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24263 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diogo%20Jota | Diogo Jota | Diogo José Teixeira da Silva (an haife Shi a ranar 4 ga watan Disamban shekara ta alif 1996), da aka sani da Jota, ne a Portuguese sana'a kwallon da suka taka a matsayin gaba na Premier League kulob din Liverpool da kuma Portuguese tawagar kasar.
Jota ya fara aikinsa tare da Paços de Ferreira, kafin ya rattaba hannu a kulob din Atlético Madrid na La Liga a shekarar 2016. Bayan yanayi biyu a Primeira Liga, an ba shi aro a jere zuwa kulob din Primeira Liga FC Porto a shekara ta 2016, da kulob din Wolverhampton Wanderers na Ingila EFL Championship a shekarar 2017. Jota ya taimaka wa Wolves samun ci gaba zuwa Premier League a karon farko tun shekarar 2012. Daga baya ya koma kulob din a watan Yulin shekara ta 2018 kan yarjejeniya ta dindindin don rahoton 14 miliyan kuma ya ci gaba da buga musu wasanni sama da 100. A watan Satumbar a shekarar 2020, Jota ya rattaba hannu kan Liverpool don kudin da aka ruwaito be 50 miliyan 41 miliyan). Jota tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Portugal, mai wakiltar ƙasarsa a matakin ƙasa da 19, ƙasa da 21 da 23. An saka shi cikin 'yan wasan da za su fafata a Gasar Cin Kofin Zakarun Nahiyar Turai na shekarar 2019, wanda Portugal ta ci nasara a cikin gida, kuma ya yi babban wasansa na kasa da kasa a watan Nuwamba a shekarar 2019, yana wasa a UEFA Euro na shekarar 2020 Aikin kulob
Paços de Ferreira An haife shi a Massarelos, Porto, Jota ya shiga saitin matasa na FC Paços de Ferreira a shekarar 2013, daga Gondomar SC. An haɓaka shi zuwa babban ƙungiyar a farkon kakar shekarar 2014 da shekara ta 2015, kuma ya fara babban wasansa na farko a ranar 19 ga watan Oktoba na shekarar 2014 ta hanyar farawa a nasarar gida 4-0 da Atlético SC don Taça de Portugal. Jota ya fara fitowa a cikin Primeira Liga a ranar 20 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 2015, yana zuwa a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbin Diogo Rosado a wasan da aka tashi 2-2 da Vitória de Guimarães Ya zira kwallaye na farko a gasar a ranar 17 ga watan Mayu, ya zira kwallaye biyu a cikin nasarar gida 3-2 akan Académica de Coimbra kuma ya zama ɗan wasa mafi ƙanƙanta da ya ci ƙwallo a kulob ɗin a matakin farko. A ranar 30 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2015, Jota ya rattaba hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniyar shekaru biyar tare da Paços, inda aka daure shi har zuwa shekara ta 2020. A wasan farko na kamfen, nasarar 1-0 a kan Académica a Estádio da Mata Real a ranar 17 ga watan Agusta, an kore shi a karshen saboda tura Hugo Seco Hakanan an kori Ricardo Nascimento saboda ramuwar gayya a madadin abokin wasan sa.
Atletico Madrid A ranar 14 ga watan Maris shekarar 2016, Jota ya amince da kwantiragin shekaru biyar tare da Atlético Madrid daga ranar 1 ga watan Yuli. A ranar 26 ga watan Agusta, ya koma kasarsa ya koma FC Porto a matsayin aro na shekara daya. A ranar 1 ga watan Oktoba ya zira kwallaye uku a raga a wasan da suka tashi 4-0 da CD Nacional Wolverhampton Wanderers A ranar 25 ga watan Yuli shekara ta 2017, Jota koma English Championship kulob din kungiyar Wolverhampton Wanderers a kan wani kakar -long aro. Ya zira kwallon sa ta farko a ranar 15 ga watan Agusta, a wasan da suka doke Hull City da ci 3-2. A ranar 30 ga watan Janairu shekarar 2018, an ba da sanarwar cewa an amince da yarjejeniyar dindindin tare da Jota don rahoton 14 miliyan, wanda aka fara aiki a ranar 1 ga watan Yuli. Ya zira kwallaye mafi kyau a raga a gasar 17 a cikin shekarar sa ta farko, yana matsayi na biyar a jadawalin da ya fi kowa zira kwallaye a gasar, yayin da Wolves ta samu ci gaba zuwa gasar Premier a matsayin zakara; saboda English Football League dokoki, ya sa ya doka surname a kan mai zane a gasar Championship amma ya iya canza shi zuwa "Diogo J" bayan da feat. Jota ya fara buga wasansa na farko a gasar firimiya ta Ingila a ranar 11 ga watan Agusta shekarar 2018, inda ya buga cikakken mintuna 90 a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 da Everton Ya zira kwallon sa ta farko a gasar a ranar 5 ga watan Disamba, inda ya taimakawa masu masaukin baki daga baya don doke Chelsea da ci 2-1. Na biyu ya zo bayan kwana huɗu, a cikin nasara a Newcastle United da maki ɗaya. A ranar 19 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2019, Jota ya zira kwallaye uku a wasan da gida 4-3 ya ci Leicester City -kwallaye na biyu na aikin sa. Ana cikin haka, ya zama dan wasa na biyu na Fotigal wanda ya kai ga gaci a gasar Premier bayan Cristiano Ronaldo shekaru 11 da suka gabata. Wannan shi ne na farko ga kulob din a gasar kuma na farko ga kulob din a matakin farko na kwallon kafa na Ingila tun lokacin da John Richards, ya yi adawa da wannan, a rukunin farko na League League a watan Oktoba 1977 A ranar 16 ga watan Maris shekarar 2019, Jota ya ci kwallo a wasan da suka doke Manchester United da ci 2-1 a gasar cin kofin FA na shekarun 2018-19, don taimakawa Wolves ta kai wasan kusa da na karshe a gasar tun shekarun 1997-98. A ranar 25 ga watan Yuli shekarar 2019, Jota ya zira kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka doke Crusaders na Arewacin Irish a zagaye na biyu na gasar cin Kofin Zakarun Turai, Wolves ta farko a Turai tun a watan Oktoba shekarar 1980, kuma a zagaye na gaba a ranar 15 ga watan Agusta, ya zira kwallaye. sama da sama don kammala nasarar 4-0 (8-0 jimlar) nasara akan Pyunik A wasan karshe na rukuni-rukuni na gasar Europa League a gida da Beşiktaş a ranar 12 ga watan Disamba, shekarar 2019, Jota ya maye gurbin dan uwan Rúben Neves a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbin minti na 56 tare da wasan babu ci, ya zira kwallaye bayan dakika 72 kuma ya kammala kwallaye uku a cikin mintuna goma sha biyu yayin da Wolves ta kare. 4-0 masu nasara. A ranar 20 ga watan Fabrairu mai zuwa, ya sake zura kwallaye uku a wasan da suka ci Espanyol a wasan farko na 32 na gasar. Wasansa na 131 na karshe kuma na karshe ga Wolves ya kasance a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbin rabi na biyu a wasan kusa da na karshe na cin Kofin Zakarun Turai da Sevilla ranar 11 ga watan Agusta shekarar 2020.
Liverpool A ranar 19 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2020, Jota ya koma Liverpool kan yarjejeniya ta dogon lokaci, an bayar da rahoton 41 kudin canja wurin miliyan, yana tashi zuwa 45 miliyan tare da yuwuwar ƙari. Ya fara halarta na farko a gasar cin kofin EFL bayan kwanaki biyar, ya zo a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa da Lincoln City a nasarar 7-2. A ranar 28 ga watan Satumba, ya ci kwallo a wasansa na farko na Premier a kulob din, tare da na uku a wasan da suka ci Arsenal 3-1 a Anfield A ranar 25 ga watan Oktoba, Jota ya ci kwallon da ta ci nasara a wasan da suka ci Sheffield United 2-1 a Anfield. Kwana uku bayan haka, Jota ya zira kwallaye na 10,000 na kulob a tarihin su lokacin da ya ci kwallon farko a ragar FC Midtjylland a gasar zakarun Turai ta UEFA A ranar 3 ga watan Nuwamba, ya ci kwallaye uku a wasan da suka ci Atalanta 5-0 a gasar zakarun Turai. A yin haka, Jota ya zama dan wasa na farko tun Robbie Fowler a shekarar 1993 da ya ci kwallaye 7 a wasanni 10 na farko na Liverpool. A ranar 22 ga watan Nuwamba, Jota ya ci kwallo ta biyu a wasan da suka ci Leicester City 3-0, inda ya zama dan wasan Liverpool na farko da ya ci kwallo a kowanne daga cikin wasanni hudun farko na gida a gasar Premier. Saboda wasannin da ya yi a watan Oktoba, magoya bayan kulob din sun ba Jota kyautar gwarzon dan wasan Liverpool. A ranar 9 ga watan Disamba, Jota ya ji rauni a kafarsa yayin wasan cin Kofin Zakarun Turai na UEFA da Midtjylland, inda ya yi jinya na tsawon watanni uku. A ranar 14 ga watan Agusta shekarar 2021 Jota ya ci kwallon farko ta Liverpool a kakar Firimiya ta shekarar 2021 zuwa shekara ta 2022 a kan sabon Norwich Aikin duniya Jota ya fara buga wa Portugal wasa a matakin ƙasa da 19, zira ƙwallon sa na farko a ranar 29 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2015 a cikin gida 6-1 na Turkiyya don matakin cancantar Gasar Zakarun Turai ta UEFA Ya lashe farko hula for a karkashin-21 tawagar a ranar 17 ga watan Nuwamba na wannan shekara a ba tukuna 19, wasa 15 da minti a cikin 3-0 tafi shan kashi na Isra'ila a wani share fage na gasar A ranar 25 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2018, ya zira kwallaye biyu ga 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 21 a wasan sada zumunta da suka doke Italiya da ci 3-2 wanda aka gudanar a Estoril A watan Maris na shekarar 2019, an kira Jota zuwa babbar kungiyar a karon farko, gabanin bude wasannin neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin Turai ta Euro 2020 da Ukraine da Serbia Har yanzu ba a rufe shi ba, yana cikin tawagar da ta lashe Gasar Cin Kofin Zakarun Turai ta UEFA ta 2019 a cikin gida a watan Yuni amma bai fito ba. A ranar 14 ga watan Nuwamba na waccan shekarar ya fara buga wasa ta farko a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbin Cristiano Ronaldo na minti 84 a wasan da suka ci Lithuania 6-0 a wasan neman cancantar shiga gasar Euro na shekarar 2020. Ya zira kwallon sa ta farko ta duniya a ranar 5 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2020 a wasan da gida 4-1 ta doke Croatia a gasar UEFA Nations League Ƙididdigar sana'a
Kulob
Kasashen duniya
Daraja Wolverhampton Wanderers
Gasar EFL 2017–18 Portugal
UEFA Nations League 2018–19 Na ɗaya
Dan wasan Liverpool na watan FC: Oktoba 2020, Nuwamba 2020
Gwarzon Dan Wasan PFA na Watan: Nuwamba 2020 Gasar UEFA Champions League XI: 2020
Bayanan kula
Manazarta Fitowar kasa da kasa
Janar
Hanyoyin waje Diogo Jota Bayanin Fotigal League Diogo Jota Pages with unreviewed |
51375 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah%20Arendt | Hannah Arendt | Hannah Arendt, an haifi Johanna Arendt a cikin sha huɗu ga Oktoba shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da shida, a Hanover kuma ta mutuError on the Upper West Side New York yar asalin Jamus ce, masaniyarkimiyyar siyasa, falsafa, kuma 'yar jarida, wanda aka sani da aikinta akan harkokin siyasa, kama-karya, zamani, da falsafar tarihi Ta jaddada, duk da haka, cewa aikinta ba falsafa ba ne amma ka'idar siyasa Mein Beruf shine Theorie na siyasa Shiyasa tace a masanin kimiyyar siyasa ««masanin kimiyyar siyasa maimakon masanin falsafa An ambaci kin amincewarta na falsafa a cikin Condition de l'homme moderne inda ta yi la'akari da cewa Yawancin falsafar siyasa tun lokacin da Plato za a iya fassara shi cikin sauƙi a matsayin jerin yunƙurin gano tushe na ka'idar da kuma hanyoyin da ta dace ta kuɓuta daga siyasa. [4] Ana nazarin ayyukansa a kan al'amarin kama-karya a duk duniya kuma tunaninsa na siyasa da falsafa ya mamaye wani muhimmin wuri a cikin tunani na zamani. Shahararrun litattafansa su ne The Origins of Totalitarianism (a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da hamsin da daya asali take Asalin Ƙarfin Ƙarya Halin Mutum na Zamani (a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da hamsin da takwas) da Rikicin Al'adu (a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da sittin da ɗaya). Kalmar kama-karya ta bayyana ra'ayin cewa mulkin kama-karya ba wai kawai ana aiwatar da shi ne a fagen siyasa ba, amma a cikin duka, ciki har da na sirri da na sirri, da ke rikitar da dukkanin al'umma da kuma fadin kasa baki daya. Littafinta Eichmann a Urushalima, wanda aka buga a cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da sittin da uku bayan gwajin Adolf Eichmann a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da sittin da ɗaya, inda ta haɓaka ra'ayi na banality na mugunta, shine batun rikice-rikice na duniya.
Tarihin Rayuwar ta
Rayuwa dta a karatu nata Jamus An haifi Hannah Arendt a Hanover a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da shida. Mahaifinta injiniya ne ta horarwa kuma mahaifiyarta tana jin Faransanci da kiɗa. A ɓangarorin biyu, kakanni Yahudawa ne masu zaman kansu Mahaifin ta ya rasu a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da goma sha uku daga ciwon syphilis A goma sha biyar, a cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da ashirin da daya, Arendt ya karanta Psychology of Worldviews ta Karl Jaspers, darektan rubutun ta na gaba, kuma nan da nan ya zama mai sha'awar Søren Kierkegaard, marubucin mahimmanci ga falsafar Jaspers A cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da ashirin da hudu, bayan wucewa Jamusanci daidai da ko a matsayin dan takara na kyauta tare da shekara guda a gaba, ta yi karatun falsafar, tiyoloji da ilimin falsafa a jami'o'in Marburg, Freiburg-en-Brisgau da Heidelberg inda ta bi kwasa-kwasan Heidegger, Husserl sannan Jaspers. Ta bayyana kanta tana da hazaka mai hazaka da rashin daidaituwa har yanzu ba a saba gani ba Haɗuwa da Martin Heidegger a cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da ashirin da biyar wani babban al'amari ne a rayuwarsa, duka a hankali da tunani. Duk da haka, wannan taron ya sha mamaye ainihin gudunmawar Arendt kuma ya mamaye wani muhimmin wuri a fahimtar yanayin tunaninta. A cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da ashirin da biyar, Arendt ta kasance matashi sosai kuma tana da sha'awar Heidegger, tana da shekaru goma sha bakwai. Mafarin dangantaka ce ta sirri (Heidegger tana da aure kuma mahaifin yara biyu), mai sha'awa da rashin tunani, wanda ya bar mata burbushi a tsawon rayuwarta, kodayake Karl Jaspers shine ainihin siffarta na tasirin tunani. Bayan da suka rabu, Arendt ta ci gaba da karatunta a Freiburg im Breisgau don zama almajiri na Husserl, sannan, bisa shawarar Heidegger, a Heidelberg don bin koyarwar Karl Jaspers, wanda ta rubuta karatun ta a kan ra'ayin Augustine Soyayya Duk abin da Heidegger ke da madaidaicin matsayi game da Yahudanci da Nazism, ya kasance mai aminci ga dangantakar su da kuma tunawa da rawar da Heidegger ke tunani a cikin tafiyarsa Bayan yaki da gudun hijira, ta zama mai ba da goyon baya ga masanin falsafa, wanda ya yi fice kamar yadda yake da rigima, a Amurka A cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da ashirin da tara sai annah Arendt ta auri Günther Stern (daga baya mai suna Günther Anders), wani matashin masanin falsafa na Jamus wanda ta hadu da shi a cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da ashirin da biyar a cikin jami'a kuma ya zama abokinta a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da ashirin da bakwai A wannan shekarar, ta sami tallafin karatu wanda ya ba ta damar yin aiki har zuwa shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da talatin da uku akan tarihin rayuwar Rahel Varnhagen, Bayahude Bajamushe na zamanin Romantic (wannan aikin ba zai bayyana ba sai a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da hamsin da takwas). Da hawan kyamar Yahudawa da hawan Nazis kan karagar mulki, ta kara sha'awar asalinta ta Yahudawa. Daga Shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da ashirin da takwas, ta kasance kusa da Kurt Blumenfeld, tsohon shugaban kungiyar Sahayoniya ta Duniya, baje kolin yunkurin Sahayoniya, shugaban kungiyar Sahayoniya ta Jamus tun shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da ashirin da hudu kuma aboki na iyali An tuhumi Blumenfeld don gano jigogin farfagandar kyamar Yahudawa, an kama ta a cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da talatin da uku da Gestapo kuma aka sake ta godiya ga jin tausayin dan sanda Nan take ta bar Jamus Jirgin daga Jamus da gudun hijira zuwa Amurka Ta isa Faransa a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da talatin da uku, ta zama sakatariyar sirri na Baroness Germaine de Rothschild, ta yi fafutuka don ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar Yahudawa da Larabawa a Falasdinu, ta shiga cikin maraba da Yahudawa, galibi ’yan gurguzu, suna tserewa Nazism kuma suna taimakawa wajen sauƙaƙe ƙaura zuwa Falasdinu An sake aure a cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da talatin da bakwai, ta sake yin aure16 ga watan Janairu a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in tare da ɗaya daga cikinsu, Heinrich Blücher, ɗan gudun hijirar Jamus, tsohon Spartacist A cikin mai a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in saboda ci gaban walƙiya da Sojojin Jamus suka yi a Faransa, ta sami kanta da gwamnatin Faransa tare da wasu marasa galihu a sansanin Gurs Basses-Pyrénées Cikin rud'ani bayan sanya hannu a hannun armisticejuin a cikin yuli a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in an sake ta kuma ta sami damar gudu zuwa Montauba, inda ta sami mijinta Sa'an nan kuma ta je Marseilles inda ta samu, godiya ga Cibiyar Gaggawa ta Amurka ta Varian Fry, takardar visa ga Portugal wanda ta shiga ta jirgin kasa. Daga nan sai ta zauna na wani lokaci a Lisbon da begen zuwa Amurka, wanda ya yiwu a watan Mayun 1941, ta hanyar shiga tsakani na jami'in diflomasiyyar Amurka Hiram Bingham IV, wanda ya ba ta takardar izinin shiga Amurka ba bisa ka'ida ba tare da dubu biyu da dari biyar autres Bayan yunƙurin hayewa, ta zauna a New York A halin da ake ciki na rashin abin duniya, dole ne ta sami abin rayuwa kuma ta sami aiki a matsayin mai taimakon gida a Massachusetts Ta yi shirin zama ma'aikacin zamantakewa. A ƙarshe ta yanke shawarar komawa New York, kuma ta yi aiki a cikin jaridu da yawa, ciki har da Aufbau na mako-mako.
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
26015 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka | Ka | Ka ko KA na iya nufin to:
Fasaha da nishaɗi <i id="mwDA">KA</i> (Kohntarkosz Anteria), kundi a shekara ta 2004 ta Magma
Ka, wasan Cirque du Soleil
Ka <i id="mwEg">Hasumiyar Hasumiya</i> wani ɓangaren makirci a cikin jerin Stephen Tower's Dark Tower
Mister Mosquito, wasan bidiyo na 2001, wanda aka fi sani da Japan a matsayin Ka
Kasuwanci da ƙungiyoyi Kappa Alpha Order, ƙungiya ce da aka kafa a shekara ta 1865 a Washinton da Lee
Kappa Alpha Society, ƙungiyar da aka kafa a shekara ta 1825 a Kwalejin Union
Sojojin Karenni, ƙungiyar burma ta Burma
Knattspyrnufélag Akureyrar, ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Iceland
Kuklos Adelphon, wani yanki na Kudancin 1800s
Khan Academy, ƙungiyar ilimi mai zaman kanta
King's Arms, Oxford, mashaya da aka sani da KA
Harshe
Harsuna Ka, iri -iri na yaren Banda ta Tsakiya
Yaren Jojiya, ta lambar ISO 639-1
Halaye Ka (Cyrillic),ko wasika a cikin Rashanci da sauran yarukan gabashin Turai
Ka (Indic), gungun glyphs masu alaƙa daga dangin Brahmic na rubutun
Devanagari ka, wasika a cikin rubutun Devanagari
Ka (Javanese) wasika a cikin rubutun Javanese
Ka (kana), sigar syllabic a cikin katakana na Japan da rubutun hiragana
Mutane Ka (fir'auna) fl. C. Talatin da biyu karni na BC), Fir'auna mai girma na Babban Masar
Ka (rapper) (an haife shi a shekara ta 1972), mai wasan kwaikwayo
Wurare Ka Farm, Østre Toten, Norway; duba Jerin sunayen gajerun wurare
Ka Island Ka-to Koriya ta Arewa
Yankin lambar lambar KA, Scotland
Ka River, Nijeriya
Karlsruhe, Jamus (misali lambar da aka yi amfani da ita a faranti na abin hawa na Jamus)
Karnataka, India
Kimiyya da fasaha K wani, wani acid dissociation m
K <sub id="mwWA">wani</sub> band, a obin na lantarki band
K a, yawan shan ruwa akai akai
K a, adadin musanyawa marasa daidaituwa a rukunin DNA, ana amfani da su a cikin ragin K <sub id="mwXw">a</sub> /K <sub id="mwYA">s</sub>
Ka itace, Terminalia carolinensis
ka, shekaru dubu, kyr
Keepalive, saƙon cibiyar sadarwar kwamfuta
Kiloampere (kA), naúrar wutar lantarki
kiloannus ko kiloannum (ka), naúrar lokaci daidai da shekara dubu (10 3 Sufuri Ford Ka, mota
Ajin NZR K <sup id="mwdA">A</sup>, locomotive na tururi na New Zealand
Cathay Dragon (lambar IATA KA), tsohon Dragonair
Kamfanin Kenya Airways
Lambar samfuran Kamov, kamfanin kera rotorcraft na Rasha
Sauran amfani Ka (Bengali), harafin baƙaƙe
Ka (cuneiform)
ka ko kꜣ, "ninki biyu" ko "mahimmin mahimmanci", tsohuwar masar ta ruhu ko ruhi
Knight ko Dame na St Andrew, kyautar Barbadian
Kingda Ka, wani abin birgewa a Babban Tutoci guda shida
KA, abin sha mai carbonated wanda kamfanin AG Barr ya samar
KA, jargon tilasta bin doka don "sanannen |
41777 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daular%20Portuguese | Daular Portuguese | Daular Portuguese Portuguese wacce kuma aka fi sani da ƙetaren Portuguese Ultramar Português ko Masarautar Mulkin Mallaka ta Portugal Império Colonial Português ta ƙunshi yankunan ƙasashen waje, masana'antu, da kuma yankuna na ketare da Portugal ke mulki. Ita ce daya daga cikin dauloli mafi tsufa a tarihin Turai, wacce ta kwashe tsawon karni shida tun bayan da aka mamaye Ceuta a Arewacin Afirka, a 1415, zuwa mika mulkin Macau zuwa kasar Sin a shekarar 1999. Daular ta fara ne a cikin karni na 15, kuma daga farkon karni na 16 ta bazu ko'ina a duniya, tana da rassa a Afirka, Arewacin Amurka, da Kudancin Amurka, da yankuna daban-daban na Asiya da Oceania. Daular Fotigal ta samo asali ne a farkon zamanin Binciko wurare, sannan kuma iko da mulkin Masarautar Portugal a ƙarshe ta faɗaɗa ko'ina a fadin duniya. Bayan farfadowar Reconquista, ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa na Portugal sun fara binciken gabar tekun Afirka da tsibirin Atlantic a cikin shekarun alif 1418-1419, ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin zamani wajen ratsa teku, zanen taswirori, da fasahar ruwa irin su caravel, tare da manufar gano hanyar teku zuwa teku da kuma tushen kasuwa kayan yaji don kasuwanci. A cikin 1488, Bartolomeu Dias ya zagaye Cape of Good Hope, kuma a cikin 1498 Vasco da Gama ya isa Indiya. A cikin 1500, ko dai ta hanyar kadara ko kuma ta hanyar ikon ubangiji Pedro Alvares Cabral ya binciko wajen da zai zama Brazil a yau.
A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa na Portugal sun ci gaba da binciken bakin teku da tsibiran Gabashin Asiya, suna kafa garuruwa da masana'antu yayin da suke tafiya. A shekara ta 1571, jiragen ruwa sun haɗa Lisbon zuwa Nagasaki tare da bakin tekun Afirka, Gabas ta Tsakiya, Indiya, da Kudancin Asiya. Wannan cibiyar sadarwa ta kasuwanci da cinikayyar mulkin mallaka ta yi tasiri mai kyau ga ci gaban tattalin arzikin Portugal (1500-1800) lokacin da ta kai kusan kashi biyar na kudin shiga na kowane mutum na Portugal.
A lokacin da Sarki Philip II na Spaniya (Philip I na Portugal) ya kwace kambin sarautar Portugal a 1580 an fara haɗin kai na tsawon shekaru 60 tsakanin Spaniya da Portugal wanda aka sani da tarihance daIberian Union. Sarakunan sun ci gaba da samun gwamnatoci daban-daban. Yayin da Sarkin Spaniya ya kasance kuma Sarkin Portugal, yankunan mulkin mallaka na Portugal sun zamo wuraren hare-hare daga wasu kasashen Turai uku masu adawa da Spaniya: Jamhuriyar Holland, Ingila da Faransa. Tare da ƙarancin jama'arta, Portugal ta kasa kare yankunan kasuwancinta masu nisa, kuma daular ta fara raguwa a hankali. Daga ƙarshe, Brazil ta zama ƙasa mafi daraja a zamanin daular ta biyu (1663-1825), har zuwa lokacin da, a matsayin wani ɓangare na guguwar yunƙurin 'yancin kai da ya mamaye nahiyar Amurka a farkon karni na 19, ta balle a 1822.
Zamani na uku na daular ya mamaye mataki a karshe na mulkin mallaka na Portugal bayan samun 'yancin kai na Brazil a shekarun 1820. A lokacin, an rage dukiyar mulkin mallaka zuwa garuruwa da gonaki a bakin tekun Afirka (wanda aka fadada ƙasarsu a lokacin rarrabewar Afirka a ƙarshen karni na 19), Timor na Portuguese, da ƙauyuka a Indiya Indiya ta Portuguese da Sin Macau ta Portuguese Ultimatum na Burtaniya na 1890 ya haifar da raguwar burin Portuguese a Afirka.
A karkashin António Salazar (a ofishin 1932 1968), mulkin kama-karya na <i id="mwUw">Estado Novo</i> ya yi wasu yunƙuri marasa kyau don rike sauran yankunan da suka rage. A karkashin akidar pluricontinentalism, gwamnatin ta sake sanya wa yankunanta suna "lardunan ketare yayin da suke rike da tsarin tilastawa ayyuka, wanda manyan mutane 'yan asali ne kawai aka kebe. A cikin watan Agustan 1961, Dahomey sun haɗa sansanin São João Baptista de Ajudá, kuma a cikin Disamba na wannan shekarar Indiya ta mamaye Goa, Daman, da Diu. Yaƙin Turawan Mulkin Mallaka na Portugal a Afirka ya wanzu tun daga 1961 har zuwa ƙarshen hambarar da gwamnatin Estado Novo a 1974. Juyin Juyin Halitta na Afrilun 1974 a Lisbon ya haifar da rushewar mulkin mallaka kasar Fotigal a Afurka cikin sauri da kuma maye 1975 na Timor na Portuguese da Indonesiya. Rushewar mulkin mallakar ya haifar da gudun hijira ga kusa dukkanin mutanen Portugal da sauran turawa daga yankunan. Portugal ta mayar da mulkin Macau zuwa China a 1999. Kasashen da suka rage a ƙarƙashin mulkin Portuguese, sune Azores da Madeira, dukansu suna dauke da jama'ar Portugal da dama, kuma Lisbon daga baya sun canza matsayinsu na tsarin mulki daga lardunan ketare zuwa yankuna masu cin gashin kansu". Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Masu Magana ta Fotigal (CPLP) sune magada al'adu na Masarautar, mai kama da Commonwealth of Nations ga ƙasashen da ke cikin Daular Biritaniya.
Manazarta
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43382 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shraddha%20Kapoor | Shraddha Kapoor | Shraddha Kapoor (an haife ta a 3 Maris din shekarar 1987 ko 1989 yar wasan kwaikwayon Indiya ce wacce ta fara aiki a fina-finan Hindi .tana daya daga cikin jaruman masana'antar shirya fina-finan indiya da suka fi samun albashi, Kapoor ta fito a cikin jerin sunayen shahararru 100 a Forbes India tun daga shekara 2014 kuma Forbes Asia ce ta bayyanata a cikin jerin 30 'yan kasa 30 na 2016.
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Diyar jarumi Shakti Kapoor ce, ta fara aikin wasan kwaikwayo ne da gajeriyar rawar da ta taka a cikin fim din sata mai taken Teen Patti na 2010,sannan ta fito a matsayin babbar jaruma a wasan kwaikwayo na matasa mai taken Luv Ka The End (2011). Kapoor ta sami nasara a fim din soyayya na Aashiqui 2 (2013), wanda ta sami lambar yabo ta Filmfare Award for Best Actress A shekara mai zuwa, ta nuna wani hali bisa Ophelia a cikin babban wasan kwaikwayo na Vishal Bhardwaj Haider (2014). Kapoor ta kafa kanta tare da rawar gani a cikin fim mai ban sha'awa na soyayya Ek Villain (2014), wasan kwaikwayo na rawa ABCD 2 (2015) da kuma fim din Baaghi (2016). Bayan jerin fina-finan da ba a samu nasara ba, fitowar ta mafi girma da aka fitar sun zo tare da ban dariya mai ban tsoro Stree (2018), mai ban sha'awa Saaho (2019), da wasan kwaikwayo-Chhichhore (2019).
Baya ga fitowa a fina-finai, Kapoor takan rera wakokinta a fina-finai da dama. Ita ce mai ba da goyon baya ga shahararrun masana'antu da samfura da yawa, a cikin Shekarar 2015, ta ƙaddamar da nata gun tufafin.
Rayuwar farko da asali An haifi jaruma Kapoor kuma ta girma a Mumbai A bangaren mahaifinta, Kapoor 'yar Punjabi ce, kuma a bangaren mahaifiyarta, ita yar zuriyar Marathi ce. Kakan mahaifiyarta Pandharinath Kolhapure, (dan kanin Deenanath Mangeshkar ya fito daga Kolhapur kuma kakarta ta fito daga Panaji, Goa Iyalan Kapoor sun hada da mahaifinta Shakti Kapoor da mahaifiyarta Shivangi Kapoor, babban yayanta Siddhanth Kapoor, kannen mahaifanta Padmini Kolhapure da Tejaswini Kolhapure duk 'yan wasan kwaikwayo ne a gidan kallo na Indiya Ita ce babbar yar Lata Mangeshkar, Asha Bhosle, Meena Khadikar, Usha Mangeshkar da Hridaynath Mangeshkar Wanda ta fito daga dangin ƴan wasan kwaikwayo, Kapoor tana son zama ƴar wasan kwaikwayo tun tana ƙarama. Tana sanya kayan iyayenta, ta kuma rika bitar waƙoƙin fina-finai da rawar waƙoƙi irinta jaruman fim din a gaban madubi. Ta kuma raka mahaifinta zuwa wuraren daukar fim daban-daban a lokacin kuruciyarta. A yayin daukar daya daga cikin faifan bidiyon David Dhawan, Kapoor ta yi abota da jarumi Varun Dhawan, don yin wasa da shi, kuma sun rike fitila suna nuna kamar kamara ne yayin da suke isar da layin fim ga junansu, da Haka kuma suna ta rawa da wakokin fim na Govinda Kapoor ta yi karatunta ne a Makarantar Jamnabai Narsee kuma tana da shekaru 15, ta koma Makarantar Bombay ta Amurka A wata hira da <i id="mwdw">jaridar The Times of India</i>, Shetty ya bayyana cewa dukkansu sun kasance suna shiga gasar rawa. Da yake ta yi imanin cewa ta kasance mai fafatawa tun tana 'yar shekara 17 a duniya, Kapoor ta buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa da ƙwallon hannu yayin da take tunanin waɗannan wasannin suna da ƙalubale sosai. Lokacin da jaridar Hindustan Times ne ta yi hira da su a cikin shekarar 2016, Kapoor da Shroff sun yarda da cewa sun shaku da juna a makaranta, amma ba su taba neman junansu ba. Daga nan Kapoor ta shiga Jami’ar Boston inda ta yi karatunta na digiri a fannin ilimin karanatar halayyar dan adam, amma ta bar shekararta ta farko don fitowa a fim dinta na farko bayan da furodusa Ambika Hinduja ya gan ta a fezbuk, wanda ya jefa ta a matsayin Teen Patti A wata hira datayi da Filmfare, Shakti Kapoor ta bayyana cewa Kapoor bai cika shekara 16 ba a lokacin da aka ba ta fim dinta na farko, mai sa'a: No Time for Love (2005) na shahararran jarumin masana'an tar shirya fim ta indiya wato Salman Khan, bayan ya ga daya daga cikin wasan kwaikwayo a makarantarta. amma ta yi watsi da shawarar yayin da take burin zama masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam. An horar da Kapoor a matsayin mawaƙiya tun lokacin ƙuruciyarta a matsayin kakanta na uwa kuma mahaifiyarta mawaƙiya ce na gargajiya.
Sana'a
Gwagwarmayar aiki da ci gaba (2010-2016) Kapoor ta fara fitowa ta farko a cikin 2010 a tallar <i id="mwpw">Teen Patti</i>, tare da Amitabh Bachchan, Ben Kingsley da R. Madhavan Ta taka rawa a matsayin 'yar jami'a. Fim ɗin ya sami ra'ayi mara kyau gaba ɗaya, kodayake aikinta ya fi karɓuwa. Preeti Arora, wanda ke rubutawa ga Rediff.com ya bayyana cewa: "ko da yake dan kadan ne, tana da damar da yawa." Nikhat Kazmi ta sake bitar: "Shraddha Kapoor ta fara fitowa mai ban sha'awa a matsayin matashiya mai taurin kai wacce ta zubar da ƙayyadaddun bayananta don sleaze, tare da access." Fim din ya kasa yin kyau a akwatin ofishin; duk da haka rawar da Kapoor ta yi ya sa ta samu nasarar lashe kyautar Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut Bayan fitowarta ta farko, ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar fina-finai uku tare da Yash Raj Films kuma ta fito a cikin 2011 matashiya mai ban dariya a shirin wasan kwaikwayon Luv Ka The End, tare da Taaha Shah Kapoor ta bayyana matsayin wata matashiya daliba da ta yi wa saurayinta makirci bayan ya yaudare ta. Fim ɗin bai yi kasa a gwiwa ba a ofishin akwatin kuma ya sami ra'ayoyi daban-daban daga masu suka. Duk da haka, aikin Kapoor ya sami kyakkyawan bita mai mahimmanci. Taran Adarsh ya rubuta: "Shraddha wahayi ne, yana kama ku ba tare da saninsa ba tare da kwarin gwiwa. Ta kasance mai ban sha'awa a cikin lokacin da ta rushe bayan ta san ainihin manufar masoyinta." Don aikinta, Kapoor ta sami lambar yabo ta Stardust Searchlight Award don Mafi kyawun Jaruma Daga baya an ba Kapoor kyautar jagorar mata a cikin Aurangzeb (2013) a matsayin wani ɓangare na yarjejeniyarta da Yash Raj Films. Duk da haka, ta sanya hannu a cikin Vishesh Films Aashiqui 2 (2013) a maimakon haka, ta yadda ta soke kwangilar fina-finai uku da Yash Raj Films. A shekara ta 2013, Kapoor ta taka babbar rawa a cikin fim ɗin soyayya na Mohit Suri Aashiqui 2, mabiyin fim ɗin Aashiqui na 1990. An jefa ta a matsayin Aarohi Keshav Shirke, mawaƙiyar ƙaramin gari wanda ta zama ƙwararren mai yin wasan kwaikwayo tare da taimakon mashahurin mawaƙi na maza (wanda Aditya Roy Kapur ya buga). Fim din ya kasance nasara a ofis tare da kudaden shiga na duniya na 1.09 biliyan Anupama Chopra mai sukar fina-finai ta kira Kapoor a matsayin "nasara ta gaske" kuma ta kara da cewa "fuskar ta na da lahani mai ban tsoro." Koyaya, Vinayak Chakravorty ta Indiya A Yau ta rubuta cewa "tayi kyau duk da cewa ta kasa ƙara walƙiya." Kapoor ta sami nadi da yawa a cikin mafi kyawun jarumai, ciki har da ta farko a Filmfare Awards A wannan shekarar, ta kuma fitowa a matsayin bakuwa a wasan kwaikwayon barkwanci na soyayya Gori Tere Pyaar Mein, wanda ta fito a matsayin budurwar Imran Khan Gwagwarmayar sana'a (2016-2017) Fitar Kapoor na ƙarshe a cikin 2016 shine wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗan rock Rock On 2, mabiyi na 2008's Rock On!! An jefa ta tare da Farhan Akhtar, Arjun Rampal da Prachi Desai Ta taka rawar Jiah Sharma, wata mawaƙiya ce da ta fito kuma mai buga madanni, wacce ke fama da rashin kula da mahaifinta. Don yin shiri, ta ɗauki lokaci tana karanta littattafai a keɓe kuma ta ɗauki horon murya a ƙarƙashin mawaƙa Samantha Edwards Namrata Joshi ta Hindu ba ta son fim ɗin kuma ta ɗauki aikin Kapoor a matsayin "tawali'u da biyayya". Rock On 2 bai dawo da miliyan 450 ba zuba jari, don haka fitowa a matsayin gazawar kasuwanci a ofishin akwatin.
Sauran aikin da hoton watsa labarai Bugu da kari kuma bayan a fina-finai, Kapoor ta tallafa wa ƙungiyoyin agaji, ta yi wasan kwaikwayo da kuma rera waƙa a cikin fina-finanta. Ta kuma yi tafiya a cikin Makon Kaya na Lakme don masu zanen kaya iri-iri kuma ta kasance abin koyi ga mujallu da yawa. Kapoor shine jakadan alama na samfurori da yawa, ciki har da Lakmé, Veet, Lipton, Marico 's Hair Care da sauran su. Bollywood Hungama ta sanya mata suna "daya daga cikin sunayen da ake nema" a masana'antar talla. Daga baya, a cikin Maris 2015, ta kaddamar da nata layin tufafi ga mata, mai suna Imara, tare da haɗin gwiwar Amazon.com A cikin 2021, ta saka hannun jari a cikin alamar abin sha na Shunya.
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Haihuwan 1987
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
13518 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace%20Kelly | Grace Kelly | Grace Patricia Kelly (an haife ta a ranar 12 ga wartan Nuwamba, shekarar alif 1929, ta mutu a ranar 14 ga watan Satumba shekara ta alif 1982) yar fim din Amurka ce, wanda bayan fitowarta ta haskaka a wasu manyan fina-finai a farkon-zuwa tsakiyar shekarun 1950, ta zama Gimbiya ta Monaco ta auranta da Yarima Rainier III a watan Afrilun na shekarar alif 1956. Bayan kammala karatunta daga Kwalejin wasan kwaikwayo ta Amurka a cikin shekara ta alif 1949, Kelly ya fara fitowa a cikin abubuwan wasan kwaikwayo na New York City da kuma abubuwan wasan kwaikwayo na rayuwa sama da 40 da aka watsa a farkon 1950s Golden Age of Television Ta kuma sami tauraro daga wasan da ta yi a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na John Ford na kasada- romancin Mogambo (1953), wanda a dalilinsa ne aka zabe ta don lambar yabo ta Academy don Mafi kyawun Jaruma Mai Tallafawa Ta ci lambar yabo ta Academy don Mafi kyawun Jaruma saboda rawar da ta yi a wasan kwaikwayo The Country Girl (1954). Sauran sananne ayyukansu sun hada da yammacin High noon (1952), da romance-comedy High Society (1956), da kuma uku a jere Alfred Hitchcock jinkirtar thrillers: Dial M for Kisa (1954), Rear Window (1954), da kuma a kama barawo 1955). Kelly ya yi aiki tare da wasu fitattun manyan mutane na zamanin, ciki har da Gary Cooper, Clark Gable, Ray Millan, James Stewart, Bing Crosby, William Holden, Cary Grant, Alec Guinness, da Frank Sinatra Kelly ta yi ritaya daga aiki tun tana da shekara 26 ta auri Rainier, kuma ta fara aikinta a matsayin Gimbiya na Monaco Sanannen abu ne cewa Hitchcock yana fatan za ta fito a cikin wasu finafinan sa wadanda ke buƙatar fitacciyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo, amma bai sami damar hana ta janye ba. Kelly da Rainier sunada yara uku: Princess Caroline, Prince Albert, da Princess Stéphanie Kelly ta ci gaba da kasancewa ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa da Amurka ta zama ɗan asalin Amurka da Monégasque. Princess Grace ta mutu a Asibiti na Monaco a ranar 14 ga watan Satumba, shekarar alif 1982, sakamakon rauni da ta samu a hatsarin jirgin sama a ranar da ta gabata. A lokacin rasuwarta tana da shekara 52. Tana cikin jerin 13th a cikin Cibiyar Fina-Finan Amurka 25 mafi girma na taurari Hollywood Bayan fage da rayuwa An haifi Kelly ne a ranar 12 ga watan Nuwamba, shekarar 1929, a Asibitin Jami'ar Hahnemann da ke Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, ga dangi mai wadata da kuma manyan mutane. Mahaifinta, Ailan-American John B. Kelly Sr., ya lashe uku Olympic zinare ga sculling da kuma mallakar wani cin nasara brickwork kwangilar kamfanin da aka kyau da aka sani a kan Gabas Coast. A matsayin dan takarar Demokradiyya a zaben shekarar 1935 na magajin garin Philadelphia, mafi kusa ya ragu a tarihin garin. A shekarun baya ya yi aiki a Hukumar ta Fairmount Park kuma, yayin yakin duniya na biyu, Shugaba Roosevelt ya nada shi a matsayin Daraktan Kula da Lafiya na Kasa. Brotheran uwanta Walter C. Kelly ɗan wasan tauraruwar vaudeville ne, wanda kuma ya yi fina-finai na Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer da Paramount Pictures, wani kuma mai suna George shi ne Pulitzer Prize –winwin dramatist, marubucin allo, kuma darekta. Mahaifiyar Kelly, Margaret Katherine Majer, iyayenta yan Janus ne. Margaret ta koyar da physical education a University of Pennsylvania and had been the first woman to coach women's athletics at the institution. She also modeled for a time in her youth. After marrying John B. Kelly in 1924, Margaret focused on being a housewife until all her children were of school age, following which she began actively participating in various civic organizations.
Kelly tana da wasu 'yan uwanta biyu, Margaret da John Jr., da wata' yar uwa, Elizabeth. 'Ya'yan sun girma a cikin bangaskiyar Katolika. Kelly ya girma ne a cikin karamar ƙaramar cocin Katolika. Saint Bridget shine Ikklesiya ta East Falls inda aka yi mata baftisma kuma ta sami ilimin farko. Saint John Neumann, Bishop na huɗu na Philadelphia, an kafa shi a cikin 1853, a lokacin Saint Bridget shine ɗan Ikklesiya na matasa, inda iyalai ke da kusanci da juna. Yayinda ta halarci makarantar Ravenhill Academy, makarantar 'yan mata' yan darikar Katolika, Kelly tayi kwalliyar fati a wajen taron sadaqa tare da mahaifiyarta da 'yan uwanta mata. A shekara ta 1942, lokacin tana 'yar shekara 12, ta jagoranci gaba a cikin Kada Ku ciyar da Dabbobin, wasan da kungiyar' Yan wasa ta Gabas ta Gabas suka gabatar. Kafin kammala karatun digiri a watan Mayu 1947 daga Stevens School, wata babbar jami'a mai zaman kanta a cikin Chestnut Hill da ke kusa, ta yi rawa da rawa. Littafin karatun ta na shekara-shekara ya jera 'yar wasan da ta fi so a matsayin Ingrid Bergman da kuma dan wasan da ta fi so a matsayin Joseph Cotten Rubuta a sashin "Annabcin Stevens" shine: "Miss Grace P. Kelly sanannen tauraruwa ne na mataki da allo Sakamakon maki mai karancin lissafi, Kwalejin Bennington ta ki karbarta a watan Yuli na shekarar 1947.
Aiki Duk da rashin amincewar iyayenta da farko, Kelly ta yanke shawarar bin burinta na zama 'yar wasan kwaikwayo. John bai ji daɗi sosai da shawarar da ta yanke ba; ya kalli yin hakan a matsayin "wani siriri a saman bakin titi". [12] Don fara aikinta, ta nemi izinin Kwalejin Ilimin Addinin gargajiya ta Amurka a New York, ta amfani da abin kallo daga kawunta George Kelly na The Torch-Bearers a shekarar (1923). Kodayake makarantar ta riga ta cika tanadin tsarin karatun ta, amma ta samu tattaunawa da jami'in shigar da karar, Emile Diestel, kuma an karbe shi ta hannun George. [12] Kelly ta yi aiki da himma, kuma ta yi amfani da maganarta ta amfani da rakodin tef. Ayyukanta na farko sun sa ta kai ga matakin, kuma ta yi ta farko a karon farko a Strindberg 's Uba, tare da Raymond Massey A 19, wasan karatun ta ya kasance kamar yadda Tracy Lord a cikin Labari na Filadelfia [12] Shiri a talebelijin Delbert Mann cast Kelly as Bethel Merriday in an adaptation of the Sinclair Lewis novel of the same name; this was her first of nearly 60 live television programs. As a theater personality, she was mentioned in Theatre World magazine as: "[a] most promising personality of the Broadway stage of 1950." Some of her well-known works as a theater actress were: The Father, The Rockingham Tea Set, The Apple Tree, The Mirror of Delusion, Episode (for Somerset Maugham's tele-serial), among others.
Success on television eventually brought her a role in a major motion picture. Impressed by her work in The Father, the director of the Twentieth Century-Fox film Fourteen Hours (1951), Henry Hathaway, offered her a small role in the film. Kelly had a minor role, opposite Paul Douglas, Richard Basehart, and Barbara Bel Geddes, as a young woman contemplating divorce. Kelly's co-artist Paul Douglas commented of her acting in this film: "In two senses, she did not have a bad side you could film her from any angle, and she was one of the most un-temperamental cooperative people in the business." Following the release of this film, the "Grace Kelly Fan Club" was established. It became popular all over the United States, with local chapters springing up and attracting many members. Kelly referred to her fan club as "terrifically amusing".. Gary Cooper ta lura da Kelly yayin ziyarar zuwa sa'o'in hudun na Sa'a, wanda daga baya ta kasance tare da ita a High Noon (1952). Kyautatawar da ya yi mata, ya ce ita ta bambanta da waɗannan ire-iren waɗannan haɓakar da muka gani da yawa Koyaya, abin da Kelly ta yi a cikin Shekaru Goma sha huɗu ba su da masu sukar ba, kuma ba su kai ta ga karɓar sauran rawar da ta taka ba. Ta ci gaba da ayyukanta a cikin wasan kwaikwayo da talabijin, duk da cewa ba ta da "ƙarfin dawakai", kuma da alama ba za ta sami dogon lokacin aiki ba. [12] Kelly tana yin wasan ne a cikin gidan Elitch Gardens na Colorado lokacin da mai gabatar da kara Stanley Kramer ya ba ta rawar gani a gaban Gary Cooper a cikin Fred Zinnemann 's High Noon, Yammacin Yankin Yammacin Turai a wani tsohon gari da ke hakar ma'adinai a Columbia, California. Ta yarda da rawar, kuma an harbe fim din a ƙarshen bazara farkon faɗuwar 1951 a kan jadawalin harbe-harben kwana 28 a cikin yanayi mai zafi. An jefa ta a matsayin 'yar budurwa Quaker zuwa ga Gary Cooper's stoic Marshall kuma ta sanya" rigar da ta dace da rigar mutuncin Victoria tare da Gary Cooper, wacce ke da shekaru 28. [16] The movie aka saki a lokacin rani na shekarar 1952. [18] High noon janyo hudu Academy Awards, kuma ya tun da aka ranked a cikin mafi kyau fina-finan da duk lokaci. Koyaya, High Noon ba fim din da ya sa Kelly ta zama tauraron fim ba, duk da cewa a yanzu tana ɗaya daga cikin sanannun fina-finai. Kamar yadda mawallafin tarihin H. Haughland ke faɗi: "Aikin Miss Kelly bai farantawa masu sukar lamirin ba, ko kuma sun yi rayuwa da nata." [16] Wasu masu sukar lamuni sun yi ba'a a ƙarshen fim ɗin wanda Kelly ya ceci halin Cooper. David Bishop ya bayar da hujjar cewa halayensa na rashin gaskiya, wanda ya kashe wani mutumin da ke shirin harbi mijinta, ya kasance mai sanyi. Alfred Hitchcock ya bayyana abin da ta yi a matsayin "makusantan mousy", kuma ya ce ba ta da tashin hankali. Ya ce a fina-fincinta na baya ne kawai "ta yi rawar jiki" kuma ta nuna ingancin tauraronsa na gaske. Kawun Grace Kelly George Kelly, 'yar fim din Pulitzer ne mai wasan kwaikwayo na mata, ta ba da shawara da ba da kulawa ga Kelly yayin fim din Hollywood. Aikin fim din ta ya kasance ne tun daga watan Satumbar shekarar 1951 zuwa watan Maris shekara ta 1956. [24]
Yin aiki a MGM Bayan yin fim ɗin High Noon, Kelly ya koma New York City kuma ya ɗauki darussan koyar da zaman kansu, masu sha'awar ɗauka da muhimmanci a matsayin ’yar wasan kwaikwayo. [16] Ta yi a cikin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin wasan kwaikwayo, da kuma a shirye-shiryen talabijin. [25] Ta bayyana a cikin wasu wasannin kwaikwayo na talabijin da dama (wanda aka buga a sama da shirye-shiryen talabijin sama da sittin), da aka gwada allo domin fim din Taxi a cikin bazara na shekarar 1952. Darakta John Ford ya lura da Kelly a cikin gwajin allo na 1950, kuma injinsa ya tashi ta fito zuwa Los Angeles don dubawa a watan Satumbar shekarar 1952. Ford ya ce Kelly ya nuna "kiwo, inganci, da aji". An ba ta rawar, tare da kwangilar shekaru bakwai a ƙarancin albashi na $850 a mako. [26] Kelly ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar a karkashin sharuɗɗa biyu: na farko, cewa ɗayan daga cikin shekaru biyu, tana da lokacin hutu don aiki a gidan wasan kwaikwayo; na biyu kuma, cewa ta sami damar zama a New York City a gidanta na Manhattan House, a 200 E. 66th Street, yanzu alamar ƙasa ce. [12] Bayan watanni biyu, a cikin watan Nuwamba shekarar 1952, Kelly da ɗan wasan sun isa Nairobi don fara fim din Mogambo Gene Tierney da farko an jefa shi cikin rawar, amma dole ne ta sauka a cikin minti na ƙarshe saboda batutuwan sirri. Daga baya Kelly ya fadawa mawakin fina-finan Hollywood Hedda Hopper, Mogambo yana da abubuwa uku da suka ba ni sha'awa: John Ford, Clark Gable, da tafiya zuwa Afirka, tare da biyan kuɗi. Idan an yi Mogambo a Arizona, da ba zan t sun aikata shi. Kelly tana wasa da Linda Nordley, matar aure ce ta Turanci mai ban sha'awa tare da sha'awar soyayya a Clark Gable. Kayan riguna, wadanda Helen Rose suka tsara, sun kasance "salon safari". Sama da tsawan watanni uku, babu kayan neman mata da aka yi amfani da su. Wani hutu a cikin shirin fim din ya baiwa mata tare da Mogambo abokin Ava Gardner ziyarar zuwa Rome. An saki fim ɗin a cikin shekarar 1953, kuma yana da nasara gudu a ofishin akwatin. [26] An zaba Kelly ta lambar yabo ta Golden Globe Award don Mafi kyawun Actungiyar Tallafawa, kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta farko ta Academy Award don Mafi Kyawun ressaddamarwa na Supportwarewa saboda ayyukanta. [32]. Bayan nasarar Mogambo, Kelly ya buga fim a hanyar 'TV' The Way of Eagle tare da Jean-Pierre Aumont, kafin a jefa shi a cikin fim din da Frederick Knott 's Broadway ya buga Dial M don Murder, gaban Ray Milland da Robert Cummings A cikin wannan fim, Kelly tana wasa da matar attajiri mai wasan ƙwallon tennis mai ritaya. [26] Darakta Alfred Hitchcock, wanda kuma ya ga gwajin allo na shekarar 1950, zai zama ɗayan masu jagoranci na ƙarshe. Matar studio ɗinta MGM ta ba da ranta (tare da wanda ta sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru bakwai don yin Mogambo), don yin aiki a kan fina-finai da yawa na Hitchcock, daga baya ta bayyana a cikin Rear Window da Don Kama Wani ɓarayi [26] Kelly ba tare da nuna wata damuwa ba, ya yi watsi da damar da ya yi wa tauraruwa tare da Marlon Brando a cikin Ruwa na Buga shekarar (1954). Eva Marie Saint, wacce ta maye gurbin ta, ta sami lambar yabo ta Academy domin wannan rawar. Madadin haka, sai ta himmatu ga rawar Lisa Fremont a cikin Wutar Window Kelly ya ce, "Duk ta hanyar yin Dial M don Murder, shi (Hitchcock) ya zauna ya yi min magana game da Window Window koyaushe, tun ma kafin mu tattauna kasancewar ta". Kelly's new co-star, James Stewart, was highly enthusiastic about working with her. The role of Lisa Fremont, a wealthy Manhattan socialite and model a fashion model who "never wore the same dress twice" was unlike any of the previous women she had played. For the first time, she was playing an independent career woman. Just as he had done earlier, Hitchcock provided the camera with a slow-sequenced silhouette of Kelly, along with a close-up of the two stars kissing, finally lingering closely on her profile. Hitchcock brought her elegance to the foreground by changing her dresses many times, including: "glamorous evening short dresses, a sheer negligee over a sleek nightgown, a full-skirted floral dress, and a casual pair of jeans". On the film's opening in October 1954, Kelly was again praised. Varietys film critic remarked on the casting, commenting on the "earthy quality to the relationship between Stewart and Miss Kelly", as "both do a fine job of the picture's acting demands".
Kelly ta taka rawar da matar ta yi na tsawon lokaci na Bing Crosby, Georgie Elgin, a cikin Yarinyar Kasar, bayan da wata mai ciki Jennifer Jones ta sunkuyar da kai. Lallai ya saba da wasan, Kelly ya kasance mai sha'awar sashin. Don yin shi, MGM dole ne ya bada rancen Kelly zuwa Paramount Kelly ta nuna halin ko in kula, kuma ta yi barazanar cewa ta bar fim din, in da suka ce idan ba su ba ta damar yin fim ba, to, za ta kwashe jakarta ta tafi New York da kyau. MGM ya juya baya, kuma sashin na ya koma. Har ila yau, Kelly ta sasanta da kwangilar da za ta fi samun riba, sakamakon nasarar da ta samu. [39] A cikin fim, Kelly tana wasa da matar mai wanki, mawaƙa, wacce Crosby ta buga. Halinta ya rikice cikin damuwa tsakanin masoyanta biyu, wanda Bing Crosby da William Holden suka buga. Edith Head ta sake yin ado da ita don dacewa da rawar da ta taka a fim. Da farko an saka ta da suttattun suttura, amma wannan rigar ta canza zuwa tsoffin 'yan kaduna da kuma "rigunan gida" zuwa ƙarshen fim. [39] As a result of her performance in The Country Girl, Kelly was nominated for and ultimately won an Academy Award for Best Actress. Her main competitor was Judy Garland for her performance in A Star Is Born. After receiving the Oscar nomination, Kelly won the New York Film Critics Circle Award for best actress for her performances in her three big movie roles of 1954: Rear Window, Dial M For Murder, and The Country Girl. At the Golden Globe Awards in 1955, Garland and Kelly both won awards for their respective performances. Garland won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture Comedy or Musical, and Kelly won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture Drama.
In April 1954, Kelly flew to Colombia for a 10-day shoot on her next project, Green Fire, with Stewart Granger. She played Catherine Knowland, a coffee plantation owner. Granger wrote in his autobiography of his distaste for the film's script, while Kelly later confided to Hedda Hopper, "It wasn't pleasant. We worked at a pathetic village miserable huts and dirty. Part of the crew got shipwrecked It was awful."
Bayan fim ɗin da aka yi a jere na Rear Window, Toko-Ri, Yarinyar Countryasa, da Green wuta, Kelly ta tashi zuwa Riviera ta Faransa don fara aikinta na uku, kuma na ƙarshe, fim na Alfred Hitchcock, Don Kamawa aarawo An ba da shi ta hanyar MGM zuwa Paramount Films a karo na biyar, Kelly yana wasa da mai riƙon da ya ɗauka "suttura mai kyan gani", yayin da Cary Grant ya taka rawar tsohon barawo cat yanzu yana neman kama "ɓarawo wanda ke kwaikwayon shi" [41] Kelly da Grant sun inganta juna. Su biyun sun fi son lokacinsu tare har tsawon rayuwarsu. Shekaru daga baya, lokacin da aka nemi ya ba da sunan ɗan wasan da ya fi so, Grant ya amsa ba tare da wani bata lokaci ba: “Da kyau, tare da girmamawa ga masoyi Ingrid Bergman, na fi ƙaunar Alherin. Tana da nutsuwa A cikin 1956, Kelly ya ba da hoton Princess Alexandra a cikin fim ɗin Burtaniya wanda Swan, wanda Charles Vidor ya jagoranta, akasin Alec Guinness da Louis Jourdan Matsayinta na ƙarshe ya kasance a fim ɗin fim na Charles Walters High Society, sake fasalin Bikin 19400 na MGM Labari ne na Philadelphia A cikin wannan fim ɗin, tauraruwar ta taurari a gaban Bing Crosby, Frank Sinatra, da Celeste Holm Princess ta Monaco Kelly headed the U.S. delegation at the Cannes Film Festival in April 1955. While there, she was invited to participate in a photo session with Prince Rainier III, the sovereign of the Principality of Monaco, at the Prince's Palace, about 55 kilometers away from Cannes. After a series of delays and complications, she met him at the Prince's Palace of Monaco on May 6, 1955. At the time of her initial meeting with him, she was dating the French actor Jean-Pierre Aumont.
After a year-long courtship described as containing "a good deal of rational appraisal on both sides", Prince Rainier married Kelly in 1956. The Napoleonic Code of Monaco and the laws of the Catholic Church necessitated two ceremonies both a civil ceremony and a religious wedding. The 16-minute civil ceremony took place in the Palace Throne Room of Monaco on April 18, 1956, and a reception later in the day was attended by 3,000 Monégasque citizens. To cap the ceremony, the 142 official titles that she acquired in the union (counterparts of her husband's) were formally recited. The following day the church ceremony took place at Monaco's Saint Nicholas Cathedral, before Bishop Gilles Barthe. The wedding was estimated to have been watched by over 30 million viewers on live television and was described by biographer Robert Lacey as "the first modern event to generate media overkill". Her wedding dress, designed by MGM's Academy Award-winning Helen Rose, was worked on for six weeks by three dozen seamstresses. The bridesmaids' gowns were designed by Joe Allen Hong at Neiman Marcus. The 700 guests included several famous people, including Aristotle Onassis, Cary Grant, David Niven and his wife Hjördis, Gloria Swanson, Ava Gardner, Aga Khan III, Gloria Guinness, and many others. Frank Sinatra was invited but did not attend. Kelly and Rainier left that night for their seven-week Mediterranean honeymoon cruise on his yacht, Deo Juvante II.
Ma'auratan nada ya'ya uku:
Princess Caroline, an haufe ta a Janairun 23, 1957
Prince Albert, an haife shi a Maris 14, 1958, shine Prince na Monaco
Princess Stéphanie, an haife ta February 1, 1965
Shekaru masu zuwa Hitchcock ya bai wa Princess Grace jagora a fim din Marnie a shekarar 1962. Tana da sha'awar, amma kukan jama'a a cikin Monaco game da kasancewarta a cikin fim inda za ta yi kleptomaniac ya sa ta sake tunani kuma a ƙarshe ta ƙi aikin. Darakta Herbert Ross yayi ƙoƙarin nuna mata sha'awar a wani bangare a fim ɗin shi na Turning Point (1977), amma Rainier ya soke ra'ayin. Daga baya a waccan shekarar, ta dawo cikin fasahar zane-zane a jerin karatuttukan wakoki da ke wakoki a kan labari da labari na shirin 'Theater of The Street Street Ta kuma ba da labarin fim din ABC wanda aka yi da talabijin mai suna The Poppy Is shima Flower (1966). Grace da Rainier sun yi aiki tare a cikin wani fim mai 'yanci na mintuna 33 da ake kira Rearranged a 1979, wanda ya samu karbuwa daga masu zartarwar ABC TV a 1982 bayan firaminista a Monaco, kan sharadin cewa ya kara zuwa awa daya. Kafin a kara daukar hotuna, Grace ta mutu kuma ba za a sake fitar da fim din ba ko kuma a nuna shi a bainar jama'a. Mutuwa A ranar 13 ga Satumabar, 1982, Kelly ta dawo da ita gida daga Monaco ta gida a Roc Agel lokacin da ta sami bugun jini. Sakamakon haka, ta rasa ikonta na 1971 Rover P6 3500. kuma ta kori babbar hanya, iska mai da saukar da tsaunin dutse. 'Yarta Stéphanie, wacce ke cikin wurin fasinja, ta yi ƙoƙari amma ta gaza wajen sake mallakar motar. An kai Kelly zuwa Asibitin Monaco (daga baya aka sanya wa suna Princess Grace Hospital Center tare da raunin da ya samu a kwakwalwa da thorax da kuma rauni na fyade. Likitocin sun yi imanin cewa ta samu rauni a lokacin da take tuki. Ta mutu washegari a 10:55 Da dare bayan Rainier ta yanke shawarar cire mata tallafi. An gudanar da jana'izar Kelly a Cathedral of Our Lady Immaculate, ranar 18 ga Satumabar, 1982. Bayan Massiem Mass, an binne ta a cikin gidan iyayen Grimaldi. Fiye da mutane 400 suka halarci, ciki har da Cary Grant, Nancy Reagan, Danielle Mitterrand, Diana, Princess of Wales, da Empress Farah na Iran A wani taron tunawa da wani daga baya a Beverly Hills, James Stewart ya gabatar da wannan karar: Rainier, who did not remarry, was buried alongside her in 2005.
Ayyuka Zababbun fina-finai'''
class="wikitable"
|Shekara|Suna|Mataki|Darekta|Bayanai|-
|1951
|Fourteen Hours
|Louise Ann Fuller
|Henry Hathaway
|1952
|High Noon
|Amy Fowler Kane
|Fred Zinnemann
|1953
|Mogambo
|Linda Nordley
|John Ford
rowspan="5" |1954
|Dial M for Murder
|Margot Mary Wendice
rowspan="2" |Alfred Hitchcock
|Rear Window
|Lisa Carol Fremont
|The Country Girl
|Georgie Elgin
|George Seaton
|Green Fire
|Catherine Knowland
|Andrew Marton
|The Bridges at Toko-Ri
|Nancy Brubaker
|Mark Robson
|1955
|To Catch a Thief
|Frances Stevens
|Alfred Hitchcock
rowspan="2" |1956
|The Swan
|Princess Alexandra
|Charles Vidor
|High Society
|Tracy Samantha Lord
|Charles Walters
Gidan wasan kwaikwayo "True Love", a duet with Bing Crosby from High Society (1956)
L'Oiseau du Nord et L'Oiseau du Soleil, in French and in English (1978)
Birds, Beasts Flowers: A Programme of Poetry, Prose and Music (1980)
Legacy Acting Kelly left a lasting legacy as a model, theater artist, television actress (her most prolific work, acting in around 100 TV plays), and an iconic Hollywood film star. Kelly has been cited as one of the "classic Hitchcock blondes", and as one of the most elegant women in cinematic and world history. One author describes her as the "elegant glamour girl of the screen".
Grace Kelly appeared on the cover of the 31 January 1955 issue of the weekly magazine Time. The magazine hailed her as the top movie star who brought about "a startling change from the run of smoky film sirens and bumptious cuties". She was described as the "Girl in White Gloves" because she wore "prim and noticeable white gloves", and journalists often called her the "lady" or "Miss Kelly" for this reason as well. In 1954, she appeared on the Best Dressed list, and in 1955, the Custom Tailored Guild of America listed her as the "Best-Tailored Woman".
In appreciation of her work with Hitchcock in three of his films, Kelly later wrote a foreword to the book The Art of Alfred Hitchcock by Donald Spoto. Spoto also had written High Society: The Life of Grace Kelly.
Philanthropy During her marriage, Kelly was unable to continue her acting career. Instead, she performed her daily duties as princess and became involved in philanthropic work.
She founded AMADE Mondiale, a Monaco-based non-profit organization that was eventually recognized by the UN as a Non-governmental organization. According to UNESCO's website, AMADE promotes and protects the "moral and physical integrity" and "spiritual well-being of children throughout the world, without distinction of race, nationality or religion and in a spirit of complete political independence." Her daughter, Princess Caroline, carries the torch for AMADE today in her role as President.
Kelly was also active in improving the arts institutions of Monaco, forming the Princess Grace Foundation in 1964 to support local artisans. In 1983, following her death, Princess Caroline assumed the duties of President of the Board of Trustees of the Foundation; Prince Albert is Vice-President.
Following Kelly's death, the Princess Grace Foundation-USA (PGF-USA) was established to continue the work she had done anonymously during her lifetime, assisting emerging theater, dance and film artists in America. Incorporated in 1982, PGF-USA is headquartered in New York and is a tax-exempt, not-for-profit, publicly supported organization. The Princess Grace Awards, a program of the Princess Grace Foundation-USA, has awarded nearly 800 artists at more than 100 institutions in the U.S. with more than $15 million to date. The foundation also says it "holds the exclusive rights and facilitates the licensing of her name and likeness throughout the world."
In 1965, Princess Grace accepted with pleasure the invitation to be an honorary member of La Leche League (a worldwide mother to mother support group that focuses on mothering through breastfeeding) and in 1971 was a speaker at their conference in Chicago, addressing 1400 mothers, 800 fathers and 800 babies. Princess Grace was a known advocate of breastfeeding, and successfully fed her 3 children.
Fashion While pregnant with her daughter Caroline in 1956, Kelly was frequently photographed clutching a distinctive leather handbag manufactured by Hermès. The purse, or Sac à dépêches, was likely a shield to prevent her pregnant abdomen from being exposed to the prying eyes of the paparazzi. The photographs, however, popularized the purse and became so closely associated with the fashion icon that it would thereafter be known as the Kelly bag.
Kelly was inaugurated into the International Best Dressed List Hall of Fame in 1960.
Numerous exhibitions have been held of Kelly's life and clothing. The Philadelphia Museum of Art presented her wedding dress in a 2006 exhibition to mark the 50th anniversary of her marriage, and a retrospective of her wardrobe was held at London's Victoria and Albert Museum in 2010. The V&A exhibition continued in Australia at the Bendigo Art Gallery in 2012. This famous dress, seen around the world, took thirty five tailors six weeks to complete. An exhibition of her life as Princess of Monaco was held at the Ekaterina Cultural Foundation in Moscow in 2008 in conjunction with Monaco's Grimaldi Forum. In 2009, a plaque was placed on the "Rodeo Drive Walk of Style" in recognition of her contributions to style and fashion.
After her death, Kelly's legacy as a fashion icon lived on. Modern designers, such as Tommy Hilfiger and Zac Posen, have cited her as a fashion inspiration. During her lifetime, she was known for introducing the "fresh faced" look, one that involved bright skin and natural beauty with little makeup. Her fashion legacy was even commemorated at the Victoria and Albert Museum of London, where an exhibit titled, "Grace Kelly: Style Icon" paid tribute to her impact on the world of fashion. The exhibit included 50 of her legendary ensembles. She is remembered for her "college-girl" everyday fashion, defined by her pulled-together yet simple look.
In 2016, Forbes included her on the list 10 Fashion Icons and the Trends They Made Famous..
Rashin lafiyar Kelly In 1955, Kelly was photographed by Howell Conant in Jamaica. He photographed her without makeup in a naturalistic setting, a departure from the traditional portrayal of actresses. The resulting photographs were published in Collier's, with a celebrated photo of her rising from the water with wet hair making the cover. Following her marriage, Conant was the unofficial photographer to the House of Grimaldi and extensively photographed her, Rainier, and their three children. In 1992, Conant published Grace, a book of photographs that he took during her 26-year tenure as Princess of Monaco.
Kelly has been depicted by many pop artists including Andy Warhol and James Gill. Warhol made a portrait of her for the Institute of Contemporary Art, Philadelphia as a limited edition silkscreen in 1984.
Wani wurin A rose garden in Monaco's Fontvieille district is dedicated to the memory of Kelly. It was opened in 1984 by Rainier. She is commemorated in a statue by Kees Verkade in the garden, which features about 4,000 roses.
In 2003, the Henley Royal Regatta renamed the Women's Quadruple Sculls the "Princess Grace Challenge Cup." The Henley Stewards invited her to present the prizes at the 1981 regatta, expiating the ill will from her father's falling foul of its amateurism rules in 1920. Prince Albert presented the prizes at the 2004 regatta.
Gidan Iyayen Kelley A 2012, Kelly's childhood home was made a Pennsylvania historic landmark, and a historical marker was placed on the site. The home, located at 3901 Henry Avenue in the East Falls section of Philadelphia, was built by her father John B. Kelly Sr. in 1929. Grace lived in the home until 1950, and Prince Rainier III proposed to her there in 1955. The Kelly family sold the property in 1974.
Prince Albert of Monaco purchased the property, speculating that the home would be used either as museum space or as offices for the Princess Grace Foundation.
Kyautuka da gabatarwa Other Honors' Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame (1960)
American Film Institute's 13th Top Female Stars of American Cinema (1999)
Girmamawa Girmamawa na ƙasa Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Saint-Charles
Girmamawa na ƙasashen waje Recipient of the Red Cross Medal
Egyptian Royal Family: Dame Grand Cross of the Royal Order of the Virtues, Special Class
Recipient of the Red Cross Medal
Greek Royal Family: Dame Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Beneficence
Iran Iranian Imperial Family: Recipient of the Commemorative Medal of the 2,500 year Celebration of the Persian Empire
Grand Officer of the Order of the Star of Solidarity
Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre
Dame of the Order of Pope Pius IX
Dame Grand Cross of the Order of Merit, Special Class
Grand Cross of the Order of Rubén Darío
Manazarta daga sanannun al'adu Coins da stamps In 1993, Kelly appeared on a U.S. postage stamp, released in conjunction with a Monaco postage stamp featuring her image on the same day.
To commemorate the 25th anniversary of Kelly's death, €2 commemorative coins were issued on July 1, 2007 with the "national" side bearing the image of her.
Fina-finai A 1983, a wani shirin American television film da aka kira da Grace Kelly focused on Kelly's early life was presented featuring Cheryl Ladd as Kelly and Ian McShane as Rainier.
Nicole Kidman portrayed Kelly in Grace of Monaco (2014), directed by Olivier Dahan. Reaction to the film was largely negative; many people, including the princely family of Monaco, felt it was overly dramatic, had historical errors, and lacked depth.
A season 6, na episode 20 of Once Upon a Time, Emma Swan wears a wedding dress that is highly similar to Grace Kelly's.
Waƙoƙi Kelly an ambace ta acikin lyrics na "Vogue" daga Madonna (1990).
Kelly's name is mentioned in the lyrics and title of "Grace Kelly" by MIKA (2007).
Kelly was also honored in the Piebald anthem, “Grace Kelly With Wings”. Kelly is mentioned as Princess Grace in Billy Joel's "We Didn't Start the Fire".
Kelly is mentioned in Grace Kelly Blues by the band, eels.
In the video game Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six Siege, operator Grace "Dokkaebi" Nam is said to be named after Grace Kelly.
Duba kuma Manazarta Haɗin waje Grace Kelly Grace Kelly Grace Kelly Gidauniyar Princess Grace Amurka FBI Records: The Vault Grace Kelly a fbi.gov Tarihin Grace Kelly a britannica.com Fati alfarma Grace Kelly "High Society The Life of Grace Kelly Washington Post Nuwamba 15, 2009. Ganawar Princess Grace Of Monaco akan Rediyon BBC 4 Desert Island Discs'', Afrilu 24, 1981 Gimbiya Grace na Monaco ta yi hira da Vera Maxwell da John Touhey a ranar 19 ga Disamba, 1978 ga Cibiyar Fasaha ta Musanya Pages with unreviewed |
61803 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdenour%20Boushaki | Abdenour Boushaki | Abdenour Boushaki (larabci: (an haife shi 27 ga watan Nuwamban shekara ta alif 1972, a Thénia, Lardin Boumerdès, Kabylie, Algeria) malamin jami'a ne, ɗan siyasan Islama kuma mai fafutukar al'adu daga Aljeriya.
Iyali An haifi Boushaki a cikin 1972 a matsayin babban memba na dangin Morabite Argelina wanda ke zaune a cikin gundumar Thenia, zuwa gabashin lardin Argel.
Yana daga cikin zuriyar 18th na zuriyar al'adun musulmi na Maliki Sidi Boushaki (1394-1453) waɗanda suka zo ƙauyukan Soumâa, Meraldene, Tabrahimt da yankin da ke kusa da birnin Thénia.
Mahaifinta Boualem Boushaki kuma mahaifiyarta Melha Belhocine, rukunin iyalai na morabita da Chorfas da ke zaune a yankin Cablia.
Ilimi Boushaki ya samu karatun share fage ne daga wajen iyayensa, inda mahaifinsa Boualem Boushaki (1931-2003) ya cusa masa ilimin harsunan larabci da kur'ani mai tsarki, da kuma ilimin lissafi.
Kasancewar danginsa masu ilimi, da ’yan’uwansa maza da mata, sun ba shi damar koyon dabarun farko na ilimin gaba da sakandare a cikin yanayi mai daɗi na iyali mai wadatar ɗabi’a da ruhaniya.
Don haka tun yana karami ya kasance mai hazakar polyglot kuma mai iya furta yare na Aljeriya, Larabci na adabin Al-Qur'ani, Faransanci mai tsauri da ɗan Turancin fasaha da kiɗa, kuma hakan ya faru ne saboda tasirin kawun mahaifinsa Bouzid Boushaki (1935) -2023), wanda ya kasance babban mai karanta litattafai da adabin duniya.
Shigarsa a watan Satumba na 1978 zuwa makarantar firamare ta jima'i ga maza a Thénia wani muhimmin canji ne a rayuwarsa domin yana da 'yan mitoci kaɗan daga gidan danginsa, kuma wannan kusanci ya ba shi tabbacin kwanciyar hankali na ilimi wanda ke guje wa jinkirta safiya rashin hunturu.
