAN PUSTAKA A) Motor DC",
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"text": "Motor DC secara ekstensif menggunakan VSD dan sistem kontrol posisi di mana respons dinamis yang baik dan kinerja kondisi stabil diperlukan [2] Setiap kiln memiliki motor penggerak yang saling membantu, dan motor penggerak adalah mesin pendingin. Pengaturan kecepatan pada motor DC sangat diperlukan karena beban yang sangat besar dan berat, selain itu sifat motor DC yang tidak berhenti jika ada kelebihan/kekurangan tenaga tetapi kecepatan berkurang, hal ini menjadi alasan utama memilih motor DC sebagai penggerak utama di kiln.",
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"text": "B )PLC",
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"top": 328,
"width": 212,
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"text": "Pada Drive Controller terdapat PLC yang berfungsi untuk mengontrol dan mengatur proses yang diinginkan sehingga menghasilkan keluaran yang diinginkan juga, PLC bekerja dengan cara menerima dan mengolah informasi dari sensor atau perangkat input yang terhubung, kemudian mengolah data yang terkumpul sehingga menjadi menghasilkan output berdasarkan parameter yang akan di input. program sebelumnya, Bergantung pada input dan output, PLC dapat memantau dan merekam data run-time produktivitas mesin yang beroperasi yang dapat mengontrol aktivitas industri secara otomatis.",
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"text": "C) VSD DC",
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"text": "Penggerak kecepatan Variabel DC adalah perangkat yang digunakan untuk mengontrol kecepatan motor listrik DC. Penggerak kecepatan variabel semakin populer karena kemampuannya untuk mengontrol kecepatan motor induksi. VSD DC mengontrol kecepatan motor induksi dengan mengubah frekuensi grid ke nilai yang dapat disesuaikan di sisi mesin sehingga memungkinkan motor listrik dengan cepat dan mudah menyesuaikan kecepatan ke nilai yang diinginkan [3]",
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{
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"width": 212,
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"text": "Dua fungsi utama VSD DC adalah untuk melakukan konversi listrik dari satu frekuensi ke frekuensi lainnya, dan untuk mengontrol frekuensi output.[4] Aplikasi VSD DC digunakan dari peralatan kecil hingga peralatan besar yaitu pengaturan pabrik tambang, kompresor dan sistem ventilasi untuk bangunan",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "JITET (Jurnal Informatika dan Teknik Elektro Terapan) pISSN: 2303-0577 eISSN: 2830-7062",
"type": "Page header"
},
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"left": 480,
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"width": 45,
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"page_number": 3,
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"text": "Noer dkk",
"type": "Page header"
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{
"left": 295,
"top": 793,
"width": 8,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "54",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
"left": 71,
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"width": 211,
"height": 61,
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"text": "besar. Selain itu, DC VSD juga digunakan pada pompa, konveyor, dan pengontrol mesin. Penggunaan VSD DC pada motor dapat menghemat energi sehingga mengurangi biaya listrik.",
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"text": "D) Gear Box",
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"text": "Output dari 2 buah motor DC yang saling membantu tidak langsung memutar kiln tetapi dihubungkan dengan gear box sehingga output yang dihasilkan itulah yang akan digunakan untuk memutar kiln. Dan keluaran dari peredam tersebut dapat diatur besar kecilnya beban, tergantung konstruksi dari konstruksi gear box itu sendiri. Dan untuk performa motor yang maksimal.",
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"text": "2. METODE PENELITIAN",
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"left": 91,
"top": 336,
"width": 192,
"height": 35,
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"text": "Adapun metode penelitian dan data-data yang diperoleh dalam laporan ini berasal dari:",
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"text": "1. Studi Literatur",
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"text": "Pada metode ini, penulis mempelajari jurnal-jurnal, buku, dan skripsi terkait permasalahan yang akan dibahas. Melalui studi ini penulis mencari informasi dan referensi yang dibutuhkan dalam menyusun laporan hasil kerja praktik.",
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"text": "2. Pengamatan Lapangan",
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{
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"top": 489,
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"height": 98,
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"text": "Metode pengamatan lapangan dilakukan oleh penulis untuk melakukan pengamatan secara langsung terhadap objek yang akan dibahas di lapangan. Dari pengamatan ini penulis memperoleh data pengujian yang sebenarnya, sehingga data tersebut dapat diolah dan dijadikan pokok bahasan dalam penyusunan laporan.",
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"text": "3. Wawancara",
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{
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"width": 187,
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"text": "Melalui metode wawancara, penulis melakukan tanya jawab kepada pembimbing lapangan dan para pekerja di lapangan untuk mendapatkan informasi mengenai berbagai hal yang sebelumnya belum diketahui maupun yang tidak penulis dapatkan pada studi literatur. Dari hasil wawancara, penulis memperoleh gambaran langsung terhadap objek secara teoritis meliputi permasalahan yang sering terjadi dan tindakan-tindakan pencegahan maupun penanggulangannya.",
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"text": "4. Pengumpulan Data dan Proses",
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"text": "Pengujian Metode ini merupakan pengumpulan data atau informasi tertulis mengenai topik bahasan laporan kerja praktik",
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"text": "Alat dan Bahan",
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"top": 198,
"width": 211,
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"text": "Alat dan bahan yang digunakan pada penelitian ini dibagi menjadi perangkat keras (hardware) dan perangkat lunak (software) sebagai berikut.",
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"top": 249,
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"text": "Perangkat keras yang digunakan, yaitu:",
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"text": "1. Motor Drive DC",
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"text": "2. Rotary Kiln",
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{
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"text": "3. DC VSD",
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{
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"text": "4. Gear Box",
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"text": "5. PLC",
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"text": "Perangkat lunak yang digunakan, yaitu:",
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"text": "1. PLC Siemens",
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"text": "Diagram Alir Penelitian",
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{
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"text": "Penyelesaian tugas akhir dilakukan dalam beberapa tahap, secara umum tahap tahap tersebut dijelaskan pada Gambar 1",
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"text": "Gambar 1 Diagram Alir Penelitian",
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"text": "JITET (Jurnal Informatika dan Teknik Elektro Terapan) pISSN: 2303-0577 eISSN: 2830-7062",
"type": "Page header"
},
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"left": 480,
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"text": "Noer dkk",
"type": "Page header"
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{
"left": 295,
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"width": 8,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 4,
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"text": "55",
"type": "Page footer"
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"text": "3. HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN",
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"text": "A. Hasil Data Simulasi",
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{
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"top": 272,
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"height": 23,
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"text": "Gambar 2 Hasil Simulasi Feeding, Kecepatan Torsi, Arus dan RPM",
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"text": "Gambar 3 Hasil Simulasi Feeding, Kecepatan Torsi, Arus dan RPM",
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{
"left": 75,
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"text": "Gambar 4 Hasil Simulasi Feeding, Kecepatan Torsi, Arus dan RPM",
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{
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"text": "Gambar 5 Hasil Simulasi Feeding,",
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"text": "Gambar 6 Hasil Simulasi Feeding,",
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"text": "Kecepatan,Torsi,Arus dan RPM Gambar 7 Hasil Simulasi Feeding, Kecepatan,Torsi,Arus dan RPM",
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"text": "Hasil simulasi mengidentifikasi pengaruh jumlah feed yang masuk terhadap arus, rpm, kecepatan torsi, semakin besar nilai feeding yang diberikan per jam maka hasil arus, rpm, kecepatan torsi akan berbanding lurus, pada gambar simulasi terakhir ternyata kiln mati maka untuk mematikannya harus mengurangi jumlah feeding secara perlahan agar arus, rpm, kecepatan torsi berangsur- angsur berkurang dan mati saat kiln mati maka masih panas, maka perlu menjaga kiln shell berputar untuk menghindari pembengkokan shell kiln dan ketika kiln dimatikan dan ingin dihidupkan, tidak langsung memberikan set point tinggi tetapi minimal 10% dari maksimum kemudian ketika stabil maka set point dapat ditambahkan secara bertahap.",
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"text": "Pada setting utama pada kiln terdapat 2 buah motor DC yang kecepatannya diatur dengan penggerak kecepatan variabel DC, penggerak kecepatan variabel DC merupakan pengatur kecepatan motor dengan cara merubah nilai frekuensi dan tegangan yang masuk ke motor. Pengaturan nilai frekuensi dan tegangan dimaksudkan untuk mendapatkan kecepatan putar dan torsi motor yang diinginkan atau sesuai dengan kebutuhan. PLC ini digunakan untuk memprogram dengan diagram tangga.",
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"text": "JITET (Jurnal Informatika dan Teknik Elektro Terapan) pISSN: 2303-0577 eISSN: 2830-7062",
"type": "Page header"
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"width": 45,
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"text": "Noer dkk",
"type": "Page header"
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{
"left": 295,
"top": 793,
"width": 8,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "56",
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{
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"text": "Tentunya program yang dibuat harus menyesuaikan dengan apa yang sedang dikontrol agar sistem kontrol tidak mengalami error. Untuk melakukan proses produksi harus memberikan nilai set point dari kiln yaitu putaran langsung kiln (bukan harga rpm motor DC) karena putaran motor akan dikurangi oleh gear box keluaran dari peredam berupa putaran langsung dari kiln.",
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"text": "Namun yang diukur adalah putaran poros motor DC kiln menggunakan encoder dan keluaran dari reducer akan dibandingkan. Perhitungan perbandingan ini dilakukan oleh program di lapangan PLC dan akan diinformasikan ke pusat kontrol master PLC berupa kecepatan aktual. Selain ditampilkan kecepatan sebenarnya, juga ditampilkan nilai arus penggunaan kedua motor DC, nilai arus ini akan memudahkan Anda untuk melihat torsi yang tersedia dari motor DC tersebut yang nantinya dapat meningkatkan produksi atau tidak.",
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"text": "Tabel 1 Data produksi DC motor",
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"text": "Set Point Current (A) Volta ge (Volt) Torque (Nm) Power (Watt) 3,6 916 410,7 8 3.595 376.2 76 3,7 935 410,9 4 3.671 384.2 31 3,75 950 411,0 1 3.757 392.1 86 3,8 954 411,5 7 3.796 396.1 63 3,85 959 411,9 1 3.824 400.2 45 3,90 964 412,2 9 3.852 404,3 27 3,95 969 412,9 7 3.880 409.4 15 4,00 974 413,4 1 3.904 410.6 15 Total (Kwh/ Mo",
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"text": "nth)",
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"text": "3.173.458,72",
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"text": "B. Main drive motor proses rotary kiln",
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"text": "Motor penggerak pada kiln adalah motor DC yang memiliki klasifikasi HP = 400 KW, AMP = 974 A, Volt = 440 V, Rpm = 1000 r/min. Setiap kiln memiliki motor penggerak yang saling membantu, dan motor penggerak tersebut merupakan mesin pendingin. Pengaturan kecepatan pada motor DC sangat diperlukan karena beban yang sangat besar dan berat, selain itu sifat motor DC yang tidak berhenti jika ada kelebihan/kekurangan tenaga tetapi kecepatan berkurang[5], hal ini menjadi alasan utama memilih motor DC sebagai penggerak utama di kiln.",
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{
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"height": 161,
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"text": "Pada umumnya industri semen memiliki tempat pembakaran dengan panjang 75 meter dan diameter 4,5 meter, dibantu dengan 2 pasang bantalan dengan jarak 20 meter. Output dari 2 buah motor DC yang saling membantu tidak langsung memutar kiln tetapi dihubungkan dengan gear box sehingga output yang dihasilkan itulah yang akan digunakan untuk memutar kiln. Dan keluaran dari peredam tersebut dapat diatur besar kecilnya beban, tergantung konstruksi dari konstruksi gear box itu sendiri. Dan untuk performa motor yang maksimal.",
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"text": "Gambar 8 Main drive kiln motor",
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"text": "Gambar 9 Rotary Kiln",
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"text": "Noer dkk",
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"text": "Dalam pengaturan kecepatan motor induksi terdapat modulator daya sehingga set point tegangan yang diinginkan pada motor utama di kiln dapat diatur[6]. Sehingga kecepatan motor utama di kiln untuk menggerakkan kiln dapat disesuaikan, sesuai dengan nilai tegangan impuls yang diberikan ke gerbang, memberikan tegangan impuls [7]. Hal ini tidak langsung diberikan oleh operator tetapi hanya memberikan nilai set point, yaitu nilai berupa putaran langsung dari kiln, sehingga memberikan kontrol langsung ke gerbang adalah sirkuit yang telah diprogram di sirkuit di dalam panel motor DC kiln.",
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"text": "Dari serangkaian penelitian, pengujian dan analisa yang telah dilakukan pada tugas akhir ini dapat diambil kesimpulan bahwa :",
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"text": "Pemberian nilai set point tergantung dari jumlah feed yang diberikan, semakin besar jumlah feeding maka semakin besar set point sehingga nilai arus, tegangan, torsi dan daya juga akan semakin besar",
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"text": "Bahwasannya untuk mengontrol motor drive DC pada rotary kiln dapat dilakukan dengan cara memberikan set point pada unit pengendali yang sudah terprogram melalui server sehingga motor akan berputar sesuai set point yang diberikan.",
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"text": "Berdasarkan pengendalian operasi hasil simulasi jumlah feeding per harinya akan mempengaruhi besarnya current , RPM dan speed torque yang dihasilkan pada rotary kiln.",
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"text": "Berdasarkan main drive motor pada proses kiln bahwasannya kegunaan motor DC sangat diperlukan di industri hususnya di pabrik Semen karena memiliki torque yang tinggi dan mampu menopang beban yang besar dan memiliki kecepatan yang hampir stabil.",
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"text": "Berdasarkan pengaturan kecepatan pada motor utama di rotary kiln bahwasannya dengan menggunakan DC variabel speed drive dapat mempermudah set point kecepatan yang diinginkan yang dapat disesuaikan dengan jumlah beban",
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"text": "Berdasarkan rotary kiln bahwasannya proses di kiln merupakan jantung dari pembuatan proses semen dari awal hingga akhir dikarenakan jika terjadi kerusakan maka akan mengeluarkan biaya yang besar dan waktu yang lama untuk memperbaiki hingga menghidupkannya kembali",
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"text": "Penulis mengucapkan terima kasih kepada pihak-pihak terkait yang telah memberi dukungan terhadap penelitian ini sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan junal tanpa ada halangan sedikitpun.",
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"text": "[1] Saidur R,Rahim NA,Ping HW,Jahirul",
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"text": "MI,Mekhilef S, Masjuki HH “Energy and emission analysis for industrial motors” in Malaysia Energy Policy 200937:3650 – 8",
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"text": "[2] Herman, S.L., 2010, Electric Motor control,9th edition,Nelson Education Ltd., Canada, 303- 310 Rashid MH.Power electronics hand book.Canada :Academic press 2001",
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{
"left": 302,
"top": 437,
"width": 222,
"height": 35,
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"text": "[3] Nugroho,EA,2018.“Implementation of variable speed drive control system on 3- phase inverter” journal Journal Simetris,Vol 9 2018",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 302,
"top": 474,
"width": 222,
"height": 48,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "[4] MustaffahS,Azma S.Variable speed drives as energy efficient strategy in pulp and paper industry.Master thesis, Malaysia : University of Technology Malaysia ;2006",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 302,
"top": 525,
"width": 222,
"height": 40,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "[5] Pollefliet J. 19 - Speed- and (or) Torque- Control of a DC-motor. In: Pollefliet JBT-PE, editor. Academic Press; 2018. p. 19.1–19.56.",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 302,
"top": 570,
"width": 222,
"height": 54,
"page_number": 6,
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"text": "[6] Halefom kidane. “ Numerical modelling and study of combustion behaviour of rotary cement kiln using computational fluid dynamics” Hawassa University 2021",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 302,
"top": 629,
"width": 222,
"height": 24,
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"text": "[7] Sumanto, MA, Drs., 1991 .Mesin Arus Searah cetakan kedua,Andi Offset, Yogyakarta.",
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5f89d601-6bb2-65e4-ce3d-c4f658607b16 | https://swarajustisia.unespadang.ac.id/index.php/UJSJ/article/download/247/185 | [
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"text": "Criminal liability in the Corruption Crime Act as stated in Article 2 paragraph (1) and Article 3. Judges' Considerations in Determining the Subject of the Criminal Acts of Corruption in the Procurement of Goods and Services in Court Decision Number 2421 K/PID.SUS/2016, namely there are Human subject. The consideration was that Defendant I had malicious intentions starting from planning tenders, conducting tenders, carrying out work and completing work, based on the facts that the Defendant tried to influence the auction process by appointing officials who did not have the expertise as PPK so that the PPK was incompetent and directed and ordered the tender committee. to win a friend's company by privileging and not evaluating. The Transfer of Legal Responsibility From Commitment Making Officials (PPK) to PA and KPA In the Decision Case Number: 2421 K/PID.SUS/2016 there are irregularities, where the Commitment Making Officer (PPK) as well as the Technical Implementation Officer of Activities (PPTK) are not made suspects but made witness. The existing legal issue is regarding the flow of case investigations that make the Commitment Making Officer (PPK) a witness. Based on the facts of the trial, there is some corroborating evidence that the Commitment Making Officer (PPK) as well as the Technical Implementation Officer (PPTK) must be responsible for the act.",
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"text": "Pertanggungjawaban pidana di dalam Undang-Undang Tindak Pidana Korupsi yang dicantumkan di dalam Pasal 2 ayat (1) dan Pasal 3. Pertimbangan Hakim Dalam Menentukan Subjek Tindak Pidana Korupsi Pengadaan Barang Dan Jasa pada Putusan Pengadilan Nomor 2421 K/PID.SUS/2016 yaitu terdapat Subjek manusia. Pertimbangannya adalah adanya niat jahat Terdakwa I dimulai dari perencanaan tender, pelaksanaan tender, pelaksaan pekerjaan dan penyelesaian pekerjaan, berdasarkan fakta yang ada Terdakwa berusaha mempengaruhi proses lelang dengan menunjuk pejabat yang tidak mempuyai keahlian selaku PPK sehingga PPK tersebut tidak cakap dan mengarahkan dan memerintahkan Panitia tender untuk memenangkan perusahaan milik temannya dengan cara menginstimewakan dan tidak melakukan evaluasi. Peralihan Pertanggungjawaban Hukum Dari Pejabat Pembuat Komitmen (PPK) Kepada PA dan KPA Pada Kasus Putusan Nomor : 2421 K/PID.SUS/2016 terdapat kejanggalan, dimana Pejabat Pembuat Komitmen (PPK) sekaligus Pejabat Pelaksana Teknis Kegiatan (PPTK) tidak dijadikan tersangka tetapi dijadikan saksi. Persoalan hukum yang ada adalah tentang alur pemeriksaan perkara yang menjadikan Pejabat Pembuat Komitmen (PPK) sebagai saksi. Berdasarkan fakta persidangan terdapat beberapa bukti yang menguatkan",
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"text": "tentang Pejabat Pembuat Komitmen (PPK) sekaligus Pejabat Pelaksana Teknis Kegiatan (PPTK) harus bertanggung jawab terhadap perbuatan itu.",
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"text": "Pertanggungjawaban pidana adalah larangan terhadap pembuat perbuatan yang melanggar larangan atau menimbulkan keadaan yang terlarang. Pertanggungjawaban pidana yang mengatur proses peralihan kewenangan yang ada pada tindak pidana kepada pembuatnya. 1 Pertanggungjawaban pidana di dalam Undang-Undang Tindak Pidana Korupsi dicantumkan di dalam Bab II Pasal 2 ayat (1) Undang-Undang Nomor 31 Tahun 1999 tentang Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Korupsi menyebutkan “setiap orang yang secara melawan hukum melakukan perbuatan memperkaya diri sendiri atau orang lain atau suatu korporasi yang dapat merugikan keuangan negara atau perekonomian negara dipidana dengan pidana penjara minimal 4 tahun dan maksimal 20 tahun dan denda paling sedikit 200 juta rupiah dan paling banyak 1 miliar rupiah”. Sedangkan Pasal 3 juga menyebutkan “setiap orang yang dengan tujuan menguntungkan diri sendiri atau orang lain atau suatu korporasi, menyalahgunakan kewenangan, kesempatan atau sarana yang ada padanya karena jabatan atau karena kedudukan yang dapat merugikan keuangan negara atau perekonomian negara dipidana seumur hidup, atau pidana penjara paling singkat 1 tahun dan paling lama 20 tahun dan atau denda paling sedikit 50 juta rupiah dan maksimal 1 miliar”.",
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"text": "Bentuk tindak pidana korupsi yang memuat unsur merugikan negara diatur dalam dua Pasal yaitu Pasal 2 dan Pasal 3, sedangkan lima (5) kelompok lainnya terdiri dari 28 Pasal terkait dengan perilaku menyimpang dari penyelenggara negara atau pegawai negeri dan pihak swasta. 2 Adapun istilah yang sering digunakan untuk menyebut Tindak Pidana Korupsi, diantaranya adalah sebagai salah satu bentuk dari crime asmuningbussiness, economi crimes, white collar crime, official crime (ruang lingkup kejahatan ekonomi dalam arti luas) atau sebagai salah satu bentuk abuse of power (penyalahgunaan kekuasaan). 3 Rumusan korupsi menurut Carl Friesrich, apabila seseorang yang memegang kekuasaan atau yang berwenang untuk melakukan hal-hal tertentu mengharapkan imbalan uang atau semacam hadiah lainnya yang tidak diperbolehkan oleh undang-undang, membujuk untuk mengambil langkah atau menolong siapa sajayang menyediakan hadiah sehingga benar-benar membahayakan kepentingan umum. 4",
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"text": "Pengadaan barang dan jasa pemerintah melibatkan dana yang sangat besar, berbagai penyimpangan bisa terjadi dalam tahap-tahap proses pengadaan barang/jasa publik. Hal ini bisa disebabkan oleh kelalaian dan kurang berkompetennya pelaksana dan peserta pengadaan, namun tak jarang penyimpangan ini juga merupakan tindakan yang",
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"text": "1 Roeslan Saleh, Pikiran-Pikiran Tentang Pertanggungjawaban Pidana , Cetakan Pratama, Jakarta, 1982, hlm 33.",
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"text": "2 Nofrizal , Hambatan Pelaksanaan Kewenangan Jaksa sebagai pengacara Negara dalam Upaya Tuntutan Keperdataan Aset Hasil Kejahatan Korupsi Berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 20 Tahu 2001 tentang Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Korupsi , Tesis, 2020.",
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"text": "disengaja oleh pelaksana atau peserta Pengadaan Barang/Jasa , dalam rangka korupsi dan kolusi yang pada akhirnya berakibat pada pemborosan uang rakyat, kebocoran anggaran dan hasil pengadaan yang tidak optimal.",
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"text": "Ketentuan mengenai pembuktian hukum salah satunya diatur di dalam Pasal 184 Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1981 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Acara Pidana yaitu keterangan saksi, ahli, surat, petunjuk dan keterangan terdakwa. 5",
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"text": "Berdasarkan uraian tersebut diatas, maka permasalahan dalam penelitian ini adalah Pertimbangan Hakim dalam menentukan subjek tindak pidana korupsi pengadaan barang dan jasa pada Putusan Pengadilan Nomor 2421 K/PID.SUS/2016.",
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"text": "METODE PENELITIAN",
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"text": "Spesifikasi penelitian adalah deskriptif analitis , dengan metode pendekatan yuridis normative . Jenis data yang digunakan adalah data sekunder. Data sekunder diperoleh dari studi dokumen. Data yang diperoleh kemudian dianalisa secara kualitatif.",
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"text": "PEMBAHASAN",
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"text": "A. Pertimbangan Hakim Dalam Menentukan Subjek Tindak Pidana Korupsi Pengadaan Barang Dan Jasa: Putusan Pengadilan Nomor 2421 K/PID.SUS/2016",
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"text": "Berkenaan dengan pertanggung jawaban pidana PPK dalam hal terjadinya kerugian negara, dapat dilihat dari tindakan/perbuatan atau keputusan yang diambil oleh PPK dalam setiap tahapan pada proses pengadaan barang/jasa. Pejabat Pembuat Komitmen yang selanjutnya, disingkat PPK adalah pejabat yang diberi kewenangan oleh PA/KPA untuk mengambil keputusan dan/atau melakukan tindakan yang dapat mengakibatkan pengeluaran anggaran be1anja negara/anggaran belanja daerah.",
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"text": "Dalam konteks hukum pidana, suatu perbuatan atau tindakan dianggap atau dirumuskan sebagai perbuatan pidana harus memenuhi beberapa persyaratan. Sebagaimana",
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"text": "5 KUHP (Kitap Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana) & KUHAP (Kitap Undang-Undang Hukum Acara Pidana), Pustaka Mahardika, Yogyakarta, 2010 Him 229-231.",
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"text": "dikemukakan oleh Simons, bahwa suatu perbuatan dapat dinyatakan atau dirumuskan sebagai perbuatan pidana (straafbaarfeit) 6",
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"text": "Pertanggungjawaban pidana korupsi dalam pengadaan barang/jasa, maka langkah awal yang perlu diketahui adalah terhadap siapa delik korupsi itu dipertanggungjawabkan. Kasus Pada Putusan No. 2421K/PID.SUS/2016, subjek delik pidana adalah “Manusia” dan “Pegawai Negeri”. Subjek manusia terkait dengan keterlibatan Nanang Kuswandi yang bertindak sebagai subjek hukum yang mewakili perusahaan penyedia Dan H. Zainir, ST, Gelar. Datuak Rangkayo Mulie selaku PA (Pengguna Anggaran). Selain itu, subjek delik pidana lainnya adalah Ali Nur’ain dalam kedudukannya sebagai Pejabat Pembuat Komitmen (PPK) yang diangkat berdasarkan Keputusan Bupati Padang Pariaman Nomor 8/KEP/BPP-2011 tanggal 31 Januari 2011 tentang penunjukan pejabat pengguna anggaran/barang, pejabat penata usaha keuangan, bendahara penerima, bendahara pengeluaran, bendahara penerima pembantu, bendahara pengeluaran pembantu, pembantu bendahara pengeluaran, pembuat daftar gaji dan pengurus barang pada Satuan Kerja Perangkat Daerah (SKPD), RSUD, SMA, SMP, TK/SD Model Unit Pelaksana Teknis Daerah (UPTD) dan Puskesmas di lingkungan Pemda Kabupaten Padang Pariaman.",
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"text": "Doktrin hukum pidana menentukan syarat dipidananya seseorang atas perbuatan yang telah dilakukannya harus memenuhi unsur-unsur adanya perbuatan dan memenuhi rumusan dalam undang-undang (syarat formil) serta bersifat melawan hukum (syarat materil). Hal penting yang menjadi perhatian dari unsur-unsur tindak pidana korupsi adalah mengenai unsur “Yang dapat merugikan keuangan negara atau perekonomian negara”. Unsur “dapat merugikan keuangan negara atau perekonomian negara” adalah salah satu unsur yang harus dipenuhi dalam mengungkap terjadinya tindak pidana korupsi.",
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"text": "Masalah kerugian negara, selalu muncul di Pengadilan Tipikor, hal tersebut karena dimensi kerugian Negara merupakan salah satu unsur yang dijadikan pegangan aparat hukum di Pengadilan Tipikor untuk melakukan penyelidikan, penyidikan, penuntutan, sampai kepada putusan. Praktek penegakan hukum terhadap dugaan terjadinya tindak pidana korupsi dalam pengadaan barang/jasa, unsur “dapat merugikan keuangan negara dan perekonomian negara” telah menjadi problem hukum, karena pemenuhan unsur ini dalam penegakan hukum tindak pidana korupsi tidak harus benar-benar telah terjadi atau terdapat kerugian yang nyata.",
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"text": "Pembahasan mengenai pertanggungjawaban pidana PKK terhadap adanya kerugian negara, maka harus dipenuhi unsur-unsur dari tindak pidana korupsi yang diatur dalam Pasal 2 ayat (1) Undang-Undang Tipikor, yaitu: a. adanya perbuatan melawan hukum, b. memperkaya diri sendiri atau orang lain atau korporasi, c. yang dapat merugikan keuangan negara atau perekonomian negara. Atau memenuhi unsur unsur tindak pidana korupsi yang terkandung dalam Pasal 3, yaitu: a. tujuan menguntungkan diri sendiri atau orang lain atau suatu korporasi, b. menyalahgunakan kewenangan atau sarana yang ada padanya, karena jabatan atau kedudukan dan yang dapat merugikan keuangan negara atau perekonomian negara.",
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"text": "Contoh kasus, pada Satuan Kerja Perangkat Daerah (SKPD), RSUD, SMA, SMP, TK/SD Model Unit Pelaksana Teknis Daerah (UPTD) dan Puskesmas di lingkungan Pemda",
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"text": "6 Ibid., hlm54",
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"text": "Kabupaten Padang Pariaman. Dalam kasus ini terdakwa (Ali Nur’ain) terbukti telah melanggar ketentuan Pasal 3 Undang-Undang Nomor 20 Tahun 2001 sesuai dengan dakwaan subsider Jaksa Penuntut Umum “menyalahgunakan kewenangan” dengan tujuan menguntungkan diri sendiri atau orang lain atau suatu korporasi yang dapat merugikan keuangan negara.",
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"text": "Sebagai PPK, maka diberikan wewenang dan tanggung jawab untuk melaksanakan pengadaan barang/jasa sesuai dengan ketentuan yang telah ditetapkan dalam peraturan pengadaan barang/jasa. Salah satu wewenang yang dimiliki oleh PKK adalah melakukan pemutusan kontrak terhadap penyedia jasa yang melakukan wanprestasi/cidera janji, setelah sebelumnya diberi surat peringatan dan diberi kesempatan untuk mempercepat pekerjaan dengan batas waktu yang telah ditentukan.",
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"text": "Tindakan terdakwa untuk mengadakan lelang untuk kegiatan pembangunan prasarana air bersih (DPID) Tahun Anggaran 2011 Kabupaten Padang Pariaman, hal ini dilakukan hanya sebagai syarat saja dan tidak sesuai dengan prosedur yang sebenarnya merupakan tindakan yang jelas bertentangan atau melawan hukum, yaitu melanggar ketentuan pengadaan barang/jasa. Dengan demikian, perbuatan terdakwa telah memenuhi unsur “menyalahgunakan kewenangan atau sarana yang ada padanya, karena jabatan atau kedudukan”.",
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"text": "Selanjutnya, perbuatan terdakwa setelah mencapai bobot pekerjaan 91,608% Terdakwa I bersama- sama dengan Terdakwa II melakukan serah terima pekerjaan sementara dengan rekanan PT.Graha Fortuna Purnama yang dokumennya dilaksanakan secara fiktif, dimana Terdakwa II mempersiapkan dokumen fiktif serah terima sementara dan selanjutnya menemui saksi Jhony Firman, SE, saksi Jasman, SE, saksi Natalia Pratimi, SE, saksi Harmen Aminudin, ST, saksi Mulyadi, A.Md. dan memerintahkan untuk menandatangani dokumen berita acara serah terima sementara. Walaupun pekerjaan tidak selesai 100% tersebut, Terdakwa I bersama-sama dengan Terdakwa II melakukan pencairan pembayaran Retensi 5% kepada PT. Graha Fortuna Purnama padahal pekerjaan tersebut tidak selesai 100%, dimana pencairan dana retensi tersebut dengan melampirkan Jaminan Pemeliharaan PT. Asuransi Himalaya Pelindung dengan Nomor Bond : PST.0680/2011- 02247SI senilai Rp. 887.142.100,00 (delapan ratus delapan puluh tujuh juta seratus empat puluh dua ribu seratus rupiah). Hal ini memenuhi unsur “tujuan menguntungkan diri sendiri atau orang lain atau suatu korporasi” sebagaimana disebutkan dalam Pasal 3 Undang- Undang Nomor 20 Tahun 2001 telah terpenuhi.",
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"text": "Pemenuhan unsur “yang dapat merugikan keuangan negara atau perekonomian negara”, dalam kasus ini didasari pertimbangan bahwa apabila aparat penegak hukum tidak melakukan penyidikan terhadap kasus ini, maka pihak bank akan tetap mengucurkan dana kepada pihak perusahaan PT. Graha Fortuna Purnama, yang mana akan berakibat pada timbulnya kerugian keuangan negara dan atau perekonomian negara.",
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"text": "Berdasarkan uraian di atas, dapat dipahami bahwa pertanggungjawaban pidana PKK atas timbulnya kerugian keuangan negara atau perekonomian negara dalam pengadaan barang/jasa, berkaitan dengan adanya penyimpangan dari ketentuan pengadaan barang/jasa yang dilakukan PKK. Penyimpangan tersebut dilakukan secara “melawan hukum” dengan menyalahgunakan wewenang yang ada padanya dengan tujuan menguntungkan diri sendiri",
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"text": "atau orang lain atau korporasi sehingga dapat menimbulkan kerugian keuangan negara atau perekonomian negara.",
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"text": "Sehingga pada kasus ini Mahkamah Agung memberikan putusan bahwa Terdakwa I H. Zainir, ST, Gelar. Datuak Rangkayo Mulie selaku KPA dan Terdakwa II Oyer Putra,ST.,MT telah terbukti secara sah dan meyakinkan menurut hukum melakukan tindak pidana: “Yang secara melawan hukum melakukan perbuatan memperkaya diri sendiri atau orang lain atau suatu korporasi yang dapat merugikan keuangan Negara atau perekonomian Negara”, sebagaimana diatur dan diancam pidana Pasal 2 ayat (1) Undang-Undang Nomor 31 Tahun 1999 sebagaimana telah diubah dengan Undang-Undang Nomor 20 Tahun 2001 tentang Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Korupsi juncto Pasal 55 ayat (1) ke 1 KUHP, yang didakwakan pada Dakwaan Primair. Terhadap kedua terdakwa dijatuhkan pidana penjara masing-masing selama 6 (enam) tahun dan 6 (enam) bulan dikurangi selama masing- masing Para Terdakwa I dan Terdakwa II berada dalam tahanan, denda masing-masing sebesar Rp200.000.000,00 (dua ratus juta rupiah) subsidair 6 (enam) bulan kurungan.",
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"text": "B. Peralihan Pertanggungjawaban Hukum Dari Pejabat Pembuat Komitmen (PPK) Kepada PA dan KPA Pada Kasus Putusan Nomor : 2421 K/PID.SUS/2016",
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"text": "Pada proses Pengadaan Barang/Jasa Pemerintah terdapat beberapa pihak yang berperan baik yang terlibat langsung maupun tak langsung yakni diantaranya PA/KPA, PPK, Pejabat Pengadaan dan Panitia/Pejabat Penerima Hasil Pekerjaan. Salah satu pihak yang memegang peran fundamental adalah Pejabat Pembuat Komitmen atau yang biasa dikenal dengan PPK. Secara Yuridis, PPK mempunyai beberapa tugas pokok dan kewenangan yang diamanatkan oleh Hukum, dari awal penyusunan perencanaan pengadaan sampai dengan menyimpan dan menjaga keutuhan seluruh dokumen pelaksanaan kegiatan serta menilai kinerja Penyedia. PPK dilarang mengadakan ikatan perjanjian atau menandatangani Kontrak dengan Penyedia, dalam hal belum tersedia anggaran belanja atau tidak cukup tersedia anggaran belanja yang dapat mengakibatkan dilampauinya batas anggaran belanja yang tersedia untukkegiatan yang dibiayai APBN/APBD.",
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"text": "Keberadaan PPK dalam suatu Pengadaan Barang/ Jasa memang ada karena jabatan dalam suatu struktur kelembagaan di suatu instansi Pemerintahan. Namun, PPK adalah orang yang dipilih oleh atasannya yang dalam hal ini ialah PA/KPA. Hal ini diatur tegas di dalam Peraturan Presiden tentang Pengadaan Barang/ Jasa Pemerintah. Adapun bunyi dari ketentuan ini yaitu: ”PPK merupakan Pejabat yang ditetapkan oleh PA/KPA untuk melaksanakan Pengadaan Barang/ Jasa”.",
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"text": "Keberadaan PPK berfungsi untuk melakukan Pengadaan Barang/Jasa saja, tidak diperuntukkan untuk melakukan kegiatan selain ini dan biasanya apabila segala hal tentang Pengadaan Barang/Jasa telah selesai maka ia dibebastugaskan sepanjang tidak ada pelanggaran atau penyimpangan terhadap hukum yang berlaku. Orang yang dapat ditunjuk sebagai PPK bukanlah orang sembarangan apalagi serta merta ditunjuk tanpa pertimbangan, namun haruslah orang yang sesuai dengan tugas yang diembannya. Oleh karena itu, seseorang yang dapat ditunjuk sebagai PPK haruslah mempunyai kriteria tersendiri. Sehingga ada syarat minimum agar seseorang dapat melaksanakan beberapa fungsi yang sebagaimana kita tahun melibatkan uang negara. Oleh sebabnya, posisi dan jabatan PPK tidak dapat dipaksakan karena memang kewajiban yang cukup berisiko. Peran PPK setelah",
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"text": "kontrak ditandatangani dengan penyedia adalah mengelola kontrak sehingga kontrak dapat mencapai tujuannya.",
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"text": "PPK yang mempunyai tugas sangat kompleks sejatinya juga pejabat pemerintah pada umumnya yang juga mempunyai peran konstan di dalam suatu instansi tertentu. Hal ini berarti proses Pengadaan bukanlah satu-satunya pekerjaan yang PPK tangani sehingga membutuhkan supported team yang dapat mem- back up fungsinya. Supported team yang dimaksud untuk membatu PPK dalam melaksanakan tugasnya adalah Pengelola Pengadaan Barang/Jasa. Kontrak Pengadaan Barang/Jasa yang selanjutnya disebut Kontrak adalah perjanjian tertulis antara PPK dengan Penyedia Barang/Jasa atau pelaksana Swakelola. Dalam melaksanakan kontrak pekerjaan konstruksi, PPK dapat dibantu pegawai yang berperan Direksi lapangan atau direksi teknis.",
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"text": "Pada kasus Putusan Nomor : 2421 K/PID.SUS/2016 terdapat kejanggalan, kejanggalan tersebut yakni ketika Pengguna Anggaran (PA) dan Kuasa Pengguna Anggaran (KPA) menjadi terdakwa. Sedangkan Pejabat Pembuat Komitmen (PPK) sekaligus Pejabat Pelaksana Teknis Kegiatan (PPTK) tidak dijadikan tersangka tetapi dijadikan saksi. Persoalan hukum yang menjadi pertanyaan oleh penulis adalah tentang alur pemeriksaan perkara yang menjadikan Pejabat Pembuat Komitmen (PPK) sebagai saksi. Bilamana tetap hanya dijadikan sebagai saksi, alasan-alasan hukum apakah yang menjadikan Pejabat Pembuat Komitmen (PPK) sekaligus Pejabat Pengelola Teknis Kegiatan (PPTK) hanya bisa dijadikan sebagai saksi. Karena berdasarkan kepada Tugas Pokok dan Kewenangan Pejabat Pembuat Komitmen (PPK) pada Peraturan Presiden Nomor 54 Tahun 2010 pada Pasal 11 ayat (1) dan (2), dan berdasarkan fakta persidangan terdapat beberapa bukti yang menguatkan tentang Pejabat Pembuat Komitmen (PPK) sekaligus Pejabat Pelaksana Teknis Kegiatan (PPTK) harus bertanggung jawab terhadap perbuatan itu. Tetapi, seolah-olah dikesampingkan dalam ayat (1) dan (2) pembuktian.",
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"text": "Pada pokoknya menyebutkan, bahwa otak intelektual ( dader ) perkara ini adalah saksi Ali Nur Ain selaku Pejabat Pembuat Komitmen (PPK). Menurut Majelis Hakim Tingkat Pertama yang harus dijadikan terdakwa dalam perkara ini adalah saksi Ali Nur Ain, bukan melindunginya di bawah Lembaga Perlindungan Saksi dan Korban (LPSK). Bahwa dari pertimbangan tersebut Majelis Hakim membiarkan hal itu terjadi tanpa konsekwensi yuridis apa-apa, seharusnya dengan keadaan dan pertimbangan yang demikian, Majelis Hakim Tingkat Pertama haruslah membatalkan Surat Dakwaan yang diajukan Penuntut Umum, karena dengan tidak dilibatkannya otak intelektual ( dader ) perkara ini yaitu saksi Ali Nur Ain selaku PPK sekaligus PPTK, maka surat dakwaan dalam perkara ini yang tidak melibatkan saksi Ali Nur Ain dipastikan tidak memenuhi syarat materil sebagaimana dipersyaratkan dalam Pasal 143 KUHAP, bahwa uraian surat dakwaan harus bersifat pasti, cermat dan jelas. Maka uraian dakwaan pada dakwaan penuntut umum yang tidak melibatkan Sdr. Ali Nur Ain sebagai Terdakwa, mengandung unsur yang tidak pasti, tidak",