Don haka Abdenour Boushaki ya ci gaba da karatunsa na farko na tsawon shekaru shida a jere, inda a kodayaushe ya kasance na farko a ajinsa, sai dai a lokuta biyu da ya kamu da rashin lafiya da kamuwa da cutar kyanda, sannan kuma abokin aikinsa Djamel Boucheneb ya zarce shi a matakin rarrabuwa.
Boushaki ya shiga cikin hazaka da nasara a jarrabawar makarantar firamare ta shekara ta shida, wacce aka yi a watan Yuni 1984 a makarantar maza ta Thénia, daidai da samar da lardin Boumerdès a lokacin rabon mulki da yankuna na watan Fabrairu 1984 da kuma mika mulki na gundumar Thénia na lardin Algiers zuwa sabuwar mazabar Boumerdès.
Wannan matashin dalibi ya sami maki 214 akan jimlar maki 220, ko kuma matsakaicin 19.45 20.00, akan wannan jarabawar makaranta da ake sha'awar, don haka ya sanya shi na farko a zamaninsa a duk makarantar Algiers Academy na Ilimi.
Sufismo Boushaki hizo kamfen na sabunta ruhi a Argelia ta hanyar gwagwarmayar watsa labarai tare da kawo karshen gyara zauía a Argelia na Sufismo a alamar hermandad Rahmaniyyah.
A yi amfani da kafofin watsa labarai daban-daban da ka'idojin zamantakewa don yada kyakkyawar fahimta da aiki da sufanci na daidaiku da na jama'a, ta hanyar zikiri da addu'a tare da daidaiton halayen da ake bukata a cikin yanayin zamantakewa.
Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki A halin yanzu Boushaki ya shiga aikin sake gina kogin Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki da ke wajen birnin Thenia, bayan da aka lalata shi a shekarar 1957 a lokacin yakin ‘yancin kai na Argelia.
An rubuta Este Proyecto a cikin Las Del Ministerio DE ASUNTOS Religiosos Y Dotaciones Para Revitalizar El Retorno a Lo Básico Mediante La Rehabilitación de las Zauías Destruidas por Franceses antes de la independencia a cikin 1962, así como la reapetura de otraa de otraa. shekaru goma na ta'addancin Salafawa.
Casi all the zaouias suffices de la tariqa rahamniyyah han reabierto sus puertas a la enseñanza en la lardin de Bumerdés, en este caso Zauía de Sidi Amar Cherif y Zauía de Sidi Boumerdassi, y queda que las tres zaouias esíelas de Sidi Boumerdassi Zauía de Sidi Salem da Zauía de Sidi Ghobrini cewa fatan zama reabiertas al público sufí da autético tan vinculado y anchored a cikin argina Islamic reference.
Motar bas din manyan filayen kasar Thenia na ci gaba kuma Abdenour Boushaki yana fuskantar matsin lamba daga jami'ai da wakilai don samun fili mai girman hekta biyar wanda zai iya gina gine-gine da gine-ginen wannan makarantar Islamiyya ta kakanni da aka gina a 1442 ta el Sidi Boushaki's teólogo después de regreso de son viaje iniciático al Machrek.
Duba kuma Sidi Boushaki
Brahim Boushaki
Malikiyya
Sufiyya
Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki
Zawiyet Sidi Boumerdassi Zawiyet Sidi Amar Cherif
Manazarta
Hanyoyin waje Blogger: 13100546842055658963
Dailymotion: Abdenour Boushaki
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Tiktok: @boushaki1972
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Youtube: Abdenour Boushaki
Yanar Gizo "www.thenia.net" game da Thénia Yanar Gizo na farko "http://menerville.free.fr" game da "Ménerville da Thénia" kafin 1962
Yanar Gizo na Biyu "http://menerville2.free.fr" game da "Ménerville da Thénia" kafin 1962
Haifaffun 1972
Iyalin Boushaki
Musulmai
Rahmaniyya
Sufiyya
'Yan siyasa
Pages with unreviewed |
51094 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judy%20Blume | Judy Blume | Judy Blume (an haife ta a sha biyu ga febuwari a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da talatin da takwas) marubuci Ba’amurke ne wanda ya kware a litattafai na yara da matasa. An haife ta kuma tana zaune a Elizabeth, New Jersey Ta yi, duk da haka, ta rubuta ƴan litattafai ga manya, kamar su Wifey ko Sisters of a Summer Ta kirkiri kananan labarai a cikin kanta, wanda har yanzu yana daya daga cikin ayyukan da ta fi so.
Tarihin Rayuwa An haifi Judy Blume a Elizabeth, New Jersey. mahaifiyarta, Esther (née Rosenfeld), matar gida ce, kuma mahaifintaa, Ralph Sussman, likitan hakori. Yayanta, David, ya girme ta da shekara biyar danginsa Bayahude ne Sana'ar ta Judy Blume na ɗaya daga cikin marubutan farko da suka rubuta litattafai ga matasa waɗanda suka magance batutuwa masu mahimmanci kamar wariyar launin fata Gidan Iggie haila Allah, Kuna can). Ni ne, Margaret saki Ba ƙarshen duniya ba al'aura Tashi tsaye Sannan ban sani ba ko jima'i a cikin samari Har abada Magoya bayan Judy Blume sun yaba da ainihin ma'anar litattafanta, da barkwanci da take watsawa a cikinsu, da kuma ƙin kusanci batutuwan ɗabi'a a cikin sauƙi. Daidai yadda ta yi da gangan game da irin waɗannan batutuwa masu mahimmanci ne ya sa ta zama mai yawan cin zarafi a Amurka, da ɗakunan karatu na makaranta da kuma mambobi na addini. Ko a yau, littattafansa sun ci gaba da tabka cece-kuce a wasu makarantu. A gaskiya ma, Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru ta Amirka ta ba da rahoton cewa Har abada shine littafi 8 mafi rikici a cikin ɗakunan karatu a lokacin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in Tana ɗaya daga cikin marubutan da aka fi tantancewa akai-akai wanda ya kai shi ga fitar da tarin labaran labarai masu jigogi Wuraren da Ban taɓa nufin zama: Labarun Asali na Marubuta Censored Bayan buga litattafai masu yawa ga matasa, Judy Blume ta zaɓi kusanci fiction na manya, tare da nasara, tunda litattafanta mata da Sisters of a Summer sun sayar da kwafi miliyan hudu da miliyan uku bi da bi.
A cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da shida, Ƙungiyar Laburare ta Amirka ta ba wa marubuciyar kyautar lambar yabo ta Margaret A. Edwards don Gudunmawa ga Adabi ga Matasa Ita ma ta karba a Afrilu shekara ta dubu biyu daga "Library of Congress" lambar yabo don babbar gudummawar da ya bayar ga al'adun gargajiya na Amurka A cikin shekara ta dubu biyu da shida, Judy Blume ta sami Medal don Babban Gudunmawa ga Adabin Amurka daga Gidauniyar Littattafai ta Kasa Littattafanta 25 sun sami lambobin yabo da yawa Ref. so Labarai The One in the Middle Is the Green Kangaroo
Iggie's house
Dieu, tu es là<span typeof="mw:DisplaySpace" id="mwTg"> </span>? C'est moi, Margaret (Are You There God? It's Me, Margaret.)
Et puis j'en sais rien (Then Again, Maybe I Won't)
Freckle Juice
Ce n'est pas la fin du monde (It's Not the End of the World)
C'est dur à supporter (Tales of a Fourth Grade Nothing)
SuperSheila (Otherwise Known as Sheila the Great)
Tiens-toi droite (Deenie)
The Pain and the Great One
Pour toujours (Forever)
Starring Sally J. Freedman as Herself
Wifey
Le Roi des casse-pieds (Superfudge)
Œil de Tigre (Tiger Eyes)
The Judy Blume Diary
Smart Women
Letters to Judy: What Kids Wish They Could Tell You
Trois Amies (Just as Long as We're Together)
La Mousse-manie (Fudge-a-Mania)
Tiens bon, Rachel (Here's to You, Rachel Robinson)
Sœurs d'un été (Summer Sisters)
Mon frère adore l'argent (et son perroquet) (Double Fudge)
Un exposé fatal (Blubber)
Reflets de femmes
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
26417 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamsuddeen%20Usman | Shamsuddeen Usman | Department5Shamsuddeen Usman
Department4Shamsuddeen Usman
Shamsuddeen Usman, CON, OFR (an haifishi a ranar 18 ga watan Satumba shekarata 1949 a jihar Kano, Nigeria masanin tattalin arziƙin Najeriya ne, ma'aikacin banki kuma ma'aikacin gwamnati A halin yanzu shi ne Shugaban SUSMAN Associates, kamfanin tuntuba na tattalin arziki, kuɗi da gudanarwa wanda ke da hedikwata a Najeriya. Ya kuma kasance Ministan Kudi na Najeriya tsakanin watan Yuni shekarata 2007 da watan Janairu shekarata 2009 kuma ya kuma rike mukamin Ministan Tsare -Tsare na kasa daga watan Janairu shekarata 2009 zuwa watan Satumba shekarata 2013. Ya kuma kasance mai kula da Kulawa da Aiwatar da waɗannan tsare -tsaren Ci Gaban Ƙasa, Asusun Ƙaddamar da Ƙasashen Turai (EDF) Takardar Ƙasashen Ƙasa (CSP) da Shirin Nuna Ƙasa (NIP). A matsayinsa na Ministan Tsare -Tsare na kasa, shi ma yana kula da Ofishin Kididdiga na Kasa, Cibiyar Gudanarwa da Ci Gaban da Cibiyar Nazarin Zamantakewa da Tattalin Arzikin Najeriya (NISER).
Ya wakilci Najeriya a matsayin Gwamna a Hukumar Gudanarwar Bankin Duniya da Asusun Lamuni na Duniya. Ya kasance memba na Majalisar Zartarwa ta Tarayya, Majalisar Tattalin Arzikin Kasa da Majalisar Kasa kan mallakar kadarori. Shi ne Minista na farko da ya fara bayyana kadarorinsa a bainar jama'a kafin ya fara aiki a matsayin jami'in gwamnati, lamarin da ake ganin alama ce ta nuna gaskiya da rikon amana a kasar da aka santa da yawan cin hanci da rashawa..
Bayan Fage An haifi Usman a unguwar Warure Quarters dake jihar Kano. Mahaifinsa, malamin addinin Islama, ya rasu yana ɗan shekara shida. Ya fara karatunsa a makarantar firamare ta Dandago. Bayan halartar makarantar sakandare a babbar Kwalejin Gwamnati Keffi da Kwalejin King, Legas, ya sami BSc. a fannin tattalin arziki daga Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello da ke Zariya, Najeriya. Daga baya ya ci nasarar samun gurbin karatu na kasa don yin karatun MSc. da PhD a Makarantar Tattalin Arziki da Kimiyyar Siyasa ta London tsakanin shekarar 1977 zuwa shekarar 1980. Digirinsa na PhD ya kasance kan "Tallafin Haraji da Zuba Jari a Masana'antar Mai ta Najeriya". A cikin shekaru biyu na farko a Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta London, ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar koyarwa a aji na ƙarshe a cikin Kudin Jama'a Farkon aiki Daga shekarar 1974 zuwa shekarar 1976, Usman ya yi aiki a matsayin Jami’in Tsare -tsare na Ma’aikatar Tsare -Tsare ta Jihar Kano. Ya koyar da Nazarin Tattalin Arziki da Kudin Jama'a a Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello, Jami'ar Bayero Kano da Jami'ar Jos tsakanin shekarar 1976 zuwa shekarar 1981. Ya kasance mai kula da Bankin Raya Masana'antu na Najeriya (NIDB) sannan ya zama Daraktan Kasafin Kudi/Mai Ba da Shawara kan Tattalin Arziki na Gwamnatin Jihar Kano tsakanin shekarar 1981 zuwa shekarar 1983. Daga nan aka naɗa shi Babban Manaja na Bankin NAL Merchant (a halin yanzu Bankin Sterling Tasirin Keɓantarwa da Kasuwanci a Tattalin Arzikin Najeriya Daga shekarar 1989 zuwa shekarar 1991 Usman yayi aiki a matsayin Babban Darakta janar na Kwamitin Fasaha kan Keɓancewa da Sadarwa, wanda yanzu shine Ofishin Kamfanonin Jama'a. Ya kasance da alhakin Phase I na shirin tare da umarni zuwa kyautatuwa da jama'a Enterprises, a matsayin na game da m bangaren na kasa da kasa Asusun bada lamuni -led Tsarin gyara Shirin (SAP), wanda aka fara a shekara ta 1986.
A karkashin kulawar sa, kusan kamfanoni 88 na gwamnati ko dai an cika su ko kuma an raba su ba tare da taimakon fasaha na kasashen waje ba. Shirin ya yi nasarar yayewa gwamnati babban ɗimbin kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗen tallafa wa kamfanonin gwamnati, ta rage girman ikon sarrafa gwamnati ta hanyar sake fasalin matsayin ma'aikatun da ke sa ido, ƙirƙirar ƙungiyoyin masu hannun jari da zurfafa da faɗaɗa Babban Birnin Najeriya. Kasuwa zuwa matsayin kasancewa mafi ci gaba a cikin baƙar fata na Afirka. Babban darajar kasuwar hada -hadar hannayen jari ta Najeriya (NSE) inda aka sayar da hannayen jarin ya karu daga N8.9 biliyoyin a shekarar 1987 (kafin mallakar gwamnati) zuwa N65.5 biliyan a 1994 (bayan Phase-I). Ba za a iya ƙara jaddada tasirin tasirin hannun jarin da aka saki a kasuwa ba ta hanyar gudanar da harkokin kasuwanci, TCPC ta zama Ofishin Kamfanonin Jama'a (BPE) na yanzu a 1993. Mataki na-I na pravatisation gaba ɗaya ya haifar da ingantaccen Ayyuka na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, wanda hakan ya haifar da haɓaka ƙimar harajin kamfanoni wanda ya hau kan baitul malin ƙasa, tsakanin sauran fa'idodi da yawa. An sayar da hannun jari da kadarori sama da N3.7 biliyan kamar yadda aka samu halattacciyar kasuwanci daga cinikin kamfanoni 55 wanda jarin jarinsu na asali bisa ga bayanan Ma'aikatar Inshorar Kuɗi (MOFI) ya kai N652. miliyan. Wannan yana wakiltar kasa da kashi 2% na jimlar darajar jarin Gwamnatin Tarayya kamar a ranar 30 ga Nuwamba 1990 wanda ya kai N36 biliyan. Siyarwa ta musamman ta faɗaɗa ikon mallakar hannun jari a Najeriya. Ta hanyar rage dogaro da kamfanonin gwamnati ga gwamnati don samun kuɗaɗe, shirin mallakar kamfanoni ya ƙarfafa sabbin saka hannun jari a kamfanoni da sassan da abin ya shafa. Sabuwar ikon cin gashin kai na waɗannan kamfanoni da 'yantar da su daga katsalandan na siyasa a cikin gudanar da ayyukan yau da kullun ya kuma inganta ingancin ayyukan waɗannan kamfanonin da ke ba su damar kasuwanci da ayyukansu, ɗaukar samfuran kasuwancin kamfanoni masu inganci da ingantattun hanyoyin aiki. Raba hannun jarin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ya taimaka matuka wajen bunƙasa bunƙasar Babban Kasuwar Najeriya kuma ya taimaka wajen zurfafa da faɗaɗa shi.
Banki An fara farautar Usman don zama babban darakta na Bankin United Bank for Africa mai kula da Bankin Duniya da Zuba Jari a 1992. Wannan ya haɗa da kula da reshen New York kai tsaye. Bayan haka, Union Bank of Nigeria ya nada shi a 1993 a matsayin babban darakta kuma shugaban Bankin Kamfanoni da Banki na Duniya. Lokacinsa a Union Bank bai daɗe ba yayin da NAL Merchant Bank ya ɗauke shi aiki a matsayin manajan darakta da babban jami'i a 1994, mukamin da ya riƙe sama da shekaru biyar. Ya kuma kasance mamba a kwamitin hangen nesa na 2010 A dawowar mulkin dimokradiyya a Najeriya a 1999, an nada shi a matsayin Mataimakin Gwamnan Babban Bankin Najeriya (CBN) mai kula da Manufofin Kudi da Banki na cikin gida, wanda daga baya aka sanya masa suna Kula da Bangaren Kudi. Shi ne kuma ke da alhakin jagorantar Project Eagles, shirin kawo sauyi na CBN, wanda ke da alhakin sauya kungiyar zuwa daya daga cikin cibiyoyi masu inganci, masu inganci da manufa a Najeriya. Daga Janairu 2004 zuwa Yuni 2007 ya kasance Mataimakin Gwamna mai kula da Daraktocin Ayyuka da ke kula da Daraktocin Ayyuka. Daga 2005, ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaba sannan kuma Mataimakin Shugaban Kamfanin Tsaro na Kamfanin Tsaro na Najeriya (NSPMC) wanda aka fi sani da "Mint". A cikin wannan rawar, ya kula da gabatar da bayanan N500 da N1000 da sake tsara Mint ɗin zuwa kamfani mafi riba tare da ingantaccen aiki. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Kasuwar Hannayen Jari ta Abuja, Bankin Fitar da Shigo da Kayayyaki na Najeriya (NEXIM) da Cibiyar Horar da Cibiyoyin Kudi. Ya kuma kasance memba na Kungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Najeriya (NES) kuma ya taba zama Shugaban Kungiyar tsakanin 1986 zuwa 1987. Ya kuma kasance mamba a kwamitin hukumar raya tattalin arzikin Afirka da bankin shigo da kaya na Afirka Aikin minista An nada Usman a matsayin Ministan Kudin Najeriya daga May 2007 zuwa Janairu 2009. A cikin wannan rawar, ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban ƙungiyar Gudanar da Tattalin Arziki kuma a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Majalisar Ƙasa kan Keɓancewa Usman ya bullo da wani tsari na kasafin kudi na aiki kuma ya bi sauye-sauyen tattalin arziki daban-daban kamar rage matsakaicin lokacin Share tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Najeriya daga kusan watanni 2 zuwa kusan kwanaki 14 a lokacin mulkinsa; kara girma, amana da ingancin bangaren inshora tare da bin aiwatar da dokar Inshora; sokewa ba bisa ka’ida da rangwame ba wanda ya haifar da zubewar kudaden shiga sama da 2 biliyan; rage bashin da ake bin Najeriya a waje; da sauƙaƙe cajin kwastam da cajin babban birnin kasuwa ga masu aiki don haɓaka yanayi mai fa'ida kuma mara matsala don saka hannun jari a cikin tattalin arziƙi. UA lokutan da shugaban kasa Umaru Musa Yar'Adua ya gabatar da kasafin kudin gwamnati ga Majalisar kasa, Usman bai ji dadin kyakkyawar dangantaka da wasu 'yan Majalisar Dattawa da na Majalisar kamar su duka ba, a kowane lokaci lokacin shirye -shiryen kasafin kudin, suna matsa lamba don kara kashe kudaden gwamnati ba tare da son Usman ba, musamman yadda Al'umma ke fama da raguwar kudaden shigar mai. Usman ya yi ikirarin dalilin hakan shi ne cewa Tattalin Arzikin Najeriya ba shi da ikon ɗaukar wannan ƙarin kashe kuɗi, idan aka yi la’akari da tushen samun kudaden shiga da kuma don magance hauhawar farashin kaya da rage cin hanci da rashawa da aiwatar da ba daidai ba kamar yadda a cikin Wutar Lantarki a lokacin gwamnatin Obasanjo wannan ya kamata a kauce masa. Usman ya dora alhakin karancin aiwatar da kasafin kudin na 2008 wani bangare na jinkirin da Majalisar ta yi wajen amincewa da kasafin, sanarwar da 'yan Majalisar suka nuna rashin jin dadin ta. A cikin shirya kasafin 2007 (kasafin kuɗi), 2008 (ƙaddamarwa) da na 2009, Usman ya kuma gabatar da tsarin kasafin kuɗi wanda ya dogara da Tsarin Ci gaban Matsakaici sabanin ɓataccen kasafin kuɗi na shekara wanda ya nuna daidaituwa dangane da tsare -tsaren ci gaban ƙasa a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, kamar yadda aka yi aikata a baya.
Hakazalika ga Trevor Manuel, tsohon Ministan Kudi na Afirka ta Kudu, an nada Usman a matsayin minista/mataimakin shugaban kwamitin tsare -tsare na kasa na Najeriya kuma a matsayin shugaban Kwamitin Kula da Najeriya Vision 2020 a cikin Janairu 2009. A cikin wannan rawar, yana da alhakin Tsarin Tattalin Arziki da Ci Gaban Al'umma ta hanyar tsara Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Mulki/Manufa na Zamani, Tsarin Kasa na Tsawon Lokaci Nigeria Vision 2020 da aiki tare da Ma'aikatar Kudi don saita gaba ɗaya Manufofin kasafin shekara-shekara (Tsarin gajeren lokaci). Sanusi Lamido Sanusi ya ambace shi a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan mutanen da suka yi babban tasiri ga tattalin arzikin Najeriya da gudummawar da suka bayar a wannan lokacin zai taimaka wajen rage koma bayan tattalin arzikin da ake ciki a yanzu. Ya kasance memba na Kwamitin Shugaban Kasa kan rikicin kuɗi na duniya.
Ministan tsare -tsare na kasa (Janairu 2009 zuwa Satumba 2013) A matsayin Ministan tsare -tsare na kasa, Usman: Ya ƙirƙiri daftarin Nigeria Vision 2020 tare da shigar da bayanai daga masu ruwa da tsaki iri -iri (misali Matasa, Jihohi, Mata, Injiniyoyi, Naƙasassu)
Dabarun Ƙasa don Ci gaban Ƙididdiga wanda shine samar da bayanai don tsara ƙasa
Ya samar da tsarin kasa wanda za a yi amfani da shi don kimanta ayyukan Ma’aikatu, Sashe da Hukumomi
Kimanta ajandar mai maki 7 da sauran manufofin gwamnati
Tsarin aiwatarwa na shekaru huɗu don daftarin Vision 2020
Tsarin kashe kudi na matsakaicin lokaci wanda aka dora kasafin kasa a kai
Asusun Dukiyar Najeriya A shekarun baya kafin shekarar 2008, Najeriya ta ci gajiyar hauhawar farashin man fetur, wanda hakan ya ba gwamnati damar tara kudaden da suka wuce gona da iri da kuma kashe kudaden gwamnati. Duk da haka, Usman ya gano cewa farashin man volatility shirya kai sosai high kasada to girma a Najeriya ta mai dogara da tattalin arziki, da kuma irin tura domin kafa wani sarki dũkiya asusu, wanda zai yi aiki a dogon lokaci ceton gidauniya domin nan gaba da kuma a matsayin asusu na ci gaba don ayyukan zamantakewa da tattalin arziƙi An yi niyyar yin kama da Asusun Fensho na Gwamnati na Norway A ka’ida, an tara kudaden shiga da suka wuce kima (watau, ainihin kudaden shiga da aka kasa samun kuɗaɗen shiga na kasafin kuɗi) a cikin asusun danyen mai, don hana ɗimbin tattalin arziƙi, kodayake kamar yadda babu wani tsarin doka don gudanar da asusu mai yawa-: Duk da haka kamar yadda babu doka tsari na asusun danyen mai kuma babu wani umarni da za a yi amfani da shi azaman tsararraki masu zuwa, kamar yadda Asusun Arziki Mai Girma ya zama dole don haɓaka inganci a cikin gudanar da ajiyar ƙasar. Ya kafa Kwamitin Fasaha na Shugaban Kasa kan Kafa Asusun Arzikin Masarautar Najeriya, wanda ya mika rahotonsa ga Majalisar Tattalin Arzikin Kasa da Shugaban kasa. Duk da haka, saboda canjin wurin aiki kai tsaye zuwa Ma'aikatar Tsare -Tsare na Kasa, bai sami damar sanya ido kan kafa Asusun Maɗaukakin Sarki kai tsaye ba.
Binciken minista Bayan rusa majalisar ministocin da mukaddashin shugaban kasa na wancan lokacin, Goodluck Jonathan ya yi a ranar 10 ga Fabrairu, 2010, Usman yana daya daga cikin mutane tara da aka sake zaba don zama minista a sabuwar majalisar ministocin cikin jimillar arba'in da biyu. Hakan ya faru ne saboda rashin tsaka tsaki kan batutuwan siyasa da kyakkyawar alakar aiki da mukaddashin shugaban. Duk da haka, sake zabar Usman ba ‘yan jam’iyyar PDP reshen jihar Kano ba ne suka yi masa kallon mai kyau, saboda suna ganin Usman masanin fasaha ne ba dan siyasa ba, kuma a matsayin masu ruwa da tsaki na Jam’iyyar Dimokuraɗiyya ta Jama’a a Jihar Kano. Wannan ya haifar da roƙon siyasa daga ƙungiyoyin masu sha'awar don hana nadin nasa. A sakamakon haka, ya bayyana cewa Majalisar Dokoki ta jinkirta tantance shi kuma zuwa washegari, jaridun yankin suna ba da rahoton cewa an sauke shi daga mukamin Minista saboda muradun siyasa da ya saba wa nadinsa a matsayin Technocrat. Sai dai kuma, a safiyar wannan rahoton na jaridar, Usman shi ne na farko da Majalisar Dattawa ta tantance inda ya amsa tambayoyi iri -iri kan tattalin arziki, kuma ya amsa tambayoyi kan ayyukansa a matsayin Ministan Kudi da Tsare -Tsaren Kasa. A nan ne ya yi shahararrun maganganunsa kan yaƙe -yaƙensa da mafia na tattalin arziki a Najeriya waɗanda ke lalata ikon samar da kudaden shiga na gwamnati. Nayi kasa-kasa da kungiyoyin mafia da yawa; nayi kasa da kungiyan mafia ta ma'aikatar customs, nayi kasa da hargitsin ma'aikatar haraji ta wannan kasan wadanda suka kasance sune ke tsotse duka harajin kasan nan. Kowa ya san kungiyar dana kafa karkashin Senator Udoma ta ceto ma kasan nan biliyoyin kudade a naira. Nayi dauki ba dadi da kungiyar mafia ta hada hadan mai; I fafata da harkokin shige da fice na wannan kasan gaba daya saboda ina kokarin ganin an samu awa 48 na cikakken tantancewa
Kyautatawa Usman shi ne shugaba kuma daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa kungiyar Kano Peace and Development Initiative (KAPEDI), kungiyar 'yan asalin jihar Kano da ta damu da kokarin sake gina zaman lafiya da tattalin arzikin jihar Kano, musamman bayan rikicin addini a 2004.
Ya kuma fara Gidauniyar Alheri, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta a unguwar Garangamawa da ke birnin Kano wanda ke ba da horon bunkasa ayyukan dan adam ga matasa tare da gudanar da wasu ayyukan alheri a jihar.
Kyaututtuka Wannan Ministan na Shekara na 2007
Kyautar Bankin Vanguard: Icon na Banki Abokin girmamawa, Cibiyar Bankunan Najeriya (Charter Institute of Bank of Nigeria (CIBN) Shugabannin 50 na ThisDay Gobe (2004) Aboki, Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Najeriya
Wuri na 3 wanda ya lashe Gasar John F. Kennedy Essay Competition (1969)
Abokin aiki, Society for Corporate Governance Nigeria
Nassoshi Pages with unreviewed |
51212 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple%20Network%20Server | Apple Network Server | Sabar hanyar sadarwa ta Apple (ANS) layin kwamfutocin uwar garken PowerPC ne, wanda Apple Computer Inc ya ƙera,ƙera shi kuma ya sayar daga Fabrairu 1996 zuwa Afrilu 1997.An sanya masa suna "Shiner"kuma asalinsa ya ƙunshi nau'i biyu, Sabar Network 500/132 ("Shiner LE",watau "low-end") da kuma Network Server 700/150 ("Shiner HE", watau "high".-end") wanda ya sami samfurin aboki,Sabar hanyar sadarwa 700/200 (kuma "Shiner HE") tare da CPU mai sauri a cikin Nuwamba 1996.
Injin ba sashe ne na layin kwamfutoci na Apple Macintosh ba, an tsara su ne don gudanar da tsarin aiki na IBM's AIX kuma ROM ɗinsu na musamman ya hana yin booting classic Mac OS. Wannan ya sa su zama kwamfutocin tebur na ƙarshe waɗanda Apple ba na Macintosh ba. An sayar da 500/132,700/150, da 700/200 a kasuwar Amurka akan dala 11,000,$15,000 da $19,000,bi da bi.
Sabbin sabar hanyar sadarwa ta Apple ba za su ruɗe da Apple Workgroup Servers da Macintosh Servers ba,waɗanda wuraren aiki ne na Macintosh,waɗanda ke jigilar su tare da software na uwar garken,kuma suna amfani da Mac OS.Banda shi kaɗai,Ƙungiyar Aiki 95-a Quadra 950,tare da ƙarin mai sarrafa SCSI wanda aka aika tare da A/UX,kuma yana iya tafiyar da Mac OS.Apple ba shi da kwatankwacin kayan aikin sabar a cikin jeri na samfuran su har sai an gabatar da Xserve a cikin 2002.
An danganta ɗan gajeren lokacin samfurin ga manyan matsalolin kuɗi a Apple a farkon 1997,shugaba Gil Amelio,ya soke duka Sabar hanyar sadarwa da OpenDoc a cikin taro ɗaya kamar yadda aka ƙaddara cewa ba su da fifiko.
Hardware Kayan aikin Apple,Network Server ya kamata ya dogara ne akan sabon ƙirar Allon tunani na musamman ga samfurin.A lokacin haɓaka kayan aikin,Apple ya watsar da ƙirar babban allo na asali saboda dalilan da ba a tabbatar da su ba,Domin ci gaba da jigilar samfurin, Apple ya yi gyare-gyare zuwa Power Macintosh 9500 loggic board da ROM (kulle duk kiran Mac OS),kuma ya tura AIX zuwa sabon kayan aiki.Ko yana da alaƙa da canjin kayan masarufi ko ta daidaituwa, Apple kuma ya watsar da NetWare akan haɓaka PowerPC(lambar suna:Wormhole) a wannan lokacin.Tsarin Allon ma'ana na gaba ɗaya,da alama yana ba da shawarar kusancin dangantaka da tsarin RS/6000 na tushen PowerPC ta IBM,waɗanda kuma an tsara su don gudanar da AIX. A gefe guda kuma,yawancin abubuwan da aka gyara na Allo musamman, Open Firmware boot ROM, suna kama da Allon "Tsunami"da aka yi amfani da su a cikin Power Macintosh 9500,da wasu Macintosh clones.
Yayin da tsarin da'ira na Apple Network Server(ANS) na iya kama da tsarin RS/6000,a hankali da kuma zahiri yana kusan kama da Power Macintosh 9500 (PM9500),kodayake yana aiki da firmware daban-daban, kuma wanda ke da takamaiman manufa ta musamman aiki.
An fara daga babban matakin bas da aiki ƙasa a cikin jerin motocin bas,a saman matakin shine bas ɗin CPU, tare da mai sarrafa Hammerhead(Apple Part# 343S1190),Wanda kuma ana samunsa akan PM9500.CPU kamar yadda aka ambata,
shine PowerPC 604 ko 604. Gadar motar bas-zuwa-PCI na bas ɗin masu sarrafa Bandit ne (343S0020).Dukansu ANS da PM9500 suna da masu sarrafa Bandit guda biyu,da bas ɗin PCI guda biyu daban. Duk na'urori a matakin bas ɗin CPU iri ɗaya ne,tsakanin ANS da PM9500.A duka tsarin,biyu ana ba da agogon Bus na CPU ta katin CPU mai cirewa.Koyaya,akan ma'aunin agogon ANS wanda ke raba agogon tsarin don duk na'urorin Bus na CPU yana kan allon dabaru,yayin da akan PowerMac9500,buffer agogon yana kan katin CPU.
Masu kula da layin bayanan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya,sun bambanta akannANS daga waɗanda ke kanPM9500, mai yiwuwa saboda ƙarin tallafi don ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. Masu kula da layin bayanan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar ANS sune343S1161,maimakon343S1141 kamar akan PM9500.Koyaya,tsarin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya iri ɗaya ne tare da bankuna biyu na ramukan DIMM da goyan baya don jujjuyawar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya,lokacin da ramukan da suka dace a bankuna daban-daban sun ƙunshi DIMMs nemo wa iri ɗaya.ANS tana da ramukan DIMM ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya guda takwas,maimakonPM9500's goma sha biyu,amma sauran injunan Hammerhead kamar PM8500 kuma suna ɗaukar ramukan DIMM ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya takwas kawai.
A kan bas ɗin PCI,kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, ANS tana amfani da gadar Bandit PCI,kamar yaddaPM9500 ke yi.Masu sasantawar bas na PCI suma iri ɗaya ne(343S0182).Masu sasantawar bas ɗin suna karɓar sigina na Bus ɗin Bus na PCI kuma suna ba da siginar Tallafin Bus zuwa ramukan PCI da guntuwar gadar PCI (Bandit).
Manajan katsewa,da mai kula da hukumar dabaru ma iri daya ne.Dukansu suna amfani da Grand Central(343S1125).Grand Central, na'ura ce akan bas ɗin PCI.
A bas ɗin PCI,ANS sassan hanyoyi tare daPM9500 ta hanyoyi kaɗan.ANS tana da kwakwalwan kwamfuta guda biyu na53C825A SCSI tare da goyan bayan ayyukan Fast&Wide SCSI,waɗanda ba sa cikinPM9500.Waɗannan kowanne yana bayyana azaman na'urar PCI daban akan bas ɗin PCI. ANS kuma tana ƙara mai sarrafa bidiyo na Cirrus Logic 54M30 azaman ƙarin na'urar PCI.
A cikin duka ANS na da na'urorin PCI guda uku waɗandaPM9500 ya rasa.Hakanan an tsara ramukan PCI na ANS daban.A kanPM9500,Grand Central da na farko guda uku na PCI suna samun goyan bayan Bandit1.Sauran ramukan PCI guda uku suna goyon bayan Bandit 2. A kan ANS,Grand Central,kwakwalwan kwamfuta na53C825A SCSI guda biyu,mai sarrafa bidiyo na 54M30 da manyan ramukan PCI guda biyu suna tallafawa Bandit1.Sauran ramukan PCI guda huɗu suna tallafawa ta Bandit 2.Wasu na iya samun ban sha'awa cewa wannan na'urori shida da Bandit1 ke goyan bayan) sun tabbatar da cewa Bandit PCI Bridge da guntu masu yanke hukunci na iya kai tsaye (babu gadar PCI-PCI da ake buƙata) tallafawa aƙalla na'urorin PCI guda shida da aka ba da tallafin firmware daidai.
Komawa ƙasa gaba a cikin matsayi,Grand Central guntu wani nau'in bas ne na I/O don na'urorin allo na dabaru daban-daban.Dukansu ANS da PM9500 suna amfani da guntu CURIO AM79C950,ɓangaren al'ada daga AMD don tallafawa tashar jiragen ruwa,jinkirin 5 Mbit/s, 53C94/96 tushen SCSI bas da 10Mbit/s ethernet.Mai sarrafa floppy SWIM shima na gama gari ne ga injinan biyu kuma an haɗa su ta guntuwar Grand Central. ANS ba ta da guntuwar MESH SCSI 53CF94/6 da aka samu Apple SCSI guntu wanda ke kanPM9600 kuma yana goyan bayan bas ɗin Fast SCSI na ciki.
Grand Central yana ba da tallafi ga katsewar tsarin goma sha ɗaya.A kan duka Macintosh da ANS,kowane ramin PCI yana ƙunshe da layin katsewa guda ɗaya kawai har zuwa huɗu da ke goyan bayan ƙayyadaddun PCI.Taswirar katse ta bambanta a cikin injinan guda biyu,kuma wannan yana wakiltar dalilin da yasa sakaPM9500 koPM9600 ROM a cikin ANS ba zai ƙyale injin yayi taho ba.Firmware yana tsammanin wasu katsewa suyi daidai da wasu abubuwan da suka faru,amma siginar katse yana haɗa ta jiki zuwa wata na'ura daban fiye da yadda firmware ke tsammani.
ANS 500/132 yana amfani da PowerPC 604 CPU wanda aka rufe a 132.MHz,kuma ANS 700/150 suna da CPU iyali iri ɗaya amma an rufe su a 150MHz.Dukansu suna da cache na L1 na 32kB.ANS 700/200 yana da ƙarin ci gaba PowerPC 604e wanda aka rufe a 200MHz.tare da cache na L1 na 64kB.An saka cache na L2 na ANS akan SIMM,tare da daidaitaccen girman 512.kB na 500 da 1MB na 700s.Kowane ANS na iya samun 1MB cache katin da aka dace. Gudun bas ɗin tsarin shine 44MHz don 500,da 50MHz don 700s ko kowane ANS wanda 200 ya kasance an saka katin processor na MHz.Kwamitin dabaru na ANS yana da ramummuka guda takwas na 168-pin DIMM paraty RAM tare da hudu daga cikinsu kyauta (tare da matsakaicin adadin 512).MB na RAM da aka ƙayyade).An aika da ANS 500/132 tare da 32an shigar da MB na RAM (4 8MB 60ns parity DIMMs wanda IBM ke ƙera) da ANS 700/150 da ANS 700/200 da aka jigilar su tare da 48MB (2 16 MB 60 ns 2 8 MB daidaitattun DIMMs kuma IBM ne ke ƙerawa).Don duk dalilai masu amfani,matsakaicin daidaitawar RAM shine 4 128 MB daidaitattun DIMMs (512MB, duka) ko 8 64 MB daidaitattun DIMMs (kuma 512MB total). Injin ba zai POST ba (watau, ba zai wuce Power -o n System Test) idan sama da 512an shigar da MB.Wannan cikakken hani ne da aka gina a cikin ROM-DIMM na injin. Idan ko da RAM DIMM guda ɗaya ba ta da alaƙa,to ana kashe duban daidaito ga duk RAM,a cikin wannan yanayin 70.ns RAM DIMMs karbu ne.FPM ko EDO RAM DIMMs ana karɓa,a kowane tsari,kamar yadda injin ke ɗaukar EDO RAM DIMMs azaman FPM RAM DIMMs.
Duk Sabar hanyar sadarwa tana da babban tashoshi biyu na Wide SCSI -2 mai sarrafawa kunkuntar, zuwa drive ɗin CD-ROM,da duk wani rumbun kwamfyuta waɗanda aka shigar tare da kayan haɗin Apple Narrow SCSI-2) na waje 25-pin. SCSI-1 mai haɗawa da daidaitaccen 1.44MB "SuperDrive"floppy.Akwai ramummuka guda shida na PCI kyauta don faɗaɗa-ɓangarorin da aka tallafawa ƙarƙashin AIX sun haɗa da katunan Ethernet guda biyu da katin SCSI RAID Sauran tashoshin jiragen ruwa sun haɗa da tashar ADB ɗaya,tashar jiragen ruwa guda biyu da tashar AAUI ɗaya.Ba kamar sauran kwamfutocin Apple na zamanin ba,ANS na amfani da mai haɗin VGA don bidiyo na kan-board;an haɗa adaftar don nunin Apple.
Wani bangare na musamman na Apple Network Servers shi ne lamarinsu,Yana da cikakken kullewa kuma yana da sauƙin isa,yana ɗauke da ƙaramin LCD don tantancewa,kuma gabansa yana da ramukan na'urori guda bakwai,tare da CD-ROM da rumbun kwamfutarka guda ɗaya a ciki a cikin su. daidaitaccen tsari.Za'a iya ƙara ƙarin nau'ikan rumbun kwamfutarka na SCSI masu zafi-zafi ko madaidaicin tef ɗin DAT zuwa ramummuka kyauta. Optionally,ANS 700 kuma yana goyan bayan raƙuman samar da wutar lantarki da zazzagewar zafi da ɗigon tuƙi na ciki don ƙarin ƙayyadaddun fayafai guda biyu.Shari'ar tana da girma kuma mai nauyi,a tsayin nisa na zurfin da nauyi fiye da,tare da madaidaicin nauyi dangane da ƙayyadaddun kayan by aiki. Wannan yana nufin cewa yayin da yake kusa da faɗin dama don rakodin inch 19,yana buƙatar aƙalla rak14 a tsayi.Nau'in ƙira na uku a cikin ƙaramin akwati-Mount ba tare da babban faifan faifai ba,Sabar hanyar sadarwa300 lambar mai suna "Deep Dish"kamar a cikin babban tasa pizza,bai taɓa wucewa matakin samfurin ba.Hakanan a cikin haɓakawa amma ba a taɓa sakin su ba katunan CPU waɗanda ke nuna CPUs biyu.Power Macintosh 9500 katunan CPU,waɗanda ke akwai tare da masu sarrafawa biyu,basu dace da ANS ba.
Ana iya haɓaka ANS500/132 zuwa ANS500/200 ta shigar da200 Katin kayan masarufi na MHz. Yana yiwuwa a haɓaka ANS500 zuwa ANS700 ko kuma rage darajar ANS700 zuwa ANS500 kawai ta hanyar musanya maɓallin wutar lantarki da PSU(s),amma ya zama dole a wargaza tushen ANS gaba ɗaya don cim ma irin wannan haɓakawa ko raguwa.ANS700 yana da haɗin wutar lantarki guda ɗaya,kodayake yana iya samun PSUs masu zaman kansu.Koyaya,ana iya jujjuya ANS700 cikin sauƙi zuwa tsarin daidaitawar wutar lantarki biyu ikon farko mai zaman kansa,mai yuwuwa, da kuma buƙatu,daga bangarori daban-daban na wutar lantarki,wanda mai yuwuwar samun goyan bayan wutar lantarki mara yankewa ta hanyar cire mai haɗa wutar lantarki ta IEC da jiki ta hanyar lantarki tana haɗa igiyoyin shigar da wutar lantarki guda biyu, ɗaya zuwa kowane PSUs masu yawa.Koyaya, wannan canjin yana da yuwuwar ɓata lissafin UL na injin. Duk da haka,irin wannan gyare-gyare na iya aiwatar da ingantaccen tsarin sakewa na N+1 na ANS700s.
Software An sayar da Sabar hanyar sadarwa ta musamman tare da AIX,a cikin wani nau'i mai suna AIX don Apple Network Servers tare da wasu siffofi na Apple,kamar ayyukan AppleShare, ya kara da cewa; bita guda biyu,4.1.4 da 4.1.5,akwai.An riga an dakatar da bambancin Unix na Apple A/UX kuma baya goyan bayan PowerPC. Saboda kamannin AIX OS da kayan masarufi,Sabar hanyar sadarwa yawanci binary sun dace da jerin RS/6000.Koyaya aikace-aikacen da suka dogara da farkon RS/6000's POWER2 processor da Micro Channel bas ba su dace da ANS's PowerPC,CPU da PCI bas.
Yayin haɓaka samfurin,Apple ya gwada nau'ikan alpha na Novell NetWare don PowerPC. Kusan lokaci guda kayan aikin sun canza,aikin NetWare ya daina sabuntawa kuma daga baya aka watsar da shi.Apple ya gwada kuma ya samar da iyakatattun lambobi na ROM SIMM waɗanda ke tallafawa Windows NT don PowerPC akan Sabar hanyar sadarwa500da700.
A matsayin madadin AIX yana yiwuwa,kodayake rikitarwa, shigar da PowerPC Linux ko NetBSD akan ANS. Yana yiwuwa,tare da samfurin Macintosh ROMs,don kunna Apple Network Server500ko700 zuwa Mac OS 7.5 ko kuma daga baya,duk da haka tallafin Ethernet bai cika ba. Babu tabbataccen tushe don hanya ko buƙatun da ke wanzu.Ba wai kawai Ethernet ya bambanta ba,amma ƙirar nunin ma.Yin amfani da alamar Apple, amma DEC "Tulip" katin Ethernet da katin nuni daga 9500 yana tafiya mai nisa wajen samun damar Mac OS amma ko da wannan ba a tabbatar ba.Yellowdog Linux 2.x ko 3.x ya fi tabbaci,kuma NetBSD 1.5.x na iya zama mafi kyau.Manyan batutuwa sun rage,kamar masu kula da bas biyu na "Bandit"tsarin floppy na mallakar mallaka,da yuwuwar CD-ROM.Hard disks na UW-SCSI ba safai ba ne matsala kuma Apple har ma ya fitar da kayan shigarwa na U-SCSI (amma kunkuntar) don ANS duk da cewa ANS tana sanye take da faifai UW-SCSI kawai.
Matsayi ,most Apple Network Servers had been removed from service and most had been returned to Apple or sold on the secondary market, either factory remanufactured or as-is, or sent to a recycler and crushed. It was once not uncommon for a well-featured ANS to barely recover the minimum bid on eBay. Shipping of an ANS is expensive, about from a U.S.-to-U.S. location if sent via bulk shipping.Few, if any, replacement parts are available, particularly not the mechanical components.
,Apple Network Servers are sometimes seen and sold for over on eBay.
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Shiner.info, an unofficial ANS resource site (Web Archive copy)
Erik's Apple Network Server Page Network Server entry on EveryMac.com
ANS 500/700 |
37148 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diogo%20Dalot | Diogo Dalot | José Diogo Dalot Teixeira (lafazin Portuguese pronunciation: oɡu lo] an haife shi 18 watan Maris 1999) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Portugal wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Premier League United da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Portugal Dalot samfur ne na tsarin matasa na Porto kuma ya buga wasansa na farko na ƙwararru ga ƙungiyar B a cikin watan Janairu shekarar 2017. Ya fara buga wasansa na farko a wasan Taça de Portugal a watan Oktoba 2017. Bayan ya buga wa Porto wasanni takwas, ya koma Manchester United a watan Yunin shekarar 2018 kan kudi Yuro 22. miliyan (£19 miliyan). Daga Oktoba 2020 zuwa Yuni 2021, an ba Dalot aro zuwa kulob din Serie A na Italiya AC Milan Dalot ya kasance matashi na kasa da kasa kuma ya wakilci Portugal daga kasa da 15 zuwa matakin kasa da 21 Ya kasance memba na tawagar 'yan kasa da shekaru 17 da suka lashe gasar zakarun Turai na 'yan kasa da shekaru 17 na 2016 Ya buga wasansa na farko a duniya a Portugal a UEFA Euro 2020 Aikin kulob
Porto An haife shi a Braga, Dalot ya shiga tsarin matasa na Porto a cikin shekarar 2008, yana da shekaru tara. A kan 28 shekarar Janairu 2017, ya fara halarta na farko tare da ƙungiyar B, yana wasa cikakken mintuna 90 a cikin asarar gida 2-1 da Leixões don gasar zakarun LigaPro Dalot ya fara bayyana tare da tawagar farko a wasan gasa ranar 13 ga Oktoba 2017, wanda ya fara a wasan da suka doke Lusitano de Évora da ci 6-0 a gasar Taça de Portugal Ya fara taka leda a gasar Premier a ranar 18 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 2018, yana zuwa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin minti na 75 a cikin 5-0 na gida na Rio Ave.
Manchester United
Wasannin farko a Manchester Dalot ya rattaba hannu a kulob din Premier League na Manchester United a ranar 6 ga Yunin 2018 kan kwantiragin shekaru biyar kan fam 19. miliyan. Lokacin da ya isa Manchester, kocin José Mourinho ya ce, la'akari da shekarunsa, ya kasance daya daga cikin mafi kyawun 'yan baya a kusa. Ya fara buga wasansa na farko a ranar 19 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2018 a wasan daf da na kusa da na karshe na gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai UEFA Champions League da kungiyar Young Boys ta Switzerland, amma ya kasa ci gaba da kasancewa a kungiyar saboda raunin da ya samu a kakar wasa ta baya.
Ya buga wasansa na farko a gasar Premier a ranar 1 ga watan Disamba a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 a waje da Southampton Duk da korar Mourinho da aka nada Ole Gunnar Solskjaer a matsayin sabon koci, Dalot ya kasance zabi mai mahimmanci: a karshen kakar wasa ta bana, ya buga wasanni 23. A lokacin wannan kakar, yana da wasan da ba za a iya mantawa da shi ba a birnin Paris, a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai na kusa da na karshe na 2nd kafa da Paris Saint-Germain, inda Manchester United ta kammala wani gagarumin koma baya saboda bugun fanareti, wanda ya yi nasara bayan harbin Dalot. Ya zura kwallo ta biyu a wasan cin kofin FA da Tranmere Rovers da ci 6-0 ita ce kwallonsa ta farko ga United. A lokacin farkon kakarsa na kulob din, Dalot ya yi fama da raunuka daban-daban kuma bayan zuwan Aaron Wan-Bissaka, ayyukansa sun yi rauni sosai a karkashin kocin Ole Gunnar Solskjaer.
Loan zuwa AC Milan Bayan amfani da Manchester United na lokaci-lokaci, an ba Dalot aro ga AC Milan ta Italiya a kakar shekarar 2020-21. Ya buga wasansa na farko a Milan a ranar 22 ga watan Oktoba, inda ya fara a wasan da suka doke Celtic da ci 3-1 a wasan rukuni na rukuni na UEFA Europa League Kwanaki bakwai bayan haka, Dalot ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a Milan kuma ya ba da taimako ga dan kasar Rafael Leão a wasan da ci 3-0 a gida a gasar cin kofin Europa da Sparta Prague Ya buga wasansa na farko a gasar Seria A ranar 1 ga watan Nuwamba, inda ya maye gurbin Davide Calabria a cikin mintuna na 71 na wasan da suka tashi 2-1 da Udinese Ya fara wasansa na farko a gasar a wasan da suka tashi 2–2 da Genoa A ranar 7 ga watan Maris 2021, Dalot ya zira kwallayen sa na farko a gasar Seria A cikin 2-0 a waje a Hellas Verona A lokacin kakar wasa, iyawar Dalot ya ba shi damar yin wasa ko dai a matsayin dama da baya na hagu Wannan ya sa ya zama wani muhimmin ɓangare na ƙungiyar Stefano Pioli, yana taimaka wa Milan ta sami matsayi na biyu a cikin 2020-21 Seria A da cancantar shiga Gasar Zakarun Turai ta 2021-22 bayan rashin shekaru takwas. A lokacin da yake wasa a matsayin Rossonero, ya iya yin wasa akai-akai, yana yin wasanni Talat in da uku 33, ya zira kwallaye biyu kuma ya ba da taimako uku. Kamar yadda Dalot ya fada sau da yawa, a Italiya ya iya inganta tsaro, ba tare da rasa ikonsa na kai hari ba.
Komawa Manchester United A lokacin bazara na shekarar 2021, Manchester United ta yi sha'awar siyan wani dan wasan baya na dama. A halin da ake ciki, Milan, wacce ta ji dadin Dalot a lokacin da ya koma kungiyar a matsayin aro, ya fara tattaunawa da Manchester United don siyan shi na dindindin. Bayan ya koma Manchester United, ya burge kociyan kungiyar Ole Gunnar Solskjaer da irin rawar da ya taka a lokacin wasannin share fage. Ita ma Borussia Dortmund tana sha'awar siyan shi a matsayin aro, amma ya yanke shawarar ci gaba da zama a United don yin gogayya da Aaron Wan-Bissaka don samun gurbin farawa. A ranar 22 ga watan Satumba, Dalot ya ba da farkon farkon kakar wasa, wanda ke nuna a cikin asarar gida 1-0 zuwa West Ham United a zagaye na uku na gasar cin kofin EFL Tun daga wannan lokacin, yana da iyakacin damar da ya fara sau biyu da kuma sau uku. Ya buga wasa da Villarreal a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai wasan rukuni-rukuni bayan an dakatar da Wan-Bissaka wasanni biyu. A ranar 2 ga watan Disamba, Dalot ya ba shi farkon farawa a gasar a karkashin kocin rikon kwarya Michael Carrick, yana mai ban sha'awa sosai kuma ya haifar da burin na biyu a cikin nasara a gida da ci 3-2 a kan United ta hammayarsu Arsenal a Old Trafford Bayan isowa na riko manajan Ralf Rangnick, Dalot cemented wurinsa a matsayin Starter ga kulob din, bin da m wasanni a kulob din na gaba biyu matches da Crystal Palace da Norwich City Ayyukan kasa da kasa
Matasa Dalot ya taimaka wa Portugal lashe gasar cin kofin nahiyar Turai ta 2016 na 'yan kasa da shekaru 17, inda ya zira kwallaye biyu a wasanni biyar a Azerbaijan ciki har da sau daya a wasan karshe da Spain A wannan shekarar, ya taimaka wa tawagar 'yan kasa da shekaru 19 zuwa wasan kusa da na karshe na gasar daya. Tare da 'yan kasa da shekaru 19, Dalot ya shiga cikin 2017 UEFA European Under-19 Championship, yana taimakawa kammalawa a matsayin wanda ya zo na biyu, bayan da ya yi rashin nasara a wasan karshe a Ingila Don bajintar da ya yi a duk lokacin gasar, an ba shi suna a cikin "Team of Tournament". Dalot ya buga wa Portugal wasa a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA U-20 na 2017, yana farawa a duk wasannin da aka yi a karshen wasan daf da karshe. A ranar 10 ga watan Nuwamba 2017, ya lashe wasansa na farko ga Portugal Under-21s, wanda ya fara a kunnen doki 1-1 da Romania don neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin Turai ta 2019 UEFA An fara a cikin watan Maris shekarar 2021, Dalot ya shiga cikin 2021 Gasar Cin Kofin Turai na Under-21 Portugal ta kare a matsayi na biyu bayan ta sha kashi a wasan karshe da Jamus da ci 1-0 a ranar 6 ga Yuni 2021.
Babban A ranar 13 ga watan Yuni 2021, Dalot ya kasance cikin tawagar Portugal don buga gasar Euro 2020 a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin João Cancelo, wanda ya fice bayan an gwada ingancin COVID-19 Ya buga wasansa na farko bayan kwanaki goma a wasan karshe na rukuni -rukuni da suka tashi 2-2 da Faransa a Budapest inda ya maye gurbin Nélson Semedo na mintuna 11 na karshe. A kan 27 ga watan Yuni, Dalot ya fara farawa na farko tare da babban tawagar kasar, a cikin rashin nasarar 1-0 zuwa Belgium a zagaye na 16. A watan Oktoba shekarar 2021, Portugal ta kira shi kuma a ranar 9 ga Oktoba, ya ba da taimako biyu, yayin da Cristiano Ronaldo ya farke shi a wasan da suka doke Qatar da ci 3-0. A ranar 24 ga watan Satumba 2022, Dalot ya zira kwallayen sa na farko na kasa da kasa guda biyu a cikin nasara da ci 4-0 a waje da Jamhuriyar Czech yayin gasar cin kofin UEFA ta 2022-23 Salon wasa Dalot shine mai tsaron gida mai ƙarfi wanda aka sani da saurinsa, fasaha da kuma iyawar sa. Yana iya taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya ko winger a kowane gefe, ko da yake yakan yi wasa a dama. Yawancin lokaci ana tura shi azaman reshe-baya a hannun dama amma a cikin aikin cikakken baya na al'ada a hagu. A matsayinsa na dan wasan baya na hagu, an yabe shi saboda yadda yake da’a da kuma wayar da kan shi na tsaro. Yana da fasaha mai kyau na dribbling kuma ana lura da shi saboda shigar da ya yi wajen kai hare-hare ta hanyar tsallake- tsallake ko dogayen wuce gona da iri Jikinsa yana ba shi damar yin aiki mai kyau a cikin duels na iska.
Kididdigar sana'a
Kulob
Ƙasashen Duniya Scores and results list Portugal's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Dalot goal.
Girmamawa Porto
Premier League 2017-18 Portugal
Gasar cin Kofin Zakarun Turai na U-17 2016 Mutum
Ƙungiyar Gasar Cin Kofin Turai ta Uefa ta 'yan kasa da shekaru 17: 2016 Ƙungiyar Gasar Zakarun Turai ta Uefa ta 'yan kasa da shekara 19 2017
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Manchester United profile
Bayanan martaba na League na Portuguese Bayanan ƙungiyar ƙasa Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1999
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
24751 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icen%20Dalbejiya%20%28Azadirachta%20Indica%29 | Icen Dalbejiya (Azadirachta Indica) | Azadirachta indica wanda aka fi sani da icen Dalbejiya, ko Bedi wato neem, bishiyar-nim ko Indian lilac, kuma a Najeriya ana kiranta dogo yaro ko dogonyaro, bishiya ce daga cikin dangin Mahogany Meliaceae. tana ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan halittu guda biyu na iyalan Azadirachta, kuma asalin yankin Indiya ne kuma galibin kasashen Afirka. Yawanci tana girma a yankuna masu zafi da na wurare masu zafi. Itacen Neem kuma na girma a tsibiran kudancin Iran. 'Ƴa'ƴan itãcensa da tsabarsa sune asalin man-neem.
Bayanai Dalbejiya ko icen bedi ice ne mai azumi-girma itace cewa zai iya isa tsayin kimanin da wuya Yana zubar da yawancin ganye a lokacin damuna. Rassan suna da fadi kuma suna yaduwa. cikakkiyar kambi mai kauri ne tana zagaye ne kuma tana iya kaiwa fadin diamita Itacen bedi ko dalbejiya yayi kama da danginsa, chinaberry (Melia azzara|Melia azedarach). Akasin haka, ganyen pinnate suna da tsawon kimanin tare da 20 zuwa 30 matsakaici tsawo da ganye kore mai duhu mai tsawon Sashin tsakiya na fallen ganyen tashar tana ɓacewa sau da yawa. Petioles gajere ne. Icen na da fure masu launin fari da ƙamshi an shirya su a cikin ƙaramin ma'ajin axillary panicles masu saukowa waɗanda suka kai a tsawo. Inflorescences, wanda reshe ne yayi sama har zuwa mataki na uku, yana ɗaukar furanni 250 zuwa 300. Fure ɗaya na da tsawon da fadin Protantrism, furanni masu juna biyu da furannin maza suna saduwa akan bishiya guda.
Ya'yan itacen masu santsi ne (masu walƙiya), ana kiransu drupe suna kama da zaitun wanda ya bambanta ta siffar tsawo oval zuwa kusan zagaye, kuma lokacin cikakke ya14–28 millimetres (0.55–1.10 in) ta10–15 millimetres (0.39–0.59 in). Fatar 'ya'yan itace (exocarp) siriri ne kuma ɓacin rai mai ɗanɗano (mesocarp) yana da launin shuɗi-fari kuma yana da yawa. Mesocarp shine 3–5 millimetres (0.12–0.20 in) kauri. Farar, harsashi na ciki mai ƙarfi (endocarp) na 'ya'yan itacen yana ɗauke da guda ɗaya, da wuya biyu, ko uku, elongated tsaba (kernels) waɗanda ke da gashin launin ruwan.
Akanyi kuskure wajen kamanya icen dalbejiya da wani ice mai kama dashi suna bakain. Shima icen Bakain yana da ganye masu tsini da kuma 'ya'yan itace masu kama da juna. Bambanci ɗaya shine cewa ganyen neem yana da pinnate amma ganyen bakain Pinnation yana da biyu-biyu ko uku-uku.
Asalin Kalma Kalmar Neem sunan Hindi ne wanda aka samo daga yaren Sanskrit Nimba Ilimin Halittu da Muhallinsu Bishiyar dalbejiya wato neem tayi fice matuqa saboda juriya ga karancin ruwa. Yawanci yana wanzuwa a yankuna da ke da rani da kuma matsakaicin zafi, masuadadin ruwan sama na 400–1,200 millimetres (16–47 in). Icen na iya girma a yankuna daban daban na duniya, amma yana dogara ne mafi akasari da yanayin ruwan dake karkashin kasa. Sannan zai iya tsirowa ko wani irin nau'in na duniya, amma yafi wanzawa a nau'in kasa da ake kira sandy soil, suna ya dogara ne sosai akan matakan ruwan karkarshin ƙasa. Bedi na iya girma a cikin nau'ikan ƙasa daban -daban, amma yana haɓaka mafi kyau akan zurfin zurfin ƙasa da yashi. Yana da yanayi na wurare masu zafi zuwa bishiyar ƙasa kuma yana wanzuwa a matsakaicin yanayin zafin shekara na 21–32 °C (70–90 °F). Zai iya jurewa sama zuwa yanayin zafi sosai kuma baya jure zafin da ke ƙasa 5 °C (41 °F). Dalbejiya yana ɗaya daga cikin bishiyoyin da ke ba da inuwa waɗanda ke bunƙasa a cikin yankunan da ke fuskantar fari kamar busasshen bakin teku, gundumomin kudancin Indiya, da Pakistan. Bishiyoyin ba su dogara game da samun ruwa ba kuma suna bunƙasa ko da da digon ruwa ne, komai ingancin. A Indiya da ƙasashe masu zafi inda yakin ƙasar Indiya suka isa, ana yawan samun bishiyoyin Dalbejiya da ake amfani da su don rufe tituna, kusa da wuraren bauta, makarantu da sauran irin waɗannan gine -gine na mutum ko a mafi yawan yadudduka. A yakuna masu karancin ruwan sama, akan shuka bishiyoyin dalbejiya acikin manyan filaye.
Icen a matsayin ciyawa akan dauki ganyen icen a matsayin ciyawa mara amfani a wasu sassa na duniya, musamman a yankunan Gabas ta Tsakiya, ƙasashen Saharar Afirka da Yammacin Afirka da jihohin Tekun Indiya, da wasu sassan Ostiraliya A yanayin muhalli, yana rayuwa da kyau a cikin irin wannan muhallin ga nasa, amma ba a tantance ainihin matsayinsa na ciyawa ba.
A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2015, an zartar da cewa Icen dalbejiya a matsayin ciyawa mara amfani na na ajin B da C a Yankin Arewacin Kasar, Ostiraliya, ma'ana dole ne a sarrafa shuka ta da yaduwar ta kuma ba a yarda a shigo da tsirrai ko propagules cikin NT ba. Shari'a ta yarda a siya, a saida, ayi sufurinta ko irin ta. An kaddamar da ita a matsayin ciyawa a sanadiyyar mamaye hanyoyin ruwa da tayi a Top End na yankin.
Bayan an gabatar da icen a kasar Ostiraliya, a 1940s, an dasa A. indica a yankin Arewa don samar da inuwa ga shanu. An kafa gonaki na gwaji tsakanin shekarun 1960 zuwa 1980 a Darwin, Queensland, da Yammacin kasar Australia, amma masana'antar sarrafa icen dalbejiya ta Ostiraliya ba ta tabbatar da mai yiwuwa ba. Yanzu itacen ya bazu zuwa cikin savanna, musamman a kusa da hanyoyin ruwa, kuma ana samun yawan mutane da yawa a yankunan.
Sinadarai daga Bishiyar 'Ya'yan itacen dalbejiyan, iri, ganye, mai tushe, da kuma bawon icen na dauke da sinadarai masu dumbin yawa wanda ake kira phytochemicals, wasu da aka fara ganowa daga iri, kamar azadirachtin wanda aka sarrafa su a shekarun 1960s matsayin maganin kwari antifeedant, tsaida yaduwa, da kuma maganin kwari. Amfani daga icen a yayinda ake murƙushe kilogiram 2 na yayan tsaba icen yakan kai kusan gram 5.
Bugu da kari sinadarin azadirachtin da limonoids masu alaƙa, man iri ya ƙunshi glycerides polyphenols iri-iri, nimbolide, triterpenes, da beta-sitosterol. Man yana da launin rawaya, bitter oil, yana da ƙamshi kamar tafarnuwa kuma ya ƙunshi kusan kashi 2% na mahaɗan limonoid. Ganyen yana ƙunshe da quercetin, catechins, carotenes, da bitamin C.
Amfani Akan busar da ganyen dalbejiya kuma ana sanya shi a cikin kabad don hana kwari cin sutura, da kuma cikin tins inda ake adana shinkafa. Hakanan ana amfani da furannin a wurin bukukuwan Indiya da yawa kamar Ugadi.
Matsayin kayan lambu Ana cin sashin furen da 'yayan itacen a matsayin kayan lambu a kasar Indiya. Ana shirya abinci mai kama da miya mai suna veppampoo charu a cikin Tamil (an fassara shi da "neem flower rasam wanda aka yi da furen bedi a yankunan Tamil Nadu. A Bengali, ana soya ganyen neem a cikin mai tare da eggplant (brinjal). ana kiran girkin neem begun bhaja kuma shine abu na farko yayin cin abinci a Bengali wanda ke matsayin abinci washe harshe, ana cinshi da shinkafa.
Ana amfani sassan dalbejiya a yankin kudu maso gabashin Asiya, musamman a Kambodiya, Laos (inda ake kira kadao Thailand (inda aka sani da sa-dao ko sdao Myanmar (inda aka sani da tamar da Vietnam (inda aka sani da sầu đâu kuma ana amfani dashi wajen dafa salatin gỏi sầu đâu Ko da an dafa shi da sama sama, dandanon sa na da ɗaci sosai, kuma ba duk mazaunan waɗannan ƙasashe ke cin wanan nau'in abincin ba. A Myanmar, ana dafa ganyen neem da sashen furanni da 'ya'yan tamarind wato tsamiya don rage dacinsa kuma ana ci a matsayin kayan lambu. Ana kuma cin ganyen neem mai tsami tare da tumatir da miya miya a Myanmar.
Magungunan Gargajiya Ana amfani da samfuran da aka cire daga icen dalbejiya a wajen maganin gargajiya na Indiya na tsawon ƙarnuka, amma babu isasshen shaidar asibiti don nuna fa'idodin amfani da bedi don dalilai na magani. A manya mutane, ba a kafa takamaiman ka'idojin shan maganin ba, kuma yin amfani da dalbejiya na ɗan gajeren lokaci yana da aminci, amma yayin amfani da shi na dogon lokaci na iya haifar da matsalar koda ko hanta; a ga ƙananan yara, man-dalbejiya na da guba kuma yana iya sanadiyyar mutuwa. Bedi na iya haifar da bari wato zubewar ciki, rashin haihuwa, da ƙarancin sukari na jini.
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24899 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackichand%20Singh | Jackichand Singh | Telem Jackichand Singh (An haife shi ranar 17 ga watan Maris, 1992) ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Indiya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya. A cikin gida yana buga wasa a matsayin dan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na kulob ɗin Indian Super League, na East Bengal, a matsayin aro daga Mumbai City, da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙasar Indiya Sana'a
Royal Wahingdoh Jackichand ya fara zama ƙwararren ɗan wasa don Royal Wahingdoh, sannan a cikin I-League 2nd Division, a ranar 19 ga watan Satumba, shekara ta 2011 a Gasar Cin Kofin Federation da Churchill Brothers Wahingdoh ya ci wasan da ci 2-1 inda Jacki ya zura kwallo ta biyu a minti na 53 don kammala tashin hankali a kofin. Jackichand zai sake yin wasa sau biyu a matakin rukuni na gasar cin kofin tarayya, ya sake zira kwallaye, amma ba zai iya taimakawa kungiyarsa fice daga rukunin ba. Ya kasance wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar Royal Wahingdoh a lokacin kamfen ɗin su na 2011 I-League 2nd Division kuma zai zira kwallaye uku a lokacin rukunin, yana taimaka wa ƙungiyarsa ta cancanci zuwa Gasar Cin Kofin Ƙasa ta 2 na shekarar 2011 a matsayin masu nasara a rukuni, amma Wahingdoh ya gama na 6. kuma ya kasa samun ci gaba. Jackichand ya sake kasancewa cikin tawagar a lokacin gasar I-League ta shekarar 2012, inda Wahingdoh ya sake samun cancantar shiga rukuninsu a matsayin wadanda suka lashe gasar a zagayen karshe, inda Jacki ya zira kwallaye biyu. A lokacin zagaye na ƙarshe, za mu iya lissafin wasanni 10 da ya yi, ya zira kwallaye 8 amma ba zai iya taimaka wa ƙungiyarsa ta sami ci gaba zuwa I-League ba. Jackichand ya ci gaba da kasancewa tare da Royal Wahingdoh na rukunin I-League na shekarar 2013 amma a wannan karon, Wahingdoh ya kasa tsallakewa zuwa zagaye na ƙarshe daga rukuninsu yayin da suka gama na uku. A ƙarshe, yana cikin rukunin I-League na shekarar 2014 lokacin da Wahingdoh ya lashe gasar don haka ya sami ci gaba, bayan samun cancantar zama masu nasara a rukunin zuwa zagaye na ƙarshe na I-League 2nd Division shekara ta 2014, lokacin da Jackichand ya zira kwallaye biyu a zagayen ƙarshe.
2014 zuwa 2015 Jackichand ya fara wasan farko na sabuwar kakar don Royal Wahingdoh bayan samun ci gaba, a kan Mumbai a gasar cin kofin Federation na shekarun 2014 da 15 a cikin nasarar 2-1 inda ya zira duka ƙwallon ƙungiyarsa a kowane ɓangaren rabin lokaci. Ya zira kwallon sa ta uku a Gasar Cin Kofin Tarayya da Sporting Goa ranar 4 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2015 a raunin 2-1. Ya fara buga wasansa na farko a gasar I-league a ranar 18 ga watan Janairu da Shillong Lajong a farkon Shillong Derby a cikin I-league kuma ya taimaki abokin wasansa Satiyasen Singh don Kwallo na Biyu a cikin nasara 2-1. Jackichand ya zira kwallon sa ta farko I-League a kan Salgaocar Ya ci kwallo ta biyu a kakar wasa ta bana a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Bharat FC a ranar 21 ga watan Maris shekarar 2015. Jacki ya zira kwallaye biyu a ragar Pune a wasan da suka ci 2-0 a gida a ranar 29 ga watan Maris shekara ta 2015. Ya taimaki Godwin Franco a wasan da suka ci 1-0 a gida da Gabashin Bengal a ranar 31 ga watan Maris, shekarar 2015. Jackichand ya taimaki abokin wasansa Satiyasen Singh sau uku don hat-trick da ya yi da Salgaocar a ranar 3 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2015 a nasarar 4-2 ga tawagarsa. A ƙarshen kakar shekarar 2014 zuwa 2015 Jackichand an ba shi mafi kyawun ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa.
Super League na Indiya
Pune City A ranar 10 ga Yuli 2015, an yi gwanjon Jackichand don yin wasa da FC Pune City akan 45 lakhs 58.2k) a cikin Super Indian na 2015 Ya fara buga wa kulob din wasa a lokacin Delhi Dynamos na ISL a ranar 14 ga Oktoba 2015. Ya ɗauki wasanni biyu kacal ya ci wa ƙungiyar kwallaye a kan ATK a ranar 17 ga Oktoba 2015. Ya ci kwallon a cikin minti 1 da dakika 15. Ita ce ƙwallo mafi sauri da aka ci a bugun ISL na biyu. Ya buga wasansa na karshe a kulob din da NorthEast United a ranar 2 ga Disamba 2015. Ya kammala kakar wasa tare da wasanni 9, inda ya zira kwallaye guda daya a cikin tsari.
I-League
Salgaocar (aro) A ranar 1 ga watan Janairu 2016, Jackichand ya rattaba hannu kan Salgaocar yayin da Royal Wahingdoh ya yanke shawarar ficewa daga I-League, a matsayin aro daga Pune City don I-League na 2015-16. Ya fara buga wa ƙungiyar wasa a cikin 2015–16 I-League da Bengaluru FC 9 Janairu 2016. Jackichand ya ci kwallonsa ta farko ga Salgaocar a kan Mumbai a I-League a cikin rashin nasara 2-1. Ya buga wasan karshe na kulob din da Sporting Goa a ranar 23 ga Afrilu 2016.
Komawa zuwa ISL
Mumbai City A ranar 21 ga watan Yuni, shekara ta 2016, Mumbai City ta ba da sanarwar sanya hannu kan Jackichand a karo na uku na ISL. Ya fara wasansa na farko ranar 3 ga Oktoba a kan tsohon kulob dinsa Pune City, inda ya maye gurbin Léo Costa a minti na 90 a wasan da suka ci 1-0. A ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 2016, ya ci wa kungiyarsa kwallon farko da nasara, a minti na 45 a kan NorthEast United bayan mai tsaron ragar NorthEast Lima Gomes ya yi kuskure. Ya buga wasansa na karshe na kulob din da ATK a ranar 13 ga Disamba 2016, a wasan da suka tashi 0-0 (raunin 3-2) a wasan zagaye na biyu na wasan kusa da na karshe.
Komawa I-League
Gabashin Bengal (aro) A ranar 1 ga watan Janairun shekara 2017, Singh ya rattaba hannu don kulob din I-League na gabas Bengal don kakar I-League ta 2016-17. Ya fara wasan farko da zakarun zakarun Aizawl a ranar 7 ga Janairun 2017 a wasan da suka tashi 1-1. Amma bayyanar da wahalar zuwa Singh kamar yadda babban kocin Gabashin Bengal Trevor Morgan baya buƙatar masu yawo a cikin tsarin sa. Ya buga wasanni 7 ne kawai a kulob din wanda daga ciki wasanni 4 suka fito daga benci. Wasansa na karshe na kulob din ya zo ne da Punjab a ranar 23 ga Afrilu 2017.
Komawa zuwa ISL (x2)
Kerala Blasters A ranar 23 ga watan Yuli, shekara 2017, an zaɓi Singh a zagaye na 8th na 2017-18 'Yan wasan ISL na Kerala Blasters don kakar 2017 18 na Indian Super League Ya fara buga wa kulob din wasa a ranar 17 ga Nuwamba 2017 da ATK Ya zo a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbin Courage Pekuson na minti na 81 yayin da Kerala Blasters ya yi canjaras 0-0. Daga nan Singh ya ci wa kungiyarsa kwallon farko a ranar 9 ga Disamba 2017 a kan Goa Ya zira kwallaye daidai wa Kerala Blasters a minti na 30 don yin 2-2 amma abin takaici kulob din zai ci gaba da yin rashin nasara 5-2. Daga nan ya ci wa kungiyarsa kwallo ta biyu a ranar 2 ga watan Fabrairu shekara 2018 a kan Pune City Kwallon da ya zura a minti na 58 shine farkon fara wasan a nasarar 2-1 ga Blasters. Ya kammala kakar wasa ta bana da kwallaye 2 cikin wasanni 17 da ya bugawa kungiyar yayin da Kerala Blasters ya kare a matsayi na 6 a jadawalin gasar FC Goa A ranar 1 ga watan Yuli shekara 2018, ya sanya hannu kan Goa daga Kerala Blasters A ranar 14 ga watan Fabrairu ya ci kwallo daga yadi 22 wanda ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin ƙwallo mafi sauri a cikin 18-19 ISL kakar wanda ya haifar da nasarar 3-0 ga FC Goa a kan masu nasara ISL sau biyu ATK Ya kasance daya daga cikin 'yan wasan da suka fi burge Gaurs a kakar wasa ta farko tare da su, inda ya zira kwallaye 4 sannan ya zira kwallaye 4 a wasanni 21 yayin da ya taimaki Goa ya kai wasan karshe na ISL. Ya ci gaba da wannan tsari ta hanyar zira kwallaye 5 a wasanni 19 a kakar wasa ta biyu tare da kulob din yayin da Goa ya kare a matsayi na 1 a jadawalin gasar, kuma ta haka ne ya zama kulob din Indiya na farko da ya cancanci shiga rukunin rukunin Champions League na AFC.
Jamshedpur A ranar 18 ga watan Agusta 2020, Singh ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru 3 tare da Jamshedpur don kakar ISL mai zuwa. An sanya masa riga mai lamba 12. Ya taimaka a wasansa na farko da Chennaiyin a cikin rashin nasara 2-1 a ranar 24 ga Nuwamba.
Mumbai City FC Mumbai City FC ta tabbatar da sa hannun Jackichand Singh daga Jamshedpur FC a ranar 23 ga watan Janairu shekarar 2021 don ragowar kakar ISL a shekarar 2020-2021. Dan wasan gefe na Manipur ya ba da taimako uku a wasanni 12 da ya yi wa Jamshedpur FC a gasar Super League ta Indiya 2020-2021.
Kasashen duniya Jackichand ya fara bugawa babbar kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasa wasa da Nepal a ranar 12 ga watan Maris, shekarar 2015, inda ya maye gurbin Lalrindika Ralte A ranar 7 ga watan Yuni, a wasan neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin Asiya ta shekarar 2019 da Laos, ya taimaka sau uku bayan ya maye gurbinsa a farkon rabin nasarar da Indiya ta ci 6-1. A ranar 7 ga watan Yuni, shekara ta 2016, Jacki ya zo a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Udanta Kumam a minti na 44 a wasan gida da Laos a filin wasa na Indira Gandhi Athletic, Guwahati inda ya ba da taimako uku kuma ya taimaka wa Indiya ta cancanci zuwa zagaye na uku na wasannin cancantar gasar cin kofin Asiya ta AFC. A ranar 3 ga watan Satumbar shekarar 2016, Jackichand ya ci ƙwallon sa ta farko ga Indiya a nasarar 4 1 akan Puerto Rico a Andheri Sports Complex, Mumbai.
Ƙididdigar sana'a
Kulob
Kasashen duniya Indiya da aka jera da farko, shafi na nuna maki bayan kowane burin Jackichand.
Gasar Super League ta Indiya 2018–19 Super Cup na Indiya 2019
Na ɗaya I-League 2014-15 Mafi kyawun ɗan wasa na kakar
Rayuwar mutum Babban wahayi na Singh shine ɗan wasan Manipuri Renedy Singh, da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Jackie Chan, wanda aka sanya masa suna. Ya fito ne daga ƙasƙantar da kai kuma abokan wasan sa da abokan sa sun san shi da Jacki. Ya auri Beauty kuma yana da ɗa mai shekaru uku mai suna Civic. An saka sunayen matarsa da dansa a hannunsa na dama.
Manazarta
Rayayyun Mutane
Haifaffun 1992
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22383 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yancin%20Kungiya | Yancin Kungiya | Yancin ƙungiya ya ƙunshi duka haƙƙin ɗan adam na shiga ko barin ƙungiyoyi da son rai, da 'yancin ƙungiyar don ɗaukar matakan gama kai don biyan bukatun membobinta, da haƙƙin ƙungiya ta karɓar ko ƙi memba bisa wasu sharuɗɗa. Ana iya bayyana shi a matsayin haƙƙin mutum wanda yake haɗuwa tare da wasu mutane don bayyana gaba ɗaya, inganta, bi da ko kare muradin gama gari. 'Yancin kafa kungiyoyi ne duka wani mutum dama da kuma wani na gama dama, tabbas da duk zamani da mulkin demokaraɗiyya] doka tsarin, ciki har da Amurka da Dokar' Yancin, labarin 11 na Turai Yarjejeniyar a kan Human Rights, da Canada, da Yarjejeniya na 'yancinsu da walwalarsu, da kuma na kasa da kasa doka, gami da shafuffuka 20 da 23 na Sanarwar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam ta Duniya da kuma labarin 22 na Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Siyasa Sanarwa kan Ka'idoji da Hakkokin Aiki na Laborungiyar Laborasashen Duniya ma sun tabbatar da waɗannan haƙƙoƙin akan yancin kungiyoyi.
An bayyana ofancin ƙungiya ta hanyar haƙƙin shiga ƙungiyar ƙwadago, don shiga cikin 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki ko shiga cikin ƙungiyoyin muhawara, jam'iyyun siyasa, ko wata ƙungiya ko ƙungiya, gami da kima ƙungiyoyin addinai da ƙungiyoyi, yan uwantaka, da kungiyoyin wasanni da ba Tilas ya kasance daga wata ƙungiya. Yana da alaƙa sosai da 'yancin taro, musamman a ƙarƙashin Dokar' Yancin Amurka 'Yancin taro galibi yana da alaƙa da abubuwan siyasa. Koyaya, (misali Tsarin Mulki na Amurka, kayan haƙƙin ɗan adam, da sauransu) 'yancin walwala da haɗuwa na iya haɗawa da yancin walwala A Amurka, tun da an taƙaita dokar 'Yancin Civilasa ta shekarar 1968 na yanci na tarayya game da gidaje, ilimi, da kasuwanci idan ya zo ga launin fata ko ƙabila Kotuna da wakilai na kananan hukumomin na iya sanya takunkumi kan duk wani hakki na wanda aka yankewa hukunci a matsayin sharadin doka. 'Yanci ga ofishin ƙungiya da damar yancin haɗuwa ana tabbatar da su a ƙarƙashin wasu yanayi, kamar yarda da laifi ko yanke hukunci, umarnin hanawa da hanyoyin bincike da kamewa.
Tarihi Yancin kungiyoyi ta amince yin tarayya da ƙungiyoyi gwargwadon zaɓin mutum, kuma don ƙungiyoyin su ɗauki matakin inganta buƙatunsu, ya kasance sifa ce da ake buƙata ga kowace al'umma ta demokraɗiyya. Saboda yancin ƙungiya dole ne ya yarda da tushen iko da ƙungiya da yawa, ba tare da gwamnati ba, ya kasance babban makircin danniya ga duk al'ummomin kama-karya. A cikin Burtaniya, an haramta duk nau'ikan "haɗuwa" kuma masu aikata laifi, musamman ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata, har zuwa Dokar haɗuwa ta 1825 Bayan wannan, har yanzu bai kasance ba har sai Dokar Kamfanoni 1856, Unionungiyar Tradeungiyar Ciniki ta 1871 da Dokar Laifin Laifi da Kariyar Kayan Gida ta 1875 cewa kamfanoni sannan ƙungiyoyin kwadago suka zama halal gaba ɗaya. A cikin Jamus, an kafa irin wannan dokokin danniya ga kungiyoyin kwadago da kungiyoyin dimokiradiyya na gwamnatin Bismarck karkashin Sozialistengesetze ("Ayyukan Socialist") a cikin 1878. Wadannan sun kasance cikin karfi har zuwa 1890. A shekara ta 1933, kwadago da aka sake haramta ta farkisanci mulkin kama karya na Hitler 's National Socialist Party, da kuma da ta kasance kungiya ta kashin da aka nationalized da kuma a hade a cikin wani yunkuri gwamnatin ta sarrafawa Jamus Labor Front A Yammacin Jamus bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II, ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago masu zaman kansu sun tashi da sauri kuma Grundgesetz na Jamhuriyar ta ba da tabbaci. A Amurka, kotunan jihohi daban-daban sun rarraba kungiyoyin kwadagon, a lokuta daban-daban, a matsayin masu takaita kasuwanci A karkashin dokar Clayton ta 1914, an ba kungiyoyin kwadago 'yanci gaba daya don tsarawa tare da yin aiki tare don tabbatar da yarjejeniyoyin gama gari, duk da haka an cigaba da fuskantar cikas har zuwa lokacin da Dokar Hulda da Ma'aikata ta Kasa ta 1935 ta kirkiro da cikakkiyar lambar kwadago.
Doka
Yarjejeniyar Turai
Tsarin mulkin Italiya A Italiya an kafa yancin ƙungiya a cikin Mataki na gama Sha takwas 18 na Tsarin Mulki, wanda ke cewa:
Dokar 'Yancin Afirka ta Kudu Dokar 'yancin Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Afirka ta Kudu ta kafa' yancin walwala a Sashe na goma Sha takwas 18, wanda ya ce "Kowa na da 'yancin walwala." Bugu da kari, Sashe na sha bakwai 17 ya ce "Kowane mutum na da hakkin ya zauna lafiya ba tare da makami ba, don ya hallara, ya yi zanga-zanga, ya gabatar da koke-kokensa", don haka ya kafa 'yancin yin taro 'Yancin ma'aikata na' yancin walwala da haɗin kai dangane da haƙƙin kafa ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago da kuma yarjejeniyar gama gari an yarda da su daban, a cikin Sashe na 23.
Tsarin Mulkin Amurka Yayinda Kwaskwarimar Tsarin Mulki ta Tsarin Mulki ta Amurka ta bayyana haƙƙin tattarawa da kai ƙara ga gwamnati, rubutun na da Kwaskwarimar Farko bai faɗi takamaiman haƙƙin haɗi ba. Koyaya, Kotun Koli ta Amurka da aka gudanar a NAACP v. Alabama (1958) cewa 'yancin yin ƙungiya wani muhimmin bangare ne na yancin faɗar albarkacin baki saboda, a yawancin lokuta, mutane na iya yin magana mai ma'ana kawai lokacin da suka shiga tare da wasu. Sauran kararrakin Kotun Koli da ke tattare da batun ‘yancin yin tarayya sun hada da: 'Yan uwantaka na Railroad Trainmen v. Virginia 377 US 1 (1964)
Mineungiyar Ma'aikata ta vasa v. Barungiyar Lauyoyi ta Jihar Illinois 389 US 217 (1967)
Healey v. Yakubu 408 US 169 (1972)
NAACP v. Claiborne Hardware Co. 458 US 898 (1982)
Yaron Scouts na Amurka v. Dale 530 US 640 (2000)
Janus v. AFSCME A'a. 16-1466, 585 US (2018)
Batutuwa
M tarayya Babban jigon 'yanci na mutum shine haƙƙin zaɓi don shiga da kiyaye wasu alaƙar ɗan'adam. Wadannan alaƙar ɗan adam suna ɗauke da nau'ikan "m tarayya." Misalin misali na "kusanci na tarayya" shine dangi. Ya danganta da ikon shi kuma yana iya kaiwa ga zubar da ciki, hana haihuwa da kuma masu zaman kansu, baligi, ba kasuwanci da kuma haɗin jima'i.
Amincewa da ma'amala A Amurka, ƙungiyoyi masu bayyana ra'ayi ƙungiyoyi ne waɗanda ke shiga cikin ayyukan da Kwaskwarimar Farko ta kiyaye magana, taro, latsawa, roƙo ga gwamnati don magance korafe-korafe, da aiwatar da addini kyauta A cikin Roberts v. Amurka Jaycees, Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta ce ƙungiyoyi ba za su iya ware mutane ba saboda dalilan da ba su da alaƙa da furucin ƙungiyar. Koyaya, a cikin yanke shawara na gaba na Hurley v. 'Yan Luwadi Ba'amurke,' Yan Madigo, da Bisexual Group na Boston, Kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa wata kungiya na iya ware mutane daga kasancewa membobin su idan kasantuwar su zai shafi karfin kungiyar wajen bayar da shawarwarin wani ra'ayi. Gwamnati ba za ta iya, ta hanyar amfani da dokokin yaki da nuna wariya ba, tilasta kungiyoyi su hada da sakon da ba sa son isarwa.
Koyaya, wannan ra'ayin ba ya aiki yanzu a cikin tsarin Jami'ar saboda hukuncin Kotun Supremeoli a cikin Legungiyar Shari'a ta Kirista v. Martinez (2010), wacce ta goyi bayan manufofin Kwalejin Shari'a ta Hastings cewa yanayin makarantar game da fahimtar ƙungiyoyin ɗalibai ra'ayi ne na tsaka-tsaki da tunani. Wannan dai da nifin wasu Manufofin na buƙatar ƙungiyoyin ɗalibai su ba da izinin "kowane ɗalibi ya shiga, ya zama memba, ko neman matsayin jagoranci, ba tare da la'akari da matsayinsu ko imaninsu ba" don haka, ana iya amfani da shi don ƙin yarda da ƙungiyar a matsayin ƙungiyar ɗalibai ta hukuma saboda ta buƙaci ta mambobi su tabbatar a rubuce cewa "Na yi imani da: Baibul a matsayin hurarriyar maganar Allah; Allahn Ubangijinmu, Yesu Kristi, dan Allah; Mutuwar mutuwar Yesu Kiristi saboda zunubanmu; Tashin jikinsa da dawowar kansa; Kasancewa da ikon Ruhu Mai Tsarki a cikin aikin sabuntawa; da kuma Yesu Almasihu, ɗan Allah, shine Ubangijin rayuwata. Kotun ta yi tunanin cewa saboda wannan binciken na tsarin mulki yana faruwa ne a mahallin ilimi iƙirarin da suka sa Kotun ta yi amfani da matakin ƙuntatawa na yin magana a cikin iyakantattun tarurruka na jama'a. Don haka, manufofin duk-masu zuwa kwaleji abu ne mai kyau, yanayin tsaka-tsakin ra'ayi game da samun damar tattaunawar kungiyar daliban na fadin duniya.
Ayyadewa Hakkin mallakar Kwaskwarimar Farko na tarayya a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka an iyakance shi da hukuncin kotuna. Misali, haramun ne a Amurka a yi la’akari da launin fata wajen aiwatarwa da kwangiloli masu zaman kansu banda aure domin ba'a San nuna wariya, Wannan iyakance akan 'yanci na kungiya ya samu sakamako ne daga Sashe na 1981 na Take na 42 na Dokar Amurka, kamar yadda yayi daidai da Kwaskwarimar Farko a shawarar 1976 ta Runyon v. Mallaka Gwamnatoci galibi suna buƙatar kwangila na mannewa tare da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu don dalilai na lasisi, kamar su tare da Hukumar Kula da Masana'antu ta Kuɗi don cinikin kasuwar hannayen jari a cikin dokar Maloney ta 1938 da aka yi kwaskwarima ga Dokar Musayar Tsaro ta 1934 Waɗannan kwangila galibi suna hana haɗuwa tare da mambobin da aka hana, kamar yadda ake gani a Amurka v. Merriam, 108 F.3d 1162.
Kungiyoyin kwadago ta kasance yawan adawa da ƙarfi yayin ƙarni na sha tara 19, tare da ma ƙasashe masu sassaucin ra'ayi kamar su Ingila sun hana ta tsawon lokuta (a batun Burtaniya, tsakanin 1820 da 1824). A cikin kungiyar kwadago ta kasa da kasa, 'yancin yin tarayya wani hakki ne da aka bayyana a karkashin ka'idojin kwadago na kasa da kasa a matsayin' yancin ma'aikata na tsara da ciniki baki daya 'Yancin kafa kungiyoyi, a cikin wannan ma'ana, yana gane a matsayin muhimman hakkokin adam dama da dama da takardun ciki har da hakkokin yan-adam da International Labor Organization Yarjejeniyar C87 da Yarjejeniyar C98 biyu na takwas na asali, core kasa da kasa aiki nagartacce. Ofancin ƙungiya 'na iya komawa zuwa hana doka a kan kwangila masu zaman kansu waɗanda aka yi yarjejeniya tsakanin masu ba da aiki mai zaman kansu da ma'aikatansu da ke buƙatar ma'aikata a wani wurin aiki su shiga ƙungiya a matsayin wa'adi da yanayin aiki. Magoya bayan wannan nau'in 'yanci na kungiya na zaman kansu sun yi iƙirarin cewa' yancin shiga ƙungiya ya haɗa da haƙƙin shiga ƙungiyar. A Amurka, kalmar yancin yin aiki 'ta fi dacewa ga irin wannan dokar a ko ina.
"Kotun Koli a yau (1-21-1997) ta takaita iyawar masu shirya kungiyar kwadago na zuwa dukiyar wani ma'aikaci don rarraba wallafe-wallafe ko neman ma'aikata su shiga kungiyar kwadagon. A cikin ra’ayi daga 6 zuwa 3 da Mai Shari’a Clarence Thomas ta rubuta, Kotun ta ce Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Kwadago ta Kasa ta kasa ba da cikakkiyar kariya ga ’yancin mallakar ma’aikata a lokacin da ta zartar da dokar shekaru hudu da suka gabata da ke bai wa masu shirya kungiyar kwarin gwiwar samun dama zuwa yankunan kamar filin ajiye motoci na cibiyoyin cin kasuwa ko masana'antu a ko ina. -New York Times
Ka'idar
Dimokiradiyya da kungiyoyin jama'a Jeremy McBride ya bayar da hujjar cewa girmama 'yancin yin tarayya da dukkan hukumomin gwamnati da yin amfani da wannan' yanci ta kowane bangare na al'umma suna da mahimmanci duka don kafa dimokiradiyya ta gaskiya" da kuma tabbatar da cewa, da zarar an cimma hakan, ya kasance "mai lafiya da bunkasa". Dangane da wannan yana ganin kafa jam’iyyun siyasa a matsayin babbar alama ta ‘yancin walwala da jindaɗin.
'Yancin ƙungiya ba kawai ana aiwatar da su ba ne kawai a ma'anar siyasa ba, har ma don yawancin abubuwan sha'awa kamar al'adu, shakatawa, wasanni da taimakon jama'a da jin kai. Jeremy McBride ya bayar da hujjar cewa kafa kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu wadanda ya yi daidai da na kungiyoyin farar hula, shi ne "'ya'yan aikin hadin gwiwa".
'Yan Liberiyanci 'Yanci masu sassaucin ra'ayi sun yi amannar cewa yayin da' yancin yin ƙungiya ya haɗa da haƙƙin ma'aikata don yin ƙungiya ƙungiya da kuma janye aikinsu hakan kuma ya amince da haƙƙin mai ba da aiki don maye gurbin wannan aikin. Sun kuma yi imanin cewa inda ƙungiyoyin kwadagon ke yin amfani da karfi ko dabaru na tayar da hankali, irin waɗannan halayen za su kasance cikin keta haƙƙin mutum da haƙƙin mallaka. Wasu masu sukar kungiyar kwadagon suna zargin cewa irin wannan keta haddin lamarin ya saba faruwa da ayyukan kungiyar kwadago.
Duba kuma 'Yancin jama'a
Associationungiyar kyauta (Markisanci da rashin tsari)
Aikin Jiha na Kyauta
Gurguzu mai ra'ayin gurguzu
Hakkin yin aiki
Dogaro da kai
Mai ba da rahoto na Musamman na Majalisar oninkin Duniya kan 'yancin walwala da haɗuwa cikin lumana
Ba da son rai
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21284 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanessa%20Low | Vanessa Low | Vanessa Low OAM (an haife ta 17 ga watan Yuli a shekara ta 1990) ƴar wasan Paralympic ne haifaffiyar Australiya wanda ke fafatawa a cikin tseren (T42) da abubuwan tsalle-tsalle. An kuma haife ta a Gabashin Jamus, ta sami shedar zama ‘yar ƙasar Ostireliya a watan Yuli a shekara ta 2017).
A cikin shekara ta (2016) look Low ita ce kawai 'yar wasan guje-guje ta mata tare da yanke ƙafafu biyu na sama da gwiwa. Duk da wurin da aka yanke waɗannan sassa kuma duk da cewa ta yi fafatawa da 'yan wasan da ke da cikakkiyar ƙafa daya, ta yi nasarar kai wasan ƙarshe na dukkan wasannin tsere da tsalle-tsalle a duka wasannin nakasassu na lokacin rani na shekarar 2012) da aka yi a London da kuma na nakasassu na lokacin bazara na shekarar (2016) a Rio. A Rio ta lashe lambar zinare da tseren mita (4.93 a tseren tsalle( T42 da lambar azurfa a gasar (T42 100m). An maimaita wannan a cikin wasannin nakasassu na bazara na shekara ta (2020) a Tokyo tare da lambar zinare mai tsayi (T63) da rikodin duniya duk da cewa an rarraba ta (T61).
Tarihin sirri An haifi Low a ranar (17 ga watan Yuli a shekara ta (1990) a Schwerin, Jamus ta Gabas, kuma ta girma a Ratzeburg. A watan Yunin a shekara ta (2006)
tana da shekaru (15) jirgin ƙasa ya buge ta a wani dandalin layin dogo bayan ta rasa daidaito. Hatsarin ya sa an yanke ƙafarta ta hagu kuma ya bar ta cikin hammata tsawon wata biyu. A lokacin tiyatar ceton rai an tilastawa likitocinta yanke dayar ƙafarta. Ya ɗauki Low shekaru biyu don sake koyon tafiya da amfani da kayan aikinta. Low ta auri ɗan wasan nakasassu na Australiya Scott Reardon.
Sana'ar wasanni Low ta ji daɗin wasanni kafin haɗarinta, kuma tana son ci gaba da wasa bayan haɗarin. Ta kuma bayyana cewa ta samu ƙwarin gwuiwa daga ɗan wasan nakasassu ɗan kasar Amurka Cameron Clapp. Ta fara wasan guje-guje ne a shekarar (2008) kuma ta fara buga manyan wasanni a wannan shekarar, amma ta karya gwiwarta a shekarar (2009) abin da ya sa ta fita daga gasar har tsawon watanni uku. Shekaru biyu bayan haka aka zaɓe ta a matsayin ƴar wasa da zata fafata a wasan ƙasa da ƙasa a ƙasar Jamus, inda ta je Christchurch a New Zealand don fafatawa a gasar wasan Duniya na shekarar (2011) IPC. A can ta kare na hudu a cikin dogon tsalle kuma ta ci tagulla a tseren mita( 100 na T42). A cikin shekara ta (2012) Low ta ci dukka gabannin biyun tseren mita( 100) da abubuwan tsalle-tsalle don wasannin nakasassu na bazara a London. An buɗe dogon tsalle a cikin nau'i uku,( F42 zuwa F44) kuma an yanke shawarar akan tsarin maki. Mafi kyawun sakamakonta na (3.93m) ya sa ta kare a matsayi na shida. A cikin tseren ta rubuta lokaci na (16.78) wanda ya bar ta a waje da matsayi na lambar yabo, ta ƙare ta hudu a bayan abokin wasan Jana Schmidt. Low ta ji takaicin rawar da ta taka a wasannin da kuma horon da ta yi gaba ɗaya har zuwa gasar Paralympics. Ta tuntubi mai horar da ita, Steffi Nerius, kuma ta yanke shawarar yin ritaya daga wasanni masu gasa. A cikin shekara ta (2013) Low ta ziyarci abokiyarta da kuma ɗan wasan Jamus Katrin Green, wanda ke zaune a Amurka kuma ta auri ɗan wasan Amurka Roderick Green. Yayin horo tare da Greens, Low ta sami sha'awar wasannin motsa jiki ta sake farfaɗowa kuma ta yanke shawarar ƙaura zuwa Amurka, kuma ta ɗauki Roderick a matsayin sabon mai horar da ita. A karshen shekara ta dawo wakiltar Jamus, a wannan karon a gasar cin kofin duniya ta shekarar (2013) a Lyon. A can ne ta samu lambobin tagulla biyu, a tseren gudun mita (100 da tsalle mai tsayi. Shekarar da ta biyo baya ta ga wani babban ci gaba a tsayin daka, lokacin da ta fafata a gasar wasannin guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle ta IPC na shekarar (2014) a Swansea. Nisanta na mita (4.24) wani babban ci gaba ne a manyan gasannin da ta yi a baya, inda ba ta yi tsallaken mita hudu ba. Sakamakon ya sa ta lashe zinare, kuma mafi mahimmanci, ta doke manyan abokan hamayyarta biyu na duniya: Schmidt da Martina Caironi ta Italiya. A cikin ginin har zuwa wasannin nakasassu na bazara na shekarar (2016) a Rio, Low ta fafata a gasar cin kofin duniya ta shekarar (2015) a Doha. A cikin tseren mita (100 )ta buga mafi kyawun mutum na( 15.41) don lashe lambar azurfa, amma nisan da ta yi a duniya na (4.79m )a cikin tsalle mai tsayi wanda ba kawai ya ba ta zinare ba har ma ya sanya ta a matsayin 'yar wasa don doke Rio. A wasannin nakasassu na bazara na shekara ta (2016) a Rio de Janeiro, Low ta lashe lambar zinare tare da nisan rikodin duniya na (4.93m )a cikin tsalle mai tsayi na (T42 da) lambar azurfa a gasar (T42 100m )tare da mafi kyawun mutum na (15.17s). A gasar wasannin guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle ta duniya na shekara ta (2019) a Dubai, ta ci lambar zinare a tseren tsalle na mata (T61-63) da tsalle na( 4.68m). Ita ce babbar lambar yabo ta ƙasa da ƙasa ta farko da ta wakilci Australia. Low ta fafata a Ostiraliya a gasar wasannin nakasassu ta bazara ta shekarar (2020 a Tokyo. Ta lashe lambar zinare na (T63 na mata na tsalle-tsalle, inda ta zarce tarihin da aka yi a baya sau uku a cikin ruwa, tsallen da ta yi na karshe ya kasance 5.28m). Low tana horar da Iryna Dvoskina. Karramawa (2020) Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Mata na Ostiraliya( 2019).
2022 Medal na odar Ostiraliya don hidimar wasanni a matsayin mai cin lambar zinare a wasannin nakasassu na Tokyo (2020.) balance.
(2022 Wasannin guje-guje na Ostiraliya Amy Winters lambar yabo ga 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta shekara It took Low two years to relearn to walk using her prostheses.
Manazarta Rayayyun mutane
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
29806 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wajen%20zubar%20da%20shara | Wajen zubar da shara | Wurin zubar da ƙasa, wanda kuma aka sani da tip, juji, zubar da shara, juji, ko filin juji, wuri ne na zubar da kayan sharar gida. Landfill shine mafi tsufa kuma mafi yawan nau'in zubar da shara, kodayake tsarin binne sharar tare da kullun, tsaka-tsaki da murfin ƙarshe kawai ya fara ne a cikin shekarata 1940s. A da, an bar tarkace a cikin tudu ko kuma a jefar da shi cikin rami; a ilmin kimiyya na kayan tarihi ana kiran wannan a matsayin midden Ana amfani da wasu wuraren zubar da shara don dalilai na sarrafa sharar, kamar ajiya na ɗan lokaci, ƙarfafawa da canja wuri, ko don matakai daban-daban na sarrafa kayan sharar, kamar rarrabuwa, magani, ko sake amfani da su. Sai dai idan ba a daidaita su ba, za a iya fuskantar girgizar ƙasa mai tsanani ko kuma ruwan ƙasa a lokacin girgizar ƙasa. Da zarar an cika wurin da ke kan wurin zubar da shara za a iya dawo da shi don wasu amfani kamar su taki.
Ayyuka Masu gudanar da guraben aikin gona masu inganci don sharar da ba su da haɗari sun cika ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun bayanai ta hanyar amfani da dabaru zuwa: tsare sharar gida zuwa ƙaramin yanki gwargwadon yiwuwa
ƙanƙantar datti don rage girma Hakanan zasu iya rufe sharar gida (yawanci yau da kullun) tare da yadudduka na ƙasa ko wasu nau'ikan kayan kamar guntun itace da ƙananan barbashi.
A yayin gudanar da aikin shara, ma'auni ko gada na iya auna motocin tattara sharar idan sun iso kuma ma'aikata na iya duba kaya don sharar da ba ta dace da ka'idojin yarda da sharar ba. Bayan haka, motocin da ke tattara shara suna amfani da hanyar sadarwar da ake da su a kan hanyarsu ta zuwa fuska ko aiki, inda suke sauke abubuwan da ke ciki. Bayan an ajiye lodi, compactors ko bulldozers na iya yadawa da tattara sharar a fuskar aiki. Kafin barin iyakoki na zubar da shara, motocin tattara shara na iya wucewa ta wurin tsabtace ƙafafu. Idan ya cancanta, sai su koma kan gadar awo don sake yin awo ba tare da kayansu ba. Tsarin awo na iya haɗa kididdiga akan yawan sharar da ke shigowa yau da kullun, wanda ma'ajin bayanai za su iya riƙe don adana rikodi. Baya ga manyan motoci, wasu wuraren zubar da ruwa na iya samun kayan aikin da za su yi amfani da kwantenan layin dogo. Amfani da "rail-haul" yana ba da izinin zama wuraren ajiyar ƙasa a wurare masu nisa, ba tare da matsalolin da ke tattare da tafiye-tafiyen manyan motoci da yawa ba Ko rashin tsarin su.
Yawanci, a cikin fuskar aiki, ƙaƙƙarfan sharar ana rufe shi da ƙasa ko madadin kayan yau da kullun. Madadin kayan da ke rufe sharar sun haɗa da guntuwar itace ko wasu "sharar kore", da yawa da aka fesa akan samfuran kumfa, sinadarai "kafaffen" bio-solids, da barguna na wucin gadi. Ana iya ɗaga bargo a wuri da daddare sannan a cire washegari kafin a yi sharar gida. Wurin da aka mamaye yau da kullun ta ƙaƙƙarfan sharar gida da abin rufewa ana kiransa tantanin halitta na yau da kullun. Ƙunƙarar sharar gida yana da mahimmanci don tsawaita rayuwar ma'aunin. Abubuwan da suka haɗa da damfara sharar, kauri-layin sharar da adadin wucewar da compactor akan sharar yana shafar yawan sharar.
Zagayowar rayuwar tsabtace shara Kalmar firar ƙasa yawanci gajarta ce don ƙasƙan ƙasa na birni ko tsabtace shara. An fara gabatar da waɗannan wuraren a farkon ƙarni na 20, amma sun sami amfani sosai a cikin shekarun 1960s da 1970s, a ƙoƙarin kawar da buɗaɗɗen juji da sauran ayyukan “marasa tsafta”. Wurin tsaftar shara kayan aikin injiniya ne wanda ke rarraba da kuma killace sharar gida. Ana nufin wuraren tsabtace ƙasa a matsayin masu sarrafa halittu bioreactors wanda ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta za su rushe hadadden sharar gida zuwa mafi sauƙi, ƙananan mahadi masu guba a kan lokaci. Dole ne a tsara waɗannan injiniyoyi da sarrafa su bisa ga ƙa'idodi da ƙa'idodi (Duba injiniyan muhalli Yawancin lokaci, bazuwar aerobic shine mataki na farko da ake rushe sharar gida a cikin wani wuri. Wadannan suna biye da matakai hudu na lalata anaerobic. Yawancin lokaci, ƙaƙƙarfan abu mai ƙarfi a cikin lokaci mai ƙarfi yana ruɓe da sauri yayin da manyan ƙwayoyin halitta suna raguwa zuwa ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta. Wadannan ƙananan kwayoyin halitta sun fara narkewa kuma suna motsawa zuwa yanayin ruwa, sannan kuma hydrolysis na wadannan kwayoyin halitta, da kuma hydrolyzed mahadi sa'an nan yin canji da kuma volatilization kamar carbon dioxide (CO 2 da methane (CH 4 tare da sauran sharar gida. sauran a cikin m da ruwa matakai da ake bi.
A lokacin farkon matakai, ƙananan ƙarar kayan abu ya kai ga leachate, kamar yadda kwayoyin halitta masu lalacewa na sharar gida ke raguwa cikin sauri. A halin yanzu, buƙatar iskar oxygen ɗin sinadarai na leachate yana ƙaruwa tare da ƙara yawan mahaɗar abubuwan da ba za a iya jurewa ba idan aka kwatanta da mafi yawan abubuwan da ke cikin leachate ɗin. Nasarar jujjuyawar da kuma daidaita sharar ta dogara ne akan yadda yawan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta ke aiki a cikin syntrophy, watau hulɗar jama'a daban-daban don samar da bukatun juna na abinci.: Zagayowar rayuwar wurin zubar da shara na birni tana da matakai daban-daban guda biyar:
Daidaitawar farko (Mataki na I) Yayin da aka sanya sharar a cikin rumbun ƙasa, wuraren da ba kowa ba sun ƙunshi babban adadin oxygen na kwayoyin halitta O2 Tare da ƙarawa da ƙaƙƙarfan sharar gida, abun cikin O 2 na ɓangarorin ɓoyayyun halittu na ƙasa yana raguwa a hankali. Yawan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta suna girma, ana samun yawa yana ƙaruwa. Aerobic biodegradation ya mamaye, watau farkon mai karɓar lantarki shine O 2 Canji (Mataki na II) O 2 yana raguwa da sauri ta yawan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta. Ragewar O 2 yana haifar da ƙarancin motsa jiki da ƙarin yanayin anaerobic a cikin yadudduka. Masu karɓa na farko na lantarki a lokacin canji sune nitrates da sulfates tun lokacin da O 2 ke gudun hijira ta CO 2 a cikin iskar gas.
Samuwar Acid (Mataki na III) Hydrolysis na juzu'in da ba za a iya cirewa daga cikin dattin datti yana farawa a lokacin samar da acid, wanda ke haifar da saurin tattara fatty acids (VFAs) a cikin lechate. Ƙara yawan abun ciki na acid Organic yana rage leachate pH daga kusan 7.5 zuwa 5.6. A lokacin wannan lokaci, madaidaitan mahadi kamar VFAs suna ba da gudummawar buƙatun iskar oxygen (COD). Dogon sarka mai canzawa Organic acid (VOAs) ana canza su zuwa acetic acid (C 2 H 4 O 2 CO 2, da hydrogen gas (H 2 Yawan adadin VFAs yana haɓaka buƙatun iskar oxygen na biochemical (BOD) da na Muryar Amurka, wanda ke fara samar da H 2 ta ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta, wanda ke haɓaka haɓakar ƙwayoyin cuta na H 2 -oxidizing. Tsarin ƙarni na H 2 yana da ɗan gajeren lokaci domin ya cika a ƙarshen lokacin samar da acid. Haɓakawa a cikin biomass na ƙwayoyin cuta na acidogenic yana ƙara yawan lalata kayan sharar gida da cin abinci mai gina jiki. Ƙarfe, waɗanda gabaɗaya sun fi narkewar ruwa a ƙananan pH, na iya zama mafi wayar hannu a wannan lokacin, wanda zai haifar da ƙara yawan ƙarfe a cikin leachate.
Methane fermentation (Mataki na IV) Hanyoyin samar da acid na tsaka-tsaki (misali, acetic, propionic, da butyric acid) an canza su zuwa CH 4 da CO 2 ta ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta na methanogenic. Kamar yadda methanogens ke daidaita VFAs, ruwan pH na ƙasa yana komawa zuwa tsaka tsaki. Ƙarfin kwayoyin halittar leachate, wanda aka bayyana azaman buƙatar iskar oxygen, yana raguwa cikin sauri tare da haɓaka samar da iskar gas na CH 4 da CO 2 Wannan shine mafi tsayin lokaci na bazuwar ta.
Ƙarshe balaga da daidaitawa (Mataki na V) Adadin ayyukan microbiological yana raguwa yayin lokacin ƙarshe na ɓarnawar sharar gida yayin da wadatar kayan abinci ke iyakance halayen sinadarai, misali kamar yadda phosphorus bioavailable ke ƙara ƙaranci. Samar da CH 4 ya kusan ɓacewa gaba ɗaya, tare da O 2 da nau'in oxidized sannu a hankali suna sake bayyana a cikin rijiyoyin iskar gas yayin da O 2 ke ratsa ƙasa daga troposphere. Wannan yana canza yuwuwar rage oxidation-rage (ORP) a cikin leachate zuwa hanyoyin oxidative. Abubuwan da suka rage na kwayoyin halitta na iya ƙara canzawa zuwa lokacin iskar gas, kuma yayin da ake takin kwayoyin halitta; watau kwayoyin halitta suna juyar da su zuwa mahadi-kamar humic Tasirin zamantakewa da muhalli Wuraren zubar da shara suna da yuwuwar haifar da al'amura da dama. Rushewar ababen more rayuwa, kamar lalacewar hanyoyin shiga da manyan motoci, na iya faruwa. Gurbacewar hanyoyin gida da magudanan ruwa daga tayoyin kan ababen hawa lokacin da suke barin wurin da ake zubar da shara na iya zama muhimmi kuma ana iya rage su ta hanyar tsarin wanke hannu Gurɓatar muhalli na gida, kamar gurɓataccen ruwan ƙasa ko magudanar ruwa ko gurɓatar ƙasa na iya faruwa, haka nan.
Lechate Lokacin da hazo ya faɗi a buɗaɗɗen wuraren ajiyar ƙasa, ruwa yana ratsawa cikin datti kuma ya zama gurɓata da abin da aka dakatar da narkar da shi, yana haifar da leach. Idan ba'a ƙunshi wannan ba zai iya gurɓata ruwan ƙasa. Duk wuraren da ake zubar da shara na zamani suna amfani da haɗe-haɗe na layukan da ba su da ƙarfi a cikin kauri na mita da yawa, wuraren tsayayyen yanayin ƙasa da tsarin tattarawa don ƙunshe da kama wannan leak ɗin. Sannan ana iya magance ta a kwashe. Da zarar wurin da ake zubar da shara ya cika, an rufe shi don hana hazo ruwa da sabon samuwar ruwa. Duk da haka, masu layi dole ne su kasance suna da tsawon rai, ya kasance shekaru ɗari da yawa ko fiye. Daga ƙarshe, duk wani injin da ke cikin ƙasa zai iya zubowa, don haka dole ne a gwada ƙasan da ke kusa da wuraren da ake zubar da ƙasa don kare ƙazanta daga gurɓata ruwan ƙasa.
Rushewar iskar gas Abinci mai ruɓewa da sauran sharar jiki masu ruɓe suna haifar da iskar gas, musamman CO 2 da CH 4 daga bazuwar iska da anaerobic, bi da bi. Duka matakai biyu suna faruwa a lokaci guda a sassa daban-daban na wurin zubar da ƙasa. Bugu da ƙari ga samuwa O 2, ƙananan abubuwan da ke cikin iskar gas za su bambanta, dangane da shekarun zubar da ƙasa, nau'in sharar gida, abun ciki na danshi da sauran dalilai. Misali, matsakaicin adadin iskar gas da aka samar ana iya misalta sauƙaƙan amsawar diethyl oxalate wanda ke haifar da waɗannan halayen lokaci guda: 4 C 6 H 10 O 4 6 H 2 O 13 CH 4 11 CO 2
A matsakaita, kusan rabin adadin yawan adadin iskar gas shine CH 4 kuma ɗan ƙasa da rabi shine CO 2 Har ila yau, iskar gas ta ƙunshi kusan kimanin 5% nitrogen molecular (N 2 ƙasa da 1% hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S), da ƙananan ƙananan ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin da ba methane ba (NMOC), game da 2700 ppmv Gas ɗin da ke cike da ƙasa na iya fitowa daga wurin da ake zubar da ƙasa zuwa cikin iska da ƙasa da ke kewaye. Methane iskar gas ce mai zafi, kuma yana ƙonewa kuma mai yuwuwar fashewa a wasu abubuwa, wanda ya sa ya zama cikakke don ƙonewa don samar da wutar lantarki mai tsafta. Tun da lalata kwayoyin halitta da sharar abinci kawai suna sakin carbon da aka kama daga sararin samaniya ta hanyar photosynthesis, babu wani sabon carbon da ke shiga cikin zagayowar carbon kuma yanayin yanayi na CO 2 bai shafi ba. Carbon dioxide yana kama zafi a cikin yanayi, yana ba da gudummawa ga canjin yanayi A cikin wuraren da aka sarrafa da kyau, ana tattara iskar gas kuma ana ƙonewa ko kuma a dawo dasu don amfanin iskar gas Vectors Wuraren zubar DA shara mara kyau na iya zama damuwa saboda ƙwayoyin cuta kamar beraye da kuda waɗanda ke yada cututtuka masu yaduwa. Ana iya rage faruwar irin waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta ta hanyar amfani da murfin yau da kullun Sauran abubuwan da ke damun su Wasu batutuwa masu yuwuwa sun haɗa da rushewar namun daji saboda zama da lalacewar lafiyar dabbobi ta hanyar cinye sharar gida daga wuraren da ake zubar da ƙasa, ƙura, wari, gurɓataccen hayaniya, da rage ƙimar kadarorin gida da wasu abubuwan ƙyale-kyale
iskar gas Ana samar da iskar gas a wuraren da ake zubar da ƙasa saboda narkewar anaerobic da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta. A cikin wurin da aka sarrafa da kyau ana tattara wannan gas ɗin kuma ana amfani da shi. Amfaninsa ya bambanta daga sauƙi mai sauƙi zuwa amfani da iskar gas da samar da wutar lantarki. Sa ido kan iskar gas yana faɗakar da ma'aikata game da kasancewar tarin iskar gas zuwa matakin cutarwa. A wasu ƙasashe, farfaɗowar iskar gas yana da yawa; a {asar Amirka, alal misali, fiye da kimanin 850 wuraren sharar gida suna da tsarin dawo da iskar gas.
Ayyukan yanki
Kanada Hukumomin lardi na lardi da dokar kare muhalli ne ke sarrafa wuraren da ake cika shara a Kanada. Tsofaffin wuraren aiki suna faɗuwa ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodin yanzu kuma ana kula da su don leaching Wasu tsoffin wuraren an canza su zuwa filin shakatawa da more rayuwa.
Tarayyar Turai A cikin Tarayyar Turai, kowane jihohi dole ne su samar da doka don biyan buƙatu da wajibai na Umarnin Filla Fil na Turai Yawancin ƙasashe membobin EU suna da dokoki da ke hanawa ko hana zubar da sharar gida ta hanyar zubar da shara.
Indiya Filayen ƙasa a halin yanzu shine babbar hanyar zubar da shara na birni a Indiya. Indiya kuma tana da filin jibge-gegen mafi girma na Asiya a Deonar, Mumbai. Ko da yake al'amura akai-akai suna tasowa saboda haɓakar haɓakar sharar ƙasa da rashin kulawa daga hukumomi. Ana yawan ganin gobarar sama da ƙasa a matsugunan ƙasar Indiya a cikin ƴan shekarun da suka gabata.
Ƙasar Ingila Ayyukan sharar ƙasa a Burtaniya dole ne su canza a cikin 'yan shekarun nan don saduwa da ƙalubalen Umarnin Filayen shara na Turai. Yanzu Birtaniya na sanya harajin share fage akan sharar da za a iya cirewa wanda ake sakawa a wuraren da ake zubar da shara. Baya ga wannan an samar da Tsarin Kasuwancin Bayar da Fil ga ƙananan hukumomi don yin ciniki da ƙayyadaddun ƙasƙanci a Ingila. Wani tsari na daban yana aiki a Wales inda hukumomi ba za su iya 'yin ciniki' a tsakaninsu ba, amma suna da alawus da aka sani da Tsarin Allowance Landfill. Wato albashi Kenan.
Amurka Hukumar kula da muhalli ta kowace jiha ce ke sarrafa wuraren da ake zubar da shara a Amurka, wanda ke kafa mafi ƙanƙanta ƙa'idodi; duk da haka, babu ɗayan waɗannan ƙa'idodin da zai iya faɗuwa ƙasa da waɗanda Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA) ta gindaya. Ba da izinin zubar da shara gaba ɗaya yana ɗaukar tsakanin shekaru biyar zuwa bakwai, yana kashe miliyoyin daloli kuma yana buƙatar tsayayyen wurin zama, injiniyanci da nazarin muhalli da zanga-zangar don tabbatar da gamsuwa da abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli da aminci.
Nau'ukan Sharar gida ta gari sharar gida da kayan da ba su da haɗari. Haɗe da wannan nau'in ƙasƙan ƙasa akwai Bioreactor Landfill wanda ke lalata kayan halitta musamman.
Sharar gida: don sharar kasuwanci da masana'antu. Sauran wuraren da ke da alaƙa sun haɗa da Gine-ginen Gine-gine da Rushewar tarkace da Ragowar Filayen Konewar Kwal.
Sharar gida mai haɗari ko sharar PCB Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB) matsuguni waɗanda Dokar Kula da Abubuwan Guba ta 1976 (TSCA) ke kulawa a cikin Amurka.
Batutuwan ƙwayoyin cuta Matsayin al'umman ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta na iya ƙayyade ingancinsa na narkewa. An gano kwayoyin cutar da ke narkewar robobi a wuraren da ake zubar da shara.
Maidowa kayan Mutum na iya ɗaukar wuraren zubar da ƙasa a matsayin madaidaicin tushen kayan aiki da kuzari A cikin ƙasashen duniya na uku, masu sharar gida sukan yi ɓarna ga kayan da har yanzu ba a iya amfani da su. A cikin mahallin kasuwanci, kamfanoni kuma sun gano wuraren zubar da ƙasa, da yawa sun fara girbi kayan aiki da makamashi. Sanannun misalan sun haɗa da wuraren dawo da iskar gas. Sauran wuraren kasuwanci sun haɗa da inneratorers waɗanda ke da ginanniyar dawo da kayan aiki. Wannan kayan dawowa yana yiwuwa ta hanyar amfani da masu tacewa electro filter, aiki-carbon da potassium filter, quench, HCl-washer, SO 2 -washer, kasa ash -grating, da dai sauransu. Madadin Bugu da ƙari, dabarun rage sharar gida da sake amfani da su, akwai hanyoyi daban-daban don zubar da ƙasa, ciki har da sharar gida-zuwa makamashi, narkewar anaerobic, takin gargajiya, maganin ilimin halitta, pyrolysis da plasma arc gasification Dangane da tattalin arziƙin gida da abubuwan ƙarfafawa, waɗannan za a iya sanya su mafi kyawun kuɗi fiye da wuraren zubar da ƙasa Ko muhalli.
Ƙuntatawa Kasashe da suka hada da Jamus, Ostiriya, Sweden, Denmark, Belgium, Netherlands, da Switzerland, sun hana zubar da sharar da ba a kula da su ba a wuraren da ake zubar da shara.A cikin wasu ɓangarorin haɗari ne kawai, toka mai tashi daga ƙonawa ko ingantaccen kayan aikin injinan jiyya na ƙwayoyin cuta ana iya adana su.
Duba wasu abubuwan
Manazarta
Ci gaba da karatu Daniel A. Vallero, Kimiyyar Halittar Muhalli: Hanyar Tsarin Halitta Bugu na 2. Lantarki na Ilimi, Amsterdam, Netherlands da Boston MA, Littafin Buga eBook shekarata. 2015.
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Ƙungiyar Sharar gida da sake amfani da su ta Amurka
Ƙungiya mai ƙarfi ta Arewacin Amurka
https://waste-management-world.com/a/a-compact-guide-to-landfill-operation-machinery-management-and-misconceptions
Shara
Juji
Hakki
Muhalli
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
51126 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel%20Bekele | Daniel Bekele | Daniel Bekele: (Amharic: Daniel 17 ga watan Fabrairu 1967) lauyan Habasha ne kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama. An tsare shi daga watan Nuwamba 2005 zuwa watan Maris 2008 saboda korafin da ya yi game da tsarin babban zaben kasar Habasha na 2005. Ya kasance babban darektan sashin Afirka a Human Rights Watch daga shekarun 2011 zuwa 2016. A shekarar 2019, an nada Daniel shugaban Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Habasha.
Matasa da ilimi An haifi Daniel Bekele a (1967-02-17 Ya kammala karatunsa na farko a shekarar 1989 da digirin farko a fannin shari'a sannan a shekarar 2001 ya yi digiri na biyu a fannin development studies daga jami'ar Addis Ababa. Ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin shari'a daga Jami'ar Oxford a 2003. Daga baya ya fara karatun digirin digirgir kan “Comparative Study of Media Law in East Africa” a Oxford.
Farkon aiki Daniel ya kasance mashawarci ga Kamfanin Sugar na Habasha a shekarun 1998-1990, sannan ya zama mashawarcin shari'a mai zaman kansa. Ya ƙware wajen tallafawa ƙungiyoyin jama'a, ilimin haƙƙin ɗan adam, da haɓaka sauye-sauyen shari'a don inganta kariyar yancin mata. Daniel ya zama memba na ActionAid a shekarar 2004, ya zama mai alhakin bincike da shawarwari. Ya rike babban mukami a Kamfanin Inshora na United. Daniel na ɗaya daga cikin jagororin ɓangaren Habasha na the Global Call to Action Against Poverty campaign.
2005-2008 tsarewa Daniel ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan masu shirya kungiyoyin farar hula da ke gudanar da sa ido kan babban zaben kasar Habasha na shekarar 2005. Ya soki tsarin yadda aka gudanar da zaben. A ranar 16 ga watan Oktoban 2005, wasu mutane dauke da makamai da ba a san ko su waye ba sun yi masa mugun duka, wanda Amnesty International ta fassara a matsayin sakamakon sukar da ya yi kan tsarin zabe. An tsare Daniel a ranar 1 ga watan Nuwamba 2005. A cikin watan Disamba na shekarar 2007, an yanke masa hukunci tare da Netsanet Demissie a babban kotun tarayya na Habasha saboda "harzuka da shirya 'yan adawa ga kundin tsarin mulki'" amma akasarin alkalai biyu daga cikin uku sun wanke shi daga laifin aikata "bacin rai", da rinjayen alkalai biyu daga cikin uku, bayan trial na shekara biyu. An saki Daniel da Netsanet a ranar 28 ga watan Maris 2008. Amnesty International ta yi la'akari da tsare Daniel da Netsanet da kuma hukuncin da aka yanke musu bisa la'akari da ayyukansu na 'yancin ɗan adam ne kawai, kuma ta ayyana duka a matsayin Prisoners of conscience. Daraktan Amnesty na Afirka, Erwin van der Bright, ya ce, "Abin takaici ne a kama masu fafutukar farar hula wadanda fursunonin lamiri kamar Daniel Bekele da Netsanet Demissie da kuma yanke musu hukunci ba bisa ka'ida ba kawai saboda gudanar da ayyukan kare hakkin bil'adama cikin lumana."
Hukumomin kare hakkin bil'adama Daniel ya kasance babban darektan kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch (HRW) a Afirka daga shekarun 2011 zuwa 2016, sannan ya zama babban daraktan kula da harkokin Afirka. A watan Yulin 2019, an nada Daniel a matsayin sabon shugaban Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Habasha (EHRC), wanda aka zaba daga cikin ’yan takara 88 da Majalisar Wakilai ta Majalisar Wakilai (HoPR, karamar majalisar dokokin Habasha) ta maye gurbin Addisu Gebreegziabhier. A watan Satumba na 2021, an baiwa Daniel lambar yabo ta Afirka ta Jamus ta shekarar 2021 saboda jajircewarsa na kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da dimokuradiyya.
Ra'ayi A shekarar 2012, Daniel ya soki Amurka da Tarayyar Turai don tallafawa ci gaban tattalin arziki a cikin ƙasashe masu iko yayin da kawai "ba da sabis na leɓe" ga take haƙƙin ɗan adam a waɗannan ƙasashe. Ya hada da Habasha a matsayin misali inda taimakon raya kasa ya karu yayin da 'yancin dan adam ya tabarbare sosai.
Duba kuma Andualem Aragie
Reyot Alemu
Eskinder Nega
Arena Tigray
Bekele Gerba
Habtamu Ayalew
Manazarta Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan |
21738 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim%20Ba | Ibrahim Ba | Ibrahim "Ibou" Ba (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga watan Nuwamba, shekara ta 1973) shi ne tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙasar Faransa wanda ya taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya na dama. Fara aikinsa tare da Le Havre a Faransa a farkon shekarun 1990s, ya ci gaba da wakiltar kungiyoyi a Italiya, Ingila, Turkiyya, da Sweden kafin ya yi ritaya a AC Milan a shekarar 2008. Cikakken dan kasa da kasa tsakanin shekara ta 1997 da shekarar 1998, ya ci wasanni takwas. kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Faransa kuma ta zira kwallaye
Farkon aiki An haife shi a Dakar, babban birnin Senegal, Ibrahim Ngom Ba bai cika sha takwas ba tukuna, a shekara ta 1991, ya fara wasa a kulob din Faransa na Le Havre AC, inda ya kwashe shekaru biyar. A shekara ta 1996, ya koma Bordeaux na Ligue 1, ya kai wasan karshe na Coupe de la Ligue
AC Milan A shekarar 1997, Ba ya canza sheka daga FC Girondins de Bordeaux zuwa Milan, kuma a shekarar 1998 zuwa 1999 ya lashe gasar Serie A. Daga baya kuma aka bashi a AC Perugia, inda ya samu rauni a gwiwa. Ya sake yin wani rance, tare da Olympique de Marseille, a shekara ta 2001. Dawowa cikin Milan, Ba ya ci duka Kofin Zakarun Turai na UEFA da Coppa Italia a lokacin nasarar da kungiyar ta samu sosai a kakar wasanni ta shekarar 2002 zuwa 2003, kodayake bai taba zama dan wasa ba, wasanni 5 kacal ya buga a dukkannin wasannin a kakar.
Bolton Wanderers A shekara ta 2003, ya bar Milan ya koma Bolton Wanderers a Ingila. Ya taimaka musu suka kai ga wasan karshe na Kwallon Kafa na shekarar, 2004, suna wasa a duka kafafu biyu na nasarar kusa da karshe akan Aston Villa. Koyaya, an bar shi daga cikin tawagar ranar wasan yayin da suka yi rashin nasara a hannun Middlesbrough. Ba ya buga wasansa na karshe a wasan Bolton da Chelsea a ranar 13 ga watan Maris shekara ta, 2004.
Çaykur Rizespor Ya kasa yin rawar gani a Bolton, sannan ya koma Turkiyya bayan kaka daya, inda ya koma Çaykur Rizespor kan yarjejeniyar shekara daya a ranar 24 ga watan Agusta shekara ta, 2004.
Djurgårdens IF A ranar 6 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta, 2005, Djurgårdens IF na Sweden ya sanya hannu kan Ba kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu. Djurgården ya lashe duka biyun Allsvenskan da Svenska Cupen a kakarsa ta farko tare da kulob din. A farkon shekara ta, 2006, an yanke shawarar cewa kwantiraginsa za ta kare kuma daga baya ya bar Djurgården a cikin Janairun shekarar, yana taka leda a wasanni 14 kuma ya ci kwallo daya.
Komawa AC AC A farkon shekara ta, 2007 Ba ya koma Italiya don yin horo tare da ƙungiyar Serie C2 Varese don taimakawa lafiyar sa. A watan Yunin shekara ta 2007, bayan tafiya zuwa Athens tare da tawagar A.C. Milan don halartar wasan karshe na UEFA Champions League inda suka doke Liverpool Premier League ta Liverpool, Ba ya amince da kwantiragin shekara daya tare da rossoneri. A karshen kakar shekara ta, 2007 zuwa 2008, inda ya buga wasa sau daya kacal a Coppa Italia a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa, ya yi ritaya daga wasan a matsayin dan wasa kuma ya zama mai leken Milan a Afirka.
Ayyukan duniya Ba ya ci wa Faransa wasa sau takwas tsakanin shekara ta, 1997 zuwa 1998, kuma ya ci kwallaye biyu. Kwallayen nasa biyu sun zo ne a wasannin sada zumunci da suka yi da Portugal da Afirka ta Kudu.
Rayuwar mutum Ibrahim Ba dan ɗa ne a shekara ta, 1970 dan ƙasar Senegal Ibrahima Ba (an haife shi a shekara ta, 1951), wanda ya kammala aikinsa a Faransa, inda ya taimaka wa Le Havre AC zuwa ci gaba a shekara ta, 1979 kuma ya kammala aikinsa a SC Abbeville. Karamin dan Ibrahima Ba, Fabien (an haife shi a ranar 22 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta, 1994) shi ma dan kwallon ne, yana wasa a Italiya tare da Giovanissimi Nazionali na tsohon dan uwansa Ibrahim tsohon kulob din AC Milan. A cikin shekarar, 2018, Paolo Maldini ya sanya sunan Ba daya daga cikin manyan abokansa daga duniyar kwallon kafa.
Daraja Kulab AC Milan Serie A: 1998–1999
Uefa Champions League: 2002 03
Coppa Italia: 2002-2003
Djurgårdens IF Allsvenskan: 2005 Kofin Sweden: 2005
Bayani "Ba ya koma Milan". UEFA. 1 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2002. An dawo da 14 ga watan Maris shekara ta 2015. "Bolton 5-2 Aston Villa". BBC. 21 ga watan Janairu shekara ta 2004. An dawo da 22 ga watan Janairu shekara ta 2013. "Aston Villa 2-0 Bolton". BBC. 27 ga watan Janairu shekara ta 2004. An dawo da 22 ga watan Janairu shekara ta 2013.
"Bolton 0-2 Chelsea". BBC. 13 ga watan Maris shekara ta 2004. An dawo da 22 ga watan Janairu shekara ta 2013."Çaykur Rizespor Babrahim Ba ile anlaştı". arsiv.ntv.com.tr. An dawo 22 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2021. "Ibrahim Ba ya shirya wa Djurgården". Aftonbladet (a Yaren mutanen Sweden). An dawo 22 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2021. Masu horarwar suna da ban tsoro Aftonbladet (a Yaren mutanen Sweden). An dawo 22 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2021.
"Sv Cupen maza: Djurgården ya ci biyu svenskfotboll.se". www2.svenskfotboll.se. An dawo 22 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2021."Ba ya bar Djurgården". DIF.se. "Ibrahim Ba a Varese" (a cikin Italiyanci). AS Varese 1910. An adana daga asali ranar 21 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 200 'Dinho ya farfado da haɗin Milan?". Kwallon kafa Italia. 13 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 2007. An adana daga asali ranar 9 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2007. An dawo da 30 ga watan Yuli shekara ta 2007. "OFFICIAL: Ibou Ba torna al Milan" (a yaren Italiyanci). Kwallon kafa Italia. 15 Yuni 2007. An dawo da 30 Yuli 2007. "Ba ya yi ritaya, ya hau kan mukamin Scout a Milan Goal.com". www.goal.com. An dawo 22 Fabrairu 2021 "Ba ya koma Milan". UEFA. 1 Fabrairu 2002. An dawo da 14 Maris 2015. "Bolton 5-2 Aston Villa". BBC. 21 Janairu 2004. An dawo da 22 Janairu 2013. "Aston Villa 2-0 Bolton". BBC. 27 Janairu 2004. An dawo da 22 Janairu 2013. "Bolton 0-2 Chelsea". BBC. 13 ga watan Maris shekara ta 2004. An dawo da 22 ga watan Janairu shekara ta 2013. "Çaykur Rizespor Babrahim Ba ile anlaştı". arsiv.ntv.com.tr. An dawo 22 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2021. "Ibrahim Ba ya shirya wa Djurgården". Aftonbladet (a Yaren mutanen Sweden). An dawo 22 Fabrairu 2021. Masu horarwar suna da ban tsoro Aftonbladet (a Yaren mutanen Sweden). An dawo 22 Fabrairu 2021. "Sv Cupen maza: Djurgården ya ci biyu svenskfotboll.se". www2.svenskfotboll.se. An dawo 22 Fabrairu 2021. "Ba ya bar Djurgården". DIF.se. "Ibrahim Ba a Varese" (a cikin Italiyanci). AS Varese 1910. An adana daga asali ranar 21 ga Yuni 2007. "'Dinho ya farfado da haɗin Milan?". Kwallon kafa Italia. 13 Yuni 2007. An adana daga asali ranar 9 ga Yulin 2007. An dawo da 30 Yuli 2007. "OFFICIAL: Ibou Ba torna al Milan" (a yaren Italiyanci). Kwallon kafa Italia. 15 Yuni 2007. An dawo da 30 Yuli 2007. "Ba ya yi ritaya, ya hau kan mukamin Scout a Milan Goal.com". www.goal.com. An dawo 22 Fabrairun shekarar 2021. "Ibrahim Ba» Internationals "Abokai". duniya.net. An dawo 22 Fabrairu 2021. "Faransa da Afirka ta Kudu, 11 ga Oktoba 1997". 11v11.com. An dawo 22 Fabrairu 2021. "Portugal da Faransa 22 Janairu 1997 Soccerway". us.soccerway.com. An dawo 22 Fabrairu 2021. A.C. Milan Giovanissimi Nazionali ya Adana 9 Afrilu 2009 a Wayback Machine https://www.gazzetta.it/Calcio/Serie-A/Milan/24-06-2018/50-volte-maldini-sono-uomo-felice-la-pelle-rossonera-28071449050.shtml?refresh_ce-cp Tambaya 42 http://www.difarkivet.se/dif_sm_guld_seniorer.pdf
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Ibrahim Ba a Soccerbase Gyara wannan a Wikidata Ibrahim Ba a Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Faransa (a Faransanci) Ibrahim Ba a Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Faransa (an adana shi (cikin |
61019 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarihin%20Kungiyar%20Hockey%20ta%20Kasa%20%281917-1942%29 | Tarihin Kungiyar Hockey ta Kasa (1917-1942) | An kafa Kungiyar Hockey ta Kasa (NHL) a cikin 1917 bayan mutuwar kungiyar da ta gabace ta, Kungiyar Hockey ta Kasa (NHA). A cikin ƙoƙari na cire Eddie Livingstone a matsayin mai shi na Toronto Blueshirts, mafi rinjaye na NHA franchises (The Montreal Canadiens, Montreal Wanderers, Ottawa Senators and Quebec Bulldogs sun dakatar da NHA kuma sun kafa sabuwar NHL. Quebec Bulldogs, yayin da yake memba, ba su yi aiki a cikin NHL na shekaru biyu na farko ba. Madadin haka masu Gidan Lambun Arena na Toronto sun gudanar da sabon ikon amfani da ikon amfani da ikon amfani da sunan kamfani na Toronto. Yayin da aka yi nufin NHL a matsayin ma'auni na wucin gadi, ci gaba da takaddama tare da Livingstone ya haifar da taron masu NHA guda hudu tare da sanya dakatar da NHA ta dindindin shekara guda bayan haka.
Ƙarni na farko na NHL ya ga gasar ta fafatawa da manyan gasa biyu masu hamayya, Ƙungiyar Hockey ta Pacific Coast da Western Canada Hockey League, don 'yan wasa da gasar Stanley NHL ta fara faɗaɗa cikin Amurka a cikin 1924 tare da kafuwar Boston Bruins, kuma ya zuwa 1926 ta ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi goma a cikin Ontario, Quebec, yankin Manyan Tafkuna da Arewa maso Gabashin Amurka A lokaci guda, NHL ta fito a matsayin babbar gasar lig guda ɗaya kuma ita kaɗai ce mai fafatawa a gasar cin kofin Stanley.
Wasan da kansa ya ci gaba da bunkasa a wannan lokacin. An gabatar da sabbin abubuwa da yawa ga ƙa'idodi da kayan aiki yayin da NHL ke ƙoƙarin haɓaka kwararar wasan da kuma sa wasan ya fi son abokantaka. NHL ta taka leda tare da maza shida zuwa gefe maimakon bakwai na gargajiya, kuma tana cikin ƙungiyoyin farko don ba da damar masu gola su bar ƙafafunsu don yin ceto. Sawun NHL ya bazu ko'ina cikin Kanada yayin da aka ji watsa shirye-shiryen rediyon Foster Hewitt daga bakin teku zuwa bakin teku tun daga 1933
An gina Dandalin Montreal da Maple Leaf Gardens, kuma kowannensu ya buga bakuncin wasannin fa'idar All-Star da aka gudanar don tara kuɗi don tallafawa Ace Bailey da dangin Howie Morenz a Toronto da Montreal, bi da bi. Ayyukan 'yan wasan biyu sun ƙare saboda wani abin da ya faru a kan kankara, tare da Morenz ya mutu a ƙarshe, wata guda bayan ya sami rauni na farko. Waɗannan wasannin farko na NHL All-Star za su kai ga wasannin All-Star na shekara-shekara waɗanda ke ci gaba a yau.
Babban Bala'in da Yaƙin Duniya na II ya rage gasar zuwa ƙungiyoyi shida ta 1942. Ƙungiyoyin kafa Ottawa, da ƙungiyoyin fadada New York Amirkawa, Montreal Maroons da Pittsburgh Pirates Philadelphia Quakers sun wuce daga wurin. Ƙungiyar Faɗawa Detroit Falcons ta ayyana fatarar kudi a cikin 1932 kuma ta tsira ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa tare da Chicago Shamrocks na Ƙungiyar Hockey ta Amurka da kuma aljihun mai wadata James Norris ya zama Detroit Red Wings Matsanancin yanayi a Montreal yana nufin cewa birnin ya kusan rasa duka ƙungiyoyin sa a cikin 1930s; Canadiens sun kusan ƙaura zuwa Cleveland, amma sun tsira saboda ƙarfin goyon bayansa. Ƙungiyoyin shida da suka bar tsaye a cikin 1942 (Boston Bruins, Chicago Black Hawks, Detroit Red Wings, Montreal Canadiens, New York Rangers da Toronto Maple Leafs an san su a yau a matsayin Asali shida Shekarun farko Babban tauraron NHL na farko shine "Phantom" Joe Malone Zakaran zira kwallaye na NHA sau biyu, Malone ya zira kwallaye biyar ga Montreal Canadiens a nasara 7–4 akan Sanatocin Ottawa a daren bude NHL. Malone ya ci gaba da yin rikodin burin 44 na jagora a cikin wasanni 20 a cikin 1917–18 Ya sake jagorantar NHL wajen zira kwallaye a cikin 1919–20, inda ya zira kwallaye 39 a wasanni 24 tare da Quebec. A lokacin wannan kakar, a ranar 20 ga Janairu, 1920, Malone ya zira kwallaye bakwai a wasa daya a kan Toronto St. Patricks, rikodin da ke tsaye a yau. An zaɓi Malone zuwa Gidan Hockey na Fame a cikin 1950. Burin farko a tarihin NHL shine Dave Ritchie na Montreal Wanderers ya ci minti daya cikin nasara 10 9 akan Toronto, wanda shine nasarar da Wanderers suka yi a cikin NHL. Ranar 2 ga Janairu, 1918, wuta ta lalata filin wasa na Montreal, gida ga duka Wanderers da Kanada. Yayin da Canadiens suka koma Jubilee Arena na 3,000, Lichtenhein ya zaɓi ya janye Wanderers, yana nuna rashin samun 'yan wasa saboda yakin. NHL ta ci gaba da kasancewa ta ƙungiyoyi uku har zuwa lokacin da Quebec ya dawo gare ta a cikin 1919. A cikin shekarunta na farko, NHL ta ci gaba da tsarin tsagawar lokacin NHA. Zakaran rabin na farko Canadiens ya fadi a hannun zakaran rabin na biyu na Toronto a gasar cin kofin O'Brien na 1918 ta hanyar hada maki 10–7 a wasa biyu, jimillar jerin raga. Nasarar ta baiwa Toronto damar fuskantar zakaran Kungiyar Hockey ta Pacific Coast, the Vancouver Millionaires, a Gasar Gasar Cin Kofin Stanley. Torontos ta doke Vancouver don zama ƙungiyar NHL ta farko da ta lashe Kofin. Canadiens sun ci gasar NHL akan Sanatoci a 1918–19, kuma sun yi tafiya yamma don saduwa da zakaran PCHA, Babban Birnin Seattle An fi tunawa da jerin gwanon don sokewar sa tare da jerin da aka ɗaure a nasara biyu, asara biyu, da kunnen doki (2–2–1) saboda cutar sankarau ta Sipaniya 'Yan wasa da yawa daga kungiyoyin biyu sun kamu da rashin lafiya, lamarin da ya sa jami'an kiwon lafiya a Seattle soke wasan na shida, da yanke hukunci. Mai tsaron lafiyar Kanada Joe Hall ya mutu sakamakon mura a ranar 5 ga Afrilu, 1919. A halin da ake ciki, zakarun na Toronto sun ƙare a matsayi na ƙarshe a cikin rabi na 1918–19. A ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 1919, Toronto ta sanar da ƙungiyar cewa ta janye daga gasar. NHL ta guji ragewa zuwa ƙungiyoyi biyu don 1919–20 lokacin da aka sake tsara ƙungiyar azaman Toronto St. Patricks. Har ila yau, ikon mallakar Quebec ya dawo, (wanda aka sani da kakar wasa ta Quebec Athletic Club yana kara gasar zuwa kungiyoyi hudu. Kulob din Quebec ya buga rikodin 4 20 a cikin 1919 20, duk da dawowar Malone. Lokaci ne na ƙarshe na ikon amfani da ikon amfani da sunan kamfani a cikin birnin Quebec, yana ƙaura zuwa Hamilton, Ontario, a cikin 1920 don zama Hamilton Tigers Gasa tare da WCHL Tun daga cikin 1921, NHL ta fuskanci gasa daga babban gasa na uku, ƙungiyar Hockey ta Western Canada (WCHL). Tare da gasar lig guda uku da ke fafatawa don hazaka, 'yan wasan hockey na kankara sun kasance cikin ƴan wasa mafiya samun kuɗi a Arewacin Amurka. Sun ba da umarnin albashi daidai da manyan 'yan wasan Baseball na lokacin. WCHL ta rayu tsawon yanayi shida kawai, tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da PCHA a cikin 1924, amma ta ƙalubalanci NHL don Kofin Stanley sau huɗu. A cikin 1923 Stanley Cup Finals, Sanatoci sun ci Edmonton Eskimos bayan sun kawar da PCHA's Vancouver Millionaires. A cikin 1924, Canadiens sun ci nasara akan PCHA's Millionaires da WCHL's Calgary Tigers a kan ƙarfin rufewar biyu ta Georges Vezina da kuma wani mummunan mummunan nunawa ta hanyar rookie na gaba Howie Morenz |
24571 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Patrick%20Baffour | Robert Patrick Baffour | Robert Patrick Baffour, OBE, OV (14 ga Mayu 1912 6 ga Yuni 1993), injiniyan ƙasar Ghana ne, ɗan siyasa kuma mai kula da jami'a wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah (KNUST). Ya kuma kasance jagora a ilimin injiniya a Ghana.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Robert Patrick Baffour (aka Papa Andoh) a ranar 14 ga Mayu 1912 a Elmina. Mahaifinsa yana hidimar Ma'aikatan Burtaniya a Najeriya a matsayin Jagoran Makarantu. Shi ne ɗan fari na Robert Patrick Baffour Andoh da Maria Frederica Adwoa Kane (Okai).
Kakan mahaifinsa shine Cif Kweku Andoh na Elmina wanda yayi aiki a yakin Sir Garnet Wolseley akan Prempeh I, Sarkin Ashanti. An nada shi sarautar jihar Edina bayan korar Cif Kobina Gyan da Turawan Ingila suka yi. Kakar mahaifin Baffour ita ce babbar 'yar Yaa Na Yakubu I na kabilar Dagomba mai suna Napari. Chief Andoh ya kubutar da ita daga Ashanti yayin kamfen din Prempeh kuma an sanya mata suna Efua Yendi. An kuma san ta da Nana Awuyea.
Kakan mahaifiyarsa shine Cif Nii Kofi Okai na yankin Gbese, Accra, wanda aka fi sani da Joseph H. Kane. Yana da aiki a matsayin malami kuma dan kasuwa. Baffour shi ma jikan George Emil Eminsang ne, wanda shi ne lauya na farko da ya fara karatu a Yammacin Turai a Gold Coast.
Tsakanin 1917 da 1926, Baffour ya halarci makarantu daban -daban a Ghana da Najeriya: Makarantar Katolika a Elmina, Makarantar Gwamnatin Okar a Najeriya da Kwalejin Richmond.
Baffour ya halarci Makarantar Mfantsipim kuma ya sami Takaddar Sakandare ta Cambridge tare da kebe daga Matriculation na London. Bayan kammala karatun sakandare, ya sami babbar daraja ta musamman da ta zo na farko a jarrabawar farar hula ta zamaninsa. Amma duk da haka maimakon shiga aikin farar hula na Burtaniya, ya zaɓi ya ci gaba da karatunsa a Kwalejin Achimota don yin karatun injiniya, inda Charles Deakin, malamin injiniyan kafa a makarantar ya koyar da shi. Ya zama ɗan ƙasar Ghana na farko da ya sami digiri na Jami'ar London a injiniyan injiniya a ƙasar Ghana.
Aiki
Injiniya da hidimar jama'a Baffour ya fara aikinsa tare da layin dogo na Gold Coast sannan daga baya ya zama malamin injiniya a Makarantar Achimota. Daga cikin abubuwan da ya ƙirƙira da sababbin abubuwa akwai 'Descender gear', na'urar hana zamewa don zirga-zirgar ababen hawa, 250 classes locomotive' da na'urar kewaya ta jirgin sama.
Ya kuma rike mukaman gudanarwa da dama a cikin aikin farar hula, daga ciki akwai na Babban Sakataren Ma’aikatar Sufuri da Sadarwa. Ya taka rawar gani wajen zabar wuraren da za a gina madatsar ruwan Akosombo, da tsarawa da fadada birnin Tema da Harbour, da aikin tashar jiragen ruwa na kamun kifi na Elmina baya ga kafuwar Kwalejin Nautical da Black Star Line. Lokacin da Baffour yayi aiki a majalisar birnin Accra, ya shiga cikin kera motoci, musamman motocin 'Ewurakua da 'King Kong'. Ya kuma kasance cikin shirin tsara Kaneshie Estates ta amfani da fasahar gini da aka riga aka ƙera.
A lokacin aikinsa, Baffour ya rike manyan mukamai da dama, ciki har da a matsayin shugaban hukumar hadakar karfe da karafa da kuma shugaban farko na hukumar makamashin nukiliya ta Ghana. Ya kasance mai motsawa a cikin tara kuɗi don Opon Manse Karfe Ayyuka.
Shi ne ya zuga aikin Tashar Nukiliya ta Kwabenya da aka dakatar, watanni shida da kammalawa, sakamakon juyin mulkin da sojoji suka yi wa Kwame Nkrumah. A cikin 1962, an zaɓi Baffour shugaban zaman taro na 6 na babban taron Hukumar Makamashin Atomic ta Duniya (IAEA).
Mataimakin shugaban jami'a Daga ƙarshe a lokacin mulkin Nkrumah, ya kasance babban ɗan wasan kwaikwayo don canza Kwalejin Fasaha ta Kumasi zuwa Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah a 1960, ya zama mataimakiyar shugabanta na farko a 1961. Baffour yayi aiki a matsayin mataimakin kansila na KNUST daga 1961 zuwa 1967. Wannan ya biyo bayan yayi aiki a matsayin shugaban magabacin jami'ar daga 1960 zuwa 1961.
Siyasa Nkrumah ya shafe shi ya zama magajinsa. Sai dai abin takaici, bayan rashin jituwa da sauran membobin jam’iyyar, an kori Baffour daga jam’iyyar. A 1979, ya yi takara a matsayin ɗan takara mai zaman kansa a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa.
Fasaha da al'ada Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin masu tallafawa ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 1952, wanda aka shirya a Helsinki. Mai son fasaha, ya kasance mai yin fina-finai, musamman, “A Day in the life of an African” wanda Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Burtaniya ya samar da kuma “Progress in Kojokrom” (fim wanda aka baje shi a ko'ina cikin Kogin Zinariya. Waɗannan sun sa mutane su san sabon canjin da aka samu a ƙaramar hukuma) da “The Boy Kumasenu”. A garinsu, Elmina, ya shirya bukukuwa, Edina Korye Kuw da Edina Mpuntu Fekuw. Ya jagoranci kamfani na Number Seven Asafo Company, Nyampafo. Daga baya a rayuwarsa, ya yi aikin likitanci na gidaopathic a matsayin mai son.
Kyaututtuka da karramawa An ba shi lambar yabo ta OBE a karramawar Sarauniya a shekarar 1953. A shekarar 1979, gwamnatin Ghana ta saka masa jari da Order of Volta. KNUST ta yi masa ado da digirin girmamawa a kimiyya.