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"text": "cermat dan tidak jelas dan tidak persyaratan Pasal 143 KUHAP. Pasal 55 KUHP yang didakwaan kepada Terdakwa I dan II tidak akan teruraikan dalam dakwaan karena tanpa melibatkan otak intelektual ( dader ) perkara ini, yaitu saksi Ali Nur Ain. Namun pertimbangan Majelis Hakim Tingkat Pertama tersebut tidak membawa implikasi hukum, bahkan Majelis Hakim Tingkat Pertama tetap menyatakan Terdakwa I dan II bersalah dan dihukum. Maka dengan demikian jelas Majelis Hakim Tingkat Pertama telah membiarkan ketimpangan-ketimpangan dan ketidakadilan terjadi dalam perkara ini. Sikap Majelis Hakim ini jelas sangat merugikan Terdakwa I dan II.",
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"text": "Sebagaimana diketahui, bahwa tugas dan fungsi Pengadilan Tinggi Padang sebagai peradilan banding adalah mengoreksi dan menguji kebenaran atau kesalahan putusan Pengadilan Negeri. Namun yang terjadi pada Pengadilan Tinggi Padang selain tidak mengoreksi kesalahan Pengadilan Negeri Padang, ternyata Pengadilan Tinggi Padang tetap dengan Putusan Pengadilan Negeri Padang dan menetapkan perbuatan Terdakwa I dan II dengan hal-hal yang tidak pernah ada, di mana menurut Pengadilan Tinggi Padang Terdakwa I dan II telah menyetujui serah terima pekerjaan 100 % atas bobot pekerjaan 91,608 % (sembilan puluh satu, koma enam nol delapan parsen) sebagai delik “melawan hukum” yang dilakukan oleh Terdakwa I dan Terdakwa II. Padahal dalam perkara ini tidak ada satupun fakta serah terima pekerjaan 100 % sebagaimana disebut oleh Pengadilan Tinggi Padang.",
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"text": "Majelis hakim dalam memberikan pertimbangan hukumnya harus mempertimbangkan fakta persidangan yang memberikan keterangan secara lugas dan sesuai dengan kompetensinya dalam rangka mengungkapkan tindak pidana korupsi bahwa ada pelaku utama yang seharusnya didakwa sebagai terdakwa. Pemerintah melalui lembaga yang berkompeten perlu memperketat pengawasan terhadap proses penindakan tindak pidana korupsi mulai dari tahap penyelidikan, penyidikan, penuntutan dan persidangan agar tidak terjadi peralihan pertanggungjawaban hukum/pidana kepada seseorang yang tidak melakukan kesalahan sesuai tugas dan tanggungjawabnya berdasarkan peraturan perundang-undangan Pengadaan Barang/Jasa Pemerintah yang berlaku.",
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"text": "Roeslan Saleh, Pikiran-Pikiran Tentang Pertanggungjawaban Pidana , Cetakan Pratama, Jakarta, 1982",
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"text": "Nofrizal , Hambatan Pelaksanaan Kewenangan Jaksa sebagai pengacara Negara dalam Upaya Tuntutan Keperdataan Aset Hasil Kejahatan Korupsi Berdasarkan Undang- Undang Nomor 20 Tahu 2001 tentang Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Korupsi , Tesis, 2020.",
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"text": "Elwi Danil, Korupsi, Konsep Tindak Pidana dan Pemberantasannya , Pt. Rajagrafindo Persada, Jakarta, 2011.",
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"text": "Indriyanto Seno Adji, Korupsi dan Penegakan Hukum , Diadit Media, Jakarta, 2009. KUHP (Kitap Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana) & KUHAP (Kitap Undang-Undang Hukum Acara Pidana), Pustaka Mahardika, Yogyakarta, 2010.",
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"text": "Contamination by organic matters, nutrient, pathogenic bacteria, micro pollutant and detergent/surfactant caused quality decrease of water in tidal zone. This study was aimed to evaluate quality of various water resources and to elaborate correlation between tidal environment condition and water resources quality at Muliasari village district of Tanjung Lago. Water sample was taken by purposive sampling method. Analysis result using Storet method showed average value of several parameters at high tide are: temperature 31.37 ° C;TSS 74.28 mg/L;pH 3.38; salinity 1.82; DO 5.05 mg/L; BOD 32.51 mg/L; COD 98.5 mg/L; ammonia 0.29 mg/L; phosphate 0.1690 mg/L; Fe 0.272 mg/L and Coliform 0.31/100 mg/L. At low tide these parameters had values for temperature 27.13 ° C; TSS 67.14 mg/L; pH 3.38; salinity 1.7; DO 4.86 mg/L; BOD 14.13 mg/L; COD 43.71; ammonia 0.244 mg/L; phosphate 0.1695 mg/L; Fe 0.232 mg/L and Coliform 0.32/100 mg/L. According to Governor’s provision no.16/2005 on water quality standard, water from various resources of Muliasari village were moderately polluted. Domestic waste water management is needed at this area followed by training and enhance occupant’s awareness to maintain hygiene and environment quality. Monitoring effort is also necessary on water resources quality for at least once every 6 months.",
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"text": "Air yang terkontaminasibahanorganik, nutrient, bakteripatogen, mikro polutan dan detergen/ surfaktan menyebabkan menurunnya kualitas suatu perairan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji kualitas berbagai sumber air, mengkaji hubungan kualitas lingkungan daerah pasang surut terhadap kualitas berbagai sumber air di desa Muliasari Kecamatan Tanjung Lago. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian survei. Pengambilan sampel air dilakukan dengan metode purposive sampling . Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kualitas air di desa Muliasari berdasarkan analisis dengan menggunakan metode storetmaka diperoleh nilai rata-rata suhu pasang (31,37 0 C) surut (27,13 0 C). TSS pasang (74,28 mg/L) surut (67,14 mg/L). pH pasang (3,38) surut (3,38). Salinitas pasang (1,82) surut (1,7). DO pasang (5,05 mg/L) surut (4,86 mg/L). BOD pasang (32,51 mg/L) surut (14,13 mg/L). COD pasang (98,5 mg/L) surut (43,71 mg/L). Amonia pasang (0,29 mg/L) surut (0,244 mg/L). Fosfat pasang (0,1690 mg/L) surut (0,1695 mg/L). Fe pasang (0,272 mg/L) surut (0,232 mg/L). Coliform pasang (0,31/100",
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"text": "mg/L) surut (0,32/100 mg/L). Status mutu air di desa Muliasari berdasarkanPeraturanGubernurSumsel No.16 Th. 2005 tentang baku mutu air masuk dalam kategori cemar sedang. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut maka perlu adanya pengelolaan limbah domestic, sosialisasi dan pelatihan kesadaran masyarakat untuk menjaga kebersihan, dan upaya pemantauan kualitas air sungai paling sedikit 1 kali dalamsetiap 6 bulan.",
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"text": "Keywords: kualitas air, pasangsurut, limbahdomestik",
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"text": "Received 4 March 2017 Received in revised 19 May 2017 Accepted 2 June 2017 Available online 15 June 2017",
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"text": "Water is the most important environmental component for human life. It is needed by mostly living organism on its living process on earth [1]. Poor quality of water can trigger many problems to human. Clean and provide in enough quantity of water on the other hand are something to be expected by community to fulfill daily needed and other activities. Among the activities need enough clean water are manufactures, city sanitation and crops fields.",
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"text": "Low quality of water caused decrease in life support of environment and ecosystem to human and other creatures in the area. It will affect directly to the safety and healthstatus especially for human being. Low quality of water also reduced productivity, decrease its capacity to provide resources and eventually decrease the ability of natural to provide resources. Contamination by organic matters, nutrient, pathogenic bacteria, micro pollutant and detergent/surfactant came from domestic waste are believe to be responsible for dropping quality of water [2]. In order to evaluate the quality of water from various resources and its correlation to tidal zone environmental condition, research was conducted at Muliasari village of Tanjung Lago district. This study was aimed to provide insight and new approach of environmental management in the area to fulfill domestic needed on water.",
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"text": "Research was conducted on May until July 2016 at Primary channels, Secondary channel SPD, Tertiary channel and pond located at Muliasari Village. Samples",
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"text": "were taken from 7 different stations at the village namely; station 1 (primary channel), station 2 (SPD canal at tertiary channel 2), station 3 (tertiary channel 2), station 4 (pond at tertiary channel 2), station 5 (SPD canal at tertiary channel 6), station 6 (tertiary channel 6) and station (pond at tertiary channel 6).",
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"text": "Figure 1. Research location maps at Muliasari Village Tanjung Lago District (Source:Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Bureau, Banyuasin Districts, 2014)",
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"text": "Data was gathered by using survey method combined with chemical analysis in laboratory. Water sample was taken by purposing sampling method i.e. sample location was picked up intentionally. Research station and location coordinate point were depicted on Table 1:",
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"text": "Tabel 1 Stations and research location coordinate point at Muliasari village Tanjung Lago district",
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"text": "Station Position Latitude (South) Longitude (East) Station 1(Primary channel) 2 0 39’59.3” 104 0 44’08.6” Station 2(SPD canal at TC 2) 2 0 38’37.3” 104 0 44’32.9” Station 3(Tertiary channel 2) 2 0 38’22.4” 104 0 44’31.1” Station 4(Pond at TC 2) 2 0 38’36.9” 104 0 44’35.4” Station 5(SPD canal at TC 6) 2 0 38’07.1” 104 0 44’29.2” Station 6(Tertiary channel 6) 2 0 38’14.3” 104 0 44’30.5” Station 7(Pond at TC 6) 2 0 38’11.2” 104 0 44.30.1” Table 2. Classification of water quality according to Storet method No Class Score Status Remark 1 Class A 0 Very good Fulfill threshold 2 Class B -1 s/d -10 Good Lightly polluted 3 Class C -11 s/d -30 Moderate Moderately polluted 4 Class D ≥ -30 Bad Heavily polluted Source: Provision of Ministry of Environmental no. 115/2003",
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"text": "Table 3Scoring system to determined water quality status Sample amount Score Parameter physic chemistry biology < 10 Maximum Minimum Average -1 -1 -3 -2 -2 -6 -3 -3 -9 >10 Maximum Minimum Average -2 -2 -6 -4 -4 -12 -6 -6 -18",
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"text": "Source: Provision of Ministry of Environmental no. 115/2003",
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"text": "Water quality measurement was carried out in situ and ex situ (BTKL laboratory Palembang). Physical parameters being determined were temperature whereas chemical parameters were pH, salinity, DO, BOD, COD, TSS, ammonia, phosphate and Fe. Coliform was the only biological parameter being identified. All measurements were done twice at low and high tide events.",
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"text": "Conclusion on water quality status was confirmed according to Storet method by comparing water quality data with quality standard threshold provisioned by Ministry of Environmental no. 115/2003 and South Sumatera Governor no. 16/2005. Class of water quality status was determined based on classification system by US-EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). According to the system, water quality was divided into 4 classes (Table 2). Scoring on water quality was made based on measurement results on physical, chemical and biological properties as depicted in Table 3.",
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"text": "RESULT AND DISCUSSION",
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"text": "Water quality concern with its properties, organisms contained and other components confined. Water quality determine quantitatively using several",
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"text": "parameters including temperature, pH, salinity, DO, OD, COD, TSS, ammonia, phosphate, Fe and Coliform . Result of samples measurement compare with water quality threshold for water taken from river provisioned by authority was displayed on figures below.",
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"text": "Average Temperature",
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"text": "Average temperature detected on the water during high tide was between 30.25 - 32.55 ° C whereas during low tide was between 30.55 - 33.2 ° C. Aquatic organism is able to survive only within certain temperature range. If water temperature goes too far from forbearance range, it can compromise the ability of organism to survive. Sunlight radiation is the main factor that influence water temperature. Significant contribution also provided by rock, sand and mud condition at the tidal zone. Temperature in 7 locations of research at high and low tide are represent on Figure 2.",
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"text": "According to quality threshold provided by Governor’s provision no. 16/2005, water temperature on high and low tide at Muliasari Village still fulfill temperature range between 25 ° C - 35 ° C as required.",
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"text": "Figure 2. Result of water temperature measurement on high and low tide atMuliasariVillage Tanjung Lago District",
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"text": "Figure 3. TSSanalysis result on soils at high and low tide",
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"text": "Figure 4. Result of pH measurement on water at high and low tide, Muliasari Village",
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"text": "Figure 5. Salinity measurement result at high and low tide of Muliasari VillageTanjung Lago District",
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"text": "Figure 6. Laboratory analysis result of DOat high and low tide of Muliasari VillageTanjung Lago District",
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"text": "Figure 7. BOD analysis result at high and low tide of MuliasariVillageTanjung Lago District",
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"text": "Figure 8. COD analysis result at high and low tide of Muliasari VillageTanjung Lago District",
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"text": "Figure 9. Result ofammonia analysis at high and low tideMuliasariVillage Tanjung Lago District",
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"text": "Figure 10. Result on Phosphate analysis of water from Muliasari Village at high and low tide",
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"text": "Figure 11. Fe analysis result of water at high and low tide Muliasari Village",
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"text": "Figure 12. Coliformresult of analysis on water samples at high and low tide, Muliasari Village",
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"text": "Total Suspended Solid",
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"text": "Total suspended solid related to water turbidity which comprise of mud, fine sand and microorganism. Result of TSS measurement is display on Figure 3. Average value obtained for this parameter is 30 - 130 mg/L at high tide and 20 - 170 mg/L at low tide. Highest value of TSS at high tide was found at station 2 (SPD canal at Tertiary 2) and lowest value was detected at station 1 (Primary channel). At low tide, highest TSS value was found at station 1 (Primary channel) whereas lowest TSS was found out at station 5 (SPD canal at Tertiary 6).",
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"text": "High TSS value correspond to human activities such as farming, livestock, toilet and bathing. Increase of turbidity in water are directly influenced by high TSS contained. Suspended matters contaminated causedturbid water [3]. Suspended matters can be organic such as biomass, microorganism and inorganic such as clay and dust [4]. Turbidity due to high TSS might hampered sunlight penetration which is important for metabolism of organisms. Result of TSS measurement also appears that at high tide, station 2 - 5 does not meet quality threshold approved as well as station 1 - 3 at low tide. The allowed threshold approved according to authority is 50 mg/L.",
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"text": "Acidity (pH)",
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"text": "Average value of pH measured at tidal zone is 3.15- 3.52 at high tide and 3.15-3.55 at low tide. The result shows no significance different of pH during high and low tide.",
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"text": "pH value obtained both at high and low tide show water in this area is acid. The existence of dissolved carbon dioxide and carbonate ions create acid condition in the body of water [5]. Carbon dioxide and carbonate ions are well known as acid forming chemical species. It chemical interaction with water could create acid compound such as H 2 CO 3 . Acidity of water can be decreased if the amount of these species in water is reduced.",
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"text": "Threshold value for pH of water according to governor’s provision is between 6 - 9. By this rule, water at all station where samples acquired does not meet acidity allowed. Environmental management certainly needed to overcome this situation and make water in the area can be used safely.",
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"text": "Salinity",
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"text": "Salinity is a measure of salt content in water. Samples taken from station 1 through 7 shows salinity as depicted on Figure 5. Average value of salinity found at 1.3 - 2.",
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"text": "Salinity shows a slight different between high and low tide. Salinity increase when salt water from ocean approaches land at high tide. At low tide, sea water was pulled and caused to decrease salinity. Water pool in pond at TC 2 and TC 6 shows same value of salinity. This certainly due to no sea water influence affect salinity.",
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"text": "Dissolved Oxygen (DO)",
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"text": "Figure 6 shows laboratory analysis result of dissolve oxygen (DO) water samples from all station. At high tide, DO has average 4.15 - 5.5 mg/L whereas at low tide it has between 3.65 to 5.35 mg/L.",
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"text": "Samples water from high tide shows slightly higher DO than at low tide. Water circulation from ocean at high tide contribute to increase DO of water. Lower DO at low tide might cause by addition of organic and inorganic materials from shore whilst water amount is decrease. Dry season also gave contribution to lowering DO at low tide. Fallen leaf and branches from plant certainly increase contamination of water by organic matters hence decrease dissolved oxygen [1]. Dissolved oxygen is important for organism metabolism. Minimum requirement according to Governor’s provision no 16/2005 is 6. According to this rule, all station has DO value below threshold approved.",
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"text": "Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)",
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"text": "Result from laboratory analysis on BOD shows that at high tide samples has value between 1.95 to 58.2 mg/L whereas at low tide 1.89 to 40.25 mg/L. It appears from Figure 7 that samples from high tide has higher BOD than from low tide.",
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"text": "Organic materials decompose biologically in water by microorganism in the present of oxygen supply. Large amount of BOD concentration means high amount of organic wastes need to be decomposed by microorganism [6]. Some samples show higher than other on its BOD indicate the existence ofhighly decomposition process by bacteria while other is relatively low. According to data displayed at high tide, station 2 - 7 has BOD value higher than threshold approved by authority while at low tide station 1 - 3 shows same result. The threshold value maximum for biological oxygen demand according to Governor’s provision is 2 mg/L.",
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"text": "Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)",
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"text": "Chemical oxygen demand (COD) is a measure of the capacity of water to use up oxygen during decomposition of organic matter and oxidation of inorganic substances such as ammonia and nitrite. COD value obtained from laboratory analysis at high tide is between 7 to 172.5 mg/L while at low tide between 6 to 127.5 mg/L.",
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"text": "High COD value indicate large amount of waste water with organic content from settlement has been discharged into the tidal zone. This domestic waste usually discarded via drainage which flow to the river and eventually came to the shore. Agricultural activity in addition to settlement also gave contribution to highly COD detected [7].As can be seen on Figure 8, High COD value which proved do not meet standard assigned by Governor’s provision are station 2 - 7 at high tide and",
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"text": "station 1 - 3 at low tide. COD according to the provision should have maximum value at 10 mg/L.",
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"text": "Ammonia",
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"text": "Average value of ammonia content in the water samples as depicted on Figure 9 are 0.155 to 0.4 mg/L at high tide and 0.16 to 0.45 mg/L at low tide. The highest sources of ammonia are nature origin; from decomposing biomass and from the excreta of humans and animals. Man-made sources also available and give contribution such as the use of fertilizers and waste disposal sites or industrial processes.",
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"text": "Environment assessment at the location confirmed that excessive use of fertilizer and domestic waste from near-by settlement influenced ammonia concentration in the water. Linier correlation between high concentration of ammonia and intense activity from agriculture using fertilizers and settlement without waste management had been reported [5]. Poor drainage and sanitation is also give rise of ammonia in water environment. Standard quality threshold for ammonia according to the rule is 0.5 mg/L maximum, hence the water still meet the criteria required. Fertilizer and domestic waste although gave rise on ammonia level, still can be tolerate by environment. Caution certainly must be applied due to ammonia level just slightly below maximum level approved by authority.",
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"text": "Phosphate",
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"text": "Analysis of Phosphate on the water samples conducted at laboratory gave average result 0.1605 to 0.1935 mg/L at high tide and 0.1575 to 0.183 mg/L at low tide. The result as displayed on Figure 10 is slightly different between one sample’s station to another.",
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"text": "Phosphate is ions form of phosphorus, an element largely found naturally in rock and other mineral deposits. There are three different form of Phosphate: orthophosphate, metaphosphate and organically bound Phosphate. Orthophosphate in addition to natural processes also can be produced from man-influenced sources such as sewage treatment, agricultural sites and application of particular fertilizer [8].",
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"text": "Phosphate is ionic compound which practically soluble in water environment. It is harmless except if it exists in very high level. At high concentration Phosphate can caused digestive problem to human and animal. Water quality threshold approved for Phosphate content is 0.2 mg/L maximum. Result from samples analysis shows maximum for high tide is 0.1935 and low tide 0.183 mg/L. By this condition, all station still fulfill requirement as class I water for daily utilization.",
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"text": "Iron (Fe)",
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"text": "Laboratory analysis carried out to determine Fe obtained 0.155 to 0.325 mg/L at high tide and 0.185 to 0.31 mg/L at low tide. Iron dissolved in water in two different ion form: Fe 2+ and Fe 3+ or commonly known as Ferro and Ferri ions. Its form depends on acidity of water and availability of oxygen.",
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"text": "` At pH 7.5 - 7.7, Ferri ions is oxidized and form chemical bond with hydroxide to produced Fe(OH) 3 which is insoluble and precipitated at the bottom in reddish color. Insoluble iron deuce can only be found in anaerobic and acid water [5]. Iron content > 1.0 mg/L in water environment is hazardous for aquatic organism live [5]. Water quality threshold for iron in water is 0.3 mg/L which is not fulfill by sample water from station 1 at high tide and station 4 and 5 at low tide.",
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"text": "Coliform",
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"text": "Coliform bacteria are indicator organism for the presence of pathogens in the water sample. According to laboratory resultobtained, maximum content of Coliform in the water samples are 1.1 at high tide and 2.25 at low tide per 100 mL water.",
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"text": "Most of stations where samples were taken showed no Coliform found in the water. Samples which were detected Coliform is Station 3, 4 and 5 in a very small number. Generally, Coliform is settled in the bottom of water. Affected by water flow in and out at tidal event, the bacteria appeared to be hard to grow optimally hence almost none was found. Coliforms are always present in the digestive tracts of animals, including humans, and are found in their wastes. They come into the water via runoff from poor drainage through river and increase especially at dry season [9]. Maximum 100 per mL water is still tolerate according to Governor’s provision no 16/2005 for class I water.",
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"text": "Water quality status at Muliasari Village according to Storet method",
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"text": "Status on water quality at Muliasari village was determined according to Storet method. The method is carried out by comparing analysis result and quality threshold approved by Governor’s provision no 16/2005. Score acquired by Storet method is -27 for high tide and 27 for low tide indicate water is moderately polluted and categorized as class C water.",
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"text": "CONCLUSION",
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"text": "Based on the findings of this study the following conclusions can be drawn:",
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"text": "1. Water quality status at Muliasari Village according to The Governor’s provision no 16/2005 is moderately polluted and can be classified into C class.",
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{
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"text": "2. Several parameters do not meet threshold allowed i.e. pH, DO, BOD and COD while others such as ammonia, Fe, Phosphate and Coliform has value slightly below maximum value allowed by the authority.",
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{
"left": 306,
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"text": "3. It is necessary for residents in the research location to increase their awareness on waste domestic management as well as agricultural to maintain and monitor water quality.",
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{
"left": 306,
"top": 214,
"width": 78,
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"text": "REFERENCES",
"type": "Section header"
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"left": 306,
"top": 226,
"width": 249,
"height": 25,
"page_number": 8,
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"text": "[1] W.A. Wardhana, DampakPencemaranLingkungan , Penerbit Andi, Yogyakarta, 2004.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 306,
"top": 251,
"width": 249,
"height": 51,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "[2] A. Chinyama, Sustainable Sanitation Systems for Low Income Urban Areas-A Case of the City of Bulowayo, Zimbabwe. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth ,50-52:233 - 238, 2012.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 306,
"top": 302,
"width": 248,
"height": 49,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "[3] Fisesa. E.D., I. Setyobudiandi dan M. Krisanti. 2014. Kondisi Perairan dan Struktur Komunitas Makrozoobenthos di Sungai Belumai, Kabupaten Deli Serdang, Provinsi Sumatera Utara. Depik. 3 (1):",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 306,
"top": 352,
"width": 249,
"height": 36,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "1-9. [4] Manik, Karden Eddy Sontang. PengelolaanLingkunganHidup. Djambatan. 2009.",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 306,
"top": 389,
"width": 248,
"height": 36,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "[5] H. Effendi, Telaahkualitas air: Bagi Pengelolaan Sumber Daya dan Lingkungan Perairan. Kanisius. Yogyakarta, 2003.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 306,
"top": 426,
"width": 248,
"height": 37,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "[6] Yuliastuti, E. 2011. Kajian Kualitas Air Sungai Nginro dalam Upaya Pengendalian Pencemaran Air. Tesis. Universitas Diponegoro. Semarang.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 306,
"top": 463,
"width": 249,
"height": 75,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "[7] A.B. Supangat, PengaruhberbagaiPenggunaanLahanTerhadapKuali tas Air Sungai dikawasanHutanPinus di Gombong, Kebumen, Jawa Tengah. JurnalPenelitianHutandanKonservasiAlam. Vol.5. No.3. pp 267 - 276, 2008.",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 306,
"top": 539,
"width": 248,
"height": 75,
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "[8] J.R. Casali, J.Gimenez, J.Diez, J.D.C. Alvarez- Moros, M. de Lersundi, M.A.Goni, Y.Campo, R. Chahor, J. Gastesi, Lopez,Sediment production and water quality of watersheds with contrasting land use in Navarre (Spain) . Agricultural Water Management, 97 pp.1683 - 1694, 2010.",
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},
{
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"text": "[9] Feliatra, Sebaran Bakteri Eschericia coli di PerairanMuara Sungai Bantan Tengah Bengkalis Riau. FakultasPerikanandanKelautan, Universitas Riau, Pekanbaru. JurusanBiogen. Vol 1, hal 178 - 181, 2002.",
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{
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"text": "10. Peraturan Gubernur Sumatera Selatan Nomor 16 Tahun 2005 Tentang Peruntukan Air dan Baku Mutu Air Sungai.",
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}
] |
088e147a-70f2-dbb9-dea3-5438aaaa6d09 | https://lpppipublishing.com/index.php/ijessm/article/download/200/178 | [
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"text": "Analysis Of The Application Of The Full Costing Method In Calculating The Cost Of Goods Produced (Cogs) Caftan",
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"text": "For Determining Selling Prices (Case Study On Caftan Production At Viahijab Store)",
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"text": "Dwi Candrika 1 , Iskandar Ali Alam 2 1,2 Bandar Lampung University, Indonesia",
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"text": "22 December 2023 Revised 07 January 2024 Accepted 20 January 2024",
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"text": "This research was carried out to analyze the application of the full costing method in calculating the cost of produced (COGS) of caftans for determining selling prices. This research was carried out at the Viahijab Store using qualitative analysis techniques, where data has collected through interviews, observations, and literature studies. From the results of research that has carried out, the calculation of the cost of produced (COGS) and selling price using company calculations produces lower prices when compared to using the full costing method. Where the results of selling price calculations using the company method produce Rp. 186,540.3 per Caftan, while the calculation results from full costing are Rp. 200,040.3 per piece, this shows a difference of Rp. 13,500 per piece of Caftan. This is due to the difference in cost between the company method and the full costing method. Keywords Cost of Goods Produced, Full Costing, Selling Price Doi 10.52121/ijessm.v3i3.200 Corresponding Author :",
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"text": "INTRODUCTION",
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"text": "Caftan products are an important part of the clothing industry that has unique characteristics and aesthetic values. Caftan products have gained significant popularity among consumers looking for a comfortable and exclusive style. In the context of increasingly fierce competition in the clothing market, determining selling prices accurately is a critical element that has a significant impact on the success of companies in this sector.",
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"text": "Determining the right selling price involves a deep understanding of the cost of producing caftans. Selling price has a key role in influencing consumer purchasing decisions. Factors such as product quality, brand perception, and price balance are the main determinants in choosing or not a product by consumers. This is because accurate selling price calculations are very",
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"text": "International Journal of Education, Social Studies, And Management (IJESSM) Volume 3, Issue 3, November 2023 Page 106-116",
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"text": "important to achieve optimal profits and maintain competitiveness in the market. Based on Mulyadi's (2012) narrative, as quoted by (Siregar, 2020), determining the method of calculating production costs is a method to identify cost components and combine them into overall production costs.",
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"text": "Calculating production costs is an important task for enterprises to dig up the overall costs required in the process of producing goods or providing services. Operational effectiveness is key to competing in a competitive market. For this reason, setting a balanced COGS and fair selling price, which is not below or above market standards, is a strategic step. The calculation of this production cost involves several elements, including the cost of raw materials, workers' salaries, and other indirect costs (Lestari et al., 2019). Based on Haryono's (2005) narration, as quoted by (Cahyani, 2019), production costs involve all expenses needed to create manufactured products.",
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"text": "The determination of the sales price of a product is closely related to how accurately the COGS calculation is carried out to identify errors that can have an impact on the sales price itself (Bintang Komara, 2016). Selling prices and production costs that are set too expensive or cheap can have significant consequences, especially on large-scale production. Inaccuracies in the calculation of production costs and pricing for sales can cause adverse financial impacts and the potential loss of clients becomes a risk, given that production costs directly affect the determination of the selling price of products. (Nadia Astuti et al., 2020).",
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"text": "In an effort to calculate and minimize potential errors when estimating COGS, it is better for the company to implement a comprehensive cost calculation system, especially by applying the full costing method. Based on quotes (Fadli & Rizka ramayanti, 2020) according to V. Wiratna Sujarweni (2019), the full costing method refers to the calculation strategy used to determine the cost of goods products. This approach involves the inclusion of all production costs, both variable and fixed, into the calculation of costs for the goods being produced. This procedure involves allocating all production costs to a product, including variable costs as well as fixed costs.",
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"text": "Based on the description above, the focus of this research is focused on 3 main questions, namely: first, How does Viahijab Store carry out COGS calculations and determine product selling prices? Second, How does Viahijab Store calculate COGS by utilizing the full costing method? Third, how does the comparison occur between the COGS calculation applied by Viahijab Store when using the method /company approach and calculation using full costing method/approach?.",
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"text": "International Journal of Education, Social Studies, And Management (IJESSM) Volume 3, Issue 3, November 2023 Page 106-116",
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"text": "The objectives of this research are: (1) To understand how Viahijab Store calculates COGS and determines the selling price of its products. (2) To understand how to determine COGS of Viahijab Store when applying a full costing approach. (3) To analyze the comparison that occurs between the COGS calculation applied by Viahijab Store using the company's method and the calculation using the full costing method.",
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"text": "This study was conducted at Viahijab Store located in Bandar Lampung, using a qualitative approach. In accordance with the view (Sugiyono, 2018), qualitative methods are rooted in the philosophy of postpositivism to examine the natural conditions of the object of study, with researchers trying to describe in detail the actual situation based on collected data and in-depth analysis of the object under study. And this research is sourced from primary data and secondary data.",
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"text": "Primary data is information obtained directly from the source by conducting direct interaction between researchers and informants. The primary data applied to this study was by conducting direct interviews with the owner of ViahijabStore. Conversely, secondary data is indirect information obtained through intermediaries such as the internet, books, journals, and other media. Secondary data are used to provide additional information and context regarding the problem in the study. Caftans were sampled in this study. The duration of the data in this study is one year, where the focus is on calculating the cost of goods produced by the Viahijab Store during the period. To collect data on this study, the techniques chosen include observation, interviews, and literature studies.",
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"text": "The data analysis method consists of pre-field, during field, and post-field analysis, which is carried out in three stages. The initial stage involves reducing data to facilitate accurate and detailed data collection and recording. The second stage involves presenting the data in the form of an essential and informative short narrative. The final stage is to draw conclusions and verify the data that has been collected with existing data from the field.",
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"text": "The costs incurred by Viahijab Store in producing caftans are as follows:",
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"text": "The cost of raw materials is a crucial element in the calculation of COGS. It covers the entire cost associated with the acquisition of materials necessary for",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 36,
"width": 362,
"height": 36,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "International Journal of Education, Social Studies, And Management (IJESSM) Volume 3, Issue 3, November 2023 Page 106-116",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 533,
"top": 761,
"width": 45,
"height": 28,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "109",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 86,
"width": 428,
"height": 65,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "production, which includes logistical costs such as shipping and storage, taxes associated with purchasing, and all other costs directly related to the purchase of such raw materials. The following are the details of the Cost of Raw Materials obtained from Viahijab Store:",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 154,
"width": 428,
"height": 121,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Table 1. Production Raw Material Cost of 8,000 Pcs Caftan for a Year No. Description Necessity Price(Rp)/Unit Total (Rp) 1 Fabric (2,5 Cm) 8.000 Pcs 29.000 580.000 2 Bead 8.000 Pcs 25.000 200.000 3 Zipper 8.000 Pcs 5.000 40.000 4 Yarn 8.000 Pcs 3.000 24.000 Total Amount 844.000",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 276,
"width": 282,
"height": 14,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Source: processed based on primary data of Viahijab Store",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 302,
"width": 428,
"height": 32,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "By referring to table 1 Raw Material Costs, the total cost obtained is Rp.844,000,000",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 337,
"width": 108,