Rayuwar mutum Dansa, Fritz Baffour, ɗan jarida kuma mai ba da shawara kan sadarwa ya yi aiki da ɗan Majalisar Tarayya daga 2009 zuwa 2016 da Ministan Watsa Labarai a 2012 a ƙarƙashin National Democratic Congress.
Mutuwa R.P Baffour ya mutu a Elmina saboda dalilai na halitta a ranar 6 ga Yuni 1993, yana da shekaru 81. An binne shi a makabartar Holland ta Elmina.
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60204 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauyin%20yanayi | Sauyin yanayi | Sauyin yanayi ya haɗa da duk bambance-bambance a cikin yanayin da ke dadewa fiye da abubuwan da suka faru na kowanne yanayi, yayin da kalmar canjin yanayi kawai tana nufin wadannan bambance-bambancen da ke dawwama na tsawon lokaci, yawanci shekarun da suka gabata ko fiye. Canjin yanayi na iya nufin kowane lokaci a tarihin duniya, amma yanzu ana amfani da kalmar don kwatanta wasauyin yanayi na zamani, wanda aka fi sani da dumamar yanayi. Tun bayan juyin juya halin masana'antu, yanayin yana ƙara shafar ayyukan ɗan adam.
Tsarin yanayi yana karɓar kusan dukkan ƙarfinsa daga rana kuma yana haskaka makamashi zuwa sararin samaniya Ma'auni na makamashi mai shigowa da mai fita da hanyar makamashi ta tsarin yanayi shine kasafin makamashi na duniya Lokacin da makamashi mai shigowa ya fi makamashi mai fita girma, kasafin makamashi na duniya yana da kyau kuma tsarin yanayi yana dumama. Idan ƙarin makamashi ya fita, kasafin makamashi mara kyau ne kuma Duniya tana samun sanyi.
Ƙarfin da ke tafiya a cikin tsarin yanayi na duniya yana samun magana a cikin yanayi, ya bambanta akan ma'auni na yanki da lokaci. Matsakaicin tsayin lokaci da sauye-sauyen yanayi a cikin yanki sune yanayin yankin. Irin waɗannan sauye-sauye na iya zama sakamakon "saɓanin ciki", lokacin da tsarin yanayi ya shafi sassa daban-daban na tsarin yanayi ya canza rarraba makamashi. Misalai sun haɗa da sãɓãwar launukansa a cikin kwalayen teku kamar Pacific decadal oscillation da Atlantic multidecadal oscillation Canjin yanayi kuma na iya haifarwa daga tilastawa waje, lokacin da abubuwan da suka faru a wajen sassan tsarin sauyin yanayi suka haifar da canje-canje a cikin tsarin. Misalai sun haɗa da canje-canje a fitowar hasken rana da volcanism Canjin yanayi yana da sakamako ga canje-canjen matakin teku, rayuwar shuka, da ɓarnawar taro; yana kuma shafar al'ummomin mutane.
Kalmomi Canjin yanayi shine kalmar don bayyana bambance-bambance a cikin ma'anar jihar da sauran halaye na yanayi (kamar dama ko yiwuwar matsanancin yanayi, da dai sauransu) "a kan duk ma'auni na sararin samaniya da na wucin gadi fiye da abubuwan da suka faru na kowane yanayi." Wasu daga cikin sauye-sauyen ba ya bayyana sun haifar da sanannun tsarin kuma yana faruwa a wasu lokuta bazuwar. Irin wannan sauye-sauye ana kiransa bazuwar bazuwar ko hayaniya A gefe guda, sauye-sauye na lokaci-lokaci yana faruwa akai-akai kuma a cikin yanayi daban-daban na sauye-sauye ko yanayin yanayi. Ana amfani da kalmar sauyin yanayi sau da yawa don nuni musamman ga canjin yanayi na ɗan adam. Sauyin yanayi na ɗan adam yana faruwa ne ta hanyar ayyukan da ɗan adam, sabanin sauyin yanayi wanda zai iya haifar da wani ɓangare na tsarin yanayin duniya gaba daya. Dumamar yanayi ta zama sanannen lokaci a cikin 1988, amma a cikin mujallu na kimiyya dumamar yanayi tana nufin karuwar zafin jiki yayin da sauyin yanayi ya haɗa da dumamar yanayi da duk wani abu da haɓaka matakan iskar gas ke shafar. Kalmar da ke da alaƙa, canjin yanayi, ita ce Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Duniya (WMO) ta gabatar da ita a cikin 1966 don haɗa duk nau'ikan canjin yanayi akan ma'aunin lokaci fiye da shekaru 10, amma ba tare da la'akari da dalili ba. A cikin shekarun 1970s, kalmar canjin yanayi ta maye gurbin canjin yanayi don mai da hankali kan abubuwan da ke haifar da ɗan adam, kamar yadda ya bayyana a fili cewa ayyukan ɗan adam suna da yuwuwar canza yanayin. An shigar da canjin yanayi a cikin taken Kwamitin Gudanar da Canjin Yanayi (IPCC) da Tsarin Tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Sauyin Yanayi (UNFCCC). Ana amfani da canjin yanayi yanzu azaman bayanin fasaha na tsari, da kuma suna da ake amfani da shi don bayyana matsalar.
Dalilai A mafi girman ma'auni, adadin kuzarin da ake samu daga Rana da adadin da ya ɓace zuwa sararin samaniya yana ƙayyade ma'aunin zafin jiki da yanayin duniya. Ana rarraba wannan makamashi ne a ko'ina cikin duniya ta hanyar iska, magudanar ruwa, da sauran hanyoyin da za su shafi yanayin yankuna daban-daban. Abubuwan da za su iya siffanta yanayi ana kiransu da tilastawa yanayi ko "hanyoyin tilastawa". Waɗannan sun haɗa da matakai irin su bambance-bambance a cikin hasken rana, bambance-bambance a cikin kewayar duniya, bambance-bambance a cikin albedo ko tunani na nahiyoyi, yanayi, da tekuna, ginin dutse da raƙuman nahiyoyi da canje-canje a cikin ƙididdigar iskar gas Tilastawa na waje na iya zama ko dai ɗan adam (misali ƙarar hayaƙin iskar gas da ƙura) ko na halitta (misali, canje-canjen fitowar hasken rana, kewayawar duniya, fashewar aman wuta). Akwai ra'ayoyin canjin yanayi iri-iri waɗanda zasu iya haɓakawa ko rage tilastawa ta farko. Hakanan akwai maɓalli na maɓalli waɗanda idan sun wuce su na iya haifar da canji mai sauri ko mara jurewa.
Wasu sassa na tsarin yanayi, irin su tekuna da kankara, suna mayar da martani da sannu a hankali game da tilasta yanayi, yayin da wasu ke mayar da martani da sauri. Misalin sauyi cikin sauri shine sanyin yanayi bayan fashewar aman wuta, lokacin da tokar aman wuta ke nuna hasken rana. Fadada yanayin zafi na ruwan teku bayan ɗumamar yanayi yana jinkirin, kuma yana iya ɗaukar dubban shekaru. Haɗin kai kuma yana yiwuwa, misali, asarar albedo kwatsam a cikin Tekun Arctic yayin da ƙanƙara na teku ke narkewa, sannan kuma a hankali fadada yanayin zafi na ruwa.
Har ila yau, canjin yanayi na iya faruwa saboda matakai na ciki. Hanyoyin da ba a tilasta su cikin ciki sukan haɗa da canje-canje a cikin rarraba makamashi a cikin teku da yanayi, alal misali, canje-canje a cikin yanayin zafi na thermohaline.
Canjin ciki Canjin yanayi saboda canjin cikin gida wani lokaci yana faruwa a cikin hawan keke ko oscillations. Ga sauran nau'ikan canjin yanayi na yanayi, ba za mu iya yin hasashen lokacin da ya faru ba; Ana kiran canjin bazuwar ko stochastic. Daga yanayin yanayi, ana iya ɗaukar yanayin bazuwar. Idan akwai ƙananan gizagizai a cikin shekara ta musamman, akwai rashin daidaituwar makamashi kuma za a iya ɗaukar karin zafi daga teku. Saboda rashin jin daɗi na yanayi, ana iya 'ajiye wannan siginar' a cikin teku kuma za'a bayyana shi azaman sauye-sauye akan ma'auni mai tsayi fiye da na asali na rikicewar yanayi. Idan hargitsi na yanayin gaba daya bazuwar, yana faruwa kamar farin amo, inertia na glaciers ko tekuna na iya canza wannan zuwa canje-canjen yanayi inda tsawon lokaci oscillations ma ya fi girma oscillations, wani sabon abu da ake kira a ja amo Yawancin canje-canjen yanayi suna da yanayin bazuwar da yanayin zagaye. Wannan halin ana yiwa lakabi da resonance stochastic Rabin kyautar Nobel ta 2021 akan ilimin kimiyyar lissafi an ba shi don wannan aikin ga Klaus Hasselmann tare da Syukuro Manabe don aiki mai alaƙa akan ƙirar yanayi Yayin da Giorgio Parisi wanda tare da masu haɗin gwiwa suka gabatar da an ba da ra'ayin stochastic resonance rabin rabin amma akasari don aiki akan ilimin kimiyyar lissafi.
Canjin yanayin yanayin Teku da yanayi na iya yin aiki tare don samar da canjin yanayi na cikin gida ba tare da bata lokaci ba wanda zai iya dawwama shekaru zuwa shekaru aru-aru a lokaci guda. Waɗannan bambance-bambancen na iya shafar matsakaicin zafin jiki na duniya, ta hanyar sake rarraba zafi tsakanin teku mai zurfi da yanayi da/ko ta hanyar canza girgije/ tururin ruwa/ rarraba kankarar teku wanda zai iya shafar jimillar kasafin makamashi na duniya.
Oscillations da hawan keke Juyin yanayi ko zaga yowar yanayi shine duk wani yanayi mai maimaitawa a cikin yanayin duniya ko yanki. Suna da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun lokaci (ba daidai ba na lokaci-lokaci), don haka bincike na Fourier na bayanan ba shi da kololuwa mai kaifi a cikin bakan An samo ko hasashen da yawa akan ma'auni daban-daban na lokaci: da El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) Babban sikelin sikelin na warmer El Niño da kuma sanyi La Niña yanayin zafi na teku a cikin Tekun Pacific tare da tasirin duniya. Yana da juzu'i mai ɗorewa, wanda aka yi nazarin tsarinsa da kyau. ENSO shine sanannen sanannen tushen bambancin shekara-shekara a yanayi da yanayi a duniya. Zagayowar tana faruwa a kowacce shekara biyu zuwa bakwai, tare da El Niño yana ɗaukar watanni tara zuwa shekaru biyu a cikin dogon lokaci. Harshen sanyi na tekun Pasifik na equatorial ba ya yin ɗumama da sauri kamar sauran tekun, saboda haɓakar ruwan sanyi a yammacin gabar tekun Kudancin Amirka. Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO) Tsarin motsi na gabas na karuwar ruwan sama a kan wurare masu zafi tare da tsawon kwanaki 30 zuwa 60, ana lura da shi a kan Tekun Indiya da Pacific. Arewacin Atlantic oscillation (NAO) Fihirisa na NAO sun dogara ne akan bambanci na daidaitaccen yanayin matakin teku (SLP) tsakanin Ponta Delgada, Azores da Stykkishólmur Reykjavík, Iceland. Kyawawan dabi'u na ma'auni suna nuna ƙarfi fiye da matsakaicin yamma a kan tsakiyar latitudes. oscillation na Quasi-biennial ƙawancin fahimta mai kyau a cikin yanayin iska a cikin stratosphere kewaye da equator. A cikin tsawon watanni 28 iskar da ke da rinjaye tana canzawa daga gabas zuwa yamma da baya. Pacific Centennial Oscillation girgizar yanayi da wasu samfuran yanayi suka annabta
the Pacific decadal oscillation Mafi girman tsarin canjin yanayin teku a Arewacin Pacific akan sikelin decadal. A lokacin "dumi", ko "tabbatacce", lokaci, yammacin Pacific ya zama sanyi kuma wani ɓangare na tekun gabas yana dumama; a lokacin “sanyi” ko “mara kyau”, akasin tsarin yana faruwa. Ana tunanin ba a matsayin abu ɗaya ba, amma a maimakon haka haɗuwa da matakai daban-daban na jiki. the Interdecadal Pacific oscillation (IPO) Basin faffadan sauye-sauye a cikin Tekun Pacific tare da tsawon shekaru 20 zuwa 30.
Atlantic multidecadal oscillation Wani nau'i na sauye-sauye a cikin Arewacin Atlantic na kimanin shekaru 55 zuwa 70, tare da tasiri akan ruwan sama, fari da yawan guguwa da kuma tsanani. Juyin yanayi na Arewacin Afirka bambancin yanayi da Damina ta Arewacin Afirka ke tafiyar da shi, tare da tsawon dubban shekaru. da Arctic oscillation (AO) da Antarctic oscillation (AAO) Hanyoyin annular suna faruwa ne ta dabi'a, nau'i-nau'i-nau'i-nau'i na bambancin yanayi. A kan ma'auni na makonni zuwa watanni suna bayyana 20-30% na sauye-sauye a cikin sassansu. Yanayin Annular Arewa ko Arctic oscillation (AO) a cikin Arewacin Hemisphere, da Yanayin Kudancin Kudancin ko Antarctic oscillation (AAO) a cikin Kudancin Kudancin. Hanyoyin shekara-shekara suna da tasiri mai ƙarfi a kan zafin jiki da hazo na tsaka-tsaki zuwa tsayin ƙasa talakawa, kamar Turai da Ostiraliya, ta hanyar canza matsakaitan hanyoyin guguwa. Ana iya ɗaukar NAO a matsayin yanki na AO/NAM. An bayyana su azaman EOF na farko na matsin matakin teku ko tsayin ƙasa daga 20°N zuwa 90°N (NAM) ko 20°S zuwa 90°S (SAM).
Keke Dansgaard-Oeschger yana faruwa akan zagayowar kusan shekaru 1,500 a lokacin Glacial na ƙarshe.
canjen yanayin teku Abubuwan da ke cikin teku na sauye-sauyen yanayi na iya haifar da sauye-sauye a kan lokutan shekaru ɗari saboda tekun yana da yawan ɗaruruwan sau fiye da na yanayi, don haka yana da ƙarfin rashin kuzari. Misali, sauye-sauyen hanyoyin tafiyar teku kamar yanayin yanayin thermohaline suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen sake rarraba zafi a cikin tekunan duniya.
Ruwan na teku yana ɗaukar ƙarfi da yawa daga wurare masu zafi zuwa yankuna masu sanyi. Canje-canje da ke faruwa a kusa da shekarun ƙanƙara na ƙarshe (a cikin sharuddan fasaha, glacial na ƙarshe) ya nuna cewa wurare dabam dabam shine Arewacin Atlantika na iya canzawa ba zato ba tsammani kuma yana haifar da canjin yanayi na duniya, kodayake yawan adadin kuzarin da ke shigowa cikin tsarin yanayi bai yi ba'. t canza da yawa. Waɗannan manyan canje-canjen ƙila sun fito ne daga abubuwan da ake kira abubuwan da ake kira Heinrich inda rashin kwanciyar hankali na zanen kankara ya haifar da sakin manyan ƙanƙara a cikin teku. Lokacin da takardar kankara ta narke, ruwan da aka samu yana da ƙasa sosai a cikin gishiri da sanyi, yana motsa canje-canje a wurare dabam dabam.
Rayuwa Rayuwa tana shafar yanayi ta hanyar rawar da take takawa a cikin hawan carbon da ruwa da kuma hanyoyin kamar albedo, evapotranspiration, samuwar gajimare, da yanayin yanayi Misalan yadda rayuwa ta iya shafar yanayin da ta gabata sun haɗa da:
glaciation 2.3 shekaru da suka wuce ya jawo ta hanyar juyin halitta na oxygenic photosynthesis, wanda ya lalatar da yanayi na greenhouse gas carbon dioxide da gabatar da free oxygen wani glaciation 300 shekaru miliyan da suka wuce shigar a cikin dogon lokaci binne na bazuwa resistant detritus na jijiyoyin bugun gini ƙasa-shuke-shuke (ƙirƙirar a carbon nutse da kafa kwal Ƙarshen Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum shekaru miliyan 55 da suka wuce ta hanyar bunƙasa phytoplankton na ruwa Juyayin dumamar yanayi shekaru miliyan 49 da suka gabata ta hanyar shekaru 800,000 na furen arctic azolla sanyayawar duniya a cikin shekaru miliyan 40 da suka gabata wanda ya haifar da haɓakar yanayin ciyawar
Tilasta yanayi na waje Greenhouse gas
Yayin da iskar gas da biosphere ke fitarwa galibi ana ganin su azaman martani ko tsarin yanayi na ciki, iskar gas da ke fitowa daga dutsen mai aman wuta yawanci masana yanayin ke rarraba su azaman waje. Gas na kore, irin su CO methane da nitrous oxide, suna dumama tsarin yanayi ta hanyar kama hasken infrared. Volcanoes kuma wani bangare ne na tsawaita zagayowar carbon A cikin dogon lokaci (geological) lokaci, suna sakin carbon dioxide daga ɓawon burodi da alkyabbar duniya, suna hana ɗaukar ta da duwatsu masu ruɗi da sauran abubuwan da ke nutsewar carbon dioxide Tun bayan juyin juya halin masana'antu, bil'adama yana ƙara haɓaka iskar gas ta hanyar fitar da CO 2 daga konewar burbushin mai, canza amfani da ƙasa ta hanyar sare bishiyoyi, kuma ya ƙara canza yanayin yanayi tare da aerosols (ɓangarorin kwayoyin halitta a cikin yanayi), sakin iskar gas. (misali nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, ko methane). Sauran dalilai, ciki har da amfani da ƙasa, ragewar ozone, kiwo na dabbobi (dabbobin dabbobi kamar shanu suna samar da methane da sare bishiyoyi, suma suna taka rawa. Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Ƙirar ƙasa ta Amurka ita ce fitar da hayaƙi mai aman wuta ya yi ƙasa da ƙasa fiye da tasirin ayyukan ɗan adam na yanzu, wanda ke samar da adadin carbon dioxide sau 100-300 da volcanoes ke fitarwa. Adadin shekara-shekara da ayyukan ɗan adam ke fitarwa na iya zama mafi girma fiye da adadin da supereruptions ya fitar, wanda na baya-bayan nan shine fashewar Toba a Indonesia shekaru 74,000 da suka gabata.
bambancen Orbital Bambance-bambancen kaɗan a cikin motsin duniya yana haifar da canje-canje a yanayin rarraba hasken rana zuwa saman duniya da yadda ake rarraba shi a duk faɗin duniya. Akwai ɗan canji kaɗan ga matsakaicin matsakaicin hasken rana a kowace shekara; amma ana iya samun sauye-sauye masu ƙarfi a cikin yanayin ƙasa da na yanayi. Nau'ukan canji na kinematic guda uku su ne bambance-bambance a cikin eccentricity na duniya, canje-canje a kusurwar karkatar jujjuyawar duniya, da kuma gaban axis na duniya. Haɗe, waɗannan suna haifar da zagayowar Milankovitch waɗanda ke shafar yanayin yanayi kuma suna sane da alaƙar su da lokutan glacial da tsaka-tsakin lokaci, dangantakarsu da ci gaba da ja da baya na Sahara, da kuma bayyanar su a cikin rikodin ma'auni. A lokacin zagayowar glacial, an sami babban alaƙa tsakanin ma'aunin CO da yanayin zafi. Nazarin farko ya nuna cewa yanayin zafi na CO ya ragu, amma ya bayyana a fili cewa ba koyaushe haka lamarin yake ba. Lokacin da yanayin teku ya ƙaru, ƙarfin CO yana raguwa ta yadda za a sake shi daga cikin teku. Hakanan ana iya yin tasiri akan musayar CO tsakanin iska da teku ta ƙarin abubuwan canjin yanayi. Waɗannan da sauran hanyoyin ƙarfafa kai suna ba da damar ƙananan canje-canje a cikin motsin duniya don yin tasiri mai yawa akan yanayi.
Fitowar hasken rana Rana ita ce babbar hanyar shigar da makamashi zuwa tsarin yanayin duniya. Sauran hanyoyin sun haɗa da makamashin ƙasa daga tushen duniya, makamashin ruwa daga wata da zafi daga ruɓar mahadi na rediyoaktif. Dukansu bambance-bambancen na dogon lokaci a cikin ƙarfin hasken rana an san su suna shafar yanayin duniya. Fitowar hasken rana ya bambanta akan guntun ma'auni na lokaci, gami da zagayowar hasken rana na shekaru 11 da gyare-gyare na tsawon lokaci. Daidaituwa tsakanin wuraren rana da yanayin yanayi da rashin ƙarfi a mafi kyau. Shekaru biliyan uku zuwa hudu da suka wuce, Rana ta fitar da kashi 75% kawai kamar yadda take a yau. Idan da yanayin yanayi ya kasance iri ɗaya da na yau, bai kamata ruwa ya kasance a saman duniya ba. Duk da haka, akwai shaidar kasancewar ruwa a farkon Duniya, a cikin Hadean da Archean eons, wanda ke haifar da abin da aka sani da ƙananan matasa Sun paradox. Maganganun da aka yi hasashe game da wannan sabani sun haɗa da yanayi daban-daban, tare da mafi girman yawan iskar gas fiye da yadda ake da su a halin yanzu. A cikin kimanin shekaru biliyan 4 masu zuwa, yawan makamashin Rana ya karu. A cikin shekaru biliyan biyar masu zuwa, ƙarshen mutuwar rana yayin da ta zama ja-jajayen giant sannan kuma farar dodanniya za ta yi tasiri mai yawa akan yanayi, tare da jan giant lokaci mai yiwuwa ya kawo ƙarshen duk wata rayuwa a duniya da ke wanzuwa har zuwa lokacin.
Volcanism Fashewar fashewar da ake ganin tana da girma da za ta iya shafar yanayin duniya a ma'aunin sama da shekara 1, su ne suka yi allurar sama da tan 100,000 na SO 2 a cikin ma'aunin sararin samaniya Wannan ya faru ne saboda kaddarorin gani na SO 2 da sulfate aerosols, waɗanda ke da ƙarfi sosai ko watsar da hasken rana, suna haifar da hazo na sulfuric acid na duniya. A matsakaicin irin wannan fashewar yana faruwa sau da yawa a cikin karni, kuma yana haifar da sanyaya (ta hanyar hana watsa hasken rana zuwa saman duniya) na tsawon shekaru da yawa. Kodayake dutsen mai aman wuta a zahiri wani bangare ne na lithosphere, wanda shi kansa wani bangare ne na tsarin yanayi, IPCC ta bayyana karara volcanism a matsayin wakili na tilastawa waje. Fitattun fashe-fashe a cikin bayanan tarihi sune fashewar tsaunin Pinatubo a 1991 wanda ya rage zafin duniya da kusan 0.5 °C (0.9 °F) har zuwa shekaru uku, da fashewar 1815 na Dutsen Tambora wanda ya haifar da Shekara Ba tare da bazara ba. A mafi girman ma'auni 'yan lokuta a kowace shekara miliyan 50 zuwa miliyan 100 fashewar manyan lardunan da ba su da kyau suna kawo adadi mai yawa na dutsen wuta daga riga da lithosphere zuwa saman duniya. Ana fitar da Carbon dioxide da ke cikin dutsen zuwa sararin samaniya. Ƙananan fashewa, tare da alluran kasa da 0.1 Mt na sulfur dioxide a cikin stratosphere, yana rinjayar yanayi kawai a hankali, kamar yadda canje-canjen zafin jiki yayi kama da bambancin yanayi. Duk da haka, saboda ƙananan fashewa suna faruwa a mafi girma mita, su ma suna tasiri sosai a yanayin duniya.
Plate tectonics A cikin tsawon miliyoyin shekaru, motsin faranti na tectonic yana sake fasalin ƙasa da yankunan teku kuma yana haifar da yanayin yanayi. Wannan zai iya shafar yanayin duniya da na gida na yanayi da yanayin yanayi-teku. Matsayin nahiyoyi yana ƙayyadaddun lissafi na tekuna don haka yana tasiri yanayin zagawar teku. Wuraren teku suna da mahimmanci wajen sarrafa yanayin zafi da danshi a fadin duniya, don haka, wajen tantance yanayin duniya. Misali na baya-bayan nan na sarrafa tectonic akan zagayawan teku shine samuwar Isthmus na Panama kimanin shekaru miliyan 5 da suka gabata, wanda ya rufe hada-hadar kai tsaye tsakanin Tekun Atlantika da Pacific Wannan ya yi tasiri sosai ga yanayin tekun abin da ke yanzu mashigin Gulf Stream kuma mai yiwuwa ya kai ga rufe kankara ta Arewacin Hemisphere. A cikin lokacin Carboniferous, kimanin shekaru miliyan 300 zuwa 360 da suka gabata, tectonics na farantin karfe na iya haifar da babban adadin ajiyar carbon da haɓaka glaciation Shaidar ilimin kasa tana nuni ne da tsarin “megamonsoonal” da ake yadawa a lokacin babban yankin Pangea, kuma tsarin yanayin yanayi ya nuna cewa kasancewar babban nahiyar ya taimaka wajen kafa damina. Girman nahiyoyi kuma yana da mahimmanci. Saboda yanayin daidaitawar tekuna akan zafin jiki, sauye-sauyen yanayin zafi na shekara gabaɗaya yana ƙasa da ƙasa a yankunan bakin teku fiye da yadda suke cikin ƙasa. Don haka babban nahiya mafi girma zai sami ƙarin yanki wanda yanayin ke da ƙarfi fiye da nahiyoyi da tsibirai da yawa.
Sauran hanyoyin An ba da sanarwar cewa ionized barbashi da aka sani da cosmic haskoki na iya yin tasiri ga murfin gajimare kuma ta haka ne yanayin. Yayin da rana ke kare duniya daga waɗannan barbashi, an yi hasashen canje-canjen ayyukan hasken rana don yin tasiri ga yanayin a kaikaice. Don gwada hasashe, CERN ta tsara gwajin CLOUD, wanda ya nuna tasirin hasken sararin samaniya yana da rauni sosai don rinjayar yanayi a hankali. Shaidu sun nuna cewa tasirin asteroid na Chicxulub a shekaru miliyan 66 da suka gabata ya shafi yanayin duniya sosai. An harba iskar sulfate mai yawa zuwa cikin sararin samaniya, wanda yana rage yanayin zafi a duniya har zuwa 26. °C da kuma samar da yanayin sanyi mai sanyi na tsawon shekaru 3-16. Lokacin dawowa don wannan taron ya ɗauki fiye da shekaru 30. An kuma gudanar da bincike kan yawan amfani da makamin nukiliya saboda tasirinsa ga yanayin. Hasashen ita ce ɗigon da gobara mai girma ke fitarwa yana toshe wani yanki mai mahimmanci na hasken rana har tsawon shekara guda, wanda ke haifar da raguwar yanayin zafi na ƴan shekaru. An kwatanta wannan abu mai yiwuwa a matsayin lokacin sanyi na nukiliya Amfani da ƙasa na ɗan adam yana tasiri yadda hasken rana ke nunawa da yawan ƙura. Samuwar gajimare ba wai yawan ruwan da ke cikin iska da yanayin zafi ne kadai ke tasiri ba, har ma da yawan iskar da ke cikin iska kamar kura. A duniya, ana samun ƙarin ƙura idan akwai yankuna da yawa tare da ƙasa bushe, ciyayi kaɗan da iska mai ƙarfi.
Shaida da auna canjin yanayi Paleoclimatology shine nazarin canje-canjen yanayi a cikin dukkan tarihin duniya. Yana amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban na wakili daga Duniya da kimiyyar rayuwa don samun bayanan da aka adana a cikin abubuwa kamar duwatsu, sediments, zanen kankara, zoben bishiya, murjani, bawo, da microfossils. Daga nan sai ta yi amfani da bayanan don tantance jahohin da suka gabata na yankuna daban-daban na yanayi da yanayin duniya. Ma'aunin kai tsaye yana ba da ƙarin cikakken bayani game da canjin yanayi.
Kai tsaye ma'auni Canje-canjen yanayi waɗanda suka faru bayan yaɗuwar na'urorin aunawa ana iya lura da su kai tsaye. Cikakkun bayanan yanayin zafin duniya cikin hikima yana samuwa tun daga tsakiyar ƙarshen karni na 19. Ana samun ƙarin abubuwan lura a kaikaice daga takardun tarihi. Gajimare na tauraron dan adam da bayanan hazo yana samuwa tun shekarun 1970. Ilimin yanayi na tarihi shine nazarin canje-canjen tarihi a yanayi da tasirinsu akan tarihin ɗan adam da ci gabansa. Tushen farko sun haɗa da rubutattun bayanai kamar sagas, tarihin tarihi, taswirori da wallafe-wallafen tarihin gida da kuma hotunan hoto kamar zane-zane, zane har ma da fasahar dutse Ana iya samun sauye-sauyen yanayi a baya-bayan nan daga canje-canjen matsuguni da tsarin noma. Shaidar archaeological, tarihin baka da takaddun tarihi na iya ba da haske game da canje-canjen da suka gabata a cikin yanayi. Canje-canjen yanayi yana da alaƙa da habɓaka da rugujewar wayewa daban-daban.
Ma'aunin wakili Ma'ajiya daban-daban na yanayin da suka gabata suna nan a cikin duwatsu, bishiyoyi da burbushin halittu. Daga waɗannan ɗakunan ajiya, ana iya samun matakan yanayi kai tsaye, waɗanda ake kira proxies. Ƙididdigar bambancin yanayin na hazo a ƙarnin da suka gabata da zamanin da ba a cika cika ba amma ana ƙididdige su ta hanyar amfani da proxies kamar ruwan teku, ruwan dusar ƙanƙara, stalagmites kogo, da zoben bishiya. Damuwa, karancin hazo ko yanayin zafi da bai dace ba, na iya canza girman girmar bishiyoyi, wanda ke baiwa masana kimiyya damar sanin yanayin yanayi ta hanyar yin nazari kan girman zoben bishiyar. Wannan reshe na kimiyya yana nazarin wannan da ake kira dendroclimatology. Glaciers suna barin bayan moraine waɗanda ke ɗauke da ɗimbin kayan—ciki har da kwayoyin halitta, ma'adini, da potassium waɗanda ƙila za a yi kwanan watan suna rikodin lokutan da dusar ƙanƙara ta ci gaba da ja da baya
Ana iya yin nazarin ƙanƙara a cikin muryoyin da aka haƙa daga takardar kankara irin su Antarctic kankara, ana iya amfani da su don nuna alaƙa tsakanin yanayin zafi da bambancin matakin teku na duniya. Iskar da ke makale a cikin kumfa a cikin ƙanƙara kuma na iya bayyana bambance-bambancen CO 2 na yanayi daga nesa mai nisa, tun kafin tasirin muhalli na zamani. Nazarin waɗannan nau'ikan kankara ya kasance mai nuna alama mai mahimmanci na canje-canje a cikin CO 2 a cikin shekaru dubu da yawa, kuma yana ci gaba da ba da bayanai masu mahimmanci game da bambance-bambance tsakanin yanayin yanayi na da da na zamani. Matsakaicin 18 O/ 16 O a cikin samfuran ƙididdiga da ƙaƙƙarfan ƙanƙara da aka yi amfani da su don cire yanayin zafin teku a baya mai nisa misali ne na hanyar wakili na zafin jiki.
Ragowar tsire-tsire, musamman pollen, ana kuma amfani da su don nazarin canjin yanayi. Rarraba tsire-tsire ya bambanta a ƙarƙashin yanayi daban-daban. Ƙungiyoyin tsire-tsire daban-daban suna da pollen tare da nau'i na musamman da nau'in launi, kuma tun da yanayin waje na pollen ya ƙunshi abu mai juriya sosai, suna tsayayya da lalacewa. Canje-canje a cikin nau'in pollen da aka samu a cikin nau'ikan laka daban-daban suna nuna canje-canje a cikin al'ummomin shuka. Wadannan sauye-sauye sau da yawa alama ce ta sauyin yanayi. A matsayin misali, an yi amfani da nazarin pollen don bin diddigin yanayin ciyayi a cikin glaciations na Quaternary kuma musamman tun daga ƙarshen glacial.
Bincike da rashin tabbas Wahala ɗaya wajen gano zagayowar yanayi ita ce yanayin duniya yana canzawa ta hanyoyin da ba za a iya jujjuyawa ba fiye da mafi yawan lokutan nazarin halittu. A halin yanzu muna cikin lokacin dumamar yanayi a duniya A cikin mafi girman lokaci, Duniya tana fitowa daga sabon zamanin ƙanƙara, sanyaya daga yanayin yanayi na Holocene da kuma ɗumamawa daga Ƙananan Ice Age wanda ke nufin cewa yanayin yana ci gaba da canzawa cikin shekaru 15,000 da suka gabata ko makamancin haka. A lokacin dumi, sauyin yanayi sau da yawa yana da ƙarancin girma. Lokacin Pleistocene, wanda aka maimaita akai akai, ya haɓbaka daga mafi kwanciyar hankali yanayi a cikin yanayin Miocene da Pliocene Yanayin Holocene ya kasance ɗan kwanciyar hankali. Duk waɗannan canje-canje suna rikitar da aikin neman ɗabi'a na cyclical a cikin yanayi.
Magana mai kyau, ra'ayi mara kyau, da inertia na muhalli daga tsarin yanayin yanayi na ƙasa-teku sau da yawa yana ragewa ko juyar da ƙananan tasiri, ko daga tilastawa orbital, bambancin hasken rana ko canje-canje a cikin yawan iskar gas. Wasu ra'ayoyin da suka shafi matakai kamar girgije kuma ba su da tabbas; don contrails, gajimare cirrus na halitta, dimethyl sulfide na teku da kuma daidai da tushen ƙasa, ka'idoji masu gasa sun wanzu game da tasirin yanayin yanayin yanayi, misali sabanin hasashen Iris da hasashe na CLAW.
Tasiri Tsire
Canjin nau'in, rarrabawa da ɗaukar ciyayi na iya faruwa idan aka yi la'akari da canjin yanayin. Wasu canje-canjen a cikin yanayi na iya haifar da habɓakar hazo da zafi, haifar da ingantacciyar habɓakar tsire-tsire da habɓakar iska ta CO 2 na gaba. Ana sa ran tasirin zai shafi ƙimar yawancin zagayowar yanayi kamar ƙimar ruɓewar shuka. A hankali karuwa a cikin zafi a cikin yanki zai haifar da farkon furanni da lokutan 'ya'yan itace, yana haifar da canji a cikin lokutan yanayin rayuwa na kwayoyin dogara. Akasin haka, sanyi zai sa tsire-tsire masu hawan keke su ragu. Canje mafi girma, sauri ko mafi girma, duk da haka, na iya haifar da damuwa ciyayi, saurin asarar shuka da kwararowar hamada a wasu yanayi. Misalin wannan ya faru ne a lokacin Rushewar Dajin Carboniferous (CRC), abin da ya faru shekaru miliyan 300 da suka wuce. A wannan lokacin dazuzzuka masu yawa sun mamaye yankin equatorial na Turai da Amurka. Sauyin yanayi ya lalata waɗannan dazuzzukan na wurare masu zafi, ba zato ba tsammani ya wargaza mazaunin zuwa 'tsibirin' keɓe kuma ya haifar da bacewar nau'ikan tsirrai da dabbobi da yawa.
Dabbobin daji Ɗaya daga cikin muhimman hanyoyin da dabbobi za su iya magance sauyin yanayi shine ƙaura zuwa yankuna masu zafi ko sanyi. A tsawon lokaci mai tsawo, juyin halitta yana sa tsarin halittu ciki har da dabbobi ya fi dacewa da sabon yanayi. Sauyin yanayi mai sauri ko babba na iya haifar da rugujewar jama'a lokacin da halittu suka miƙe da nisa don su iya daidaitawa.
Dan Adam Rushewar wayewar da ta gabata irin ta baya na iya kasancewa tana da alaƙa da zagayowar hazo, musamman fari, wanda a cikin wannan misalin kuma yana da alaƙa da tafkin Dumi na Yamma. Kusan shekaru 70 000 da suka wuce fashewar dutsen na Toba ya haifar da lokacin sanyi musamman a lokacin lokacin kankara, wanda ke haifar da yuwuwar lalacewar kwayoyin halitta a cikin yawan mutane.
Canje a cikin cryosphere Glacier da zanen kankara
Ana ɗaukar dusar ƙanƙara a cikin mafi mahimmancin alamun sauyin yanayi. An ƙayyade girman su ta hanyar ma'auni mai yawa tsakanin shigarwar dusar ƙanƙara da fitarwar narkewa. Yayin da yanayin zafi ke ƙaruwa, dusar ƙanƙara tana ja da baya sai dai idan ruwan dusar ƙanƙara ya ƙaru don yin ƙarin narke. Glaciers suna girma kuma suna raguwa saboda duka biyun bambancin yanayi da tilastawa waje. Canje-canje a cikin zafin jiki, hazo da ilimin ruwa na iya ƙayyadad da ƙaƙƙarfan juyin halittar glacier a cikin wani yanayi na musamman.
Mafi mahimmancin tsarin sauyin yanayi tun daga tsakiyar zuwa marigayi Pliocene (kimanin shekaru miliyan 3 da suka wuce) sune hawan glacial da interglacial Lokacin interglacial na yanzu Holocene ya ɗauki kimanin shekaru 11,700. Siffata ta hanyar bambance-bambancen orbital, martani kamar tashi da faɗuwar zanen kankara na nahiyar da gagarumin canje-canjen matakin teku sun taimaka wajen haifar da yanayi. Sauran canje-canje, ciki har da abubuwan da suka faru na Heinrich, abubuwan Dansgaard-Oeschger da Dryas Younger, duk da haka, sun nuna yadda bambancin glacial zai iya rinjayar yanayi ba tare da tilasta orbital ba.
Canjin matakin teku A lokacin Ƙarshen Glacial Maximum, kimanin shekaru 25,000 da suka wuce baya, matakan teku sun yi ƙasa da nisan mitoci 130 fiye da na yau. Ragewar bayan haka yana da saurin canjin matakin teku. A farkon Pliocene, yanayin zafi na duniya ya fi 1-2˚C zafi fiye da yanayin da ake ciki, duk da haka matakin teku ya fi mita 15-25 fiye da na yau.
Kankarar teku Kankarar teku tana taka muhimmiyar rawa a yanayin duniya yayin da yake shafar adadin hasken rana da ke nesa da duniya. A baya, tekun duniya sun kasance kusan gaba ɗaya sun rufe da ƙanƙara a lokuta da yawa, lokacin da duniya ke cikin yanayin da ake kira Snowball Earth, kuma ba shi da ƙanƙara a lokutan yanayi mai dumi. Lokacin da akwai ƙanƙara mai yawa a duniya, musamman a cikin wurare masu zafi da wurare masu sanyi, yanayin ya fi dacewa da tilastawa kamar yadda bayanin kankara-albedo ke da ƙarfi sosai.
Tarihin yanayi Daban na tilasta sauyin yanayi yawanci suna jujjuyawa cikin lokacin yanayin ƙasa, kuma wasu hanyoyin zafin duniya na iya zama masu sarrafa kansu Alal misali, a lokacin Snowball Duniya a lokacin, manyan kankara zanen gado na glacial dusar ƙanƙara a kan duniya ta equator, rufe kusan dukan surface, da kuma sosai high albedo halitta matsananci yanayin zafi, yayin da tarawar dusar ƙanƙara da kankara iya cire carbon dioxide ta yanayi ajiya Duk da haka, rashin murfin shuka don ɗaukar yanayi CO 2 da ke fitowa daga volcanoes yana nufin cewa iskar gas na iya taruwa a cikin sararin samaniya. Har ila yau, akwai rashin fallasa duwatsun siliki, waɗanda ke amfani da CO 2 lokacin da suke fuskantar yanayi. Wannan ya haifar da dumamar yanayi wanda daga baya ya narkar da kankara kuma ya dawo da yanayin zafin duniya.
Mafi girman zafi na Paleo-eocene Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) lokaci ne tare da fiye da 5-8 °C matsakaicin yanayin zafi na duniya ya tashi a duk faɗin taron. Wannan yanayin ya faru a lokacin iyakar Paleocene da zamanin Eocene. A yayin taron an saki methane mai yawa, iskar gas mai ƙarfi. PETM yana wakiltar "binciken shari'a" don canjin yanayi na zamani kamar yadda ake fitar da iskar gas a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci na yanayin ƙasa. A lokacin PETM, yawan bacewar kwayoyin halitta a cikin zurfin teku ya faru.
Cenozoic A ko'ina cikin Cenozoic, sauyin yanayi da yawa ya haifar da ɗumamar yanayin da sanyaya yanayi, wanda ya haifar da farkon samuwar takardar ƙanƙara ta Antarctic, narkewar gaba, da sake sakewa daga baya. Canje-canjen yanayin zafi ya faru ba zato ba tsammani, a yawan adadin carbon dioxide na kusan 600 760 ppm da yanayin zafi kusan 4. °C ya fi na yau zafi. A lokacin Pleistocene, zagayowar glaciations da interglacials sun faru akan zagayowar kusan 100,000. shekaru, amma yana iya zama mai tsayi a cikin tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsakin lokaci lokacin da eccentricity na orbital ya kusan kusan sifili, kamar lokacin interglacial na yanzu. Interglacials da suka gabata irin su lokacin Eemiyan sun haifar da yanayin zafi sama da na yau, matakan teku mafi girma, da wani ɗan narkewar takardar kankara ta yammacin Antarctic. Yanayin shafar murfin gajimare da hazo sosai. A ƙananan yanayin zafi, iska na iya ɗaukar ƙarancin tururin ruwa, wanda zai haifar da raguwar hazo. A lokacin Ƙarshe na Glacial Maximum na shekaru 18,000 da suka wuce, ƙawancen zafin zafi daga tekuna zuwa kan ƙasashen nahiyoyi ya yi ƙasa da ƙasa, wanda ya haifar da manyan yankunan hamada mai tsananin gaske, gami da sahara na iyakacin duniya (sanyi amma tare da ƙarancin murfin gajimare da hazo). Sabanin haka, yanayin duniya ya fi gajimare da ruwa fiye da na yau a kusa da farkon lokacin dumin Atlantika na shekaru 8000 da suka gabata.
Holocene An kwatanta Holocene ta hanyar sanyaya na dogon lokaci wanda ya fara bayan Mafi kyawun Holocene, lokacin da yanayin zafi zai iya zama ƙasa da yanayin zafi na yanzu (shekaru na biyu na karni na 21st), da kuma damina mai karfi na Afirka ya haifar da yanayin ciyawa a cikin Sahara a lokacin da ake ciki. Neolithic Subpluvial Tun daga wannan lokacin, abubuwan sanyaya da yawa sun faru, gami da:
the Piora Oscillation
the Middle Bronze Age Cold Epoch
the Iron Age Cold Epoch
the Little Ice Age
the phase of cooling c. 1940–1970, which led to global cooling hypothesis Sabanin haka, lokutan dumi da yawa su ma sun faru, kuma sun haɗa amma ba'a iyakance wa ga:
a warm period during the apex of the Minoan civilization
the Roman Warm Period
the Medieval Warm Period
Modern warming during the 20th century An sami wasu tasiri yayin waɗannan zagayowar. Misali, a lokacin Lokacin Dumi na Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Amurka, Tsakiyar Yammacin Amurka tana cikin fari, gami da Sand Hills na Nebraska wadanda suke dunes yashi. GAyyukan hasken rana na iya ba da gudummawa ga wani ɓangaren na ɗumamar zamani wanda ya kai kololuwa a cikin 1930s. Koyaya, zagayowar rana sun kasa yin lissafin ɗumamar da aka gani tun daga shekarun 1980 zuwa yau. faru kamar budewa na Arewa maso yamma Passage da kuma rikodin ƙananan ƙarancin ƙanƙara na zamani na Arctic shrinkage ba su faru ba har tsawon ƙarni da yawa, kamar yadda masu bincike na farko duk sun kasa yin hanyar wucewa ta Arctic, har ma a lokacin rani. Sauye-sauye a cikin halittun halittu da jeri na mazaunin su ma ba a taɓa yin irin su ba, suna faruwa a ƙimar da ba su zo daidai da sanannun girgizar yanayi ba.
Sauyin yanayi na zamani da dumamar yanayi Sakamakon yadda mutane ke fitar da iskar gas, yanayin zafi na duniya ya fara tashi. Dumamar yanayi wani al'amari ne na sauyin yanayi na zamani, kalmar da ta haɗa da sauye-sauyen da aka gani a hazo, hanyoyin guguwa da gajimare. A sakamakon haka, glaciers a duk duniya an gano yana raguwa sosai. Tushen kankara na ƙasa a duka Antarctica da Greenland sun kasance suna yin asarar taro tun 2002 kuma sun ga haɓakar asarar ƙanƙara tun 2009. Matakan teku na duniya suna karuwa sakamakon fadada yanayin zafi da narke kankara. Rushewar ƙanƙaramar tekun Arctic, duka da girma da kauri, cikin shekaru da dama da suka gabata ƙarin shaida ce ga saurin sauyin yanayin.
Sauyawa tsakanin yankuna Misalai na canjin yanayi na yanki. Kasa-teku. Yanayin zafin saman ƙasa yana ƙaruwa da sauri fiye da waɗanda ke kan teku, tekun yana ɗaukar kusan kashi 90% na wuce gona da iri.
Hemispheres. Matsakaicin canjin yanayi na Hemispheres ya bambanta saboda yawan kaso na yankin Arewa, da kuma ruwan tekun duniya.
Latitude makada. Ƙungiyoyin latitude uku waɗanda ke rufe kashi 30, 40 da 30 bisa ɗari na sararin saman duniya suna nuna yanayin girma dabam dabam na yanayin zafi a cikin 'yan shekarun nan.
Tsayi Hoton ratsi mai zafi (blues yana nuna sanyi, ja yana nuna dumi) yana nuna yadda tasirin greenhouse ke kama zafi a cikin ƙasan yanayi ta yadda yanayi na sama, yana samun ƙarancin haske, yayi sanyi. Volcanos yana haifar da hauhawar zafin jiki na sama.
Duniya da yanki. Don dalilai na yanki da ƙididdiga, ana tsammanin manyan bambance-bambancen shekara zuwa shekara don yankuna na yanki (misali, Caribbean) fiye da matsakaicin duniya.
Sabanin dangi. Ko da yake arewacin Amurka ya yi zafi sosai fiye da wurare masu zafi, wurare masu zafi sun fi fice a fili daga bambancin tarihi na al'ada (magunguna masu launi: daidaitattun daidaituwa).
Baya ga sauye-sauyen yanayi na duniya da kuma sauyin yanayi na duniya kan lokaci, sauye-sauyen yanayi da yawa suna faruwa a lokaci guda a yankuna daban-daban na zahiri.
Ruwan ruwa na kusan kashi 90% na zafi mai yawa ya taimaka wajen haifar da yanayin yanayin ƙasa da sauri fiye da yanayin yanayin teku. Arewacin Hemisphere, yana da mafi girman girman ƙasa zuwa teku fiye da Kudancin Ƙasar, yana nuna matsakaicin matsakaicin haɓaka. Bambance tsakanin makada daban-daban suma suna nuna wannan bambance-bambancen a matsakaitawar karuwar zafin jiki, tare da karuwar zafin zafi na karin zafi na arewa ya wuce na wurare masu zafi, wanda hakan ya zarce na kudanci extratropics.
Yankuna na sama na yanayi sun kasance suna yin sanyi lokaci guda tare da ɗumamar yanayi a cikin ƙananan yanayi, suna tabbatar da aikin tasirin greenhouse da raguwar ozone.
bambancen yanayi na yanki da aka lura sun tabbatar da tsinkaya game da sauye-sauye masu gudana, alal misali, ta hanyar bambanta (mai laushi) bambance duniya na shekara zuwa shekara tare da (mafi canzawa) bambancin shekara zuwa shekara a cikin yankuna. Akasin haka, kwatanta yanayin ɗumamar yankuna daban da bambance tarihi daban-daban, yana ba da damar ɗora girman girman canjin yanayin zafi a cikin mahangar abin da ke faruwa na yau da kullun ga kowane yanki. Abubuwan lura da canjin yanki suna ba da damar yin nazari akan wuraren da aka raba sauyin yanayi kamar asarar dazuzzukan dazuzzuka, narkewar kankara da kankara na teku, da narkewar permafrost. Irin wannan bambance-bambancen yana haifar da bincike a cikin yuwuwar yuwuwar balaguron balaguro na duniya Duba kuma Climatological normal
Anthropocene
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8473 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebonyi | Ebonyi | Jihar Ebonyi harshen Igbo: Ȯra Ebony),Jiha ce dake a Kudu maso Gabashin, Najeriya, ta haɗa iyaka daga Arewa da Jihar Benue, Cross River daga gabas da kuma kudu maso gabas, sai kuma Jihar Abiya daga kudu maso yamma. An saka mata suna bayan Kogin Abonyi (Aboine) wanda mafi akasarin Kogin na yankin kudancin Jihar an kuma ƙirƙiri Jihar Ebonyi daga sassan jihohin Abiya da Enugu a shekarar 1996 sannan babban birninta yana Abakaliki. Jihar Ebonyi na daga cikin mafi ƙanƙanta a girma daga cikin jihohin Najeriya da fili mai faɗin kilomita murabba’i 5,533. Ebonyi ita ce jiha ta 33 a girman ƙasa kuma ta 29 a yawan mutane a cikin jihohin Najeriya, tare da ƙiyasin a ƙalla mutum miliyan 2.9 a shekara ta 2016. Ta fuskar yanayin ƙasa, jihar ta kasu zuwa gida biyu, dazukan Cross–Niger transition forests daga can ƙuryar kudancin jihar, sai kuma busasshen daji nau'in Guinean forest–savanna mosaic a sauran sassan jihar. Sauran muhimman Wurare sun haɗa da Kogin Cross River da rassan ta. Bayan samun 'yancin kan Najeriya a shekarar 1960, yankin jihar Ebonyi ta yau, na daga cikin Yankin Gabashin Najeriya kafin zuwa shekara ta 1967 lokacin da aka raba yankin kuma jihar ta faɗa ƙarƙashin Jihar Gabas ta Tsakiya, ƙasa da wata ni biyu bayan hakan, Yankin ta Gabas tayi yinkurin balle wa wanda haƙan ya jawo Yakin basasa a Najeriya har na tsawon shekaru uku, tare da Ebonyi a matsayi jiha na Tarayyar Biyafara. Bayan yakin ya kare, an mayar da Ebonyi karkashin Jihar Gabas ta Tsakiya har zuwa shekarar 1976 lokacin da aka raba Jihar ta Tsakiya, arewacinta ta zamo Jihar Anambra a yayinda Kudancin ta ta zamo Jihar Imo. Shekaru goma sha biyar bayan yin haƙan, an sake raba yankunan Jihohin Anambra da Imo, inda yankin gabashin jihohin biyu suka zamo Jihar Enugu da Jihar Abiya. Sai a shekarar 1996 ne aka sake yanke sashin gabashin Enugu da na arewa maso gashin Imo sannan aka hade su suka samar da Jihar Ebonyi. Jihar Ebonyi ta fuskar tattalin arziki ta ta'allaƙa ne a kan noma, musamman na doya, shinkafa, manja, da shukan rogo. Akwai aikin haƙo ma'adanai kaɗan a dalilin samu war ma'adanai kamar Lead, Zinc, Limestone a yankin Abakalilki da kuma kwando da ake haɗa wa na Ntezi. Ebonyi itace ta shirin acikin Jerin Jihohi Najeriya dangane da Ma'aunin Ci gaban Jama'a hadu da makarantu na gaba da sakandare da dama.
Yanayin Ƙasa Jihar Ebonyi na ɗaya daga cikin jihohi shida da aka ƙirƙira a cikin shekarar 1996 a lokacin mulkin soja na shugaban ƙasa Gen. Sani Abacha. An ƙirƙiri jihar ne daga yankunan Enugu da Abiya, inda aka raba daidai Abakaliki daga Enugu da kuma Afikpo daga jihar Abiya. Jihar na da mazaɓun sanatoci guda uku, Yankin Abakaliki ta ƙunshi mazaɓun Ebonyi ta Arewa da kuma Enugu ta Tsakiya, yayinda yankunan Afikpo, Ohaozara, Onicha da Ivo suka hada masabar Ebonyi ta Kudu. Jihar Ebonyi na da kananan hukumomi goma sha uku da kuma cibiyoyin haɓaka ƙananan hukumomi da gwamnatin ta samar.
Jama'a Akwai yaruka da dama da ake amfani da su a Jihar Ebonyi waɗanda suka haɗa da: gungun yaruka na Edda, Ehugbo (Afikpo), Ezaa, Izzi, Mgbo, da kuma Ikwo, da kuma Oshiri, Unwara, Akpoha, Okposi, Onicha; da haɗaɗɗun yarukan Igbo da harsunan Korring da ake amfani da su a yankunan Amuda-Okpolo, Ntezi-Okpoto da kuma Effium, waɗanda ke kama da harshen Kukele na Cross River; da kuma harshen Utokon na Jihar Benue.
Tattalin arziki Jihar Ebonyi ta kasance yanki na noma. Ita ce ja gaba a wajen noman shinkafa, doya, dankali, masara, wake da kuma rogo kuma tana da shahararriyar kasuwar kwando a Najeriya. Anfi noma shinkafa ne a Ikwo, doya a Izzi da wasu yankuna kamar su Amasiri, Edda da Ezillo, yankunan Effium da Ezzamgo sun yi fice a noman rogo, da kuma haɗa kwanduna a garin Ntezi. Jihar Ebonyi tana da arzikin ma'adanai kamar Lead, man fetur da gas, amma kuma manyan ma'aikatun haƙo ma'adanai kaɗan ne a jihar. Duk da haka Gwamnatin jihar ta bada tallafi ga manoma don samar da albarkaci noma mai yawa amma har yanzu ingancin kadan ne. Ana yi wa Ebonyi kirari da "gishirin kasa" (the salt of the nation) saboda albarka dimbin gishiri dake tafkunan gishiri na Okposi da Uburu Salt Lakes. Akwai kuma wuraren ziyara kamar su Abakaliki Green Lake, Uburu Salt Lake, Unwana ada kuma gabar Ikwo Beaches.
Gwamnati A shekarar 1999 ne aka zaɓi Sam Ominyi Egwu a matsayin gwamna na farar hula na farko a Jihar Ebonyi a ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar PDP. Martin Elechi Ne ya gaje shi bayan ya lashe zaɓen shekara ta 2007 kuma ya sake komawa matsayin sa a shekara ta 2011 duka a ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar PDP. Dave Umahi na ya gaji kujerar gwamna Martin Elechi, bayan ya lashe zaɓen a watan Maris na shekarar 2015 kuma ya sake komawa kujerarsa shima bayan ya sake lashe zabe a watan Maris, 2019.
Ƙananan Hukumomi Jihar Ebonyi nada adadin Ƙananan hukumomi guda goma sha uku (13). Waɗanda Su ne:
Abakaliki
Afikpo ta Arewa
Afikpo ta Kudu (Edda)
Ebonyi
Ezza ta Arewa
Ezza ta Kudu
Ikwo
Ishielu
Ivo
Izzi
Ohaozara
Ohaukwu
Onicha
Harsuna Akwai muhimman yaruka goma na daga harsunan Igbo a Jihar Ebonyi.
Ilimi Jerin sunayen makarantun gaba da sakandsun had da:
Akanu Ibiam Federal Polytechnic
Federal College of Agriculture, Ishiagu
Ebonyi state University
Federal University Ndufu Alike Ikwo
Ebonyi State College of Health and Midwifery, Uburu
Federal College of Education (Technical), Isu
King David College of Medicine, Uburu, Ebonyi State
Shahararrun mutane Anyim Pius Anyim
Uche Azikiwe
Andy Chukwu
Onyebuchi Chukwu
Martin Elechi
Akanu Ibiam
Chigozie Ogbu
Frank Ogbuewu
Ogbonnaya Onu
Emmanuel Onwe
Nnenna Oti
Patoranking
Sinach
Tekno
Dave Umahi
Manazarta Jihohin |
25062 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Gadiot | Peter Gadiot | Peter Gadiot ɡædioʊ/; An haife shi 2 ga watan Janairu, 1986). Ɗan wasan Burtaniya ne. Ya nuna rawar James Valdez a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Cibiyar Sadarwar Amurka ta Sarauniya ta Kudu. Ya kuma buga Cyrus a cikin ABC's Sau ɗaya akan Lokaci a Wonderland.
Sana'a Peter Gadiot ya sami horo na yau da kullun a Cibiyar Drama ta London kuma ya bayyana a yawancin abubuwan samarwa. Kyaututtukan da ya gabata sun haɗa da fim ɗin 2013 The Haramtacciyar Yarinya, MTV 's Hot Mess and the British series My Spy Family.
A cikin shekara ta 2013, Gadiot ya fara watsa shirye -shiryen sa na farko na Amurka a matsayin Cyrus, kyakkyawa mai ban mamaki Genie, a cikin ABC 's Sau ɗaya a Wani a Wonderland. A waccan shekarar, Gadiot ya yi tauraro a gaban Léa Seydoux a cikin ɗan gajeren fim wanda Wes Anderson da Roman Coppola, Prada: Candy suka jagoranta. Ya kuma bayyana a cikin shirye -shirye guda uku na jerin Fresh Meat na Burtaniya, Tashar Channel 4 dramedy tare da babban ibada mai biyo baya.
Ya bi bayan kyamara don rubutawa da jagorantar gajeren fim 12 17, wanda aka saki a shekara ta 2014.
Gadiot ya taka rawar Kaisar a cikin jerin Matador (2014) da rawar Ka a cikin miniseries na Kanada-Amurka Tut (2015).
A cikin 2016 ya taka rawar Petruchio a cikin William Shakespeare 's The Taming of the Shrew a Harman Center for Arts a Washington DC.
Daga shekara ta 2016 zuwa shekara ta 2021, Gadiot ya yi tauraro a matsayin James Valdez a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na laifuka Sarauniya ta Kudu, wanda aka samar don USA Network, karbuwa na littafin Arturo Perez-Reverte mafi siyarwa La Reina del Sur A cikin shekara ta 2017 ya ci lambar yabo ta Imagen don 'Mafi kyawun ɗan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin jerin talabijin' don hoton James Valdez a Gidan Talabijin na Touchstone da USA Networks Queen of the South A cikin shekara ta 2021, an watsa kakar ta biyar kuma ta ƙarshe ta Sarauniyar Kudu akan Cibiyar Sadarwar Amurka.
A halin yanzu, Peter Gadiot yana aiki akan sabon jerin Showtime da ake kira Yellowjackets. Gadiot zai nuna Adam, baƙon abu mai ban sha'awa da ban sha'awa wanda, ya jawo hankalin wani abu mara ma'ana a cikin ɗaya daga cikin manyan Yellowjackets, zai yi abota da tsokanar ta a lokacin tashin hankali a rayuwar ta.
Rayuwar mutum Wanda aka haife shi da farko a Burtaniya, mahaifinsa ɗan Holande ne, mahaifiyarsa kuma 'yar Mexico ce. Gadiot yana magana da Ingilishi da Spanish. Yana da ɗan'uwa babba.
Fina-finai
Tallafawa/agaji Gadiot kuma yana fafutukar yaƙi da bauta da fataucin mutane, kuma ya taɓa yin kwale-kwale a cikin tekun Atlantika don tallafawa lamarin. Ya haye Tekun Atlantika daga Caribbean zuwa [Afrika]] tare da ma’aikatan jirgin cikin kusan kwanaki 39. Bayan haka, ya yi tseren gudun fanfalaki mai tsawon kilomita 250 mai cin gashin kansa a cikin hamadar Sahara. Daga karshe ya kammala tafiyarsa da hawan Dutsen Kilimanjaro. Gadiot ya tattauna da dubban yaran makaranta inda ya ilmantar da su kan batutuwan. Tare da Rowing Against Slavery, Gadiot ya sami damar tara kuɗi don Anti-Slavery International da Save the Children.
Hanyoyin waje
Manazarta
Haifaffun 1986
Rayayyun |
30223 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgette%20Barnes%20Sakyi-Addo | Georgette Barnes Sakyi-Addo | Georgette Barnes Sakyi-Addo (Jorjet Bans Sirchiado; an haifi 31 Disamba 1968) ita ce ta kafa kuma babban darekta na Georgette Barnes Ltd., wani kamfanin samar da hako ma'adinai da ma'adinai na Ghana da ke Accra, Ghana. Invest in Africa (IIA) ne ya ba ta lambar yabo ta 2018 mata mafi kyawun 'yar kasuwa ta shekara. An zaba ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin 100 Global Inspirational Women in Mining by Women in Mining UK a (2016). Ita ce Shugabar Mata a Ma'adinai (WIM) Ghana kuma wacce ta kafa cibiyar hada-hadar ma'adinai ta Accra. Ta kuma kasance shugabar cibiyar hakar ma'adinai ta Accra daga shekarar 2015 zuwa 2020. Barnes Sakyi-Addo ta yi digirin digirgir a fannin Faransanci da Harsuna, da Difloma a fannin Sadarwa daga Jami'ar Ghana. A cikin 2020 ta sami lambar yabo ta DSc ta Jami'ar Mines da Fasaha
Rayuwar farko da ilimi Ta halarci makarantar sakandare ta Holy Child, Ghana Cape Coast, daga 1980 zuwa 1987, ita ce Prefect House of St. Theresa’s daga 1985 zuwa 1987. Tana iya yaren Ingilishi, Faransanci da Fante. Georgette ita ce shugaban AWIMA na yanzu.
Aiki
Farkon aiki
Georgette Barnes Limited
Accra Mining Network Sa’ad da masana’antar hakar ma’adanai ta sami koma baya a shekara ta 2012, Sakyi-Addo ta so ta tuntuɓi ƙwararrun ƙwararrun da ta yi aiki da su. Ta na da wani tunani da kuma reno shi. Ta samu kawaye masu ra'ayi iri daya a cikin jirgin kuma wannan tunanin ya zama Accra Mining Network, ta haka ne ta zama abokin hadin gwiwa na AMN. Daga baya, a cikin 2015, ta ci gaba da yin amfani da wannan azaman shuɗi don ƙirƙirar Mata A Ma'adinai Ghana.
Co-founders na Accra Mining Network Georgette Barnes Sakyi-Addo
Samuel Torkornoo
Raymond Kudzawu-D'Pherdd
Joseph Djan Mamphey
Mata a Ma'adinai Ghana
Ƙungiyar Mata a Ma'adinai a Afirka (AWIMA) A watan Nuwambar 2019, an zabe ta a matsayin shugabar kungiyar mata a nahiyar Afirka (AWIMA).
Ayyukan zamani An bayyana Sakyi-Addo a cikin Women In Mining in Nigeria da kuma reshen yanki: tafsirin tafsiri da hirarrakin Fatima Ibrahim Maikore. Barnes Sakyi-Addo ita ma ta kasance mai magana a 2022 EU-Africa Business Forum. Ta kasance mai magana a wurin Wuta ta Chat na Baje kolin Gem da Jewelry na Kenya. Ta ba da jawabin bude taron DRC Africa Business Forum 2021 kan kalubalen zamantakewa, muhalli da shugabanci na ayyukan masana'antu masu alaka da baturi. Taron ya yi nazari kan bunkasar batir, motocin lantarki da makamashin da ake iya sabuntawa, sarkar darajar masana'antu da kasuwa a Afirka.
Ta kasance daya daga cikin alkalai na kalubalen hakar ma'adinai na Artanaal a 2020. Makar ma'adinin ma'adinan ma'adinai, da masu tunani wanda ba a saba da su ba don gabatar da mafita da ke canzawa ma'adinai na Artanaal. Labs na Conservation X Labs ya jagoranci wannan taron mai da hankali kan kirkire-kirkire, tare da hada kungiyoyin 11 na karshe da suka fafata da $750,000 a kyaututtuka, alkalai masu daraja, shugabannin kiyayewa, masu ba da labari, da masana fasahar kere kere don gano manyan hanyoyin da ake samar da su don sanya ma'adinan artisanci da alhakin mutane Duniya. Wadanda suka yi nasara sune Jeffrey Beyer, Charles Espinosa, Alejandra Laina, Itai Mutemeri da Marcello Veiga.
Kyaututtuka da karramawa 2018 'Yar Kasuwa ta Mata ta Shekara ta Zuba Jari a Afirka (IIA).
Labarai Creating a gender-inclusive mining industry: Uncovering the challenges of female mining stakeholders
Document details Women in artisanal mining: Reflections on the impacts of a ban on operations in Ghana
Document details Digging for survival: Female participation in artisanal and small-scale mining in the Tarkwa mining district of Ghana
Manazarta Rayayyun |
24167 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morinda%20citrifolia | Morinda citrifolia | Morinda citrifolia itace mai ba da 'ya'ya a cikin dangin kofi Rubiaceae Yankinsa na asali ya kai ko'ina a kudu maso gabashin Asiya da Australasia, kuma matuƙan jirgin ruwa na Polynesia sun bazu a cikin tekun Pacific. A jinsin aka yanzu horar da a ko'ina cikin tropics da kuma yadu halittarsu Daga cikin sunaye dari 100 na 'ya'yan itacen a yankuna daban -daban akwai sunayen Ingilishi na yau da kullun na babban morinda, mulberry Indiya, noni, mulberry na bakin teku, da ya'yan cuku Sabon 'ya'yan itacen mai ƙarfi, ƙamshi kamar amai ya sa ya zama abincin yunwa a yawancin yankuna, amma ya kasance babban abinci a tsakanin wasu al'adu, kuma an yi amfani da shi a maganin gargajiya A cikin kasuwar mabukaci, an gabatar da shi azaman kari a cikin tsari daban -daban, kamar capsules, samfuran fata, da ruwan 'ya'yan itace Girma wuraren zama Morinda citrifolia yana girma a cikin dazuzzuka masu duhu, da kuma kan duwatsu masu buɗewa ko yashi. Yana kuma kai balaga a cikin kusan watanni sha takwas 18, sannan yana haifar tsakanin huɗu da takwas
na 'ya'yan itace kowane wata cikin shekara. Shi ne m da Saline kasa, fari ga yanayi, da kuma sakandare kasa Saboda haka a cikin wata fadi da dama habitats: volcanic terrains, lawa -strewn ƙasar, kuma clearings ko farar ƙasa outcrops, kazalika a coralline atolls Zai iya girma har zuwa tara tsayi, kuma yana da manyan, masu sauƙi, koren duhu, ganye mai haske da ƙyalli.
Shuka tana ba da furanni da 'ya'yan itatuwa duk shekara. 'Ya'yan itacen' ya'yan itace ne da yawa waɗanda ke da ƙanshin ƙanshi lokacin girma, saboda haka ne kuma aka sani da 'ya'yan cuku ko ma amai' ya'yan itace. Yana da sifa mai siffa kuma ya kai goma to sha takwas girma. Da farko kore, 'ya'yan itacen yana juya launin rawaya sannan kusan farare yayin da yake balaga. Ya ƙunshi tsaba da yawa. Morinda citrifolia yana da ban sha'awa musamman ga saƙar tururuwa, waɗanda ke yin gida daga ganyen itacen. Waɗannan tururuwa suna kare shuka daga wasu kwari masu tsattsauran ra'ayi. Ƙanshin 'ya'yan itacen kuma yana jan jemagu na' ya'yan itace, waɗanda ke taimakawa wajen tarwatsa tsaba. Wani nau'in kumburin 'ya'yan itace, Drosophila sechellia, yana ciyarwa akan waɗannan' ya'yan itacen.
Amfaninshi An gabatar da abubuwan sha iri -iri (abin sha na ruwan 'ya'yan itace), foda (daga busasshen cikakke ko' ya'yan itacen da ba su gama bushewa ba), samfuran kwaskwarima (lotions, sabulu), mai (daga tsaba), foda ganye (don encapsulation ko kwaya) an shigar da su cikin kasuwar mabukaci.
Abinci Wani lokaci ana kiran Noni 'ya'yan itace na yunwa' yana nuna cewa yan asalin ƙasar suna amfani da shi azaman abinci na gaggawa a lokacin yunwa Duk da ƙanshinsa mai ƙarfi da ɗanɗano mai ɗaci, duk da haka an ci 'ya'yan itacen azaman abincin yunwa, kuma, a wasu Tsibirin Pacific, har ma a matsayin babban abinci, ko danye ko dafa shi. 'Yan Asiya ta Kudu maso Gabas da Aboriginals na Ostiraliya suna cin ɗanyen' ya'yan itacen da gishiri ko kuma dafa shi da curry Tsaba suna cin abinci lokacin gasashe A cikin kayan abinci na Thai, ana amfani da ganye (wanda aka sani da bai-yo azaman kayan lambu kore kuma sune babban sinadarin kaeng bai-yo, dafa shi da madarar kwakwa Ana ƙara 'ya'yan itacen luk-yo azaman kayan salati ga wasu nau'ikan somtam Maganin gargajiya Ana iya amfani da 'ya'yan itacen kore, ganye, da tushe ko rhizomes a cikin al'adun Polynesian azaman tonic gaba ɗaya, ban da wurin gargajiya a al'adun Polynesia azaman abincin yunwa. Kodayake ana ganin Morinda yana da kaddarorin ilimin halittu a cikin maganin gargajiya, babu tabbataccen shaidar ingancin asibiti don kowane amfani da aka yi niyya. A shekara ta dubu biyu da sha takwas 2018, a Hawaiian manufacturer na noni abinci da kuma Skincare kayayyakin da aka bayar an FDA gargadi wasika ga sayar unapproved kwayoyi da kuma yin ƙarya kiwon lafiya da'awar a take hakkin da Amurka Abinci, Drug da Cosmetic dokar Dyes Daga cikin mutanen Austronesian, al'ada ana amfani da noni da farko don samar da launi An kai shi cikin Tsibirin Pacific a matsayin tsirran kwale -kwale ta masu yawon shakatawa na Austronesia Haushi na Morinda yana samar da fenti mai launin ruwan kasa mai launin shuɗi wanda za a iya amfani da shi don yin batik A Hawaii, ana fitar da fenti mai launin rawaya daga tushen sa zuwa zane mai launi.
Abubuwan gina jiki da phytochemicals Morinda citrifolia 'ya'yan itace foda ya ƙunshi carbohydrates da fiber na abinci a cikin matsakaici. A bayyane yake waɗannan macronutrients suna zaune a cikin ɓawon 'ya'yan itacen, kamar yadda ruwan' ya'yan <i id="mwlQ">citrus na citrus</i> yana da ƙarancin abubuwan gina jiki. Babban sinadarin micronutrients na M. citrifolia pulp powder sun hada da bitamin C, niacin (bitamin B 3 iron da potassium Vitamin A, alli da sodium suna cikin matsakaicin adadi. Lokacin da ake nazarin ruwan 'ya'yan citrus kawai kuma idan aka kwatanta shi da ɓawon burodi, bitamin C ne kawai ake riƙe a cikin adadin talatin da hudu (34 MG a cikin ruwan 'ya'yan itace gram dari 100) wanda shine kashi kusa kashi sitting da hudu 64% na abin da ke cikin ruwan ɗigon ruwan ɗumi (53 MG da Dari 100 g ko kashi tamanin da Tara 89% na ƙimar yau da kullun Sodium matakai a M. citrifolia ruwan 'ya'yan itace (game da kashi uku 3% na Abincin Reference ci, DRI) an high idan aka kwatanta da wani orange, da kuma potassium abun ciki mai tsakaitãwa. 'Ya'yan itacen Morinda citrifolia sun ƙunshi abubuwa da yawa na phytochemicals, gami da lignans, oligo- da polysaccharides, flavonoids, iridoids, fatty acid, scopoletin, catechin, beta-sitosterol, damnacanthal, da alkaloids Ko da yake wadannan abubuwa an yi karatu ga bioactivity, bincike ne kasa a kammala da wani abu game da su effects a kan mutum kiwon lafiya.
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Duba kuma Ruwan Noni
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin waje Pages with unreviewed |
59546 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girgizar%20Kasar%20Marrakesh-Safi%202023 | Girgizar Kasar Marrakesh-Safi 2023 | A ranar 8 ga watan Satumba 2023 da karfe 23:11 DST (22:11 UTC ),girgizar ƙasa mai karfin awo 6.8-6.9 da matsakaicin ƙarfin Mercalli na VIII (Mai tsanani) ta afkawa yankin Marrakesh-Safi na kasar Maroko. Wurin girgizar kasar ya kasance 73.4 km (45.6 mi) kudu maso yammacin Marrakesh, kusa da garin Ighil a cikin tsaunukan Atlas. Ya faru ne sakamakon tudun muntsitsin zurfin tuƙi a ƙarƙashin kewayon dutsen. Akalla mutane 2,122 ne aka bayar da rahoton mutuwar, inda akasarinsu ke faruwa a wajen Marrakesh. An yi barna sosai, kuma an lalata wuraren tarihi a Marrakesh. An kuma ji girgizar kasar a Spain, Portugal, Gibraltar, Mauritania, da Aljeriya. Ta kasance girgizar kasa mafi karfi da aka yi rikodin a Maroko kuma mafi muni a kasar tun 1960 Haka kuma ita ce girgizar kasa mafi muni ta biyu a shekarar 2023 bayan girgizar kasar Turkiyya da Siriya Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta kiyasta kimanin mutane 300,000 daga Marrakesh da kewaye ne abin ya shafa. Bayan girgizar kasar, kasashe da dama sun ba da agajin jin kai. Morocco ta kuma sanar da gudanar da zaman makoki na kwanaki uku.
Saitin tectonic Maroko tana kusa da iyaka tsakanin Plate ɗin Afirka da Plate ɗin Eurasian, Laifin Canjin Azores-Gibraltar. Wannan yanki na yajin aiki na gefen dama yana zama mai zalunci a ƙarshensa na gabas, tare da haɓaka manyan laifuffuka Zuwa gabas na Mashigar Gibraltar, a cikin Tekun Alboran, iyakar ta zama karo na farko Yawancin girgizar ƙasa a Maroko yana da alaƙa da motsi akan iyakar farantin, tare da mafi girman haɗarin girgizar ƙasa a arewacin ƙasar kusa da kan iyaka. A shekara ta 2004, Al Hoceima ta fuskanci girgizar kasa mai karfin awo 6.3 da ta kashe mutane 628 tare da jikkata 926. Girgizar kasa mai karfin awo 7.3 da ta afku a makwabciyar kasar Aljeriya a shekarar 1980 ta kashe mutane 2,500. Tsaunukan Atlas wani bel ne na tsaunuka wanda ya kai 2,000 km (1,200 mi) daga Morocco zuwa Tunisia. Wadannan tsaunuka sun samo asali ne daga wani karo a lokacin Cenozoic Tsawon tsaunuka ya kai tsayinsa mafi girma zuwa yamma, a cikin Maroko. Seismicity a Maroko ya ta'allaka ne a yankin arewacin kasar da kuma tekun Alboran. Kudancin Rif, ayyukan girgizar ƙasa ba su da yawa amma ya bazu ko'ina cikin Tsakiyar Atlas, High Atlas, da Anti-Atlas Seismicity a cikin Saharan Atlas yana da iyaka, kuma babu shi a yankin Saharan kudu da bel; Hakanan ba shi da aiki a gabas a Aljeriya da Tunisiya. A baya can, girgizar kasa mafi girma da aka yi rikodin a cikin tsaunukan Atlas ita ce M Girgizar kasa mai lamba 5.9 da ta afku a Agadir a shekarar 1960. Girgizar ƙasa a cikin tsaunin Atlas suna nuna hanyoyin da za a bi don zamewa, tuƙi ko haɗuwa duka biyun (slip-slip).
Girgizar kasa Girgizar kasa ta Marrakesh-Safi ita ce mafi girma da aka yi rikodin kayan aiki a cikin tarihin zamani na Morocco, ya wuce kawai da manyan alkaluman girgizar kasa na Meknes na 1755, a
Girgizar kasar tana da hanyar da ta dace wacce ke nuni da kuskure a karkashin Babban Atlas. Fashewar ta faru ne a kan wani kuskure mai nisa mai zurfi da ke fuskantar arewa maso yamma ko kuma kuskure mai zurfi mai zurfi da ke fuskantar gabas. USGS ta kiyasta yankin fashewar kuskure ya zama 30 km (19 mi) da 20 km (12 mi) Yawancin gabas-maso-yamma da arewa maso gabas-kudu- maso-maso-maso-yammaci na yajin aiki da kurakurai na faruwa a Babban Atlas. Tun 1900, ba a M 6.0 ko mafi girma girgizar ƙasa a cikin 500 km (310 mi) na girgizar kasa na baya-bayan nan; amma tara M 5.0 kuma manyan abubuwan da suka faru sun faru zuwa gabas. Ƙaƙƙarfan ƙirar ƙira ta USGS yana nuna fashewar ta faru a gabas-arewa-maso-gabas-yamma-kudu-maso-maso-maso-maso-maso-a,arewa-arewa-maso-maso-maso-yamma kuskure. Zamewa ya tattara a kusa da hypocenter a cikin wani madauwari zamewa faci akan kuskuren kusan 30 km (19 mi) 30 km (19 mi) Matsakaicin ƙaura na 1.7 m (5 ft 7 in) an lura a 20–25 km (12-16 mi) zurfin yayin da mafi yawan zamewar ta faru a 10–35 km (6.2-21.7 mi) zurfin; babu kadan zuwa zamewa kusa da saman sama da 10 km (6.2 mi).
Tasiri Akalla mutane 2,122 ne suka mutu sannan 2,421 suka jikkata; 1,404 daga cikin wadanda suka ji rauni sun ji rauni sosai. An samu asarar rayuka da dama a wasu wurare masu nisa a kudancin Marrakesh. A lardunan Al-Haouz da Taroudant, adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 1,351 da 492, bi da bi. Mutane 41 ne suka mutu a Ouarzazate 201 a Chichaoua kuma an rubuta mutuwar 17 a Marrakesh. 'Yan kasar Faransa hudu na daga cikin wadanda suka mutu, ciki har da wani dan yawon bude ido da ya mutu sakamakon bugun zuciya. 'Yan kasar Faransa 15 da wasu Amurkawa sun jikkata. A Moulay Brahim, mazauna wurin sun makale a karkashin gine-gine da suka ruguje kuma masu sa kai sun yi yunkurin ceto. Sama da mutane goma sha biyu ne suka mutu a kauyen. Asarar tattalin arziki daga girgizar kasa na iya kaiwa zuwa kashi takwas na GDP na Maroko, a cewar USGS. Wasu gidaje a tsofaffin sassan Marrakesh da wasu sassan bangon birni sun ruguje, ya bar iyalai sun makale a ƙarƙashin tarkace. A Jemaa el-Fnaa, wani minaret na Masallacin Kharboush da wasu sassan bangonsa sun ruguje, inda suka murkushe motoci a kasa. An kuma lalata masallacin Koutoubia Gine-gine da dama a cikin Madina na Marrakesh, Cibiyar Tarihi ta UNESCO tun daga karni na 12, kuma sun rushe. An katse hanyoyin shiga Intanet saboda katsewar wutar lantarki. Masallacin Tinmel mai tarihi na karni na 12 ya lalace sosai; wani hasumiya ya rushe kuma bango ya fadi. Ma'aikatar cikin gidan ta ce yawancin barnar ta faru ne daga garuruwa da garuruwa. Kusa da cibiyar High Atlas, tashar talabijin ta Al Aoula ta ba da rahoton cewa gine-gine da yawa sun rushe. Gaba dayan kauyukan da ke kusa da yankin an daidaita. A yankin da girgizar kasar ta afku a garin Al-Haouz, wani gida da ya ruguje ya makale a karkashin baraguzan ginin. A Amizmiz, wani ƙauye kusa da ƙauyen, masu aikin ceto sun yi amfani da hannayensu wajen tarwatsa tarkace. 'Yan kwana-kwana 20 da sojoji ne suka halarci ragowar wani gida; sun kuma gano akalla gawarwaki biyu. Kusan dukkanin gidajen gargajiya guda 50 da ke kauyen Majat sun ruguje tare da kashe mazauna garin da dama. Kashi 90 na gidaje a Asni sun lalace. Ƙarin gidaje a garuruwan da ke kusa da ƙaƙƙarfan lamarin sun ruguje wani bangare ko gaba ɗaya. An kuma yanke wutar lantarki da hanyoyi a wasu wuraren. A Essaouira, sassan facade sun faɗi. Garuruwan Tafeghaghte, Adassil da Imlil, da kuma kauyukan da ke kusa da Dutsen Toubkal, girgizar kasar ta lalata ko kuma ta yi mummunar barna, tare da rugujewar gidaje kusan 200 a Ijoukak kadai. A wajen Agadir, a kauyukan Taqi da Tadrart, an lalata gidaje da dama. A birnin Taroudant, an kashe kusan mutane 200. Gundumomi da dama na tsoffi ko na tarihi a cikin birnin sun lalace sosai. An kashe mutane 90 ko kuma kusan rabin mutanen kauyen a Tafeghagte. Kauyukan da ke cikin kwarin Ouirgane har yanzu ba su da sabis na lantarki da na sadarwa kwanaki biyu bayan girgizar kasar. Tashar talabijin ta Morocco ta bayar da rahoton cewa, sama da iyalai 18,000 ne abin ya shafa a Al-Haouz kadai.
Bayan haka Mutanen Marrakesh sun kwashe baraguzan da hannu yayin da suke jiran manyan kayan aiki. Yawancin mazauna wurin sun kasance a waje saboda fargabar wata girgizar kasa. Rubuce-rubucen da aka yi a shafukan sada zumunta sun nuna mutane suna kwashe wata cibiyar kasuwanci, gidajen cin abinci da gine-gine. Mazauna birnin sun kwana ukun farko a waje; cika wuraren zagayawa, wuraren shakatawa na mota da dandalin jama'a. An sake buɗe wasu kasuwanni a birnin a ranar 10 ga Satumba yayin da Sarki Mohammed VI ya ba da shawarar ci gaba da ayyukan kasuwanci. A babban birnin Rabat, 350 km (220 mi) arewa da tsakiyar yankin, kuma a Imsouane, wani gari na bakin teku, mazauna sun bar gidajensu. Babban Sakatare Janar na Hukumar Harkokin Cikin Gida ya ce jami’ai da kungiyoyin tsaro na hada kayan aiki don samar da kayan agaji da tantance barnar da aka yi. Sojojin Moroko sun share daya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin zuwa wuraren da abin ya fi shafa, wanda ya ba da damar taimako mai mahimmanci ga mutane. A Salé, manyan motoci sun ɗauki barguna, gadaje sansanin, da na'urorin hasken wuta zuwa wuraren da abin ya shafa. Manyan tireloli kuma sun dauki kayayyaki don isa wadannan wuraren. Tashar gida ta 2M ta raba bidiyon motocin gaggawa da ke tafiya tare da ƙazamin hanya. Aikin ceto dai ya samu cikas yayin da hanyoyin da suka bi ta yankin tsaunuka ke cike da cunkoson ababen hawa da kuma duwatsu. A lardin Al-Haouz, an kawar da duwatsu daga kan tituna domin ba da damar motocin daukar marasa lafiya da kuma kai agaji zuwa yankunan da abin ya shafa. An yi amfani da wata babbar hanya a tsaunukan Atlas, cike da motocin daukar marasa lafiya, motocin haya da kuma ‘yan kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross, don jinyar wadanda suka jikkata; An kai wadanda suka samu munanan raunuka zuwa asibiti a Marrakesh. A wurare masu nisa da ke da wahalar shiga, Rundunar Sojan Maroko ta yi amfani da jirage masu saukar ungulu don samar da bukatu na yau da kullun. An samu karuwar mutanen da suka jikkata da aka kwantar a asibitoci a birnin Marrakesh. Mutanen da suka jikkata daga wajen Marrakesh suma sun fara kutsawa cikin birnin domin samun magani. An yi kira ga mazauna birnin da su ba da gudummawar jini. A safiyar ranar 9 ga Satumba, kusan mutane 200, ciki har da masu yawon bude ido, sun ziyarci asibiti don ba da gudummawar jini. Daga cikin wadanda suka ba da gudummawa har da kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasar Morocco Shirin ya tara buhunan jini 6,000 a cikin yini guda da kaddamar da yakin neman zaben. Kididdigar barnar da aka yi a Marrakesh ta nuna cewa yawancin birnin ba su da lahani. Sarki Mohammed VI ya ba da izinin tura sojojin Masarautar Moroccan a garuruwa daban-daban da abin ya shafa domin taimakawa. Ya kuma ayyana kwanaki uku na zaman makoki na kasa tare da bayar da umarnin kafa hukumar bayar da agaji don tallafawa wadanda suka tsira da rayukansu, da kuma bude asusun ajiyar banki na musamman domin ba da damar bayar da taimako. Daga baya sojojin sun kafa asibitin filin a Moulay Brahim. Jami'an ceto sun yi amfani da manyan kayan aiki don kwato wadanda suka tsira da gawarwakin tarkace. Wadanda suka tsira daga kauyen sun fara tona kaburbura a kan wani tudu domin binne wadanda suka mutu. An kafa wata katuwar tanti a kauyen domin a zaunar da marasa gida. Aiki a filin jirgin saman Marrakesh ya kasance al'ada amma an soke jirage biyu na Ryanair daga Marrakesh zuwa Brussels da Beauvais, Faransa, waɗanda aka shirya a ranar 9 ga Satumba. Kamfanin jiragen sama na British Airways ya maye gurbin jirginsa na yau da kullun zuwa Marrakesh da wani wanda ya fi girma don jigilar 'yan Burtaniya da ke neman komawa gida. Kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross ta sanar da murmurewa na iya daukar shekaru; ƙauyuka da yawa da ke kusa da babban yankin a cikin tsaunuka masu nisa gaba ɗaya sun lalace kuma/ko kuma ba za su iya shiga ba, tare da ƙarancin ababen more rayuwa irin su layin dogo, tituna, da asibitoci da ke biye da arewacin ƙasar suna kawo cikas ga ayyukan agaji.
Martani Spain, India, Algeria, Argentina, France, Iran, Israel, Portugal, Pakistan, Romania, Taiwan, Tailandia, Oman, Turkey, Kuwait, the United Kingdom, the United States, the European Ƙungiyar, da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun ba da taimako da tallafi ga Maroko. Netherlands ta saki Yuro miliyan 10 a cikin agajin gaggawa. Sauran shugabannin duniya sun yi ta'aziyya. Jinkirin da aka yi na sa'o'i 18 ga Sarkin don yin sanarwar a hukumance ya sha suka a cikin jama'a. An kuma yi suka kan jinkirin da gwamnati ta yi wajen gabatar da bukatar agaji a hukumance da kuma cewa ba a ba da damar karin taimako daga waje ba. Har ila yau takaici ya karu a tsakanin kungiyoyin agaji na kasa da kasa da ke jiran aiki saboda ba su samu buƙatu na yau da kullun ba. Gwamnatin Moroko ba ta nemi taimakon kasashen waje bisa hukuma ba, duk da haka, sun karɓi taimako daga Qatar, Spain, Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa, da Burtaniya. Jami'ai sun ce sun amince da tayin na kasashe hudu ne kawai saboda "rashin hadin kai na iya haifar da illa." Sun kara da cewa ana iya amincewa da wasu tayin lokacin da ake bukata. Benoît Payan magajin garin Marrakesh 'yar uwar birnin Marseille na kasar Faransa, ya sanar da cewa ya aike da jami'an kashe gobara zuwa kasar Maroko domin su taimaka da ayyukan ceto. Shugaban Majalisar Yankin Île-de-Faransa Valérie Pécresse ya aika da dala 535,000 a matsayin taimako. ya buɗe layin wayar tarho. An aika da ma'aikatan ceto daga Nice, yayin da al'ummomi a fadin kasar suka ba da agaji sama da Yuro miliyan 2 (dala miliyan 2.1). Firaministan Isra'ila Benyamin Netanyahu da Sarki Abdallah na biyu na Jordan sun umarci gwamnatocinsu da su aika da agaji zuwa Maroko, yayin da shugaban Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan ya ba da umarnin kafa wata gada ta jirgin sama don jigilar kayan agaji. taimako da sauran tallafi, kamar yadda Saudiyya ta yi. Sultan Haitham bin Tarik na Oman ya ba da umarnin a aika da kungiyoyin agaji da agajin jinya zuwa Maroko a ranar 10 ga Satumba. Aljeriya, a karon farko tun shekarar 2021, ta buɗe sararin samaniyarta ga Maroko domin saukaka isar kayayyakin jin ƙai. Washegari, Aljeriya ta ba da shawarar wata ƙungiyar sa kai ta musamman mai mambobi 80. Spain ta ba da Sashin Gaggawa na Sojoji, da sauran hukumomin agajinta, da ofishin jakadancinta a Rabat a hannun Maroko. Jirgin saman sojojin Spain guda biyu dauke da sojoji 86 da karnukan bincike 8 an kai su birnin Marrakesh bayan da gwamnatin Moroko ta yi kira ga bangarori biyu. Jamhuriyar Czech ta sanar da cewa a shirye take ta aike da mambobi kusan 70 na tawagar ceto, ciki har da likitoci 9, bayan da ta samu bukatar a hukumance daga gwamnatin Morocco. Ministan tsaron kasar Czech Jana Cernochova ya ce an shirya jiragen soji uku domin jigilar tawagar. Cibiyar horarwa da bincike ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya UNITAR ta kunna Yarjejeniya ta Duniya akan Sararin Samaniya da Manyan Bala'i a madadin kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross da Red Crescent Societies IFRC don samar da fa'ida, ko da yake an rage, tauraron dan adam ɗaukar hoto. A ranar 9 ga Satumba, wata tawagar ma'aikatan jinya da ma'aikata 50 daga Tunisiya ta isa. Har ila yau, tawagar ta kawo karnukan bincike, na'urorin hoto masu zafi, jirgi mara matuki, da asibitin filin. Tawagar ceto ta Qatar ta isa Morocco a ranar 11 ga Satumba. </br>Hukumar kwallon kafar Afirka ta dage wasan neman tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika na shekarar 2023 tsakanin Morocco da Laberiya, wanda ya kamata a yi a Agadir ranar 9 ga watan Satumba. Sai dai an ci gaba da fafatawa tsakanin Jamhuriyar Congo da Gambia kamar yadda aka tsara a birnin Marrakesh a ranar 10 ga watan Satumba. UEFA ta ba da sanarwar yin shiru na dan lokaci ga wadanda abin ya shafa a duk waɗannan kungiyoyi da na kasa har zuwa ranar 21 ga Satumba.
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ReliefWeb's main page for this event.
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
17871 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moosa%20AbdulRahman%20Hassan | Moosa AbdulRahman Hassan | Hajj Moosa AbdulRahman Hassan Larabci ɗan kasuwar Omani ne, shugaban ƙabila, maigida da kuma alamar Golf; an haifeshi ne a tsohon garin Muscat a shekarar 1902 kuma ya gama karatunshi a American Mission School. Ya kafa kamfani a cikin shekarar 1927 don samar da gawayi da kayan abinci ga jiragen ruwan Biritaniya frigates a Muscat.
Ayyukan gidan waya Haji Moosa na ɗaya daga cikin masu amfani da farko kuma waɗanda suka kafa akwatin gidan waya a cikin masarautar Oman Omanis da ke kasashen waje (musamman Afirka ta Gabas, wasu kasashen Tekun Fasha da Indiya) sun kasance suna aika masa da wasiku zuwa akwatin wasikar shi kuma yana isar da su ga mutane daga baya, saboda haka ya zama kamar adireshin jama'a ga kowa ya yi amfani da shi. Kamfanin har yanzu yana riƙe da akwatin gidan Box 4 Muscat ɗaya.
Banking da kuma kudi Hajj Moosa ya kuma kafa hidimar aikewa da kudi tsakanin 1940s da 1960s ta hanyar kirkirar sa da kuma sanannen PO Box 4 Muscat, wanda ke aiki a matsayin cibiyar hada-hadar kudi ta farko da kuma samar da igiyar waya ga yawancin Omanis da ke zaune kuma suke aiki a Gabashin Afirka, Kasashen Gulf. da Indiya An gabatar da wannan aikin ne don taimakawa Omanis, waɗanda ke zaune a ƙasashen waje a lokacin, don aikawa da karɓar kuɗi, saboda ya zama da wahala saboda rashin ƙwararrun banki da harkar banki a lokacin. Yana da kyau a faɗi, wannan sabis ɗin kuɗin na kyauta an bayar da shi sosai kafin a kafa Western Union a yankin. Bugu da ƙari, ya kasance memba na kafa kuma babban darekta na Bankin Burtaniya na Gabas ta Tsakiya, wanda aka kafa a 1948. Bankin na ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin bankuna ba kawai a cikin Oman ba, har ma a duk yankin. Daga baya a tsakiyar 1970s, ya shiga cikin kafa Bank of Oman, Bahrain da Kuwait, wanda ya kasance haɗin gwiwa tare da Bank of Bahrain da Kuwait (BBK).
Kasuwanci da kasuwanci Muscat, tun daga farkon zuwa tsakiyar ƙarni na 20, an san shi a matsayin cibiyar kasuwanci tsakanin Yankin Larabawa, Tekun Indiya, Gabashin Afirka da sauran sassan Oman. Hajj Moosa ya yi cinikin kayayyaki iri-iri da suka hada da dabino, busasshen kifi da katako. Bugu da ƙari kuma, ya sanya 'yan kasuwa masu tafiya a gidansa, wanda daga baya aka sauya shi zuwa zauren da ake amfani da shi don ɗaukar bakuncin lokuta daban-daban na zamantakewa.
Dangane da sa hannun sa na fataucin kananzir, wanda shine babban tushen makamashi a wancan lokacin, Kamfanin Kamfanin Man Fetur na Burtaniya (BP) ya zabi Hajj Moosa ya zama wakilin su a Oman. Ya mallaki cibiyar sadarwar mai na BP a yankin Muscat da Batinah.
Ya kuma shiga cikin haɗin gwiwa tare da Birtaniyya Gary McKenzie, da Oman's WJTowell Co., waɗanda suka kafa Mcungiyar Kamfanoni na Gary McKenzie Moosa Towell, wanda daga baya ya zama Hukumomin Oman United. Kamfanin ya samar da kayayyaki da kayan aiki na kamfanonin mai a Oman, wanda kuma ya kasance yana da bangaren abinci da kuma hukumar tafiye tafiye. Hajj Moosa tun asali ta kirkiro kamfanin ne a 1956 kafin ta hada kai da sauran abokan hulda.
Moosa Furniture, wanda shine ya samarda kayan aiki, ya sami nasarar samarda ayyuka ga ma'aikatu da dama da kuma kungiyoyi mallakar gwamnati musamman a shekarun 1970. Hajj Moosa ya kuma wakilci kayayyaki kamar su kyamarar Canon Eterna Matic Swiss agogon a kasuwar Omani a tsawon shekarun 1970, har sai da aka sayar da wadannan hukumomin ga wasu 'yan kasuwa a farkon 1980s.
Noma da ban ruwa Hajj Moosa ya yi hadaka da wani babban kamfani daga Burtaniya don gina aikin daga samar da ruwa a Muscat da Mattrah. Ya kuma wakilci kamfanoni daban-daban na Burtaniya wadanda ke da ruwa a fanfunan tuka-tuka da masu samar da dizal, wadanda suka taimaka wajen bunkasa bangaren noma a Oman cikin sauri. An kawo su kuma sun tayar da hankali zuwa yankuna da yawa na Oman da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa. Jaridar Al Khaleej Daily News, a ranar 17 ga Fabrairu 2012, bayyana gudummawar sa tare da marigayi Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan a bangaren noma na Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa, musamman a aikin noman rani na Al Dhaqdaqah a Ras al Khaimah.
Wutar lantarki Kamar yadda aka fada a baya, Haj Moosa shine mai samar da kananzir, wanda shine asalin tushen makamashi a lokacin, har ila yau kuma shine mai rarraba janareto. Dukansu biyun an buƙata don samar da buƙatun ƙasar na makamashi da wutar lantarki. Ya kuma kafa kamfanin wutar lantarki na farko a Mattrah-Oman, tare da wasu abokan hadin gwiwa biyu, domin samar da karin bukatar makamashi a kasar.
Gine-gine da ci gaban ƙasa Moosa AbdulRahman Establishment shima ya kasance a bangaren gine-gine lokacin da yake kawance da kamfanin Ingila na kwangila, Costain, wanda ke aikin gina Ofishin Gidan waya a Muscat, fadada a Bait Al-Falaj a yankin Ruwi na Muscat, da kuma tsaro sansanoni a Bait Al-Falaj da Bidbid. Ya kuma hada hannu da manyan 'yan kasuwar Oman marigayi Qais Al-Zawawi, Suhail Bahwan da Mohsin Haider Darwish don kafa Kamfanin Kwangilar Qurum, daya daga cikin manyan kamfanonin kwangila na cikin gida a lokacin. Kamfanin yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu saka hannun jari a cikin aikin Madinat Al-Sultan Qaboos. A yau kamfani ya mallaki kuma ya haɓaka kasuwancin kasuwanci da ayyukan gine-gine da yawa a Oman, UAE, Lebanon, United Kingdom da Kanada da sauransu.
Mota Hajj Moosa ya kasance dillalin kera motoci ne a cikin shekarun 1950 yana samun nasarar mallakar kamfanin Holden, wanda ya sanya shi daya daga cikin tsofaffin dillalan motoci a Oman. Ya kuma zama wakilin Babban Motar Bedford, wanda aka samar ma Sojojin Omani. A cikin 1960s ƙungiyar kera motoci ta sami ƙarin hukumomi kuma suka wakilci Vauxhall da Indiya Super Taya. A cikin shekarun 1970s da 1980, ya zama mai rarraba kamfanin Pontiac, Kawasaki, GMC, Opel, Suzuki, Foton, Mantra da sauran manyan kamfanonin kera motoci na duniya. Bangaren tsaro da na sojoji suma sun ci gaba da bunkasa ta hanyar samar da motoci na musamman da aka kera don Sojojin Omani.
Matsayin Gwamnati Hajj Moosa AbdulRahman, ya taka rawar gani wajen kafa majalisar birni ta farko a Oman a cikin shekarun 1950.
Bugu da kari, an kafa Hukumar Kula da Kudade ta Oman a cikin 1972 ta hanyar Dokar Sarauta; Hajj Moosa ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban kwamitin kuma Sakataren Kudi na hukumar.
Mai Martaba Sultan Qaboos bin Said Al-Said, ya ba da wata doka ta sarauta a ranar 21 ga Mayu 1972 don kafa kwamiti don warware rikice-rikicen kasuwanci, wanda ya kunshi marigayi Hajj Moosa, marigayi Qais Al-Zawawi, Mohammed Al-Zubair, Mohsin Haider Darwish, marigayi Ali Dawood Al-Raisi, da marigayi Hajj Jafar AbdulRahim da marigayi Hajj Ali Sultan. An kuma sanya shi a cikin 1970s a cikin kwamitin don kafa Chamberungiyar Kasuwanci da Masana'antu ta Oman.
Mai Alfarma Sarkin Musulmi Qaboos bin Said al Said, Sarkin Oman; ya ba da marigayi Hajj Moosa AbdulRahman a shekarar 1983 ta lambar yabo ta farar hula ta Oman saboda irin gudummawar da ya bayar ta fuskar zamantakewar al'umma, tattalin arziki da siyasa ga Oman da al'ummomin Oman.
Hajj Moosa ya mutu a ranar 21 ga Afrilu 1987, ya bar abubuwa da yawa na aiyuka da aiyuka ga kasarsa da al'ummarsa, ya bar 'ya'ya maza guda biyu (Abdullah Ali), wadanda sune magabatan gidan kula da kasuwancin dangi, zamantakewar bukatun gwamnati.
Manazarta
Sauran kafofin Mohammed Al-Zubair (2008). Tafiya Cikin Lokaci. Muscat: BaZ Bugawa. 13- (1990). Tarihin gidan waya na Oman. 2nd ed. Muscat: Ma'aikatar Post, Telegraphs Telephones. 10.
Nasser Al-Riyami (2009). Zanzibar Mutane da Wurare. 2nd ed. Kairo: Makarantar sayar da littattafai ta Beirut. 216.
Dokta Mohammed Faris, 2012. Kokarin Sheikh Zayed A Bangaren Noma A Shekarun 1960. Jaridar Daily-Khaleej, 17 ga Fabrairu.
JE Peterson. (2004).
Tarihin Oman (Kashi na II) Abdullah bin Said Al Balushi 1990 da Ma'aikatar Post da Telegraph da Tarho
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Moosa AbdulRahman Yanar Gizo Kokarin Sheikh Zayed A Bangaren Noma A Shekarun 1960
Manungiyar Bambancin Oman ta JE Peterson
Cibiyoyin Jaridun Kasashen Waje
Siyasa
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51395 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Thomas%20Ryan | Edward Thomas Ryan | Edward Thomas Ryan (an haife shi a watan Satumba 5, 1962) masanin ilimin halitta ɗan Amurka ne, masanin rigakafi, kuma likita a Jami'ar Harvard da Babban Asibitin Massachusetts Ryan ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Ƙungiyar Magungunan Magunguna da Tsafta ta Amurka daga shekarar 2009 zuwa 2010. Ryan Farfesa ne na Immunology da Cututtuka masu Yaduwa a Makarantar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a ta Harvard TH Chan, Farfesa na Magunguna a Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Harvard, da kuma Daraktan Cututtukan Cutar Duniya a Babban Asibitin Massachusetts. Binciken Ryan da na asibiti ya kasance akan cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da zama a ciki, ƙaura daga, ko tafiya ta wuraren da ba su da iyaka.
Aikin binciken na Ryan ya mayar da hankali ne kan cututtuka masu saurin yanayi, masu tasowa da cututtuka na duniya, musamman fahimtar hulɗar masu kamuwa da cuta, da kuma danganta wannan ilimin ga ganowa, haɓakawa, da aiwatar da manyan bincike da alluran rigakafi. Musamman wuraren da aka mai da hankali sun hada da kwalara, typhoid, shigella, COVID-19 da yada cututtukan da mutane ke ketare kan iyakokin kasa da kasa.
Sana'a
Farkon aiki da horo An haifi Ryan a birnin New York kuma ya yi karatu a Makarantar Horace Mann Ya sami digirinsa na farko a fannin kimiyyar biochemical a Jami'ar Princeton Ya sami digiri na uku a fannin likitanci daga Jami'ar Harvard. Ya yi aikin zama na likita da horar da zumunci kan cututtukan cututtuka a Babban Asibitin Massachusetts. Ryan ya sami ƙarin horo a Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya da Lafiya ta London da Cibiyar Nazarin Cutar Cutar Zawo ta Duniya (ICDDRB) a Dhaka, Bangladesh. Ryan kuma ɗan ƙetare ne na Cibiyar Nazarin Al'umma da Magunguna, Kwalejin Likitoci da Likitoci na Jami'ar Columbia Bayan horar da shi, Ryan ya shiga jami'ar Harvard da ma'aikatan babban asibitin Massachusetts. An nada shi Farfesa a Jami'ar Harvard a watan Afrilu, 2012. Ryan yana zaune a Wellesley, Massachusetts Cutar Zawo na Kwalara Tare da Dr. Stephen Calderwood, Dr. Jason Harris, Dr. Regina LaRocque, Dr. Daniel Leung, Dr. Richelle Charles da abokan aiki a Harvard, da Dr. Firdausi Qadri da abokan aiki a ICDDRB, Ryan ya mayar da hankali ga ci gaba da fahimtar mai watsa shiri. -maganin kamuwa da cuta da na rigakafi a lokacin kwalara, cutar da ɗan adam ke takurawa wanda ya fi addabar talakawa a yankunan da ke da iyakacin albarkatu a duniya. Cibiyar Nazarin Lafiya ta Amurka tana tallafawa aikin binciken Ryan. Mahimman gudumawa sun haɗa da gano cewa sabanin tsarin da aka kafa a baya, cutar kwalara tana haifar da martani mai saurin kumburi a cikin mutane masu fama da cutar, kuma wannan martanin yana da alaƙa da girma da tsawon lokacin rigakafin cutar kwalara. Ryan ya mayar da hankali sosai kan nazarin martanin rigakafi akan murfin polysaccharide na kwayoyin Vibrio cholerae, O-specific polysaccharide (OSP), yana aiki tare da Dr. Paul Kovac na Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Kasa. Martanin rigakafi ga OSP yana shiga tsakani kariya daga kwalara a cikin mutane, da Ryan et al sun nuna cewa wannan kariyar tana da alaƙa da ƙarfin ƙwayoyin rigakafi da ke niyya V. cholerae OSP don hana ƙwayoyin cuta na yau da kullun na wayar hannu daga yin iyo a cikin lumen na hanji. Wannan aikin ya sanar da ci gaban rigakafin rigakafin. An ba Ryan lambar yabo ta MERIT daga NIH don tallafawa waɗannan ƙoƙarin.
Typhoid Ƙoƙarin da Ryan ya yi a kan typhoid ya fi mayar da hankali kan yin amfani da manyan abubuwan da ake amfani da su don tantance martanin ƙwayoyin cuta yayin zazzaɓin typhoid, gami da bayyanar cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin mutanen da suka kamu da cutar, da kuma martanin rigakafin ɗan adam ga kamuwa da cuta. Wannan aiki na haɗin gwiwa tare da Charles da Qadri sun gano wani ma'aunin kwayar halitta na kwayar cutar bacillus wanda ke haifar da zazzaɓin typhoid (YncE; STY1479), kuma ya haɗa da nazarin rubutun farko (bayanin kwayar halitta) na kwayar cutar kwayan cuta kai tsaye a cikin jini na wata cuta. kamuwa da mutum; aikin da aka yi a cikin mutane masu fama da typhoid da zazzabin paratyphoid a Bangladesh. Wannan aikin ya sanar da ci gaban tantancewar bincike.
Shigella Ƙoƙarin Ryan akan shigellosis ya mai da hankali kan haɓakar rigakafin rigakafi da hulɗar masu cutar. A shekara ta 2006, Ryan ya nuna cewa gudanar da maganin rigakafi ga yara masu shigellosis a Bangladesh bai kara yawan samar da guba daga kwayoyin ba. Wannan binciken yana tallafawa maganin rigakafi da aka yi niyya na mutane tare da shigellosis. Irin wannan maganin yawanci ana hana shi a cikin mutane masu kamuwa da Shiga-toxin da ke bayyana E. coli kamuwa da cuta (STEC/EHEC: enterohemorrhagic E. coli, Verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli wanda irin wannan magani yana ƙara haɗarin gazawar koda.
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39880 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olubunmi%20Tunji-Ojo | Olubunmi Tunji-Ojo | Olubunmi Tunji-Ojo (an haife shi 1 ga watan Mayu 1982) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne, ɗan kasuwa kuma ɗan agaji. Shi dan majalisar wakilai ne a (Nigeria), mai wakiltar Akoko North East Akoko North West na jihar Ondo. Shi ne Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar Dokokin Neja Delta (NDDC). A yanzu haka yana wa’adinsa na farko a Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa (Najeriya) bayan an zabe shi a watan Maris na 2019 a karkashin Jam’iyyar APC.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Olubunmi Tunji-Ojo, wanda aka fi sani da BTO a Oyin Akoko, jihar Ondo, Najeriya. Ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Ansarudeen, Oyin Akoko daga 1987 zuwa 1990 da Hakda International School a Kaduna daga 1990 zuwa 1992 kafin ya kammala firamare a Universal Primary School, Akure a 1993. Daga nan sai ya wuce makarantar sakandire ta FUTA staff, Akure inda ya yi karatun sakandire kuma aka zabe shi a matsayin babban shugaban dalibai a shekarar 1998.
A 1999, ya sami gurbin karatu a Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo, Ile-Ife) don karanta Injiniya da Lantarki. A shekarar 2002, a lokacin da yake shekara ta uku a Jami’ar Obafemi Awolowo, ya wuce Jami’ar North London (yanzu Jami’ar London Metropolitan inda ya karanta Electronics da Communication Engineering kuma ya kammala a 2005. Ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin Sadarwar Dijital (Digital Communication and Networking) daga wannan cibiyar a shekarar 2006. Yana da takaddun shaida a cikin ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararru goma sha takwas a ICT ciki har da babban lakabi na kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin rukunin farko na masu satar da'a daga Royal Britannia IT Training Academy a Burtaniya kafin ya cika shekaru 24.
Sana'a Kafin ya shiga harkokin siyasa, Olubunmi Tunji-Ojo ya kasance kwararre kan harkokin kasuwanci da gudanarwa tare da samun bunkasuwa a fannin ICT, inda ya zama shugaban wani babban kamfani mai ba da shawara na ICT a Najeriya, Matrix IT Solutions Limited, yana da shekaru 24. A matsayinsa na ƙwararren, yana riƙe da takaddun shaida a cikin Hacking Ethical da kuma Counter Measures. Shi ma ƙwararren injiniya ne na CompTIA Network Plus da kuma mai riƙe da takaddun shaida na Hardware A+ na Britannia.
A Najeriya, ya tuntubi Bankin Duniya da wasu hukumomin gwamnati da suka hada da Asusun Bunkasa Fasahar Man Fetur (PTDF), Hukumar Shirya Jarrabawar Shiga da JAMB, Hukumar Tace Fina-Finai da Bidiyo (NFVCB), Hukumar Bunkasa Abubuwan Ciki da Kulawa ta Najeriya (NCDMB National Health Insurance Scheme, Abuja (NHIS), Nigeria Sovereign Investment Authority (NSIA), Kwamitoci daban-daban na Majalisar Dattawa da na Wakilan Tarayyar Najeriya, Kamfanin Gas na Najeriya, Hukumar Kula da Karatun Jama'a, Manya da Marasa Lafiya. Ilimin gama gari da sauransu.
Siyasa A 2019, an zabe shi a matsayin dan majalisar wakilai (Nigeria) don wakiltar mazabar Akoko North East Akoko North West na jihar Ondo a karkashin jam'iyyar All Progressives Congress (APC). Bayan rantsar da shi, ya tara wasu ‘yan majalisa 246 domin marawa burin shugaban majalisar Rt. Hon. Femi Gbajabiamila, a karkashin dandalin ‘yan majalisar dokoki na farko, wanda shi ke jagoranta. Bayan wasu watanni, sai shugaban majalisar Rt. Hon. Femi Gbajabiamila a matsayin Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar Dokokin Neja Delta (NDDC). Ya jagoranci kwamitin majalisar wakilai wajen binciki zargin badakalar sama da Naira biliyan 80 a hukumar, wanda hakan shi ne karon farko da za a fara gudanar da bincike kan harkokin kudi na hukumar ta NDDC cikin sama da shekaru ashirin da kafuwa. A watan Maris na 2021, kudirin da ya gabatar na soke dokar NDDC wanda zai sa ba za a iya cin zarafin ofis ba, kudirin da ya tsallake karatu na farko. Tunji-Ojo kuma mamba ne a kwamitocin majalisar wakilai mai kula da harkokin tsaro da leken asiri, abubuwan cikin gida, albarkatun iskar gas, hukumar raya arewa maso gabas (NEDC), gidaje, majalisar karamar hukumar FCT da sauran al'amuran da suka shafi ma'adanai da alhazai.
A ranar 22 ga watan Janairu, 2021, Jami’ar Joseph Ayo Babalola (JABU) Ikeji Arakeji, Jihar Osun ta ba shi lambar girmamawa ta digirin digirgir kan harkokin gwamnati. Ya kasance wanda ya samu lambar yabo ta Sir Ahmadu Bello Platinum Leadership da kuma Kwame Nkrumah Leadership Award a matsayin Jakada na Matasan Afirka.
Rayuwa ta sirri Olubunmi Tunji-Ojo ya auri Abimbola Tunji-Ojo wanda shi ma dan jihar Ondo ne kuma suna da ‘ya’ya biyu.
Kyaututtuka da karramawa Digiri na Daraja a fannin Gudanar da Jama'a Jami'ar Joseph Ayo Babalola Kyautar Jagorancin Kwame Nkrumah "Jakadan Matasan Afirka" na Kungiyar Daliban Afirka (AASU)
Memba, Majalisar Sarauta ta Kasuwanci da Masana'antu, United Kingdom
Memba, Majalisar Kasuwancin E-commerce
Memba, Ƙungiyar Masana'antar Fasahar Kwamfuta
Memba, Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru da Gudanarwa
Memba, British Society of Instrumentation and Control, United Kingdom
Memba, Electronic Consultancy Society, United Kingdom
Memba, Digital Communication Network, United Kingdom
Manazarta Haifaffun 1982
Rayayyun mutane
Yan siyasan Najeriya
Yan majalisan wakilai
Yan jam'iyyar |
23520 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutar%20Sin | Tutar Sin | Tutar Sin ko China, a hukumance Tutar ƙasa ta Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin kuma galibi ana kiranta jar Tutar mai tauraro biyar ko (a cikin Sinanci) jajaye ne na Ƙasar Sin da aka caji canton (kusurwar sama mafi kusa da tutar) tare da taurari na zinari biyar. Tsarin ya ƙunshi babban tauraro ɗaya, tare da ƙaramin taurari huɗu a cikin da'irar da'irar da aka tashi zuwa kwari (gefen da ya fi nisa da sandar tutar). Ta kasance tutar kasar Sin tun kafuwar Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin a ranar 1 ga Oktoban shekarar 1949 Ja yana wakiltar juyin juya halin Kwaminis na ƙasar Sin da taurari biyar kuma alakar su da juna tana wakiltar haɗin kan jama'ar Sinawa ƙarƙashin jagorancin jam'iyyar kwaminis ta ƙasar Sin (CPC). Rundunar 'Yancin Jama'a (PLA) ta kafa tutar farko a kan gungumen da ke kallon dandalin Tiananmen na Beijing a ranar 1 ga watan Oktoban shekarar 1949, a wani bikin sanar da kafuwar Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin Tarihi
Tutocin farko Tutar China ta baya ita ce Tutar Zinare mai launin rawaya da daular Qing ta yi amfani da ita daular sarauta ta ƙarshe a tarihin China daga 1862 har zuwa kifar da masarautar a lokacin juyin juya halin Xinhai. Tutar da aka karɓa a 1862 tana da kusurwa uku, amma daular ta karɓi sigar murabba'i na tutar Jegare a cikin 1889.
Jamhuriyar China Canton (kusurwar sama a gefen hawan) ya samo asali ne daga Shuɗin samaniya tare da farar rana wanda Lu Haodong, shahidan Juyin Juya Halin Xinhai ya tsara Ya gabatar da zanensa don wakiltar sojojin juyin-juya hali a bikin kaddamar da kungiyar sake fasalin kasar Sin, wata al'umma mai adawa da Qing a Hong Kong, a ranar 21 ga Fabrairu 1895. Daga baya an karɓi wannan ƙirar azaman tutar jam'iyyar KMT da Rigunan Makamai na Jamhuriyar China Sun Yat-sen ya ƙara sashin "ja Duniya" a cikin hunturu na 1906, yana kawo tutar zuwa tsarin zamani. A cewar George Yeo, Ministan Harkokin Wajen Singapore na wancan lokacin a shekarar 2011, a wancan zamanin, an dinka Shudin Samaniya tare da tutar Farar Rana a zauren tunawa da Sun Yat Sen Nanyang (wanda a da ake kira "Sun Yat Sen Villa") a Singapore ta Teo Eng Hock da matarsa. Tsarin da aka zana yana da ratsi goma tare da tutar Kuomintang a cikin gundumar da tayi kama da tutocin Amurka, Malaysia da Liberia A lokacin Tashin hankali na Wuchang a cikin 1911 wanda ya yi shelar Jamhuriya, rundunonin juyin juya hali daban -daban suna da tutoci daban -daban. An yi amfani da tutar "Blue Sky tare da Farin Rana" ta Lu Hao-tung a lardunan Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, da Guizhou A Wuhan, an yi amfani da tutar mai taurarin rawaya 18 don wakiltar sassan gudanarwa 18 a lokacin. A Shanghai da arewacin China, an yi amfani da mai launi biyar" Race biyar a ƙarƙashin tutar Tarayyar )aya) na ratsi biyar a kwance waɗanda ke wakiltar manyan ƙasashe biyar na China Han (ja), Manchu (rawaya), Mongol (shuɗi), Hui (fari), da Tibet (baƙi).
Lokacin da aka kafa gwamnatin Jamhuriyar Sin a ranar 1 ga watan Janairun shekarar 1912, majalisar dattijai ta zabi "Tutar mai kala biyar" a matsayin tutar kasa. Sojojin sun karɓi "Tutar Tauraruwar 18" kuma an karɓi tutar zamani azaman tutar sojan ruwa. Sun Yat-sen, duk da haka, bai ɗauki tutar mai launi biyar daidai ba, yana tunanin cewa tsarin kwance yana nufin matsayi ko aji kamar abin da ya wanzu a lokutan dynastic.
Bayan Shugaba Yuan Shikai ya karɓi ikon mulkin kama-karya a cikin 1913 ta hanyar rushe Majalisar Dokoki ta ƙasa da hana KMT, Sun Yat-sen ya kafa gwamnatin-gudun hijira a Tokyo kuma ya yi aiki da tutar zamani a matsayin tutar ROC ta ƙasa. Ya ci gaba da amfani da wannan ƙirar lokacin da KMT ta kafa gwamnatin kishiya a Guangzhou a 1917. An sanya tutar ta zamani a matsayin tutar kasa a ranar 17 ga watan Disamba 1928 bayan nasarar da aka samu a Yakin Arewacin da ya kifar da gwamnatin Beijing, duk da cewa har yanzu ana ci gaba da amfani da Tutar mai launi biyar ba tare da izini ba. Ɗaya daga cikin dalilan wannan banbancin da ake amfani da shi shine raunin son rai na yanki wanda jami'ai da 'yan arewacin China ke yi, waɗanda suka fifita Tutar mai launi biyar, a kan mutanen kudu kamar Cantonese /Hakka Sun Yat-sen.
A lokacin Yaƙin Sino-Japan na Biyu Jafananci masu mamayewa sun kafa gwamnatoci daban-daban na tsana ta amfani da ƙirar tutoci da yawa. Gwamnatin Gyaran Gwiwa wacce aka kafa a cikin Maris 1938 a Nanjing don haɓaka gwamnatoci daban-daban na 'yan tsana suna amfani da Tutar mai launi biyar. Lokacin da aka tsara Wang Jingwei ya karɓi gwamnatin da aka girka ta Japan a Nanjing a 1940, ya nemi ya yi amfani da tutar zamani a matsayin wata hanya don ƙalubalantar ikon Gwamnatin Ƙasa a Chongqing ƙarƙashin Chiang Kai-shek kuma ya sanya kansa a matsayin wanda ya cancanci maye gurbin. ga Sun Yat-sen. Koyaya, Jafananci sun fi son tutar mai launi biyar. A matsayin sulhu, Jafananci sun ba da shawarar ƙara alƙawarin rawaya mai kusurwa uku a saman tare da taken "Zaman Lafiya, Adawa da kwaminis Ginin ƙasa" a baki, amma Wang ya ƙi wannan. A ƙarshe, Wang da Jafananci sun yarda cewa za a yi amfani da tutar rawaya a waje har zuwa 1943, lokacin da aka yi watsi da tutar, ta bar gwamnatoci biyu masu hamayya da tuta ɗaya, kowannensu yana ikirarin cewa shi ne halattacciyar gwamnatin ƙasar China. An bayyana tutar a cikin Mataki na shida na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1947 Bayan yakin basasar kasar Sin a shekarar 1949, gwamnatin ROC karkashin jagorancin Chiang Kai-shek ta mayar da gwamnatin ta da cibiyoyin ta zuwa tsibirin Taiwan A kan babban yankin, sojojin kwaminisanci na Mao Zedong sun kafa Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin (PRC) kuma sun dauki tutar kasarsu. A ranar 23 ga Oktoba 1954, Dokar Ƙasa da Tutar Jamhuriyar China ta Dokar Dokar Yuan ta ayyana girman, ma'auni, rabo, samarwa, da gudanar da aikin. tutar.
Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin A ranar 4 ga Yuli 1949, ƙungiyar aiki ta shida na Kwamitin Shirye PCNPCC) ya ƙirƙiri sanarwa don ƙaddamar da ƙira don tutar ƙasa. Bayan bita na gaba, an buga sanarwar a cikin Jaridun People Daily, Beiping Liberation News, Xinmin News, Dazhong Daily, Guangming Daily, Jinbu Daily da Tianjin Daily a tsakanin 15 26 Yuli. An kuma sanya jerin buƙatun tutar ƙasa a cikin sanarwar:
Halayen Sinanci (labarin ƙasa, ƙasa, tarihi, al'ada, da sauransu. Siffofin iko (gwamnatin dimokiradiyya ta mutane, jagorancin ma'aikata ke jagoranta kuma bisa ƙawancen ma'aikata da manoma);
Ya kamata siffar ta zama mai kusurwa huɗu kuma rabo mai faɗi ya zama 3: 2;
Launin yakamata ya zama ja mai haske (farkon daftarin sanarwa yana da launi kamar ja mai duhu, amma Zhou Enlai ya canza wannan zuwa ja mai haske). Zeng Liansong, ɗan asalin Wenzhou, Zhejiang, yana aiki a Shanghai lokacin da sanarwar ta fito; yana son ƙirƙirar ƙirar tuta don bayyana kishin ƙasa ga sabuwar ƙasar. A tsakiyar watan Yuli, ya zauna a cikin sororsa a cikin tsawon dare da yawa don fito da kayayyaki. Wahalarsa ga ƙirar yanzu ta fito ne daga lura da yadda taurari ke haskawa a sararin sama. Ta haka ne ya yi tunanin karin magana ta kasar Sin, "ke marmarin taurari, pàn xīngxīng pàn yuèliàng wanda ke nuna sha’awa. Ya ɗauki CPC a matsayin babban mai ceto Da jiùxīng "babban ma'adanin tauraruwa") na jama'ar ƙasar Sin, alamar da mafi yawan taurarin tutar. Manufar ƙaramin taurari huɗu sun fito ne daga A kan Mulkin Demokraɗiyya na Jama'a jawabin Mao Zedong, wanda ya ayyana jama'ar Sinawa da suka ƙunshi azuzuwan zamantakewa guda huɗu, wanda kuma a al'adance ana kiranta da al'adun Asiya a matsayin ayyuka huɗu shì nóng gōng shāng ("Malamai, Manoma, Ma'aikata, 'Yan Kasuwa"). Launin launin rawaya yana nuna cewa China mallakar mutanen China ce, tseren rawaya Bayan ya yi cikakken bayani game da sanya taurarin da girman su (ya yi ƙoƙarin sanya dukkan taurarin a tsakiyar, amma yana tunanin wannan ya zama mara daɗi), ya aika da "Taurari Biyar a Filin Ja" hóng dì wǔxīng qí zane ga kwamitin a tsakiyar watan Agusta. A ranar 20 ga Agusta, tsakanin 2,992 zuwa 3,012 an aika kayayyaki zuwa kwamitin tutar, gami da shigar da membobin kwamitin da kansu kamar Guo Moruo da Tan Kah Kee Daga ranar 16 zuwa 20 ga watan Agusta, an duba zane -zanen a otal din Beijing kuma an jera su zuwa jerin 38. An tattara waɗannan ƙirar cikin littafin mai suna A Reference of National Flag Designs Daga nan aka mika wannan littafin ga sabuwar taron ba da shawara kan harkokin siyasa na jama'ar kasar Sin (CPPCC) don ci gaba da tattaunawa. Koyaya, ba a haɗa ƙirar Zeng ba har sai Tian Han ya sake zaɓar ta. A safiyar ranar 23 ga Satumba, wakilan CPPCC sun tattauna tutocin ƙasar, amma ba su kai ga cimma matsaya ba. Wasu ba sa son alamar da Zeng ya haɗe da ƙananan taurari huɗu, kuma sun ce bai kamata ya haɗa da bourgeoisie ba. Zane Mao da sauran waɗanda suke so yana da katuwar tauraruwar zinare a kusurwa akan jan tuta wanda aka caje shi da sandar a kwance na zinariya. Amma Zhang Zhizhong ya yi adawa da wannan ƙirar sosai, wanda ya ga sandar zinare tana nuna alamar an raba China gida biyu. A wannan daren, Peng Guanghan ya ba da shawarar ƙirar Zeng zuwa Zhou Enlai Zhou ya gamsu da hakan kuma ya nemi a samar da kwafin mafi girma na zane. Tan Kah Kee ya kuma ba da shawara ga Mao da Zhou cewa halayen ikon suna fifiko kan halayen yanayin ƙasa na Sinawa, don haka babu buƙatar dagewa kan sandar zinariya da ke alamar Kogin Yellow Bayan kwana biyu, Mao ya yi taro a ofishinsa game da tutar. Ya lallashe kowa da kowa ya yi amfani da ƙirar Zeng, tare da wasu canje -canje kaɗan. Dangane da tattaunawar da aka yi a baya a otal ɗin Beijing, an cire guduma da sila daga ƙirar Zeng tun da yayi kama da Tutar Tarayyar Soviet A ranar 27 ga Satumban 1949, Zen ya canza fasalin Zeng gaba ɗaya ta Babban Taron CPPCC, wanda ya canza sunan tutar zuwa "Tuta mai tauraro biyar". A ranar 29 ga Satumba, an buga sabon tutar a cikin Jaridar Jama'a, don haka wasu ƙananan hukumomi za su iya kwafin ƙirar. Mao Zedong ya buɗe tutar a hukumance kuma ya ɗaga shi a karon farko a dandalin Tiananmen na Beijing a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1949, a lokacin sanarwar Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin Zhao Wenrui mai dinkin ruwa wanda ya gama aikin kusan 1a ranar 30 ga Satumba. Zeng ya sha wahalar gaskata cewa an zaɓi ƙirar sa, saboda ɓacewar guduma da sila daga babban tauraron. Duk da haka, a hukumance Babban Ofishin Gwamnatin Tsakiya ya taya shi murna a matsayin wanda ya zana tutar sannan ya karɓi yuan miliyan 5 saboda aikinsa.<refname="kong"></ref>
Alama Dangane da fassarar gwamnatin a hukumance na tutar, ja ja yana nuna juyin juya halin Kwaminis na China Taurari biyar da alakar su tana wakiltar hadin kan mutanen Sinawa karkashin jagorancin Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta China Gabatarwar taurari yana nuna cewa haɗin kai ya kamata ya mamaye cibiyar. A cikin ainihin bayanin tutar da Zeng ya yi, babban tauraron yana wakiltar Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta China, kuma ƙaramin taurari huɗu da ke kewaye da babban tauraron suna alamta azuzuwan zamantakewa huɗu na Sabuwar Dimokraɗiyya ta China da aka ambata a cikin Mao A kan Mulkin Demokraɗiya na Jama'a": ajin masu aiki, manoma, kananan bourgeoisie, da bourgeoisie na kasa. A wasu lokuta ana bayyana cewa taurari biyar na tutar suna wakiltar manyan kabilu biyar: Han Chinese, Zhuangs, Hui Chinese, Manchus da Uyghurs Gabaɗaya ana ɗaukar wannan a matsayin ɓarna mai ɓarna tare da tutar "Ƙungiyoyi Biyar a Ƙungiya Daya" wanda gwamnatin Beiyang ta Jamhuriyar China ta yi amfani da ita a shekarar 1912-28, wanda ratsin launi daban-daban ya wakilci Han Sin, Hui Chinese, Manchus, Mongols da Tibet. Tutocin Tarihi
Hotuna
Manazarta Sin
Tarihi
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6309 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross%20River | Cross River | Jihar Cross River Jiha ce dake yankin kudu maso kudancin Najeriya. Jihar ta samo asalin sunanta ne daga Kogin Cross River, wacce aka samar daga tsohuwar Yankin Gabashin Najeriya a ranar 27 ga watan Mayun shekarar 1967. Babban birnin jihar shi ne Calabar, kuma ta hada iyaka da Jihar Benue daga arewa, daga yamma da jihohin Ebonyi da Abiya, daga kudu maso yamma da Jihar Akwa Ibom, yayinda iyakokinta na gabas suka hada iyaka da kasar Kamaru. A da an fi saninta da suna Jihar Kudu maso Gabas kafin a canza mata suna a shekarar 1976, Jihar Cross River a da ta hada da yankin Jihar Akwa Ibom ta yau, wacce ta zamo jiha mai zaman kanta a shekara ta 1987. Acikin Jerin jihohi 36 dake Nijeriya, Jihar Akwai Ibom itace ta goma sha tara a fadin kasa, kuma itace ta ashirin da bakwai a yawan jama'a a Najeriya tare da kiyasi na kimanin mutum miliyan 3.8 bisa shekara ta 2016. Ta fuskar yanayin kasa, jihar ta rabu tsakanin Guinean forest–savanna mosaic daga kuryar arewacin jihar da kuma Cross–Sanaga–Bioko coastal forests a daukakin yankunan cikin Jihar. Kananun yankunan jihar sun hada da Central African mangroves daga gafen teku na kurya kudancin jihar a matsayin sashin montane Cameroonian Highlands forests daga karshen yankin arewa maso arewa maso gabas. Wani muhimmin al'amari na yanayin kasar jihar itace Kogin Cross River wacce ta raba cikin garin Cross River biyu kafin ta samar da iyakar yammacin jihar, yayinda take fada wa cikin gabar kogin Cross Riiver. Sauran muhimman ruwayen yankin sune Kogin Calaba da kuma Kogin Great Kwa wanda suke gudana daga cikin gari na yankin tsaunukan Oba kafin su hayo ta birnin Calaba kafin sannan su kwarara cikin gabar Kogin Cross River suma. Daga cikin garin kuma akwai dazukan da gwamnati ke kula da su kamarsu: Cross River National Park, Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary, da kuma Mbe Mountains Community Forest. Wadannnan gandun daji suna dauke da nau'ikan dabbobi iri-irin kamar kadoji, biran gorilla da makamantansu.
Jihar Cross River ta yau tana dauke da kabilu da dama na tsawon karni da dama; irinsu Mutanen Efik dake zaune a yankin kudancin Kogin Calabar; Mutanen Ekoi, dake kudancin cikin gari; Kabilar Akunakuna, Mutanen Boki, Mutanen Bahumono, da kuma Mutanen Yakö dake zaune a yankin tsakiyar jihar, da kuma Bekwarra, Bette, Igede, Ukelle (Kukele) dake yankin arewacin jihar. Jihar Cross River ta yau kafin zuwan Turawan mulki mallaka ta rabu zuwa kashi daban daban yayin da wasu ke karkashin "Kungiyar Aro" su kuma kabilar Aro suka hada Akwa Akpa na (tsohuwa Calabar). Yankin kungiyar Aro ta zamo sashe na mulkin mallaka a shekarar 1884 a matsayin babban birnin yankin mulkin mallaka na Oil River, amma turawa basu gama samun cikakke iko a yankin ba sai a shekarar 1900. A wannan lokacin ne har wayau aka hade wannan yankin (wacce aka sake wa suna zuwa "Niger Coast Protectorate") acikin Yankin mulkin mallakar Turawa na Kudan in Najeriya wacce daga baya ta zamo Najeriya ta Birtaniya. Bayan an hade yankunan Kasar, mafi akasarin Jihar Cross River ta fada karkashin yankunan da suka bijirewa mulkin mallaka na turawa da kuma "rikicin mata" da kuma cinikayya ta hanyar tashar kasa da kasa dake Calabar. Bayan Najeriya samun 'yancin kai a 1960, mafi akasarin yankunan Jihar Cross River ta yau na daga cikin Yankin Gabashin Najeriya, har zuwa shekarar 1967, lokacin da aka raba yankin kuma jihar ta fada karkashin Yankin Kudu maso Gabashin Najeriya. Kwanaki kadan bayan haka ne yankin Inyamurai na gabas suka janyo Yakin basasar Najeriya wanda aka kwashe tsawon shekaru uku ana gwabzawa, a kokarinsu na samar da kasa mai zaman kanta na Biyafara; Anyi tarzoma sosai a yankin tashar jirgin ruwa na Calabar (Operation Tiger Claw), yayi da sojojin Biyafara sukai ta kwashe asalin mutanen Cross River saboda su ba Inyamurai bane. Bayan yakin basasar, bayan an hade yankin cikin Kasar Najeriya, jihar ta fada karkashin Jihar Kudu maso Gabas har zuwa shekarar 1976 lokacin da aka canza mata suna zuwa Jihar Cross River. Shekaru goma sha daya bayan haka, an sake raba yankin yammacin jihar inda aka ƙirƙiri sabuwa Jihar Akwa Ibom. Jihar a da ta ƙunshi yanki mai arzikin man fetur na Bakassi amma daga baya an mika ta zuwa ga Kasar Kamaru a ƙarƙashin wata yarjejeniya ta Yarjejeniyar "Greentree Agreement". Kasancewar cewa akwai yankunan da ake noma a jihar, tattalin arzikin Jihar sun ta'allakane ta wani fannin akan noman cocoyam, roba, manja, doya, cocoa, kashuw da ayabar plantain da kuma kamun kifi. Sauran muhimman harkoki sun hada da yawon bude idanu a yankunan tarihi, bikin Calabar Carnival, wurin shakwatawa na tsibiri Obudu. Jihar Cross River na da itace ta goma sha uku acikin Jerin Jihohi Najeriya dangane da Ma'aunin Cigaban Jama'a sannan akwai ma yan makarantu na gaba da sakandare a jihar.
Jiha nada yawan filin kasa kimanin kilomita araba’i 20,156 da yawan jama’a milyan uku da dubu dari bakwai da talatin da bakwai da dari biyar da sha bakwai (ƙidayar yawan jama'a shekara 2006). Babban birnin jahar ita ce Calabar. Benedict Ayade shi ne gwamnan jihar tun zaben shekara ta 2015 har zuwa yau. Mataimakin gwamnan shi ne Ivara Esu. Dattijan jihar sun hada da: Gershom Bassey, Rose Okoji Oko da John Enoh.
Yanayin kasa Jihar Cross River ta samo asalin sunanta ne daga Kogin Cross River wacce ta rasa ta tsakiyar jihar. Jiha ce dake gaɓar teku a yankin Niger Delta, kuma ta mamaye fili mai faɗin murabba'in kilomita 20,156kmsq. Jihar ta hada iyaka da jihar Benue daga arewa, jihohin Ebonyi da Abiya daga yamma, daga gabas kuwa da gundumar Sud-Ouest na Kasar Kamaru, sannan daga kudu kuwa da jihar Akwa Ibom da Tekun Atalanta. Akwai ƙananan hukumomi 18 a jihar.
Kananan Hukumomi Jihar Cross River tanada Kananan hukumomi guda goma sha bakwai (17). Sune:
Abi
Akamkpa
Akpabuyo
Bakassi
Bekwarra
Biase
Boki
Etung
Ikom
Kalabar Municipal
Kalabar ta Kudu
Obanliku
Obubra
Obudu
Odukpani
Ogoja
Yakuur
Yala
Tarihi An kirkiri Jihar Kudu maso Kudancin Najeriya a ranar 27 Mayun shekarar 1967, daga tsohuwar Yankin Gabashin Najeriya, a lokacin mulkin tsohon shugaba kasa Gen. Yakubu Gowon. An canza mata suna zuwa Jihar Cross River a shekarar 1976 a lokacin mulkin soja na Gen. Murtala Mohammed daga Yankin Kudu maso Gashin Najeriya. An cire Jihar Akwa Ibom daga ciki ta bisa ga sabon tsarin jihohi da aka fidda a watan Satumban 1987 na lokacin mulkin shubagan kasa Ibrahim Babangida. Gwarmayar samar da sabbin jihohi ta soma a shekarar 1980, a lokacin mulkin farar hula ta Shehu Shagari, a yayin da sanata Joseph Oqua Ansa(MON) mai wakiltar mazabar Calabar na kan iko. Babban birnin jihar itace Calabar. Muhimman biranenta sun hada da Calabar Municipality, Akamkpa, Biase, Kalabar ta Kudu, Ikom, Igede, Obubra, Odukpani, Ogoja, Bekwarra, Ugep, Obudu, Obanliku, Akpabuyo, Ofutop, Iso-bendghe, Danare, Boki, Yala, Bendeghe Ekiem, Etomi, Ediba, Itigidi, Ugep, Ukpe da kuma Ukelle.
Shugabanni da dama sun jagoranta jihar wanda suka hada da: Udoakaha J. Esuene, Paul Omu, Tunde Elegbede, Clement Isong, Donald Etiebet, Daniel Archibong, Ibim Princewill, Ernest Atta, Clement Ebri, Ibrahim Kefas, Gregory Agboneni, Umar Faoruk Ahmed, Christopher Osondu, Donald Duke, Liyel Imoke da kujma Benedict Ayade. Gwamna mai ci shine Benedict Ayade, wanda aka rantsar a ranar 29 Mayun 2015. An sake zabar sa a karo na biyu a zaben shekara ta 2019 a karkashin jam'iyyar PDP.
Jama'a Jihar ta hada kabilu da dama, wanda suka hada da e Efik, Ejagham, Yakurr, Bahumono, Bette, Yala, Igede, Ukelle da kuma kabilar Bekwarra da dai sauransu. Akwai muhimman harsuna hudu da akafi amfani dasu a jihar, Faransanci, Efik, Bekwarra, da kuma Ejagham. Ana amfani da harshen Mutanen Efik a kowanne sashi na jihar, musamman a garuruwan Calabar Municipality, Calabar ta kudu, Akpabuyo, Bakassi, Akampkpa, Biase, da kuam Odukpani. Akwai kuma harshen Jagham wanda ake amfani dashi a duk fadin Jihar Cross River. Mafi akasarin masu magana da harshen Efik na zaune ne a yankin mazabar Kudancin Cross River, ko kamar yadda akafi saninta da gundumar Greater Calabar, wacce ta hada da kananan hukumomin Calabar Municipality, Calabar South, Bakassi, Biase, Akpabuyo, Odukpani, da kuma Akamkpa. Har wayau, akwai kuma shugaban mutanen Qua a Calabar, wadanda ke magana da harshen Ejagham. Kabilar Ejagham ta asali sun mamaye yankunan Calabar Municipality, Odukpani, Biase da kuma Akampkpa na Jihar Cross River. Haka zalika kuma, akwai kabilun Yakurr/Agoi/Bahumono a kananan hukumomin Yakurr da Abi, yayinda su kuma Mbembe ake samunsu a karamar hukumar Obubra. Daga can tsakiyar arewacin jihar kuma akwai harsuna da dama da suka hada da; Etung, Olulumo, Ofutop, Nkim/Nkum, Abanajum, Nseke da kuma Boki duka a kananan hukumomin Ikom, Etung da Boki. Har ila yau ana samun mutanen Yala/Yache, Igede, Ukelle, Ekajuk, Mbube, Bette, Bekwarra da kuma Utukwang a yankunan Ogoja, Yala, Obudu da Obanliku da kuma karamar hukumar Bekwarra. Yaren Yala sun kasance wani reshe na yaren Idoma, daga cikin reshen Yala kuwa akwai mutanen Igede wanda ake zaton sunyi kaura daga Oju na Jihar Benue, da Ora, na Jihar Edo.
Yaren Bekwarra na daya daga cikin harsuna da akafi amfani dasu a Jihar Cross River. har sauran yaruka na yankin na fahimtar yaren. Ana amfani da wannen harshe tare da sauran harsuna irinsu Efik da Ejagham a wajen watsa labarai a tashohin rediyo da na telebijin na jihar.
Duk da rabe-raben harsuna daban daban na jihar, dukkannin wadanna harsuna sun samo asali ne daga Yarukan Niger-Congo. Daga karshe, A jihar ake gudanar da bikin Carnival mafi girma a Afirka.
Harsuna
Harsunan Cross River dangane da kananan hukumomin da ake amfani dasu sun hada da:
Other languages spoken in Cross State are Eki, Ibibio, Ilue, Ito, and Okobo.
Bukukuwa
Bukukuwa da ake gudanarwa a Jihar Cross River sun hada da:
Bikin Kirismeti na Jihar Cross River 1 December to 31 December annually
Bikin Carnival Float na Jihar Cross River 26 and 27 December yearly
Bikin Yakurr Leboku Yam festival 28 August annually
Bikin Calabar Boat Regata
Bikin Anong Bahumono Festival wanda ake gudanarwa a Kauyen Anong, inda ake raye-raye iri-iri, wanda suka hada da Ikpobin (wanda ake dauka matsayin rawa na nishadi a jihar), Ekoi, Obam, Emukei da kuma Eta
Ediba Bikin Bahumono Festival wandaake gudanarwa a Kauyen Ediba Duk ranar Asabar ta karshen kowanne watan Juli
Bikin Bekwarra, Obudu, Obanliku, Igede New yam festival wanda ake gudanarwa a duk ranar Asabar ta farko na watan Satumban kowacce shekara.
Bude Idanu Wuraren bude idanu a jihar sun hada da: Waterfalls of Agbokim, Kogin Calabar, Tinapa Business Resort, Calabar Marina, Calabar Residency Museum da Calabar Slave Park, Ikom Monoliths, Mary Slessor Tomb, Calabar Drill Monkey Sanctuary, Cross River National Park, Afi Mountain walkway canopy, Kwa falls, Agbokim waterfalls, Tinapa Business Resort, titin jirgin kasa na Mono da kuma bikin shekara-shekara Calabar Carnival da ake gudanarwa a lokacin bikin kirismeti.
Za'a iya riskar Jihar Cross River ta tashar Filin jirgin saman Kalaba, ana sufurin mutane da kayayyaki zuwa yankun daban daban na kasar. Akwai kuma sauran filayen jirgi kamar su Air peace Airlines, Ibom Air Airlines da kuma na kwanannan Cally Air,wanda Aero Contractors ke gudanar da ita.
Ilimi
An fara karatu da harsunan gargajiya a jihar. Makarantu da dama na amfani da harsunan gargjiya a wajen koyarwa a jihar. The Tertiary educational institutions in the State includes:
Jami'ar Calabar, Jami'ar Kimiyya ta Jihar Cross River
College of Health Technology, Calabar
Ibrahim Babangida College of Agriculture, Obubra
Cross River State College of Education wanda ke, Akamkpa Federal College of Education, Obudu Technical College Ugep, Yakurr
Arthur Jarvis University, Akpabuyo
Duba Kuma Tinapa Resort
Akwa Akpa
Cross River language
Manazarta
Jihohin |
15561 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layla%20Elwi | Layla Elwi | Laila Ahmed Eloui (an haife ta a Janairun 4 shekarar 1962 a Alkahira wani lokacin ana lasafta ta da suna a rubuce kamar Laila Eloui, Laila Olwy Laila Elwi, da Laila Elwy lar: yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Masar. Ta yi fice a fina-finai sama da 70 kuma an karrama ta a bukukuwan Masar da na duniya tare da ba ta kyauta don yawancin rawar da ta taka. Sannan ta kuma kasance shugabar ko memba na kwamitocin alkalai da kuma yawa don bukukuwan cikin gida da na duniya. Kwanan nan, ta karɓi kyauta don nasarorinta na rayuwa tare da kuma ’yar fim din Masar Safia El Emari, 'Yar wasan Koriya ta Kudu Yoon Jeong-hee, dan wasan fina-finan Amurka Richard Gere, da' yar fim din Faransa Juliette Binoche yayin bude bikin Fim na Kasa da Kasa karo na 34.
Rayuwar farko Eloui an haife ta ne a Birnin Alkahira, mahaifinta Ahmad Eloui ɗan ƙasar Masar ne asalin asalin Baturke, kuma mahaifiyarta Stella 'yar asalin Girka ce daga Icaria Mahaifiyar mahaifiyar Eloui 'yar asalin Italiya ce wacce ta zo Misira don aiki a otal din Marriott Mena House.
Aiki Laila ta fara aikinta tun tana ƙarama. Lokacin da take 'yar shekara bakwai, ta shiga shirye-shiryen rediyo da talabijin, kuma tana da shekara goma sha biyar ta fito a filin wasa a karo na farko a wasan da Galal El Sharkawy fitaccen daraktan Masar, wanda ake kira Taman Sittat (Mata 8) Fina-Finai Min Agl Al-Haya (1977).
Al-Bo'asaa (1978).
Mekhemar Dayman Gahez (1982).
Al-Khawanah (1984).
Al-Shaytan Youghaney (1984).
Al-Moshageboun Fi Al-Gesh (1984).
Enahom Yakteloun Al-Shorafaa (1984).
Samoura Al-Bent Al-Amorah (1984).
Matloob Hayan Aw Mayetan (1984).
E'edam Mayet (1985).
Al-Gareh (1985).
Al-Ragol Alazy Atas (1985).
Kharag wa Lam Ya'oud (1985).
Ayam Al-Tahadi (1985).
Gababerat Al-Mena (1985).
Hekaya fi Kelmeteen (1985).
Al-Nesaa (1985).
Zawg Taht Eltalab (1985).
Wa Tadhak Al-Akdar (1985).
Al-Harafesh (1986).
Al-Onsa (1986).
Ah ya Balad (1986).
Taht Al-Tahdeed (1986).
Azraa wa Thalath Regal (1986).
Asr Al-Ze'ab (1986).
Kelmet Ser (1986).
Min Khaf Selem (1986).
Al-Akzam Kademoon (1987).
Al-Moshagebat Al-Thalatha (1987).
Darbet Moalem (1987).
Khalil Ba'ad Al-Ta'del (1987).
Kol Haza Al-Hob (1988).
Al-Motamared (1988).
Zaman Al-Mamnou (1988).
Gharam Al-Afai (1988).
Ga'heem Taht Elmaa.
Ya Azizi Kolona Losous.
Samaa Hoss.
Ya Mehalabeya Ya.
Al-Hagama.
Ay Ay.
Enzar Belta'a.
Kalil Mayan Al Hob Katheer Maza Al Onf.
Al Ragol Al Talet.
Esharet Morour.
Tofah.
Ya Donya Ya Gharami.
Edhak Al Soura Tetla Helwa.
Al-Massir (1997).
Hala'a Housh (1997).
Hob Al-Banat (2003).
Baheb Al-Cima halif bro kamar *Laila Eloui (2005).
Alwan elsama elsabaah (2008).
Laylat Al Baby Doll (2008).
Hakayat Bin Ash-ha (2009).
El Basabees We El 3osyan wanda ke bayanin labarin wata yarinya wacce ta zama mai halin tabin hankali bayan dan uwanta ya dauke ta toka
Brooks, makiyaya da fuskoki masu kyau (2016)
Talabijin "Lahazat Harega" "Mahimman lokuta" (2007)
Shams (2014)
Napoleon Wal Mahrousa (2012)
Manazarta
Hadin waje Laila Elwi awarded in Canada
Laila Elwi, a mother of five next Ramadan season
Laila Elwi won't be meeting with ‘Muhannad’
Laila Elwi refuses marriage to Saddam Hussein
Haifaffun 1962
Rayayyun |
16222 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iyabo%20Obasanjo-Bello | Iyabo Obasanjo-Bello | Iyabo Obasanjo-Bello (an haife ta 27 Afrilu 1967) a Legas Najeriya, diyar tsohon Shugaban Najeriya Mr Olusegun Obasanjo da matar sa Oluremi Obasanjo.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi Obasanjo-Bello ta halarci makarantar Corona a Victoria Island, Lagos, Capital School a Kaduna, da kuma Queen's College a Legas. Ta samu digiri a fannin likitan dabbobi a jami’ar Ibadan a shekarar 1988, sannan ta yi digiri na biyu a kan ilimin cututtukan cututtuka daga jami’ar California, Davis a Davis, California, Amurka, a 1990, sannan ta yi karatun digirgir a wannan fannin daga jami’ar Cornell da ke Ithaca, New York, a cikin 1994.
Harkar siyasa Kafin zaben sanata, Obasanjo-Bello ya kasance Kwamishinan Lafiya na Jihar Ogun. An zabe ta a matsayin 'Yar Majalisar Dattawan Najeriya mai wakiltar gundumar sanata ta tsakiya ta jihar Ogun a watan Afrilun 2007. Ta sake tsayawa takarar a watan Afrilun 2011 a karkashin jam’iyyar PDP, amma Olugbenga Onaolapo Obadara na jam’iyyar Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN) ya kayar da ita, wanda ya samu kuri’u 102,389 yayin da Obasanjo Bello ya samu 56,312. Don 2012
Ayyukan majalisar dattijai An zabi Obasanjo-Bello zuwa majalisar dattijai a ranar 28 ga Afrilu 2007 a kan wani dandamali na Democratic Party (PDP); abokiyar hamayyarta ta Action Congress (AC) Remilekun Bakare ta kalubalanci wannan sakamakon, amma Kotun daukaka karar zaben jihar Ogun ta goyi bayan nasararta. Ta kasance Shugabar Kwamitin Lafiya na Majalisar Dattawa, kuma mamba a cikin Tsaro Leken Asiri, Sufurin Kasa, Kimiyya da Fasaha, Ilimi, Tsare-tsaren Kasa, da Kwamitocin Majalisar Dokoki. Ta rasa kujerarta yayin zabukan majalisar kasa a ranar 9 ga Afrilun 2011.
Yunkurin kisan kai A watan Afrilu 2003 a ranar babban zaben an harbi motarta a kan titin Ifo a jihar Ogun. Ba ta cikin motar amma manya 3 da yara 2 a cikin motar sun mutu. Ba a taɓa kama masu ci gaba ba.
SIFFOFI Kwanan nan, wata wasika da Iyabo Obasanjo ta aika wa mahaifinta a shekarar 2013 ta sake kunno kai bayan wata sanarwa da mahaifinta ya aika wa shugaban na Najeriya na yanzu kuma ta ɗora alhakin hakan a kan magoya bayan wannan gwamnatin ta yanzu. Ta kuma ce wannan gwamnati mai ci yanzu ya kamata ta bi shawarar mahaifin nata ba wai ta shiga zaben ba.