"height": 14,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Direct Labor Costs",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 353,
"width": 428,
"height": 117,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "These direct labor costs generally include wages or salaries paid to workers whose duties are specific to the production process, such as machine operators, assembly workers, and sewing workers in the case of textile production. Effective management of these direct labor costs is important for companies to maintain operational efficiency and product price competitiveness. Here is a breakdown of direct labor costs obtained from Viahijab Store:",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 93,
"top": 473,
"width": 407,
"height": 59,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Table 2. Direct Labor Costs No. Description Unit Price (Rp) Total 1 Direct Labor Cost 8.000 35.000 280.000.000",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 547,
"width": 254,
"height": 14,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Source: processed from primary data Viahijab Store",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 574,
"width": 429,
"height": 31,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Based on the table of Direct Labor Costs, the total cost obtained is Rp.280,000,000.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 608,
"width": 164,
"height": 14,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Factory Overhead Cost (FOC)",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 624,
"width": 429,
"height": 117,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "FOC typically covers costs such as building rent or amortization, utilities such as electricity and water, equipment and machine maintenance, and salaries of support staff not directly involved in the manufacture of the product. These costs contribute to the company's ability to maintain production capacity and product quality, as well as support functions such as managing, research and development, and plant safety. Below is a breakdown of Factory Overhead Costs obtained from Viahijab Store:",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 36,
"width": 362,
"height": 36,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "International Journal of Education, Social Studies, And Management (IJESSM) Volume 3, Issue 3, November 2023 Page 106-116",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 533,
"top": 761,
"width": 45,
"height": 28,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "110",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 276,
"top": 85,
"width": 49,
"height": 14,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Table 3.",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 198,
"top": 100,
"width": 203,
"height": 14,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Factory Overhaed Cost For One Year",
"type": "Caption"
},
{
"left": 88,
"top": 115,
"width": 414,
"height": 153,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "No. Description Total (Rp) 1 Factory Rent 60.000.000 2 Machine Depreciation 9.702.000 3 Freight Cost 600.000 4 Packaging 2.400.000 5 Label 2.400.000 6 Utilities (electricity, Water) 8.000.000 7 Indirect Labor Cost 36.000.000 8 Auxiliary Materials 500.000 Total Amount 119.602.000",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 269,
"width": 261,
"height": 14,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "source: processed from primary data of Viahijab Store",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 296,
"width": 428,
"height": 31,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Based on the Factory Overhead Cost table, the total cost obtained is Rp.119,602,000.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 330,
"width": 261,
"height": 14,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Calculation of Cost of Goods Produced (COGS)",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 346,
"width": 428,
"height": 152,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Bastian Bustami and Nurlela (2010), with reference to research (Wardoyo, 2016), explained that COGS involves the entire cost of production, including factory overhead, direct labor costs, and direct costs of raw materials. COGS is an important metric that helps companies to set appropriate selling prices, monitor production efficiency, and manage profit margins. Precise calculation of cost of goods produced allows companies to identify potential cost savings, evaluate product performance, and make strategic decisions based on accurate cost information. The following are the details of the calculation of cost of goods produced:",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 501,
"width": 417,
"height": 136,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Table 4. Cost of Goods Produced Calculation According to Viahijab Store Description Total (Rp) Direct Labor Cost 280.000.000 Factory Overhead Cost 119.602.000 Raw Material Cost 844.000.000 Total Cost 1.243.602.000 Production Amount 8.000 Average Cost of Goods Produced/Caftan 155.450,25",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 638,
"width": 282,
"height": 14,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Source: processed based on primary data of Viahijab Store",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 665,
"width": 428,
"height": 48,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "From the COGS calculation table above, the total cost recorded was Rp.1,243,602,000 for the production of 8000 pcs of caftan. Therefore, the average cost of goods produced per caftan can be calculated as Rp.155,450.25.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 36,
"width": 362,
"height": 36,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "International Journal of Education, Social Studies, And Management (IJESSM) Volume 3, Issue 3, November 2023 Page 106-116",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 533,
"top": 761,
"width": 45,
"height": 28,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "111",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 85,
"width": 428,
"height": 31,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Calculation of Cost of Goods Produced (COGS) using the Full Costing Method",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 119,
"width": 428,
"height": 168,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Mulyadi (2005), as quoted in (Maghfirah & BZ, 2016), elaborated on the production costing approach known as full costing involving the allocation of overall production costs, including direct labor costs, raw material costs, and factory overhead costs consisting of variable and fixed elements. The full costing method is an accounting method that allocates all product costs, both direct and indirect costs, into product costs consisting of direct raw material costs, direct labor costs, and factory overhead costs, both fixed and variable. In other words, this method takes into account the entire cost of production in setting the selling price of a product. The elements of calculating COGS Kaftan at Viahijab Store include:",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 276,
"top": 290,
"width": 49,
"height": 14,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Table 5.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 304,
"width": 430,
"height": 368,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Calculation of Cost of Goods Produced by Caftan at Viahijab Store using Full Costing Method in 2023 No Description Necessity Price(Rp)/Unit Total (Rp) Cost of Production Raw Materials 1. Fabric(2.5 cm) 8.000 pcs 29.000 580.000.000 2. Bead 8.000 pcs 25.000 200.000.000 3. Zipper 8.000 pcs 5.000 40.000.000 Total Cost of Production Raw Materials 820.000.000 Direct Labor Costs 1. Direct Labor 8.000 35.000 280.000.000 Factory Overhead Costs 1. Factory Rent 60.000.000 2. Depreciation Machine 9.702.000 3. Freight Cost 600.000 4. Packaging 2.400.000 5. Label 2.400.000 6. Machine Maintenance 10.000.000 7. Helper Materials 24.500.000 8. Utilities (water,electricity) 8.000.000 9. Labor (Store Employees) 36.000.000 Total Number of FOC 233.602.000 Production Quantity (pcs) 8.000 Average Cost of Goods Produced/Caftan 166.700,25",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 673,
"width": 263,
"height": 14,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Source: processed from primary data of Viahijab Store",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 700,
"width": 429,
"height": 48,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Based on the table 5, the calculation of the cost of raw materials for making 8,000 pcs of caftans is Rp.820,000,000 where to make caftans only cloth, mote, and zippers while yarn will later be classified into auxiliary costs. Then,",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 36,
"width": 362,
"height": 36,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "International Journal of Education, Social Studies, And Management (IJESSM) Volume 3, Issue 3, November 2023 Page 106-116",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 533,
"top": 761,
"width": 45,
"height": 28,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "112",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 86,
"width": 428,
"height": 99,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "the total cost for direct labor is Rp.280,000,000. For direct labor calculations, there is no difference between calculations made by Viahijab Store and the full costing method. Furthermore, from the calculation of overhead costs above amounted to Rp.233,602,000.The total costs accumulated in the table above reached Rp.1,243,602,000 for the manufacture of 8000 pcs of caftans. Thus, the average production cost per caftan can be calculated at Rp.155,450.25.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 188,
"width": 428,
"height": 31,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Analysis of Cost of Goods Produced between Company Calculation and Calculation using Full Costing method",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 222,
"width": 429,
"height": 48,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Below is explained the comparison in calculating the cost of goods produced by caftans between Viahijab Store and the company, and based on the use of the full costing method:",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 276,
"top": 273,
"width": 49,
"height": 14,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Table 6.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 97,
"top": 290,
"width": 405,
"height": 30,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Comparison of Cost of Goods Produced According to Viahijab Store with Calculation of Cost of Goods Produced based on Full Costing method",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 115,
"top": 324,
"width": 380,
"height": 59,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Sort Type of Cost of Goods Produced per Pcs Difference (Rp) UMKM Full Costing Metodh Caftan 155.450,25 . 166.700,25 11.250",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 384,
"width": 282,
"height": 14,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Source: processed based on primary data of Viahijab Store",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 409,
"width": 429,
"height": 117,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "The table provided shows that the application of the full costing method by \"Viahijab Store\" leads to a higher calculation of cost of goods produced. This happens because the cost of maintaining the machine is included in the calculation of the plant's overhead costs. Although it causes COGS calculated by the full costing method to be higher than the company's calculation, the full costing method provides a more comprehensive and accurate picture of all production costs involved during the production cycle.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 529,
"width": 429,
"height": 66,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Inaccuracy in allocating factory overhead costs has a direct impact on the accuracy of COGS calculations. COGS calculated by the company's internal methods is lower than it should be because not all machine maintenance costs are included in factory overhead costs.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 598,
"width": 429,
"height": 134,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "In the full costing method, every cost associated with the production of caftans is taken into account in detail. Although this method may result in a higher cost of goods figure, the resulting calculation is considered more accurate because it covers all cost components, including the cost of maintaining the machine. Full costing involves all activities related to the production process into the calculation of cost of goods produced, inaccurate allocation of factory overhead costs in the company's method results in lower COGS, due to lack of calculation of machine maintenance costs.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 735,
"width": 240,
"height": 14,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Calculation in Selling Price Determination",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 36,
"width": 362,
"height": 36,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "International Journal of Education, Social Studies, And Management (IJESSM) Volume 3, Issue 3, November 2023 Page 106-116",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 533,
"top": 761,
"width": 45,
"height": 28,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "113",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 86,
"width": 429,
"height": 65,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Halim and Supomo (2005) as quoted in (Putro & Roni, 2022), which states that selling price refers to total costs, involving production costs, marketing costs, and administrative and general costs, plus the profit (markup) desired by the company.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 276,
"top": 154,
"width": 49,
"height": 14,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Table 7.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 96,
"top": 171,
"width": 406,
"height": 170,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Calculation of Viahijab Store Selling Price with Company Method and Full Costing Method Description Price (Rp) Company Method Full Costing Metodh Production Cost (COGS/Year) 1.243.602.000 1.333.602.000 Expected Percentage 20% 20% 248.720.400 266.720.400 Total Sale Price 1.492.322.400 1.600.322.400 Total Production 8.000 8.000 Selling Price/Pcs 186.540,3 200.040,3",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 342,
"width": 263,
"height": 14,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Source: processed from primary data of Viahijab Store",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 367,
"width": 429,
"height": 134,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "From the information presented in the table 7, it can be seen that the total revenue from Caftan sales using the company's internal method reached Rp. 1,492,322,400, with a sales value per unit of caftan of Rp. 186,540.3.While the total value of Caftan sales calculated by applying the full costing method is Rp. 1,600,322,400, with the price per unit for each Caftan set at Rp. 200,040.3. The price of each unit is generated by adding a profit margin of 20%, according to the profit target set by the company, into the total cost of production, and then dividing this amount by the total units produced.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 276,
"top": 504,
"width": 49,
"height": 14,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Table 8.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 97,
"top": 521,
"width": 404,
"height": 79,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Comparison of selling prices between the company's method and the full costing method Sort Type of Cost of Goods Produced per Pcs Difference (Rp) Company Metodh Full Costing Metodh Caftan Rp.186.540,3 Rp. 200.040,3 Rp.13.500",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 601,
"width": 155,
"height": 14,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Source: processed by the author",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 630,
"width": 428,
"height": 117,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Based on the information presented in the table 8, it can be seen that the figure resulting from the calculation of the company's method for the cost of goods produced shows a lower value compared to the figure produced from the full costing method. The reason for this difference is that the full costing method incorporates all cost elements, including direct and indirect costs, into its calculations. Based on the full costing method, the total cost of production for 8,000 pieces of Caftan is Rp. 1,333,602,000. Conversely, with the company's",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 36,
"width": 362,
"height": 36,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "International Journal of Education, Social Studies, And Management (IJESSM) Volume 3, Issue 3, November 2023 Page 106-116",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 533,
"top": 761,
"width": 45,
"height": 28,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "114",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 86,
"width": 428,
"height": 31,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "method, the cost of goods produced for the same amount is calculated to be Rp. 1,243,602,000.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 120,
"width": 428,
"height": 100,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "The difference that appears in the calculation of cost of goods produced between the method used by the company and the full costing method comes from the allocation of BOP. In the application of the full costing method, all factory overhead costs, including machine maintenance costs, are calculated in detail. Meanwhile, the calculations made by the company do not include the cost of maintaining the machine in the calculation of their overhead costs.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 223,
"width": 429,
"height": 151,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "The difference in calculating the cost of goods produced between the approach taken by the company and that taken by the full costing method affects the determination of selling prices. This is illustrated in Table 12. which shows a comparison of selling prices. The table shows that the price per unit of Caftan calculated by the company's method is around Rp. 186,540.3, while the full costing method gives a figure of Rp. 200,040.3 per unit, with a difference of around Rp. 13,500. This significant difference indicates that the application of calculating the cost of goods produced with the full costing method can contribute to improving the company's business performance.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 393,
"width": 92,
"height": 14,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "CONCLUSION",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 410,
"width": 428,
"height": 340,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Based on the results of the Analysis of the Application of the Full Costing Method in the Calculation of Cost of Goods Produced by Caftan for Determining Selling Prices at the Viahijab Store, the researcher concluded among others: 1. Viahijab Store calculates production costs and sets its selling price with a simple approach. Production costs taken in the calculation include raw material costs, direct labor costs, and factory overhead costs. Despite this, the company has not fully complied with the principles of cost accounting in calculating factory overhead costs. 2. The use of the full costing method in calculating COGS by Viahijab Store can contribute to optimizing company profits. This is because the full costing method is more accurate and thorough so that it reflects the actual cost of calculating production costs. 3. The application of the full costing method in calculating COGS results in higher production costs compared to the company method caused by differences in factory overhead costs. In the full costing method, all components of factory overhead costs are included in the calculation of cost of goods produced. Meanwhile, in the method applied by the company, there is no accuracy in calculating factory overhead costs. Therefore, there are differences in the calculation results that arise due to differences in the distribution of factory overhead costs. According to the calculation of the full costing method, the cost of goods produced by 8,000 pcs of Caftan is Rp. 200,040.3, while with the",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 36,
"width": 362,
"height": 36,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "International Journal of Education, Social Studies, And Management (IJESSM) Volume 3, Issue 3, November 2023 Page 106-116",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 533,
"top": 761,
"width": 45,
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"text": "1 Yuneva Syukur, 2 Melati, 3 Elva Utami, 4 Siti Masitah and 5 Febrilia Syarayani",
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"text": "English Language Education Department Faculty Of Teacher Training And Education University Of Prof. Dr. Hazairin, SH Bengkulu",
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"text": "Corresponding author: mamyuneva@gmail.com",
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"text": "Received on October 27 th , Revised on November 8 th , will be published on December, 30 th 2021",
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"text": "ABSTRACT",
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"text": "The aim of this research was to know the causes of pronunciation errors made by the students and whether the method of learning English pronunciation using song can improve the student’s pronouncing English words at SMAN 8 Bengkulu. The method used in this research is qualitative descriptive. The informants in this research were students from X IPS 1 Data collection is done by interview and questionnaire. The data obtained were analyzed by reduction of data, presentation of data, and drawing conclusions. The research results show that most of the students of X IPS 1 are more interested and understanding if learning English pronunciation using songs because they can follow a native speaker to say English words correctly. The cause error of their English pronunciation is a lack of their confidence when they speak English and the media can also be an easy or difficult factor for students to learn English pronunciation. It can be concluded that is the right media for students English pronunciation.",
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"text": "Keywords: Pronunciation, English words, Song",
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"text": "Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui penyebab kesalahan pengucapan yang dilakukan oleh siswa dan apakah metode pembelajaran pengucapan bahasa Inggris dengan menggunakan lagu dapat meningkatkan pengucapan kata-kata bahasa Inggris siswa di SMAN 8 Bengkulu. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah deskriptif kualitatif. Subjek dalam penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas X IPS 1. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan wawancara dan kuesioner. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis dengan reduksi data, penyajian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar siswa kelas X IPS 1 lebih tertarik dan memahami jika belajar pengucapan bahasa Inggris menggunakan lagu karena mereka dapat mengikuti penutur asli untuk mengucapkan kata-kata bahasa Inggris dengan benar. Penyebab kesalahan pengucapan bahasa Inggris mereka adalah kurangnya kepercayaan diri mereka ketika mereka berbicara bahasa Inggris dan media juga dapat menjadi faktor mudah atau sulitnya siswa untuk belajar pengucapan bahasa Inggris. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa media yang tepat untuk pengucapan bahasa Inggris siswa.",
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"text": "Kata kunci : Pengucapan, kata bahasa Inggris, Lagu",
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"text": "Yuneva, Melati, Elva Utami, Siti Masitah and Febrilia Syarayani SINTA 4 An Analysis of Students’ Comprehension in Pronouncing English Words by Using Song …",
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"text": "Vol 5 (1) Dec, 2021 Edu-Ling Journal: https://journals.unihaz.ac.id/index.php/edu-ling Page | 74 |",
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"text": "INTRODUCTION",
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"text": "When we speak a foreign language, our muscles may not be well developed for that language, and we will find pronunciation more difficult. By practicing the foreign language pronunciation, our muscles develop and pronunciation increases. As well as creating correct vowel and consonant sounds using the muscles of our mouth, tongue and lips, there are other important aspects of pronunciation, including : Word stress is the emphasis on certain syllables in a word, Sentence stress is the emphasis on certain words in a sentence, link is combining certain words, and Intonation is up and down of our voices as we speak.",
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"text": "Wibowo (2001) states language is a meaningful and articulated sound symbol system ( produced by utterance ) which is arbitrary and conventional in nature, which used as a tool to communicate by a group of people to produce feelings and thoughts. Scientific studies of language are called linguistics. English is one of foreign languages used by many countries and English has become an international language. English is taught from elementary to university and also is one of the compulsory subjects. Therefore the goverment provides a curriculum as a guide for English teachers in the teaching and learning process. Pronunciation is the way in which a language is spoken, if pronounce is to make the sound of a word. Speakers of different languages tend to develop different muscles of the mouth for pronunciation.",
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"text": "The song is an excellent ‘tool’ to help students learning English pronunciation, more specifically song can motivate students during learning English pronunciation. It can also be said that songs are an important part of learning English because the song can make students more sensitive with sound and the song also can make the class more interesting and lively. When students like song, they will be happy and enthusiastic to learn English pronunciation. There is almost no time limit in using the song as a medium to learning English pronunciation, that students can use song in learning English pronunciation whenever they want, both in the classroom and outside the classroom. Naturally, they are accustomed to saying English words by singing.",
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"text": "As the researcher’s experience and observation in teaching experience at SMAN 8 Bengkulu English lessons are subjects that are not liked by most students. Because students not understand what the meaning of many vocabularies in English and most of students in X IIS 1 SMAN 8 are difficult to pronounce English words correctly. When they took practice score of speaking with me, almost of them got the score under the KKM (75). So, the pronunciation of students' English words not optimal. The researcher choose song in the research because songs and music almost always contain lots of vocabulary, phrases, and expressions. And also the English singer is a native speaker of English. From the background of the research, the problems can be arranged as follows a) What type of song can make students’ pronounce English words better by using song of X IIS 1 SMAN 8 BENGKULU?, b) What causes pronunciation errors made by students in English pronunciation skills by using song of X IIS 1 SMAN 8 BENGKULU?”",
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"text": "Pronunciation is a person's ability about how one understands the sound system and has an impact on one's speech which will directly affect meaning or meaning if in the context of the English language. In English, different sounds will mean different meanings, moreover different writing, and will greatly affect oral communication (Oxford Dictionary 2008). In this case, teacher decides what alternative strategy he or she chooses in teaching English Pronunciation to get a maximum result.",
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"text": "Moreover, the most important thing of the teaching and learning process is the understanding of the students about the lesson. Cameron (2001) says that “it is a crucial thing for teacher to take the responsibility for checking whether their pupils understand the language being used and the purpose of activities being carried out”. In this case, the teacher should let the students know that they are studying about pronunciation and they are expected to be able to pronounce English words correctly",
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"text": "Yuneva, Melati, Elva Utami, Siti Masitah and Febrilia Syarayani SINTA 4 An Analysis of Students’ Comprehension in Pronouncing English Words by Using Song …",
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"text": "surrounded by songs. From these songs we can learn many things, for example we can get more new words, and we can also learn how words are spoken. Songs are a good source for teaching English because students will be easier to learn English words English teachers can be using the song as a medium to teach English. A song containing authentic language is easily obtainable, provides vocabulary, grammar, and cultural aspects and is fun for the students. They can provide valuable speaking, listening, and language practice in and out of the classroom.",
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"text": "There are many reasons why teenagers’ songs are good for English pronunciation. It has many contributions in pronunciation teaching. For example; 1) Kramer states that songs are good for English teaching because songs are funny. They promote mimics, gestures, etc, and are associated with meaning. They are good to introduce suprasegmental phonetics. Students play a participative role. They can be applied to comprehension stages (listening) or production (singing). There are songs for all ages and levels. Students can learn English very easily through echoic memory; 2)Songs can add feeling and rhythm to language practice that might otherwise be flat. “they also help and remember things more easily and draw more deeply into a lesson.",
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"text": "From the statements above, we know that song is interesting and funny. As we see, most teenagers like something funny. The song will make them interested in the process of learning English pronunciation. Indonesian has some differences from English in pronunciation. In our language, there is no difference between writing and sound. But we find it different in English. Sometimes we sound differently from the writing. For example, the word here is pronounced / hi:∂ /; however, in Indonesian, we pronounce / here /. It is not denied that students often make mistakes in learning foreign language; however, doing such mistakes is a part of learning the language itself.",
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"text": "Interference could come from the lack of experience in the certain speech sound of the target language that does not exist in the first language and the speech sound itself is specifically different in term of sound production. That is why in an attempt to pronounce the target language.",
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"text": "The method applied in this research is descriptive qualitative method. This research used descriptive qualitative method to answer the objective of study that is to describe what song can make pronunciation students better.",
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"text": "Qualitative descriptive research is one of the types of research included in the type of qualitative research. While the purpose of this study is to reveal events or facts, circumstances, phenomena, variables and circumstances that occur during the research by presenting what actually happened.",
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"text": "In this qualitative research, the subject in this research are students class X IIS 1 of SMAN 8 Bengkulu. The researcher took 20 from 35 students as a respondents.",
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"text": "The most important data source in this research are the result of interview with students class X IIS 1 of SMAN 8 Bengkulu and questionnaires about students’ pronunciation lesson. Data collection techniques in this research are interview, questionnaires, and documentation. Interview According to Zuldafrial and Muhammad Born (2012) interview are conversation with a specific purpose. Interview were conducted in detail to obtain data related to the students’ English pronunciation lesson. Interview were conducted with students class X IIS 1 of SMAN 8 Bengkulu.",
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"text": "According to Sugiyono (2011) questionnaire is a data collection technique that is done by giving a set of questions or written statements to the respondent to be answered. This method is used to get answers to a number of questions or statements that will be filled by respondents.",
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"text": "The questionnaire used to obtain data related to the students’ English pronunciation lesson. The following table was specification of questionnaire.",
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"text": "No Indicator Item no 1. Stress 15, 19 2. Intonation 14, 20 3. Accuracy 2,17 4. Fluency 16, 19 5. Type of song 5, 6, 7 6. Causes pronunciation errors 8, 9,12, 13 7. Song media 1, 3, 4, 10, 16",
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"text": "Data analysis in this research was conducted interactively and take place continuously until finished. That is, in data analysis researcher are directly involved inexplaining and concluding the data obtained by linking the theories used.",
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"text": "The last stage which contains the decision making process that leads to the answers of the research questions raised and reveals the “what” and “how” of the research findings. R esearcher analyzed the data to get percentage of the how much students learning english pronounciation using song.This study collected data with a variety of techniques, including interview and questionnaire. Interview were conducted to obtain data directly from the object. Meanwhile, the questionnaire was conducted in this study as a data reinforcement.",
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"text": "The interview technique is carried out by first determining the sources in accordance with the research questions. In this research the respondents were students of X IIS 1 SMAN8. The total respondents taken by the interview technique in this study were 20 respondents.",
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"text": "No Questions Total Respondents 1 Is learning English pronunciation difficult for you ? 20 Is it important that we can speak English? 20 3 How much your confidence to speak an English words? 20 4 How you do to make it easier to learn English pronunciation? 20 5 Do you think that the song can make you easier to learn English pronunciation? 20",
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"text": "In this research the respondents in the interview data collection were students of X IIS 1. The total number of respondents taken by the interview technique in this research were 20 respondents. Based on table 2 above, the result of the interview about pronunciation are 10 of 20 the students think that learning English pronunciation is not difficult to learn,",
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"text": "4 students think it is difficult thing and 6 others think it is not too difficult.",
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"text": "Then 9 of 20 the students stated that listening English songs can make it easier to learn English pronunciation, 3 students thought listening English songs and watching English movies was the easiest way, while others were playing games, singing while reading the lyrics, and study diligently. Therefore 90% of the students agree that the song can make",
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"text": "Vol 5 (1) Dec, 2021 Edu-Ling Journal: https://journals.unihaz.ac.id/index.php/edu-ling Page | 77 |",
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"text": "learning English pronunciation more easy.When they were interviewed about self-confidence to speak English only 10% of the students had great confidence, 25% felt confidence, 30% felt quite confidence and 35% a little confidence. So, about the importance of learning English pronunciation then can speak English 75% felt important and 25% felt very important.",
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"text": "The population in this study totaled 35 students of X IIS 1, while the number of respondents taken into the sample were 20 respondents, consisting of 5 boys and 15 girls.Questionnaire are also used to collect data during the research. The questionnaire consisted of 20 questions and was given to students through Google forms. Researcher used this technique to determine student’ responses to the use of song in learning English pronunciation. The following summarizes the result of the questionnaire based on the Table 3. specification of questionnaire is as follows :",
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"text": "No Indicator Item no Frequency 1. Elements of pronunciation Stress 15 19 18 18 Intonation 14 20 19 17 Accuracy 2 17 15 19 Fluency 16 19 18 18 2 Type of Song Pop 5 18 Jazz 6 9 Rock 7 7 3 Cause pronunciation errors 8 9 12 13 6 3 18 12 4 Use of Song media 1 3 4 10 11 20 16 17 18 18",
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"text": "After analyzing those data, to know the frequency of data it is calculated using percentage formula.",
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"text": "Table 4. Percentage No Indicator Item Percentage 1. Elements of pronunciation Stress 15 19 90% 90% Intonation 14 20 95% 85% Accuracy 2 17 75% 95% Fluency 16 19 90% 90% 2 Type of Song Pop 5 90% Jazz 6 45% Rock 7 35%",
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"text": "Vol 5 (1) Dec, 2021 Edu-Ling Journal: https://journals.unihaz.ac.id/index.php/edu-ling Page | 78 |",
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"text": "3 Cause pronunciation errors 8 9 12 13 30% 15% 90% 60% 4 Use of Song media 1 3 4 10 11 100% 80% 85% 90% 90%",
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"text": "The highest answers which is contained 100% percentage in the number 1 with the “yes” answer of the statement, and then all students agree that they listen the English song to improve their English pronunciation.The lowest percentage of “yes” answer of the statement contained in the number 9 which is 15% with the statement “i feel learning English pronunciation is too difficult” its mean learning English pronunciation is not difficult for them especially with a fun method.",
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"text": "Most of students read the lyrics when they listen to English song at 75%, so can make them easier and more interested in learning English pronunciation using song media. They want to have the accuracy of speaking English like a native speaker but they feel insecure when they have to speak English in front of their friends. So, song is the right media for them to learn English pronunciation because in the statements they agree that learning English pronunciation through songs can clarify the intonation, stress, and fluency of their English pronunciation. Students actually like pronunciation lessons with using song because students can speak English correctly like a native speaker to say word by word. The percentage of songs as can increase their pronunciation to is 90%, so it can be explained by the results of the quistionnaires that the song is the right media for learning English pronunciation.",
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"text": "This research is about using song media to improve the students’ pronunciation of English words. This research used descriptive qualitative research. This section is intended to analyze the results based on related theories. All data collected from research instruments provide information about research findings. Type of song can make students’ pronouncing English words better When asked about. the type of song, 90% of them like the pop genre of a song than jazz and rock genres. So 18 of 20 students are more interested to listen and sing a pop song than jazz and rock. Just 9 students like jazz songs and 7 students like rock songs.",
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"text": "The main cause of students having difficulty speaking English is they like or do not learn English pronunciation with 90% percentage. And then the lack of confidence when speaking English in front of their friends. 31,6% of students think that their mother tongue is the cause of their English pronunciation not being good and 15% of students felt that learning English pronunciation is too difficult for them.",
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"text": "The song as a media can attract students’ interest in learning English pronunciation, based on number 1 of quistionnaires that students listen to English song to increase their English pronunciation with 100% percentage. What makes this research different from the previous research is using the song., Muawanah (2017) used Drama Performance to know what the vowels mispronounced, and Yun (2016) used recorded tape to know pronunciation errors made in pronouncing the consonant, vowel, and diphthong.",