EFCC bincike A watan Afrilu na shekarar 2008, Hukumar EFCC da ke yaki da masu yi wa tattalin arzikin kasa zagon kasa (EFCC) ta binciki Obasanjo-Bello saboda binciken da ya shafi tsohuwar Ministar Kiwon Lafiya da kuma Ministar ta na Lafiya (jihar), Farfesa Adenike Grange, saboda wawure dukiyar al’umma. Ma'aikatar a karshen shekarar kudi ba ta mayar da dukkan kudaden da ba a kashe ba a asusun gwamnati. Kudaden sun kai Naira miliyan 300, wanda aka yi zargin an raba tsakanin Ministar, karamar ministarta da manyan ma’aikatan gwamnati a kan Majalisar Dattawa da Kwamitin Kiwon Lafiya na Majalisar da take shugabanta. An tilasta wa Ministar da mataimakinta yin murabus bayan sun dawo da kasonsu na kudin; daga baya aka kamasu kuma aka sanya belinsu. Iyabo Obasanjo-Bello ta ki mayar mata da kason ta na wannan kudi, Naira miliyan 10. Ta yi iƙirarin cewa membobin kwamitinta tara sun nemi kuɗaɗen kuɗi daga ma'aikatar da suke kula da ita. Ta ci gaba da cewa wannan kudin an kashe a taron inganta karfin wasu mambobin kwamitin kiwon lafiya da suka halarta a Ghana. Kawo yanzu ta ki bayyana a gaban EFCC. Duk da cewa an gayyace ta, tare da ministar da sauran ma'aikatan gwamnati, ta ki bayyana a gaban kotun. Mako guda bayan haka wani babban wasan kwaikwayo ya faru lokacin da jami'an EFCC suka yi ƙoƙari su kama ta a gidanta da ke gundumar Maitama a cikin garin Abuja, bayan da dama daga masu ruwa da tsaki a lokaci guda da jami'an tsaro suka sa ta tsallake shingen ta don guje wa kamawa daga jami'an tsaro na Najeriya. jami'ai. A shekarar 2009 an kori karar daga Babbar Kotun da ke Abuja saboda ba ta da wani amfani. Obasanjo-Bello ta bayyana zargin a matsayin "bakar fata", kuma ta ce ana mata kawance ne saboda ta kasance 'yar tsohon shugaban.
Ayyukan ilimi Ta yi aiki a Cibiyar Bincike ta Clinical a Amurka kafin ta dawo Nijeriya a 2003. ta kasance Abokiyar zama kuma a 2013 Babbar Babba a Harvard's Advanced Leadership Initiative Ayyukanta da suka lura sun haɗa da:
Olowonyo, MT; MA Adekanmbi and Iyabo Obasanjo-Bello (2004). "Bincike kan Amfani da Cibiyoyin Haihuwa a jihar Ogun" Likitan Likitocin Najeriya 45 (5): 68-71 An dawo da 22 Disamba 2007 Manazarta Mata
Ƴan Najeriya
Rayayyun |
55054 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewlett-Packard | Hewlett-Packard | Hewlett-Packard, wanda aka fi sani da Hewlett-Packard ko HP, wani kamfani ne na fasahar watsa labarai na ƙasa da ƙasa na Amurka wanda ke da hedikwata a Palo Alto, California. HP ta haɓaka tare da samar da nau'ikan kayan masarufi iri-iri, gami da software da sabis masu alaƙa ga masu amfani, ƙanana da matsakaitan masana'antu (SMBs), da manyan kamfanoni, gami da abokan ciniki a cikin gwamnati, kiwon lafiya, da sassan ilimi. An kafa kamfanin a cikin garejin mota guda daya a Palo Alto ta Bill Hewlett da David Packard a cikin 1939, kuma da farko ya samar da layin gwajin lantarki da kayan aunawa. Garage na HP a 367 Addison Avenue yanzu an ayyana shi a matsayin Alamar Tarihi ta California, kuma an yi masa alama da wani allo mai suna "Wurin Haihuwar Silicon Valley.
Kamfanin ya lashe babban kwangilarsa na farko a shekarar 1938 don samar da HP 200A, ƙaramin oscillator na mitar murdiya don samar da Walt Disney na fim ɗin mai rai Fantasia, wanda ya ba Hewlett da Packard damar kafa Kamfanin Hewlett-Packard a hukumance a ranar 2 ga Yuli, 1939. Kamfanin ya girma ya zama kamfani na ƙasa da ƙasa da ake mutuntawa da samfuransa. HP ita ce babbar masana'antar PC ta duniya daga 2007 har zuwa kwata na biyu na 2013, lokacin da Lenovo ya yi gaba da HP HP ƙwararre a haɓakawa da kera kwamfuta, adana bayanai, da kayan aikin sadarwar; zayyana software; da kuma isar da sabis. Manyan layukan samfur sun haɗa da na'urorin ƙididdiga na sirri, masana'anta da daidaitattun sabar masana'antu, na'urorin ajiya masu alaƙa, samfuran sadarwar, software, da kewayon firintocin da sauran samfuran hoto. Kamfanin kai tsaye ya sayar da kayayyakinsa ga gidaje; kanana-zuwa matsakaitan kasuwanci da masana’antu, da kuma ta hanyar rarraba kan layi; mabukaci-lantarki da masu sayar da kayan ofis; abokan aikin software; da manyan dillalan fasaha. Hakanan ya ba da sabis da kasuwancin tuntuɓar samfuransa da samfuran abokan hulɗa.
Tarihi
Bill Hewlett da David Packard sun kammala karatun digiri a fannin injiniyan lantarki daga Jami'ar Stanford a 1935. Kamfanin ya fara ne a gareji a Palo Alto a lokacin zumuncin da suka yi da Farfesa Frederick Terman a Stanford a lokacin Babban Mawuyacin hali, wanda suka dauka shi ne mai ba da shawara wajen kafawa. kamfanin. A shekarar 1938, Packard da Hewlett sun fara aikin ɗan lokaci a cikin garejin haya tare da saka hannun jari na farko na dalar Amurka 538 (daidai da $11,185 a shekarar 2022). A cikin 1939, Hewlett da Packard sun yanke shawarar tsara haɗin gwiwarsu. Sun jefar da tsabar kudi don yanke shawarar ko kamfanin da suka kafa za a kira Hewlett-Packard (HP) ko Packard-Hewlett Samfurin farko na nasara na kuɗi na Hewlett da Packard shine ingantaccen oscillator audio wanda aka sani da HP 200A, wanda yayi amfani da ƙaramin kwan fitila mai ƙyalli (wanda aka sani da "hasken matukin jirgi") azaman mai tsayayya da yanayin zafi a cikin wani yanki mai mahimmanci na kewaye, kuma mara kyau. madauki martani don daidaita girman girman siginar igiyar ruwa na sinusoidal. Wannan ya ba da damar siyar da HP 200A akan $89.40 lokacin da masu fafatawa ke siyar da ƙarancin barga oscillators sama da $200. Jerin 200 na janareta ya ci gaba da samarwa har zuwa aƙalla 1972 a matsayin 200AB, har yanzu tushen tube amma ya inganta cikin ƙira cikin shekaru Shekarun 1960s
HP aka gane a matsayin alama kafa Silicon Valley, ko da yake shi bai rayayye bincika semiconductor na'urorin har sai da 'yan shekaru bayan da "maci amana takwas" watsi William Shockley ya halicci Fairchild Semiconductor a 1957. Hewlett-Packard ta HP Associates division, kafa a kusa da 1960. ɓullo da na'urorin semiconductor da farko don amfanin ciki. HP Associates wani tsohon mai binciken Bell Labs ne ya kafa shi, MOSFET mai kirkiro Mohamed Atalla, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Daraktan Binciken Semiconductor.[17] Kayan aiki da ƙididdiga wasu samfuran ne da ke amfani da na'urorin semiconductor daga HP Associates.
A shekaru 1960, HP ta yi haɗin gwiwa tare da Sony da Yokogawa Electric a Japan don haɓaka samfura masu inganci da yawa. Samfuran ba su yi wata babbar nasara ba, saboda akwai tsadar tsadar kayayyaki da ake kashewa wajen gina samfuran masu kama da HP a Japan. A cikin 1963, HP da Yokogawa sun kafa haɗin gwiwar Yokogawa-Hewlett-Packard don tallata samfuran HP a Japan. HP ta sayi kason Yokogawa Electric na Hewlett-Packard Japan a 1999 HP ta ƙaddamar da ƙaramin kamfanin Dynac don ƙware a kayan aikin dijital. An zabi sunan ne domin a iya juyar da tambarin HP ya zama hoton tambarin sabon kamfani. Dynac daga ƙarshe an sake masa suna Dymec kuma ya koma cikin HP a 1959 HP ta yi gwaji da amfani da na'urori na dijital na Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) tare da kayan aikinta, amma ya shiga kasuwar kwamfuta a cikin 1966 tare da jerin ƙananan na'urori na HP 2100 HP 1000 bayan ya yanke shawarar cewa zai fi sauƙi a gina wani ƙaramin ƙungiyar ƙira fiye da mu'amala da DEC. Ƙananan kwamfutoci suna da ƙira mai sauƙi na tushen tarawa tare da rijistar tarawa guda biyu kuma, a cikin ƙirar HP 1000, rijistar fihirisa biyu. An samar da silsilar tsawon shekaru 20 duk da yunƙurin maye gurbinsa da yawa, kuma ya kasance magabatan HP 9800 da HP 250 na jerin kwamfutocin tebur da na kasuwanci.
A karshen 1968, Packard ya mika ayyukan Shugaba ga Hewlett don zama Mataimakin Sakataren Tsaro na Amurka a cikin gwamnatin Nixon mai zuwa. Ya ci gaba da shugabancin a 1972 kuma ya yi aiki har zuwa 1993, amma Hewlett ya kasance Shugaba Shekarun 1970s
HP 3000 wani ci gaba ne na ƙira mai tushe don uwar garken kwamfuta na kasuwanci, daga baya aka sake tsara shi da fasahar RISC. Jerin HP 2640 na tashoshi masu kaifin basira da fasaha sun gabatar da musaya na tushen tsari zuwa tashoshin ASCII, kuma sun gabatar da maɓallan ayyuka masu alamar allo, yanzu ana amfani da su akan famfunan gas da ATM na banki. Jerin HP 2640 ya haɗa da ɗayan farkon nunin zane mai taswira wanda, lokacin da aka haɗa shi da HP 2100 21MX F-Series microcoded Scientific Instruction Set, ya kunna shirin gabatarwa na farko na WYSIWYG, BRUNO, wanda daga baya ya zama shirin HP- Zana kan HP 3000. Ko da yake an yi masa ba'a a zamanin da ake ƙirƙira kwamfuta, HP ta zarce IBM a matsayin babban mai siyar da fasaha a duniya ta fuskar tallace-tallace Shekarun 1980s
Mujallar Wired ta bayyana HP a matsayin wadda ta fara samar da na'urar farko a duniya da ake kiranta da na'urar kwamfuta: Hewlett-Packard 9100A, wanda aka gabatar a shekarar 1968 HP ta kira ta da ma’aunin lissafi, domin kamar yadda Hewlett ya ce: “Da a ce mun kira ta kwamfuta, da masu amfani da kwamfutocin abokan cinikinmu sun ƙi ta saboda ba ta yi kama da IBM ba, don haka muka yanke shawarar kiran ta da kalkuleta. kuma duk irin wannan shirmen ya bace." Nasarar aikin injiniya a lokacin, an samar da da'irar dabaru ba tare da haɗaɗɗun da'irori ba, kuma an aiwatar da taron CPU gaba ɗaya a cikin sassa daban-daban. Tare da nunin CRT, ajiyar katin maganadisu, da firinta, farashin ya kusan $5,000. Maballin injin ɗin ya kasance giciye tsakanin madannai na lissafin kimiyya da madannai na injin ƙara. Babu madannin haruffa haruffa Wanda ya kafa kamfanin Apple Steve Wozniak da farko ya kera kwamfutar Apple I ne a lokacin da yake aiki a HP kuma ya ba su a karkashin hakkinsu na kin fara aikin nasa; ba su ɗauke shi kamar yadda kamfanin ke son ci gaba da zama a kasuwannin kimiyya, kasuwanci da masana'antu ba. Wozniak ya ce HP "ya yi watsi da shi sau biyar", amma amincinsa ga HP ya sa ya yi shakka ya fara Apple tare da Steve Jobs.
Kamfanin ya sami daraja a duniya don samfurori iri-iri. Sun gabatar da kalkuleta na kimiyyar lantarki na hannu na farko a duniya a cikin 1972 (HP-35), shirye-shiryen hannu na farko a 1974 (HP-65), haruffan farko, wanda za'a iya tsarawa, wanda za'a iya fadadawa a 1979 (HP-41C), kuma na farko. Kalkuleta na alama da zane, HP-28C.
Kamar masu lissafin kimiyya da kasuwancin su, HP oscilloscopes, masu nazarin dabaru, da sauran kayan aikin aunawa sun yi suna don ƙarfi da amfani. HP ta gabatar da keɓaɓɓiyar keɓancewar kwamfuta ta Hewlett-Packard Interface Bus (HPIB) (daga baya ta rufe ta National Instruments a matsayin GPIB kuma IEEE ta daidaita kamar IEEE-488) akan samfuran kayan aikin su na relay a 1973; Daga baya an haɗa HPIB cikin mafi girman gwajin ƙarshe kayan aunawa wanda ya samar daga 1980 gaba Tun daga shekarar 1977 HP ta fara samar da na'urorin nazarin bakan HP856x don dacewa da mita wutar lantarki ta RF da na'urori masu auna firikwensin da ke iya auna sigina sama da 20 GHz. Har ila yau, HP ta samar da na'urorin da za a iya daidaita su ta chassis masu iya samar da sigina zuwa 20GHz. Sauran samfuran T&M na lokacin sun haɗa da multimeters masu daraja, ƙididdiga na mitar microwave, RF amplifiers, manyan injin gano injin na'ura mai inganci, kayan wutar lantarki da ƙari. Waɗannan samfuran sun sami nasara ta nau'ikan da aka sabunta tare da ƙaddamar da layukan samfur na scalar da vector cibiyar nazarin hanyoyin sadarwa kafin a juye kasuwancin zuwa Agilent Technologies.
Shekaran 2000 zuwa 2005
A ranar 3 ga Satumba, 2001, HP ta ba da sanarwar cewa an cimma yarjejeniya da Compaq don haɗa kamfanonin biyu A cikin Mayu 2002, bayan ƙaddamar da ƙuri'ar masu hannun jari, HP a hukumance ta haɗu da Compaq. Kafin wannan, an yi shiri don haɗa ƙungiyoyin samfuran kamfanoni da layin samfuran Kamar yadda Compaq ya karɓi Tandem Computers a 1997 da Digital Equipment Corporation a 1998, HP yana ba da tallafi ga tsohon dangin Tandem NonStop da samfuran Kayan Aiki na Dijital PDP-11, VAX da AlphaServer.
Hadakar ta faru ne bayan fadan wakili da dan Bill Hewlett Walter, wanda ya ki amincewa da hadewar. HP ya zama babban mai samarwa a cikin kwamfutocin tebur, kwamfyutoci, da sabar don kasuwanni daban-daban. Bayan hadewa da Compaq, sabuwar alamar alamar ta zama "HPQ", hade da alamomin biyu na baya, "HWP" da "CPQ", don nuna mahimmancin haɗin gwiwar da ma mahimman haruffa daga kamfanonin biyu Hewlett-Packard da Compaq (kamfanin na ƙarshe ya shahara da tambarin "Q" akan duk samfuransa).
A shekarar 2004, HP ta fitar da jerin DV 1000, gami da HP Pavilion dv 1658 da 1040. A cikin Mayu 2006, HP ta fara yaƙin neman zaɓe, "Computer is Personal Again"; An tsara kamfen don dawo da kwamfuta ta sirri azaman samfur na sirri. Yaƙin neman zaɓe ya yi amfani da tallace-tallace na hoto ko bidiyo mai zagaya yanar gizo da sauri, ƙayyadaddun abubuwan gani, da gidan yanar gizon sa. Wasu tallace-tallacen sun nuna Pharrell, Jay-Z, Petra Nemcova, Mark Burnett, Mark Cuban, Alicia Keys,, Jay-Z, Gwen Stefani, da Shaun White.
A watan Janairu 2005, bayan shekaru na rashin aiki, wanda ya haɗa da haɗin gwiwar HP's Compaq wanda ya ragu da rahotanni masu ban sha'awa, hukumar ta nemi Fiorina ta yi murabus a matsayin shugaba da babban jami'in kamfanin, kuma ta yi a ranar 9 ga Fabrairu. 2005. Bayan tafiyar ta, hajar HP ta haura kashi 6.9. Robert Wayman, babban jami'in kudi na HP, ya yi aiki a matsayin babban jami'in rikon kwarya yayin da hukumar ta gudanar da aikin neman wanda zai maye gurbinsa.
Kayayyaki
Tsarin tafiyar da Kamfanin
Ma'aikata da Al'adu
Hotuna
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40424 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar | Radar | Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images
Radar tsarin ganowa ne wanda ke amfani da igiyoyin rediyo don tantance nisa jeri kusurwa, da saurin radial na abubuwa dangane da rukunin yanar gizon. Ana iya amfani da shi don gano jiragen sama, jiragen ruwa, makamai masu linzami masu shiryarwa, motocin motsa jiki, yanayin yanayi, da kuma ƙasa Tsarin radar ya ƙunshi mai watsawa wanda ke samar da igiyoyin lantarki a cikin rediyo ko microwaves, eriya mai watsawa, eriya mai karɓa (sau da yawa ana amfani da eriya iri ɗaya don watsawa da karɓa) da mai karɓa da na'ura mai sarrafawa don tantance kaddarorin abubuwan. Tafsirin rediyo (jigila ko ci gaba) daga mai watsawa suna nuna abubuwan da komawa zuwa mai karɓa, suna ba da bayanai game da wuraren abubuwan da saurinsu.
Ƙasashe da dama ne suka ƙera Radar a asirce don amfanin soja a lokacin kafin yakin duniya na biyu Babban ci gaba shine magnetron rami a cikin United Kingdom, wanda ya ba da izinin ƙirƙirar ƙananan tsarin tare da ƙudurin ƙananan mita. Sojojin ruwa na Amurka ne suka ƙirƙiro kalmar RADAR a cikin shekara ta 1940 a matsayin takaitaccen bayani na gano rediyo da jeri Kalmar radar tun daga lokacin ta shiga Ingilishi da sauran harsuna a matsayin suna na gama-gari, yana rasa duk ƙira Abubuwan amfani na zamani na radar sun bambanta sosai, ciki har da iska da sarrafa zirga-zirgar ƙasa, radar astronomy, tsarin tsaro na iska, tsarin makami mai linzami, radars na ruwa don gano alamun ƙasa da sauran jiragen ruwa, tsarin hana haɗari na jirgin sama, tsarin kula da teku, sararin samaniya tsarin sa ido da kuma rendezvous, meteorological hazo saka idanu, altimetry da kuma jirgin kula da tsarin, shiryar da makami mai linzami manufa tsarin, da kai motoci, da kuma kasa-shiga radar for geological lura. Babban tsarin radar fasaha yana da alaƙa da sarrafa siginar dijital, koyon injin kuma suna da ikon fitar da bayanai masu amfani daga matakan amo Sauran tsarin kama da radar suna amfani da wasu sassa na bakan na'urar lantarki Misali ɗaya shine lidar, wanda ke amfani da hasken infrared mafi yawa daga na'urori maimakon igiyoyin rediyo. Tare da fitowar motocin da ba su da direba, ana sa ran radar zai taimaka wa dandamali mai sarrafa kansa don lura da yanayinsa, don haka hana afkuwar da ba a so.
Tarihi
Gwaje-gwaje na farko A farkon shekara ta 1886, masanin kimiyyar lissafi na Jamus Heinrich Hertz ya nuna cewa raƙuman rediyo na iya fitowa daga abubuwa masu ƙarfi. A cikin shekara ta 1895, Alexander Popov, malamin kimiyyar lissafi a makarantar Sojan Ruwa na Rasha a Kronstadt, ya kirkiro wani na'ura ta amfani da bututu mai haɗaka don gano walƙiya mai nisa. A shekara ta gaba, ya ƙara mai watsa tartsatsin tartsatsi A cikin shekara ta 1897, yayin da yake gwada wannan kayan aiki don sadarwa tsakanin jiragen ruwa biyu a cikin Tekun Baltic, ya lura da wani tsangwama da aka yi ta hanyar wucewar jirgi na uku. A cikin rahotonsa, Popov ya rubuta cewa ana iya amfani da wannan al'amari don gano abubuwa, amma bai yi wani abu ba da wannan lura. Mawallafin Jamus Christian Hülsmeyer shine farkon wanda ya fara amfani da igiyoyin rediyo don gano "kasancewar abubuwan ƙarfe na nesa". A cikin shekara ta 1904, ya nuna yuwuwar gano jirgin ruwa a cikin hazo mai yawa, amma ba nisansa da na'urar watsawa ba. Ya sami lamban lamba don gano na'urarsa a cikin watan Afrilun shekara ta 1904 kuma daga baya ya ba da izinin don gyara mai alaƙa don kimanta nisan jirgin. Ya kuma sami takardar izinin Burtaniya a ranar 23 ga Satumba 1904 don cikakken tsarin radar, wanda ya kira na'urar hangen nesa An yi aiki a kan 50 tsayin tsayin cm kuma siginar radar an ƙirƙira ta ta hanyar tartsatsi. Tsarin nasa ya riga ya yi amfani da saitin eriya na ƙaho tare da mai nuna alama kuma an gabatar da shi ga jami'an sojan Jamus a gwaje-gwajen aiki a tashar jiragen ruwa na Cologne da Rotterdam amma an ƙi. A cikin shekara ta 1915, Robert Watson-Watt ya yi amfani da fasahar rediyo don ba da gargaɗin gaba ga ma'aikatan jirgin sama kuma a cikin shekarun 1920 ya ci gaba da jagorantar kafa bincike na Burtaniya don samun ci gaba da yawa ta amfani da dabarun rediyo, gami da binciken ionosphere da gano walƙiya a nesa mai nisa. Ta hanyar gwaje-gwajensa na walƙiya, Watson-Watt ya zama ƙwararre kan amfani da hanyoyin gano hanyoyin rediyo kafin ya juya bincikensa zuwa watsa gajeriyar igiyoyin ruwa. Yana buƙatar mai karɓa mai dacewa don irin waɗannan karatun, ya gaya wa "sabon yaro" Arnold Frederic Wilkins ya gudanar da nazari mai zurfi game da raka'a na gajeriyar igiyar ruwa. Wilkins zai zaɓi samfurin Babban Gidan Wasiƙa bayan ya lura da bayanin littafinsa na tasirin "fading" (kalmar gama gari don tsangwama a lokacin) lokacin da jirgin sama ya tashi sama.
A ko'ina cikin Tekun Atlantika a cikin shekara ta 1922, bayan sanya na'ura mai watsawa da mai karɓa a gefe guda na kogin Potomac, masu binciken sojojin ruwa na Amurka A. Hoyt Taylor da Leo C. Young sun gano cewa jiragen ruwa da ke wucewa ta hanyar katako ya sa alamar da aka karɓa ta ɓace a ciki da waje. Taylor ya gabatar da rahoto, yana mai nuni da cewa ana iya amfani da wannan al'amari don gano kasancewar jiragen ruwa a cikin rashin gani, amma sojojin ruwa ba su ci gaba da aikin nan take ba. Shekaru takwas bayan haka, Lawrence A. Hyland a dakin gwaje-gwaje na Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) ya lura da irin wannan tasiri na faɗuwa daga jirgin da ke wucewa; wannan wahayin ya haifar da aikace-aikacen haƙƙin mallaka da kuma ba da shawara don ƙarin bincike mai zurfi kan siginar rediyo-echo daga maƙasudin motsi don faruwa a NRL, inda Taylor da Young suka kasance a lokacin.
Manazarta |
29869 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C6%99%C6%99in%20hanya | Haƙƙin hanya | Haƙƙin hanya shi ne "haƙƙin doka, wanda aka kafa ta amfani ko bayarwa, don wucewa ta wata hanya ta musamman ta filaye ko kadarorin wani", ko "hanya ko babbar hanyar da ke ƙarƙashin irin wannan haƙƙin". Hakanan akwai irin wannan haƙƙin samun na dama a ƙasar da gwamnati ke riƙe, filaye waɗanda galibi ana kiran su ƙasar jama'a, filayen jiha, ko kuma ƙasar Crown Lokacin da mutum ɗaya ya mallaki ƙasar da ke kan iyaka ta kowane bangare ta filayen mallakar wasu, ana iya samun sauƙi, ko kuma a ƙirƙira don fara haƙƙin shiga ƙasar da ke kan iyaka Ko ƙarshenta.
Wannan labarin yana mai da hankali ne a kan samun shiga ta ƙafa, da keke, doki, ko ta hanyar ruwa, yayin da Dama-na-hanyar (shiri) ta mayar da hankali kan haƙƙin amfani da ƙasa don manyan tituna, layin dogo, da bututun mai.
Hanya ta ƙafa haƙƙin hanya ce wadda bisa doka kawai masu tafiya a ƙafa nebza su iya amfani da su. Titin bridle haƙƙin hanya ce wacce masu tafiya a ƙasa kawai, masu keke da dawaki za su iya amfani da su bisa doka, amma ba ta abubuwan hawa ba. A wasu ƙasashe, musamman a Arewacin Turai, inda 'yancin yin yawo a tarihi ya ɗauki nau'i na haƙƙin jama'a, ba za a iya taƙaita haƙƙin hanya zuwa takamaiman hanyoyi ko hanyoyi ba.
Madadin ma'anar Ƙarin ma'anar haƙƙin hanya, musamman a cikin sufuri na ƙasar Amurka, shi ne nau'in sauƙi da aka ba shi ko aka tanada akan ƙasar don dalilai na sufuri, wannan na iya zama don babbar hanya, hanyar ƙafar jama'a, layin dogo, canal, da kuma watsa wutar lantarki. layuka, bututun mai da iskar gas. Kalmar na iya bayyana fifikon zirga-zirgar ababen hawa, "haƙƙin doka na mai tafiya a ƙasa, abin hawa, ko jirgin ruwa don ci gaba da fifiko akan wasu a wani yanayi ko wuri". A cikin ladubban tafiye -tafiye, inda idan ƙungiyoyi biyu na masu tuƙi suka haɗu a kan tudu, al'ada ta taso a wasu wuraren da ƙungiyar ta hau tudu tana da haƙƙin hanya Ko hanyoyi.
A duk duniya
New Zealand Akwai fa'ida ga jama'a a ƙasar New Zealand, gami da hanyoyin ruwa da bakin teku, to amma "sau da yawa ya rabu kuma yana da wahalar ganewa".
Jamhuriyar Ireland A cikin Jamhuriyar Ireland, haƙƙin masu tafiya a ƙasa na hanyar zuwa coci, da aka sani da hanyoyin jama'a, sun wanzu tsawon ƙarni. A wasu lokuta, dokar zamani ba ta da tabbas; A gefe guda, dokokin zamanin Victorian kan sauƙi suna kare haƙƙin mai mallakar dukiya, wanda kundin tsarin mulki na shekarar 1937 ya inganta, wanda ya ayyana cewa haƙƙin hanya dole ne a keɓe musamman don amfanin jama'a. Ana adawa da waɗannan, waɗanda ke da'awar haƙƙin gama gari na hanya harkar zuwa ga wani matsayi na ƙasa wanda ya ƙare yakin Land na shekara ta 1880s zuwa ƙarshen mulkin Birtaniyya a shekara ta 1922. Ana iya tabbatar da haƙƙin hanya ta hanyar mallaka mara kyau, amma tabbatar da ci gaba da amfani na iya zama da wahala. Shari'ar da aka ji a cikin shekarar 2010 game da da'awar a kan gidan gidan Lissadell ya dogara ne akan dokokin tarihi, tun lokacin da Dokar Gyaran Kasa da Bayar da Doka, a shekara ta 2009 ta gyara Dokar ta shekarar 2009 ta kuma soke koyaswar bayar da tallafi na zamani, kuma ta ba mai amfani damar da'awar haƙƙin hanya bayan shekaru kusan 12 na amfani da shi a cikin ƙasa mai zaman kansa mallakar wani, shekaru 30 akan ƙasar jiha da shekaru 60 a kan gaba Dole ne mai da’awar ya nemi kotuna, sannan a tabbatar da da’awarsu ta hanyar umarnin kotu, sannan a yi mata rajista da kyau kan takardun mallakar, tsari mai tsawo. Dole ne mai amfani ya tabbatar da "jin daɗi ba tare da ƙarfi ba, ba tare da ɓoyewa ba kuma ba tare da izini na baki ko a rubuce na mai shi ba", sake bayyana ƙa'idar tsohuwar ƙarni na Nec vi, nec clam, nec precario Umarnin kotu da ke ba da haƙƙin hanya na sirri ne ga mai nema har tsawon rayuwarsa, kuma ba za a iya gadonsa ko sanya shi ba.
Ƙasar Ingila
Ingila da Wales A Ingila da Wales, ban da a cikin gundumomi kimanin guda 12 na ciki na London da birnin Landan, haƙƙoƙin jama'a hanyoyi ne waɗanda jama'a ke da haƙƙin Doka a Ingila da Wales ta bambanta da na Scotland a cikin waɗannan haƙƙoƙin hanya kawai suna kasancewa a inda aka keɓe su (ko kuma za a iya sanya su idan ba a rigaya ba) yayin da a Scotland duk wata hanya da ta dace da wasu sharuɗɗa an bayyana shi a matsayin dama ta hanya., kuma ban da haka akwai babban zato na samun damar shiga karkara. Hakanan akwai haƙƙin masu zaman kansu na hanya ko sauƙi Hanyoyi na ƙafafu, bridleways da sauran haƙƙoƙin hanya a yawancin Ingila da Wales ana nuna su akan taswirori na musamman Taswirar taswirar taswirar taswira ce ta haƙƙin jama'a na hanya a Ingila da Wales. A cikin doka shi ne tabbataccen rikodin inda haƙƙin hanya yake. Hukumar manyan tituna (yawanci karamar hukumar gundumomi, ko kuma hukuma ta tarayya a yankunan da ke da tsarin bene daya) tana da aikin doka na kiyaye taswirar tabbatacce, kodayake a wuraren shakatawa na kasa hukumar kula da shakatawa ta kasa yawanci tana kula da taswira.
London An tsara taswirorin taswirar haƙƙoƙin jama'a ga duk dan ƙasar Ingila da Wales a sakamakon Dokar Kare Kare da Haƙƙin Hanya ta shekarar 2000, ban da gundumomi goma sha biyu na ciki na London waɗanda, tare da birnin London, ba a rufe su ba. ta Dokar.
Don kare haƙƙin da ake da su a Landan, Ramblers sun ƙaddamar da "Sanya London akan Taswira" a cikin shekara ta 2010 da nufin samun "kariyar doka iri ɗaya don hanyoyi a babban birnin kamar yadda aka riga aka samu don ƙafafu a wasu wurare a Ingila da Wales. A halin yanzu, doka ta baiwa gundumomin Inner London damar zaɓar samar da taswirorin taswira idan suna so, amma babu wanda ya yi haka. An kaddamar da taron kaddamar da "Sanya London akan Taswira" a dakin karatu na Burtaniya, kuma tun daga wannan lokacin "Yankin Inner London na Ramblers yana aiki tare da ma'aikatan Babban Ofishin Ramblers don kokarin shawo kan kowane gundumomi na ciki na London a kan abin da ake so. na samar da tabbataccen taswirorin haƙƙin hanya". A cikin shekara ta 2011 Majalisar Lambeth ta zartar da ƙuduri don yin aiki don ƙirƙirar taswirar taswira ga gundumarsu, amma har yanzu wannan bai wanzu ba. Birnin London ya samar da Taswirar Samun Jama'a. Taswirorin taswira sun wanzu don gundumomi na waje na London Hanyoyi masu izini Wasu masu mallakar filaye suna ba da izinin shiga ƙasarsu ba tare da keɓe haƙƙin hanya ba. Waɗannan galibi ba a bambance su a zahiri da haƙƙin jama'a na hanya, amma ana iya iyakance su. Irin waɗannan hanyoyin galibi ana rufe su aƙalla sau ɗaya a shekara, ta yadda ba za a iya kafa haƙƙin hanya ta dindindin a cikin doka ba.
Scotland A Scotland, haƙƙin hanya hanya ce da jama'a suka sami damar wucewa ba tare da tsangwama ba na akalla shekaru 20. Dole ne hanyar ta haɗu da "wuraren jama'a" guda biyu, kamar ƙauyuka, coci-coci ko hanyoyi. Ba kamar a Ingila da Wales ba babu wani takalifi a kan ƙananan hukumomin Scotland don sanya hannu kan haƙƙin hanya. Koyaya ƙungiyar agaji ta Scotways, wacce aka kafa a cikin shekarata 1845 don kare haƙƙin hanya, rubutawa da sanya hannu kan hanyoyin. Dokar sake fasalin ƙasa (Scotland) ta 2003 da aka tsara a cikin doka na gargajiya, marasa motsi, hanyoyin samun damar ƙasa da ruwa. Ƙarƙashin Dokar shekarar 2003 an buga bayanin haƙƙoƙin harshe bayyananne ta Ƙarƙashin Halitta na Scottish: Lambar Samun Waje ta Scotland An cire wasu nau'ikan filaye daga wannan zato na samun damar shiga, kamar filin jirgin ƙasa, filayen jirage da lambuna masu zaman kansu. Sashe na 4 na Code Access ya bayyana yadda aka ba masu kula da filaye damar neman jama'a su guji wasu wurare na wani ɗan lokaci kaɗan don gudanar da ayyukan gudanarwa, duk da haka dole ne ƙaramar hukuma ta amince da ƙuntatawa na dogon lokaci. Ana amfani da ikon hana isa ga jama'a na ɗan lokaci ba tare da sanarwa ba ta hanyar harbi, gandun daji ko masu sarrafa iska, amma baya ƙara zuwa Haƙƙin Hanyoyi na Jama'a. A Scotland jama'a suna da babban matakin 'yanci akan Haƙƙin Hanya fiye da buɗaɗɗen ƙasa. Toshe Haƙƙin Hanya a Scotland wani cikas ne na laifi a ƙarƙashin Dokar Manyan Hanyoyi, kamar yadda yake a Ingila da Wales, amma rashin samun damar taswirorin Haƙƙin Hanyoyi na jama'a a Scotland yana da wahala a aiwatar da shi. Duk da yake a Ingila da Wales, hukumomin babbar hanya suna da alhakin kiyaye taswirar haƙƙin hanya da aka amince da su bisa doka, a cikin Scotland dokoki daban-daban sun shafi kuma babu wani rikodin haƙƙin hanya da aka amince da shi bisa doka. Duk da haka, akwai Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Ƙasa (CROW), wanda Ƙungiyoyin Haƙƙin hanya na Scotland da Access Society (Scotways) suka haɗa, tare da haɗin gwiwar Scottish Natural Heritage, da taimakon hukumomin gida. Akwai nau'ikan haƙƙin hanya guda uku a cikin CROW:
tabbatarwa hanyoyin da aka ayyana su a matsayin haƙƙin hanya ta wasu hanyoyin doka;
tabbatarwa hanyoyin da mai gida ya yarda da su azaman haƙƙin hanya, ko kuma inda hukumomin gida suka shirya ɗaukar matakin doka don kare su;
da'awar wasu haƙƙin hanyoyin, waɗanda ba a tabbatar da su ba ko tabbatar da su, amma waɗanda ke da alama sun cika ka'idojin doka na gama gari kuma har yanzu ba a yi gardama a kan doka ba.
Ireland ta Arewa Ireland ta Arewa tana da ƴancin haƙƙoƙin jama'a na hanya kuma samun damar shiga ƙasar a Arewacin Ireland ya fi ƙuntata fiye da sauran sassan Biritaniya, ta yadda a yawancin yankuna masu yawo ba za su iya jin daɗin ƙauyen ba kawai saboda yarda da haƙurin masu mallakar ƙasa. An samu izini daga duk masu mallakar filaye a duk fadin ƙasarsu Hanyar Waymarked da Ulster Way Mafi yawan filayen jama'a na Arewacin Ireland ana iya samun dama, misali Ma'aikatar ruwa da filin sabis na gandun daji, kamar yadda ƙasar ke da kuma ƙungiyoyi irin su National Trust da Woodland Trust Ireland ta Arewa tana da tsarin shari'a iri ɗaya da Ingila, gami da ra'ayoyi game da ikon mallakar ƙasa da haƙƙin jama'a na hanya, amma tana da tsarin kotuna, tsarin abubuwan da suka gabata da takamaiman dokar samun dama.
Amurka A cikin ƙasar Amurka, ana ƙirƙiri hanyar dama ta hanya ta zama nau'i na sauƙi Sauƙaƙe na iya zama mai fa'ida mai sauƙi, wanda ke amfanar kadarorin maƙwabta, ko sassauƙa gabaɗaya, wanda ke amfanar wani mutum ko mahaluƙi sabanin wani yanki na ƙasar. Duba kuma "Ma'anar Madadin" a sama, dangane da nau'ikan sauƙi da aka bayar ko aka tanada akan ƙasa don dalilai na sufuri,
Dama don yawo 'Yancin yin yawo, ko 'yancin kowane mutum shine haƙƙin jama'a na jama'a na samun damar shiga wani fili na jama'a ko na sirri don nishaɗi da motsa jiki. An ba da izinin shiga ko'ina cikin kowace buɗaɗɗiyar ƙasa, ban da hanyoyi da waƙoƙi da ake da su.
A Ingila da Wales haƙƙoƙin samun damar jama'a sun shafi wasu nau'ikan ƙasar da ba a noma ba musamman "dutse, moor, zafi, ƙasa da ƙasa gama gari masu rijista". Ƙasar da aka bunƙasa, lambuna da wasu yankuna musamman an keɓe su daga haƙƙin shiga. Ana iya samun ƙasar noma idan ta faɗi cikin ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan da aka kwatanta a sama (Duba Dokar Kare Kare da Haƙƙin Hanya 2000 Yawancin gandun daji na jama'a suna da irin wannan haƙƙin shiga ta hanyar sadaukar da kai na son rai da Hukumar Kula da gandun daji ta yi Mutanen da ke amfani da haƙƙin samun dama suna da wasu ayyuka na mutunta haƙƙin wasu mutane na gudanar da ƙasa, da kuma kare yanayi da yanci.
A cikin Scotland da ƙasashen Nordic na Finland, Iceland, Norway da Sweden da kuma ƙasashen Baltic na Estonia, Latvia da Lithuania 'yancin yin yawo na iya ɗaukar nau'in haƙƙin jama'a na gama gari waɗanda wasu lokuta ana tsara su cikin doka. Samun damar tsoho ne a sassan Arewacin Turai kuma ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin isasshe na asali wanda ba a tsara shi a cikin doka ba sai zamanin yau. Wannan haƙƙin kuma yakan haɗa da shiga tafkuna da koguna, don haka ayyuka kamar iyo, kwale-kwale, tuƙi da tuƙi. Dokar sake fasalin ƙasar (Scotland) ta shekarar 2003 tana ba kowa haƙƙin samun dama ga yawancin ruwa na cikin ƙasa a cikin Scotland (ban da ababen hawa), samar da cewa suna mutunta haƙƙin wasu. Kungiyar kwale-kwalen jiragen ruwa ta Biritaniya (BCU) ce ke gudanar da Gangamin Samun Koguna don buɗe hanyoyin ruwa na cikin ƙasa a Ingila da Wales a madadin jama'a. A karkashin dokar Burtaniya ta yanzu, an hana jama'a shiga koguna, kuma kashi 2% na dukkan kogunan Ingila da Wales ne ke da haƙƙin shiga jama'a. BCU tana amfani da yaƙin neman zaɓe ba wai don wayar da kan al'amuran samun dama ba kawai, amma don ƙoƙarin kawo canje-canje a cikin doka.
Yawancin ƙasashe masu zafi irin su Madagascar suna da manufofin tarihi na buɗe damar shiga gandun daji ko wuraren jeji.
Ƙasar jama'a Wasu ƙasar da aka daɗe ana ɗaukar jama'a ko kambi na iya zama yankin ƴan asalin ƙasar, a cikin ƙasashen da aka yi na mulkin mallaka.
Ƙasar Crown a Kanada Yawancin Kanada ƙasar Crown ce ta larduna Wasu ana hayar su don ayyukan kasuwanci, kamar gandun daji ko hakar ma'adinai, amma akan yawancinsu akwai damar shiga kyauta don ayyukan nishaɗi kamar yin tafiye-tafiye, keke, kwale-kwale, tseren kan iyaka, hawan doki, da farauta da kamun kifi, da sauransu. A lokaci guda ana iya ƙuntata ko iyakance damar shiga saboda dalilai daban-daban (misali, don kare lafiyar jama'a ko albarkatu, gami da kare tsirrai da dabbobin daji). A cikin Yankunan Kanada Gwamnatin Tarayya ta Kanada ce ke gudanar da ƙasar Crown. An ƙirƙiri wuraren shakatawa na ƙasar Kanada daga ƙasan Crown kuma Gwamnatin Tarayya kuma ke gudanar da ita. Sannan kuma Hakanan akwai wuraren shakatawa na larduna da wuraren ajiyar yanayi waɗanda aka ƙirƙira makamancin haka. Mutanen ƙabilar Kanada na iya samun takamaiman hakki akan ƙasar Crown da aka kafa ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyoyin da suka rattaba hannu a lokacin da Kanada ke mulkin mallaka na Biritaniya, kuma sun yi iƙirarin mallakar wasu ƙasar Crown.
Ƙasar Crown a Ostiraliya Yawancin yankin ƙasar Ostiraliya shine Crown land, wanda jihohin Ostiraliya ke gudanarwa. Yawancin ya ƙunshi hayar makiyaya, ƙasar da mutanen Aborigin suka mallaka da kuma gudanarwa (misali Ƙasar APY da kuma "wanda ba a raba" Ƙasar Crown. Ana ba da izinin shiga na ƙarshe don dalilai na nishaɗi, kodayake ana buƙatar motoci masu motsi don bin hanyoyi.
Ƙasar jama'a a Amurka Yawancin filayen jama'a na jihohi da na tarayya a buɗe suke don amfanin nishaɗi. Damar nishaɗi ta dogara ne akan hukumar gudanarwa, kuma tana gudanar da aikin daga faɗaɗɗen wuraren buɗe ido na kyauta ga kowa da kowa, waɗanda ba a buɗe su ba na Ofishin Kula da Filaye zuwa wuraren shakatawa da wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa na Amurka da ake sarrafawa sosai. Matsugunan namun daji da wuraren kula da namun daji na jihohi, waɗanda aka gudanar da farko don haɓaka wurin zama, gabaɗaya a buɗe suke don kallon namun daji, tafiye-tafiye, da farauta, yawace-yawace sai dai rufewa don kare mace-mace da sheƙar gida, ko don rage damuwa kan dabbobin hunturu Ko sanyi.Dazuzzuka na ƙasa gabaɗaya suna da cakuda hanyoyin da aka kiyaye da kuma tituna, jeji da wuraren da ba a bunƙasa ba, da wuraren raye-raye da wuraren zama.
Ruwa
Gaba Hakkokin jama'a akai-akai suna wanzuwa a gaban rairayin bakin teku. A cikin tattaunawa ta shari'a ana kiran bakin teku sau da yawa a matsayin yanki mai yashi Don rairayin bakin teku masu zaman kansu a cikin Amurka, wasu jihohi kamar Massachusetts suna amfani da ƙaramin alamar ruwa azaman layin raba tsakanin kadarorin Jiha da na mai bakin teku. Sauran jihohi kamar California suna amfani da alamar ruwa mai tsayi.
A cikin Burtaniya, gabaɗaya ana ɗaukan gandun daji mallakin Crown ne duk da cewa akwai wasu abubuwan ban mamaki, musamman ma abin da ake kira kamun kifi da yawa waɗanda za su iya zama ayyukan tarihi don taken, tun daga zamanin Sarki John ko a baya, da kuma Dokar Udal., dukkan wanda ya shafi gabaɗaya a cikin Orkney da Shetland Duk da yake a cikin sauran Biritaniya ikon mallakar ƙasa ya ƙare har zuwa babban alamar ruwa, kuma ana ganin Crown ya mallaki abin da ke ƙasa da shi, a Orkney da Shetland ya haɓaka zuwa mafi ƙasƙanci lokacin bazara. Inda yankin gaba ke mallakar Crown jama'a suna samun damar shiga ƙasa da layin da ke nuna babban tudun ruwa A Girka, bisa ga L. 2971/01, an ayyana yankin gabas a matsayin yanki na bakin teku wanda zai iya kaiwa ta iyakar hawan raƙuman ruwa a bakin tekun (mafi girman igiyar ruwa a bakin tekun) a cikin iyakar su. iya aiki (mafi girman magana zuwa "yawanci matsakaicin raƙuman hunturu" kuma ba shakka ba ga lokuta na musamman ba, kamar tsunami da sauransu. A Yankin bakin teku, baya ga keɓancewar doka, na jama'a ne, kuma ba a ba da izinin yin gine-gine na dindindin a kai ba.
Kamar yadda yake tare da busasshiyar yashi na bakin teku, takaddamar doka da ta siyasa na iya tasowa kan mallakar da kuma amfani da jama'a na gabar teku Misali ɗaya na baya-bayan nan shi ne gardamar gaba da tekun New Zealand da ta shafi iƙirarin ƙasa na mutanen Māori Koyaya, Dokar Ruwa da Yankin Teku (Takutai Moana) Dokar 2011 ta ba da garantin shiga jama'a kyauta.
Rivers Kungiyar kwale-kwalen jiragen ruwa ta Biritaniya (BCU) ce ke gudanar da Gangamin Samun Koguna don buɗe hanyoyin ruwa na cikin ƙasa a Ingila da Wales a madadin jama'a. A karkashin dokar Ingila da Wales ta yanzu, an hana jama'a shiga koguna, kuma kashi 2% na dukkan kogunan Ingila da Wales ne ke da haƙƙin shiga cikin jama'a.
Duba sauran abubuwa
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Manazarta Hanyoyi na Gado (Haƙƙin haƙƙin Scotland)
Ci gaba da buɗe Ireland
Hakkokin jama'a na hanya (Naturenet)
Hakkokin jama'a na hanyar shiga teku a tsibirin Rhode, Amurka Archived The Ramblers: Hakkoki na asali na doka
Scotsway: Haƙƙin Haƙƙin Wayyo Access Society na Scotland
Hanya
Doka
Yanci
Hakki
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
29379 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar%20Taal | Umar Taal | Hadji Oumarûl Foutiyou TALL Umar ibn Sa'id al-Futi Tal, 1864 CE an haife shi a yankin Futa Tooro, Senegambia, shugaban siyasar yammacin Afirka ne, malamin Islama, Tijani Sufi da kwamandan sojan Toucouleur wanda kuma ya kafa Daular Toucouleur na ɗan gajeren lokaci wanda ya kuma mamaye yawancin abin da ake kira Guinea, Senegal, da Mali Suna An rubuta sunan Omar Tall daban-daban: musamman, sunansa na farko yawanci ana fassara shi da Faransanci da sunan Omar, kodayake wasu kafofin sun fi son Umar da patronymic, ibn Sa'id, sau da yawa kuma yana tsallake. da kuma karshe kashi na sunansa, Tall ana rubuta su daban-daban da tsayi, Taal ko Tal A honorific El Hadj (wato al-Hajj ko el-Hadj), ajiye wani Musulmi wanda ya samu nasarar sanya Hajj zuwa Makka, Earsbe Omar Tall sunan da yawa a cikin matani, musamman waɗanda suke a cikin Larabci. Daga baya kuma ya dauki manyan masu daraja Amir al-Mu'minin, Khalifa, Qutb (tushen duniya), wazirin Mahdi, Khalifat Khatim al-Awliya (majikin hatimin waliyyai), da Almami (Imam).
Rayuwar farko An haifi Omar Tall kimanin shekara ta 1794 a Halwar a cikin Imaman Futa Toro Senegal a yau); shi ne na goma cikin yara goma sha biyu. Mahaifinsa shi ne Saidou Tall, daga kabilar Torodbe, mahaifiyarsa kuwa Sokhna Adama Thiam. Omar Tall ya halarci wata madrassa kafin nazari a kan Hajj a shekara ta 1828, ya dawo a shekara ta 1830 El Hadj da aka qaddamar a cikin Tijaniyya, sa'an nan Ya daidaita a kan khalifa na Tijaniyya sufi 'yan'uwantaka a cikin Sudan El-Hadj ya dauki Khalifat Khatim al-Awliya mai daraja Tijjani Wannan ikon zai zama ginshikin ikonsa na kansa wanda ya zama dole don jagorantar 'yan Afirka. Lokacin da ya dawo daga aikin Hajji ya yada zango kusa da Damascus a can ya haɗu da Ibrahim Pasha, Omar Tall yayi abokantaka da Pasha ya ya bawa dansa maganin zazzaɓi kuma ya warke daga zazzaɓi mai kisa, Omar Tall ya samu kwarin guiwa sosai da yanayin da Pasha ya kafa. Ya zauna a Sakkwato Daga shekara ta 1831 zuwa shekara ta 1837, ya auri mata da dama, daya daga cikinsu diyar Halifan Fulani ce ta Khalifan Sokoto, Muhammed Bello A cikin 1836, Omar Tall ya koma Imamancin Futa Jallon, sannan ya koma Dinguiraye a shekara ta 1840, a Guinea ta yau, inda ya fara shirye-shiryen jihadinsa A can ya tsara mabiyansa zuwa ƙwararrun runduna ta kusan 50,000, ɗauke da makaman Faransa da masu ba da shawara na yamma. A shekara ta 1852 ya shelanta jihadi a kan maguzawa, da maguzawan musulmi, da turawa masu kutse, da sarakunan Futa Toro da Futa Jallon masu ja da baya. Omar Tall ya yi iƙirarin ikon mallaka na wuce gona da iri. Ya musanta muhimmancin riko da Mazhaba kuma ya fifita Ijtihadi ko hukunci na addini. Ya koyar da cewa ya kamata mumini ya bi shiriyar Shaihin Sufaye wanda yake da ilimin gaskiya na Ubangiji nan take. Ko da yake Omar Tall bai taba daukar Mujaddadi ko Mahdi ba, amma mabiyansa suna kallonsa a matsayin haka. Ya zama torodbe manufa na farfaɗo da addini da cin nasara a kan arna.
Cin nasara na farko Omar Tall ya yi kira ga al’ummar Futa Toro bisa korafe-korafen da suke yi da manyan sojoji. Har ila yau, al'ummarsa sun yi kira ga mutane marasa tushe daga kabilu dabam-dabam wadanda suka sami sabon salo na zamantakewa da kuma damar cin galaba a karkashin tsarin Musulunci. Jihadinsa ya fara ne da cin Futa Toro kuma a shekara ta 1862 daularsa ta hada da Timbuktu, Masina, Hamdallahi, da Segu A cikin shekara ta 1848, sojojin Omar Tall's Toucouleur, sanye take da makaman Faransa, sun mamaye yankuna da yawa makwabta, arna, Malinké kuma sun sami nasara cikin gaggawa. Omar Tall ya matsa zuwa yankin Kayes na kasar Mali a yau, inda ya ci garuruwa da dama tare da gina wani katafaren katanga a kusa da birnin Kayes wanda a yau ya zama wurin yawon bude ido.
A watan Afrilun shekara ta 1857, Omar Tall ya shelanta yaki a kan masarautar Khasso. Ya shiga rikici da Faransawa waɗanda ke ƙoƙarin kafa ikon kasuwancinsu a gefen kogin Senegal. Omar Tall ya yiwa sojojin mulkin mallaka na Faransa kawanya a sansanin Madina Yakin bai yi nasara ba a ranar 18 ga Yuli na wannan shekarar lokacin da Louis Faidherbe, gwamnan Faransa na Senegal, ya isa tare da dakarun agaji. A shekara ta 1860 Omar Tall ya kulla yarjejeniya da Faransawa wadanda suka gane nasa, da mabiyansa, fannin tasiri a Futa Toro kuma ya sanya musu jihohin Bambara na Kaarta da Segu Bambara da Masina Omar Tall ya ɗora ɗansa Ahmadu Tall a matsayin limamin Segu, ya yi tattaki zuwa Nijar, kan imaman Masarautar Hamdullahi. Fiye da 70,000 sun mutu a cikin yaƙe-yaƙe guda uku da suka biyo baya. Mafi yanke hukunci shine a Cayawel, inda Amadu III, Sarkin Masina, ya ji rauni. Djenné ya fadi da sauri sannan faɗuwar ƙarshe da halaka Hamdullahi a watan Mayu 1862.
Mutuwa da gado A cikin shekara ta 1862, a cikin neman sabon yanki, Omar Tall da mabiyansa sun mamaye Masarautar Massina (Masina), wanda babban birninta ya kasance a Hamdullahi Ahmad al-Bakkai al-Kunti, na darikar Sufi Qadari, ya jagoranci hadakar wasu jahohin kasar domin tinkarar wannan farmakin da Ahmad ya yi tir da shi da cewa haramtacciyar yakin musulmi ne akan musulmi. Ƙungiyoyin sun haɗa da, Inter alia, Masina da Timbuktu Omar Tall ya kama Hamdullahi a ranar 15 ga Mayun shekara ta 1862. A yanzu Omar Tall yana iko da Nijar ta Tsakiya gabaɗaya, ya ƙaura zuwa Timbuktu, amma a shekara ta 1863 rundunar hadaka ta Tuaregs, Moors, da Fulas suka fatattake su A shekara ta 1863, kawancen ya yi galaba a kan sojojin Omar Tall da dama, inda suka kashe hafsoshin Tall Alpha Umar (Alfa 'Umar), Thierno Bayla da Alfa 'Uthman. A halin da ake ciki kuma, an yi tawaye a ƙasar Masina a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Ba Lobbo, kani ga sarkin Masina da aka kashe, Amadu III A wajen murkushe tawaye, A lokacin bazara na 1863, Omar Tall ya sake mamaye birnin Hamdullahi, kuma a watan Yuni rundunar Balobo ta hadakar Fulas da Kountas sun yiwa sojojin Omar Tall kawanya a can. Mabiya Balobo sun kama Hamdallahi a watan Fabrairun 1864. Omar Tall ya gudu ya yi nasarar kai shi wani kogo a Degembere (a cikin Bandiagara Escarpment inda ya rasu a ranar 14 ga Fabrairu 1864. Yayan Omar Tall Tidiani Tall ya gaje shi a matsayin sarkin Toucouleur, ko da yake dansa Ahmadu Tall, wanda ke aiki daga Ségou, ya yi aiki da yawa wajen kiyaye daular. Duk da haka, Faransanci ya ci gaba da ci gaba, a ƙarshe ya shiga Ségou kanta a 1890. Jihar jihadi ta Omar Tall ta shiga cikin daular Faransa ta yammacin Afirka da ke girma. Omar Tall ya kasance fitaccen mutum a Senegal, Guinea, da Mali, duk da cewa gadonsa ya bambanta da kasa. Inda 'yan Senegal da yawa sukan tuna da shi a matsayin gwarzo na adawa da Faransa. Mali kafofin ayan bayyana shi a matsayin mai mamaye wanda ya shirya hanya domin ta Faransa ta raunanar da yammacin Afirka. Omar Tall kuma yayi fice a cikin littafin tarihin Maryse Condé na Segu Har wala yau ya kasance mai fada a ji a cikin darikar Tijjaniyya da sauran kungiyoyin kawo sauyi, wadanda suka jaddada muhimmancin tsarin addinin Musulunci. Jihar Umar Tall ta hana rawa, shan taba, barasa, laya, bukukuwan maguzawa, da bautar gumaka. An dakatar da ayyuka da yawa da ba na Musulunci ba. An kuma aiwatar da waɗannan dokokin sosai, musamman ma hana barasa. Omar Tall ya soke harajin da ba a san shi ba ya maye gurbinsu da zakka, harajin filaye, da jizya An iyakance masu auren mace fiye da ɗaya ga mata huɗu kawai. Omar Tall kuwa, ba ya sha’awar abubuwan dabaru na cusa addinin Musulunci kamar ginin kotuna, madrassa, da masallatai. Babban aikin da gwamnatin Umar Tall ta yi shi ne yaƙin farauta, bauta, tara ganima, da gyara ɗabi'u. A cikin Senegambia, ana tunawa da muhimmancinsa a lokacin "lokacin jihadi" a matsayin "ba juriya ga Turawa ba amma "lalata arna" a yammacin Sudan. A watan Nuwambar shekara ta 2019, gwamnatin Faransa ta mayarwa gwamnatin Jamhuriyar Senegal abin da ake kira takobin Omar Tall wanda a zahiri takobin Ahmadu Tall ne, dan Omar Tall ga gwamnatin Jamhuriyar Senegal.
Zuriyar sarauta
Bayanan kula da nassoshi Asalin wannan labarin ya dogara ne akan fassarar labarin da ya dace daga Wikipedia na Faransa, wanda aka dawo dashi ranar 1 ga Yuli, shekara ta 2005, wanda kuma ya kawo maɓuɓɓuka masu zuwa:
Tushen harshen Ingilishi Davidson, Basil Afirka a Tarihi New York: Simon Schuster, 1995.
BO Oloruntimehin. Daular Segu Tukulor New York: 'Yan Jarida (1972). Farashin 391002066
Willis, John Ralph. A Tafarkin Allah: Son al-Hajj Umar London: Kasa, 1989.
Mai hikima, Christopher. Tekun Hamada: Adabin Sahel Boulder London: Lynne Rienner, 2001.
Mai hikima, Christopher. Yambo Ouologuem: Marubuci Bayan Mulkin Mallaka, Tsagerun Musulunci Boulder London: Lynne Rienner, 1999.
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Shafin Legends na Afirka
Taswirar Daular Toucouleur
Fayilolin sauti
Wolof Yabon Wakar Umar Tall RealAudio file)
Manazarta Tarihin Mali
Sufi
Sufaye
Malaman Musulunci
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
29950 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayesha%20Harruna%20Attah | Ayesha Harruna Attah | Ayesha Harruna Attah (an haife ta a watan Disamban shekarar 1983) marubuciya ce haifaffiyar kasar Ghana. Amma Tana zaune a Senegal.
Shekaru na farko da ilimi An haifi Ayesha Harruna Attah a babban birnin kasar Ghana (Accra), a cikin shekarun 1980, karkashin gwamnatin soja, ga wata uwa wacce ta kasance 'yar jarida kuma uba wanda ya kasance mai zanen hoto. Attah ta ce: "Iyayena sun kasance babban tasiri na na farko. Sun gudanar da wata mujallar adabi mai suna Imagine, wadda ke da labaru game da Accra; labarai kan fasaha, kimiyya, fina-finai, littattafai, zane-zane-wanda na fi so. Sun kasance (kuma har yanzu suna nan) jarumai na. Na gano Toni Morrison a lokacin ina da shekaru goma sha uku, kuma na shanye, na cinye duk abin da ta rubuta, na tuna karatun Paradise, kuma yayin da ma'anarta ta guje ni gaba daya a lokacin, an bar ni kamar littafi mafi ban mamaki da aka rubuta kuma wata rana na so in rubuta duniyar da ke cike da jarumai mata, kamar yadda Ms. Morrison ta yi."
Bayan ta girma a Accra, ta koma Massachusetts kuma ta yi karatun kimiyyar halittu a Kwalejin Mount Holyoke, sannan Jami'ar Columbia, kuma ta sami MFA a Rubutun Halitta a Jami'ar New York.
Rubutu Ta wallafa litattafai guda biyar. Littafinta na farko Harmattan Rain (2009) an rubuta shi ne sakamakon haɗin gwiwa daga Per Ankh Publishers a ƙarƙashin jagorancin mawallafin marubucin Ghana Ayi Kwei Armah da TrustAfrica, kuma an ba shi cikin jerin sunayen Kyautar Mawallafan marubutan na 2010 (Yankin Afirka). Littafin tarihinta na biyu na Saturday's Shadows, wanda aka buga a World Editions a cikin 2015, an zabi shi ga Kwani? Manuscript Project, kuma an buga shi a cikin Yaren mutanen Holland (De Geus). Littafin tarihinta na uku shine The Hundred Wells of Salaga (2019), suna ma'amala da "dangantaka, buri da gwagwarmaya a rayuwar mata a Ghana a ƙarshen karni na 19 a lokacin ɓarkewar Afirka". Ta rubuta The Deep Blue Between, labari ne ga matasa manya. Kuma sabon littafinta na biyar, Zainab Take New York za'a fito dashi a watan Afrilun 2022.
A matsayinta na lambar yabo ta AIR ta 2014, Attah ta kasance marubuciya a Instituto Sacatar a Bahia, Brazil. Ta kuma sami lambar yabo ta Miles Morland Foundation Writing Scholarship a shekara ta 2016 don littafin da ba na almara ba game da tarihin kola nut.
Harmattan Rain (2008) An rubuta Harmattan Rain a cikin 2009, bin labarin dangin Ghana na ƙarni uku, ciki har da Lizzie-Achiaa, Akua Afriyie da Sugri.
Lizzie-Achiaa ita ce jaruma ta danginsu, wacce ta gudu tana neman mai sonta kuma a lokaci guda tana neman aikin jinya. 'Yarta tawaye, mai zane Akua Afriye, ta buge da kanta a matsayin mahaifi ɗaya a cikin ƙasar da aka yi ta fama da rikice-rikice, kuma 'yar Akua Afriye Sugri kyakkyawa ce, yarinya mai wayo wacce ta girma sosai sannan ta bar gida zuwa jami'a a New York, inda ta koya cewa wani lokacin mutum na iya samun 'yanci da yawa.
Saturday's Shadows (2015) An kafa shi a cikin shekarun 1990s Yammacin Afirka, Saturday's Shadows yana game da "dangi da ke fafitikar ci gaba da haɗin kai a tsakiyar yanayin siyasa", wanda aka ce: "Attah ta sake tabbatar da ƙwarewar ta a matsayin marubuciya. Ta nuna rashin cancantarta a matsayinta na marubuciya tare da daidaito da wadatar ci gaban halayenta."
The Hundred Wells of Salaga (2019) Aminah tana rayuwa mai kyau har sai da ta rabu da gidanta da mummunan rauni a kan tafiya wacce ta canza ta daga mai mafarkin rana zuwa mace mai juriya. Wurche, 'yar babban sarki, tana matukar bukatar taka muhimmiyar rawa a kotun mahaifinta. Wadannan rayuwar mata biyu suna haduwa kamar yadda rikici tsakanin mutanen Wurche ke barazana ga yankin, a lokacin girman cinikin bayi a karshen karni na sha tara.
Ta hanyar abubuwan da Aminah da Wurche suka samu, Hundred Wells of Salaga suna ba da ra'ayi na ban mamaki game da bauta da yadda yaƙin Afirka ya shafi rayuwar mutanen yau da kullun.
The Deep Blue Between (2020) Gidan yan'uwa tagwaye Hassana da Husseina sun lalace bayan mummunan hari. Amma wannan ba ƙarshen ba ne amma farkon labarinsu, wanda zai kai su biranen da ba a san su ba, inda za su ƙirƙira sabbin iyalai, su kawar da haɗari kuma da gaske za su fara sanin kansu. Yayinda tagwayen ke bin hanyoyi daban-daban a Brazil da Gold Coast na Yammacin Afirka, suna da alaƙa ta hanyar mafarkin ruwa. Amma fa'idodin su zai taɓa jawo su tare? Wani babban kasada mai cike da tarihi mai cike da tarihi, The Deep Blue Between labari ne mai motsawa game da shaidu waɗanda zasu iya jurewa har ma da canji mafi ban mamaki.
Ayyuka Littattafai
Harmattan Rain. Popenguine, Senegal, West Africa: Per Ankh, 2008. Saturday's Shadows. London: World Editions, 2015. ISBN 9789462380431, The Hundred Wells of Salaga. New York: Other Press, 2019. ISBN 9781590519950, The Deep Blue Between. London: Pushkin Press, 2020. ISBN 9781782692669
Kasidu
"Skinny Mini", Ugly Duckling Diaries, Yuli 2015
"The Intruder", The New York Times Magazine, Satumba 2015
"Cheikh Anta Diop An Awakening", Chimurenga, 9 Afrilu, 2018
"Opinion: Slow-Cooking History", The New York Times, 10 Nuwamba 2018
"Inside Ghana: A Tale of Love, Loss and Slavery", Newsweek, 21 Fabrairu, 2019
Sauran rubuce-rubuce
"Second Home, Plus Yacht", Yachting Magazine, Oktoba 2007
"Incident on the way to the Bakoy Market", Asymptote Magazine, 2013
"Unborn Children", a cikin Margaret Busby, New Daughters of Africa, 2019.
Manazarta Haifaffun 1983
Rayayyun |
38800 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kojo%20Armah | Kojo Armah | Kojo Armah (an haife shi 27 Nuwamban shekarar 1945 ya mutu 4 Mayu 2014) ɗan diplomasiyyar Ghana ne, lauya kuma ɗan siyasa. Ya kasance memba na Jam'iyyar Convention People's Party kuma tsohon dan majalisa mai wakiltar mazabar Evalue-Ajomoro-Gwira a yankin Yamma. Har ila yau ya kasance masanin ilmin harshe da harshe. Ya wakilci mazabar Evalue-Ajomoro-Gwira a lokuta har biyu daban-daban, daga 1996 zuwa 2000 da kuma daga 2004 zuwa 2008. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugaban karamar hukumar Nzema East daga 2001 zuwa 2004.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi James Evans Armah a Axim a yankin Yamma ga James Enyimah Armah da Sikayena Baidoe. An haife shi a wajen mahaifiyarsa, Misis Quarshie, da danginta. Ya sami karatun firamare daga makarantar firamare ta Asokore da makarantar Middle Roman Catholic, kuma ya sami shaidar matakin O da A daga babbar makarantar Apam. A 1969, ya sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Ghana, Legon, da digiri na farko a fannin kimiyyar siyasa. Ya sami takardar shaidar kammala karatun digiri a fannin ilimi a Jami'ar Cape Coast.
Rayuwar aiki Ya koma Axim bayan ya kammala jami'a sannan ya koyarwa a Nsein Senior High School daga 1969 zuwa 1971. Bayan ya kammala karatun digirinsa ya koyar a makarantar fasaha ta Ghana da ke Takoradi. Ya yi murabus daga matsayinsa na koyarwa a shekara ta 1973 don ɗaukar alƙawari a Ofishin Bincike na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje a matsayin mataimakin darakta mai daraja II. Ya fara ayyukan diflomasiyya da yawa, daya daga cikinsu ya ba shi damar yin difloma a Faransanci, adabi da wayewa daga Jami'ar Touraine. A matsayinsa na jami'in diflomasiyya, ya rike mukamai da dama a kasashen mishan da dama, kamar sakatare na farko da kuma shugaban ofishin jakadanci a ofishin jakadancin Ghana a Conakry na kasar Guinea, da kuma mai kula da harkokin kasashen waje a Togo. Armah ya samu mukamin mataimakin darakta mai daraja 1 a shekara ta 1977 bayan ya kammala karatun difloma a fannin gudanarwar gwamnati a Cibiyar Gudanarwa da Gudanarwa ta Ghana.
Bayan juyin mulkin da aka yi a Ghana a ranar 31 ga Disamba 1981, an sake kiransa zuwa kasar kuma aka aika shi a ofishin Afirka da Turai a Sashen Bincike na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje, inda ya yi aiki daga 1982 zuwa 1984. An canza shi zuwa Hukumar Gidajen tarihi da abubuwan tarihi na Ghana a 1984 a matsayin sakataren gudanarwa. An kara masa girma zuwa mukamin mataimakin darakta a ofishin shugaban ma’aikatan gwamnati. Sa’ad da yake hidima, ya shiga Makarantar Shari’a ta Ghana kuma aka kira shi zuwa Bar Ghana a 1987. A shekara ta 1992, ya yi ritaya daga aikin gwamnati don ci gaba da sana'ar shari'a da siyasa. Ya mallaki Ankobra FM, gidan rediyo mai zaman kansa da ke Axim.
Sana'ar siyasa A cikin babban zaɓe na 1996, Sabuwar Jam'iyyar Patriotic tana da dabarun siyasa tare da Jam'iyyar Jama'ar Jama'a, wadda ake wa lakabi da Babban Haɗin kai. Ɗaya daga cikin sakamakon haɗin gwiwar ya ba Armah damar lashe kujerar Evalue Gwira a 1996. Ya sha kaye a yunkurinsa na sake zabensa a matsayin dan majalisa mai wakiltar mazabar a shekara ta 2000. A zaben majalisar dokoki na 2004 New Patriotic Party ta sake shiga kawance da jam'iyyar Convention People's Party kuma ta gabatar da Armah a matsayin dan takara daya. Ya ci zabe ya koma majalisa a shekara ta 2005. A zaben majalisar dokoki na 2008 Armah ya sha kaye a yunkurinsa na sake tsayawa takara a karkashin Catherine Afeku ta sabuwar jam’iyyar Patriotic Party.
Shugaban karamar hukuma Lokacin da Sabuwar Jam'iyyar Patriotic Party ta lashe babban zaben shekara ta 2000, Shugaba John Agyekum Kufour ya nada Armah a matsayin shugaban karamar hukumar Nzema ta Gabas. Armah ya yi aiki a wannan matsayi na wa'adi daya, daga 2000 zuwa karshen 2004.
Kwamitin Kojo Armah An nada Armah shugaban kwamitin Kojo Armah, kwamitin wucin gadi na majalisar. An kafa kwamitin don bincikar yanayin da ya haifar da musanya bayanan hodar iblis tare da kullu na masara a dakin baje kolin narcotics na 'yan sanda a cikin Sashen Binciken Laifuka na Hukumar 'Yan sandan Ghana.
Rayuwa ta sirri A 1973 Armah ya auri Sabina Akainyah; sun haifi ‘ya’ya uku. Ya kasance memba na Cocin Katolika.
Mutuwa Armah ya rasu ne a ranar 4 ga Mayu, 2014 a asibitin koyarwa na Korle Bu da ke birnin Accra. Ya rasu a karshen mako kuma a asibiti daya da Kofi Ansah, fitaccen mai zanen kayan kwalliyar kasar Ghana a duniya.
Manazarta Matattu
1945 births
2014 deaths
Convention People's Party (Ghana) politicians
Ghanaian MPs 1997–2001
Ghanaian MPs 2005–2009
20th-century Ghanaian lawyers
University of Ghana alumni
Ghana School of Law alumni
University of Cape Coast alumni
Ghanaian diplomats
People from Western Region (Ghana)
Ghanaian educators
Ghanaian Roman |
51486 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.%20L.%20Lang | D. L. Lang | Diana Lucille Lang (an haifeta a shekarar 1983, Bad Hersfeld, Jamus ta Yamma), wadda aka fi sani da sunan D.L. Lang, mawaƙiya Ba'amurke ce. Ta buga littattafai goma sha biyu cikakken littafai na wakoki, kuma ta yi hidima a matsayin Mawaƙiya ta Vallejo, California.
Rayuwar farko Diana Lucille Lang (née Kettle) an haife shi a Bad Hersfeld,Jamus ta Yamma. Sakamakon girma a cikin dangin soja yana yaro Lang ya sake komawa gida akai-akai,yana zaune a Herleshausen,Jamus ta Yamma, Santa Fe,Texas, AlexandriaLouisiana. da Enid, Oklahoma. Lang ya sauke karatu daga Makarantar Sakandare ta,Enid a 2001, ya sami Mataimakin Kimiyya a Gabaɗaya a Kwalejin Oklahoma ta Arewa, kuma ya sami Bachelor of Arts a Nazarin Fim tare da ƙarami a Nazarin Yahudanci daga Jami'ar Oklahoma. Bayan kwaleji ta koma California a 2005 kuma ta auri Timothy Lang a 2006, zaune a San Rafael,California kafin ta koma Vallejo.
Fim da talabijin Yayin da yake koleji Lang ya yi aiki a matsayin editan bidiyo a tashar talabijin KXOK-LD. a matsayin mai kula da gidan yanar gizon gidan rediyo na Jami'ar Oklahoma ta Wire, kuma a matsayin mai tallata band don Gray daga Enid, Oklahoma. Har ila yau,ta kirkiro fina-finai na takardun shaida da bidiyon kiɗa,ciki har da Liquid Wind,wani fim din kiteboarding ta darektan Charles Maupin wanda ke nuna hira da Mike Morgan, wanda aka watsa a kan Oklahoma PBS affiliate OETA, da The Hebrew Project, wani fim na harshen Ibrananci wanda ya nuna furofesoshi na Jami'ar Oklahoma Ori Kritz da Norman Stillman,wanda aka watsa a tashar Yahudawa.
Waka Lang ta fara rubuta waƙa tun yana yaro,yana ƙoƙarin rubuta waƙoƙin waƙa. Ta buga The Beatles, Pete Seegr,Allen's Ginsberg,Jim Morrison,da Bob Dylan a matsayin tasiri.Baya ga rubuce-rubuce game da rayuwarta, Lang ya rubuta a kan jigogi na Yahudanci, adalci na zamantakewa, zanga-zangar siyasa, mata, anti-jari-jari, anti-wariyar launin fata da pacifism. Lang ta fara yin waƙar ta a cikin 2015, tare da Waƙar Bay. An buga wakokinta a jaridu,mujallu,da tarihin tarihi.
Vallejo Poet Laureate An nada DL Lang Laureate na Vallejo,California a cikin Satumba 2017 kuma ya yi aiki har zuwa Disamba 2019. Kamar yadda mawallafin mawaƙa Lang ya gyara tarihin tarihin waƙa,Verses,Voices Visions of Vallejo kuma ya yi sau 141 a cikin garuruwa 18 daban-daban. Lang ya ba da kiran a Maris na Mata na Vallejo na 2019. A lokacin aikinta ta kuma yi waƙarta a yawancin al'amuran gida,ciki har da Vallejo Unites Against Hatred, Ranar Haɗin Kai, Ranar Zaman Lafiya ta Duniya da Me yasa Shayari Mahimmanci. Lang ya kuma ba da gabatarwa akan Emma Lazarus da Alicia Ostriker don Muryoyin Canji na AAUW. Lang ya kuma yanke hukunci ga gasa bakwai ciki har da gasar karatun sakandare na Poetry Out Loud, Joel Fallon malanta waƙar waka, Gasar baiwa ta Solano County Fair, Vallejo poetry slam, da matashin ɗakin karatu na gundumar.gasar rubutu. Ta yi wasa akai-akai akan iska akan KZCT kuma akan mataki a Waƙar Bay. Kamar magabata, ta jagoranci waƙa a cikin da'irar shayari kuma ta shirya abubuwan shekara-shekara don Watan Waƙoƙin Ƙasa Ta halarci taron karramawar mawaka a Tujunga da San Mateo. Genea Brice ya gabace Lang a matsayin mawaƙin mawaƙin Vallejo, kuma Jery Snyder ya gaje shi,mai masaukin baki na Bay.
2020 yanzu A cikin 2020 ta kasance fitacciyar wasan kwaikwayo a Baje kolin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyaki na Solano County, kuma ta yanke hukunci ga gasar waƙoƙin matasa na ɗakin karatu, A cikin 2021 ta yi kusan don Flash Poetry da Point Arena Waƙar Alhamis ta Uku. Ta kuma yi tare da Brice da Snyder a Alibi Bookshop, da kuma ga Yahudawan Democrats na gundumar Solano. A cikin 2022 ta yi wa AAUW, Laburare County Solano, San Francisco Public Library, bikin waka a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Empress, ƙungiyar kare zubar da ciki RiseUp4AbortionRights, The Beat Museum da LaborFest tare da juyin juya halin mawaka Brigade, yi hukunci da Solano library ta matasa shaya gasa, kuma ya bayyana a kan Tushen in Poetry podcast. Ta ci gaba da yin wakoki kai tsaye a gidan rediyon KZCT. A cikin 2023 ta yi a Laburaren Cordelia don Watan Waƙoƙi, Vallejo Poetry Festival, da zanga-zangar ma'aikata a kan Elon Musk. A cikin 2023 ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin goma da suka yi nasara a gasar Curbside Haiku a Tulsa, Oklahoma.