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"text": "The main cause of students having difficulty speaking English is they like or do not learn English pronunciation with 90% percentage. And then the lack of confidence when speaking English in front of their friends. 31,6% of students think that their mother tongue is the cause of their English pronunciation not being good and 15% of students felt that learning English pronunciation is too difficult for them.",
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"text": "This strategy can help the students easier, more enjoyable, and faster ways to improve their English pronunciation better. It can be concluded that song is the right media for students learn how to pronounce English.",
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"text": "Alex Sudrajat. 2016. An Analysis of English Pronunciation based on Student Speech Community at English Study Program. Final Project of English Education Department in University of lampung.",
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{
"left": 71,
"top": 406,
"width": 457,
"height": 94,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Ali Mustadi. 2013. Communicative Competence Based Language Teaching: An English Course Design for Primary Teacher Education . Yogyakarta: UNY Press. Aries Hadi Sutopo. 2003. Multimedia Interaktif dengan Flash. Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu. Arikunto, S 2003. Procedure Penelitian , Jakarta: Rineka Cipta Arsyad, Azhar. 2006. Media Pembelajaran . Jakarta: PT Rja Grafindo Persada. Cameron, Lyne. 2001. Teaching languages to young Learners . London: Cambridge University Press. GroupLtd.",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 71,
"top": 503,
"width": 459,
"height": 24,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Celce-Murcia, M. 2006. Teaching English asa Second or Foreign Language . 3rd ed. Singapore: Heinle& Heinle.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 71,
"top": 530,
"width": 457,
"height": 25,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Fraser, H. 2001. Teaching pronunciation: A handbook for teachers and trainers. Canberra: Departemen of Education Training and Youth Affairs.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 71,
"top": 558,
"width": 395,
"height": 25,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Harmer, J. 2000. The Practice of English language Teaching. London:Longman Mukhtar. 2013. Metode Praktis Penelitian Deskriptif Kualitatif . Jakarta: Referensi",
"type": "Text"
}
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"text": "THE EFFECT OF OVERLOAD ON THE DESIGN OF LIFE OF ROAD PAVEMENT (CASE STUDY: KOTI ROAD, JAYAPURA CITY)",
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"text": "Kurnia Hadi Putra 1 , Ita Suhermin Ingsih 2 , Theresia Maria Candra Agusdini 3 , Mila Kusuma Wardani 4 , Felicia Tria Nuciferani 5 , Muhammad Exchel Cakra Putra 6",
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"text": "The roads hold a vital role in the transportation system in the Province of Papua, especially in the Jayapura area. However, real road conditions often experience a decrease in performance (damage) due to construction failures or deviant utilization. On Koti Road in Jayapura, sometimes vehicles passing it do not match the maximum permissible load. Consequently, excessive loading on the pavement can directly affect the design life of a road section. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the percentages of actual overload on each vehicle class, the increase in the cumulative VDF value, and the decrease in the design life on Koti Road, Jayapura. The research results indicated that the actual overload on Koti Road, Jayapura, obtained 81.06% for group 6a, 43.13% for group 6b, and 40.42% for group 7a. According to the Bina Marga method (1987), the cumulative VDF value increased by 133.8% due to actual excessive load in the field, while based on the NAASRA method (2004), it was 121.2%. In terms of the actual overload effects, the design life decreased by 9,273 years, or 46,365%, from the 20-year design life using the Bina Marga (1987) method, while based on the NAASRA (2004) method, the decrease in design life was 8.7898 years, or 43.949%, from the 20-year life plan.",
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"text": "Keywords: Importance Performance Analysis, Facility Feasibility, Field Show Terminal",
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"text": "Roads are land transportation infrastructure covering all parts of the road, including buildings and equipment intended for modes of transportation, which are on the ground, below the ground, and above the water, except for railroads, lorry roads, and cable roads. Road highway moments often have damage in a relatively very short time (early damage)[1][2] for both newly constructed roads and newly repaired roads (overlays) [3][4][5][6]. Some research results have done the main cause of road damage are execution quality, drainage, and from a vehicle load that exceeds the provisions (overloading) [7][8][9][10]. The ability of a road pavement structure will experience a decrease in the function of the structure and this decrease will be proportional to the increasing age of the pavement and the increasing traffic load that passes on the road.",
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"text": "At the location under review, the traffic load is quite heavy and allows vehicles to experience overloading [11][12][13] which can result in road damage and reduce the design life of the road. Through this research, it is hoped that the authors will find out the value of the reduced design life [14][15][16] so that they can provide solutions for road damage that occurs. The area under review is Koti Road with a 2/2 UD road type and the function of a Secondary Artery Road which is an important road section in the business and industrial area. This resulted in heavy/large vehicles crossing the road so that the road conditions suffered road damage [17]. Vehicles that pass through Koti Road and are stuck in traffic jams will certainly burden the road.",
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"text": "Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 98-108, March 2023 e-ISSN: 2775-5592",
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"text": "Steps in analyzing the Effect of Overload on the Planned Life of Road Paving on Jl. Koti Kota Jayapura is as follows:",
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"text": "The location of the study area is needed to collect some information about the area and environment where or the location of the research. For this reason, data collection is made directly or indirectly. What is meant by direct data collection is observation and direct measurement carried out in the field. And what is meant indirect data collection is data collection from agencies or officials related to the procurement of data to help fulfill and complete the data. Data collection at the location on Jalan Koti, Jayapura City.",
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{
"left": 106,
"top": 284,
"width": 415,
"height": 34,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "A study requires several sources of data to be used as material for analysis in completing a study. In this study, there were 2 sources of data, namely primary data and secondary data. For the primary data itself in the form of:",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 126,
"top": 319,
"width": 395,
"height": 24,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": " Road width and length data. The results of observations in the field obtained a road length of 1400 m and a width of 8 m (2/2 UD).",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 126,
"top": 343,
"width": 316,
"height": 13,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": " LHR survey at the study site with an interval of 15 minutes for 24 hours.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 126,
"top": 356,
"width": 157,
"height": 13,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": " Damaged Road Condition Survey.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 126,
"top": 369,
"width": 395,
"height": 24,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": " Documentation of the area that is reviewed when large vehicles pass and when there is a traffic jam caused by an anchored ship.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 126,
"top": 394,
"width": 156,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "As for secondary data in the form of:",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 126,
"top": 405,
"width": 258,
"height": 13,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": " Vehicle weight data obtained from PT. Pelindo 4 Jayapura.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 126,
"top": 418,
"width": 327,
"height": 13,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": " Location images obtained via the internet or more details via Google maps.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 106,
"top": 431,
"width": 127,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "2.3. Data analysis technique",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 106,
"top": 443,
"width": 416,
"height": 51,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "Data processing for this research is the analytical method using the 1987 Bina Marga method. Data analysis is one of the factors that influence the success of research. Correct data analysis, using a method of calculating the correct data, will produce results that can be accounted for. The stages of data analysis for this study are as follows:",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 133,
"top": 494,
"width": 382,
"height": 14,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": " Calculating the percentage of actual overload on each vehicle using the equation:",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 166,
"top": 511,
"width": 298,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "Persentase 𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = x 100% ..................(1)",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 133,
"top": 537,
"width": 389,
"height": 26,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": " Calculating the increase in the value of VDF due to overloading uses the equation from Highways:",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 166,
"top": 567,
"width": 296,
"height": 66,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "Single Axis = ( ) ........................................................................ (2) Double Axis = 0,086 ( ) ...........................................................(3) Triple Axis = 0,031 ( ) ...............................................................(4)",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 146,
"top": 646,
"width": 376,
"height": 25,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "Calculating the magnitude of the increase in the VDF value due to overloading using the equation from NAASRA[5]:",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 165,
"top": 684,
"width": 312,
"height": 39,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "Single Axis, Single Wheel = ( ) ...................................................(5) Single Axis, Double Wheel = ( ) ......................................................(6)",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 390,
"top": 50,
"width": 131,
"height": 22,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 98-108, March 2023 e-ISSN: 2775-5592",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 305,
"top": 735,
"width": 18,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "101",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 165,
"top": 93,
"width": 324,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "Double Axis, Double Wheel = ( ) .......................................................(7)",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 106,
"top": 117,
"width": 415,
"height": 23,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "After the normal VDF and VDF values due to overload are obtained, proceed with finding the cumulative VDF value using the following equation.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 161,
"top": 150,
"width": 310,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "VDF Cumulative = Total 𝑛 per Yearx 𝑉𝐷𝐹 n ...........................................(8)",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 133,
"top": 171,
"width": 315,
"height": 13,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": " Calculating the value of the decline in the design life using the equation:",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 166,
"top": 188,
"width": 323,
"height": 16,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "𝑅𝑙 = 100[1 − , ] .....................................................................................(9)",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 106,
"top": 252,
"width": 119,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "3. Result and Discussion",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 106,
"top": 264,
"width": 415,
"height": 37,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "3.1 Daily Traffic Volume and Traffic Growth Factor Daily traffic volume uses data in 2022 obtained from survey results and for daily traffic volume in 2022 as follows.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 145,
"top": 311,
"width": 329,
"height": 189,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "Table 1. Traffic Volumes No Vehicle Class LHR 2022 (Vehicle/day) Number of Vehicles Per Year (2022) 1 Type 1 17979 6562335 2 Type 2 5314 1939610 3 Type 3 1509 550785 4 Type 4 334 121910 5 Type 5a 12 4380 6 Type 5b 10 3650 7 Type 6a 429 156585 8 Type 6b 205 74825 9 Type 7a 240 87600 10 Type 7b 0 0 11 Type 7c 0 0 Total 26032 9953010",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 106,
"top": 521,
"width": 415,
"height": 25,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "The traffic growth factor for Jalan Koti, Jayapura is taken from the 2017 Pavement Design Manual, which is equal to 4.75%.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 106,
"top": 560,
"width": 200,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "3.2 Data on Number of Overloaded Vehicles",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 106,
"top": 572,
"width": 415,
"height": 23,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "Vehicle weight data were obtained from PT. Pelindo 4, Jayapura City, Papua Province. The number of overloaded vehicles can be seen as follows.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 106,
"top": 601,
"width": 365,
"height": 128,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "Table 2. Number of Overloaded Vehicles No. Vehicle Number of Overloaded Vehicles per day (2022) Number of Overloaded Vehicles per year (2022) 1 Type 6a 351 128115 2 Type 6b 91 33215 3 Type 7a 97 35405 3.3 Vehicle Damage Factor (VDF) 3.3.1 Bina Marga Method 1987",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 390,
"top": 50,
"width": 131,
"height": 22,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 98-108, March 2023 e-ISSN: 2775-5592",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 305,
"top": 735,
"width": 18,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "102",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 106,
"top": 90,
"width": 412,
"height": 22,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "The cumulative VDF calculation recapitulation under normal conditions based on Bina Marga (1987) can be seen in Table 3 as follows.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 136,
"top": 125,
"width": 356,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "Table 3. Analysis VDF Cumulative Normal Conditions Based on Bina Marga (1987)",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 149,
"top": 149,
"width": 336,
"height": 188,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "No. Vehicle Number of Vehicles per Year Normal VDF Normal Cumulative VDF 1 Type 2 1939610 0.0005 969,805 2 Type 3 550785 0.2177 119905,8945 3 Type 4 121910 0.2177 26539,807 4 Type 5a 4380 0.2177 953,526 5 Type 5b 3650 0.3006 1097,19 6 Type 6a 156585 0.2177 34088,5545 7 Type 6b 74825 24.141 1.806.350.325 8 Type 7a 87600 27.416 240164,16 9 Type 7b 0 39.088 0 10 Type 7c 0 41.479 0 Total 604353,9695",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 106,
"top": 351,
"width": 415,
"height": 23,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "The recapitulation of the cumulative VDF calculation results due to actual overloading based on Highways (1987) can be seen in Table 5 as follows.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 150,
"top": 387,
"width": 327,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "Table 5 VDF Cumulative Due to Actual Overload Based on Bina Marga (1987)",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 141,
"top": 405,
"width": 349,
"height": 159,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "No. Vehicle Number of Vehicles per Year VDF overload VDF Cumulative overload 1 Type 2 1939610 0.0005 969,805 2 Type 3 550785 0.2177 119905,8945 3 Type 4 121910 0.2177 26539,807 4 Type 5a 4380 0.2177 953,526 5 Type 5b 3650 0.3006 1097,19 6 Type 6a 156585 2.3379 305717,9775 7 Type 6b 74825 10.1233 436696,1105 8 Type 7a 87600 10.6772 521124,078 9 Type 7b 0 3.9088 0 10 Type 7c 0 4.1479 0 Total 1413004,389",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 126,
"top": 577,
"width": 359,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "From the previous calculations Table 4 and Table 5 the following results are obtained.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 146,
"top": 597,
"width": 267,
"height": 23,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "Cumulative VDF under normal conditions = 604353,9695 VDF cumulative condition due to overload = 1413004,389",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 126,
"top": 630,
"width": 275,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "Based on the analysis, the increase in VDF is obtained as follows.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 146,
"top": 650,
"width": 340,
"height": 35,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "VDF upgrade = Total VDF cumulative overload – Total VDF normal cumulative = 1413004,389 - 604353,9695 = 808650,4195",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 126,
"top": 695,
"width": 300,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "The percentage of cumulative VDF due to actual overload is as follows.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 390,
"top": 50,
"width": 131,
"height": 22,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 98-108, March 2023 e-ISSN: 2775-5592",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 305,
"top": 735,
"width": 18,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "103",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 152,
"top": 90,
"width": 340,
"height": 54,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "Cumulative VDF percentage increase = Increasing in VDF Total VDF normal cumulative x100% = , , 𝑥100% = 133,8%",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 106,
"top": 155,
"width": 415,
"height": 47,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "Based on the calculation above, the percentage increase is obtained VDF cumulative due to actual overloading of 133.8%, meaning that overloading on heavy vehicles can affect the cumulative VDF. This is because the more the load increases, the total weight of the vehicle increases which causes an increase in the VDF value.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 106,
"top": 227,
"width": 139,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "3.3.2 NAASRA (2004) Method",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 126,
"top": 239,
"width": 372,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "Analysis of the cumulative VDF calculation under normal conditions based on NAASRA",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 106,
"top": 250,
"width": 171,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "(2004) can be seen in Table 6 as follows.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 159,
"top": 271,
"width": 306,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "Table 6. VDF Cumulative Normal Conditions Based on NAASRA (2004)",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 147,
"top": 294,
"width": 337,
"height": 163,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "No. Vehicle Number of Vehicles per Year Normal VDF Normal Cumulative VDF 1 Type 2 1939610 0.0024 4655,064 2 Type 3 550785 0.2738 150804,933 3 Type 4 121910 0.2738 26539,807 4 Type 5a 4380 0.2738 1199,244 5 Type 5b 3650 0.3785 1381,525 6 Type 6a 156585 0.2738 42872,973 7 Type 6b 74825 3.0391 227400,657 8 Type 7a 87600 5.4073 473679.48 9 Type 7b 0 4.8062 0 10 Type 7c 0 8.8394 0 Total 928533,683",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 106,
"top": 471,
"width": 415,
"height": 22,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "Analysis of the cumulative VDF calculation results due to actual overloading based on NAASRA (2004) can be seen in Table 7 on the following page.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 150,
"top": 503,
"width": 325,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "Table 7. VDF Cumulative Due to Actual Overload Based on NAASRA (2004)",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 146,
"top": 525,
"width": 338,
"height": 200,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "No. Vehicle Number of Vehicles per Year Normal VDF Normal Cumulative VDF 1 Type 2 1939610 0.0024 4655,064 2 Type 3 550785 0.2738 150804,933 3 Type 4 121910 0.2738 26539,807 4 Type 5a 4380 0.2738 1199,244 5 Type 5b 3650 0.3785 1381,525 6 Type 6a 156585 2.2163 291736,3605 7 Type 6b 74825 12.7444 549762.197 8 Type 7a 87600 21.0592 1027835 9 Type 7b 0 4.8062 0 10 Type 7c 0 8.8394 0 Total 2053914,131 From the previous calculations, the following results were obtained. Cumulative VDF under normal conditions = 928533,683",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 390,
"top": 50,
"width": 131,
"height": 22,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 98-108, March 2023 e-ISSN: 2775-5592",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 305,
"top": 735,
"width": 18,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "104",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 146,
"top": 90,
"width": 180,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "VDF cumulative condition due to overload",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 343,
"top": 90,
"width": 70,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "= 2053914,131",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 146,
"top": 101,
"width": 340,
"height": 35,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "The analysis obtained an increase in VDF as follows VDF upgrade = Total VDF cumulative overload – Total VDF normal cumulative = 2053914,131 – 928533,683 = 1125380,448",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 146,
"top": 149,
"width": 310,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "So the percentage of cumulative VDF due to actual overload is as follows.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 152,
"top": 173,
"width": 340,
"height": 54,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "Cumulative VDF percentage increase = Increasing in VDF Total VDF normal cumulative x100% = , , x100% = 121,2%",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 106,
"top": 227,
"width": 415,
"height": 46,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "Based on the calculation above, the percentage increase is obtained VDF cumulative due to actual overloading of 121.2%, meaning that overloading on heavy vehicles can affect the cumulative VDF. This is because the more the load increases, the total weight of the vehicle increases which causes an increase in the VDF value.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 106,
"top": 287,
"width": 114,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "4. Decreasing Plan Age",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 106,
"top": 299,
"width": 139,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "4.1 Bina Marga 1987 Method",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 106,
"top": 311,
"width": 415,
"height": 23,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "The plan age used is 20 years, before calculating the percentage of plan age in the 1st to 20th years, the cumulative ESAL is calculated first at the end of the plan life.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 132,
"top": 347,
"width": 363,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "Table 8. Percentage of Planned Age in Normal Condition Based on Bina Marga (1987)",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 181,
"top": 366,
"width": 270,
"height": 317,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "YEAR UR N1.5 (ESAL) NP (ESAL) RL (%) 1 9479721,941 302176,9848 96,812 2 9479721,941 617951,9338 93,481 3 9479721,941 947936,7556 90 4 9479721,941 1292770,894 86,363 5 9479721,941 1653122,569 82,561 6 9479721,941 2029690.07 78,589 7 9479721,941 2423203,108 74,438 8 9479721,941 2834424,232 70,1 9 9479721,941 3264150,307 65,567 10 9479721,941 3713214,056 60,83 11 9479721,941 4182485,673 55,88 12 9479721,941 4672874,513 50,707 13 9479721,941 5185330,851 45.301 14 9479721,941 5720847,724 39,652 15 9479721,941 6280462,857 33,748 16 9479721,941 6865260.67 27.58 17 9479721,941 7476374,385 21.133 18 9479721,941 8114988,217 14,396 19 9479721,941 8782339,671 7.3566 20 9479721,941 9479721,941 0",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 141,
"top": 703,
"width": 342,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "Table 9. Percentage of Planned Lifetime of Overload Based on Bina Marga (1987)",
"type": "Caption"
},
{
"left": 390,
"top": 50,
"width": 131,
"height": 22,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 98-108, March 2023 e-ISSN: 2775-5592",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 305,
"top": 735,
"width": 18,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "105",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 162,
"top": 91,
"width": 311,
"height": 317,
"page_number": 8,
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"text": "YEAR UR N1.5 (ESAL) NP (ESAL) RL (%) 1 9479721,941 706502,1945 92,547 2 9479721,941 1444796,988 84,759 3 9479721,941 2216315,047 76,62 4 9479721,941 3022551,418 68,116 5 9479721,941 3865068,427 59,228 6 9479721,941 4745498,7 49,941 7 9479721,941 5665548,336 40,235 8 9479721,941 6627000,206 30,093 9 9479721,941 7631717,41 19,494 10 9479721,941 8681646,888 8.4188 11 9479721,941 9778823,192 -3.1552 12 9479721,941 10925372,43 -15.25 13 9479721,941 12123516,38 -27,889 14 9479721,941 13375576,82 -41,097 15 9479721,941 14683979.97 -54,899 16 9479721,941 16051261,26 -69,322 17 9479721,941 17480070,21 -84,394 18 9479721,941 18973175,57 -100.14 19 9479721,941 20533470,66 -116.6 20 9479721,941 22163979.03 -133.8",
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"top": 424,
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"text": "The following is a comparison of the percentage of settlement under normal conditions with conditions due to actual overloading based on Highways (1987), can be seen in Figure 2 as follows.",
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"text": "Figure 2. Comparison of Depreciation of Planned Age Based on Bina Marga (1987)",
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"text": "4.2 NAASRA (2004) Method",
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"text": "The design life used is 20 years, before calculating the percentage of the design life in years 1 to 20, the cumulative ESAL at the end of the design life is calculated with a DD value of 0.5 as suggested by AASHTO (1993), which is between 0.3 -0.7 and the DL value is used 1 according to the number of lanes for each lane so the calculation is as follows.",
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"text": "-150 -125 -100 -75 -50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 P er ce nt ag e of P la nn ed L if et im e % year Kondisi Normal Normal Condition",
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"height": 22,
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"text": "Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 98-108, March 2023 e-ISSN: 2775-5592",
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"text": "Table 10. Percentage of Planned Age Normal Condition Based on NAASRA (2004)",
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"text": "YEAR UR N1.5 (ESAL) NP (ESAL) RL (%) 1 14564711.36 464266,8415 96.81239 2 14564711.36 949425,6909 93.48133 3 14564711.36 1456416,688 90.00037 4 14564711.36 1986222,281 86.36278 5 14564711.36 2539869,125 82.56149 6 14564711.36 3118430,077 78.58914 7 14564711.36 3723026,272 74.43804 8 14564711.36 4354829,296 70.10013 9 14564711.36 5015063,456 65.56702 10 14564711.36 5705008,153 60.82993 11 14564711.36 6426000,361 55.87966 12 14564711.36 7179437,219 50.70663 13 14564711.36 7966778,735 45.30081 14 14564711.36 8789550,62 39.65173 15 14564711.36 9649347,239 33.74845 16 14564711.36 10547834,71 27.57951 17 14564711.36 11486754,11 21.13298 18 14564711.36 12467924.89 14.39635 19 14564711.36 13493248,35 7.356569 20 14564711.36 14564711.36 0 Table 11. Percentage of Design Life Due to Actual Overload NAASRA (2004) YEAR UR N1.5 (ESAL) NP (ESAL) RL (%) 1 14564711.36 1026957,066 92,949 2 14564711.36 2100127,199 855.807 3 14564711.36 3221589,988 778.809 4 14564711.36 4393518,603 698.345 5 14564711.36 5618184,006 614.261 6 14564711.36 6897959,352 526.392 7 14564711.36 8235324,588 43,457 8 14564711.36 9632871.26 338.616 9 14564711.36 11093307,53 238.343 10 14564711.36 12619463,44 133.559 11 14564711.36 14214296,36 240.592 12 14564711.36 15880896,76 -903.681 13 14564711.36 17622494,18 -209.945 14 14564711.36 19442463,48 -334.902 15 14564711.36 21344331,4 -465.483 16 14564711.36 23331783,38 -60,1939 17 14564711.36 25408670,7 -744.537",
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"height": 22,
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"text": "Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 98-108, March 2023 e-ISSN: 2775-5592",
"type": "Page header"
},
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"left": 305,
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"text": "107",
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{
"left": 162,
"top": 91,
"width": 304,
"height": 55,
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"text": "YEAR UR N1.5 (ESAL) NP (ESAL) RL (%) 18 14564711.36 27579017,95 -893.551 19 14564711.36 29847030,82 -104,927 20 14564711.36 32217104,27 -121.2",
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"top": 160,
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"text": "The following is a comparison of the percentage of settlement under normal conditions with conditions due to actual overloading based on NAASRA (2004), can be seen in Figure 3 as follows.",
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"text": "Figure 3. Comparison of Decrease in Planned Age Based on NAASRA (2004)",
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"text": "5. Conclusions",
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"text": "The actual percentage of overload on the Koti road, Jayapura was obtained for class 6a of 81.06%, class 6b of 43.13%, and class 7a of 40.42%. Actual overload in the field can result in an increase in the cumulative VDF value, based on the Bina Marga (1987) method, an increase in cumulative VDF due to actual overload in the field is 133.8%, while based on the NAASRA method (2004) it is 121.2%. Decreasing of the design life due to actual overload in the field, based on the method of Highways (1987) obtained a decrease in the design life of 9.273 years or a decrease of 46.365% from the design life of 20 years, while based on the NAASRA method (2004) a decrease in the design life of 8.7898 years was obtained. decreased by 43.949% from the planned age of 20 years.",
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"top": 569,
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"text": "References",
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8f442cbe-560f-3a2f-a1fe-732fb43dc970 | http://journal.unublitar.ac.id/ilkomnika/index.php/ilkomnika/article/download/16/6 | [
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"text": "Simulasi Pertumbuhan Scalable Business Process Model pada ERP Pondok Pesantren berbasis Production Rule Cellular Automata",
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"text": "Siti Muslihaeny 1,* , Muhammad Ainul Yaqin 2 , Syahiduz Zaman 3",
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"text": "Jurusan Teknik Informatika, Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim, Indonesia",
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"text": "Proses bisnis merupakan salah satu elemen penting dari sebuah enterprise . Semakin baik proses bisnis maka semakin baik pula enterprise tersebut [1]. Peningkatan kapasitas produksi dalam enterprise dapat menjadi penyebab peningkatan proses produksi dan proses bisnis. Peningkatan kapasistas produksi dan proses bisnis dapat diprediksi menggunakan simulasi pertumbuhan proses bisnis. Namun, simulasi pertumbuhan proses bisnis harus disesuaikan kembali dengan kebutuhan enterprise . Contoh kebutuhan enterprise yang menjadi pemicu tumbuhnya proses bisnis pada studi kasus Pondok Pesantren yaitu pertambahan jumlah santri dan kurikulum, sehingga memicu adanya penambahan kelas, penambahan jam mata pelajaran dan lain sebagainya. Pada penelitian ini, terdapat beberapa rumusan masalah yaitu bagaimana membuat pola dan mensimulasikan pertumbuhan scalable business process model pada ERP Pondok Pesantren menggunakan Production Rule Cellular Automata serta menghitung keakuratan pola pertumbuhan tersebut . Simulasi pertumbuhan proses bisnis dapat dilakukan apabila proses bisnis tersebut scalable , artinya proses bisnis yang memiliki kemampuan untuk tumbuh. Rumus yang digunakan untuk mengukur proses bisnis scalable dengan perhitungan scalability . Nilai scalability sendiri dapat diukur dengan perhitungan kemiripan workflow dan skala model proses bisnis. Nilai",
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"text": "A B S T R A K",
"type": "Section header"
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{
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"text": "Article history",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "Diterima: 15 Oktober 2019 Direvisi: 5 November 2019 Diterbitkan: 30 Desember 2019",
"type": "Table"
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{
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"top": 261,
"width": 294,
"height": 262,
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"text": "Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mensimulasi scalable business process model dari ERP Pondok Pesantren guna mendapatkan variasi proses bisnis yang mungkin terjadi menggunakan teori Production Rule Cellular Automata . Inputan untuk sistem ini adalah model proses bisnis dari empat tipe Pondok Pesantren yang dimodelkan menggunakan Petri net berupa file PNML. Parameter yang digunakan untuk mensimulasikan pertumbuhan proses bisnis adalah scalability . Scalability / skalabilitas adalah potensi proses bisnis untuk tumbuh atau kemampuan pertumbuhan dari proses bisnis. Nilai scalability dapat diukur dengan perhitungan kemiripan workflow dan skala model proses bisnis. Pertumbuhan proses bisnis terjadi pada model A dengan pembanding model B. Syarat untuk dapat terjadi pertumbuhan pada proses bisnis yaitu complexity model A harus lebih kecil daripada model B. Pola pertumbuhan proses bisnis dilakukan secara random dengan dua pembobotan yaitu secara percabangan dan sequence . Pertumbuhan berhenti jika scalabiltiy pada nilai “>=0” dan “<1” Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa sistem mampu melakukan simulasi pertumbuhan pada file PNML yang ditandai dengan nilai recent scalability lebih kecil dibandingkan scalability awal. Kemudian output sistem adalah file PNML hasil dari simulasi pertumbuhan proses bisnis dengan pertumbuhan elemen baru. Berdasarkan hasil pengujian dari segi nilai scalability , penelitian terbukti berhasil dengan fakta penurunan nilai scalability .",
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"text": "Keywords",
"type": "Section header"
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{
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"top": 340,
"width": 103,
"height": 56,
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"text": "Proses Bisnis Pondok Pesantren Model Petri Net Control Flow Complexity Scalability, Simulasi Pertumbuhan Proses Bisni Production Rule Cellular Automata.",
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"text": "E-ISSN: 2715-2731",
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"text": "ILKOMNIKA: Journal of Computer Science and Applied Informatics",
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{
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"text": "31",
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"width": 171,
"height": 8,
"page_number": 2,
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"text": "Vol. 1, No. 2, Desember 2019, Halaman 30-38",
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"text": "skala didapatkan dari hasil perhitungan beberapa parameter yaitu jumlah elemen model proses bisnis dan Control Flow Complexity (CFC) [2]. Selanjutnya, model proses yang scalable akan disimulasikan pertumbuhannya menggunakan Production Rule Cellular Automata . Nantinya simulasi pertumbuhan yang dilakukan pada model proses bisnis dimodelkan dengan Petri net, karena pemodelan menggunakan Petri net lebih sederhana dibandingkan dengan pemodelan lain . Tujuan dari simulasi pertumbuhan proses bisnis pada penelitian ini adalah mengetahui variasi proses bisnis mungkin terjadi dari berbagai kemungkinan.",
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"text": "KAJIAN TEORI",
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{
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"text": "Enterprise Resource Planning Pondok Pesantren",
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"text": "Menurut Wijaya dan Darudito, Enterprises Resource Planning (ERP) merupakan singkatan dari tiga elemen kata yaitu Enterprise (Perusahaan), Resource (Sumber Daya) dan Planning (Perencanaan) [3]. Arti luas pengertian ERP sendiri merupakan konsep untuk merencanakan dan mengelola sumber daya perusahaan. Keuntungan dari ERP yaitu paket program terintegrasi dan multifungsi yang dirancang untuk melayani berbagai fungsi di dalam perusahaan sehingga pekerjaan lebih efisien dan menghasilkan nilai tambah bagi semua pihak ( stakeholder ). Pondok pesantren merupakan salah satu lembaga pendidikan Islam subkultural Indonesia. Pondok pesantren dapat dianalogikan sebagai enterprise , oleh karena itu proses bisnis yang terdapat pada pondok pesantren membutuhkan adanya perencanaan yang baik dan tepat sehingga untuk mengelolanya diperlukan ERP. ERP Pondok Pesantren membutuhkan pemodelan yang berguna untuk mendeskripsikan bagaimana alur sistem pada pondok tersebut [4].",
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"text": "Pemodelan Proses Bisnis",
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"width": 441,
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"text": "Pemodelan proses bisnis atau business process model (BPM) merupakan diagram umum yang mewakili urutan kegiatan. Menurut Puspa Dewi, pemodelan proses bisnis merupakan cara untuk mendesain, menganalisa dan memahami proses bisnis. Hal ini memberikan manfaat untuk enterperise memahami proses bisnis, mengidentifikasi masalah yang mungkin terjadi, mendokumentasi sehingga dapat mengkomunikasikan ke stakeholder [5]. Salah satu pemodelan proses bisnis yang digunakan untuk memodelkan proses bisnis adalah Petri net. Petri net adalah bahasa grafis dan matematis untuk pemodelan dan menganalisis proses bisnis. Menurut Anggrainingsih (2004), Petri net dibuat oleh ilmuan bernama Carl Adam Petri tahun 1962 sebagai alat pemodelan yaitu: place, transition dan arc [6]. Arc sebagai penghubung antara place dan transition. Place digambarkan dengan bentuk bulat yang merepresentasikan kondisi yang harus dipenuhi. Transition digambarkan dengan kotak presegi menggambarkan suatu peristiwa ( event ) atau tindakan. Sebuah transition memiliki input dan output places yang merepresentasikan pre-condition dan post-condition dari event . Place , transition dan arc dinotasikan dalam Gambar 1.",
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"text": "Gambar 1 Notasi Petri net",
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"text": "Skalabilitas Proses Bisnis",
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"text": "Skalabilitas proses bisnis atau scalability adalah efisiensi menangani pertumbuhan proses bisnis yang semakin kompleks dengan pertimbangan dapat meminimalisir biaya yang akan dikeluarkan serta meningkatkan kinerja dari hasil analisis proses bisnis. Scalability dapat diukur dengan meibatkan beberapa parameter yaitu: structural similarity , behavioral similarity , skala model, kompleksitas dan jumlah elemen dalam proses bisnis [2].",
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"text": "32",
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"text": "ILKOMNIKA: Journal of Computer Science and Applied Informatics",
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"width": 74,
"height": 8,
"page_number": 3,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "E-ISSN: 2715-2731",
"type": "Page header"
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{
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"width": 171,
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"page_number": 3,
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"text": "Vol. 1, No. 2, Desember 2019, Halaman 30-38",
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"left": 85,
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"width": 191,