Manazarta
Haihuwan 1983
Rayayyun |
52247 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/KYAUTA%20A%20MAHANGAR%20ADDININ%20MUSULUNCI. | KYAUTA A MAHANGAR ADDININ MUSULUNCI. | KYAUTA A MAHANGAR ADDININ MUSULUNCI. Al’amarin kyauta a mahangar addinin Musulunci, ana iya cewa baiwa ce, kuma ibada ce muhimmiya. Bisa dalilin muhimmancinta yasa Allah (S.W.T) Ya yi ummarni da yin kyauta. A ɗaya ɓangaren, sai aka kwaɗaitar da yawaita kyauta tare da bayyana fa’idojin da kyauta ke jawowa wanda ya yi ta. Akwai ayoyi da yawa waɗanda aka tsoratar da yin rowa, tare da nuna illolin da take jawo ma mai yinta, watau marowaci.
Bayan ayoyin Ƙur’ani kuma, akwai hadisai masu yawa da suka nuna muhimmancin kyauta. A musulunci an kira kyauta (bayarwa) da sunaye daban daban kamar: zakka da zakkatul fitir (zakkar kono) da imfaƙi(ciyarwa) da waƙaf (bayar da gida ko gona ko makaranta) da wasiyya da layya da hadaya da sauransu.
Kyauta Da Sadaka
Kyauta da Sadaka suna da kusanci da juna matuƙa don sun yi kama, sau da yawa abin dakan bambanta su ita ce niyya.
Manzon Allah (SAW) yana kar:ar kyauta, amma ba ya karɓar sadaka. Bukhari 3.751. Manzon Allah (saw) ya tabbatar cewa kar a bai wa iyalan gidan Muhammad sadaka. Muslim ya riwaito. Abu Huraira ya ce: wata rana Hassan ya ɗauki ƙwayar dabino. Manzon Allah ya ce kai fito da shi ba ka san mu ba ma cin sadaka ba? Fiƙhus sunna 3.73B An taɓa bai wa Barira sadakar nama, amma ta kawo wa Annabi (SAW), sai Annabi ya ce: ke sadaka a gareki mu kuma ya zama kyauta. Bukhari 2.571.
Daga Abu Huraira ya ce: "Idan aka kawo abinci zuwa ga Manzo Allah(SAW), yakan tambaya cewa kyauta ko sadaka? Idan aka ce sadaka ce, sai ya ce Sahabbai su ci, amma in aka ce kyauta ce, sai ya ci tare da Sahabbai. 3.750.
Zakkah: Sadaka (kyauta) ce ta wajibi watau ita farilla ce, amma ga mai wadata.
Sadaƙatul Jariya: Manzon Allah (SAW) ya ce: Idan mutum ya mutu dukkan ayyukansa sun yanke. In ban da ayyuka uku, sadaka mai gudana da ilmin da ya koyar ake aiki da shi, sai kuma natsattsen Ɗa wanda zai rinƙa yi masa addu’a. Fiƙhus Sunna 104 A. Daga Anas Bin Malik ya ce: Duk wanda ya dasa bishiya ko ya shuka ɗan itace ya tsira ya yi Ƴaƴa wani tsuntsu ko dabba ko mutum ya ci daga gareta. Wannan kamar sadaka ce mai gudana.Bukhari 3.513 Shari’ar Musulunci ta sharɗanta wasu hukunce-hukunce don ladabtarwa, a inda ta yanke cewar a ciyar da abinci (kyauta) ko a ƴanta baiwa. Kamar wajen kaffarar azumin watan ramalana, inda aka ce duk wanda ya karya azumi da gangar, sai ya yi azumi sittin, ko ya ƴanta baiwa, ko ya ciyar da mutane sittin. Wannan ciyarwa alama ce ta kyauta wadda yake kishiyar rowa ce, don haka Musulunci ba ya son Musulmi ya zama marowaci. Bayan wannan kuma sai kaffarar rantsuwa, nan ma ko dai mutum ya yi azumin kwana uku, ko ya ciyar da mutane goma abincin da zasu ƙoshi. Bayan wannan tsari kuma, sai ɓangaren da aka umarci Musulmai da su yi kyauta, su ba da zakka da sadaka da waƙafi. Dukkan waɗannan suna korar ko kawar da rowa a tsakanin Musulmai. Sada Zumunci Da Kyauta
Ana iya sada zumunci ta hanyar yin kyauta, zumuncin zai iya kasancewa naka ko na waninka. Bayan haka kuma zai iya faruwa a tsakanin mutane rayayyu (masu rai) da matattu (waɗanda suka rasu). Haka iyaye ko mata ko yayye da sauransu. “Manzon Allah (Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam). Ya kasance ya rinƙa bayar da kyauta zuwa ga ƙawayen Khadija matarsa ta farko ko bayan da ta rasu. A’isha (R.A.) ta riwaito cewa: “Ban taɓa jin kishin wata mata daga cikin matan Manzon Allah ba, kamar yadda nake kishin Khadija, duk da yake ban taɓa ganinta ba.
Manzon Allah yakan yawan tuna ta tare da ambatonta, kuma in ya yanka rago yakan ɗebi naman ya bayar ya ce a kai wa wasu daga ƙawayen Khadija. Wata rana na taɓa ce masa ka damu da Khadija matuƙa, tamkar ba wata mace a faɗi duniyar nan sai Khadija. Yace: Khadija ta yi min komai a rayuwa wanda ba wani da ya yi min kamar haka, sannan daga gareta na samu Ƴaƴa Bukhari 5.166.
Akwai wani bayani wanda ya faru a zamanin Sahabbai, inda Abdullahi Ibn Umar zai tafi aikin hajji. Suna cikin tafiya da jama’arsa, sai suka haɗu da wani Balaraben ƙauye. Abdullahi Ibn Umar nan da nan, sai ya ɗauki abin hawansa da jabba ya ba shi, sannan kuma ya girmamashi. Bayan sun rabu sai aka tambayi Ibn Umar game da wannan mutumin, sai Ibn Umar yace:
"Mahaifin mutumin abokin Sayyidina Umar Bin Khaɗɗaf ne”. Ibn Umar ya ƙara da cewa: Manzon Allah (Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam) ya ce: “ku sadar da zumuncin da iyayenku suke yi suna raye ko bayan sun rasu”.
Kyauta Ga Maƙwabci:
A’isha ta ce: “Ya Manzon Allah, ina da maƙwabta biyu wane zan bai wa kyauta daga cikinsu? Manzon Allah ya ce: “ki bai wa wanda ƙofarsa ta fi kusa da ke. Bukhari. 3.767 A’isha (R.A.) ta riwaito cewa: Manzon Allah yana yanka akuya ya rarrabar da naman, sai ya tambaya ko akwai abin da ya rage?A’isha ta ce saura karfata, sai Annabi ya ce nama na nan, karfata ce aka rasa.Tirmizi ya riwaito.
Ladubban Kyauta a Musulunci:
Kyauta na da wasu ladubba waɗanda shari’a ta tsara don al’umma su kiyaye. Akwai na umarni da kuma na hani da na kwaɗaitarwa da na tsoratarwa da sauransu.
Abubuwa Da Suke ɓata Kyauta Ko Sadaka
Akwai wasu abubuwa waɗanda mutum zai yi su ɓata masa kyauta ko sadakar da ya yi. Da farko akwai riya ko gori ko zobe ko tasau da sauransu. Riya
Na nufin ka yi wa mutum kyauta ko sadaka ba wanda ya sani, ka zo kana bayar da labari don a yaba maka. Tabbas riya na ɓata aiki komai yawansa.
Gori
Na nufin ka yi wa mutum kyauta ko sadaka, amma daga baya ka rinƙa cewa, ashe ba na yi maka kaza da kaza ba? Haƙiƙa gori na ɓata kyauta ko sadaka saboda tana tozarta wanda aka yi wa. Wannan ya sa Manzon Allah ya hana, Allah (swt) Ya hana a cikin Alƙur’ani a inda Yace: “kar ku ɓata sadakar ku da gori da zobe”
Zobe
Na nufin ka yi wa mutum kyauta ko sadaka, amma daga baya ka ƙwace abin da ka bayar. Wannan shi ma shari’a ta hana, saboda ta haifar ƙiyayya a tsakanin wanda aka yi wa kyauta ko sadaka da wanda ya yi. Bisa kyakkyawar ɗabi’a duk wanda ya aikata wannan ana ɗaukarsa ƙaramin mutum. Bisa shari’a kuwa, shi ma wannan abin ƙyama ne. Akwai wani hadisi mai yin haka ya yi kama da kare. Domin kare ya ke yin amai sannan daga baya yana dawo ya lashe abisa. Tasau
Na nufin mutum ya yi wa budurwa ko bazawara toshi (kyauta). Bayan ya yi mata toshi sai daga baya ya tayar da kyautar wato ya ƙwace. Bisa kyakkyawar ɗabi’a duk wanda ya aikata wannan ana ƙaukarsa ƙaramin mutum ma’ana mai ƙaranta. Duk wanda aka san shi wannan hali ba ya yin farin jini a gari. Bugu da ƙari Ƴanmata kan guje shi. Raina Kyauta
A al’adance an hana mutum ya raina kyautar da aka yi masa, saboda Bahaushe ya ce: “maraina kaɗan ɓarawo ne”, ko “lomar hasafi ta fi kaɓakin tsiya” ko “da babu gara ba daɗi”. Haka kuma ko a musulunce shari’a ta hana raina kyauta kamar a wani hadisi inda Abu huraira ya ce:Manzon Allah ya ce: “ya ku mata kar ɗaya daga cikin ku ta raina kyautar da ƙawarta ko maƙwabciyarta ko da kofatan akuya ne”.Bukhari 3.740
Daga Abu huraira ya ce: Manzon Allah Ya ce: zan amsa gayyata walima ko da abincin kofaton akuya ne.
KYAUTAR DA MUSULUNCI KE KYAMA.
Abdullahi bn Umar da Abdullahi Abbas sun ruwaito cewa: Manzon Allah (SAW) haramun ne mutum ya bayar da kyauta ko sadaka, sannan daga baya ya zo ya ƙwace, sai tsakanin uba in yaba ɗansa. Duk wanda yayi kyauta ya koma mata ya zama kare mai yin amai ya dawo lashe. Abu Dauda 1571.
Abu umama ya ruwaito cewa: Manzon Allah yace "duk wanda ya taimaki ɗan uwansa sannan ya karɓI wata kyauta daga gare shi to tinkari wata ƙofa daga ƙofofi riba (rashawa). 1573
Abdullahi bn Ammar bn As ya ce: Manzon Allah ya ce: ba a yarda ba mace ta yi kyauta da wani abu daga kayan mijinta ba, sai da izininsa. Abu Dauda 1575.
Nu’uman bn Bashir yace: Babansa ya tafi da shi wajen Manzon Allah, ya ce: Na baiwa Ɗana bawa, sai Manzon Allah ya tambaya ka bai wa sauran Ƴaƴanbka kamar haka? Sai ya ce: a’a, Manzon Allah ya ce: karɓi kyautarka. Bukhari3.759. A ƙarshe, ga wasu ƙarin hujjoji kaɗan don a sanya su a matsayin madogara. Waɗannan hujjoji sun ƙunshi ayoyin Ƙur’ani da wasu hadisai, da kuma maganganun wasu bayin Allah. Gaba Ɗayansu sun yi nuni ne ga fa’idar bayarwa (kyauta ko sadaka ko zakka) a Musulunce da kuma cewa bayarwa ibada ce ga mahangar Musulunci. Bayan haka kuma baiwa ce domin kuwa sai wanda Allah Ya yarda da shi yake yin alheri. An ambaci sadaka Suratul Baƙara aya ta 219, 270, 272, 274, 291, Ala’imrana aya ta 92, 134, Nisa’I aya ta 114, Tauba aya ta 60, 79, 103, Nur aya ta 56, Mujadala aya ta 12, 13,
An yi ummarnin yin sadaka a Suratul Baƙara aya ta 271, An ambaci fa’idoji da falalar sadaka Suratul Baƙara aya ta 261, Anfal aya ta 60, Suratul Hadid aya ta18, Tagabun aya ta17.
An tsoratar a kan ƙin yin sadaka Suratul Suratul Isra’il aya ta 28, ayoyi da surori masu yawa a Ƙur’ani mai girma Suratul Isra’il aya ta 29. Kar ka maƙe hannunka ka zama marowaci, kar kuma ka zama almubazzari don kar ka zama abin zargi, ko ka talauce.
A cikin Suratul Laili. Da Suratul Ma’uun, da cikin Suratul Hadid.
Abu Huraira ya ruwaito Annabi ya ce: “mai kyauta yana kusa da Allah, kuma kusa da Aljannah, kuma kusa da mutane. Amma marowaci kuwa yana nesa da Allah, kuma yana kusa da wuta. Jahili wanda yake yin kyauta ya fi kusa da Allah fiye da mai ibada marowaci. Tirmizi: 580:
Aliyu Ɗan Abi Ɗalib yace: Malami saboda iliminsa yana iya zama mai kyauta. A inda mai dukiya saboda son dukiyarsa yana iya zama marowaci.
A Musulunci, an fifita mai bayar da kyauta a kan wanda yake karɓa. kamar wani hadisi dayace: Hannun sama (Mai bayarwa) yafi hannun ƙasa (mai kar~a) daraja. Duk wannan ana nuna kyawun kyauta fiye da rowa da kuma kwaɗayi.
Ibn Abbas ya ce, Manzon Allah shi ne mafi alheri (Kyauta) a mutane. Ya fi yin kyauta a watan azumi, ya fi iska kyauta.1.1
Abdullahi Bin Amr ya ce, wani mutum ya tambayi Annabi cewa: Wane aiki ne ya fi a musulunci? Sai ya ce ka ciyar da talaka, sannan ka yi sallama ga wanda ka sani da wanda ba ka sani ba. Bukhari 1.11.
Shafi
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53091 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliyu%20Cisse | Aliyu Cisse | Aliou Cissé (an haife shi A ranar 24 ga watan Maris shekarar 1976) kocin ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Senegal kuma tsohon ɗan wasa wanda shine manajan ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Senegal Cissé sananne ne da kyaftin din tawagar Senegal da ta kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin Afrika a shekarar 2002 da kuma kasancewa kocin Senegal na farko da ya lashe gasar a shekarar 2022 bayan ya kai wasan karshe a shekarar 2019 Bayan ya fara aikinsa a Faransa, daga baya ya taka leda a kungiyoyin Ingila Birmingham City da Portsmouth Cissé ya kasance dan wasan tsakiya na tsaro wanda kuma, a wani lokaci, ya taka leda a tsakiya.
Cissé ya kasance babban kocin Senegal tun a shekarar 2015, bayan da ya karbi ragamar horas da su na dan lokaci bayan korar Amara Traoré, a matsayin riko a shekarar 2012. Ya kuma kasance mataimakin kocin kungiyar 'yan kasa da shekaru 23 daga 2012 zuwa shekarar 2013, inda ya zama babban koci daga 2013 zuwa 2015.
Aikin kulob An haife shi a Ziguinchor, Senegal, Cissé ya koma Paris yana da shekaru tara inda ya girma tare da mafarkin wasa don Paris Saint-Germain Ya fara aikinsa da Lille OSC kafin ya koma CS Sedan Ardennes sannan kuma Paris Saint Germain. Ya kuma ciyar da mafi yawan lokacin 2001–02 akan lamuni a Montpellier Herault SC Bayan ya zama kyaftin din tawagar kasar Senegal zuwa wasan daf da na kusa da na karshe a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta shekarar 2002, Cissé ya koma kulob din Birmingham City na Ingila a kakar wasa ta shekarar 2002-03, kakarsu ta farko a gasar Premier Cissé ya buga wasansa na farko a kungiyar a Arsenal a ranar farko ta kakar wasan bana, amma an kore shi. Kodayake an soke sallamar, ya ci gaba da karɓar katunan rawaya biyar a cikin wasanni shida, a ƙarshe yana tara katunan rawaya goma kafin Sabuwar Shekara. Duk da haka, kakarsa ta katse bayan da ya samu rauni a watan Fabrairu wanda ya sa ba zai buga sauran kakar wasa ta bana ba. Cissé ya dawo a ƙarshen horo na farko a Yuli shekarar 2003, wanda ya jagoranci manajan Steve Bruce ya sanya shi a cikin jerin canja wuri. Cissé ya dawo da kansa cikin hoton tawagar farko, amma dangantakarsa da Bruce ta ci gaba da yin tsami. Bayan Kirsimeti, Cissé ya buga wasanni uku kawai a waccan kakar. A karshen kakar wasa ta bana ya sanya hannu kan Portsmouth kan £300,000 kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu, duk da karfin canja wuri zuwa abokan hamayyar Premier Bolton Wanderers Canja wurin ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin da yawa da aka haɗa a cikin rahoton Stevens da aka fitar a watan Yunin shekarar 2007, wanda ya nuna damuwa game da cin hanci da rashawa a cikin ƙwallon ƙafa na Ingila. Game da Cissé, rahoton ya ce, "Agent Willie McKay ya yi aiki ga Portsmouth a cikin canja wurin Cissé da binciken ba a shirya don share waɗannan canje-canje a wannan mataki ba". Bayan shekaru biyu a Portsmouth, Cissé ya koma CS Sedan a watan Nuwamba shekarar 2006 bayan ya yi gwajin makonni biyu. Daga nan ya sanya hannu a Nîmes Olympique ta Faransa daga CS Sedan a cikin Satumba shekarar 2008. Cissé ya buga wasanni bakwai a lokacin kakar a shekarar 2008 09 kafin ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa yana da shekaru 33.
Ayyukan kasa da kasa Cissé ya zama din tawagar kasar Senegal a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA a shekarar 2002 Bayan da Faransa ta samu nasara da ci 1-0 a gasar cin kofin duniya a ranar daya ga watan, tawagar ta kai ga wasan daf da na kusa da na karshe inda Turkiyya ta yi rashin nasara da ci 1-0 Cissé kuma yana cikin tawagar Senegal da ta zo ta biyu a gasar cin kofin Afrika a shekara ta 2002, amma yana daya daga cikin 'yan wasan da suka yi rashin nasara a bugun fanareti a wasan karshe a wasan da suka doke Kamaru Aikin gudanarwa A farkon Watan Maris shekarar 2015, an nada Cissé bisa hukuma a matsayin babban kocin tawagar yan wasan Senegal Tawagar ta samu gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA 2018 a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba 2017, tare da ci 2-0 a waje da Afrika ta Kudu A karshe dai Senegal ta yi waje da ita a matakin rukuni na gasar bayan ta zama tawaga ta farko a tarihin gasar kwallon kafa ta duniya da aka fitar saboda dokar tazarce “Wannan daya ne daga cikin ka’idojin. Dole ne mu mutunta shi, "in ji Cissé. “Hakika, mun gwammace a kawar da mu wata hanya. Wannan rana ce ta bakin ciki a gare mu, amma mun san wadannan su ne ka’idoji.” Cissé ya horar da Senegal a gasar cin kofin Afrika ta 2019, inda ya taimakawa Senegal zuwa wasan karshe na farko tun shekarar 2002, gasar da Cissé da kansa ya halarta lokacin yana kyaftin din kungiyar. Sai dai Senegal ta sha kashi a wasan karshe da ci 1-0 a wasan karshe da Algeria, bayan da ta yi rashin nasara da ci daya a matakin rukuni, kuma ta rasa kofinta na farko a Afirka. A cikin watan Fabrairu shekarar 2019, Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Senegal (FSF) ta tsawaita kwantiragin Cissé da ma’aikatansa har zuwa watan Agusta shekarar 2021. A ranar 6 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 2022, Cissé ya jagoranci Senegal zuwa ga nasara a gasar cin kofin Afirka na 2021 A wasan karshe sun doke Masar da ci 4-2 a bugun fenariti inda suka samu nasarar lashe kofinsu na farko, ta haka ne ya fanshi kansa bayan rashin nasara biyu da suka yi a baya. A gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA 2022, ya jagoranci tawagar wasan kasar Senegal zuwa matakin knockout a karon farko tun yana dan wasa a shekarar 2002.
Rayuwa ta sirri Cissé ya rasa wasu daga cikin danginsa a cikin MV gwagwalad Bala'in jirgin MV wanda ya afku a gabar tekun Gambiya a ranar 26 ga Satumba shekarar 2002. Domin girmama rayukan da aka rasa, Cissé ya halarci wasan sadaka tsakanin Senegal da Najeriya wanda ya tara kudi ga iyalan sama da 1,000 da aka ruwaito. Birmingham City, daya daga cikin tsoffin kulab dinsa, ya gwagwalad tattara kudi ga iyalan wadanda abin ya shafa kuma ya karrama Cissé ta hanyar nuna katafaren tutar gwagwalad Senegal a wasan da suka buga da Manchester City Kididdigar sana'a
Kulob
Gudanarwa
Girmamawa
Mai kunnawa Paris Saint-Germain
Coupe de la Ligue ya zo na biyu: 1999-2000
UEFA Intertoto Cup 2001
Senegal
Gasar cin kofin Afrika ta biyu: 2002 Individual
Kocin Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka: 2021 CAF Kyaututtuka na Shekara: 2022
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Aliou Cissé French league stats at Ligue 1 also available in French
Aliou Cissé at Soccerbase Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1976
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
24552 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar%20Sharif | Omar Sharif | Omar Sharif Egyptian Arabic pronunciation: ʕomɑɾ f] haifaffen Michael Yusef Dimitri Chalhoub ʃel mitɾi b], an haife shi ne a ranar 10 ga watan Afrilun Shekarar 1932ya kuma mutu ne a ranar 10 ga watan Yuli 2015), ya kasan ce wani ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Masar da talabijin. Ya fara aikinsa a cikin ƙasarsa ta haihuwa a cikin 1950s, amma an fi saninsa da fitowar sa a cikin shirye -shiryen Burtaniya, Amurka, Faransa, da Italiya. Fina -finansa sun hada da Lawrence na Arabia (1962), Doctor Zhivago (1965), da Funny Girl (1968). An ba shi lambar yabo ta Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for Lawrence of Arabia Ya ci lambar yabo ta Golden Globe Awards da lambar yabo ta César Sharif wanda ya yi magana da Larabci na Masar, Larabci, Ingilishi, Faransanci, kuma, a cikin fina -finai, Mutanen Espanya, Girkanci, da Italiyanci galibi an jefa shi, a cikin fina -finan Burtaniya da Amurka, a matsayin baƙon waje. Ya takaita takunkumin tafiye-tafiye da gwamnatin shugaban Masar Gamal Abdel Nasser ta sanya, wanda ya kai ga gudun hijira a Turai. Ya kuma kasance mai sha'awar tseren dawakai na tsawon rayuwa, kuma a lokaci guda yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasan gadar kwangilar duniya.
Rayuwar farko Sharif, wanda soma surname nufin "daraja" ko "bafadan. da aka haife Michael Yusef Dimitri Chalhoub a Alexandria, Masarautar Misira (yanzu Jamhuriyar Larabawa ta Masar ga dangin Katolika na Melkite na asalin Lebanon sanya shi da danginsa na Kiristocin Kiristocin Girka na Antiochian (wanda kuma aka sani da Rûm Mahaifinsa, Yusef Chalhoub, ɗan kasuwa mai daraja na katako, ya ƙaura zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa ta Alexandria tare da mahaifiyarsa a farkon karni na 20 daga Zahle a Lebanon. An haifi Sharif daga baya a Alexandria. Iyalinsa sun ƙaura zuwa Alkahira lokacin yana ɗan shekara huɗu. Mahaifiyarsa, Claire Saada, sananniyar mai masaukin baki ce, kuma Sarki Farouk na Masar ya kasance baƙo na yau da kullun kafin a ajiye shi a 1952.
A lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, Sharif ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Victoria, Alexandria, inda ya nuna gwaninta ga harsuna. Daga baya ya kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Alkahira da digiri a fannin lissafi da kimiyyar lissafi. Ya yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a kasuwancin katako mai daraja na mahaifinsa kafin ya fara aiki a Masar. A shekarar 1955, ya sanya wa kansa suna a cikin fina -finan Omar Sharif. Ya auri 'yar fim din Masar Faten Hamama An ba da labarin cewa Sharif ya yi karatun wasan kwaikwayo a Royal Academy of Dramatic Art a London,amma makarantar ta tabbatar wa Al Jazeera cewa wannan ba gaskiya bane.
Littafin tarihin Namijin Madawwami, tare da Marie-Thérèse Guinchard, fassarar. Martin Sokolinsky (Doubleday, 1977); asalin. Faransanci, cternel masculin (Paris: Stock, 1976)
Gadar Goren ta Kammala, Charles Goren tare da Omar Sharif (Doubleday, 1980) ɗaya daga cikin bugu da yawa daga baya na Goren
Rayuwar Omar Sharif a Bridge, tare da Anne Segalen da Patrick Sussel, fassarar. kuma Terence Reese ya daidaita shi (Faber, 1983); asalin. Faransanci, Ma vie au gada (Paris: Fayard, 1982)
Omar Sharif Talks Bridge (2004)
Bridge Deluxe II Kunna tare da Omar Sharif (umarnin jagora)
Hanyoyin waje Omar Sharif a elcinema.com (Larabci)
Yin Lawrence na Larabawa, Jaridar BAFTA Digitized (Winter 1962–1963)
Omar Sharif Bayyanar Omar Sharif akan Wannan Shine Rayuwarku
Umar Sharif (Aveleyman)
Omar Sharif
Manazarta Matattun 2015
Haifaffun |
29291 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muri | Muri | Muri gari ne wanda yake da masarautar gargajiya a Jalingo kuma sarautar lamba ɗaya wato (Emir) garin ya mamaye karamar hukumar Karim Lamido ARDO KOLA Yoro, karamar hukumar Taraba da sauran su, garin yana arewa maso yammacin jihar Taraba a gabashin Najeriya, kimanin tsakanin 9° da 11° 40′ E. da 7° 10′ da 9° 40′ N. Kogin Benuwai na kusa da garin miuri yankin kudancin kogin shi yake shayar da kogunan da suka fito daga yankin Kamaru zuwa Binuwai. A cikin shekara ta 1991, an kuma kiyasta garin yana da yawan jama'a 56,570. Sai dai kwarin Benuwai yana da yanayin da turawa basa iya zama ba a garin, sai dai kuma akwai wurare a arewacin lardin, kamar ƙauyen Fula na Wase a kudancin tsaunukan Murchison, wanda wannan kuma wurin yana bada yanayi mai kyau. An fi amfani da harsunan Tula–Waja irin su Dadiya da Bangwinji ana magana da su gefen tsaunukan Muri.
Tarihin Muri
A cikin shekara ta 1817, aka kafa garin Muri a matsayin wanda Fulani ne suka kafa shi bayan jihadinsu. Daga shekarar 1892 zuwa 1893 ƙasar Faransa tazo garin da sunan kariyar ta gaskiya, ƙarƙashin Gwamna Louis Mizon (b. 1853 d. 1899). A cikin shekara ta 1901 garin yanda faɗi kusan 25,800 lardin da ke ƙarƙashin mulkin Birtaniya na Arewacin Najeriya, mai iyaka daga kudu (a) sai daga Kudancin Najeriya, kudu maso gabas (SE) sai ta gabas (E) tayi iyaka da yankin Kamaru wanda Jamus ta mulka. Sai Arewa (N) ta lardin Yola. Sai ta yamma (W) tayi iyaka da Bauchi. Sai yamma kuma tayi iyaka da wani yankin Nasarawa da Bassa mai kimanin mutane 828,000. Ƙaramar masarautar Katsena-Allah ta kai kudu da Benuwai sosai yamma da 9° E., gwargwadon iyakar sauran lardin. Lardin yana da arzikin dazuzzuka, kuma Kamfanin Neja yana kula da tashoshin kasuwanci a gaɓar kogin. Ana noman auduga, saƙa da rini sauran su wannan yaba mutane damar samun aiki ga dubban mutane. Haka Lardin Muri ya haɗa da tsohuwar daular Jukun tare da ƙananan garuruwan Fulani daban-daban da kuma wasu ƙabilun maguzawa, waɗanda a cikinsu akwai ‘yan ƙabilar Munshi waɗanda suka mamaye lardunan Nassarawa da Bassa, na cikin waɗanda suka fi fama da tashin hankali. Yan ƙabilar Munshi sun mamaye kusan 4000, a gundumar Katsena-Alah. Ƙabilun maguzawa a arewacin lardin sun kasance suna cin naman mutane, marasa bin doka da oda, waɗanda suka daɗe suna nuna fushinsu da kashe-kashenn ’yan kasuwa masu fatauci zuwa Bauchi suna cikin haɗari, kuma sun daƙushe kasuwannin kwarin Binuwai (Benue valley) da Kamaru daga jihohin Hausa duk Hanyoyin da suka san ana bi sai da suka tare ta, daman hanyoyi biyu ne kawai, ɗaya ta Wase ɗayan kuma ta Gatari. A kudancin lardin maguzawa makiya sun rufe hanyar shiga Kamaru sai ta hanyoyi biyu, Takum da Beli. Ƴan kasuwan Hausawa na lardin Muri yana masu wahala bin wannan waɗannan hanyoyin ga haɗari da kashe-kashe an sami sauƙi sune a lokacin da gwamnatin Birtaniya tazo.
Muri ya zo ne a ƙarƙashin mulkin Birtaniya a shekara ta 1900. Babban yunƙurin gwamnatin shi ne taimakawa wajen buɗe hanyoyin kasuwanci. A cikin shekara ta 1904 wani balaguro da aka yi kan masu cin naman mutane ya haifar da kame manyan sansanoninsu da matsugunai tare da buɗe kasuwannin manyan gundumomi, hanyoyin da ke zuwa Binuwai sun kasance babu matsala lami lafiya. A cikin shekara ta 1905 wani balaguron yaƙi da Munshi, wanda ya zama dole ta hanyar kai hari ba gaira ba dalili a tashar Kamfanin Neja a garin Abinsi. Rashin wata hukuma ta tsakiya ya jinkirta aiwatar da shirin mayar da lardin ƙarƙashin kulawar masu gudanarwa. An kuma tsara gwamnatin a bisa tsari irin na sauran Arewacin Najeriya, kuma a ƙarƙashin wani Bature. An raba shi zuwa sassa uku na gudanarwa gabas, tsakiya da yamma tare da hedkwatarsu a garin Lau, Amar da Ibi. An kafa kotunan shari'a na lardi da na asali. An kai telegraph din zuwa garin Muri. Muri na ɗaya daga cikin lardunan da cinikin bayi ya fi ƙarfi a cikinsu, kuma matsayin da yake tsakanin ƙasar Jamus da ƙasashen Hausa ya sanya ta a farkon gwamnatin Burtaniya ta zama hanyar da aka fi so wajen safarar bayi.
Sarakunan Muri
Manazarta
Mahaɗar link ta waje
WorldStatesmen Nigeria
The Emirs of Muri: A Brief History Britannica website about Muri Emirate
Sokoto Caliphate
French West Africa
Populated places in Taraba State
1817 establishments in |
29896 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambaliyar%20kogin%20nilu | Ambaliyar kogin nilu | Ambaliyar kogin Nilu ya kasance muhimmin zagayowar yanayi a ƙasar Masar tun a zamanin da Masarawa suna bikin ne a matsayin hutu na shekara-shekara na makonni biyu daga kimanin 15 ga Agusta, wanda aka fi sani da Wafaa El-Nil Hakanan ana yin bikin a cikin Cocin 'yan Koftik ta hanyar biki ta jefar da shahidi a cikin kogin, don haka sunan, Shahidai Coptic Masarawa na dā sun gaskata cewa kogin Nilu yana ambaliya kowace shekara domin Isis ya yi hawaye na baƙin ciki ga mijinta da ya mutu, Osiris.
Zagayowar ambaliya Ambaliyar kogin Nilu sakamakon damina ne na shekara tsakanin watan Mayu da Agusta wanda ya haifar da hazo mai yawa a kan tsaunukan Habasha wanda kolinsu ya kai tsayin mita kusan 4550 (14,928). ft). Mafi yawan wannan ruwan sama da kogin Nilu ne da kuma kogin Atbarah ya shiga cikin kogin Nilu, yayin da wani abin da ba shi da muhimmanci ya ratsa ta cikin kogin Sobat da farin Nilu zuwa cikin kogin Nilu. A cikin wannan ɗan gajeren lokaci, waɗannan kogunan suna ba da gudummawar kusan kashi casa'in cikin ɗari na ruwan kogin Nilu da mafi yawan ɗigon ruwa da yake ɗauka, amma bayan damina, suna raguwa zuwa ƙananan koguna.
Waɗannan abubuwan ba su sani ba ga Masarawa na d a waɗanda za su iya lura da tashi da faduwar ruwan Nilu kawai. Ambaliyar ta kasance kamar haka, kodayake ana iya yin hasashen ainihin kwanakinsa da matakansa na ɗan gajeren lokaci ta hanyar watsa karatun ma'auni a Aswan zuwa ƙananan sassan masarautar inda dole ne a canza bayanan zuwa yanayin gida. Abin da ba a iya hangowa ba, ba shakka, shi ne girman ambaliya da fitar da shi gabaɗaya.
An raba shekarar Masar zuwa yanayi uku na Akhet (Inundation), Peret (Growth), da Shemu (Girbi). Akhet ya rufe zagayowar ambaliya ta Masar. Wannan zagayowar ya yi daidai da yadda Masarawa suka fara yin amfani da tashin hankali na Sirius, babban taron da aka yi amfani da shi don a saita kalandarsu Ana iya ganin alamun farko na hawan kogin a farkon cataracts na kogin Nilu (a Aswan) a farkon farkon watan Yuni, kuma ana ci gaba da karuwa har zuwa tsakiyar watan Yuli, lokacin da karuwar ruwa. ya zama mai girma sosai. Kogin Nilu ya ci gaba da hauhawa har zuwa farkon watan Satumba, lokacin da matakin ya tsaya tsayin daka na kusan makonni uku, wani lokacin kadan kadan. A cikin Oktoba sau da yawa ya sake tashi, haka kuma ya kai matsayi mafi girma. Tun daga wannan lokacin ya fara raguwa, kuma yawanci yana nutsewa har zuwa watan Yuni lokacin da ya kai mafi ƙasƙanci, kuma. Ambaliyar ruwa ta isa Aswan kusan mako guda kafin Alkahira, da Luxor kwanaki biyar zuwa shida kafin Alkahira. Matsakaicin tsayin ambaliya shine ƙafa 45 (mita 13.7) a Aswan, ƙafa 38 (mita 11.6) a Luxor (da Thebes) da ƙafa 25 (mita 7.6) a Alkahira.
Noma
Basin ban ruwa Yayin da Masarawa na farko suka yi aiki a yankunan da ambaliyar ruwa ta mamaye, kimanin kusan shekaru 7000 da suka wuce, sun fara haɓaka hanyar ban ruwa. An raba ƙasar noma zuwa manyan filayen da aka kewaye da madatsun ruwa da dykes tare da samar da magudanan ruwa da na fita. Ruwan ruwa ya cika kwandunan sannan kuma a rufe na tsawon kwanaki 45 don cike kasa da danshi sannan a bar simintin ya ajiye. Sa'an nan kuma an zubar da ruwan zuwa ƙananan filayen ko kuma a koma cikin Kogin Nilu. Nan da nan, aka fara shuka, kuma girbi ya biyo bayan wasu watanni uku ko huɗu. A lokacin rani bayan haka, noma ba zai yiwu ba. Don haka, duk amfanin gona dole ne ya dace da wannan tsari mai tsauri na ban ruwa da lokaci.
Idan aka yi ruwa kadan, kwanukan sama ba za su cika da ruwa ba wanda hakan na nufin yunwa. Idan ambaliya ta yi yawa, zai lalata wasu ƙauyuka, dykes da magudanar ruwa.
Hanyar ban ruwa basin ba ta cika ƙasƙan ƙasa da yawa ba, kuma ana samun ci gaba da haifuwarsu ta wurin ajiyar zuriyar da ake samu a shekara. Ciwon ruwa bai samu ba, tunda a lokacin rani, ruwan karkashin kasa yana kasa da kasa sosai, kuma duk wani sinadarin da zai iya taru sai ambaliya ta gaba ta wanke ta.
An yi kiyasin cewa ta wannan hanyar, a ƙasar Masar ta dā, za a iya ciyar da kusan mutane miliyan kimanin 2 har zuwa aƙalla miliyan 12. A ƙarshen Late Antiquity, hanyoyin da abubuwan more rayuwa sun lalace sannu a hankali, kuma yawan jama'a ya ragu daidai da haka; zuwa 1800, Masar tana da yawan jama'a kusan miliyan 2.5.
Perennial ban ruwa Muhammad Ali Pasha, Khedive na Masar a shekarun (r. 1805-1848), yayi ƙoƙari ya zamanantar da sassa daban-daban na Masar. Ya yi yunƙurin faɗaɗa ƙasar noma da samun ƙarin kuɗin shiga ta hanyar gabatar da noman auduga, amfanin gona mai tsayin lokacin girma kuma yana buƙatar isasshen ruwa a kowane lokaci. Don haka, an gina magudanar ruwa na Delta da kuma faffadan tsarin sabbin magudanan ruwa, tare da canza tsarin ban ruwa daga noman rani na gargajiya zuwa noman rani na shekara ta yadda za a iya yin ban ruwa a duk shekara. Ta haka, ana iya girbe amfanin gona da yawa sau biyu ko ma sau uku a shekara kuma amfanin noma ya karu sosai. A cikin shekarata 1873, Isma'il Pasha ya ba da umarnin gina magudanar ruwa na Ibrahimiya, wanda hakan ya ba da damar ban ruwa na shekara-shekara.
Ƙarshen ambaliya Ko da yake Birtaniyya, a lokacin farkon lokacin su a Masar, sun inganta da kuma tsawaita wannan tsarin, ba su iya adana ruwa mai yawa ba kuma su ci gaba da kiyaye ambaliyar ruwa na shekara-shekara. Domin kara inganta ban ruwa, Sir William Willcocks, a matsayinsa na babban darekta na reservoirs na Masar, ya tsara da kuma kula da aikin gina madatsar ruwa ta Aswan Low Dam, tafki na gaskiya na farko, da kuma Assiut Barrage, dukansu sun kammala a shekarata 1902. Duk da haka, har yanzu ba su iya riƙe isasshen ruwa don jure wa bushewar bazara ba, duk da cewa an tayar da Aswan Low Dam sau biyu, a cikin shekarun 1907-1912 da 1929-1933.
A cikin shekarun 1920, an gina madatsar ruwa ta Sennar akan kogin Blue Nile a matsayin tafki domin samar da ruwa ga babban tsarin Gezira akai-akai. Ita ce madatsar ruwa ta farko a kan kogin Nilu don riƙe da ruwa mai yawa (da kuma karkatar da adadi mai yawa a cikin magudanan ruwa) kuma duk da buɗe ƙofofin sluice yayin ambaliya don zubar da ruwa, ana ɗaukar tafki. ya yi asarar kusan kashi uku na karfin ajiyarsa. A cikin shekarata 1966, an ƙara Dam ɗin Roseires ban ruwa da Tsarin Gezira. An kammala gina madatsar ruwa ta Jebel Aulia da ke gabar kogin White Nile a kudancin birnin Khartoum a shekara ta 1937 domin a biya diyya ga kananan ruwan kogin Blue Nile a lokacin sanyi, amma har yanzu ba a samu nasarar shawo kan lokacin karancin ruwa a kogin Nilu ba, don haka kauce wa fari lokaci-lokaci., wanda ya addabi Masar tun zamanin da.
Domin shawo kan wadannan matsalolin, Harold Edwin Hurst, wani masanin ruwa dan kasar Birtaniya a Hukumar Ayyukan Jama'a ta Masar daga shekarar 1906 har zuwa shekaru da yawa bayan shekarun ritayarsa, ya yi nazari kan sauyin yanayin ruwa a cikin kogin Nilu, kuma tuni a cikin 1946 ya gabatar da wani cikakken shiri na yadda za a iya samun “ajiya na ƙarni” don jure yanayin rani na musamman da ke faruwa a ƙididdiga sau ɗaya cikin shekaru ɗari. Jihohin da abin ya shafa sun yi adawa da ra'ayinsa na ƙarin tafkunan tafkunan Victoria, tafkin Albert da tafkin Tana da kuma rage ƙawancewar ruwa a cikin Sudd ta hanyar tona magudanar ruwa ta Jonglei A ƙarshe, Gamal Abdel Nasser, Shugaban Masar daga shekarar 1956 zuwa 1970, ya zaɓi ra'ayin Babban Dam na Aswan a Aswan a Masar maimakon yin hulɗa da ƙasashen waje da yawa. An ƙididdige girman da ake buƙata na tafki ta amfani da alkalumman Hurst da hanyoyin lissafi A cikin shekarata 1970, tare da kammala Babban Dam na Aswan wanda ya sami damar adana mafi girman ambaliya, zagayowar ambaliya na shekara-shekara a Masar ya ƙare a tafkin Nasser Al'ummar Masar sun haura miliyan 92.5 (kimanin 2016).
Duba wasu abubuwan Nilometer
Ayyukan Jama'a na Masar
Aswan Dam #Makarantar Ruwa
Samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Masar
Gudanar da albarkatun ruwa a Masar ta zamani
Cibiyar Nazarin Ruwa ta Kasa (Misira)
ambato
Littafi Mai Tsarki William Willcocks, James Ireland Craig: Masarawa Ban ruwa. Juzu'i na I Ban ruwa na Masar. Juzu'i na II. Bugu na 3. Spon, London/New York, 1913.
Greg Shapland: Kogin Rikici: Rikicin Ruwa na Duniya a Gabas ta Tsakiya. C. Hurst Co., London 1997, shafi. 57. samfoti akan littattafan Google John V. Sutcliffe, Yvonne P. Parks: Ruwan Ruwa na Nilu. Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Duniya na Kimiyyar Ruwa, Wallingford 1999, shafi. 151. PDF Archived).
Manazarta Kogi
Ambaliya
Ruwa
Nilu
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
17440 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durbi%20Takusheyi | Durbi Takusheyi | Durbi Takusheyi (ko Durbi-ta-kusheyi, ma'ana "kaburburan babban mai wa'azi") makwantai ko kaburbura ne na binnewa kuma babbar alama ce ta kayan tarihi da ke kusan 32 kilomita gabas na Katsina a arewacin Najeriya. Jana'izar sarakunan katsina na farko sunada shekaru 200 daga ƙarni na 13/14 zuwa bayan haifuwar Annabi Isa zuwa ƙarni na 15/16 BH. Abubuwan da aka kwato sun bayar da bayanan tarihi game da asalin Hausawa da jihohin birni. Kayan kabarin sun hada da na gida, na asali na asali banda abubuwan ƙasashen waje wadanda suka tabbatar da hanyoyin sadarwar da suka isa yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya Katsina ta wakilci yanki na musamman na fataucin Sahara a lokacin ƙarshen shekarun tsakiyar, wani mahimmin matsayi a tarihin gida wanda a lokacinda jihohin biranen Hausa suka fito.
Tarihi Microliths ne ya gano wajen a cikin 1965 a kan tudun RC Soper ya nuna cewa yankin Katsina ya ci gaba da zama tun daga zamanin wayewar dutse. Tarihin farko na ɗaya daga cikin masarautun kasar hausa, wato masarautar katsina, ya ta'allaka ne akan wasu shafuka, wanda Durbi Takusheyi ya kasance sananne sosai. Ya sami matsayinsa na gata a wani lokaci kafin ƙarni na 15 saboda kasancewar wuraren bautar gumaka na gumakan kakannin da suke a baobab kusa da tumuli. Al'adar cikin gida ta nuna cewa dangin, wanda ake kira da Durbawa, sun kuma bautar allahn rana kuma babban malamin nasu yana da "Durbi", wanda har yanzu shi ne babban mukami a Masarautar ta Katsina. Usman ya ce, ainihin kauyukan yankin, ko kuma masu gari, sun kasance shugabannin garin ne, ko kuma mai gari, wanda shi ne ya kamata ya wakilci wani babban zuriya. Ofarfin shugabannin gari a cikin yankin Katsina ya dogara ne da ikon su, da kuma ganowa tare da, rukunin kakannin kakannin waɗanda ke kan kabarin Durbi. Dabi'ar Durbi Takusheyi ta kakannin kakanninsa da kuma irin matsayin da yake da shi a siyasance daga ƙarshe ya ƙare don nuna sha'awar bautar yanayi da ke kan tsafin Yuna, a itacen tamarind na Bawada, kusa da Tilla Turawan yamma sun manta da kabarin Durbi har sai da Palmer ya fara aikin hakar farko a cikin shekarar 1907. A ranar 23 ga Afrilu 1959 Sashen Tarihi na Tarihi na Najeriya (daga baya NCMM) ya ba da sanarwar wurin a matsayin abin tunawa ga al'adun ƙasar. A shekarar 1959 aka dauke shi ya hada manya da kananan matsaloli guda biyu, ban da tsohuwar bishiyar baobab da aka fi sani da Kuka Katsi, da kuma wurin tsohuwar bishiyar da ake kira Kuka Kumayo Duk da haka akwai rikice-rikice guda takwas ko tara, kowannensu yana da tsakiya guda ɗaya, tsoma baki ɗaya, wanda ya kai kimanin shekaru 200. Suna zaune a cikin ɗakin kwana zuwa shimfidar wuri mara kyau, wanda ke da tsaunukan dutse da filaye masu yashi.
Kayan kabari Abubuwan da aka haƙa sun haɗa da tukwane, duwatsu masu niƙa, kawunan mashin ƙarfe, ragowar faunal, sandunan tagulla, kwanuka, gutsun masara da 'yan kunnen zinariya. An ƙirƙira kayayyakin jana'izar daga asalin halittar jiki (ƙarfe, gilashi da dutse) da kayan ƙira (zane, itace da fata ko furs). Wani kwano na asalin Gabas ta Tsakiya a cikin tumulus na 7, wanda aka ba da shi zuwa ƙarshen 15th zuwa farkon karni na 16, ya tabbatar da ƙaruwar tasirin duniya da na Islama a wannan lokacin. Daga cikin kayan adon da aka yi ado akwai bel mai kwalliya a tumulus 7, hular kwano ko kanun kai wanda aka rufe shi da bawon shanu da kuma munduwa mai laushi mai laushi mai laushi ko mai tsaro a tumulus na 4, da bel da aka yi wa kwalliya mara kyau a cikin tumbi na 5. Abubuwan ƙarfe marasa ƙarfe an yi su ne da tagulla, ƙarfe da tagulla ko azurfa. Sun kasance daga mundaye da ko mundaye na nau'ikan daban-daban da dabarun kere-kere da masu kula da ƙafa, zuwa kwanoni, bokitai, ƙoshin lafiya, da kayan kwalliya irin su beads, fil da cokula masu yatsu. Masana'antun su da nau'ikan karafa suna ba da shawarar shigo da abubuwan da aka shigo da su wadanda aka kammala da wadanda ba a kammala su ba da kuma na cikin gida da ko kuma abubuwan da aka gyara na cikin gida. Chemical da gubar nazarin isotopic sun bayyana karafa daga tushe da yawa, daga Afirka zuwa Iran.
Haƙa ƙasa
Binciken Palmer na 1907 Herbert Richmond Palmer tare da hadin gwiwar mai martaba Sarkin Katsina, Muhammadu Dikko ne suka tona ramuka a cikin 1907. An tono babban tudun da ƙarshe wasu lokacin da ba'a sami cikakken bayani game da tarihin su ba. Sun samo kayayyakin yumbu da na ƙarfe, amma duk abubuwan da aka haka a wannan rami na farko sun ɓace tare da adana bayanai kaɗan.
Gwanin Lange na 1991-1992 Dierk Lange na Bayreuth ne ya jagoranci hakar ta biyu kuma Gidauniyar bincike ta Jamus (DFG) ce ta dauki nauyinta. An gano ƙarin wasu tuddai guda uku, lamba 4, 5 da 7, waɗanda aka haƙa cikin 1991 da 1992. An gano kowane tudun yana dauke da sako guda daya a cibiyarsa. Kayayyakin jana'izar da aka hade an yi su ne daga kayan da ba su dace ba kamar karafa, gilashi, dutse da shanu, ban da kayan gargajiya kamar su zane, itace da fatu. Kodayake wasu kayan tarihi asalinsu ne na gari, wasu kuma sun fito ne daga wurare masu nisa na Islama. Gwajin Radiocarbon yayi kwanan wata rukuni na kayan tarihi zuwa farkon karni na 14 miladiyya, yayin da rubutun rubutu da tarihin fasaha suka sanya wasu kayan tarihi a ƙarshen 15th zuwa farkon karni na 16. An fara adana kayayyakin da aka gano a cikin Katsina, sannan aka tura su Gidan Tarihi na Gidan Makama da ke Kano, kuma daga ƙarshe aka ajiye su a Gidan Tarihi na Jos don ƙarin bincike. A 2007 an tura shi zuwa Gidan Tarihi na Romano-Germanic da ke Mainz don kiyayewa gaba ɗaya.
Gwanin Breunig na 2005-2007 A shekara ta 2005, masana binciken kimiyyar tarihin kasar ta Jamus karkashin jagorancin Prof. Peter Breunig ya fara aikin tono wasu shafuka da suka shafi al'adun Nok Sun sami amincewar hukumar gidan adana kayan tarihi ta Najeriya (NCMM) don maido da nazarin kayan tarihin Durbi Takusheyi gaba daya. A shekara ta 2007, an ce malaman sun fitar da "tan na kayan" da aka tono daga Durbi Takusheyi don gyarawa da kiyayewa a Gidan Tarihi na Romano-Germanic da ke Mainz A shekarar 2011 gidan kayan tarihin ya buɗe baje kolin kayayyakin farko, tare da kayayyakin al'adun Nok, kuma ana sa ran za a dawo da dukkan kayayyakin a Najeriya a shekarar 2012.
Dawowar kayan tarihi Shirye-shiryen dawo da kayan tarihin da aka fitar tun daga 1990s an kammala su a shekarar 2014. Wannan tarin ya isa Abuja a ƙarshen shekarar, daga inda aka kai shi Gidan Tarihi na ƙasa da ke Katsina. An fara nuna shi a Katsina yayin bikin ranar kayan tarihi na duniya na shekarar 2015.
Gargajiya Ana danganta tatsuniyoyi iri-iri da shafin da masu mulkinta. A al'adance an yi amannar cewa sarakuna biyar na dangin sarauta Durbawa a cikin dangin Aznā za su yi mulki kafin masarautar Korau ta dangin Hausā-ta hau mulki. Batun tatsuniyoyin ya nuna cewa wani bahaushe ne, Kumayo (ko Kumayun), wanda ɗayan wuraren bautar baobab ya ba da kansa daga baya, ya kafa masarautar Katsina a ƙarni na 13. Yana da babban birninsa a Durbi Takusheyi, kuma mutanensa na Katsina sun auri mutanen Durbawa, Tazarawa, Nafatawa da mutanen Jinjino-Bakawa. Daga baya Sanau, jikan Bayajidda, ya zama sarkin Durbawa a daular Kumayo. Korau (wanda wataƙila ya rayu shekara ta 1260) ya kasance baƙon Yandoto, malami (watau malami, malamin ilimi ko mai taken) wanda ba jinin sarauta ba ne. Yayin da yake aboki a waje Sanau, sai ya ƙulla masa makirci yayin halartar liyafa a matsayin bakonsa. Ya yaudari Sanau zuwa wasan kokuwa (ko duel na gwagwarmaya, yanayin gado) a itacen Bawada tamarind Anan Korau ya kashe Sanau da ɗan gajeren takobi bayan an jefa Sanau a ƙasa. Ta wannan hanyar Korau ya zama sarki na farko a cikin sabon daular a Katsina, kuma har yanzu ana ganin takobi a cikin alamun garin.
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Daidaitawa: Geody An dawo da 11 Disamba 2015 An ɗauki hoton Tumulus 2 a 1992: JAHRESBERICHT. DES. RÖMISCH GERMANISCHEN ZENTRALMUSEUMS Cibiyar ta Vor- und Frühgeschichte der Universität zu Köln. 2002. shafi. 381 An dawo da 14 Disamba 2015 Ba sunan Katsina don baobab ba, duba Katsina, Encyclopædia Britannica
Manazarta
Tarihin Hausawa
Katsina |
44264 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansur%20Ibrahim%20Sokoto | Mansur Ibrahim Sokoto | An haifi shehin malamin a birnin Sokoto ranar Litinin 13 ga watan Zulqidah shekara ta 1388 bayan Hijira, daidai da 2 ga Maris din 1969.
Ya yi karatun Ƙur'ani a gidansu a wajen mahaifiyarsa Modibbo Hafsatu, wacce ke da makarantar koyar da yara da matan aure.
Ya sauke Ƙur'ani yana da shekara takwas a lokacin yana aji uku na firamare.
Bayan sauke Ƙur'ani sai Ya fara karatun saniN Fiƙihu a wajenta inda ya karanta littattafai irin su Usul-din da Ishmawi da Ahlari.
Daga nan sai ya koma wajen mahaifinsa ya ci gaba da karatun Babus Sahwi ya kuma karatun Iziyya.
Bayan anaɗa mahaifinsa limancin ƙauyensu sai ya kasance ba ya samu lokacinsa, sai ya koma makarantar Malam Abbakar Makera Bakane.ya ci gaba da karatun Iziyya.
Daga bisani ya koma wajen Malam Aliyu Muhammad Gidan Kanawa ya karanci littattafai irin su Riyadus Salihin da na Fiqihu kamar Risala, sannan ya kammala da Askari.
Ya kuma yi karatu a makaratantar Malam Muhammad Isa Talata Mafara ya karanta littattafai irin su Ihyaus Sunna da wasu littattafan Sheikh Dan Fodio da kuma wasu kamar Alburda da sauransu.
Malam ya yi karatu a wajen wasu malaman da dama.
Karatu
A ɓangaren boko ya yi firamare a makarantar Magajin Gari One, inda ya kammala a shekarar 1980, sai ya shiga makarantar sakandare ta Technical da ke Rinjin Sambo ya koyi fasaha da ƙere-ƙere.
"Ina iya cewa sau uku na yi sakandire saboda yanayin sauyin karatu," in ji malam.
"Bayan kammala karatu na je na samu horo a wani kamfanin motoci inda na fara aikin kanikanci har aka dauke ni aiki a UTC Kaduna 1985.
"Daga nan ne na samu gurbin karatu a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Minna don karantar ilimin kimiyyar komfuta da kuma wani gurbin a Kaduna Polytechnic, a cewar malam.
Sai dai sha'warsa ta koma wa karatun addinin Musulunci ta sa ya bar guraben inda ya ya koma makarantar marigayi Malam Bashir Yusuf a Talata Mafara.
Yana can ne sai ya samu gurbin karatu a Islamic African Center Khartoum da ke Sudan kan shari'a.
"Sai na ce ni makarantar sakandare nake son komawa, abin har ya zo ya zama rigima, da ƙyar aka amince. Wannan ya sa sau uku kenan ina yin sakandare daga SS1 zuwa SS3."
A shekarar 1990 sai ya samu gurbin karatu a Jami'ar Islamiyya Madina inda ya yi Kwalejin Hadisi daga shekarar 1990 zuwa 1994.
Daga nan ya komwa gida Najeriya ya fara aiki da KwalejinKimiyya ta jihar Sokoto a lokacin, State Poly kenan a yanzu, ya yi shekara biyu har da hidimar ƙasa, daga nan ya koma Jami'ar Usman Danfodi a 1996.
Malam ya yi digiri na biyu da digirin digirgir a fannin Hadisi duk a Danfodio. Yanzu haka ya zama farfesa a ilimin Hadisi a watan Janairun 2019.
Tambaya mai Sarkakiya
Kamar yadda aka sani malamai kan Sha fama da amsa tambayoyi, to shi ma Farfesa Mansur haka abin yake gare shi.
"Ana samun tambayoyi masu sarƙaƙiya sosai. Sai dai ni ina da samun shakkar fatwa, idan har ina da shakku sai na ce a ban lokaci na yi bicike ko na tura wajen wani malamin.
"Akwai wata tambaya da aka min tun a shekarun 1990. Wasu matan aure su biyu mijinsu na zuwa ci rani Lagos. Gudar na da ilimi dayar kuma ba ta da shi.
"To lokacin babu waya mijin kan aiko da saƙo ne ta hanyar wasiƙa. Ita uwargida ita ce ta iya karatu ita ke karantawa idan an aiko saƙo.
"Rannan sai ya aiko da wasika uwargida na karantawa sai ta dubi amarya ta ce "me ki kai wa maigida ne?" Me ya faru ya sake ki saki uku?"
"Suka sha koke-kokensu amarya ta tafi gidansu ba wanda ya nemi ganin takarda. Ta yi zaman idda har ta yi aure.
"Mijin nan bai tashi zuwa Sokoto ba har sai da ta haifi yara biyu. Da ya dawo sai ya tarar amarya ba ta nan, ya gane abin da ya faru.
"To a gaskiyar magana da aka kawo batun wajena sai da na tura su kotu aka warware a can, don abin na da sarƙaƙiya da yawa," malam ya ce.
Da'awa
Farfesa ya ce ya tashi tare da 'yan da'awa. Yana hulda da su Adamu Badullahi da Malam Bello Dan Malam. Tun yana ƙaramar sakandare a shekara 13.
Ya buɗe makarantarsa ta farko a 1983, cikin ɗalibansa har da fitattun ƴan siyasa da manyan ƴan kasuwa.
Amma fara da'awa haƙiƙa sai bayan da ya kammala digiri a Jami'ar Madina bayan da ya buɗe makarantar Hadisi a gidansu. Makarantar na ci gaba har yanzu.
Ya ce "Na fara tafsirin Ƙur'ani a shiyyar Tsamiyar Dila."
Littatafai
Malam ya rubuta littattafai da dama tun yana ɗalibi a Madina. Sannan ya rubuta cikin harshen Hausa da Larabci.
Wasu daga cikin na Hausan sun haɗa da:
Alkaki da Ruwan Zuma na tarihin Manzon Allah SAW
Ƙaddara ta Riga Fata
Abin da ya faru a Ƙarbala
Aƙidun Shi'a a Ma'aunin Shari'a
Su waye masoyan Ahlul Baiti?
Duniya Makaranta
Abokin hira
Malam ya fi son abincin gargajiya musamman tuwon shinkafa da miyar kuka da kuma kwaɗon ƙanzo.
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50138 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwo%20Akerele | Taiwo Akerele | Taiwo Francis Akerele, (an haife shi a ranar 30 ga watan Maris, 1976), masanin tattalin arzikin Najeriya ne, marubuci kuma ɗan siyasa, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban ma'aikata, gwamnatin jihar Edo a Najeriya daga shekara ta 2016, a cikin Gwamna. Godwin Obaseki ya jagoranci gwamnatin har sai da ya yi murabus a ranar 25 ga watan Afrilu, 2020.
Ilimi da aiki Akerele yayi karatu a Jami'ar Harvard, Jami'ar Carleton, Jami'ar Stellenbosch, Cibiyar Bankin Duniya, Jami'ar Ibadan, da Jami'ar Benin kuma ya kasance memba a Cibiyar Dabaru a Jagoranci, Makarantar Kasuwancin Legas. Kafin a nada shi a matsayin shugaban ma'aikatan jihar Edo, Akerele ya kasance wakilin kungiyar Dabaru a bankin United Bank for Africa. Ya kuma yi aiki a bankin Monument na First City, da kuma tsohon bankin Fidelity Union Merchant Bank, inda ya yi aiki a tsarin aikin bautar kasa na tilas. Kafin nadin nasa a siyasance, Akerele ya kasance babban jami’in kula da harkokin kudi na bankin duniya da kuma shirin samar da aikin yi ga matasa na jihar Edo, inda ya kaddamar da shirye-shirye na gyara kasafin kudi, da kuma kafa dokokin kula da harkokin kudi da na tantancewa ga gwamnatin jihar. Akerele kuma shi ne wakilin kasa na Policy House International sannan kuma shi ne shugaban FCT na kungiyar marubuta ta Najeriya. A watan Yunin 2022, an nada Akerele a matsayin mai ba da shawara na fasaha ga mai ba da shawara kan ayyuka na kasa na shirin NGCares, aikin da Bankin Duniya ke taimakawa a Najeriya.
Siyasa A shekarar 2017, Akerele ya yi tir da yadda ake musgunawa 'yan Najeriya 'yan asalin Edo a kasar Libya, sannan ya sanar da shirin gwamnatin jihar Edo na tabbatar da dawowar su lafiya, da sake hadewa da kuma tsarin karfafa tattalin arzikin da jihar ke daukar nauyinta wanda zai inganta rayuwar wadanda suka dawo. A ranar 25 ga watan Afrilu, 2020, Akerele ya yi murabus daga mukaminsa na shugaban ma’aikata na jihar Edo, saboda rade-radin cewa yana da sabani da Godwin Obaseki ko kuma yana shirin sauya jam’iyyun siyasa. Sai dai Akerele ya ce ya yanke shawarar ne a kan "bangaren mulki da shugabanci". Ya kuma bayyana goyon bayan sa ga Gwamna Godwin Obaseki, tare da nuna jin dadinsa da damar da ya samu na yin aiki a gwamnatin jihar Edo. Bayan murabus din Akerele a matsayin shugaban ma’aikata, jami’an hukumar tsaron farin kaya ta Najeriya, wadda aka fi sani da Department of State Security, suka mamaye gidansa na kashin kansa, inda aka ce sun tafi da wasu fayil da takardu. A taron tunawa da ranar yara ta 2021, wanda a Najeriya ke bikin ranar 27 ga watan Mayu, Akerele ya yi gargadin cewa rufe makarantu a arewacin Najeriya, domin magance matsalolin tsaro da ke kara ta'azzara, zai kara yawan yaran da ba sa zuwa makaranta daga halin yanzu. Yara miliyan 10.5 za su kai miliyan 15 nan da karshen shekarar 2021 "idan ba a magance matsalolin tsaro a sassan Arewa ba, da kuma al'adar rufe makarantu." A watan Yulin 2021, Akerele ya ba da misali da tattara kudaden shiga na "rauni" a matsayin daya daga cikin kalubalen da Najeriya ke fuskanta, duk da cewa basusukan da ake bin kasar na dawwama. Kafin wannan lokacin, Akerele ya bukaci gwamnatin Najeriya da ta goyi bayan rancen kamfanoni masu zaman kansu daga abokan ci gaba, a matsayin mafita ga hanzarta ci gaban ababen more rayuwa. Akerele, yayin da yake mayar da martani kan sabbin abubuwan da ke faruwa a siyasar jihar Edo, ya gargadi jam’iyyar APC mai mulki a Najeriya da ta bi hanyoyin da kundin tsarin mulki ya gindaya, domin hana shigar da ‘yan takara a tunkarar babban zabe na 2023.
Rayuwa ta sirri Akerele is an indigene of Igarra, a cikin Akoko-Edo, Edo State, Nigeria. Yana auren Onayimi Akerele, yana da ‘ya’ya hudu.
Kyaututtuka da karramawa An karrama Akerele ne saboda gudunmawar da ya bayar wajen bunkasa jarin dan Adam a Najeriya a wajen bikin karramawa na Focus Africa Awards Expo. A cikin shekarar 2019, an ba wa Akerele lambar yabo ta hanyar sadarwa ta Afirka don Muhalli da Adalci na Tattalin Arziki don "zama Budaddiyar Hulɗar Gwamnati (OGP)" a Jihar Edo A shekarar 2017, Akerele wanda a lokacin shi ne shugaban ma’aikatan jihar Edo, an karrama shi da sunan “Omokhafe” (“child is home”) a garin Somorika, al’ummar garinsu Akoko Edo Wannan karramawa da HRH Oba Sule Idaiye ya yi, ta kasance ne don karramawa da kokarin ci gaban al’ummar Akerele na goyon bayan Akoko Edo.
Manazarta Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1976
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
53966 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsitsi%20Dangarembga | Tsitsi Dangarembga | Tsitsi Dangaremb fbunga (an Haife ta 4 ga Fabrairu 1959) marubuciya ce ta Zimbabwe, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo kuma mai shirya fina-finai. Littafin littafinta na farko mai suna Nervous Conditions (1988), wanda ita ce ta farko da wata bakar fata daga kasar Zimbabwe ta buga a cikin Turanci, wanda BBC ta bayyana a shekarar 2018 a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan littattafai 100 da suka tsara duniya. Ta ci wasu lambobin yabo na adabi, gami da Kyautar Marubuta ta Commonwealth da lambar yabo ta PEN Pinter A cikin 2020, littafinta Wannan Jikin Makoki ya kasance cikin jerin sunayen da aka zaba don Kyautar Booker A shekarar 2022, an yanke wa Dangarembga hukunci a wata kotu a Zimbabwe da laifin tayar da hankalin jama'a, ta hanyar nuna, a kan titin jama'a, allunan neman gyara.. M
Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Tsitsi Dangarembga a ranar 4 ga Fabrairun 1959 a Mutoko, Kudancin Rhodesia yanzu Zimbabwe ƙaramin gari inda iyayenta ke koyarwa a makarantar mishan da ke kusa. Mahaifiyarta, Susan Dangarembga, ita ce mace baƙar fata ta farko a Kudancin Rhodesia don samun digiri na farko, kuma mahaifinta, Amon, daga baya zai zama shugaban makaranta. Daga shekaru biyu zuwa shida, Dangarembga ta zauna a Ingila, yayin da iyayenta ke neman ilimi mai zurfi. A can, kamar yadda ta tuna, ita da ɗan'uwanta sun fara jin Turanci "hakika kuma sun manta da yawancin Shona da muka koya." Ta komba Rhodesia tare da danginta a shekara ta 1965, shekarar shelar 'yancin kai na bai ɗaya na mulkin mallaka. A Rhodesia, ta sake samun Shona, amma ta ɗauki Turanci, yaren karatunta, harshenta na farko A cikin 1965, ta ƙaura tare da danginta zuwa Old Mutare, manufa ta Methodist kusa da Umtali (yanzu Mutare) inda mahaifinta da mahaifiyarta suka ɗauki mukamai daban-daban a matsayin shugaban makaranta da malami a Makarantar Sakandare ta Hartzell. Dangarembga, wacce ta fara karatunta a Ingila, ta shiga makarantar firamare ta Hartzell, kafin ta tafi makaranta a makarantar zuhudu ta Marymount Mission. Ta kammala karatunta na A-Levels a Makarantar Arundel, makarantar ƴan mata ƙwararru, galibi fararen fata a babban birnin kasar, Salisbury (yau Harare), kuma a cikin 1977 ta tafi Jami'ar Cambridge don karatun likitanci a Kwalejin Sidney Sussex A can, ta fuskanci wariyar launin fata da keɓewa kuma ta bar bayan shekaru uku, ta dawo a 1980 zuwa Zimbabwe watanni da yawa kafin samun 'yancin kai. Dangarembga ya yi aiki a takaice a matsayin malami, kafin ya fara karatu a fannin likitanci da ilimin halin dan Adam a Jami'ar Zimbabwe yayin da ya yi aiki na tsawon shekaru biyu a matsayin marubuci a wata hukumar kasuwanci. Ta shiga ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta jami'a, kuma ta rubuta tare da ba da umarni da yawa daga cikin wasan kwaikwayo da ƙungiyar ta yi. Ta kuma shiga cikin rukunin wasan kwaikwayo na Zambuko, inda ta shiga cikin shirya wasan kwaikwayo guda biyu, Katshaa! da Mavambo Daga baya ta tuna, “Babu wani wasan kwaikwayo da aka yi da mata baƙar fata, ko aƙalla ba mu sami damar yin su ba a lokacin. Marubuta a Zimbabwe maza ne a lokacin. Don haka a gaskiya ban ga cewa za a gyara lamarin ba sai dai in wasu mata sun zauna sun rubuta wani abu, don haka na yi!” Ta rubuta wasanni uku a cikin wannan lokacin: Lost of the Soil (1983), Ba Ta Kara Kuka ba, da Na Uku A cikin waɗannan shekarun, ta kuma fara karanta ayyukan marubutan mata Ba-Amurke da wallafe-wallafen Afirka na zamani, sauyi daga ƙa'idodin Ingilishi da ta girma.
Sana'a
1980s da 1990s A cikin 1985, ɗangarembga ta ɗan gajeren labari "Wasiƙa" ya lashe matsayi na biyu a gasar rubuce-rubucen da Hukumar Haɗin gwiwar Ci Gaban Ƙasashen Duniya ta Sweden ta shirya, kuma an buga shi a Sweden a cikin littafin tarihin Whispering Land A cikin 1987, an buga wasanta mai suna She No Longer Weeps, wanda ta rubuta a lokacin jami'a, a Harare. Littafinta na farko, Yanayin Jijiya, an buga shi a cikin 1988 a Burtaniya, kuma bayan shekara guda a Amurka Ta rubuta shi a cikin 1985, amma ta sha wahala wajen buga shi; Wasu mawallafa 'yan Zimbabwe huɗu suka ƙi, daga ƙarshe ta sami mawallafi mai son rai a cikin Gidan Jarida na Mata na London Yanayi na Jijiya, littafi na farko da wata baƙar fata daga Zimbabwe ta rubuta a cikin Ingilishi, ya sami yabo na gida da na duniya, kuma an ba shi lambar yabo ta Commonwealth Writers' Prize (yankin Afirka) a 1989. Aikinta yana cikin littafin tarihin 1992 ya'ya mata na Afirka, wanda Margaret Busby ta shirya. Ana ɗaukar Yanayin Jijiya ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun litattafan Afirka da aka taɓa rubuta, kuma an haɗa su cikin jerin manyan littattafai 100 na BBC na 2018 waɗanda suka tsara duniya. A cikin 1989, Dangarembga ya tafi Jamus don nazarin jagorar fina-finai a Cibiyar Nazarin Fina-Finai da Talabijin ta Jamus Berlin Ta shirya fina-finai da dama yayin da take Berlin, ciki har da wani shirin gaskiya da aka watsa a gidan talabijin na Jamus. A cikin 1992, ta kafa Nyerai Films, kamfanin shirya fina-finai da ke Harare. Ta rubuta labarin ne don fim ɗin Neria, wanda aka yi a 1991, wanda ya zama fim mafi girma a tarihin Zimbabwe. Fim ɗinta na 1996 Child's Child, fim ɗin farko da wata baƙar fata 'yar Zimbabwe ta shirya, an nuna shi a duniya, ciki har da bikin fina-finai na Dublin Fim din, wanda aka yi a Harare da Domboshava, ya biyo bayan labarai masu ban tausayi na 'yan'uwa hudu bayan iyayensu sun mutu da cutar kanjamau 2000 gaba A cikin 2000, Dangarembga ta koma Zimbabwe tare da danginta, kuma ta ci gaba da aikinta tare da Nyerai Films. A shekara ta 2002, ta kafa bikin fina-finai na Hotuna na Duniya. Fim dinta na 2005 Kare Kare Zvako ta lashe kyautar Short Film Award da Golden Dhow a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Zanzibar, da lambar yabo ta gajerun fina-finan Afirka a bikin fina-finai na Milan Fim dinta Peretera Maneta a shekara ta 2006 ta sami lambar yabo ta UNESCO ta yara da kare hakkin dan Adam kuma ta lashe bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Zanzibar. Ita ce babbar darektar kungiyar mata masu shirya fina-finai ta Zimbabwe, kuma ita ce shugabar da ta kafa bikin fina-finan mata na Harare. Tun daga shekarar 2010, ta kuma yi aiki a hukumar kula da kade-kade ta Zimbabwe na tsawon shekaru biyar, ciki har da shekaru biyu a matsayin kujera. Ita mamba ce ta kafa Cibiyar Ƙirƙirar Ƙirƙirar Ƙirƙira don Ci gaba don Ƙirƙirar Ƙirƙira a Afirka (ICAPA). Da aka tambaye ta game da rashin rubuce-rubucenta tun lokacin da yanayin Jijiya, Dangarembga ya bayyana a cikin 2004: "Da farko, an buga littafin ne kawai bayan da na juya zuwa fim a matsayin matsakaici; na biyu, Virginia Woolf ta wayo abin lura cewa mace tana buƙatar 500 da ɗakin kanta don rubuta shi cikakke ne. Ba zato ba tsammani, Ina motsi da fatan cewa, a karon farko tun lokacin da yanayin Jijiya, Zan sami ɗaki na kaina. Zan yi ƙoƙarin yin watsi da bit game da 500." Lalle ne, bayan shekaru biyu a cikin 2006, ta buga littafinta na biyu, Littafin Ba, wani mabiyi ga Yanayin Jijiya Ta kuma shiga harkokin siyasa, kuma a shekarar 2010 aka nada ta sakatariyar ilimi na jam'iyyar siyasa ta Movement for Democratic Change karkashin jagorancin Arthur Mutambara Ta ba da misali da tarihinta da ta fito daga dangin malamai, da ɗan gajeren zamanta na malami, da kuma “aiki, in ba bisa ƙa’ida ba,” a fannin ilimi, a matsayin ta na shirya mata rawar. Ta kammala karatun digiri na uku a fannin nazarin Afirka a Jami'ar Humboldt ta Berlin, kuma ta rubuta karatun digirinta na uku kan karbar fina-finan Afirka. Ta kasance alkali ga lambar yabo ta Etisalat na Adabi na 2014. A cikin 2016, Cibiyar Rockefeller Foundation Bellagio ta zaɓi ta don masu fasahar su a cikin shirin zama. Littafinta na uku, Wannan Jikin Makoki, Mabiyi na Littafin Ba da Yanayin Jijiya, an buga shi a cikin 2018 ta Graywolf Press a cikin Amurka, kuma a cikin Burtaniya ta Faber da Faber a cikin 2020, wanda Alexandra Fuller ya bayyana a cikin New York Times a matsayin "wani gwaninta" da kuma ta Novurion Rosa T. ya kasance daya daga cikin litattafai shida da aka zaba don Kyautar Booker na 2020, wanda aka zaba daga gabatarwa 162. A cikin wata hira da Bhakti Shringarpure na mujallar Bomb, Dangaremgba ta tattauna dalilin da ya sa littattafanta: "Mawallafina na farko, marigayi Ros de Lanerolle, ya umarce ni da in rubuta wani labari game da Yanayin Jijiya Lokacin rubuta ci gaba, na gane littafi na biyu zai yi magana ne kawai da tsakiyar ɓangaren rayuwar jarumin. [kuma] ba su ba da amsa ga tambayoyin da aka taso a cikin Yanayin Jijiya ba game da yadda rayuwa tare da kowane mataki na hukuma zai yiwu ga irin waɗannan mutane. Ra'ayin rubuta trilogy ya burge ni game da wani talaka wanda ya fara a matsayin ƴar ƙauye mai talauci a ƙasar Rhodesia ta mulkin mallaka kuma dole ta yi ƙoƙarin gina rayuwa mai ma'ana ga kanta. Har ila yau, fam ɗin ya ba ni damar yin hulɗa da wasu al'amura na ci gaban ƙasar Zimbabwe ta hanyar kai tsaye maimakon siyasa." A cikin 2019, an sanar da Dangarembga a matsayin ɗan wasan ƙarshe na lambar yabo ta Adabin Kwalejin St. Francis, lambar yabo ta shekara-shekara don gane fitaccen almara na marubuta a tsakiyar matakan ayyukansu, wanda a ƙarshe Samantha Hunt ya ci nasara a wannan shekarar. m
A ranar 31 ga Yuli, 2020 an kama Dangarembga a Harare, Zimbabwe, gabanin zanga-zangar adawa da cin hanci da rashawa. Daga baya waccan shekarar tana cikin jerin mata 100 na BBC da aka sanar a ranar 23 ga Nuwamba 2020. A cikin Satumba 2020, an sanar da Dangarembga a matsayin Jami'ar Gabashin Anglia na farko na Shugaban Rubutun Ƙirƙirar Rubutun Duniya, daga 2021 zuwa 2022. Dangarembga ya lashe lambar yabo ta 2021 PEN International Award for Freedom Expression, wanda aka ba kowace shekara tun 2005 don karrama marubutan da ke ci gaba da aiki duk da tsanantawa saboda rubuce-rubucensu. A cikin Yuni 2021, an sanar da cewa Dangarembga zai zama mai karɓar babbar lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta 2021 da ƙungiyar masu buga littattafan Jamus da masu sayar da littattafai suka ba ta, ta zama baƙar fata ta farko da aka karrama da lambar yabo tun lokacin da aka ƙaddamar da shi a 1950. A cikin Yuli 2021, an zabe ta zuwa Fellowship na girmamawa na Kwalejin Sidney Sussex, Cambridge PEN ta Ingilishi ce ta zaɓi Dangarembga a matsayin wanda ya lashe kyautar PEN Pinter na 2021, wanda ake ba shi kowace shekara ga marubuci wanda, a cikin kalmomin da Harold Pinter ya faɗa game da karɓar kyautar Nobel ta adabi, ya jefa kallon "marasa hankali, rashin karkata" a duniya kuma yana nuna "ƙaddamar azamar tunani don ayyana gaskiyar rayuwarmu". A jawabinta na karbuwa a dakin karatu na Burtaniya a ranar 11 ga Oktoba 2021, Dangarembga ta nada marubuciyar marubuciya 'yar kasar Uganda Kakwenza Rukirabashaija a matsayin lambar yabo ta Marubuci ta Kasa da Kasa A cikin 2022, an zaɓi Dangarembga don karɓar lambar yabo ta Windham-Campbell Literature Prize don almara. A watan Yuni 2022, an bayar da sammacin kama Tsitsi Dangarembga. An tuhume ta da laifin tunzura jama'a da cin zarafin jama'a da keta dokokin yaki da cutar Covid bayan zanga-zangar adawa da gwamnati da aka shirya a karshen Yuli 2020. A ranar 28 ga Satumba 2022, an yanke wa Dangarembga hukunci bisa hukuma da laifin yada tashin hankalin jama'a bayan ita da kawarta, Julie Barnes, sun zagaya a Harare cikin zanga-zangar lumana yayin da suke rike da allunan da ke dauke da "Muna Son Mafi Kyau. Gyara Cibiyoyinmu”. Dangarembga an ci tarar dala 110 da kuma daurin watanni shida a gidan yari. Ta sanar da cewa ta shirya daukaka kara kan hukuncin nata ne a daidai lokacin da kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama ke ikirarin cewa ana tuhumarta ne sakamakon yunkurin Shugaba Emmerson Mnangagwa na "shuru da 'yan adawa a kasar da ta dade a kudancin Afirka." A ranar 8 ga Mayu 2023, an sanar da cewa an soke hukuncin Dangarembga bayan da ta daukaka kara a kan hukuncin farko a 2022.