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"text": "Simulasi Pertumbuhan Proses Bisnis",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 85,
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"width": 443,
"height": 232,
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"text": "Simulasi pertumbuhan proses bisnis membantu enterperise dengan melakukan analisa dan pemahaman lebih lanjut mengenai proses bisnis. Tujuan dari simulasi pertumbuhan proses bisnis adalah optimasi untuk meningkatkan kinerja dan pengurangan biaya selaras dengan semakin kompleksnya proses bisnis. Simulasi terkait dengan scalability yaitu menghitung skala dari proses bisnis yang akan disimulasi. Pertumbuhan proses bisnis digunakan untuk menumbuhkan proses bisnis agar menghasilkan variasi proses bisnis dengan berbagai kemungkinan. Simulasi pertumbuhan membutuhkan beberapa aturan dan kriteria untuk menumbuhkan proses bisnis. Salah satu teori yang sering digunakan oleh beberapa peneliti yaitu L-System untuk simulasi pertumbuhan tanaman [7]. Simulasi pertumbuhan dimungkinkan dapat direpresentasikan ke dalam simulasi pertumbuhan suatu graph. Namun, sebelum adanya teori L-System terdapat teori Automata yang dalam cakupannya terdapat Production Rule Cellular Automata yang nantinya akan digunakan pada penelitian ini. Production Rule Cellular Automata merupakan bagian di dalam Cellular Automata. Cellular Automata adalah model diskrit pada ilmu komputer, matematika, fisika, ilmu kompleksitas, biologi teoritis dan pemodelan Cellular Automata juga disebut runag cellular , tessellation automata , struktur homogen, struktur cellular , struktur tesselation dan array yang berulang-ulang [8].",
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"text": "METODE",
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"text": "Desain Penelitian",
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"text": "Aplikasi yang akan dibangun adalah aplikasi untuk mensimulasikan pertumbuhan scalable business process model yang artinya proses bisnis yang ditumbuhkan harus scalable . Proses bisnis yang scalable artinya proses bisnis yang terukur serta dapat dihitung dengan menggunakan rumus scalability .",
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"text": "Gambar 2. Prosedur Penelitian",
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"text": "Kemudian, proses bisnis yang scalable disimulasikan pertumbuhannya yang dapat menghasilkan beberapa variasi proses bisnis dari berbagai kemungkinan. Teori yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Production Rule Cellular Automata . Adapun prosedur penelitian ini menjelaskan bagaimana pelaksanaan penelitian. Prosedur penelitian digambarkan secara umum seperti pada Gambar 2.",
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"text": "E-ISSN: 2715-2731",
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"text": "ILKOMNIKA: Journal of Computer Science and Applied Informatics",
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"text": "33",
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"text": "Vol. 1, No. 2, Desember 2019, Halaman 30-38",
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"text": "Model Proses Bisnis dengan Petri net",
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{
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"text": "Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini berupa data proses bisnis yakni seperti workflow .pnml yang digambarkan dengan Petri net. Berikut salah satu data pemodelan proses bisnis dengan Petri net ditunjukkan seperti pada Gambar 3.",
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"text": "Gambar 3. Proses bisnis Akademik Modern",
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{
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"text": "Perhitungan Scalability",
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{
"left": 85,
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"width": 435,
"height": 39,
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"text": "Nilai scalability dapat diukur dengan melibatkan beberapa parameter yaitu: structural similarity, behavioral similarity, skala model, kompleksitas dan jumlah elemen model proses bisnis.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "Simulasi Pertumbuhan Proses Bisnis",
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"text": "Terdapat beberapa syarat yang harus ada dalam mensimulasikan pertumbuhan proses bisnis yaitu proses bisnis yang scalable. Algoritma yang diusulkan untuk simulasikan pertumbuhan proses bisnis. Parameter yang digunakan untuk mensimulasikan adalah proses bisnis awal dan scalability matriks. Algoritma diatas mengadopsi dari Production Rule Cellular Automata [3].",
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"text": "Gambar 4. Algoritma Mapping model proses bisnis",
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{
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"text": "34",
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"height": 18,
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"text": "E-ISSN: 2715-2731 Vol. 1, No. 2, Desember 2019, Halaman 30-38",
"type": "Page header"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 89,
"width": 155,
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"text": "Mapping Model Proses Bisnis",
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{
"left": 85,
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"width": 442,
"height": 52,
"page_number": 5,
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"text": "Mapping model proses bisnis berguna untuk mengetahui elemen baru setelah simulasi pertumbuhan proses bisnis. Hal ini dapat digunakan sebagai perbandingan proses bisnis awal dengan proses bisnis yang baru. Pemetaan proses bisnis masih dilakukan secara manual, maka diusulkan algoritma seperti Gambar 4.",
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"text": "Penamaan Model Proses Bisnis dari Simulasi Pertumbuhan",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 185,
"width": 442,
"height": 25,
"page_number": 5,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "Penamaan pada model proses bisnis yang dimaksudkan adalah penamaan elemen baru pada model proses bisnis dari hasil simulasi pertumbuhan.",
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"text": "PEMBAHASAN",
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"left": 85,
"top": 242,
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"text": "Perhitungan Structural dan Behavioral Similarity",
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{
"left": 85,
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"width": 443,
"height": 79,
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"text": "Model PNML yang digunakan sebagai data uji merupakan proses bisnis dari empat tipe Pondok Pesantren yaitu: Mahasiswa, Modern, Salaf dan Tahfidz. Data tersebut akan dijadikan masukan untuk dilakukan proses perhitungan structural dan behavioral similarity . Perhitungan perhitungan structural maupun behavioral menggunakan empat algoritma yaitu: Jaccard Coefficient Similarity, Overlap Coefficient Similarity, Dice Coefficient Similarity dan Cosine Coefficient Similarity.",
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"text": "Skalabilitas Proses Bisnis",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 359,
"width": 442,
"height": 107,
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"text": "Skalabilitas proses bisnis adalah perhitungan dengan mencari nilai scalability daari dua model proses bisnis yang dibandingkan. Nilai scalability diukur dengan beberapa parameter diantaranya: structural similarity, behavioral similarity, skala model, complexity dan jumlah elemen. Sebelum dilakukan perhitungan scalability, dilakukan perhitungan Control Flow Complexity (CFC) pada masing-masing model PNML. Perhitungan CFC adalah menghitung jumlah logika AND- split dan XOR- split yang ada di dalam model PNML. Perhitungan Control Flow Complexity yang mana akan ditunjukkan pada kode program berikut ini:",
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"width": 82,
"height": 26,
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"page_width": 595,
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"text": "int xorSplit = 0; int andSplit = 0; int sequence = 0;",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 91,
"top": 512,
"width": 269,
"height": 8,
"page_number": 5,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "for (int i = 0; i < Model[0].length; i++) { int xor = 0;",
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 531,
"width": 365,
"height": 200,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "int and = 0; for (int j = 0; j < Model[1].length; j++) { if (Model[i][j] == 2) { xor += 1; } if (Model[j][i] == 1) { and += 1; } } if (xor >= 2) { xorSplit += xor; } if (and >= 2) { andSplit += 1; } } if (((xorSplit == 0) & (andSplit == 0))) { sequence = 1; } System.out.println(\"---------------------------- \"); CFC1 = xorSplit + andSplit + sequence; System.out.println(\"CFC = \" + CFC1); System.out.println(\"---------------------------- \");",
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"height": 8,
"page_number": 6,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "E-ISSN: 2715-2731",
"type": "Page header"
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"text": "ILKOMNIKA: Journal of Computer Science and Applied Informatics",
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"text": "35",
"type": "Page header"
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"width": 171,
"height": 8,
"page_number": 6,
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"text": "Vol. 1, No. 2, Desember 2019, Halaman 30-38",
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"text": "Perhitungan scalability ditangani oleh method skalability(int A, int B, int CFC11, int CFC22). Berikut kode sumber yang digunakan untuk menghitung nilai scalability pada dua model PNML yang ditunjukkan pada kode program di bawah ini:",
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"text": "public double skalability(int A, int B, int CFC11, int CFC22) { System.out.println(\"Skalabilitas\"); double SkalaA = jumlahNode1 * CFC1; double SkalaB = jumlahNode2 * CFC2; double SkalaFix = SkalaA / SkalaB; double scalability = 1 - (SkalaFix * rata2); System.out.println(\"Scalability of Two Model=\" + scalability); return scalability; }",
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"text": "Simulasi pertumbuhan proses bisnis pada aplikasi ini menggunakan Production Rule Cellular Automata . Langkah untuk simulasi pertumbuhan proses bisnis pada penelitian ini sebagai berikut: Pertama, meng- input- kan dua data uji dari tipe pondok yang berbeda dengan bagian yang sama. Misal: Proses Bisnis Akademik Modern sebagai input -an A dibandingkan dengan Proses Bisnis Akademik Mahasiswa sebagai input -an B. Kedua, menghitung structural dan behavioral similarity dari kedua model PNML tersebut. Ketiga, menghitung nilai scalability dari kedua input -an model PNML. Jika nilai scalability yang ditemukan pada perhitungan pertama adalah “ >= 0” dan “< 1” maka dilakukan simulasi pertumbuhan. Tetapi penulis membuat syarat tambahan yaitu jika scalability pada iterasi ke-0 atau scalability awal bernilai “<0.1”, maka simulasi pertumbuhan tidak terjadi. Terdapat kriteria dalam menentukan input -an A dan input -an B. Input -an A harus mempunyai nilai complexity yang lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan input -an B. Pertumbuhan proses bisnis yang dimaksud adalah dengan menumbuhkan tiga elemen / node pada model PNML input -an A. Tiga node tersebut yaitu: arc , place dan transisi. Pola pertumbuhan proses bisnis dapat dilakukan dengan dua pembobotan pada proses simulasi pertumbuhan proses bisnis pada penelitian ini yaitu:",
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"text": "1. Pembobotan percabangan Pembobotan percabangan yang dimaksudkan adalah simulasi pertumbuhan elemen pada model Petri net cenderung ke arah percabangan",
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"text": "2. Pembobotan Sequence",
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"top": 505,
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"text": "Pembobotan sequence yang dimaksudkan adalah simulasi pertumbuhan elemen pada model PNML cenderung ke arah sequence / tanpa adanya percabangan dalam penumbuhan elemen baru.",
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"text": "Gambar 5. Output dari Simulasi Pertumbuhan Proses Bisnis",
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"text": "36",
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"text": "ILKOMNIKA: Journal of Computer Science and Applied Informatics",
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"text": "E-ISSN: 2715-2731",
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"text": "Vol. 1, No. 2, Desember 2019, Halaman 30-38",
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"text": "Hasil dari pertumbuhan model proses bisnis dengan adanya elemen baru yaitu place , transisi dan arc yang ditunjukkan pada Gambar 6. Berdasarkan Gambar 6 di atas, file Petri net hasil dari pertumbuhan proses bisnis yang mana terdapat elemen baru setelah dilakukannya simulasi pertumbuhan proses bisnis. Elemen baru pada pemodelan Petri net ditandai dengan penomoran bewarna merah.",
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"text": "Pengujian Sistem pada Pertumbuhan Proses Bisnis",
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"text": "Nilai scalability pada bagian Akademik. Berikut ditemukan nilai scalability dari perbandingan model PNML dari bagian Akademik yang ditunjukkan pada Tabel di bawah ini:",
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"text": "Tabel 1. Perbandingan Nilai Scalability Akademik Model B Akademik Akademik Akademik Akademik Model A Tahfidz Modern Salaf Mahasiswa Akademik 0.0 0.48605105 0.58109385 0.60040077 Tahfidz 5 8 6 Akademik - 0.0 0.56588114 0.56370029 Modern 7 3 Akademik - - 0.0 0.20896176 Salaf 5 Akademik - - - 0.0",
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"text": "Dari Tabel 1 di atas, didapatkan variasi nilai scalability dengan membandingkan dua model PNML dari bagian Akademik. Jika complexity input -an A > input -an B, maka tidak dapat dilakukan simulasi pertumbuhan. Begitu juga sebaliknya, jika complexity input -an A < input -an B, maka dapat dilakukan simulasi pertumbuhan. Namun, jika pada tabel di atas terdapat kolom yang isinya tanda “-” artinya perbandingan antar dua model PNML menghasilkan nilai scalability tetapi tidak dapat dilakukan simulasi pertumbuhan. Jika membandingkan input -an A dan input -an B dengan model PNML yang sama, maka nilai scalability akan otomatis bernilai nol. Berikut ditunjukkan hasil simulasi pertumbuhan dari Akademik Modern sebagai input -an A dan Akademik Mahasiswa sebagai input -an B pada Tabel 2.",
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"text": "Menurut Tabel 2, simulasi pertumbuhan percobaan pertama dan kedua pada pembobotan percabangan mendapatkan hasil iterasi yang berbeda. Sedangkan pada pembobotan sequence , percobaan pertama dan kedua mendapatkan hasil iterasi dan nilai minimum scalability yang sama. Dilakukan juga simulasi pertumbuhan dengan pola AND, artinya percabangan yang lebih ke arah logika AND dan mendapatkan hasil iterasi yang berbeda. Seperti yang telah dipaparkan, nilai scalability awal pada perbandingan proses bisnis Akademik Modern dan proses bisnis Akademik Mahasiswa adalah 0.486051055, maka simulasi pertumbuhan dapat terjadi. Simulasi pertumbuhan dilakukan dengan pembobotan pada percabangan dan sequence . Hasil simulasi pertumbuhan pada pembobotan percabangan dan sequence akan mendapatkan iterasi berbeda. Hal ini dikarenakan simulasi pertumbuhan elemen pada proses bisnis dilakukan secara random . Oleh karena itu, hasil simulasi pada percobaan pertama, kedua dan seterusnya akan berbeda. Namun, tidak menutup kemungkinan mendapatkan nilai iterasi yang sama. Nilai scalability terus mengalami penurunan seiring dengan bertambahnya iterasi pertumbuhan pada proses bisnis. Iterasi pertumbuhan menyebabkan scalability bernilai “>=0”, artinya nilai scalability tidak sampai bernilai minus. Namun, pada iterasi terakhir, scalability dapat bernilai minus karena pada iterasi sebelumnya scalability terindentifikasi bernilai “>=0” dan akan berlanjut pertumbuhannya. Hal ini menyebabkan scalability pada iterasi terakhir bernilai minus. Sehingga, nilai scalability minimum terletak pada iterasi sebelum iterasi terakhir.",
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"text": "E-ISSN: 2715-2731",
"type": "Page header"
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"width": 251,
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"text": "Vol. 1, No. 2, Desember 2019, Halaman 30-38",
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"text": "Tabel 2. Simulasi Pertumbuhan Akademik Modern & Akademik Mahasiswa",
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"text": "KESIMPULAN",
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"text": "Berdasarkan penelitian yang telah dilaksanakan, dapat disimpulkan bahwa Proses perhitungan structural dan behavioral similarity menggunakan empat algoritma yaitu: Jaccard Coefficient Similarity, Overlap Coefficient Similarity, Dice Coefficient Similarity dan Cosine Coefficient Similarity . Terbukti bahwa keempat algoritma tersebut dapat melakukan perhitungan mencari kemiripan model PNML pada proses bisnis Pondok Pesantren Salaf Anwarul Huda Malang (tipe pondok salaf ), Pondok Pesantren Modern Ar- Rifaie 1 Gondanglegi (tipe pondok modern ), Pondok Pesantren Mahasiswa Syai Urrifa’ Malang (tipe pondok mahasiswa) dan Pondok Pesantren Ar-Rohmah Malang (tipe pondok tahfidz ). Selanjutnya, dilakukan perhitungan scalability dengan menggunakan beberapa parameter yaitu: similarity workflow , jumlah elemen proses bisnis, complexity dan skala proses bisnis. Nilai scalability digunakan untuk untuk menentukan pola pertumbuhan",
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"text": "E-ISSN: 2715-2731 Vol. 1, No. 2, Desember 2019, Halaman 30-38",
"type": "Page header"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 75,
"width": 442,
"height": 204,
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"text": "proses bisnis. Pola pertumbuhan proses bisnis dilakukan dengan dua pendekatan yaitu: secara sequence dan percabangan. Simulasi pertumbuhan proses bisnis dengan menerapkan teori Production Rule Cellular Automata untuk menumbuhkan beberapa elemen pada model A dengan pembanding model B. Dilakukan pembobotan atau mengukur ketepatan pola pada saat proses simulasi pertumbuhan pada dua pendekatan percabangan dan sequence . Hasil dari kedua pembobotan akan berpengaruh pada iterasi yang dihasilkan. Meskipun dilakukan berulang kali percobaan simulasi pertumbuhan dengan masing-masing pembobotan, hasil simulasi akan terus berbeda. Hal ini dikarenakan pertumbuhan elemen pada proses bisnis dilakukan secara random . Simulasi pertumbuhan proses bisnis dari segi scalability terbukti berhasil karena adanya penurunan nilai scalability dan perhitungan standart deviasi menghasilkan rata-rata dengan nilai “<0.2”. Simulasi pertumbuhan proses bisnis dari segi similarity , hasil yang didapatkan belum maksimal karena adanya pertumbuhan random , sehingga rata-rata nilai similarity setelah simulasi “<0.5”. Terbukti berhasil apabila nilai similarity setelah simulasi > sebelum simulasi pertumbuhan.",
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"text": "REFERENSI",
"type": "Section header"
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"left": 85,
"top": 309,
"width": 438,
"height": 21,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "[1] M. M. Essam and S. L. Mansar, “Toward a Software Framework for Automatic Business Process Redesign,” in Ain Shams University , Egypt, 2011.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 85,
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"height": 22,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "[2] M. Ainul, C. Fauzan, R. Sarno and Wahyu, “Scalability Measurement of Business Process Model Using Business Processes Similarity and Complexity,” 2016.",
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},
{
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"text": "[3] S. F. Wijaya and S. Darudito, ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) & Solusi Bisnis, Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu, 2009.",
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},
{
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] |
356b4fce-3808-2720-e63b-ddeda7e28dd5 | https://ejournal.seaninstitute.or.id/index.php/healt/article/download/1272/1021 | [
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"text": "http://ejournal.seaninstitute.or.id/index.php/healt Jurnal Eduhealt, Volume 13, No. 02 Desember 2022 E-ISSN. 2808-4608",
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"text": "Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio (Nlr) And Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (Esr) Correlation In Covid- 19 Patients At Hermina Hospital Medan - Okto PE Marpaung , Grace MK Sitorus",
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"text": "Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio (Nlr) And Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (Esr) Correlation In Covid-19 Patients At Hermina Hospital Medan",
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"text": "Covid-19, Neutrophil- Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR), Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) Background: WHO in February 2020 officially announced the name of the mysterious pneumonia as Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19). COVID-19 is caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS- CoV-2) virus. The Corona virus can be transmitted from human to other humans and WHO on March 12 2020 finally declared COVID-19 a global pandemic. Laboratory tests are used to determine the degree of severity so that appropriate treatment will be carried out. Purpose: This study aims to determine the relationship between the Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) and Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) in COVID-19 patients at Hermina Hospital Medan Method: This research is an observational correlation analytic study with a cross-sectional approach conducted at Hermina Hospital Medan against 54 research samples. Results: From this study it is known that the majority of confirmed COVID-19 patients who came to Hermina Medan Hospital were in the age group of 41-50 years and were female. The NLR value in patients with confirmed COVID-19 with the lowest score was 1.4, the highest was 46.50, and the average was 12.91. The ESR value in patients with confirmed COVID-19 with the lowest score was 10, the highest was 92, and the median was 51.12. The results showed that there was a correlation between NLR and CRP values (p = <0.001) with a low correlation strength (r = 0.354) Conclusion: A correlation was found between NLR and ESR but with a low correlation strength, so it can be concluded that the use of ESR to replace ESR value as a biomarker in COVID-19 patients is less precise.",
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"text": "In December 2019 a case of pneumonia of unknown cause appeared and was reported in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China with an unknown source of disease transmission. It is suspected that it came from bats sold at a fish market in the Wuhan area. The transmission of this disease increased rapidly from the period December 31 2019 to January 3 2020, as evidenced by the reported 44 cases suspected of being caused by this mysterious pneumonia. In a short period of time the disease has spread to various other countries such as Thailand, Japan and South Korea and almost all continents. 1 WHO in 2020 officially announced the name for the mysterious pneumonia as Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19). COVID-19 is caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus. The Corona virus can be transmitted from human to other humans and WHO on March 12 2020 finally declared COVID-19 a global pandemic. 1",
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"text": "COVID-19 is a disease with a fast course and worsening that can occur suddenly, this contributes to an increase in patient mortality. Patients who have a history of previous illnesses or",
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"text": "comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, thyroid disease, dementia, and pulmonary disease are associated with severe symptoms that appear in patients with COVID-19. 2 So it is very important to provide prompt assistance with early diagnosis and proper supervision. in COVID-19 patients.",
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"text": "Laboratory tests are used to determine the severity so that the right treatment will be carried out. Laboratory investigations that are often used to help the patient's condition include hematological examination, kidney function tests, blood gas analysis, hemostasis, lactate, procalcitonin and D-dimer levels. 1 A combination of laboratory tests is often used to determine the prognosis and degree of hyperinflammation in COVID-19 patients. The combination used is the Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR), C-reactive Protein (CRP), and D-dimer. In several studies, the Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) was also included as a biomarker in COVID-19. However, there is still little data on ESR in COVID-19.",
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"text": "In many cases of COVID-19, an increase in the number of leukocytes and the neutrophil- lymphocyte ratio was found, as well as a decrease in the proportion of monocytes, eosinophils and basophils. These biomarkers can also be used to predict severity, treatment and prognosis in COVID- 19 patients. 3",
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"text": "The results of these laboratory tests still need to be studied further because there are still many uncertain hypotheses about the NLR and ESR laboratory results used to assess the severity and prognosis of COVID-19 patients. So the authors feel the need to conduct research that aims to determine the correlation between the Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) and Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) in patients with COVID-19.",
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"text": "2. METHOD",
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"text": "Figure 1. Research procedure",
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"text": "The independent variable in this study was the Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR). The variable that was tied to this study was the Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR).",
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"text": "http://ejournal.seaninstitute.or.id/index.php/healt Jurnal Eduhealt, Volume 13, No. 02 Desember 2022 E-ISSN. 2808-4608",
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"text": "Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio (Nlr) And Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (Esr) Correlation In Covid- 19 Patients At Hermina Hospital Medan - Okto PE Marpaung , Grace MK Sitorus",
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"text": "Load Concept Figure 2. load Concept",
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"text": "The collected data will be collected and then analyzed using the statistical program SPSS (Statistical Product and Service Solutions). Descriptive data is presented in the frequency distribution table in the form of proportions. Prior to analysis, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test was performed. Hypothesis test using Pearson correlation test. If data is obtained that is not normally distributed and is not homogeneous, then the data is analyzed using the Spearman test. Spearman's bivariate test was used between NLR and ESR.",
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"text": "This research was conducted in the clinical pathology laboratory room, floor 1, Hermina General Hospital, which is located at Jalan Asrama, Sei Sikambing C. II, Kec. Medan Helvetia, Medan City, North Sumatra in September 2021. From data on 81 COVID-19 patients, 54 research samples were found that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The research sample was selected by means of non-probability sampling, namely the consecutive sampling technique. The table below is divided into 2 tables which describe the description of the age and sex of the research subjects.",
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"text": "Table 2. Characteristics of Research Subjects Age N % 11-20 2 3.7 21–30 7 12.96 31–40 12 22.22 41–50 19 35.19 51–60 3 5.56 61–70 7 12.96 71 - 80 4 7.41 Gender N % Man 25 46.23 Not Variable Operational definition Scale 1. Neutrophil- Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) Comparison of neutrophil and lymphocyte values numeric 2. Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) the rate at which red blood cells settle in a test tube in mm/hour.",
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"text": "http://ejournal.seaninstitute.or.id/index.php/healt Jurnal Eduhealt, Volume 13, No. 02 Desember 2022 E-ISSN. 2808-4608",
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"text": "Woman 29 53.77 Total 54 100",
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"text": "Table 3 shows a description of the NLR and ESR values obtained. Table 3. Description of NLR and ESR values Variable Minimum Maximum Means Standard Deviation NLR 1.40 46.50 12.9156 11.61638 ESR 10.00 92.00 51.1296 22.75053",
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"text": "Based on table 4.2, it can be seen that the minimum NLR value in patients with confirmed COVID-19 at Hermina Medan Hospital is 1.40 and the maximum NLR score is 46.50. With a minimum ESR value of 10.00 and a maximum ESR value of 92.00.",
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"text": "Table 4 shows the correlation of NLR and ESR values in 54 patients with confirmed COVID-19 at Hermina Hospital Medan.",
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"text": "Table 4. Correlation of NLR & ESR NLR ESR NLR Pearson correlation 1 .354** Sig. (2-tails) .009 N 54 54 ESR Pearson correlation .354** 1 Sig. (2-tails) .009 N 54 54",
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"text": "**. Significant correlation at the level of 0.01 (2-tailed).",
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"text": "Based on the results of a bivariate analysis of the correlation between NLR values and ESR in patients who were confirmed to have COVID-19, it was found that there was a correlation between NLR values and CRP (p = <0.001) with a low correlation strength (r = 0.354)",
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"text": "Discussion",
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"text": "This research was conducted using secondary data from 54 research samples that met the criteria and exclusion criteria. This research aims to determine the correlation between NLR and ESR values in patients with confirmed COVID-19 at Hermina Medan Hospital in 2021. The characteristics of patients with confirmed COVID-19 in this study were assessed based on age and gender. Based on the age in this study, of the 54 confirmed COVID-19 patients at Hermina Medan Hospital, the majority were aged 41-50 years with a total of 19 people (35.59%). Based on gender, this study found 25 men (46.23%) and 29 men (53.77%) women who had confirmed COVID-19. A correlation was found between NLR and ESR but with a low correlation strength.",
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"text": "A study has been conducted on the correlation between NLR and ESR values in patients with confirmed COVID-19 at Hermina Medan Hospital with the conclusion that the majority of confirmed COVID-19 patients who come to Hermina Medan Hospital are in the age group of 41-50 years and are female. The NLR value in patients with confirmed COVID-19 with the lowest score was 1.4, the highest",
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"text": "http://ejournal.seaninstitute.or.id/index.php/healt Jurnal Eduhealt, Volume 13, No. 02 Desember 2022 E-ISSN. 2808-4608",
"type": "Table"
},
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"top": 771,
"width": 447,
"height": 22,
"page_number": 5,
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"text": "Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio (Nlr) And Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (Esr) Correlation In Covid- 19 Patients At Hermina Hospital Medan - Okto PE Marpaung , Grace MK Sitorus",
"type": "Page footer"
},
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"top": 795,
"width": 22,
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"text": "1181",
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"text": "was 46.50, and the mean was 12.91. The ESR value in patients with confirmed COVID-19 with the lowest score was 10, the highest was 92, and the median was 51.12 The results showed a correlation between the NLR and CRP values (p = <0.001) with low correlation strength (r = 0.354) Based on the results In this research, there are several suggestions given as follows:",
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] |
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"text": "BUDAYA ORGANISASI SEBAGAI PREDIKTOR ORGANIZATIONAL CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOR DI PT. PRIMAYUDHA MANDIRIJAYA, BOYOLALI",
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"text": "Oleh Faiz Deaky Febrianto 1 , Sutarto Wijono 2",
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"text": "1,2 Program Studi S1 Psikologi, Fakultas Psikologi, Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana Salatiga Email: 1 Faizdeaky99@gmail.com , 2 Sutarto.wijono@uksw.edu",
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"text": "Article History: Received: 17-06-2024 Revised: 22-06-2024 Accepted: 03-07-2024",
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"text": "Abstract: The aim of this study is to determine the role of organizational culture as a predictor of organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) among production employees at PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya. This research employs a quantitative research method. The study was conducted on production employees at PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya in Boyolali. The population of the study amounted to 1236 individuals, with a sample size of 93 individuals determined using random sampling techniques and the Slovin formula. The research instrument was an organizational culture scale adapted from the scale developed by Denison in Nisa (2021), based on four aspects of organizational culture, with a reliability value of 0.948 and validity index values ranging from 0.469 to 0.684. Additionally, an organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) scale developed by Organ in Dewi (2021) was used, based on five aspects of organizational citizenship behavior (OCB), with a reliability value of 0.828 and validity index values ranging from 0.406 to 0.500. Hypothesis testing yielded results of R 2 = 0.684; p < 0.05. These findings indicate that organizational culture (X) is a predictor of organizational citizenship behavior (Y) among production employees at PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya.",
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"text": "Keywords:",
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"text": "Organizational Culture; Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB).",
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"text": "PENDAHULUAN",
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"text": "Saat ini persaingan dalam berbagai kegiatan industri dipicu oleh kemajuan teknologi khususnya dalam memasuki era new normal pihak managemen perusahaan berusaha agar tetap bisa survive bahkan berkembang lebih maju. Menurut Tamsah & Nurung (2022) sumber daya manusia merupakan faktor utama yang mempengaruhi seluruh kegiatan organisasi. Pada era new normal semua perusahaan dituntut agar dapat menghadapi persaingan yang kompetitif dengan memaksimalkan peran sumber daya yang mereka miliki. Demikian juga dengan PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya. Oleh sebab itu, khususnya karyawan bagian produksi PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya juga harus berperan aktif dalam melakukan pekerjaannya demi menjaga eksistensi perusahaannya. Bagian produksi merupakan bagian yang vital dalam sebuah perusahaan dimana para karyawan memiliki tugas dan tanggung",
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"text": "514 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024",
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"text": "jawab untuk menjalankan mesin yang berhubungan dengan proses produksi serta mencapai target kerja yang sudah ditentukan. Dalam upaya mempertahankan eksistensi perusahaannya karyawan bagian produksi di PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya diharapkan memiliki inisiatif untuk bekerja melebihi standar kerja yang telah ditetapkan tanpa mengarapkan imbalan, dimana perilaku tersebut dapat mendukung perusahaan dalam mencapai tujuannya atau bisa disebut dengan perilaku organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Hal ini didukung oleh pernyataan dari Aly (dalam Arumi et al., (2019) yang menyatakan bahwa perilaku organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) merupakan perilaku yang bertujuan menguntungkan perusahaan secara efektif. Perilaku organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) dinilai menjadi poin penting yang memengaruhi efektifitas sebuah perusahaan dalam mencapai tujuannya. Maka dari itu penulis tertarik untuk melakukan penelitian organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) di PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya. PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya merupakan salah satu produsen dan eksportir pemintalan benang kualitas di Indonesia yang terletak di desa Ngadirojo Kecamatan Ampel Boyolali. PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya memiliki berbagai macam divisi, setiap divisi pada perusahaan ini memiliki perilaku, tingkat loyalitas dan kepedulian yang berbeda terhadap perusahaannya. Hasil temuan pada 06 Februari 2023 pada 25 karyawan bagian produksi di PT. Primayudha didapati terdapat 5 karyawan yang menganggap bahwa mereka mendapatkan perilaku saling organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) selama bekerja di perusahaan tersebut, dimana rekan kerjanya secara sukarela akan membantu karyawan lainnya ketika mesin yang dioperasikan salah satu rekannya mengalami masalah. Sementara, ada 4 karyawan menganggap bahwa setiap karyawan menunjukkan kemauan kerja yang kuat dan memiliki tanggung jawab dalam menyelesaikan pekerjaannya. Ada 4 karyawan lainnya menjelaskan bahwa ketika mereka mengalami masalah kekurangan karyawan, maka karyawan lainnya dengan sukarela mengoperasikan lebih banyak mesin setiap orangnya tanpa harus menunggu perintah dari atasannya sehingga kegiatan produksi dapat berjalan dengan normal. Tetapi ternyata, ada 6 karyawan lainnya mengeluh karena mereka mendapati beberapa rekan kerjanya kurang peduli walaupun temannya membutuhkan bantuan serta kesulitan dalam pekerjaannya. Sementara, 6 karyawan lainnya menyatakan bahwa masih terdapat beberapa karyawan yang sering terlambat dan sering absen kerja sehingga membebani mereka karena harus mengoperasikan lebih dari satu mesin. Atas dasar beberapa fenomena tersebut dapat diduga ada masalah terkait organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) pada karyawan bagian produksi di PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya. Oleh sebab itu, penelitian terkait organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) penting dilakukan pada bagian produksi di perusahaan tersebut . Seperti yang dikemukakan Robbins & Judge (2013) bahwa kesuksesan organisasi ataupun industri dapat tercapai bila anggota tidak hanya menjalankan pekerjaan utama saja, namun ingin melaksanakan pekerjaan tambahan, misalnya saling memberi bantuan kepada rekan kerja yang mengalami kesulitan (altruism), saling memberikan masukan ketika rekan kerja mendapatkan masalah dalam lingkungan kerjannya (courtesy) , dapat beradaptasi dengan lingkungan kerjanya (sportmanship) , berpartisipasi dalam kegiatan organisasi (civic virtue) , dan ingin memanfaatkan waktu kerja dengan baik serta memberikan layanan secara maksimal (conscientiousnes) . Adanya perilaku organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) seperti contoh diatas memiliki dampak positif pada organisasi, dimana perilaku tersebut dapat mendukung",
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"text": "515 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024",
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"text": "organisasi dalam mencapai tujuannya secara efektif dan efisien. Organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) mempunyai dampak positif. Pernyataan tersebut didukung riset yang dilakukan oleh Suwibawa (2018) yang menemukan bahwa organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) mempunyai dampak positif pada hasil kerja pegawai dimana ketika tingkat organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) tinggi, semakin tinggi juga kinerja karyawannya. Menurut Robbins & Judge (2013) kesuksesan organisasi ataupun industri dapat tercapai apabila anggota tidak hanya mengerjakan pekerjaan utama saja, namun ingin melaksanakan pekerjaan tambahan, misalnya keinginan menjalin kerja sama, saling memberi bantuan, menyampaikan masukan, mempunyai peran aktif, memberikan layanan maksimal, dan ingin memanfaatkan waktu kerja dengan baik sehingga dapat memberikan dampak positif bagi suatu organisasi. Ferdus & Kabir (2018) juga menemukan bahwa makin baik sebuah organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) maka akan memberikan peningkatan kepuasan kerja dan hasil kerja pegawai, maka makin besar kepuasan kerjanya yang dialami pegawai akan bisa menaikan kinerjanya. Robbins (2006) mengemukakan beberapa contoh perilaku organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) diantaranya saling membantu tanpa menunggu perintah atasan, sukarela melaksanakan pekerjaan atas keinginannya sendiri, mencegah konflik dalam bekerja, menjaga properti perusahaan, menghargai aturan yang diberlakukan pada organisasi, dapat menempatkan diri pada kondisi yang kurang nyaman ataupun mengasyikkan saat bekerja serta menggunakan waktu dalam bekerja sebaik-baiknya. Selain itu terdapat beberapa penelitian yang mengungkapkan bahwasanya organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) mempunyai dampak negatif bagi sebuah organisasi. Penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Bolino (2013) menyatakan bahwa organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) mempunyai dampak negatif pada karyawan seperti stres kerja dan peran yang kurang efektif.",
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"text": "Hasil temuan Organ (dalam Titisari, 2014) menyatakan terdapat dua faktor yang dapat memberikan pengaruh terhadap organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) yaitu faktor eksternal maupun internal individu tersebut. Faktor Internal mencakup kepribadian, motivasi, kepuasan kerja, moral karyawan dan komitmen organisasi. Faktor eksternal mencakup kepercayaan kepada pimpinan, gaya kepemimpinan, serta budaya organisasi. Dari beberapa faktor organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) tersebut terdapat faktor budaya organisasi. Budaya organisasi merupakan suatu kepercayaan yang diartikan serta dipahami secara bersama dan dijadikan sebagai pedoman bagi anggota organisasinya dalam melakukan segala hal dalam lingkup organisasinya. Dengan adanya budaya organisasi yang kuat dapat memberikan pemahaman yang jelas mengenai bagaimana tata cara dalam menyelesaikan suatu urusan serta berperilaku dalam lingkungan pekerjaannya. Dari faktor tersebut kita dapat menyimpulkan bahwa budaya organisasi merupakan salah satu faktor penting yang memunculkan perilaku organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Menurut Amanda (2017) budaya organisasi merupakan suatu perangkat sistem nilai (Values), berbagai asumsi, keyakinan, ataupun kaidah yang sudah lama diberlakukan, disetujui serta diikuti oleh anggota-anggota dalam organisasi yang merupakan pedoman berperilaku serta penuntasan permasalahan organisasi. Budaya organisasi yang baik akan membantu para anggotanya dalam berperilaku serta mengatasi masalah yang ada dalam lingkungan organisasinya sesuai nilai-nilai yang perusahaan tetapkan. Ketika anggota organisasi paham serta berpedoman terhadap budaya organisasinya mengindikasikan",
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"text": "516 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024",
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"text": "besarnya loyalitas serta komitmen karyawan kepada organisasi, hal tersebut dapat memberikan arahan yang baik munculnya perilaku organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Terbentuknya perilaku karyawan yang positif merupakan sebuah indikasi keberhasilan pembentukan budaya organisasi yang akan berimbas pada perilaku intra-role dan extra-role yaitu berupa OCB (Setyawan & Sriathi, 2020). Oemar (2013) juga menyatakan ketika karyawan dapat menilai budaya organisasinya dengan baik akan membuat dirinya cenderung untuk terlibat pada kegiatan yang ada dalam organisasi sehingga dapat mengarahkan perilaku organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) tersebut muncul serta cenderung meningkat. Maka dari itu penulis menganggap penelitian mengenai budaya organisasi di PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya penting untuk dilakukan dikarenakan budaya organisasi merupakan karakteristik yang berpengaruh terhadap berbagai aspek yang ada dalam organisasi khususnya pengaruhnya terhadap perlaku organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) yang nantinya akan menimbulkan dampak positif bagi keberlangsungan suatu perusahaan.",
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"text": "Terdapat beberapa hasil penelitian yang mengungkapkan budaya organisasi sebagai prediktor organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Hal itu ditunjukkan dari beberapa penelitian, seperti penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Husodo (2018) budaya organisasi mempunyai pengaruh terhadap organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) di PT Jatim Indo Lestari. Mahayasa (2018) budaya organisasional terhadap OCB perawat di RSU swasta tipe C Kota Denpasar, diperkuat oleh penelitian Ningsih (2020) secara secara signifikan budaya organisasi mempengaruhi OCB pada pegawai Puskesmas Bromo Medan. Budaya organisasi yang baik memberikan sumbangan dalam memengaruhi perilaku anggotanya dalam mencapai tujuan organisasi. Budaya organisasi kuat dapat dilihat dari besarnya loyalitas beserta komitmen karyawan kepada organisasi, indikasi tersebut membuat mereka akan berusaha meningkatkan kinerjanya, melakukan pekerjaan melebihi standar kerjanya yang mana hal itu sebagai salah satu perilaku OCB. Sehingga ketika terdapat budaya organisasi yang kuat bisa memberi pengaruh munculnya tingkah laku OCB. Sebaliknya, riset yang dilakukan Baihaqi (2021) berjudul “Pengaruh Budaya Organisasi, Gaya Kepemimpinan Transformasional Dan Komitmen Organisasi Terhadap Kinerja Karyawan Dengan Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) Sebagai Variabel Intervening” mengungkapkan bahwasanya budaya organisasi tidak mempengaruhi OCB. Melalui hasil signifikansi 0,436 > 0,05 dugaan kelima (H5) dalam penelitian yang menunjukkan budaya organisasi memberi pengaruhnya signifikan terhadap OCB ditolak, hasil ini mengartikan bahwasanya budaya organisasi tidak memberi pengaruh terhadap OCB.",
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"text": "Melalui penemuan para peneliti tersebut, penulis tertarikan melaksanakan penelitian terkait budaya organisasi sebagai prediktor organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) dikarenakan terdapat hasil yang bertentangan sehingga penulis masih menganggap penelitian terkait budaya organisasi serta organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) bisa diteliti kembali. Dengan alasan bahwasanya penelitian yang dilakukan penulis mempunyai perbedaan terhadap penelitiaan sebelumnya seperti tempat pengambilan data, penggunaan sampel serta definisi yang digunakan dalam membuat alat ukur penelitian. Hal berikut didukung dengan perbedaan penelitian yang dilaksanakan oleh Husodo (2018) dimana tempat pengambilan sampel dilakukan pada PT. Jatim Indo Lestari menggunakan metode purposive sampling dengan jumlah responden sebanyak 53 yang terdiri dari divisi teknisi,",
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"text": "helper dan staff, serta variabel budaya organisasi menggunakan definisi dari Robbins (2006) yang memiliki tujuh karakteristik sedangkan penelitian penulis menggunakan definisi dari Denison (1990). Penulis juga berkeyakinan bahwasanya organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) penting dimiliki oleh perusahaan serta untuk menciptakannya dapat dilakukan dengan cara mengimplementasikan budaya organisasi yang kuat dan baik. Sehingga, penulis tertarik meneliti kembali penelitian dengan judul Budaya Organisasi Sebagai Prediktor Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) pada karyawan PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya, Boyolali.",
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"text": "Apakah budaya organisasi menjadi prediktor organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) pada karyawan produksi di PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya?",
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"text": "Tujuannya dari pelaksanaan penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui budaya organisasi sebagai prediktor organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) pada karyawan di PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya.",
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"text": "LANDASAN TEORI",
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"text": "A. Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB)",
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"text": "1. Definisi Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) Organ (1988) mendefinisikan organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) merupakan suatu wujud perilaku inisiatif karyawan dalam upaya untuk meningkatkan efektivitas organisasi tanpa didasari pengharapan imbalan. Upaya perilaku karyawan tersebut muncul atas keingginan sendiri, sehingga hal tersebut tidak berhubungan dengan hukuman ataupun penghargaan dari organisasi. Robbins (2008) mendefinisikan organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) sebagai perilaku dimana karyawan bekerja melebihi standar kerjanya sehingga dapat memberikan dampak yang positif bagi perusahaannya.",
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"text": "Berdasarkan berbagai penjelasan tokoh tersebut, penulis memilih teori yang disampaikam oleh Organ (1988) dikarenakan temuan fenomena yang ada pada bagian produksi di PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya sesuai dengan yang dikemukakan Organ (1988).",
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"text": "2. Aspek Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB)",
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"text": "Organ (1988) memaparkan terdapat lima aspek pada OCB, yaitu :",
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"text": "a. Altruism",
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"text": "b. Courtesy",
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"text": "c. Sportmanship",
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"text": "d. Civic virtue",
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"text": "e. Conscientiousnes",
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"text": "3. Faktor yang Memengaruhi Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) Organ (dalam Titisari, 2014) mengemukakan dua faktor yang memberikan pengaruh terhadap OCB yaitu faktor dari luar dan faktor dari dalam individu. Berikut penjelasan lebih spesifik kedua faktor OCB:",
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"text": "a. Faktor Internal",
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{
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"text": "1. Kepribadian, adanya perbedaan karakter masing masing individu di lingkungan organisasi mengakibatkan banyak variasi peran yang akan menimbulkan organizational citizenship behavior (OCB).",
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"text": "518 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024",
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"text": "2. Motivasi, kesediaan individu dalam melakukan sesuatu hal demi tercapainya target organisasi sesuai dengan persyaratan organisasi serta dilakukan sesuai kemampuan usaha yang dimilikinya guna mendapatkan sejumlah kepuasan individu.",
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"text": "3. Kepuasan kerja, merupakan segala hal yang didapatkan karyawan dan dapat memberikan dampak yang positif bagi karyawan seperti pemberian gaji, pemberian fasilitas yang memadai, kesempatan dipromosikan, serta relasi yang baik antar karyawan.",
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"text": "4. Komitmen organisasi, berkaitan dengan keinginan karyawan untuk tetap mempertahankan keanggotaanya dalam sebuah organisasi sehingga karyawan bersedia untuk bekerja dengan maksimal demi mencapai tujuan organisasi.",
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"text": "5. Moral karyawan, berkaitan dengan tanggung jawab individu dalam melakukan tindakan baik bagi organisasi atau lingkungan masyarakat sekitar.",
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"text": "b. Faktor Eksternal",
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"text": "1. Moral Gaya kepemimpinan, suatu tindakan atau sikap pimpinan yang mampu untuk memberikan pengaruh bawahannya demi meraih tujuan beserta target organisasi.",
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"text": "2. Kepercayaan kepada atasan atau pimpinan, terdapat kepercayaan ataupun rasa percaya yang dipunyai individu terhadap atasannya akan menimbulkan kondisi positif bagi organisasi.",
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"text": "3. Budaya organisasi, kepercayaan yang diartikan serta pahami secara bersama dan dijadikan pedoman bagi anggota organisasinya dalam melakukan segala hal dalam lingkup organisasi.",
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"text": "B. Budaya Organisasi",
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"text": "1. Definisi Budaya Organisasi",
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"text": "Denison (1990) mendefinisikan budaya organisasi sebagai suatu nilai, keyakinan serta prinsip yang jadi landasan bagi sistem manajemen organisasi, dan serangkaian praktik manajemen maupun tingkah laku secara baik. Berdasarkan Robbins dan Judge (2015) budaya organisasi yaitu kepercayaan yang diartikan serta dipahami dengan makna yang sama oleh anggotanya sebagai pedoman anggota organisasinya untuk bertindak maupun berkomunikasi dalam lingkup organisasi",
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"text": "Denison (1995) mengemukakan terdapat 4 aspek budaya organisasi, yaitu",
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"text": "a. Keterlibatan (involvement)",
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"text": "b. Konsistensi (concistency)",
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"text": "c. Adaptabilitas (adaptibility)",
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"text": "d. Misi (mission)",
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"text": "C. Dinamika Budaya Organisasi Sebagai Prediktor Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB)",
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"text": "Setiap perusahaan memerlukan SDM yang baik agar suatu perusahaan dapat bersaing dan bisa berjalan sesuai dengan tujuannya, dimana salah satu poin SDM yang dibutuhkan yaitu SDM yang mempunyai perilaku keanggotaan organisasi atau organizational citizenship",
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"text": "519 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024",
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"text": "behavior (OCB) yang baik. Organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) merupakan perilaku yang ditunjukkan individu pada sebuah organisasi yang secara sukarela mengerjakan tugas melebihi standar kerjanya demi keberlangsungan organisasi tersebut sehingga organisasi akan diuntungkan bila mempunyai karyawan yang mempunyai perilaku OCB yang tinggi. Terdapat beberapa faktor yang dapat memberikan pengaruh munculnya perilaku organizational citizenship behavior (OCB), salah satunya adalah budaya organisasi. Organ (dalam Titisari, 2014) mengemukakan beberapa faktor-faktor yang dapat memberi pengaruh organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) salah satunya budaya organisasi. Budaya organisasi merupakan sebuah norma-norma yang dimiliki sebuah organisasi yang dipahami dan diikuti para anggotanya sebagai acuan dalam berperilaku, dimana norma-norma tersebut berbeda pada setiap organisasi. Budaya organisasi sebagai suatu peran yang mempunyai pengaruh penting pada setiap aspek kehidupan kerja dalam suatu organisasi. Menurut Setyawan & Sriathi (2020) terbentuknya perilaku karyawan yang positif merupakan sebuah indikasi keberhasilan pembentukan budaya organisasi yang akan berimbas pada perilaku intra-role dan extra-role yaitu berupa OCB. Denison (1995) membagi aspek budaya organisasi menjadi empat yaitu melibatkan anggotanya untuk mempunyai rasa memiliki terhadap tugas serta mempunyai tanggung jawab atas pekerjaannya (involvement), menanaman suatu sistem kepercayaan pada anggotanya (consistency) , kemampuan untuk tanggap dengan apa yang dibutuhkan pada lingkungan organisasinya (adaptability) , kemampuan memahami apa yang perusahaan butuhkan pada masa mendatang (mission). Keempat aspek menurut Denison tersebut dapat memunculkan perilaku organizational citizenship behavior (OCB), diantaranya bekerja melebihi deskripsi pekerjaannya dengan sukarela karena anggotanya memiliki rasa tanggung jawab akan pekerjaannya, memiliki kepercayaan yang sama dengan anggota lainnya mengenai aturan-aturan yang berlaku, memiliki rasa tanggap akan apa yang dibutuhkan pada lingkungan organisasinya, serta memahami tujuan organisasinya. Dari keempat aspek menurut Denison (1995) diatas, kita bisa melihat bahwa involvement, consistency, adaptability, dan mission dapat memunculkan perilaku organizational citizenship behavior (OCB).",
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"text": "METODE PENELITIAN Variabel Penelitian",
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"text": "Variabel yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini, adalah :",
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"text": "1. Variabel independen atau bebas (X) dalam penelitian ini adalah Budaya Organisasi.",
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"text": "2. Variabel dependen atau terikat (Y) dalam penelitiain ini adalah Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB).",
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"text": "Sugiyono (2007) mendefinisikan populasi yaitu area generalisasi yang terjadi dari subjek ataupun objek sesuai dengan kualitas serta karakteristik yang ditentukan peneliti untuk dipelajari sehingga nantinya dapat diambil kesimpulannya. Dalam pelaksanaan penelitian ini, populasi merupakan karyawan bagian produksi PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya, Boyolali dengan jumlah populasi 1236 karyawan.",
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"text": "520 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024",
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"text": "…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… .. Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge",
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"text": "Menurut Sugiyono (2017) sampel merupakan bagian dari jumlah dan karakteristik yang dimiliki oleh populasi tersebut. Adapun teknik sampling yang dipakai dalam penelitian ini menggunakan simple random sampling. Simple random sampling merupakan teknik pengambilan sampel dari populasi yang dilakukan secara acak tanpa memperhatikan strata yang terdapat pada populasi (Sugiyono, 2017). Dalam penelitian ini penulis mempersempit populasi karyawan bagian produksi PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya yang berjumlah 1236 karyawan dengan menghitung ukuran sampel menggunakan rumus Slovin menurut Sugiyono (2017) dengan alpha 10 %, sebagai berikut : Rumus Slovin :",
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"text": "𝑛 𝑁 1 + 𝑁𝑒 2 Keterangan : n = ukuran sampel N = ukuran populasi e = kelonggaran kesalahan maksimal yang dapat ditolerir dalam penentuan sampel (10%)",
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"text": "𝑛 1236 1 + 1236 ∗ 0,1 2 n = 92,52 dibulatkan menjadi 93 orang.",
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"text": "Pengumpulan data pada penelitian ini dilakukan dengan skala Likert. Skala Likert berarti skala yang memiliki gradiasi sangat positif hingga negatif (Sugiyono, 2007). Aitem- aitem yang terdapat dalam skala ini merupakan susunan pernyataan dari variabel budaya organisasi serta organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) mencakup empat opsi jawaban, yakni SS (sangat sesuai), S (sesuai), TS (tidak sesuai), STS (sangat tidak sesuai). Skala yang ditampilkan berbentuk pernyataan favorable dan unfavorable . Skor yang diberi memiliki pergerakan dari satu hingga empat. Bobot penilaiannya bagi pernyataan favorable yakni, SS = 4, S = 3, TS = 2, STS = 1. Sementara, bobot penilaian bagi pernyataan unfavorable yakni: SS = 1, S = 2, TS = 3, STS = 4.",
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"text": "Teknik yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah uji analisis linearitas sederhana. Uji linear sederhana bertujuan untuk menguji sejauh mana variabel dependen (X) dalam mempengaruhi variabel dependen (Y). Faktor penyebab disebut dengan variabel X sedangkan variabel respon disebut dengan variabel Y. Sehingga dalam penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah budaya organisasi (X) sebagai prediktor organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) (Y). Keseluruhan analisis data dalam penelitian ini dikerjakan dengan bantuan program IBM SPSS statistics versi 23. Berikut ini adalah beberapa langkah analisis yang dilakukan :",
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"text": "1. Uji Instrumen",
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"text": "a. Uji Diskriminasi Aitem Aitem dianggap layak digunakan dalam penelitian atau valid jika didapatkan nilai corrected item-total correlation diatas 0,3.",
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"text": "b. Uji Reliabilitas",
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"text": "Uji reliabilitas yaitu instrumen guna melakukan pengukuran kuesioner",
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"text": "521 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024",
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"text": "yang merupakan indikator dari variable yang akan diteliti. Kuesioner dinyatakan reliabel bila jawaban individu kepada pernyataan cenderung sama ataupun stabil dalam waktu yang lama. Instrumen pengukuran dinyatakan reliabel (layak) bila Cronbach’s alpha > 0,7.",
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"text": "2. Uji Analisis Statistik Deskriptif",
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"text": "Analisis deskriptif digunakan untuk melihat gambaran data secara empiris berdasarkan data yang dikumpulkan dari jawaban responden sebagaimana adanya.",
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"text": "3. Uji Asumsi Klasik",
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"text": "a. Uji Normalitas",
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"text": "Uji normalitas guna mengujikan apakah pada model regresi, variabel independen serta dependen berdistribusikan normal ataupun tidak. Model regresi yang baik mempunyai distribusi data secara normal ataupun dekat dengan normal yakni distribusi tidak ada penyimpangan ke kiri ataupun ke kanan. Pengujian normalitas menggunakan pengujian One Kolmogorov-Smirnov dalam program SPSS. Dua variabel dinyatakan berdistribusikan normal bila nilai sig. > 0,05.",
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"text": "b. Uji Linearitas",
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"text": "Uji linearitas digunakan untuk mengetahui apakah dua variabel memiliki hubungan secara signifikan atau tidak. Dalam penelitian, data yang baik seharusnya memiliki hubungan yang linear antara variabel independet (X) dan variabel dependent (Y). Dua variabel dinyatakan mempunyai hubungan yang linear yaitu jika p < 0,05.",
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"text": "c. Uji Heteroskedastisitas",
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"text": "Model regresi yang baik bermakna yang homokedastisitas ataupun tidak heterokedastisitas. Untuk mencari apakah terdapatnya heterokedastisitas, bisa mempergunakan pengujian glejser, Hasil dikatakan signifikan bila nilai signifikannya sig > 0.05.",
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"text": "4. Uji Hipotesis",
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"text": "Dalam pengujian hipotesis digunakan untuk menentukan apakah budaya organisasi merupakan prediktor organization citizenship behavior (OCB) dapat dilakukan menggunakan program Windows SPSS Statistic 23.0 .",
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"text": "a. Bila sig < 0,05 atau p<0.05 artinya ada pengaruh variabel X terhadap variabel Y.",
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{
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"text": "b. Bila sig > 0,05 atau p>0.05 artinya tidak ada pengaruh variabel X terhadap variabel Y.",
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{
"left": 85,
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"text": "HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN Orientasi Kancah Penelitian dan Pengumpulan Data Penelitian",
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{
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"top": 644,
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"text": "Penelitian ini dilakukan pada karyawan bagian Produksi PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya. Pengambilan data dilakukan dengan cara membagikan kuesioner berupa angket kepada para karyawan bagian produksi shift pagi dan siang pada tanggal 24 Oktober 2023 hingga tanggal 28 Oktober 2023.",
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"text": "Partisipan Penelitian",
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{
"left": 121,
"top": 714,
"width": 436,
"height": 14,
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"text": "Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya, Boyolali dengan populasi",
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{
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"text": "522 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024",
"type": "Page header"
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{
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"top": 739,
"width": 471,
"height": 28,
"page_number": 10,
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"page_height": 792,
"text": "…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… .. Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge",
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"text": "ISSN 2798-3471 (Cetak) ISSN 2798-3641 (Online)",
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{
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"width": 473,
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"text": "sebanyak 1236 orang. Dikarenakan jumlah populasi terlalu besar penulis menggunakan teknik simpel random sampling dengan rumus Slovin , sehingga didapatkan jumlah responden sebanyak 93 karyawan.",
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"text": "1. Diskriminasi Item dan Reliabilitas",
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"text": "Tabel 1. Diskriminasi Item Budaya Organisasi",
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"text": "Scale Mean if Item Deleted Scale Variance if Item Deleted Corrected Item- Total Correlation Squared Multiple Correlation Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted X01 107,57 119,552 ,580 . ,946 X02 107,68 118,460 ,607 . ,946 X03 107,57 120,204 ,524 . ,947 X04 107,68 118,677 ,590 . ,946 X05 107,51 118,057 ,601 . ,946 X06 107,88 117,062 ,617 . ,946 X07 107,60 119,916 ,574 . ,946 X08 107,59 120,418 ,544 . ,946 X09 107,42 119,855 ,536 . ,946 X10 107,52 120,035 ,547 . ,946 X11 107,63 120,952 ,563 . ,946 X12 107,30 119,821 ,549 . ,946 X13 107,67 121,225 ,515 . ,947 X14 107,45 121,033 ,469 . ,947 X15 107,49 121,861 ,485 . ,947 X16 107,67 119,290 ,592 . ,946 X17 107,37 121,474 ,484 . ,947 X18 107,68 120,786 ,572 . ,946 X19 107,68 117,917 ,594 . ,946 X20 107,51 117,514 ,642 . ,946",
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"text": "523 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024",
"type": "Page header"
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"text": "…………………………………………………………………………………………………….......................................... ISSN 2798-3471 (Cetak)",
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{
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"text": "Berdasarkan hasil pada tabel 3 diatas diketahui bahwa semua item memiliki skor nilai Corrected Item-Total Correlation diatas 0,3 yang memiliki arti bahwa semua item variabel budaya organisasi diatas tidak terdapat item yang gugur dan layak digunakan dalam penelitian. Dengan indeks validitas yang bergerak dari 0,469 sampai 0,684.",
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"text": "Tabel 2. Reliabilitas Budaya Organisasi Cronbach's Alpha Cronbach's Alpha Based on Standardized Items N of Items ,948 ,948 35",
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"text": "Dari tabel diatas didapatkan nilai cronbach’s alpha sebesar 0,948 > 0,7 maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa skala budaya organisasi ini reliabel dan layak digunakan sebagai alat ukur penelitian.",
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"text": "Tabel 3. Diskriminasi Item Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB)",
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"text": "X21 107,60 121,416 ,541 . ,946 X22 107,37 119,865 ,610 . ,946 X23 107,66 119,967 ,570 . ,946 X24 107,56 119,140 ,631 . ,946 X25 107,90 116,414 ,622 . ,946 X26 107,53 120,187 ,590 . ,946 X27 107,40 119,547 ,575 . ,946 X28 107,58 122,333 ,520 . ,947 X29 107,60 121,829 ,530 . ,947 X30 107,41 119,940 ,622 . ,946 X31 107,35 119,101 ,677 . ,945 X32 107,55 121,424 ,547 . ,946 X33 107,59 120,701 ,543 . ,946 X34 107,41 118,636 ,684 . ,945 X35 107,54 120,990 ,550 . ,946 Scale Mean if Item Deleted Scale Variance if Item Deleted Corrected Item- Total Correlation Squared Multiple Correlation Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted Y01 43,86 16,165 ,458 ,471 ,807",
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"text": "524 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024",
"type": "Page header"
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"top": 739,
"width": 471,
"height": 28,
"page_number": 12,
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"text": "…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… .. Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge",
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"text": "Berdasarkan hasil pada tabel diatas diketahui bahwa semua item memiliki skor nilai Corrected Item-Total Correlation diatas 0,3 yang memiliki arti bahwa semua item variabel organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) diatas tidak terdapat item yang gugur dan layak digunakan dalam penelitian. Dengan indeks validitas yang bergerak dari 0,406 sampai 0,500.",
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"text": "Tabel 4. Reliabilitas Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) Cronbach's Alpha Cronbach's Alpha Based on Standardized Items N of Items ,820 ,828 15",
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"text": "Dari tabel diatas didapatkan nilai cronbach’s alpha sebesar 0,828 > 0,7 maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa skala organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) ini reliabel dan layak digunakan sebagai alat ukur penelitian.",
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"text": "2. Hasil Analisis Statistik Deskriptif",
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"text": "Analisis deskriptif digunakan untuk melihat gambaran data secara empiris berdasarkan data yang dikumpulkan dari jawaban responden sebagaimana adanya, berikut analisis data dari variabel budaya organisasi dan variabel organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) :",
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"text": "Y02 44,00 16,739 ,475 ,662 ,808 Y03 43,96 16,694 ,438 ,297 ,809 Y04 43,89 15,836 ,406 ,563 ,812 Y05 44,02 16,478 ,450 ,523 ,808 Y06 44,09 16,340 ,409 ,343 ,811 Y07 43,89 16,314 ,418 ,291 ,810 Y08 43,95 16,443 ,500 ,546 ,806 Y09 44,06 15,691 ,420 ,337 ,812 Y10 44,15 16,303 ,463 ,385 ,807 Y11 44,11 16,358 ,447 ,346 ,808 Y12 43,92 15,853 ,447 ,603 ,808 Y13 43,90 16,414 ,443 ,489 ,809 Y14 44,00 16,761 ,433 ,480 ,810 Y15 43,70 16,017 ,423 ,357 ,810",
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"page_height": 792,
"text": "525 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024",
"type": "Page header"
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"width": 469,
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"text": "…………………………………………………………………………………………………….......................................... ISSN 2798-3471 (Cetak)",
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"text": "Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
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"text": "Tabel 5. Hasil Analilsis Statistik Deskriptif",
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"text": "N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation Budaya Organisasi 93 77,00 134,00 110,7204 11,26206 Organizational Citizenship Behavior 93 33,00 56,00 47,1075 4,29728 Valid N (listwise) 93",
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"text": "Berdasarkan data analisis deskriptif diatas menunjukkan bahwa jawaban minimal variabel budaya organisasi dengan nilai 77, maksimal 134, mean 110,7204 dan standar deviasi (SD) 11,26206. Sedangkan untuk variabel organizational citizenship behavior menunjukkan nilai minimal sebesar 33, maksimal 56, mean 47,1075 dan standar deviasi (SD) 4,29728.",
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"text": "Tabel 6. Hasil Kategorisasi Budaya Organisasi No. Interval Kategori Frekuensi Persentase (%) Mean 1 X (>) 140,7 Sangat tinggi 0 0% 110,7204 2 105,5 (< X ≤) 140,7 Tinggi 60 64,5% 3 70,3 (<X≤) 105,5 Rendah 33 35,5% 4 X (≤) 70,3 Sangat rendah 0 0%",
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"text": "Berdasarkan tabel diatas, hasil kategorisasi variabel budaya organisasi pada karyawan bagian produksi PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya menunjukkan bahwa, karyawan bagian produksi PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya memiliki tingkat budaya organisasi dengan kategorisasi rendah sebanyak 33 orang (35,5%), sedangkan kategorisasi tinggi sebanyak 60 orang (64,5%). Berarti, tingkat budaya organisasi pada responden dalam penelitian ini mayoritas dan rata rata tergolong dalam kategori tinggi.",
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"text": "Tabel 7. Hasil Kategorisasi Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) No. Interval Kategori Frekuensi Persentase (%) Mean 1 X (>) 48,3 Sangat tinggi 35 37,6 47,1075 2 44,5 (< X ≤) 48, Tinggi 30 32,3 3 40,7 (<X≤) 44,5 Rendah 23 24,7 4 X (≤) 40,7 Sangat rendah 5 5,4",
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"left": 103,
"top": 641,
"width": 455,
"height": 84,
"page_number": 13,
"page_width": 612,
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"text": "Berdasarkan tabel diatas, hasil kategorisasi variabel organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) pada karyawan bagian produksi PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya menunjukkan bahwa, karyawan bagian produksi PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya memiliki tingkat budaya organisasi dengan kategorisasi sangat rendah sebanyak 5 orang (5,4%), pada kategorisasi rendah sebanyak 23 orang (24,7%), sedangkan kategorisasi tinggi sebanyak 30 orang (32,3%), dan kategorisasi sangat tinggi sebanyak 35 orang (37,6%).",
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"text": "526 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024",
"type": "Page header"
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"left": 57,
"top": 739,
"width": 471,
"height": 28,
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"text": "…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… .. Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge",
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"text": "Berarti, tingkat budaya organisasi pada responden dalam penelitian ini mayoritas tergolong dalam kategori sangat tinggi dan ratra-rata tergolong dalam kategori tinggi.",
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"text": "3. Uji One Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test",
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"text": "Tabel 8. Uji One Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test",
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"text": "Budaya Organisasi Organizational Citizenship Behavior N 93 93 Normal Parameters a,b Mean 110,7204 47,1075 Std. Deviation 11,26206 4,29728 Most Extreme Differences Absolute ,092 ,086 Positive ,092 ,086 Negative -,091 -,065 Test Statistic ,092 ,086 Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) ,051 c ,090 c",
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"text": "Model regresi yang baik mempunyai distribusi data secara normal ataupun dekat dengan normal yakni distribusi tidak ada penyimpangan ke kiri ataupun ke kanan. Dua variabel dinyatakan berdistribusikan normal bila nilai signifikansinya lebih besar dari 0,05. Berdasarkan hasil pengujian One Kolmogorov-Smirnov menggunakan program IBM SPSS statistics versi 23 diatas, didapatkan nilai signifikansi variabel budaya organisasi (X) sebesar 0,051 (p>0,05) dan nilai signifikansi organizational citizenship behavior (Y) sebesar 0,090 (p>0,05). Dengan hasil nilai signifikansi lebih dari 0,05 pada variabel budaya organisasi (X) dan variabel organizational citizenship behavior (Y) maka dapat dikatakan seluruh data dari semua aspek budaya organisasi dan organizational citizenship behavior berdistribusi normal.",
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"text": "4. Uji Linearitas Tabel 9. Uji Linearitas Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Organizational Citizenship Behavior * Budaya Organisasi Between Groups (Combined) 1307,214 23 56,835 10,012 ,000 Linearity 1161,705 1 1161,705 204,635 ,000 Deviation from Linearity 145,509 22 6,614 1,165 ,307 Within Groups 391,711 69 5,677 Total 1698,925 92",
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"text": "Uji linearitas digunakan untuk mengetahui apakah dua variabel memiliki hubungan secara signifikan atau tidak. Dalam penelitian, data yang baik seharusnya memiliki hubungan yang linear antara variabel independet (X) dan variabel dependent (Y). Dua variabel dinyatakan mempunyai hubungan yang linear yaitu jika p < 0,05. Berdasarkan hasil dari uji liearitas dengan menggunakan test for linearity dengan program IBM SPSS statistics versi 23 diperoleh nilai Deviation from Linearity sebesar 0,307 (p>0,05), maka dapat disimpulkan ada hubungan yang linear secara signifikan",
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"text": "527 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024",
"type": "Page header"
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"text": "…………………………………………………………………………………………………….......................................... ISSN 2798-3471 (Cetak)",
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"text": "Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
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"top": 767,
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"height": 14,
"page_number": 15,
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"text": "ISSN 2798-3641 (Online)",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
"left": 103,
"top": 109,
"width": 377,
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"text": "antara budaya organisasi (X) dan Organizational Citizenship Behavior (Y).",
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"text": "5. Uji Heteroskedastisitas",
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"text": "Tabel 10. Uji Heteroskedastisitas",
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"text": "Berdasarkan hasil pengujian glejser menggunakan program IBM SPSS statistics versi 23 pada tabel diatas didapatkan nilai signifikasi sebesar 0,536 > 0,05. Model regresi dikatakan baik jika nilai sig. > 0,05 yang memiliki arti homokedastisitas ataupun tidak heterokedastisitas. Dari hasil diatas maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa tidak terjadi gejala heterokedastisitas dalam penelitian ini.",
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"text": "6. Uji Linearitas Sederhana",
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"text": "Tabel 11. Uji Linearitas Sederhana Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t Sig. B Std. Error Beta 1 (Constant) 12,172 2,503 4,863 ,000 Budaya Organisasi ,316 ,022 ,827 14,028 ,000 a. Dependent Variable: Organizational Citizenship Behavior",
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"top": 490,
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"text": "Berdasarkan hasil analisis regresi linier sederhana menggunakan program IBM SPSS statistics versi 23 pada tabel diatas diperoleh nilai konstan dari Unstandardized Coefficients sebesar 12,172. Nilai dari Unstandardized Coefficients ini merupakan nilai Konstanta yang memiliki arti bahwa apabila tidak ada budaya organisasi (X) maka nilai konstan organizational citizenship behavior (Y) adalah sebesar 12,172.",
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"text": "b = Angka koefisien regresi, dimana pada tabel diatas diperoleh hasil sebesar 0,316. Angka ini memiliki arti bahwa setiap penambahan 1% peningkatan budaya organisasi (X), maka organizational citizenship behavior (Y) akan meningkat sebesar 0,316.",
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"text": "Sehingga persamaan regresi sebagai adalah :",
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"text": "Y = 12,172 + 0,316 X Tabel 12. Uji R Square Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate 1 ,827 a ,684 ,680 2,430 Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardize d Coefficients T Sig. B Std. Error Beta 1 (Constant) 2,773 1,816 1,527 ,130 Budaya Organisasi -,010 ,016 -,065 -,622 ,536",
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"top": 36,
"width": 264,
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"page_number": 16,
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"text": "528 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024",
"type": "Page header"
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{
"left": 57,
"top": 739,
"width": 471,
"height": 28,
"page_number": 16,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… .. Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge",
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"text": "ISSN 2798-3471 (Cetak) ISSN 2798-3641 (Online)",
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"text": "Berdasarkan hasil dari tabel uji regresi didapatkan nilai R square atau R 2 sebesar 0,684 yang berarti Budaya Organisasi (X) memiliki pengaruh sebesar 68,4% terhadap organizational citizenship behavior (Y), sedangkan 31,4% organizational citizenship behavior (Y) dipengaruhi oleh variabel lain yang tidak diteliti.",
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"text": "7. Uji Hipotesis Tabel 13. Uji Hipotesis Model Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F Sig. 1 Regression 1161,705 1 1161,705 196,782 ,000 b Residual 537,220 91 5,904 Total 1698,925 92",
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"text": "a. Dependent Variable: Organizational Citizenship Behavior b. Predictors: (Constant), Budaya Organisasi",
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"text": "a. Bila sig < 0,05 atau p<0.05 artinya ada pengaruh variabel X terhadap variabel Y.",
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{
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"top": 339,
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"text": "b. Bila sig > 0,05 atau p>0.05 artinya tidak ada pengaruh variabel X terhadap variabel Y.",
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{
"left": 75,
"top": 367,
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"height": 56,
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"text": "Berdasarkan output hasil perhitungan menggunakan program IBM SPSS statistics versi 23 diatas didapatkan nilai sigifikansi (sig.) variabel budaya organisasi (X) sebesar 0,000 < 0,05 atau p<0.05 sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa “Ada Pengaruh Budaya Organisasi (X) terhadap Organizational Citizenship Behavior (Y)”.",
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"text": "8. Uji Signifikansi Parameter Individu (Uji t) Tabel 14. Uji Signifikansi Parameter Individu (Uji t)",
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"text": "Berdasarkan output perhitungan menggunakan program IBM SPSS statistics versi 23 diatas diketahui nilai t hitung sebesar 14,028. Jika nilai t hitung > t tabel dan nilai signifikansi uji t < 0,05, maka dapat disimpulkan ada pengaruh budaya organisasi (X) terhadap OCB (Y). Sebaliknya jika t hitung < t tabel dan nilai signifikansi uji t > 0,05, maka dapat disimpulkan tidak ada pengaruh budaya organisasi (X) terhadap OCB (Y).",
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"text": "Rumus mencari t tabel : Nilai a/2 = 0,025 Derajad kebebasan (df) = n – 2 = 93 – 2 = 91 Nilai t tabel = 1,990 Nilai t hitung = 14,028 > 1,990",
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"text": "Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t Sig. B Std. Error Beta 1 (Constant) 12,172 2,503 4,863 ,000 Budaya Organisasi ,316 ,022 ,827 14,028 ,000",
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"text": "a. Dependent Variable: Organizational Citizenship Behavior",
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"text": "529 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024",
"type": "Page header"
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"text": "…………………………………………………………………………………………………….......................................... ISSN 2798-3471 (Cetak)",
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"text": "Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge",
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"text": "Dikarenakan nilai t hitung sebesar 14,028 lebih besar dari t tabel sebesar 1,990, maka dapat disimpulkan budaya organisasi memberikan pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap (X) terhadap Organizational Citizenship Behavior (Y). Pembahasan",
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"text": "Berdasarkan hasil uji hipotesis yang telah dilakukan menunjukkan budaya organisasi sebagai prediktor organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) di PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya. Hal tersebut ditunjukkan melalui hasil analisis regresi linier yaitu R 2 = 0,684;p<0.05. Hasil temuan tersebut disebabkan oleh beberapa kemungkinan. Pertama, sebagian karyawan di PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya menyatakan bahwa budaya organisasi menjadi pedoman mereka untuk dapat melakukan tugas dan tanggung jawab dalam mencapai organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Hal ini sejalan dengan penelitian yang dilakukan Setyawan & Sriathi (2020) yang menyatakan bahwa perilaku karyawan yang positif merupakan sebuah indikasi keberhasilan pembentukan budaya organisasi yang akan berimbas pada perilaku intra-role dan extra-role yaitu berupa OCB. Kedua , sebagian karyawan menganggap bahwa budaya organisasi memiliki nilai-nilai yang dapat membuat mereka bekerja dengan meningkatkan organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Pernyataan tersebut didukung penelitian Amanda (2017) yang menyatakan bahwa budaya organisasi merupakan suatu perangkat sistem nilai ( Values) , berbagai asumsi, keyakinan, ataupun kaidah yang sudah lama diberlakukan, disetujui serta diikuti oleh anggota-anggota dalam organisasi yang merupakan pedoman berperilaku serta penuntasan permasalahan organisasi. Ketika anggota organisasi paham serta berpedoman terhadap budaya organisasinya dapat memberikan arahan munculnya perilaku organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Pernyataan dari para ahli tersebut juga didukung dengan penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Ningsih (2020) yang menyatakan bahwa budaya organisasi berpengaruh terhadap organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) di Puskesmas Bromo yang menunjukkan pengaruh signifikan.",
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"text": "Berdasarkan hasil analisis regresi berdasarkan data Model Summary didapatkan nilai R Square sebesar 0,684 yang berarti Budaya Organisasi (X) memiliki pengaruh sebesar 68,4% terhadap organizational citizenship behavior (Y), sedangkan 31,4% organizational citizenship behavior (Y) dipengaruhi oleh variabel lain yang tidak diteliti. Hal ini menunjukkan meskipun sebagian besar organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) dipengaruhi budaya organisasi, namun masih ada faktor lain yang dapat mempengaruhi munculnya organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Menurut Organ (dalam Titisari, 2014) terdapat faktor - faktor yang dapat mempengaruhi perilaku organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) baik dari faktor internal seperti kepribadian, motivasi, kepuasan kerja, moral karyawan, komitmen organisasi maupun dari faktor eksternal seperti moral gaya kepemimpinan, kepercayaan kepada atasan dan budaya organisasi. Hasil ini sejalan dengan penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Setyawan & Sriathi (2020) yang menunjukkan adanya pengaruh signifikan budaya organisasi terhadap organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) sebesar 48,6% di Dinas Penanaman Modal dan PTSP Kabupaten Bandung, sedangkan 51,4% organizational citizenship behavior (Y) dipengaruhi oleh variabel lain yang tidak diteliti.",
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"text": "Menurut Organ (1988) budaya organisasi merupakan suatu kondisi awal yang memicu munculnya perilaku organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Oemar (2013) juga menyatakan ketika karyawan paham budaya organisasinya dengan baik akan membuat",
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"text": "530 JIRK Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Vol.4, No.2, Juli 2024",
"type": "Page header"
},
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"top": 739,
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"height": 28,
"page_number": 18,
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"page_height": 792,
"text": "…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… .. Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge",
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"text": "ISSN 2798-3471 (Cetak) ISSN 2798-3641 (Online)",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"text": "dirinya cenderung untuk terlibat pada kegiatan yang ada dalam organisasi dan dapat mengarahkan meningkatya perilaku organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Sehingga diharapkan budaya organisasi yang diterapkan mampu memberikan pengaruh yang signifikan bagi perusahaan melalui organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) pada setiap karyawan bagian produksi PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya.",
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{
"left": 57,
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"text": "Berdasarkan hasil analisis deskrptif pada kedua variabel dapat disimpulkan bahwa budaya organisasi pada karyawan bagian produksi PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya memiliki kategorisasi tinggi sebanyak 60 orang (64,5%) dan kategori rendah sebanyak 33 orang (35,5%). Sedangkan pada variabel organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) dapat disimpulkan bahwa karyawan bagian produksi di PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya memiliki organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) dengan kategorisasi sangat tinggi sebesar 35 orang (37,5%), kategorisasi tinggi sebesar 30 orang (32,3%), rendah sebesar 23 orang (24,7%), dan sangat rendah sebesar 5 orang (5,4%).",
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"text": "Berdasarkan kategorisasi pada data budaya organisasi dengan nilai mean sebesar 110,7204, dimana angka tersebut masuk dalam kategorisari tinggi. Maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa karyawan bagian produksi di PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya memiliki budaya organisasi yang tinggi. Sedangkan untuk organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) menunjukkan nilai mean sebesar 47,1075, dimana angka tersebut berada dalam kategorisasi tinggi. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa karyawan bagian produksi PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya memiliki organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) yang tinggi.",
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"text": "KESIMPULAN",
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"text": "Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dan pembahasan diatas dapat disimpulkan bahwa budaya organisasi (X) merupakan prediktor organizational citizenship behavior (Y) pada karyawan produksi di PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya. Dimana semakin baik budaya organisasi dalam sebuah perusahaan dapat meningkatkan serta memunculkan perilaku organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) pada karyawan produksi di PT. Primayudha Mandirijaya.",
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"text": "SARAN",
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"text": "1. Bagi Perusahaan",
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"text": "Pihak perusahaan khususnya pada bagian HRD dapat memberikan pemahaman lebih dalam mengenai budaya organisasinya kepada karyawan untuk meningkatkan perilaku organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) sehingga dapat muncul dan berkembang dengan baik. Hal tersebut dapat dilakukan melalui diskusi, konsultasi dan atau pelatihan dalam mengembangkan budaya organisasi.",
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"text": "2. Bagi Karyawan",
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{
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"text": "Bagi karyawan diharapkan untuk dapat mengimplementasikan budaya organisasi sebagai dasar mereka bekerja untuk mengembangkan perilaku organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Hal tersebut dapat dilakukan melalui diskusi atau konsultasi dengan sesama rekan kerjanya serta atasan mereka.",
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"text": "3. Bagi Peneliti Selanjutnya",
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"text": "[1] Amanda, E. A., Budiwibowo, S., & Amah, N. (2017). Pengaruh Budaya Organisasi Terhadap Kinerja Karyawan di PDAM Tirta Taman Sari Kota Madiun. Jurnal Akuntansi Dan Pendidikan , 6 (1), 1 – 12. https://doi.org/http://doi.org/10.25273/jap.v6i1.1289",
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"text": "Briket adalah produk hasil proses pemadatan residu biomassa yang digunakan sebagai bahan bakar dan dicetak dengan menggunakan perekat. Briket dari biomassa memiliki nilai kalor yang tinggi. Faktor yang mempengaruhi kualitas briket adalah komposisi bahan baku dan waktu karbonisasi. Proses karbonisasi dalam pembuatan briket dapat menambah nilai kalor dan mengurangi asap yang dihasilkan dari pembakaran briket. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji pengaruh variasi komposisi bahan baku pembuatan briket dan waktu karbonisasi terhadap nilai kalor dan untuk mengetahui karakteristik briket yang dihasilkan. Bahan-bahan yang digunakan adalah pelepah kelapa sawit, cangkang kelapa sawit, tepung kanji, oli bekas, H 2 SO 4 dan Tri Ethyl Amine (TEA). Variabel berubah dalam penelitian ini adalah rasio pelepah dan cangkang kelapa sawit yaitu 1:2, 1:4, 1:6, dan 1:8 serta waktu karbonisasi yaitu 30 menit, 60 menit, 90 menit dan 120 menit. Penelitian ini dimulai dengan melakukan proses karbonisasi pada bahan baku, setelah itu arang hasil karbonisasi yang telah halus dicetak menggunakan perekat tepung kanji dan oli bekas dengan konsentrasi 20% berat bahan baku pada perbandingan 1:1. Hasil penelitian terbaik diperoleh pada perbandingan pelepah dan cangkang kelapa sawit 1:8 dengan waktu karbonisasi 120 menit, yaitu dengan nilai kalor sebesar 15107,138 kal/g, kadar air 6%, kadar abu 5,185%, kadar volatile matter 39,226%, kadar fixed carbon 50,169%, kerapatan 0,442 g/cm 3 , laju pembakaran 0,273 g/menit, kekuatan tekan 0,046 N/mm 2 . Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa briket yang dihasilkan memiliki karakteristik yang bagus, struktur yang kuat dan tidak mudah hancur serta tidak berjamur bila disimpan.",
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"text": "Kata Kunci : briket, pelepah kelapa sawit, cangkang kelapa sawit, karbonisasi, nilai kalor",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Abstract",
"type": "Section header"
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"top": 453,
"width": 350,
"height": 184,
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"text": "Briquette was a product of the compaction process of biomass residue used as fuel and it is formed using binder. Briquette from biomass has a high heating value. The quality of briquettes influenced by raw material composition and the time of carbonization. The carbonization process in the manufacture of briquettes could improve heating value and reduce smoke produced from burning briquette. This research is aim to study the effect of variations in the composition of raw materials and carbonization time on the heating value and the characteristics of the resulting briquettes. The materials used are palm fronds, palm shells, starch, used oil, H 2 SO 4 and Tri Ethyl Amine (TEA). The ratios of palm frond and palm shell charcoal in this research is 1: 2, 1: 4, 1: 6 and 1: 8 with variation of carbonization time 30 minutes, 60 minutes, 90 minutes and 120 minutes. The research began with the carbonization process of the raw materials. Then charcoal product of carbonization was pressed using an binder starch and used oil as much as 20% based on the weight of raw materials at the ratio of 1: 1. The best quality from this research is obtained at the ratio palm fronds and oil palm shell 1: 8 with carbonization time of 120 minutes, heating value 15107,138 cal/g, moisture content 6%, ash content of 5,185%, volatile matter 39,226%, fixed carbon 70,955%, density 0,442 g/cm 3 , burning rate 0,273 g/min, and compressive strength 0,046 N / mm 2 . The result shows the briquettes produced had a strong structure, it was not easily broken and it was not moldy when stored.",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"top": 649,
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"text": "Keywords : briquette, palm fronds, palm shell, carbonization, heating value",
"type": "Text"
},
{
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"top": 671,
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"page_number": 1,
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"text": "Pendahuluan",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 682,
"width": 204,
"height": 78,
"page_number": 1,
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"text": "Energi merupakan hal yang sangat penting bagi manusia sebagai penyedia kebutuhan seperti pencahayaan dan memasak. Sumber energi yang dibutuhkan saat ini meliputi tenaga air, panas bumi, biomassa, surya, dan angin, telah meningkat selama bertahun-tahun di berbagai negara. Tercatat bahwa energi biomassa sekitar",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 323,
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"height": 32,
"page_number": 1,
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"text": "14% dari total energi dunia dibandingkan batubara (12%), gas alam (15%) dan energi listrik (14%) [13].",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 323,
"top": 705,
"width": 204,
"height": 55,
"page_number": 1,
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"text": "Biomassa adalah istilah yang digunakan untuk menggambarkan semua bahan organik yang ada di permukaan bumi seperti halnya kayu, rumput laut, limbah dari kotoran hewan dan lain- lain yang dapat digunakan sebagai energi [3].",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 186,
"top": 38,
"width": 237,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 2,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU, Vol. 5, No. 3 (September 2016)",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 515,
"top": 783,
"width": 13,
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"page_number": 2,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "32",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 87,
"width": 204,
"height": 20,
"page_number": 2,
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"text": "Biomassa bersifat ramah lingkungan, bersih, murah dan berguna sebagai bahan bakar [23].",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 85,
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"height": 113,
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"text": "Kandungan energi yang ada dalam biomassa cukup tinggi, yaitu antara 4.000-5.000 kkal/kg. Oleh karena itu saat ini sumber energi alternatif dari biomassa sedang banyak diteliti dan dikembangkan karena sifatnya yang mudah diperoleh, dapat diperbaharui secara cepat, dan kandungan energinya yang cukup tinggi [24]. Indonesia diperkirakan memproduksi sekitar 146.700.000 ton biomassa per tahun, setara dengan 470 GJ/tahun [9].",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 225,
"width": 204,
"height": 101,
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"text": "Biobriket merupakan batangan arang yang terbuat dari arang limbah organik yang telah dicetak sedemikian rupa yang memiliki nilai kalor yang tinggi [5]. Biobriket banyak dimanfaatkan di negara-negara Asia bagian selatan seperti Indonesia, India, dan Thailand. Biobriket merupakan salah satu alternatif pemanfaatan limbah guna meningkatkan nilai tambah limbah hasil pertanian [25].",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "Teori",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 352,
"width": 204,
"height": 78,
"page_number": 2,
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"text": "Kelapa sawit merupakan bahan lignoselulosa yang kaya karbohidrat dalam bentuk pati dan gula serta mengandung selulosa, hemiselulosa dan lignin [18]. Saat ini Indonesia memiliki potensi besar untuk memanfaatkan produk samping kelapa sawit sebagai sumber energi terbarukan [15].",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 85,
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"text": "Kandungan zat-zat nutrisi pelepah dan daun sawit adalah bahan kering 48,78%, protein kasar 5,3%, hemiselulosa 21,1%, selulosa 27,9%, serat kasar 31,09%, abu 4,48%, lignin 16,9% dan silika 0,6% [1].",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 85,
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"text": "Cangkang kelapa sawit adalah biomassa dengan nilai kalori yang tinggi, biasanya sekitar 3.800 Kcal/kg [14]. Karakteristik fisika dan kimia yang terkandung dalam cangkang kelapa sawit dapat dilihat pada tabel 1.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "Tabel 1. Karakteristik Fisika dan Kimia Cangkang Kelapa Sawit [12]",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 577,
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"text": "Sifat Parameter Nilai ar db Fisika Kadar abu (%) 6,11 - Kadar air (%) 8,68 Kerapatan (kg/m 3 ) 740 9,24 Porositas (%) 28 650 Kimia C (%) 46,75 49,79 H (%) 5,92 5,56 O (%) 37,97 34,66 N (%) 0,68 0,72 S (%) < 0,08 < 0,08 Cl (ppm) 84 89 Struktur Karbohidrat Hemiselulosa(%) 26,16 Selulosa(%) 6,92 Lignin(%) 53,85 *ar : as received *db : dry basis",
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{
"left": 323,
"top": 85,
"width": 204,
"height": 69,
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"text": "Proses “ briquetting ” adalah perubahan bentuk secara fisik pada bahan baku yang sebagian besar berasal dari limbah pertanian menjadi briket sebagai bahan bakar dengan proses pemadatan [19]. Proses dasar pembuatan briket dapat dilihat pada gambar 1.",
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{
"left": 323,
"top": 156,
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"height": 67,
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"text": "Secara umum, bahan bakar briket memiliki karakteristik energi yang baik seperti densitas yang tinggi dan nilai kalor yang tinggi [21]. Karakteristik energi adalah parameter yang penting ketika membandingkan briket dengan bahan bakar lain [4].",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "Gambar 1. Proses Dasar Pembuatan Briket",
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{
"left": 323,
"top": 419,
"width": 204,
"height": 67,
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"text": "Secara umum, bahan bakar briket memiliki karakteristik energi yang baik seperti densitas yang tinggi dan nilai kalor yang tinggi [21]. Karakteristik energi adalah parameter yang penting ketika membandingkan briket dengan bahan bakar lain [4].",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 323,
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"text": "Standar mutu briket arang kayu untuk bahan baku kayu kulit keras, dan batok kelapa/ tempurung kelapa dapat dilihat pada tabel 2.",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"text": "Tabel 2. Standar Mutu Briket Arang [20]",
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"text": "No. Parameter Kadar 1. Kadar air Maksimal 8% 2. Kadar abu Maksimal 8% 3. Kadar volatile matter Maksimal 15%",
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"text": "4. Nilai kalori Minimal 5000 kal/g",
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{
"left": 323,
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"text": "Karbonisasi adalah proses pemecahan/ peruraian selulosa menjadi karbon pada suhu berkisar 275 o C [18]. Dengan proses karbonisasi, nilai kalor yang dihasilkan dapat mencapai 25-30 MJ/kg, sedangkan proses non karbonisasi hanya menghasilkan nilai kalor sekitar 15 MJ/kg [11].",
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"text": "Briket biomassa dapat diproses pada suhu kamar dan tekanan sedang dengan menekan biomassa menggunakan perekat. Perekat dapat dibedakan menjadi dua kategori yaitu [8]:",
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"text": "1. Perekat anorganik Contoh dari perekat organik di antaranya",
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{
"left": 344,
"top": 745,
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"text": "c lay (lempung), getah karet, getah pinus.",
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"page_number": 3,
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"text": "Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU, Vol. 5, No. 3 (September 2016)",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 515,
"top": 783,
"width": 13,
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"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "33",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
"left": 85,
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"height": 32,
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"text": "2. Perekat organik Contoh dari perekat organik di antaranya tepung kanji, molase dan parafin.",
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{
"left": 85,
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"text": "Metodologi Penelitian",
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 151,
"width": 205,
"height": 78,
"page_number": 3,
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"text": "Bahan-bahan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu pelepah dan cangkang kelapa sawit, aquadest , tepung kanji, oli bekas, asam sulfat (H 2 SO 4 ) dan tri ethyl amine (TEA). Sedangkan peralatan yang digunakan antara lain furnace , ball mill, ayakan, alat pencetak briket ( hydraulic press ), bomb calorimeter , dan",
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"left": 85,
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"text": "Selvopulser Testing Machine.",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 243,
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"text": "Proses pembuatan arang briket dimulai dengan pemotongan bahan baku pelepah dan cangkang kelapa sawit, setelah itu dimasukkan ke dalam furnace dengan suhu 450 o C selama 30 menit, 60 menit, 90 menit dan 120 menit dan dilakukan proses karbonisasi. Arang hasil proses karbonisasi kemudian dihaluskan menggunakan ball mill dan diayak menggunakan ayakan 100 mesh . Variasi perbandingan serbuk arang pelepah dan cangkang kelapa sawit yaitu 1:2; 1:4; 1:6; 1:8. Serbuk arang yang telah halus ditimbang dengan berat total 50 g dan disesuaikan dengan perbandingan yang telah ditentukan, setelah itu dicampurkan perekat tepung kanji dan oli bekas dengan konsentrasi 20% berat bahan baku dan perbandingan 1:1. Campuran tersebut dicetak menggunakan alat hydraulic press dengan tekanan kempa sebesar 105 kg/cm 2 . Briket yang sudah dicetak di masukkan ke dalam oven dan dikeringkan selama 3 jam dengan suhu 105 o C. Kualitas briket dari masing-masing perlakuan diuji berdasarkan ASTM dan mengacu kepada SNI 01-6235-2000 yang meliputi kadar air, kadar abu, kadar zat terbang, kadar karbon terikat, dan nilai kalori.",
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"text": "Hasil",
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"left": 85,
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"page_number": 3,
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"text": "Analisis Kadar Air Briket Analisis ini dilakukan mengacu kepada ASTM D3173-03-2003. Pengaruh waktu karbonisasi terhadap kadar air briket dapat dilihat pada gambar 2.",
"type": "Table"
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{
"left": 85,
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"height": 20,
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"text": "Gambar 2. Pengaruh Waktu Karbonisasi terhadap Kadar Air Briket",
"type": "Caption"
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{
"left": 323,
"top": 87,
"width": 204,
"height": 216,
"page_number": 3,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Pada gambar 2 terlihat bahwa kadar air briket pada masing-masing perlakuan mengalami penurunan seiring dengan penambahan waktu karbonisasi. Hal ini dikarenakan pada proses karbonisasi yang semakin lama terjadi proses penguapan air dan penguraian dari komponen yang terdapat di dalam cangkang dan pelepah kelapa sawit yaitu selulosa, hemiselulosa dan lignin. Selain itu, arang hasil dari proses karbonisasi mempunyai kemampuan menyerap air yang besar dari udara di sekelilingnya yang dipengaruhi oleh luas permukaan dan pori-pori arang dari briket tersebut. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa nilai kadar air pada perbandingan bahan baku 1:2 dengan waktu karbonisasi 30 dan 60 menit dan perbandingan 1:4 dengan waktu karbonisasi 30 menit masih belum memenuhi SNI (maksimal 8%) [27].",
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"left": 323,
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"text": "Analisis Kadar Abu Briket",
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"left": 323,
"top": 323,
"width": 205,
"height": 44,
"page_number": 3,
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"text": "Analisis ini dilakukan mengacu kepada ASTM D3172-07a-2007. Pengaruh waktu karbonisasi terhadap kadar abu briket dapat dilihat pada gambar 3.",
"type": "Text"
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"left": 323,
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"text": "Gambar 3. Pengaruh Waktu Karbonisasi terhadap Kadar Abu Briket",
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"left": 323,
"top": 527,
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"height": 112,
"page_number": 3,
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"text": "Dari gambar 3 terlihat bahwa kadar abu briket pada masing-masing perlakuan mengalami kenaikan seiring dengan penambahan waktu karbonisasi. Peningkatan kadar abu dipengaruhi oleh waktu karbonisasi. Menurut hasil penelitian yang telah dilakukan Junary bahwa semakin lama waktu karbonisasi maka kadar abu pada briket semakin bertambah karena karbon akan habis terbakar dan menyisakan abu yang merupakan hasil sisa pembakaran [6].",
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"text": "Merujuk pada tabel 2, maka kandungan abu dalam briket yang dibuat telah memenuhi standar SNI (maksimal 8%) [20].",
"type": "Text"
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"left": 323,
"top": 682,
"width": 205,
"height": 55,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Analisis Kadar Zat Menguap (Volatile Matter) Analisis ini dilakukan mengacu kepada ASTM D3172-07a-2007. Pengaruh waktu karbonisasi terhadap kadar zat menguap dapat dilihat pada gambar 4.",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"text": "0 2 4 6 8 10 12 30 60 90 120 K a d a r A ir (% ) Waktu Karbonisasi (Menit) 1 : 2 1 : 4 1 : 6 1 : 8 0 2 4 6 30 60 90 120 K ad ar A b u ( % ) Waktu Karbonisasi (Menit) 1 : 2 1 : 4 1 : 6 1 : 8",
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"text": "Rasio P:C Rasio P:C",
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"width": 237,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 4,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU, Vol. 5, No. 3 (September 2016)",
"type": "Page header"
},
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"left": 515,
"top": 783,
"width": 13,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "34",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 207,
"width": 204,
"height": 20,
"page_number": 4,
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"text": "Gambar 4. Pengaruh Waktu Karbonisasi terhadap Kadar Zat Menguap Briket",
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"left": 85,
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"width": 204,
"height": 32,
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"text": "Pada gambar 4 dapat dilihat bahwa kadar zat menguap briket pada masing-masing perlakuan mengalami penurunan seiring",
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"text": "dengan",
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"text": "penambahan waktu karbonisasi. Menurut",
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"left": 85,
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"height": 66,
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"text": "Borowski semakin lama waktu karbonisasi maka kadar volatil pada briket semakin berkurang. Hal ini dikarenakan pada saat proses karbonisasi, terjadi pelepasan senyawa volatil dalam bentuk gas atau asap sehingga meninggalkan residu gas karbon atau arang [2].",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 85,
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"text": "Dari hasil penelitian yang diperoleh dapat disimpulkan bahwa nilai kadar volatile matter pada briket masih belum memenuhi standar SNI (maksimal 15%) [20]. Hal ini disebabkan komposisi dari komponen organik biomassa berupa C, H, dan O serta sebagian kecil S dan N yang sangat mempengaruhi karakteristik pembakaran sebagai massa total dari keseluruhan bahan yang berkurang selama pembakaran saat menentukan kadar volatile sehingga kadar volatile pada biomassa semakin meningkat saat dicampurkan dengan biomassa lain. Hal ini juga diperkuat oleh adanya perekat oli bekas yang memiliki komponen zat terbang yang mudah terbakar seperti N 2 , CO dan H 2 O yang menguap saat dilakukan pembakaran.",
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 541,
"width": 192,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Analisis Kadar Karbon Terikat (Fixed Carbon)",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 106,
"top": 552,
"width": 183,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Analisis ini dilakukan mengacu kepada",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 564,
"width": 205,
"height": 32,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "ASTM D3172-07a-2007. Pengaruh waktu karbonisasi terhadap kadar karbon terikat dapat dilihat pada gambar 5.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 736,
"width": 204,
"height": 21,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Gambar 5. Pengaruh Waktu Karbonisasi terhadap Kadar Karbon Terikat Briket",
"type": "Caption"
},
{
"left": 323,
"top": 87,
"width": 206,
"height": 78,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Pada gambar 5 terlihat bahwa kadar fixed carbon briket pada masing-masing perlakuan mengalami kenaikan seiring dengan penambahan waktu karbonisasi. Kadar karbon terikat pada setiap variasi waktu karbonisasi dapat dilihat semakin meningkat seiring dengan bertambahnya perbandingan pelepah dan cangkang kelapa sawit.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 323,
"top": 168,
"width": 204,
"height": 112,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Menurut Rustini bahwa dengan penambahan cangkang kelapa sawit mampu meningkatkan kadar karbon terikat pada briket yaitu sebesar 5,195% [17]. Peningkatan kadar karbon terikat ini dikarenakan adanya kandungan zat-zat karbohidrat yaitu selulosa pada cangkang dan pelepah kelapa sawit yang merupakan salah satu sumber dari unsur karbon dalam briket. Semakin tinggi kadar karbon terikat bahan, maka pembakaran biobriket akan semakin baik.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 323,
"top": 283,
"width": 204,
"height": 78,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Berdasarkan standar mutu SNI dapat disimpulkan bahwa nilai kadar fixed carbon pada briket dengan perbandingan bahan baku 1:8 dengan variasi waktu karbonisasi 60 menit, 90 menit dan 120 menit dan perbandingan 1:6 dengan waktu 120 menit telah memenuhi standar yaitu minimal 65% [27].",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 323,
"top": 369,
"width": 120,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Analisis Kerapatan (Density)",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 323,
"top": 381,
"width": 204,
"height": 32,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Analisis ini dilakukan mengacu kepada ASTM D2395-14. Pengaruh waktu karbonisasi terhadap kerapatan dapat dilihat pada gambar 6.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 323,
"top": 542,
"width": 204,
"height": 21,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Gambar 6. Pengaruh Waktu Karbonisasi terhadap Kerapatan Briket",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 323,
"top": 571,
"width": 204,
"height": 113,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Pada gambar 6 dapat dilihat bahwa kerapatan briket pada masing-masing perlakuan mengalami penurunan seiring dengan penambahan waktu karbonisasi. Tetapi nilai yang diberikan pada gambar di atas tidak memberikan perbedaan yang terlalu jauh pada pengaruh waktu karbonisasi hal ini dikarenakan kerapatan dari briket ditentukan oleh rasio massa dan volume masing-masing sampel dari briket yang dihasilkan.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 323,
"top": 686,
"width": 204,
"height": 78,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Pada penelitian ini tekstur arang dari pelepah kelapa sawit yang dihasilkan cenderung lebih halus dan lembut dibandingkan arang cangkang kelapa sawit. Menurut Kahariayadi semakin halus partikel bahan baku briket yang digunakan maka nilai kerapatannya akan semakin tinggi karena ikatan-ikatan antar bahan semakin bagus [7].",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 93,
"top": 87,
"width": 431,
"height": 643,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "0 10 20 30 40 50 30 60 90 120 V o lat il e M at te r (% ) Waktu Karbonisasi (Menit) 1 : 2 1 : 4 1 : 6 1 : 8 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 30 60 90 120 F ix e d C a r b o n ( % ) Waktu Karbonisasi (Menit) 1 : 2 1 : 4 1 : 6 1 : 8 0,0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 30 60 90 120 K er ap at an ( g/ cm 3 ) Waktu Karbonisasi (Menit) 1 : 2 1 : 4 1 : 6 1 : 8",
"type": "Picture"
},
{
"left": 125,
"top": 92,
"width": 36,
"height": 8,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Rasio P:C",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 119,
"top": 605,
"width": 39,
"height": 8,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Rasio P:C",
"type": "Caption"
},
{
"left": 368,
"top": 422,
"width": 39,
"height": 8,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Rasio P:C",
"type": "Picture"
},
{
"left": 186,
"top": 38,
"width": 237,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU, Vol. 5, No. 3 (September 2016)",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 515,
"top": 783,
"width": 13,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "35",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 87,
"width": 205,
"height": 44,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang diperoleh, perbedaan kerapatan briket pada setiap perbandingan bahan baku dengan waktu karbonisasi 0,00028 g/cm 3 atau sekitar 0,028%.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 139,
"width": 109,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Analisis Laju Pembakaran",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 151,
"width": 204,
"height": 20,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Pengaruh waktu karbonisasi terhadap laju pembakaran dapat dilihat pada gambar 7.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 309,
"width": 204,
"height": 20,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Gambar 7. Pengaruh Waktu Karbonisasi terhadap Laju Pembakaran Briket",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 337,
"width": 204,
"height": 147,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Pada gambar 7 terlihat bahwa laju pembakaran briket pada masing-masing perlakuan mengalami kenaikan seiring dengan penambahan waktu karbonisasi. Salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi laju pembakaran suatu briket adalah kadar karbon terikat yang terkandung pada briket tersebut, dimana semakin tinggi kadar karbon terikat maka pembakaran biobriket akan semakin baik [24]. Hal ini dikarenakan semakin banyaknya unsur karbon dalam suatu bahan, maka semakin banyak pula karbon yang bereaksi dengan oksigen dan menghasilkan pembakaran yang semakin baik.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 487,
"width": 205,
"height": 89,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Hal yang sama juga telah dilaporkan oleh Martin bahwa salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi laju pembakaran adalah komposisi kimia yang terkandung pada bahan baku biomassa berupa kandungan karbon terikat dan zat menguap, sehingga dengan mencampurkan biomassa dapat meningkatkan laju pembakaran [10].",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 585,
"width": 83,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Analisis Nilai Kalor",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 596,
"width": 204,
"height": 32,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Analisis ini dilakukan mengacu kepada ASTM D1989-97. Pengaruh waktu karbonisasi terhadap nilai kalor dapat dilihat pada gambar 8.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 749,
"width": 204,
"height": 21,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Gambar 8. Pengaruh Waktu Karbonisasi terhadap Nilai Kalor Briket",
"type": "Caption"
},
{
"left": 323,
"top": 87,
"width": 204,
"height": 147,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Pada gambar 8 dapat dilihat bahwa nilai kalor briket pada masing-masing perlakuan mengalami kenaikan seiring dengan penambahan waktu karbonisasi. Menurut Junary bahwa semakin lama waktu karbonisasi maka kadar air yang dihasilkan akan semakin rendah dan nilai kalor akan semakin tinggi karena kadar air berbanding terbalik terhadap nilai kalor [6]. Hal ini disebabkan oleh nilai kalor yang terkandung pada cangkang kelapa sawit cukup tinggi yaitu 3800 Kcal/kg [14] dan juga dipengaruhi oleh perekat yang digunakan yaitu oli bekas yang memiliki nilai kalor sebesar 45814,74 kJ/kg [26].",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 323,
"top": 237,
"width": 204,
"height": 78,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Semakin sempurna proses karbonisasi maka nilai kalor semakin tinggi. Hal ini disebabkan karena reaksi oksidasi pada proses karbonisasi mampu menghasilkan panas. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa nilai kalor yang terkandung pada briket telah sesuai dengan standar mutu SNI (≥ 5000 kal/g) [20].",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"top": 323,
"width": 84,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Analisis Kuat Tekan",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 323,
"top": 335,
"width": 204,
"height": 32,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Pengaruh waktu karbonisasi terhadap kekuatan tekan briket dapat dilihat pada gambar 9.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 323,
"top": 503,
"width": 204,
"height": 21,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Gambar 9. Pengaruh Waktu Karbonisasi terhadap Kuat Tekan Briket",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 323,
"top": 532,
"width": 204,
"height": 90,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Pada gambar 9 terlihat bahwa nilai kalor briket pada masing-masing perlakuan mengalami kenaikan seiring dengan penambahan waktu karbonisasi. Kekuatan tekan pada briket dipengaruhi oleh campuran bahan baku pada pembuatan briket, semakin banyak jumlah campuran yang digunakan maka kuat tekan briket akan semakin tinggi.",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"top": 624,
"width": 204,
"height": 101,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Menurut Wijayanti bahwa dengan penambahan cangkang kelapa sawit maka kekompakan briket bertambah sehingga keteguhan tekan juga bertambah. Hal ini juga dikarenakan kandungan biomassa pada pelepah dan cangkang kelapa sawit berupa residu lignoselulosa yang mengandung selulosa, hemiselulosa, dan lignin dalam dinding sel kelapa sawit tersebut [25].",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 323,
"top": 728,
"width": 204,
"height": 32,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Berdasarkan gambar diatas dapat dilihat bahwa kenaikan kuat tekan briket disebabkan karena variasi perbandingan bahan baku pelepah",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "0,00 0,05 0,10 0,15 0,20 0,25 0,30 30 60 90 120 L aj u P em b ak ar an (g/ m en it ) Waktu Karbonisasi (Menit) 1 : 2 1 : 4 1 : 6 1 : 8",
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{
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"top": 180,
"width": 427,
"height": 565,
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"text": "0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 30 60 90 120 N il a i K a lo r ( k k a l/ g r ) Waktu Karbonisasi (Menit) 1 : 2 1 : 4 1 : 6 1 : 8 0,00 0,05 0,10 0,15 0,20 0,25 0,30 0,35 30 60 90 120 Co m p re ss iv e S tr e n g th (N /m m 2 ) Waktu Karbonisasi (Menit) 1 : 2 1 : 4 1 : 6 1 : 8 Rasio P:C",
"type": "Picture"
},
{
"left": 126,
"top": 637,
"width": 39,
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"text": "Rasio P:C",
"type": "Caption"
},
{
"left": 371,
"top": 375,
"width": 34,
"height": 7,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Rasio P:C",
"type": "Picture"
},
{
"left": 186,
"top": 38,
"width": 237,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU, Vol. 5, No. 3 (September 2016)",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 515,
"top": 783,
"width": 13,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "36",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 87,
"width": 204,
"height": 67,
"page_number": 6,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "dan cangkang kelapa sawit yang semakin besar sehingga kandungan lignin dan selulosa semakin tinggi. Kandungan lignin dan selulosa pada cangkang kelapa sawit sebesar 53,85% dan 6,92% dan pelepah kelapa sawit mengandung lignin 23,40% dan selulosa 27,9% [12, 22].",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"text": "Dapat dikatakan bahwa briket belum memenuhi standar yang diterima untuk industri yaitu 0,38 N/mm 2 – 1,0 N/mm 2 [16]. Hal ini dapat disebabkan karena briket yang dihasilkan memiliki kerapatan yang cukup rendah sehingga briket akan menjadi lebih rapuh.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
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"top": 231,
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"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Kesimpulan",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 243,
"width": 204,
"height": 89,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Berdasarkan analisis yang telah dilakukan maka diperoleh briket terbaik dengan kadar air sebesar 6%, kadar abu sebesar 1,105%, kadar volatil sebesar 21,693%, kadar karbon terikat sebesar 50,169%, kerapatan sebesar 0,518 g/cm 3 , Laju pembakaran sebesar 0,273 g/menit, Nilai kalor sebesar 15107,138 kal/g dan kuat tekan sebesar 0,285 N/mm 2 .",
"type": "Text"
},
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"text": "Daftar Pustaka",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 87,
"top": 358,
"width": 202,
"height": 55,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
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"type": "List item"
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"text": "Penelitian ini bernrjuan untuk (1) untuk mengetahui hubungan audit operasional dan pengendalian intern (2) untuk mengeOfrri p\"ngu*h AudiI operasional dan pengendalian intern secara parsial",
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"text": "*uuprn simultan t.r[uJup efisieiri biaya produksi pada perusahaan manufaktur di Tasixmalaya' tutetode penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif analitis ciengan pendekatan survey'.Alat analisis yang digunakun uaii-ut analisis korelasi untuk melihat hubungan antara audit operasional dengan i.n!.rautiun intern pada perusahaan manufaktur di Tasikmalaya dan dengan regresi linier metode Path Analysis untuk mengetahui pengaruh audit operasional dan pengendalian intemtaik secara parsial maupun ,\".u.u ii.ultan terhadap efisiensi biaya produlsi pada perusahean manufaktur di Tasikmalaya. Dengan taraf signifikansi (cr) yang digunakan sebesar 0'05' hasil fenelitian menunjukkan Uut*u (literdapat trubungan yang kuat antara audit operasional-dengan pengendatian intirn pada p\"ruruhu* minufaktur di Tasikmala>'a; (2) audit operasional .secara parsial berpengaruh ,ignif,Lun terhadap efisiensi bial'a produksi pada perusahaan manufaktur di Tasikmalaya; (3) pengendalian intern secara parsial berpengaruh signifikan terhadap. efisiensi biaya produksi pada perusahaan manufaktur di Tasikmalal'4 dan (4) audit operasional dan pengendalian intern secara simultan berpengaruh signifikan terhadap efisiensi bial''a produksi pada perusahaan manufaktur di Tasikmalaya.",
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"text": "Lingkungan dunia usaha selalu berubah seirins dengan perkembangan zaman yang terus menerus. Perubahan ini pada akhirnya akan membau'a pengaru-h terhadap kondisi perekonomian Indonesia yang semakin terbuka sehingga menyebabkan semal<in ketatnya persaingan antar badan usaha. Kondisi ini menyebabkan semii penghasil barang dan jasa menghadapi lingkungan yang semakin kompetitif dan menuntt t efisienii tinggi dalam penggunaan sumber daya secara ekonomis.",
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"text": "Tuntutan untuk lebih efisien, inovatif dan konsisten dalam melakulian kegiatan merupakan keputusan yang harus dipenuhi. Semua ini alcan tercapai apabila penyimpan-gan- p.nyi.npungun dapat ait.ti, serendah mungkin, dan jika mungkin dapat dihapuskan' Pada momentum inilah peranan internal audit dipirlukan dan diharapkan mampu menjawab setiap permasalahan yang terjadi. Selain melakukarpengau'asan terhadap attivitas yang dilak:ukan oleh personil dalam suatu badan usaha, departemen intemal audit juga diharapkan dapat. memberi rekomendasi utus p.o1,i.pangan yang ^telah dilalcrkan- Departemen internal audit ini haruslah bersifat independen, artinya d-.part.men intemal audit mempunl'ai akses untuk masuk kesemua bidang yang ada dalam usaha tersebut. Independensi ini penting untuk mernbatasi pengaruh departemen lain agar auditor dapat melaksanakin pekerjaann,va secara bebas dan obleltif' Bebas uiiny,u tidak ada paksaan dan tidak ada pengaruh dari piha-k iain dalam melakukan pemeriksaan'",
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"text": "Di Tasikmalaya saat ini banyak terdapat perusahaan diantara perusahaan manufaktur. Perusahaan yang tergabung dalam industri manufaktur adalah perusahaan yang kegiatannya membeli bahan baku, mengolah bahan baku kemudian menjualnya. Oleh karena inr, perusahaan manufaktur membutuhkan mesin-mesin, peralatan, kendaraan dan lain sebagainl'a yang dibutuhkan untuk memperlancar dan menunjang kelancaran usaha. Seiring dengan perkembangan perusahaan, pihak pemilik perusahaan biasanya tidak terjun langsung dalam aktivitas operasi perusahaan melainkan didelegasikan kepada pihak professional yang dalam hal ini disebut manajemen. Demikian pula halnya dengan industri manufaktur, pihak perusahaan selain pemilik perusahaan tidak terjun langsung menjalankan kegiatan perusahaan tetapi menyerahkan pengelolaannya kepada pihak yang dianggap professional. Tentunya pihak manajemen diharuskan untuk mempertanggungjarvabkan hasil pengolahannya kepada pemilik perusahaan. Salah satu hal yang harus dipertanggungiarvabkan hasil pengelolaannya kepada pemilik perusahaan adalah masalah biaya produksi.",
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"text": "Dalam perusahaan industri, biaya produksi merupakan komponen biaya terbesar yang dikeluarkan oleh perusahaan, yang mana efisiensi biaya produksi dapat dikatakan efisien apabila perusahaan dapat menghasilkan pendapatan yang lebih besar dibandingkan dengan biaya yang dikeluarkan oleh perusahaan. Pada umumnya perusahaan selalu ingin mengefsienkan biaya produksi dalam setiap produksinya agar mencapai laba yang maksimum. Dari laporan laba rugi bahwa, perusahaan dapat dikatakan efisien apabila pendapatan operasi lebih besar dari biaya operasi yang dikeluarkan perusahaan sehingga akan dapat menghasilkan laba. Sebaliknya jika pendapatan operasi lebih kecil dari biaya operasi yang dikeluarkan oleh perusahaan maka perusahaan mengalami rugi dan tidak efisien dalam mengelola biaya produksi. Jadi, perusahaan manufaktur harus mampu beroperasi secara efisien dan efektif agar dapat bersaing dengan perusahaan lain. Kemampuan bersaing itu antara lain dapat berupa produk yang kompetitif dengan mutu yang baik, yang mana untuk merrghasilkan produk y'ang bermuru tinggi dengan harga yang tetap bersaing, sangat dipengaruhi diantaranya oleh kemampuan perusahaan dalam mengendalikan proses produksinya. Jika perusahaan manilpu mengendalikan proses produksinya secara efisien dan efektif dengan tidak mengurangi mutu produk, maka perusahaan akan dapat bertahan mengh:dapi persaingan yang semakin ketal Salah satu cara untuk menilai efisiensi biaya produksi ini adalah dengaa adanl'a suatu pemeriksaan yang dilakukan seseorang yang independen dan memastikan bahr+'a peneeadalian intern yang berjalan telah sesuai dengan ketetapan manajemen. Pemeriksaan ini dilalq*an oleh pihak intern yang disebut dengan Satuan Pengawasan Intern (SPf. Satuan Pengawasan Intern pada pimpinan adalah suatu fungsi penilaian yang independen yang ada dalam suatu organisasi dengan tujuan untuk menguji dan mengevaluasi kegiatan-kegiatan organisasi yang dilaksanakan. Melalui kegiatan operasional , SPI akan melakukan analisis dan penilaian-penilaian serta memberikan rekomendasi dan saran-saran kepada pihak manajemen. Bagi perusahaan manufaktur audit operasional merupakan kegiatan perusahaan yang sangat penting, yang mana dengan adanya audit operasional pihak manajemen dapat menguliur dan mengevaluasi pihak perusahaan sehingga dapat memberikan inforrnasi yang benar dan objektif bagi manajemen sebagai dasar pengambilan keputusan. Audit operasional merupakan audit atas operasi yang dilaksanakan dari sudut pandang manajemen untuk menilai ekonomi, efuiensi, dan efektivitas dari setiap atau seluruh operasi, terbatas hanya pada keinginan manajemen. Manajemen memerlukan lebih banyak informasi yang relavan atas pelaksanaan operasi mereka dan hasil 1'ang berkaitan dari apa yang dapat ditemukan semata-mata dalam data keuangan. Manajemen mencari lebih banyak informasi untuk mempertimbangkan mutu operasi dan melakukan perbaikan operasional, yang mana kegiatan tersebut harus berjalan dengan baik sesuai dengan apa 1'ang telah ditetapkan sebelumnya.",
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"text": "Bagi perusahaan manufaklur bia;'a produksi merupakan biaya yang sangat besar, 1'ang mana dengan adanya audit operasional maka dapat diketahui apakah biaya produksi unruk persediaan bahan baku yang dilakukan dapat menunjang pada efisiensi dan efektivitas pemsahaan. Selain itu dengan adanya pengendalian intem maka pihak perusahaan dapat mengetahui apakah biaya produksi yang dikeluarkan telah efisien sesuai dengan kebutuhan produksi. Denga-n pelaksanaan audit operasional dan pengendalian intern sangatlah penting sehingga diharapkan",
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"text": "Jumal Akuntansi Riset, Prodi Akuntansi UPI, Vol.3, No. I",
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"text": "Warvan Sulimana , Iwan Hermansi ah , & Nunung Nurjanah",
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"text": "ISSN:2086-2563",
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"text": "efisiensi biaya produksi perusahaan dapat tercapai yaitu kegiatan produksi dari suatu perusahaan telah sesuai dengan standar yang telah ditetapkan perusahaan tersebut.",
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"text": "Rumusan l\\Iasalah Dalam penelitian ini rumusan masalah yang dapat diungkapkan adalah sebagai berikut :",
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"text": "l. Bagaimana hubungan audit operasional dengan pengendalian intern?",
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"text": "2. Bagaimana pengaruh audit opersioanal dan pengendalian intern secara parsial maupun simultan terhadap efisiensi biaya produksi?",
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"text": "Kerangka Pemikiran ' Ag* perusahaan mengetahui aktivitas perusahaan berjalan sesuai dengan tujuan maka manajemen perlu menetapkan audit operasional. Audit operasional menurut Arens & Loebbeacke yang diterjemahkan oleh Amir Abadi Jusuf (2003 :4) audit operasional merupakan penelaahan atas bagian manapun dari prosedur dan metode operasi suatu organisasi untuk menilai ehsiensi dan efektir itasnva, serta bertujuan menekankan pada efektivitasnya dan efisiensi, dan berorientasi pada kinerja operasi mendatang\". Maka dengan pengertian tersebut yang dijadikan indikatornya yaitu efisiensi, ekonomis, dan efektivitas. Tujuan audit operasional yang ditujukan untuk meningkatkan efektivitas dari suatu perusahaan tidak mungkin dapat tercapai bila pengendalian intern tidak dilaksanakan. Adapun tujuan audit operasional menurut Sukrisno Agoes Q04 : 22) yaitu untuk menilai kinerja Qterformance) dari manajemen dan berbagai fungsi dalam perusahaan, untuk menilai efisien dan ekonomi, serta menilai efektivitas perusahaan dalam mencapai tujuan yang telah ditetapkan oleh top ntanagement.",
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"text": "Dalam pedoman audit operasional atas tugas dan kegiatan unit kerja BPKP INPKP : 2003), ruang lingkup audit operasional meliputi : audit atas pertanggungiawaban keuangan dan keuaran kepada peratu-ran dan perundang-undangan yang berlaku, audit atas kehematan (keekonomisan) dan daya guna (efisiensi), serta audit hasil guna (efektivitas). Sedangkan pelaksana audit operasoinal dapat dilakukan oleh salah satu dari tiga kelompok berikut: (l) internal auditor, (2) Ekstemal auditor, (3) Goverment auditor. Dalam menunjang efisiensi dan efektivitas suatu perusahaan selain iiiperlukan audit operasional juga diperlukan audit intern. Menurut Hiro Tugiman (2002 : 45) mengemukakan tentang pengendalian intern secara umum untuk membedakan berbagai pengawasan dalam organisasi dengan berbagai peogawasan diluar organisasi. Pengawasan internal merupakan seluruh kegiatan yang ditujukan untuk memastikan tercapainya tujuan dan sasaran organisasi. Sedangkan menurut Ikatan Akuntan Indonesia, dalam Standar Professional Akuntan Publik (2009 ) pen-eendalian intern adalah suatu proses yang dijalankan oleh dewan komisaris, manajemen dan personil lain entitas yang didesain untuk memberikan keyakinan memadai tentang pencapaian tiga golongan tujuan berikut ini : (a) Keandalan Pelaporan Keuangan, (b) Efektivitas dan Ehsiensi Operasi, (c) Keparuhan terhadap Hukum dan Peraturan Yang Berlaku. Berdasarkan pendapat di atas dapat disimpulkan bahwa pengendalian intern merupakan suatu )'ang dirujukan untuk memastikan tercapai tidaknya tuj.uan dari sasaran organisasi. Dalam pen-eendalian intern hal-hal yang perlu diperhatikan menurut Arens (2003 : 413) adalah (l) Lingkungan pengendalian, (2) Penaksiran risiko, (3) Aktivitas pengendalian, (4) Informasi dan komunikasi, dan (5) Pemantauan. Kekuatan pengendalian intern sangat tergantung kepada orang yang melakukannl'a. Sebaik apapun pengendalian intem akan gagal apabila dijalankan oleh orang yang tidak kompeten. Pengendalian intern setiap entitas memiliki keterbatasan. Menurut Mulyadi (2002 : 181) keterbatasan pengendalian intern suatu entitas adalah sebagai berikut : (a) kesalahan dalam pertimbangan, (b) gangguan, (c) pengabaian oleh manajemen, (d) biaya lawan manfaat. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa antara audit operasional dan pengendalian intern keduanl'a memiliki hubungan. Menurut Amir Abadi Jusuf (2003 : 766) hubungan antara audit operasional dan peneendalian intern adalah bahwa manajemen membentuk suatu struktur pengendalian intem. untuk membantu mencapai sasaran perusahaan. Sudah tentu, dua sasaran penting semua organisasi adalah efisiensi dan efektif. Berikut tiga hal penting dalam menyusun stmktur pengendalian intern",
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"text": "Jumal Akuntansi Rise! Prodi Aliuntansi UPI, Vol. 3, No. 1",
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"text": "Wawan Sukmana , hvan Hermansyah , & Nunung Nurjanah",
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"text": "Jumal Akuntansi Riset, Prodi Akuntansi UPI, Vol. 3, No. I",
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"text": "yang baik adalah : (a) Keandalan laporan keuangan, (b) ketaatan pada hukum dan peraturan yang sudah ditetapkan, (c) efisiensi dan efektivitas operasi.",
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"text": "Kaitan pengendalian intern dengan audit operasional adalah pengendalian intern untuk membantu sasaran perusahaan, sudah te-ntu dua saiaran perusahaan penting s€m,ua organisasi adalah efisiensi dan efektif. Dalam pen)'usunan pengendaiian intern yang baik dapat menjadi bagian audit operasionaljika tujuannya adalah operasi yang efisiendanefektif' -",
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"text": "Oengan dijalaniannyu auait operasional dan pengendalian intern diharapkan efisiensi biaya produkii dapit tercapai sesuai dengan keinginan perusahaan dalam mengefisiensikan biaya proiulsi. Ntenurui Henr],simamora (tiSS : 300) bahwa efisiensi biaya produksi merupakan perbandingan atas biay'a produksi 1'ang dianggarkan terhadap biaya produksi yang dikeluarkan selama satu peiiode.",
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"text": "Dalam suatu pendekatan audit operasional menurut Sukrisno Agoes (2004- : -175)",
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"text": "pendekatan audit yang biasa dilakukan suatu audit operasional adalah menilai efisiensi, efektivitas dan keekonomisan dari masing-masing fungsi terdapat dalam perusahaan. Menurut Arens (2003 :",
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"text": "391) kendala di dalan suatu organisuri dir*k rdkan untuk mendorong penggunaan-yangefisien atas sumber dayanya, mencakip personil, umtuk mengoptimalkan sasaran perusahaan. Bagian penting dari kenaaii ini adalah infonnasi yang akurat untuk pengambilan keputusan intern. Dari teduaiendapat di atas terlihat bahrva audiioperasional berhubungan dengan pengendalial intern.",
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"text": "' Berdasarkan pendapat-pendapat di atas dapat disimpulkan bahwa pengendalian intern kemungkinan menunjang pada tircapainya sasaran perusahaan yaitu efisiensi dan efektivitas yang merupi'kan bagian dari audit operasional. Untuk mendukung penyusunan pengendalian intern yang baik maka diper'lukan audit opirasional yang baik. Sasaran yang dicapai dari audit operasional dan pengendalian intern adalah efisiensi Aan efiktivitas dimana hal ini akan mempengaruhi efisiensi Liay-a proautsi perusahaan dan salah satu penilaiannya adalah mengenai biaya sesungguhnya dan bia!,a'1,ang diinggarkan. Berdasarkan kerangka pemikiran di atas, maka hipotesis dalam perrelitian ini dapat dinl'atakan sebagai berikut : . Hipotesis I",
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"text": ".,Tirdapat hubungan antara audit operasional dengan pengendalian intern\".",
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"text": "o Hipotesis 2 ..audit operasional dan pengendalian intern secara parsial maupun simultan berpengaruh terhadap efisiensi bial'a produksi.\"",
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"text": "Nletode Penelitian",
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"text": "Metode yang dipergunakan dalan penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif analisis dengan pendekatan ,*uiy. S.a^un[tarr yung tn.nludi objek penelitiannya adalah audit operasional, irengendalian Intern dan eisi\"nti uiaya prldutsi. Dalam penelitian ini mempunyai 3 variabel yutii , audit operasional (Xs), pengendalian intern (Xz) dan efisiensi biaya produksi (Y)' - Dalampenelitian ini'aita yang diperlukan terdiri dari data primer dan data sekunder. Data primer diperoleh dari kuesione. yung ditujukan kepada responden, dengan skala pengukurannya inten'al. Untul< semua variabei penelitian diperoleh dari data primer dengan menggunakan kuesioner 1'ang diberikan kepada subjek penelitian. Data sekunder diferoleh dan bersumber dari literatur, tarl i ltmiatr 1.ang d'ipublikasikan serta informasi dari instansi yang ada kaitannya dengan penelitian ini. tetnlt penlambilan sampel dilakukan dengan purvosive sampling. Dari Populasi Lerjumlah 17 perusahaan iranufaLtur han1,a 13 perusahaan manufaktur yang bersedia. Pengujian hipotesis digunakan analisis jalur (Path analysis). Analisis jalur digunakan dengan pertimbangan bahu,a pola hubungan antir variable dalam penelitian ini adalah korelatif atau kausalitas, hubungan antar vari;ble adalah linear dan iingkat pengukuran semua variable adalah minimal interval.",
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"text": "Hasil Dan Pembahasan Audit Operasional (X1) pada hakil<atnja Audit Operasional merupakan penelaahan atas bagian manapun dari prosedur dan metode ope.asi suatu organisasi untuk menilai efisiensi dan efektivitasnya, dan Lertujuan menekankan iada efektivitasnya dan efisiensi, dan berorientasi pada kinerja operasi masa mendatang.",
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"text": "513",
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"text": "Wawan Sukmana, Irvan Hermanslah, & Nunung Nurjanah",
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"text": "ISSN:2086-2563",
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"text": "Untuk lebih jelasnya tanggapan responden mengenai audit operasional pada Perusahaan Manufaktur di Tasikmalayi UerO^u*an hasil survei terhadap 13 perusahaan, dapat dilihat dari hasiljawaban atas kuisioner. N{enurut Sugiyono (2007:89) klasifikasi setiap indikator variabel Xr",
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"text": "(Audit operasional) dapat dihitung dengan langkah-langkah sebagai berikut :",
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"text": "Nilai tertinggi secara keseluruhan : l3 x 5 x 15= 97 5 Nilai terendah secara keseluruhan : 13 x I x 15 = 195",
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"text": "Data terbesar - data terkecil NJI= Jumlah kriteria pertanYaan",
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"text": "97s-195 789=tso Jadi batas intervalnya adalah = -- S = -S Klasifikasi penilaian untuk indikator adalah sebagai berikut : Nilai 195 Nilai 352 Nilai 509 Nilai 666 Nilai 823 351 Sangat Tidali Baik 508 Tidak Baik 665 Cukup 822 Baik 979 Sangat Baik",
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"text": "Hasil dari penyebaran kuisioner terhadap perusahaan manufakur di Tasikmalaya dan kemudian dibuat skor, maka diperoleh angka total skor sebesar 864, termasuk klasifikasi sangat baik. Hal ini menunjukan bahwa eksistensi audit operasional sangat baik di Perusahaan manufaktur di Tasikmalaya.",
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"text": "Pengendalian Intern (X2) Pengendalian intern dirancang untuli membanfu proses ;-ang dijalanhan oleh manajemen terutama dalim pelaksanaan pengendalian terhadap akriva perusahaa& agar dalam pelaksanaan berjalannya perusahaan t.rrii d.ngu, kebijakan dan prosedur 1'ang telah digariskan dan ditetapkan oleh manajemen.",
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"text": "Untuk lebih jelasny'a @iggapan responden mengenai pengendalian intern ?udu perusahaan manufaktur di Tasikmalala berdasarkan hasil sun'ei terhadap 13 perusahaan, dapat dilihat dari hasil jawaban responden melalui penyebaran kuesioner . Menulit Sugiyono (2007:89) klasilikasi setiap indikator variabel X2 (Pengendalian Intern) dapat dihitung dengan langkah-langkah sebagai berikut :",
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"text": "Nilai tertinggi secara keseluruhan : 13 x 5 x l5= 975",
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"text": "Nilai terendah secara keseluruhan : li x I x 15: 195",
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"text": "Data terbesar - data terkecil NJI = Jumlah kriteria pertanyaan",
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"text": "975 -195 780",
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"text": "55",
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"text": "Klasifi.kasi penilaian untuk indikator adalah sebagai berikut :",
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"text": "Nilai Nilai Nilai Nilai Nilai 195 352 509 666",
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"text": "823",
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{
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"text": "351 Sangat Tidak Baik 508 Tidal< Baik 665 Cukup",
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"text": "822 Baik 979 Sangat Baik",
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"text": "Unfuk mengetahui interpretasi nilai total jau,aban responden mengenai Pengendalian Intern pada Perusahaan telah disetar kuisic-rner ke perusahaan yangmenjadi subjek penelitia-n,-dan hasilnl;a serelah di scoring memperoi:h :rgka 86-1 termasuk klasifiIiasi sangat baik. Hal ini 1n.nunlrkk* bahwa eksiitensi pengcnn:iian intem di Perusahaan Manufakrur Tasikmalaya termasuk sangat baik",
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"text": "Jumal Alcuntansi Riset, Prodi Akuntansi UPL Vol. i, No. I",
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"text": "Wawan Sukmana, Irvan Hermansyah, & Nunung Nurjanah",
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"text": "ISSN:2086-2563",
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{
"left": 73,
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"height": 67,
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"text": "Efisiensi Biaya Prooulai (Y) Tanggapan respondln mengenai efisiensi biaya pada perusahaan manufaktw di Tasikmalaya-beidasartun hasil survei terhadap 13 responden, dapat dilihat dari hasil jarvaban responden melalui penyebaran kuesioner yang terdiri dari Pertan)'aan-pertan)'aan yang-berkaitan dengan efisiensi biaya yang diberikan kepada l3 responden sesuai dengan sampel penelitian yang diambil.",
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"text": "Menurut Sugiyono (2007:89) klasifikasi setiap indikator variabel Y (Efisiensi biaya produksi) dapat dihitung dengan langkah-langkah sebagai berikut:",
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"text": "Nilai tertinggi secarakeseluruhan : 13 x 5 x4 =260",
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"text": "Nilai terendah \\ecara keseluruhan : 13 x I x 4: 52",
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"text": "Data terbesar - data terkecil",
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"text": "Junrlah kriteria pertan)'aan 260-52 208",
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"text": "Jadi batas intervalnya adalah = -------- = -.;- = = +2. 55 Klasifrkasi penilaian untuk indikator adalah sebagai berikut :",
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"text": "Nilai 13 Nilai 56 Nilai 99 Nilai 142 Nilai 185 55 Sangat Tidak Baik 98 Tidak Baik l4l Cukup 184 Baik",
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"text": "227 Sangat Baik",
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"text": "Dengan demikian bahwa nilai yang diperoleh dari perhitungan terhadap gggapan responden atas efisiensi biaya produksi yang dilakukan pada Perusahaan Manufaktur di Tasikmalaya adalah 224 tsrmasuk tlasifikasi sangat baik. Hal ini menunjuklian ke dalam inten'al berkategori sangat bark yang artinya bahwa tingkat efisiensi bial'a produksi perusahaan manufaktur di Tasikmalaya sangat baik.",
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"text": "Pembahasan",
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"text": "Hubungan Audit Operasional Dengan Pengendalian Intern pada Perusahaan IUanufaktur di Tasikmalaya Untut< mengetahui hubungan audit operasional dengan pengendalian intern pada Perusahaan Manufaktur di Tasikmalaya, maka dilakukan uji hipotesis. Di mana hipotesis tersebut adalah \"Terdapat hubungan antara audit operasional dengan pengendalian intern\". Untuk menguji hipotesis terse-but dilakukan melalui uji statistik koefisien korelasi. Koefisien korelasi ini akan minentukan tingkat hubungan variabel audit operasional (X1) dengan variabel pengendalian intem (X2) diperoletr nitai korelasi 0,982 yang menunjukkan besarnya hubungan atau korelasi antara auait oi\". ional dan penmgendalian intern. Hal ini berarti bahwa antara Xt (Audit Operasional) dan vaiiabet X2 (Pengendalian Intem) mempunyai hubungan yang positif 1'aitu sebesar 0,982 atai g8,2yo dan memiliki nilai signifikan sebesar 0,000. Karena 0,000 < 0.005 berarti tolak Ho dan terima Ha yang berarti bahrva terdapat hubungan audit operasional dan pengendalian intem secara signifikan. Beidasarkan penjelasan di atas maka dapat disimpuiican bahrva dengan Audit oplrasional yang semakin baik maka akan menunjang pengendalian intern semakin baik pula dan begiru juga sebaliknya.",
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"text": "Pengaruh Secara Parsial Audit Operasional terhadap Efisiensi Bial'a Produksi pada Perusahaan Manufaktur di Tasikmalal'a Berdasarkan hasil pengolahan data dengan menggunakan SPSS. besar pengaruh audit operasional terhadap efisiensi biala produksi koefisien beta (p) arau koefisien standar (itandardized coeficients). Nilai koefisien beta (0) unruk pengaruh audit operasional terhadap ifisiensi biaya rodutsi pada perusahaan manufaLtur adalah sebesar 0.412 dengan nilai sig:rifiIian sebesar 0,01 I lebih ke.it aa.i 0,05 berarti Ha diterima Ho ditolak. Hasil ini dapat diarrikan bahwa",
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"text": "Jumal Akuntansi Riset, Prodi Akuntansi UPI, Vol. 3, No. I",
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"text": "Wawan Sukmana, hval Hermansyah, & Nunung Nurjanah",
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"text": "ISSN:2086-2563",
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"text": "dengan dijalankannya audit operasional yang baik maka efisiensi biaya produksi dapat tercapai sesuai dengan keinginan perusahaan dalam mengefisiensikan biaya produksi. Hal ini relavan dengan tiga tujuan audit operasional yaitu efisiensi, ekonomis dan efektivitas. Serta relavan dengan konsep audit operasional yang di kemukakan oleh Arrens & Loebbeacke yang diterjemahkan oleh Amir Abadi Jusuf (2003 : 4) bahwa Audit operasional merupakan penelaahan atas bagian manapun dari prosedur dan metode operasi suatu organisasi untuk menilai efisiensi dan efektivitasnya, dan bertujuan menekankan pada efektivitas dan efisiensi, serta berorientasi pada kinerja operasi masa mendatang.",
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"text": "Pengaruh Secara Parsial Pengendalian Intern terhadap Efisiensi Biaya Produksi pada Perusahaan Manufaktur di Tasikmalaya Berdasarkan hasil pengolahan data dengan menggunakan SPSS, besar pengaruh audit operasional terhadap efisiensi biaya produksi koefisien beta (p) atau koefisien standar (standardized coeficients). Nilai koefisien beta (B) untuk pengaruh pengendalian intem terhadap efisiensi biaya produksi pada perusahaan manufaktur adalah sebesar 0,581 der,gan nilai sigrifikan sebesar 0,046 lebih kecil dari 0,05 berarti Ha diterima Ho ditolak. Hasil analisis tersebut dapat diartikan bahwa pengendalian intern sangat menunjang pada tercapainya sasaran perusahaan yaitu efisiensi dan efektivitas. Hal ini relevan dengan konsep tujuan pengendalian intern yang dikemukakan oleh Arens & Loebbecke yang diterjemahkan oleh Amir Abadi Jusuf (2003:258) yaitu : l) keandalan laporan keuangan, 2) mendorong efisiensi dan efektivitas operasional, dan 3) ketaatan kepada hukum yang berlaku. Pada poin ke dua jelas dikemukakan bahwa tujuan dari pengendalian intern adalah mendorong ehsiensi dan efektivitas operasional. Untuk tercapainya pengendalian intern maka hal-hal yang perlu diperhatikan yaitu lingku ngan pengendalian, penaksiran risiko, aktivitas pengendalian, informasi dan komunikasi, dan pemantauan. Hal ini sasuai dengan penelitian Eka Wati Kurniasih (2007) yang menunjukkan terdapat pengaruh yang signihkan pengendalian intern terhadap efisiensi biaya produksi.",
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"text": "Pengaruh Secara Simultan Audit Operasional dan Pengendalian Intcrn tcrhadap Efisiensi Biaya Produksi Berdasarkan hasil perhitun gen Path Analysis menggunakan SPSS di peroleh nilai korelasi antara audit operasional dan pengendalian intern terhadap efisiensi biaya produksi pada perusahaan manufaktur di Tasikmalaya sebesar 0,982 dan nilai (R3) sebesar 0,801 artinya bahwa audit operasional dan pengendalian intern terhadap efisiensi biaya produksi pada perusahaan manufaktur di Tasikmalaya sebesar 80,1o/o dan sisanya sebesar 19,9% dipengaruhi oleh faktor lain. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa apabila pelaksanaan audit operasional dan pengendalian intern dilakukan dengan baik maka efisiensi biaya produksi menuju semakin baik.",
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"text": "Dari perhitungan SPSS, diperoleh nilai F66\",, sebesar 5,876 dengan kriteria penolakan He, jika F6;6,, ) F,\"b\"l, atau dengan melihat nilai F sig sebesar 0,021 dan nilai ini lebih kecil dari 5oh, maka ini menunjukkan bahwa Audit Operasional dan Pengendalian Intern berpengaruh signifikan terhadap Efisiensi Biaya Produksi. Untuk melihat pengaruh langsung dan tidak langsuhg antara variabel, yang disajikan dalam Tabel berikut di bawah ini:",
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"text": "Jumal Akuntansi Riset, Prodi Akuntansi UPI, Vol. 3, No.",
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"text": "Tabel 5. Pensaruh Lanssuns dan Tidt k Lanssuns Antar Variabel fenelitlan Variabel Pensaruh Lanssung Pengaruh tidak Langsung Jumlah X, (prx,)' (0.412)'? 0,170 (rxzxr) brxr) (pvxr) (0.982) (0.4r2) (0,58 I ) 0,199 Total pengaruh Xr te rhadap Y 0,369 X2 (por)' (0,5 8l )2 0,243 (rxzxr) (pvxr) (pvxz) (0-982) (0.412) (0.581 0,199 Total penqaruh Xr terhadap Y 0.432 Total pensaruh Xr dan Xr terhadap Y 0.801 Penearuh Faklor Residu rr J Y =",
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"text": "(o\"\"r\\: I - 0,801 0,1 99 Total X'. X, dan Y",
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"text": "Wawan Sukmana, ln'an Hermansyah, & Nunung Nurjanah",
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"text": "ISSN: 2086 -2563",
"type": "Page header"
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"left": 78,
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"text": "Peneliti Dari hasil analisis berdasarkan Tabel 5 menunjukkan bahwa koefisien korelasi jalur variabel Xr (Audit Operasional) terhadap variabel Y (Efisiensi Biaya Produksi) adalah sebesar 0,4 12, sedangkan koefisien korelasi variabel Xr (Audit Operasional) dengan variabel X2 (Pengendalian Intern) adalah sebesar 0,982 dan untuk koefisien jalur variabel X2 (Pengendalian lntern) terhadap variabel Y (Efisiensi Biaya Produksi) adalah sebesar 0,581. Dengan demikian pengaruh langsung variabel X1 terhadap Y adalah 0,170 sedangkan pengaruh tidak langsung variabel X1 terhadap Y melalui X2 adalah sebesar 0,369, pengaruh langsung X2 terhadap Y adalah sebesar 0,432. Total pengaruh X,, Xz terhadap Y merupakan pengaruh secara simultan antara variabel Xr, X: terhadap Y adalah sebesar 0,801 atau sebesar 80,1%o. Sedangkan faktor residu atau falror lain vang mempengaruhi laba operasi yang tidak masuk dalam variabel penelitian adalah sebesar 0,199 atau sebesar 19,9%.",
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"text": "Faktor lain 1'ang mempengaruhi ehsiensi produksi pada Perusahaan Manufaktur di Tasikmalal'a aCalah peug_sunaiu mesin-mesin yang tidak ketinggalan zaman sehingga dapat menghasilkan produk maksimal. Dengan menghasilkan produk maksimal maka akan terpenuhinya p€sanan yang ditetapkan, hal ini akan mengakibatkan terjadinya kehematan terutama pada biaya produksi. Hal ini sesuai dengan yang diungkapkan oleh Rob Raider (2002: 152) yaitu \"suatu kegiatan dikatakan efisien apabila dapat menghasilkan output maksimal dengan sumber dayayang ada atau dengan sumber daya yang nrinimal dengan menghasilkan output tertentu\".",
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"text": "Simpulan Berdasarkan hasil analisis dan pembahasan, maka dapat dibuat kesimpulan sebagai berikut:",
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"text": "l. Terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara audit operasional dengan pengendalian intem pada perusahaan manufallur di Tasikmalaya. Dengan adanya hubungan yang signifikan antara audit oper*oional dengan pengendalian intern maka pelaksanaan audit operasional akan mempen_qaruhi pengendalian intern karena bila pengendalian intern kuat maka akan memudairkan pengauditan sebab risiko audit semakin kecil. 2- Audit operasional secara parsial berpengaruh signifikan terhadap efisiensi biaya produksi pada perusahaan manufakur di Tasikmalaya. Hasil ini dapat diartikan bahwa dengan adanya audit opersronal dijalanhan dengan baik maka efisiensi biaya produksi dapat tercapai sesuai dengan keinginan perusahaan dalam mengehsiensikan biaya produksi. Hal ini relavan dengan tiga",
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"text": "rujuan audit operasional yaitu efisiensi, ekonomis, dan efektivitas.",
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"text": "3. Pengendalian intern secara parsial berpengaruh signifikan terhadap efisiensi biaya produksi pada perusahaan manufakur di Tasikmalaya. Hasil ini dapat diartikan bahwa pengendalian inrern sangat menunjane pada tercapainya sasaran perusahaan yaitu efisiensi dan efektivitas. Hai ini sesuai dengan konsep tujuan pengendalian intern menurut Amir Abadi Jusuf (2003 : 766), yaitu keandalan laporan keuangan, efisiensi dan efektivitas operasi, dan ketaatan pada hukum dan peraturan yang sudah ditetapkan.",
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"text": "Jumal Aliuntansi Riset, Prodi Akuntansi UPI, Vol. 3, No. I",
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"text": "Wawan Sukmana , Iu'an Hermansl,ah , & Nunung Nurjanah",
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"text": "4. Audit operasional dan pengendalian intern secara simultan berpengaruh signifikan terhadap efisiensi biava produksi pada perusahaan manufaktur di Tasikmalaya. Hal ini berarti semakin baik audit operasional dan pengendalian intern yang dilakukan maka akan semakin mudah tercapainl'a efisiensi bial'a produksi. Faktor lain yang mempengaruhi efisiensi biaya produksi pada perusahaan manulaktur di Tasikmalaya adalah adanya penggunaan mesin tidak ketinggalan zaman sehinssa dapat menghasilkan produk maksimal. Dengan produk maksimal akan terpenuhiny'a pesanan )'ang ditetapkan, maka akan mengakibatkan terjadinya kehematan terutama pada bial'a produksi.",
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"text": "Saran Beidasarkan simpulan vang telah dikemukakan di atas, penulis mencoba memberikan saran- saran yang diharapkan dapat memberikan manfaat baik bagi perusairaan manufaktur maupun bagi penulis selanjutn-v.,a 1,ane akan melaksanakan penelitian yang relevan 1,aitu sebagai berikut:",
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"text": "l). Bagi Perusahaan",
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"text": "Berdasarkan hasil anaiisis 1''ang dilihat dari pembahasan, maka dengan adanyapengaruh audit operasional dan pengendalian intern secara parsial dan simultan terhadap efisiensi biaya produksi pada perusahaan manufaktur di Tasikmalaya, maka perusahaan harus tetap mempertahankan dan meningkatkan pelaksanaan audit operasional dan pengendalian intern yang dilakukan oleh perusahaan.",
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"text": "2) Bagi peneliti selanjutnya",
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"text": "Bagi peneliti selanjutnl'a yang akan melakukan penelitian yang relavan, disarankan untuk meneliti faktor-faktor lain yang mempengaruhi efisiensi biaya produksi selain audit operasional dan pengendalian intern sebagai perbandingan. Fal,tor lain tersebut misalnya penggunaan mesin-mesin tidak ketinggalan zaman, penetapan pesanan produlg dan kehematan biaya produlcsi.",
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"text": "Daftar Pustaka Amin widjala Tunggal. 2r--'01. .ludir operasional Pengailar. Jaliana : Han'arido Amir Abadi Jusut-. 1001. .ltditittg Pendekaran Terpadu- Edisi Indonesia- Salemba Empa! Jakarta. Arens, and Loebbecke. 1003. .luditing an lruerated Approach, Alih Bahasa Amir Abadi Jusuf. Jakarta : Salemba Empat. Suharsimi Arikunto. 2006. Prosedur Penelitian Suatu Pendekatan Praktek. Rineka Cipta. Jakarta. Emi Auliyana 2007. Evalttasi Efektiritas Pelal<sanoan Audit Mutu Internal. http//www. Library @unair. ac.id. BPKP. 2003. Pedoman Audit Operasional Atas Tugas dan Kegiatan Unit Kerja BPKP. Jakarta.",
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"text": "Eka Wati Kurniasih. 200i . Pengaruh Pengendalian Intern terhadap Efisiensi Pengendalian B i ay a P r o dufu i. hnp',/uurv. Absrtakunikom. ac. id Garisson, Ray H Noreen. 200-i. Akuntansi Manajerial. Alih Bahasa Nuri Hindun Edisi I l. Buku l.",
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