Zaɓaɓɓen kyaututtuka da karramawa 1989: Kyautar Marubuta ta Commonwealth (yankin Afirka) don Yanayin Jijiya
2005: Kare Kare Zvako ya lashe kyautar Short Film da Golden Dhow a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Zanzibar, da lambar yabo ta gajerun fina-finan Afirka a bikin fina-finai na Milan.
2018: Yanayin Jijiya da BBC ta ambata a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan littattafai 100 da suka tsara duniya 2020: Wannan Jikin Makoki da aka zaba don Kyautar Booker 2021: Kyautar PEN ta Duniya don 'Yancin Magana
2021: Kyautar zaman lafiya ta 2021 daga ƙungiyar masu buga littattafan Jamus da masu sayar da littattafai 2021: Fellowship na girmamawa na Kwalejin Sidney Sussex, Cambridge
2021: Kyautar PEN Pinter daga Turanci PEN
2022: Kyautar Adabin Windham-Campbell (almara)
Jerin ayyuka Na Uku (wasa)
Rashin Ƙasa (wasa), 1983
"Wasiƙar" (gajeren labari), 1985, wanda aka buga a cikin Ƙasar Wasiƙa
Ba Ta Kara Kuka ba (wasa), 1987
Yanayin Jijiya, 1988, Littafin Ba, 2006, Wannan Jikin Makoki 2018, Baƙar fata da Na mata (marubuta), 2022,
Filmography
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Rikodin karatun Dangarembga na "Zaben Zimbabwe"
Petri Liukkonen. "Sanarwar goyon baya ga Tsitsi Dangarembga", Sabon Rubutu, Jami'ar Gabashin Anglis, Oktoba 2020.
Leo Robson, "Me yasa Tsitsi Dangarembga yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan marubutan da kyautar Booker ta taɓa yin bikin", New Stateman, 13 Nuwamba 2020.
Mia Swart, "Tsitsi Dangarembga: Rayuwa a cikin 'Zimbabwe mai takurawa'", AlJazeera, 16 Nuwamba 2020.
Catherine Taylor, "Tsitsi Dangarembga kan kama ta, kyautar Booker da kuma dalilin da ya sa ba za ta bar Zimbabwe ba: 'Yana ci gaba da rauni'" 16 Nuwamba 2020.
Troy Fielder, "UEA Live: Wani fanko mai cutarwa, A cikin Tattaunawa Tare da Tsitsi Dangarembga", Kankare, 27 Fabrairu 2021.
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1959
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
28881 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel%20Amartey | Daniel Amartey | Daniel Amartey (an haife shi a ranar 21 ga watan Disamba a shekara ta alif 1994) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Ghana wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya ko kuma ɗan tsakiya ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Leicester City da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ghana.
Ya kammala karatun digiri a makarantar matasa na International Allies, Amartey ya kuma taka leda a Djurgården da Copenhagen kafin ya koma Leicester City a shekarar 2016).
Aikin kulob/Ƙungiya
Djurgårdens IF Amartey ya fara taka leda a kulob din International Allies na ƙasar Ghana a mataki na biyu inda Magnus Pehrsson ya gan shi yana dan shekara goma sha shida wanda ya je yawon bude ido a Afirka a lokacin da yake shirin karbar mukamin kocin Djurgårdens IF. Lokacin da Pehrsson ya zama manaja, ya kuma sami damar canja wurin Amartey daga ranar da ya cika shekara (18). Don taimakawa wajen shirya Amartey a komawa Sweden na dindindin a shekarar (2013) kulob din ya kawo shi na gajeren lokaci a cikin shekarar (2011) da kuma (2012) inda ya buga wasa a kungiyar U21 ta kulob din. Amartey ya fara buga wasansa na Svenska Cupen a ranar 3 ga watan Maris shekarar (2013) da Umeå FC l. Daga nan ya fara wasansa na farko a gasar a shekarar (2013) Allsvenskan wasan budewa da Helsingborgs IF a ranar (31) ga watan Maris. Kafafan yada labarai sun yabawa Amartey saboda yadda ya fara kakar wasa ta shekarar (2013) da kuma kungiyoyin kasashen waje kamar FC Schalke 04 da 1. FC Kaiserslautern ta fara lekensa. A ranar (26) ga watan Mayu ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a kulob din lokacin da ya kai gida da 1–1 a wasan karshe na Svenska Cupen na shekara ta (2013) wanda Djurgården ya yi rashin nasara a kan IFK Göteborg a bugun fanariti. Bayan na farko kakar a cikin Yaren mutanen Sweden league a matsayin mai shekaru goma sha takwas Amartey yana da ranked a matsayin 10th-mafi kyau player a cikin league da jaridar Expressen da 18th mafi kyau by Aftonbladet. A watan Nuwamban shekara ta 2013) Amartey ya tabbatar da cewa yana tattaunawa da Liverpool FC kan yiwuwar komawa kungiyar ta Ingila.
Copenhagen A cikin watan Yuli a shekara ta (2014) Amartey ya koma FC Copenhagen akan kuɗi na Yuro 2.5 miliyan da add-ons, kuma ya sanya Superliga-halarta a karon a 20 ga watan Yuli a wasan da Silkeborg IF.
Leicester City A ranar( 22) ga watan Janairu, shekara ta (2016) Amartey ya koma Leicester City ta Premier a kan kwantiragin shekaru hudu da rabi kan kudi kusan fan miliyan 6. A kakarsa ta farko a sabuwar kasarsa, Amartey ya buga wasa sau biyar yayin da kungiyarsa ta Leicester City ta lashe gasar Premier. Ya buga wasansa na farko a kulob din a ranar (27) ga watan Fabrairu a shekara ta (2016) a gasar lig-lig ta gida da ci 1-0 a kan Norwich City. A cikin kakar ahekara ta 2016 zuwa 2017) Amartey ya zama a ƙungiya ta farko ta yau da kullun bayan tafiyar N'Golo Kanté. abokin tarayya Danny Drinkwater a cikin rawar tsakiyar tsakiya. Yayin da aikinsa ya yi daidai da na Kanté, ya kasa daidaita takallinsa da tsangwama. A ranar (14) ga watan Satumba a shekarar (2016) Amartey ya fara wasansa na farko a gasar zakarun Turai a Leicester a ci 3–0 a waje da Club Brugge a matakin rukuni. Amartey ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a ragar Leicester a minti na (88) da ta buga a waje da Stoke City a ranar (17) ga watan Disamba a shekarar (2016) inda suka tashi 2-2. A ranar (8) ga watan Fabrairu a shekarar (2017) bayan sa'o'i 12 da komawa Leicester daga aikin kasa da kasa, Amartey ya buga mintuna 120 (ciki har da AET a gasar cin Kofin FA da ci 3-1 a zagaye na hudu a kan Derby County. A watan Oktoban shekarar (2018) Amartey ya karya idon sawunsa a wasan da suka yi da West Ham United, inda ya fitar da shi a sauran kakar wasa ta shekarar (2018 zuwa 2019). Ba ya aiki kusan shekara guda, Amartey mafi kusanci ya zo komawa ƙungiyar farko yana zaman benci a wasan EFL Cup da Luton Town a watan Satumba shekarar (2019). Ya dawo kungiyarsa ta farko kusan shekaru biyu bayan raunin da ya samu a wasan cin kofin EFL da Arsenal a ranar (23) ga watan Satumba shekarar( 2020) wanda Leicester ta sha kashi da ci 2-0. Bayan kwana hudu ya dawo gasar Premier lokacin da ya fara waje a Manchester City a ci 5-2. A ranar 18 ga watan Fabrairu, shekara ta( 2021) Amartey ya fara wasansa na farko a gasar Europa League don Leicester a wasan da suka tashi 0-0 da Slavia Prague a wasan farko na zagaye na 32 na gasar Europa. A ranar (6) ga watan Maris a shekarar (2021) Amartey ya ci kwallonsa ta farko ga Foxes cikin sama da shekaru hudu, inda ya kai ga nasara a karshen wasan da suka doke Brighton & Hove Albion da ci 2–1. Amartey da Leicester sun fara kakar shekara ta (2021 zuwa 2022) tare da Garkuwan FA na shekarar (2021) da Manchester City Amartey dai ya buga wasan ne a daidai lokacin da Iheanacho ya zura kwallo a ragar tsohuwar kungiyarsa a minti na (89) a bugun fenareti.
Ayyukan kasa A watan Mayun shekarar (2012) Amartey ya fara bugawa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Ghana 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 wasa da Najeriya. An kuma zaɓe shi don taka leda a gasar cin kofin duniya na FIFA U-20 na shekarar (2013) amma Djurgården ya so ya ajiye shi a Sweden tun lokacin da gasar ta ci karo da shekara ta (2013) Allsvenskan kakar. A watan Janairun shekarar (2015) Amartey ya buga wa Ghana dukkan wasannin rukuni-rukuni a gasar cin kofin Afrika ta shekarar (2015) inda Black Stars ta kare a matsayi na biyu.
Ya taka leda sau shida a gasar cin kofin Afrika ta shekarar (2017) inda ya kwashe mintuna (90) a kowane wasa don taimakawa Ghana ta zama ta hudu a gasar. Ayyukansa sun gan shi suna cikin tawagar CAF na gasar. Amartey ya fito a gasar cin kofin Afrika na shekarar( 2021) a Kamaru wanda aka fitar da tawagar Ghana a farkon gasar.
Rigima A ranar (15) ga watan Mayu a shekara ta (2021) bayan nasarar da Leicester City ta yi a wasan karshe na cin Kofin FA a kan Chelsea, an dauki fim din Amartey yana daukar alkalami na Chelsea a dakin tufafin Leicester yana jefa ta a kafadarsa a kasa a wani faifan bidiyo da ya yi kama da hoto. Ya samu suka da kuma mayar da martani daga yawancin masu amfani da shafukan sada zumunta, wadanda suka dauki matakin rashin mutuntawa. Daga baya Leicester City ta bayar da uzuri ga Chelsea, wadda ta amince.
Kididdigar sana'a/Aiki
Kulob/Ƙungiya
Ƙasashen Duniya
Girmamawa Copenhagen
Danish Superliga 2015-16 Kofin Danish 2014-15, 2015-16 Leicester City
Premier League 2015-16 Kofin FA 2020-21 FA Community Shield 2021 Ghana
Gasar cin kofin Afrika ta biyu: 2015
Manazarta Bayanan martaba a gidan yanar gizon Leicester City FC
Daniel Amartey Rayayyun mutane
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41274 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cemal%20G%C3%BCrsel | Cemal Gürsel | Cemal Gürsel (Turanci Turkish: mal sæl]; 13 Oktoba 1895-14 Satumba 1966) Janar ne na sojan Turkiyya wanda ya zama shugaban kasar Turkiyya na hudu bayan juyin mulki.
Ƙuruciya An haife shi a birnin Erzurum a matsayin ɗan wani hafsan sojojin Ottoman, Abidin Bey, kuma jikan Ibrahim (1820-1895) kuma jikan Haci Ahmad (1790-1860).Bayan makarantar firamare makarantar sakandare ta sojoji a Erzincan, ya kammala makarantar sakandaren sojoji ta Kuleli a Istanbul. Ya kasance sanannen mutum don haka ana yi masa lakabi da "Cemal Ağa" (babban kanin Cemal) tun lokacin yarinta na makaranta har zuwa duk rayuwarsa. Gürsel ya yi aikin soja na tsawon shekaru 45. A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya, ya halarci Yaƙin Çanakkale a Dardanelles, Gallipoli a matsayin Laftanar tare da First Battery na Rukunin Makamai na 12 a cikin shekarar 1915 kuma ya sami Medal War. Daga baya ya yi yaki a fagagen Falasdinu da Siriya a shekarar 1917 kuma ya zama fursunonin yaki da turawan Ingila suka yi masa a lokacin da yake fama da zazzabin cizon sauro a lokacin da yake jagorantar 5th battery na runduna ta 41 a ranar 19 ga Satumban 1918. An tsare Gürsel a matsayin fursuna na yaƙi a Masar har zuwa 6 ga watan Oktoba 1920. A lokacin shugabancinsa da yawa daga baya, lokacin da manema labarai na kasashen waje suka yi hira da shi kan dalilin da ya sa bai koyi Turanci ba a lokacin da ake tsare da shi, ya dan tuna cewa ya ji takaicin zama fursuna, sai ya yi zanga-zangar kuma ya yi karatun Faransanci a sansanin Birtaniya.
Bayan da aka sake shi, Cemal Gürsel ya koma Anatoliya don sake shiga cikin Mustafa Kemal daga baya zuwa Erzurum Congress kuma ya shiga cikin dukkanin yakin yammacin Turai a yakin 'yancin kai na Turkiyya tsakanin 1920 zuwa 1923. An ba shi lambar yabo ta galantry a rukunin farko da ya yi fice a yakin Inönü na biyu, Eskişehir da Sakarya, sannan majalisar farko ta ba shi lambar yabo ta 'yancin kai saboda hidimar yaki da ya yi a Karshe.
Gürsel, ya aure a cikin shekarar 1927, ya auri Melahat, 'yar babban injiniya a Ottoman cruiser <i id="mwMg">Hamidiye</i>. Daga wannan aure an haifi ɗa Özdemir. Ma'auratan sun ɗauki 'yar Turkan.
Aikin soja Cemal Gürsel ya halarci Kwalejin Soja ta Turkiyya kuma ya kammala karatunsa a shekarar 1929 a matsayin jami'in ma'aikata. Ya samu mukamin kanal a shekarar 1940. An naɗa shi birgediya janar a shekarar 1946 kuma an naɗa shi kwamandan runduna ta 65. Daga baya ya zama kwamandan runduna ta 12, da kwamandan runduna ta 18, da kuma kwamandan gundumar ayyuka na cikin gida ta 2. Made Laftanar Janar a 1953, ya kasance Janar a 1957, ana naɗa shi Kwamandan Sojoji na 3. Sabis ya hada da babban jami'in leken asiri, kuma an nada shi a matsayin kwamandan sojojin kasa a 1958 lokacin da yake jagorantar sojoji.
Gürsel, a matsayinsa na mutum mai saukin kai kuma uba mai kyakykyawan ba'a, ya kasance ana matukar sonsa a cikin kasa da ma na kungiyar tsaro ta NATO, kuma ya samu karramawa da amincewar al'ummar kasa da ma sojojin kasar tare da saninsa da dabi'unsa. Wata takardar kishin kasa da ya aike a ranar 3 ga watan Mayun 1960 ga Ministan Tsaro a kokarinsa na tabbatar da daidaito da daidaito kan al'amuran da ke gudana, wanda ke nuna ra'ayinsa na kashin kansa a ci gaba da tattaunawar da suka yi a daren jiya, inda ya nuna goyon bayansa ga Firayim Minista Adnan Menderes. da kuma imanin cewa ya kamata Firayim Minista ya maye gurbin shugaban kasa da gaggawa don karfafa hadin kan kasa da ake bukata, wanda ya haifar da dakatar da shi daga mukaminsa, wanda ya tilasta yin ritaya da wuri maimakon zama babban hafsan hafsoshin Turkiyya na gaba.
Wasikar bankwana da ya rubuta, na bayar da shawarwari da kuma kira ga sojoji da su guji shiga harkokin siyasa, an aikewa da dukkan sassan rundunar a lokacin da ya tafi hutu. Sanarwar Cemal Gürsel ta ce: 'Ku kasance da daraja ga sojoji da kakin da kuke sawa. Ku kare kanku daga yanayin siyasa mai cike da kishi da cutarwa a kasar nan. Ku nisanci siyasa ko ta halin kaka. Wannan yana da matukar muhimmanci ga mutuncinku, karfin sojojin da kuma makomar kasar nan.' Ya je İzmir inda ya zama shugaban kungiyar Anti-Communism Association ta Turkiyya.
Manazarta Matattun 1966
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35149 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutanen%20Mafa | Mutanen Mafa | IRMafa people
Mafa kuma ana kiranta Mafahay, ƙabila ce da ke yankin arewacin Kamaru, Arewacin Najeriya kuma ta wanzu a wasu ƙasashe kamar Mali, Chadi, Sudan, Burkina Faso da Saliyo.
Tarihi Mafhay, ƙabilar Mafa, sun yi ƙaura daga Roua da Sulede (wanda ke yammacin Durum Mofu)), zuwa arewa maso yamma. Kabilar Bulahay kuwa, sun yi kaura zuwa yamma, tare da iyakar kudancin yankin Mafa na yanzu. Daga karshe kuma suka yi hijira zuwa arewa inda suka cakude da Mafahay, suka zama Mafa ta yanzu.
Mutane Jimlar kiyasin yawan mutanen sun bambanta tsakanin 82,100 da 150,000. Wata majiya ta 2010 ta sanya jimillar yawan mutanen Mafa kimanin 300,000. Hallaire ya nuna cewa yawan jama'a a yankin yana tsakanin mazauna 99 zuwa 140 a kowace murabba'in kilomita. A cewar Lavergne, Mafa sun kasu kashi biyu, kasancewar 'Mafa na asali' (wanda ake kira Maf-Mafa ko 'Mafhay), da 'Bulahai'. Mutanen Mafa suna zaune ne a tsakiyar yankin Mandaras na Arewa, yanki ne da yankin Arewa na Mokolo Plateau ya kafa da kuma tsaunukan Mokolo na Arewa An raba al'ummar Mafa zuwa yankuna da dama: Moskota; Koza; Gaboua gundumar Koza); Mokolo arrondissement Akwai kuma Mafa kusan 1m a Kughum Arewa, Najeriya Mafa na cikin rukunin harsunan Chadi. Masu magana da harshen Mafa, tare da yaruka daban-daban guda uku: Mafa-west, Mafa-centre da Mafa-east. Tare da sauran harsuna da yawa na sauran al'ummomin Afirka (irin su Wuzlam Uldeme Muyang da Ɗugwor Dugur sun kasance wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar Mafa ta kudu. Kashi 83% na yawan mutanen musulmi ne, kashi 7% kirista da kashi 10% masu bin addinin gargajiya ne na Afirka. Yawan Kirista ya ƙunshi Katolika (60%) da Furotesta (30%), Sauran Kirista (7%), da Kirista masu zaman kansu (3%).
Noma Noman Mafa na gargajiya sun dogara ne akan nau'ikan dabarun sarrafa ƙasa. An tsare tsaunin tuddai da filaye da aka gina, wanda a cewar marubuci, "sun kai wani yanayi na musamman". Sauran hanyoyin aikin injiniyanci na kabilar sun haɗa da noman rani samar da ruwa
magudanar ruwa
Hakazalika, manoma a yankin tsaunuka suna aiwatar da tsarin kula da haihuwa iri-iri, gami da jujjuyawar kunya da haɗe shukoki
tsarin agro-forestry
biomass
sarrafa kayan bunkasa noma
Har ila yau, suna amfani da tsarin kiwon dabbobi masu yawa wajen kula da haifuwar kasar nomansu. Dabbobin sun hada da kananan dabbobi da wasu kadan daga cikin adadi na shanu. A lokacin rani tsakanin Disamba da Mayu, ana barin dabbobi su yi yawo kyauta, ta yadda zai iya cinye ragowar amfanin gona da ganyen kurmin daji.
A lokacin noma, ana sanya dabbobi a cikin keji sannan a ciyar da su. Ana tattara takin da ke zuba a cikin rumbunan, a adana shi kuma a ƙarshe ya bazu a cikin filayen a ƙarshen lokacin rani. Tsanani da hazaka na sarrafa kayan abinci na Mafa an kwatanta shi da yadda ake amfani da tururuwa wajen narkar da ragowar girbi sannan a ciyar da Kaji.
Hakar Ma'adinai Mutanen Mafa na amfani da hanyoyin hako ma'adinai na musamman don nemo yashi na ƙarfe da kuma amfani da shi don yin amfani da ma'adinai na magnetite a Kamaru Yesun Mafa A cikin 1970s, limamin Katolika na Faransa François Vidil ya haɗa kai tare da al'ummar Mafa don ƙirƙirar jerin zane-zane da aka sani da Vie de Jesus Mafa (Rayuwar Yesu Mafa, ko kuma kawai Yesu Mafa), wanda ke kwatanta al'amura daban-daban a rayuwar Yesu ta hanyar amfani da Baƙar fata a maimakon Fari Waɗannan hotuna a haƙiƙa sun nuna abubuwan wasanni na zahiri na al'amuran Littafi Mai-Tsarki ta mutanen Mafa, kuma tun daga lokacin sun zama sananne a duk duniya, kuma watakila musamman a tsakanin Baƙin Amurkawa, a matsayin wani nau'i na hoto na Katolika.
Mutanen Josephites ba da dadewa ba suka koya wannan salo, wata ƙungiyar addini ta firistoci masu hidima ga Ba-Amurkawa Tarin ya rage a makarantar hauhawa da ke Washington, DC, inda cibiyar fastoci ke ci gaba da sayar da bugu.
An kuma ƙara tsarin Yesu Mafa zuwa ɗakin karatu na Majalisar Dokokin Amurka Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Shafin Gidan Dutsen Mandara
Kabilun Najeriya
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13303 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amina%20Wadud | Amina Wadud | Amina Wadood (haihuwa Satumba 25, 1952) Musulma ce yar Amurka, mai ilimin Falsafa da ta mayar da hankali a kan tafsirin Alkur'ani mai girma (fassarar littafi mai tsarki da rubutu). Amina ta musulunta kuma ta himmatu ga batun jinsi da Musulunci.Ta kasance cikin kungiyoyin fararen hula da dama da kuma yunkuri don inganta ka'idodin daidaito na mata a karkashin ka'idodin Musulunci.
Tarihin rayuwa Wadud an haife ta da suna Mary Teasley daga dangin Afirkawa-yan'Amurka a Bethesda, Maryland Mahaifinta minista ne na Methodist A shekarar 1972, ta musulunta, yayin da wata daliba a Jami'ar Pennsylvania, wacce ta halarta daga 1970 zuwa 1975. Ta sauya sunan ta zuwa Amina Wadud bayan shekaru biyu.
Karatu A shekara ta 1975, Wadud ta sami digiri a jami'ar Pennsylvania tare da digiri na farko. Ta sami MA a Near Eastern Studies da Ph.D. a cikin Larabci da Nazarin Addinin Musulunci daga Jami'ar Michigan a 1988. A lokacin karatun digiri makaranta, ta yi karatu a Misira,ciki har da ci-gaba Larabci a American University a birnin Alkahira, da kuma nazarin Alkur'ani da tafsirin tafsirin ko addini fassarar) a Alkahira University, da kuma falsafa a Al-Azhar University.
Aiki Wadud ta kware ne akan karatun jinsi da na Kur’ani. Daga 1989 zuwa 1992, ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar farfesa a Karatun Alqur’ani a IIUM. Yayin da take can, ta buga rubutunta na Qur'ani da Mace: Karatun Alƙur'ani mai girma daga Ra'ayin Mace da hadin gwiwar istersungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na Sisters a cikin Islama Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu suke amfani da littafin har yanzu a matsayin rubutu na asali na masu fafutuka da masana, amma an dakatar dashi a Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa A shekarar 1992, Wadud ta amince da matsayin Farfesa a Addini da Falsafa a Jami’ar ta Virginia Ta yi ritaya a shekarar 2008, sannan ta dauki matsayin farfesa na ziyarar a Cibiyar Nazarin Addinin Addini da Cross na Jami’ar Gadjah Mada da ke Yogyakarta, Indonesia Wadud ta yi magana a jami'o'i, kazalika da tsarin tattaunawa, tattaunawa tsakanin gwamnatoci da wadanda ba na gwamnati ba a duk faɗin Amurka, Gabas ta Tsakiya, kudu maso gabashin Asiya, Afirka da Turai Kasancewarta na magana sun hada da babban jigon taken "Musulunci, Adalci, da Jinsi" a taron kasa da kasa na 2008 Fahimtar Rikice-rikicen: Mabiyan Addinai, Wanda aka gudanar a Jami'ar Aarhus, Denmark; takarda mai taken "Islama Na Iya Zaman Lafiya Ta Hanyar Hadin Gwiwar Cikakken Alkur'ani" a Musawah na 2009 Adalci da Adalci a cikin taron Iyali Taron Yanki game da Inganta Nasihu Jinsi da karfafawa Mata a cikin Kungiyoyin Musulmi, wanda Asusun Raya Al'umma na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNIFEM) da Cibiyar Addinin Musulunci da Pluralism (ICIP) suka gabatar a Jakarta, Indonesia, a cikin Maris 2009; bita game da "Sharia da 'yancin ɗan adam" a Jami'ar Bergen, Norway a ƙarshen Nuwamba 2009; laccoci na jama'a mai taken "Matan Musulmai da Adalcin Jinsi: Hanyoyi, Hankali da ma'anar" ga Kwalejin Arts, Cibiyar Asiya, a Jami'ar Melbourne, Ostiraliya a watan Fabrairu 2010; lacca kan "Tawhid da Ci gaba na Ruhaniya don zamantakewar zamantakewa" a cikin Musulmai don Ci gaban Matsayi a Makarantar Addini ta Pacific a Berkeley, California a Yuli 2011. Wadud ta kuma fito fili ta ba da sanarwar "jam'i" da "daidaito" azaman goyan baya ga 'yancin LGBTQ Jayayya
Kiran 1994 A watan Agusta shekara ta 1994, Wadood tsĩrar da wani Jumma'a xabi'a Khutbah (hadisin) a kan "Musulunci a matsayin tsunduma saranda" a Claremont Main Road Masallaci a Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu Matan da suke isar da jawabi ma kafin gabatar da Khutbah ba su ji ba a duniyar Musulmai An ba da labari sosai cewa an ruwaito Wadud ya kawo khutbah (wa'azin larabci na yau da kullun da aka kawo daga bagade), wanda ba ta ba (ta gabatar da babban magana a cikin Ingilishi kuma ba daga bagade ba duk da haka jawabin pre-khutbah magana ne ba wani bangare na bikin Juma'a na al'ada). Sakamakon haka, wasu musulmai sun yi ƙoƙarin neman a kore ta daga matsayinta a jami’ar Virginia Commonwealth Jagorancin Sallah a 2005 Fiye da shekaru goma bayan haka, Wadud ya yanke shawarar jagorantar sallar Juma'a salat ga ikilisiya a Amurka, wanda ya karya da dokokin Musulunci, wanda ya ba da damar limamai limamai (shugabannin addu'o'i) a cikin majami'u masu jinsi. (Duba Mata a matsayin limamai don tattaunawa kan batun. Ranar Juma'a 18 ga Maris 2005, Wadud ya zama jagora a matsayin limami ga majami'ar mata kusan 60 da maza 40 suna zaune tare, ba tare da bambancin jinsi ba. Wata mata, Suheyla El-Attar ce ta yi kiran salla Tawagar ta 'Yan Matan Musulmai ta' Yanci, karkashin jagorancin Asra Nomani, ta yanar gizo Muslim WakeUp da kuma membobin kungiyar ungiyar musulmai masu ci gaba Dayawa daga cikin masu zanga-zangar sun hallara a waje domin yin sallar. An gudanar da wannan taron ne a Gidan Taro, mallakinsa da kuma kusa da Cibiyar Episcopal Cathedral na St. John the Divine, a Manhattan's Morningside Heights, bayan masallatai uku sun ki karbar bakuncin sabis din kuma Dandalin Sundaram Tagore ya janye tayin sa bayan barazanar bam. Wadud ta ce yayin da ta fara son gabatar da addu’ar a wuri mai tsaka tsaki, amma bayan barazanar bam din, ta yanke hukunci kan cocin, ba don yin furuci ba, amma saboda tana son gudanar da addu’o’in ne a wuri mai tsarki. Ta ce, "Bana son canja masallatan musulmai. Ina so in karfafa zukatan musulmai, a cikin al'amuransu na jama'a, da masu zaman kansu da al'adunsu, su yarda cewa sun yi daidai.
Martani Aikin ɗinyin addu'ar ya haifar da jayayya, tare da haɗuwa da rahusa daga al'ummar Musulmi. Maza da mata sama da 100 ne suka halarci addu’o’in, kuma kusan mutane 15 sun yi zanga-zanga a wajen cocin. Sheikh Yusuf Al-Qaradawi na Qatar ya bayyana cewa, yayin da wata mace ta iya kai wasu mata da kuma ko da yiwu ta matasa da yara a cikin sallah, ta iya ba kai a gauraye kungiyar ciki har da maras wadanda ba muharramansu ba maza. Sheikh Sayyid Tantawi na masallacin Al-Azhar na Alkahira ya soki addu'ar a jaridar Al-Ahram ta Masar cewa: "Idan ta jagoranci maza a cikin salla, a wannan yanayin, ba daidai bane a gare su su kalli macen da jikinta yake a gabansu. Wasu masana ilimin addinin musulinci sun goyi bayan Wadud. Gamal al-Banna, masanin ilimin Masar ya bayar da hujjar cewa, dalilan musulinci ne ke tallafa mata ayyukanta. Mawallafi kuma malamin Makaranta na Harvard Divinity Leila Ahmed ta ce ta jawo hankali ga batun mata a cikin Islama. Malami malamin Islama Ebrahim EI Moosa ya kira addu'ar "gagarumin motsawa". Khaled Abou El-Fadl, malamin Nazarin Addinin Islama a UCLA, California ya ce: "Abin da masu tsattsauran ra'ayi ke damuwa da su shine cewa za a sami sakamako mai kyau ba kawai a Amurka ba amma a duk faɗin duniyar Musulmi. Matan da aka koya musu da takaici da ba za su iya zama Imam ba, za su ga wani ya sami zage-zage ya karya mukaman sa kuma ya aikata su. Saboda Wadud ta ce ta zama barazanar kisa, 'yan sanda da maigidanta, suna tsoron kariyar ta da mayar da martani game da damuwar da iyayen suka yi game da amincin yaransu, sun nemi ta gudanar da karatuttukan ta daga gida ta hanyar bidiyo A hirarta ta farko bayan sallar, Wadud ya musanta karbar barazanar kisa kuma ya bayyana su da matsayin kafofin yada labarai. Wadud ta ci gaba tare da yin jawabinta na yin magana da kuma jagorantar aiyukan sallar juma'a masu hade da juna. A ranar 28 ga Oktoba, 2005, bayan jawabinta a babban taron kasa da kasa game da Feminism Islamic in Barcelona, Spain, an gayyace ta ta jagoranci wata majami'un mutane kusan talatin. Sakamakon gayyatar da Cibiyar Ilimi Musulmi na Oxford ta gabatar, ta jagoranci sallar auratayya a kasar Burtaniya, duk da cewa Musulmai da ke shirin halartar sun kasance suna fuskantar barazanar cewa za su yi watsi da limamai masu ra'ayin mazan jiya ta hanyar ziyartar masallatai.
2013 rigima a Jami'ar Madras Wadud zata gabatar da lacca a ranar 29 ga Yulin 2013 kan 'Jinsi da Canji a Islama' a Jami'ar Madras da ke Chennai, India. An soke karatuttukan da aka shirya saboda 'yan sanda sun kawo damar yin amfani da doka tare da ba da umarni ga matsaloli a saboda adawa da kungiyoyin Musulmi. SM Syed Iqbal, sakatare janar na Indiya Towheed Jamad, ta ce ta zo tare da goyon bayan gwamnatin Amurka kuma tana ba da ra'ayin da ake kira ci gaban da ya sabawa ka'idojin addinin Musulunci, kuma cewa kayanta za su yi zanga-zanga a gaban wuraren wasannin. an ba ta damar magana.
Kyaututtuka A cikin 2007, Wadud ta karbi kyautar Demokradiyya ta Danish. <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2016)">Lissafi da ake bukata</span> Rayuwarta Amina Wadud tana da 'ya'ya biyar da jikoki uku. Tana zaune a Oakland, California Bayyana a labarai Wadud ta kasance mai ba da shawara ga shirin fim na Muhammad: Gano Annabi (2002) wanda Gidauniyar Hadin kai ta Unityungiyar Halittu ta samar da kuma watsa shirye-shirye akan PBS An yi hira da Wadud ta rediyon WNYC a ranar 14 ga Yuli, 2006, don tattaunawa kan littafinta 'Inuwa da Jihad Ta amsa tambayoyi da sharhi game da sauran ayyukan da suka haɗa da mata cikin hidimar sallar juma'a da aka haɗa. A shekara ta 2007, Wadud ya kasance batun shirin fim ɗin Iran-Dutch, Elli Safari, wanda ake kira The Noble Struggle of the Amina Wadud Zaɓaɓɓun littaf Wadud, Amina (1999). Alkur’ani da mace suna karatun alƙur’ani daga hangen nesa na mace New York: Jami'ar Oxford. ISBN Wadud, Amina (1999). Wadud, Amina (1999). Wadud, Amina (2006). A cikin Jihad din jinsi: gyaran mata a Musulunci Oxford: Dunkulalliya. ISBN Wadud, Amina (2006). Wadud, Amina (2006). Ya ci gaba da binciken Kur'ani na Wadud kuma yana ba da cikakkun bayanai game da abubuwan da ta samu a matsayinta na Musulma, matar, uwa, 'yar uwa, masanin ilimi, da gwagwarmaya.
Babobi a cikin littattafai Wadud, Amina (2005), "Citizenship and faith", in Friedman, Marilyn (ed.), Women and citizenship,Studies in Feminist Philosophy,Oxford New York: Oxford University Press,pp.170–187,ISBN 9780195175356.
Duba kuma Asma Barlas Asma Lamrabet Fatema Mernissi Ziba Mir-Hosseini Azizah Y. al-Hibri Hada Masallaci Tsarkaka.
Karin karatu Lichter, Ida (2009). Muslim women reformers inspiring voices against oppression. Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books. ISBN 1591027160.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Amina Wadud Cibiyar Nazarin Hadin Kai ta California Tattaunawa da Amina Wadud, "Musulmai" na Frontline Hirar Amina Wadud, Halal Monk Asalin A'ishah da Amina Wadud ta buga a mujallar New Internationalist (Baiti na 345, Mayu 2002) Pages with unreviewed |
34874 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freda%20Akosua%20Prempeh | Freda Akosua Prempeh | Freda Akosua Oheneafrewo Prempeh (an haife ta a ranar 23 ga watan Janairu, 1966) 'yar siyasa ce 'yar kasar Ghana, kuma 'yar majalisa, a majalisa ta bakwai kuma 'yar majalisa ta takwas na jamhuriya ta hudu ta Ghana mai wakiltar mazabar Tano ta Arewa a yankin Ahafo, Ghana. A halin yanzu ita ce karamar ministar ma'aikatar ayyuka da gidaje ta Ghana. A baya ta taba zama mataimakiyar ministar jinsi da kuma 'yar majalisa "Matar majalisa" daga 2002 zuwa 2010 na yankin zaben Lakoo na mazabar La-Dadekotopo a babban yankin Accra.
A shekarar 2017, an nada ta shugabar kwamitin shirya gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka ta mata 2018 mai mambobi 11.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haife ta a ranar 23 ga Janairu, 1966 a Accra ga dangin sarauta na Ghana. Ita ce 'ya ta uku ga marigayi Ohenenana Akwasi Agyeman Dua-Prempeh, na gidan sarautar Ashanti da marigayiya Nana Amma Serwaa, Kontihemaa na Duayaw Nkwanta, (wanda aka sani a cikin sirrin rayuwa kamar Madam Georgina Ansah).
Freda ta fara karatunta na farko a Makarantar Firamare ta Jami'ar Kumasi sannan ta ci gaba da matakinta na Ordinary(O) a Makarantar Sakandare ta Fasaha (yanzu KNUST Senior High School) a Kumasi, Ghana. Sannan ta ci gaba da samun Advanced level Certificate (A level) a Accra Workers College a Accra, Ghana. Daga nan sai ta ci gaba zuwa Cibiyar Jarida ta Ghana, inda tayi Diploma a cikin Harkokin Jama'a da Talla. Cibiyar Gudanarwa da Gudanar da Jama'a ta Ghana ta karrama ta a cikin Babban Jami'in Jama'a a 1998. Tana da Takaddun shaida da kuma Babban Takaddun shaida a Kasuwanci, DipM, MCIM, Chartered Marketer Professional Postgraduate Diploma a Talla, duk daga Cibiyar Kasuwanci ta Chartered, Ƙasar Ingila. Ta sami digirin ta a (Business Administration), Option na Human Resource Management daga Jami'ar Ghana a shekarar 2006. Ta kuma karanta MA Comms, Media and Public Relations a Jami'ar Leicester, UK, sannan ta yi digirin digirgir kan harkokin kasuwanci daga Ghana. Kwalejin Jami'ar Fasaha.
Rayuwa ta sirri Freda Akosua Prempeh ta fito ne daga Duayaw Nkwanta, babban birnin mazabarta ta Tano North, a yankin Ahafo, Ghana. Ita Kirista ce, kuma tana da aure da ɗa.
Freda ta kusan rasa ranta sakamakon ambaliyar ruwa da bala'in gobara a ranar 3 ga Yuni, 2015 a da'irar, Accra.
Kafin zaben Freda a cikin ofishi a matsayin memba a majalisa a 2013, ta kasance mai gudanarwa a Otal din Point Hudu a Sunyani kuma ta yi aiki tare da Ofishin Kurkuku na tsawon shekaru 10. Ita 'yar wasa ce mai son motsa jiki da kuma mai yarda da karfin mata.
Rayuwar siyasa Freda Prempeh mallakar New Patriotic Party (N.P.P.). Aikinta na siyasa ya fara ne a 2002, a matsayin memba na Majalisar Wakilai na Yankin Za e na Lakoo na Yankin La-Dadekotopo a Yankin Babban Accra, na tsawon shekaru 8, A watan Fabrairun 2006, An kira ta da ta yi aiki a Hukumar sulhu ta kasa a matsayin Jami'in Harkokin Jama'a na tsawon watanni 9. A yanzu haka ita ce memba a majalisar dokoki ta Tano North Constituency, kuma tana aiki a kan Ma'adanai da Makamashi, Kwamitin Tabbatar da Gwamnati a majalisa. Shugaba Akufo-Addo ne ya nada ta a matsayin Mataimakin Ministan Ayyuka da Gidaje, a cikin 2017. A yanzu haka ita ce Mataimakin Ministan Jinsi, Yara da Kariyar zamantakewa.
Ta tsaya takara a babban zaben Ghana na 2020 a matsayin 'yar takarar majalisar dokoki ta Tano North a kan tikitin sabuwar jam'iyyar Patriotic Party, kuma ta yi nasara da fiye da kashi 51%. Wannan ya sa ta zama wa'adi na 3 a matsayin 'yar majalisa kuma yanzu ta zama 'yar majalisa ta 8 a jamhuriya ta hudu.
Muƙamai na jagoranci da aka gudanar 2004-2008 Memba, Majalisar Gwamnonin, Majalisar Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida 2005-2008 Memba Hukumar Watsa Labarai ta Kasa
2005-2008 Member Board Tsarin Inshorar Kiwon Lafiya na Kasa, Kpeshie Sub- Metro, Accra 2002-2006 Shugaban kwamitin, Kwamitin Ci gaban (Accra Metropolitan Assembly)
2006/2007 Kafa memba kuma Mataimakin Shugaban kasa, Daliban Makarantar Ilimin Ilimin Kasuwanci na shekarar TESCON Jami'ar Ghana, Accra City Campus 2008 Memba na, Kwamitin Sadarwa. Jam'iyyar New Patriotic Party, Kungiyar Kawancen Kasa Shugaban kasa da kuma wanda ta kafa, Kungiyar Mata ta Mata ta Ghana
Membobin kungiyoyin kwararru 31 Oktoba 2003 zuwa yau Cibiyar Hulda da Jama'a (IPR, Ghana) Amintaccen Memba.
Oktoba 2000 Oktoba 2003➞Cibiyar Hulda da Jama'a (IPR) Ghana Mataimakin Memba
Kungiyar 'Yan Jarida ta Ghana (GJA) Mamba mai alaƙa
Manazarta Haifaffun 1966
Rayayyun |
55379 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamara%20Awerbuch-Friedlander | Tamara Awerbuch-Friedlander | Tamara Eugenia Awerbuch-Friedlander ƙwararren masanin ilimin halittu ne kuma masanin kimiyar lafiyar jama'a wanda ya yi aiki a Makarantar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a ta Harvard(HSPH)a Boston, Massachusetts. Binciken ta na farko da wallafe-wallafen sun mayar da hankali kan hulɗar zamantakewar rayuwa wanda ke haifar da ko taimakawa ga cututtuka.An kuma yi imanin cewa ita ce mace ta farko da ta kasance mamba na jami'ar Harvard da ta fuskanci shari'ar juri don karar da aka shigar a kan Jami'ar Harvard don nuna bambancin jima'i.
Rayuwar farko An haifi Tamara Awerbuch a Uruguay,ta rayu har zuwa shekaru 12 a Buenos Aires, Argentina,sannan ta koma Isra'ila tare da iyayenta,inda kakaninta da iyayenta suka zauna bayan sun tsere daga Nazi Jamus kafin a fara Holocaust.Ta yi karatun digiri biyu a Jami'ar Hebrew da ke Urushalima. Ta karanci ilmin sinadarai kuma ta karanci a fannin kimiyyar halittu sannan ta kammala digirin BSc a shekarar 1965.A cikin 1967,ta kammala Master of Science (MSc)a fannin ilimin halittar jiki da kuma Jagoran Ilimi(MED)daga Jami'ar Ibrananci. shedar koyar da maki K-12 a Isra'ila,inda ta ke gabatar da jawabai da kuma bayyana a kan bangarori da kuma a taron bita,kamar yadda ta yi a Amurka da sauran wurare. Ta kuma yi aikin soja na Isra’ila na tsawon shekara biyu.
A cikin Oktoba 1973,yayin da ta ziyarci abokai a Amurka,an ba ta aiki a MIT a Cambridge,Massachusetts,don yin nazarin sinadarai na carcinogens a cikin al'adun nama,sa'an nan kuma fasaha ta zamani.A wannan lokacin,ta yi aiki a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje tana nazarin cututtukan cututtukan ƙwayar cuta a cikin al'adun nama,ta yi karatun kwas ɗaya kowane semester,kuma ta yi rayuwa cikin wahala,ta raba gida tare da ƙaramar Faculty of MIT da ɗaliban da suka kammala digiri.A matsayinta na ɗaya daga cikin kwasa-kwasan da aka ba ta a kowane semester,a cikin bazarar 1974 ta fara karatun lissafi,tana ɗaukar lissafi da ƙididdiga.A lokacin rani 1975,ta yi karatun digiri a matsayin ɗalibi na cikakken lokaci a MIT, inda a cikin 1979 ta kammala digiri na uku a fannin Abinci da Abinci.Ta zama 'yar Amurka kuma ya zauna a Amurka tun lokacin. An ɗauke ta a cikin 1983 zuwa Sashen Biostatistics na Makarantar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a ta Harvard TH Chan ta Shugaban Sashen Marvin Zelen.Ta kasance masanin Fulbright a cikin 1988.A cikin 1993,ta fara doguwar aiki a Sashen Kiwon Lafiyar Duniya da Jama'a a Makarantar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a ta Harvard TH Chan.
'Ya'yanta biyu,Danny da Ari,an haife su a cikin 1980s kuma sun girma a Brookline, Massachusetts.Tana jin Turanci, Ibrananci,da Sipaniya sosai kuma tana fahimta kuma tana karanta Jamusanci.
Ilimi Karatun digiri na farko a Jami'ar Hebrew a Isra'ila.
BSc a cikin Chemistry (ƙananan a Biochemistry)- 1965
MSc a cikin ilimin halittar jiki- 1967
MED-Ilimi (wanda aka tabbatar don koyar da K-12)-1967
PhD,MIT,Sashen Gina Jiki da Kimiyyar Abinci,Manyan a Metabolism,1979
Rubuce-rubuce:"Bioassay na watsawa don ƙididdige ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun mutagenicity na ƙwayoyin cuta na sinadarai"(binciken ka'idar don tantance amintattun ƙididdiga na abubuwan ƙari na abinci:carcinogenesis)
Postdoc,MIT,a cikin Somatic Cell Genetics 1979-1981
Sana'a Tun daga farkon 2000s, ta shirya da gudanar da bincike kan yanayin da ke haifar da bullowa, kiyayewa, da yaduwar annoba Binciken ta ya ƙunshi cututtukan da ake ɗauka ta hanyar jima'i (STDs) irin su HIV/AIDS, da cututtukan da ke haifar da ƙwayoyin cuta, irin su cutar Lyme, dengue, da cutar Zika da zazzabin Zika Awerbuch-Friedlander kwanan nan yayi bincike akan yadawa da sarrafa rabies dangane da nazarin tarihin muhalli. Ayyukanta na tsaka-tsaki ne, kuma wasu daga cikin wallafe-wallafenta an haɗa su tare da masana kimiyya na duniya da membobin sassa daban-daban na HSPH da Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts Wasu nau'ikan ƙididdiga na lissafinta sun haifar da ainihin binciken cututtukan cututtuka, alal misali, cewa oscillations wani abu ne na zahiri na haɓakar kaska Ta gabatar da aikinta a yawancin tarurrukan kasa da kasa da kuma Cibiyar Kimiyyar Lissafi ta Isaac Newton a Cambridge, Ingila, inda aka gayyace ta don shiga cikin Shirin a kan Model na annoba. Awerbuch-Friedlander memba ne wanda ya kafa Sabbin kuma Resurgent Cututtuka Masu Aiki. A cikin wannan mahallin, ta shiga cikin shirya wani taro a Woods Hole, Massachusetts, game da bullowar cututtuka da sake dawowa, inda ta jagoranci taron bita akan Modelin Lissafi. Bugu da ƙari, ta kafa haɗin gwiwar kasa da kasa, kamar tare da masana kimiyya na Isra'ila game da cututtuka masu tasowa a Gabas ta Tsakiya, tare da masanan Cuban game da cututtuka na tsire-tsire da ci gaba da hanyoyin gabaɗaya, tare da masana kimiyya na Brazil kan haɓaka ra'ayoyi don jagorantar ingantaccen sa ido. A cikin ƙarshen 1990s, Awerbuch-Friedlander ya kasance mai bincike a cikin wani aiki, "Me yasa Sabbin Cututtuka da Tashe-tashen hankula suka kama Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a da Mamaki da Dabarun Hana Wannan" (Gidauniyar Robert Wood Johnson ta goyi bayan). A Harvard TH Chan Makarantar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a, Awerbuch-Friedlander ne ya jagoranci kwamitin kan Lissafi da Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a. Wasu daga cikin takardun bincikenta sun kasance sakamakon haɗin gwiwa tare da ɗalibai ta hanyar karatun Mathematical Models a Biology, wanda ke da kaso mai yawa da aka sadaukar don cututtuka masu yaduwa. Haƙiƙa tana sha'awar ilimin kiwon lafiyar jama'a kuma ta ƙirƙira software na ilimi ga matasa 'yan makarantar sakandare bisa ƙira don tantance haɗarin cewa mutumin da ke da wasu halayen jima'i masu haɗari a zahiri zai kamu da cutar kanjamau. Waɗannan samfuran sun taimaka wa matasa masu haɗarin haɗari, iyaye, malamai, shugabannin kiwon lafiya na al'umma, da masu binciken lafiyar jama'a don bincika yadda canje-canjen halayen jima'i ke tasiri yuwuwar kamuwa da cutar HIV.
Gaskiya ita ce Gaba ɗaya Awerbuch-Friedlander kuma ya jagoranci kwamitin tsarawa don bikin ranar haihuwar 85th na Richard Levins,wanda ya kafa shirin Human Ecology a cikin Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Duniya da Yawan Jama'a na Makarantar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a ta Harvard,taron kwana uku tare da taken Hegelian."Gaskiya ita ce duka"da aka gudanar a tsakiyar 2015 a Makarantar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a ta Harvard,tana mai da hankali kan gudummawar da yawa a cikin samfuran ka'idar rikitarwa da cikakken bincike daga masanin ilimin lissafi Levins da abokan aikinsa,ɗalibai,da almajirai,waɗanda ke da sha'awar sosai.a cikin hadadden tsarin ilmin halitta.Littafin watan Satumba na 2018,Gaskiya Ita Ce Duka: Rubuce-rubucen Girmamawa na Richard Levins (ISBN 0998889105/9780998889108),wanda ta kasance editan hadin gwiwa tare da Maynard Clark da Dr.Peter Taylor,ya hada da sassan shari'ar daga masu ba da gudummawa sama da 20 daga cewa Harvard symposium.
Cin zarafin jima'i a kan Harvard Ko da yake Theda Skocpol ta yi zargin nuna bambanci tsakanin jinsi a cikin ƙin yin aiki tun a farkon 1980,Awerbuch-Friedlander an yi imanin ita ce mace ta farko ta Jami'ar Harvard da ta shigar da kara a kan Jami'ar Harvard don nuna bambancin jima'i. An shigar da karar tare da Kotun Koli ta Middlesex County a watan Yuni 1997. Magoya bayanta,Richard Levins da Marvin Zelen, sun kwadaitar da Awerbuch-Friedlander "kusan dala miliyan 1 a cikin asarar albashi da fa'idodi,da kuma ci gaba a HSPH"kuma ta yi jayayya"cewa Fineberg ya ki ya inganta ta zuwa matsayi.waƙa saboda ita mace ce,duk da kyakkyawan shawarar da kwamitin zaɓe na HSPH na nadi da sake nadawa (SCARP)ya bayar."Tsawon lokaci daga 1998 zuwa 2007,Harvard Crimson(kafofin watsa labarai na harabar),The Boston Globe(kafofin watsa labarai na gida),da mujallar Kimiyya(kafofin watsa labaru na kwararru da na kimiyya)sun rufe shari'ar nuna wariyar jinsi.Kimiyya ta tattara abubuwan ci gaban shari'ar nuna wariya ta jima'i a cikin"Labaran Makon:Mata a Kimiyya" sashe.kuma a cikin KIMIYYAR KIMIYYA bayan wata biyu.Shari'arta ta nuna wariya ta jima'i ta dogara ne kan hanawar da Harvard ta yi mata,duk da manyan nasarorin da ta samu a fannonin ƙwararrunta,ilimin halittu,ilimin cututtuka, ilimin halittu da lafiyar jama'a.Jami’ar ta yi zargin cewa,ba a bude wuraren wa’adi na wa’adi ba a sabon sashen nata,bayan an canza mata aiki daga wannan sashen zuwa wancan.
Fitattun ɗalibai Christl Donnelly and Wendy Leisenring.Worked on the comparison of transmission rates of HIV1 and HIV2 in a cohort of prostitutes in Senegal 1990–1991. Publication:Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 55:731-743,1993.
Sandro Galea-Variability and vulnerability at the ecological level: Implications for understanding the social determinants of health. Spring 2000.Appeared in American Journal of Public Health,92:1768-1772,2002.
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Shafin 'Batutuwa' akan Mata Masu Sana'ar Ilimi shiga 05/02/2013.
Ƙungiyar Matan Jami'o'i ta Amirka, An Ƙi: Abubuwan Wariyar Jima'i a cikin Ilimi. 2004.
"Gaskiya Ita Ce Duka" Taro na kwanaki 2 akan bikin cika shekaru 85 na Dr. Richard Levins
Yanar Gizo
Rayayyun mutane
Bayahuden |
37406 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul-Henri%20Sandaogo%20Damiba | Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba | Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba French: [pɔl ʁi daɔɡɔ damiba] An haife shi a watan Janairu shekara ta 1981) wani jami'in soja ne na Burkina Faso wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaba na riƙon ƙwarya na gwamnatin soji ta Burkina Faso daga 31 ga Janairun shekarar 2022 zuwa 30 ga Satumba 2022, lokacin da aka yi masa juyin mulki, ta hannun abokin aikinsa na soja Ibrahim Traore Damiba da kansa ya hau karagar mulki watanni takwas kacal a baya, a ranar 24 ga Janairun shekarata 2022, lokacin da ya tsige Shugaba Roch Marc Christian Kaboré a juyin mulki.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba ya sauke karatu daga Ecole militaire a Paris. A lokacin karatunsa ya gana da shugaban ƙasar Guinea Mamady Doumbouya na gaba, wanda shi ma yana atisaye a can. Yana da digiri na biyu a fannin laifuka daga Conservatoire National des Arts et métiers (CNAM) a birnin Paris da kuma ƙwararren ƙwararren tsaro a cikin gudanarwa, umarni da dabaru. Daga shekarar 2010 zuwa 2020, ya gudanar da atisayen horaswa a Amurka.
Aikin soja Damiba Laftanar Kanar ne kuma kwamandan yankin soja na uku da ya shafi Ouagadougou, Manga, Koudougou da Fada N'gourma. Shi tsohon memba ne Regiment na Tsaron Shugaban ƙasa, tsohon mai gadin shugaban ƙasa na Blaise Compaore. Damiba ya bar RSP ne a 2011 bayan wani harin da sojoji suka yi.
A cikin shekarar 2019, Damiba ya ba da shaida a shari'ar masu kitsa juyin mulkin shekara ta 2015 a Burkina Faso wanda ya hambarar da gwamnatin rikon kwarya na dan lokaci, kamar yadda rahotanni daga lokacin a Burkina Faso suka bayyana. Damiba ya samu karbuwa saboda irin ayyukan da ya yi a lokacin da ƴan ta'addar Jihadi suka yi a Burkina Faso. A baya ya yi kira ga gwamnatin Burkinabe da ta dauki sojojin haya daga kungiyar Wagner ta Rasha da ke yaki da ƴan tawayen Islama. Gwamnatin Roch Marc Kaboré dai ta nuna adawa da wannan shawara, bisa hujjar cewa yin hakan zai mayar da kasar Burkina Faso saniyar ware daga ƙasashen yamma. A ƙarshen shekarar 2021, wata rundunar mayaƙan jihadi ta mamaye sansanonin ‘yan sandan Jandarma a Inata, Soum, inda suka kashe jandarmomi 49 da fararen hula hudu. Wani gagarumin tashin hankali ya taso dangane da harin, bayan da wasu bayanai suka nuna kan rashin mu'amalar jami'an tsaron da gwamnati ke yi kafin kai farmakin, lamarin da ya tilastawa jami'an gwamnati da dama yin murabus ko kuma a yi wa ma'aikatunsu garambawul. A cewar cibiyar bincike ta yanar gizo na Afirka-Amurka BlackPast.org "Daga baya ya zo a fili cewa gendarmes a Inata ba su sami abinci ba har tsawon makonni biyu [sun] an tilasta musu yankan dabbobi a kusa da su don su rayu." Kaboré ya naɗa Damiba, wanda a lokacin ya ji daɗin abubuwan da suka faru a Inata, a matsayin shugaban ma'aikatar yaƙi da ta'addanci" da za ta nemi tsaro a gabashin Burkina Faso da Ouagadougou A cikin shekarata 2021, Damiba ya buga littafi game da yaƙi da masu kishin Islama, Sojojin Afirka ta Yamma da Ta'addanci: Martani mara tabbas? Damiba ta samu horo ta hanyar shirye-shiryen Amurka da dama. A cikin shekarar 2010 da 2020, ya halarci atisayen horaswa na hadin gwiwa na Flintlock wanda ya haɗa da wayar da kan jama'a game da haƙƙin ɗan adam da dokokin rikice-rikice na makamai. A cikin shekarar 2013, Damiba ta shiga cikin kwas na horo da taimako na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta tallafawa Afirka. A cikin 2013 da 2014, Damiba ta halarci kwas na Basic Officer Intelligence Basic Officer Course for Africa. A cikin 2018 da 2019, ya sami horo a Burkina Faso tare da Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Amurka da ke tallafawa sojojin farar hula.
Karɓar mulki, mulki, da faɗuwa A ranar 24 ga Janairun shekarata 2022, Damiba ya jagoranci juyin mulkin da aka hamɓarar da Shugaba Roch Marc Christian Kaboré da Firayim Minista Lassina Zerbo A yayin da jama'a ke murnar juyin mulkin a Ouagadougou, wasu magoya bayansa ɗauke da tutocin ƙasar Rasha, a matsayin wata alama ta kiran da suka yi na neman taimako daga Rasha a yakin da suke yi da ta'addancin Islama. Bayan sanarwar, rundunar sojin ta bayyana cewa an rusa Majalisar Dokoki da Gwamnati, yayin da aka dakatar da Kundin Tsarin Mulki A ranar 31 ga watan Janairu, gwamnatin mulkin soja ta mayar da kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar tare da nada Damiba a matsayin shugaban riƙon ƙwarya. Da Damiba a shugabanta, ƙungiyar Patriotic Movement for Safeguard and Restoration junta soji ta yi alkawarin inganta tsaro da kuma maido da mulkin farar hula. Sai dai kuma gwamnatin soja ta kasa cin galaba a kan mayakan Jihadi; a maimakon haka, ƴan tawaye da sauran wadanda ba na gwamnati ba har sun fadada ayyukansu tare da sarrafa kashi 40% na kasar nan da Satumban shekarar 2022. Da yawa daga cikin hafsoshin soji sun nuna rashin gamsuwa da Damiba, suna ganin bai mai da hankali kan tawayen ba. Masu tada ƙayar baya sun kaddamar da wasu manyan hare-hare a watan Satumban 2022, lamarin da ya sa shugaban rikon kwarya ya yi wa majalisar ministocinsa garambawul. A ranar 12 ga Satumba, Damiba ya kori ministan tsaronsa, Janar Aimé Barthélemy Simporé, kuma ya karbi mukamin da kansa. Ya kuma naɗa Kanal-Manjo Silas Keita a matsayin wakilin minista mai kula da tsaron ƙasa. Waɗannan sauye-sauyen ba su gamsar da ɓangarorin sojojin da ba su ji daɗi ba. A ranar 30 ga Satumban shekarar 2022, wasu sojojin da ba su gamsu da su ba a ƙarƙashin Captain Ibrahim Traore sun kori Damiba. Hakan ya zo ne watanni takwas bayan ya karɓi mulki. Masanin yankin Sahel kuma masani na jami'ar Calgary Abdul Zanya Salifu ya bayyana cewa rashin samun nasara a kan 'yan jihadin ne ya janyo rugujewar Damiba, saboda alkawarin da ya dauka na inganta tsaro shi ne dalilin da ya sa tun farko ya hau mulki. Har yanzu dai ba a san inda Damiba ke bayan juyin mulkin ba. Daga bisani sabuwar gwamnatin mulkin sojan ƙarƙashin jagorancin Traore ta zargi Damiba da yunkurin tserewa zuwa sansanin sojin Faransa na Camp Kamboinsin domin yin juyin mulki. Sai dai Faransa ta musanta hannu.
Hoton jama'a Juyin mulkin Janairun shekarar 2022 ya shahara a Burkina Faso. Damiba ya zama sananne da jajayen ɓerayen da yake sawa yayin jawabai, an yi imanin cewa ya kasance abin koyi ga uban juyin juya hali na Burkina Faso Thomas Sankara, wanda jawabansa kuma suna dauke da irin wannan kalamai ga Damiba. Tuni dai Damiba ya samu yabo kafin juyin mulkin kan ayyukan da ya yi na yakar masu jihadi. Lokacin da Damiba ya ƙasa shawo kan masu tayar da ƙayar baya, goyon bayan da jama’a ke ba shi ya ragu matuka. Lokacin da aka hambarar da shi a watan Satumban shekarar 2022, kungiyoyi a babban birnin kasar sun taru don nuna goyon bayansu ga waɗanda suka sauke shi.
Manazarta Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1981
Mutanen Burkina Faso
Sojoji
Shugabannin Afirka
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
21669 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahid%20Ben%20Khalfallah | Fahid Ben Khalfallah | Fahid Ben Khalfallah an haife shi a ranar 9 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 1982) ya kasance ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Tunisiya ne, wanda wanda tsohon ɗan'wasa ne kuma shi ne babban kocin ƙungiyar Nunawading City ta Austiraliya. Ya wakilci tawagar kasar Tunisiya tsakanin shekarar 2008 zuwa shekara ta 2011.
Ayyuka
Farkon aiki Ben Khalfallah ya taka leda a rukuni na biyu da na uku na Faransa har zuwa shekara 25, da farko tare da Amiens SC, sannan Stade Lavallois da Angers SCO, har sai da ya fara jin daɗin ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ligue 1 tare da SM Caen. Sabuwar tawagarsa, duk da haka, an sake sauka a ƙarshen kaka bayan kyakkyawan kaka a Ligue 1 ga ɗan wasan tsakiya.
Valenciennes A lokacin rani na shekarar 2009, ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Valenciennes FC na shekaru uku. Ya fara kakar wasa sosai, ya fara wasanni biyar kuma ya shigo a matsayin mai maye gurbin a wasu biyar, yaci kwallaye 3 ya kuma taimaka an zura kwallaye 5.
Bordeaux A watan Agusta shekarar 2010, Ben Khalfallah shiga Bordeaux shiga wata kwangilar shekaru hudu tare da kudin da miliyan 5 ana biya wa Valenciennes.
Troyes Yaje kungiya Troyes a watan janairu shekarar 2014.
Nasara Melbourne His first season in Australia was very successful; scoring five goals and making nine assists in the A-League helping to win that competitions Premiership and Championship, as well as being awarded the Victory Medal as the club's player of the season.
A ranar 24 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 2015, Melbourne Victory ta ba da sanarwar cewa sun ci gaba da ayyukan Ben Khalfallah na tsawan shekaru biyu, dan wasan ya nuna cewa ya ji dadin rayuwa a Melbourne da kuma buga wa kulob din wasa.
A ranar 26 watan Afrilu shekarar 2017, Ben Khalfallah ya tabbatar da cewa zai bar Nasara a ƙarshen kakar. Kulob din ya tabbatar da hakan a ranar 12 ga watan Mayu shekara ta 2017, tare da sanya Ben Khalfallah a cikin daya daga cikin 'yan wasa 7 da suka bar kungiyar a karshen kakar wasa ta bana.
Brisbane Roar Ben Khalfallah ya sanya hannu tare da kungiyar A-League ta Brisbane Roar kan yarjejeniyar shekara daya jim kadan bayan barin nasarorin. A ranar 20 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 2018, bayan kawar da Brisbane Roar da Melbourne City a wasan karshe na A-League, Fahid Ben Khalfallah ya yanke shawarar yin ritaya yana da shekara 35.
Nunawading City A ranar 19 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2018, wata guda kawai bayan da ya sanar da yin ritaya, Ben Khalfallah ya fito daga ritaya ya sanya hannu kan NPL2 East Victoria kulob din Nunawading City don ragowar lokacin. Bayan ya yi wa ma'aikatan kocin alkawarin zai buga wa Nunawading bayan ya yi aiki tare da Roar, Ben Khalfallah ya fara wasan farko a ranar da aka sanar da sanya hannu a kan Gabashin Lions a wasan da aka tashi babu ci. Ben Khalfallah ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a Nunawading a kan Melbourne City FC Youth, inda ya ci wasan 3-1. Nunawading ya gama kakar wasa a matakin kasa a NPL2 East kuma ya koma matakin rukuni na biyar na rukuni na rukuni na 1 na Kudu maso Gabas na 2019.
A watan Satumban shekarar 2018, an sanar da Ben Khalfallah a matsayin mai horar da 'yan wasa na Nunawading na kakar wasannin shekarar 2019 da shekara ta 2019 Nunawading ya ci gaba da kammalawa a saman 2019 State League 1 Kudu maso Gabas, ya ci gasar kuma ya ci nasarar komawa cikin NPL a shekarar 2020.
Rayuwar mutum Ben Khalfallah an haife shi a Peronne, Faransa ga iyayen Tunisia. Mahaifinsa ya yi ƙaura zuwa Faransa, kuma a matsayin ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa. Kodayake iyayensa musulmai ne, Ben Khalfallah ya bayyana kansa a matsayin mara addini.
Ya yi magana sau da yawa sosai game da kwarewar kansa da danginsa tun lokacin da ya koma Melbourne, Ostiraliya don Nasarar Melbourne, kuma wannan shine babban dalilin sake sa hannu a kulob din.
Daraja
Kulab Bordeaux
Coupe de Faransa 2012–13
Nasara Melbourne:
Gasar A-League 2014-2015
Firimiyan A-League 2014-2015
Kofin FFA 2015
Kowane mutum Ligue 2 UNFP Team of the Year: 2007–08
Victory Medal: 2014–15
A-League PFA Team of the Season: 2014–15
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje frenchleague.com
'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Tunisiya
Pages with unreviewed |
22660 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adebayo%20Bolaji | Adebayo Bolaji | Adebayo Bolaji (an haife shi ne a ranar 15 ga watan Mayu 1983), ya kasan ce shi ne mai zane-zane a Landan, dan wasan kwaikwayo, marubuci ne kuma darakta ne.
Rayuwar farko Adebayo Tibabalase Bolaji an haife shi ne a garin Perivale da ke Landan Lorough of Ealing, iyayen Najeriya kuma dan wasan Ingilishi ne, marubuci kuma darakta. Bolaji ya fara wasan kwaikwayo ne tun yana dan shekara 14 tare da National Theatre Music Theater wanda ya fara gabatar da West End a cikin fim din 1997 na Bugsy Malone a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Sarauniya. Tare da NYMT ya yi a bikin Edinburgh sau uku, a Tokyo, a Fadar gidan wasan kwaikwayo da kuma gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Lyceum a Yammacin.arshe.
Ilimi Bolaji ya kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Guildhall ta London da digiri a fannin Shari'a amma ya ci gaba da horo a Makarantar Kwalejin Jawabi da Wasan kwaikwayo.
Aiki a matsayin Jarumi, Darakta Marubuci Bolaji ya samo asali ne daga rawar Subway Ghost a cikin kyautar Ghost the Musical, wanda Matthew Warchus ya jagoranta kuma Colin Ingram ya samar. Kiɗa da waƙoƙin da ɗan wasan gaba na Eurythmics ya rubuta, Dave Stewart da Glenmy mai lambar yabo Glen Ballard Bolaji ya fito a Skyfall wanda Oscar -winning Sam Mendes ya bayar da umarni, a matsayin daya daga cikin magogin Silva, wanda Javier Bardem ya buga kuma aka saka shi a fim din Tom Hooper na Les Misérables amma yana da don janyewa saboda rikice-rikicen jadawalin fim.
A watan Mayu 2013, an jefa Bolaji a cikin masana'antar Chocolate Chocolate ta Menier na Launin Launin Launi da kuma na matasa Vic na Susan Stroman na farko na London na 'Ya'yan Scottsboro Wasan Bolaji na farko Mummunan Butterflies an yi shi ne a Makarantar Kwalejin Jawabi da Wasan Kwaikwayo yayin da yake horo. Wasan kwaikwayo na biyu na Bolaji, In Bed an rubuta shi kuma an samar dashi ne a The Theritures Theater tare da Ex Nihilo, kamfanin wasan kwaikwayo wanda ya kafa a 2009.
A cikin 2017, Ocher Press (wallafe-wallafe ne mai zaman kansa), ya buga littafin waƙar farko na Bolaji We Are Elastic Ideas Littafin yana ƙunshe da zane na asali da kuma waƙoƙi duk an haɗe da waƙa a cikin iyakantacce da ba iyaka.
A watan Disamba na 2018, kamfanin wasan kwaikwayo na Bolaji Ex Nihilo zai nuna wasan kwaikwayon Jacky Ivimy na Dialektikon a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Park wanda, Bolaji zai jagoranta. Wasan farko an gina shi ne sanannen taron al'adun gargajiya a shekarar 1967, Dialectics of Liberation.
Aiki azaman Mai Fenti Bolaji mai koyar da kansa ne kuma ya zo ya yi aiki da matsakaiciyar fenti daga baya a cikin aikinsa na wasan kwaikwayo. Aikinsa a matsayin mai zanen galibi ya fi dacewa da tsari da labarin canjin, kuma yana ba da fifiko sosai ga aikin fasaha yana da mahimmanci kamar ƙarshen sakamako. Neman kwatankwacinsu Francis Bacon, Dubuffet da Jean-Michel Basquiat da ra'ayoyin da suka koma zuwa 1960s Oshogbo Art Movement a Najeriya, a matsayin wahayi. A cikin kalmominsa:
"Zanen zanen a wurina, na iya zama kamar ingantawa ko yin dabara a gidan wasan kwaikwayo. Mutum ya sanya ra'ayin wani iri kuma ya amsa (gaskiya) a gare shi Tattaunawa ce ta yau da kullun tattaunawa ce ta gani tare da batun koyaushe a tsakiya, har sai mutum ya isa hoton wanda ake iya cewa koyaushe yana wurin tun, koyaushe ina tambayar kaina abin da ya zama dole Ko amsa gaskiya (gwargwadon yadda zan iya) ga kowane bangare. Sakamakon haka, na isa hoto na karshe kuma na san bangarena na tattaunawar an gama, yanzu ya rage ga wasu su kalle shi kuma suna da nasu ra'ayi tattaunawa Ba tare da la’akari da nawa ba. A shekara ta 2016 aka zabi Bolaji a matsayin dan wasan da Tangle ya zaba domin zane-zanen Yinka Shonibare na MBE sanannen Guest Projects Space, a cikin Hackney London, don masu fasaha masu tasowa, daga baya aka zabi Bolaji don nuna ayyukansa a wani dogon hoto na zamani Galerie Proarta, a cikin Zürich Switzerland Rayuwar mutum Bolaji a halin yanzu yana zaune ne a Landan kuma shi ma mai kaɗa rawa ne.
Filmography
Hanyoyin haɗin waje http://officialade.com/
Manazarta Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1983
Yarbawa
Pages with unreviewed |
15365 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wunmi%20Mosaku | Wunmi Mosaku | Wunmi Mosaku (an haifeta a shekara ta 1986) haifaffiyar ta ’yar Biritaniya ce’ yar asalin Nijeriya kuma mawaƙa. An san ta ne saboda matsayinta na Joy a cikin Gidan Rediyon BBC biyu Moses Jones (2009) da Holly Lawson a cikin jerin ITV Vera (2011-12). Ta lashe lambar yabo ta BAFTA TV na 2017 don Kyakkyawar Mataimakiyar Jarumai a matsayinta na Gloria Taylor a fim din TV Damilola, Loaunataccen Yaronmu (2016). A cikin 2019, ta yi fice a cikin sahu na biyar na Luther
An haifi Mosaku a Najeriya, kuma daga baya tayi hijira zuwa Manchester, Ingila, lokacin tana yar shekara ɗaya. Ta halarci makarantar sakandaren Trinity ta Ingila da Xaverian Sixth Form College. Ta kuma rera waka tsawon shekaru goma sha daya a kungiyar 'yan mata ta Manchester. Iyayenta duk farfesoshi ne a Najeriya amma sun kasa yin aiki iri ɗaya a Burtaniya. Mahaifiyarta ta fara kasuwanci kuma mahaifinta ya gama dawowa Najeriya.
Mosaku ta kammala karatu daga Royal Academy of Dramatic Art a 2007 kuma ta fara zuwa matakin farko a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Arcola a cikin samar da Pedro Calderón de la Barca Babban gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Duniya. Tun daga wannan lokacin ita ma ta fito a cikin Rough Crossings, wanda Rupert Goold ya jagoranta kuma ta dogara ne da littafin da Simon Schama, a Lyric Hammersmith; Tsayayyar Sa'a ta David Hare da Gaskiya da Sulhu, duka a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Kotun Masarauta da Alfadarai a Matasa Vic. A shekara ta 2009 ta fito a Katrina, wani wasa na magana wanda ya ba da labarin mutane shida game da gwagwarmayar rayuwarsu lokacin da guguwar Katrina ta lalata New Orleans a watan Agusta na 2005. Mosaku da farko an saka shi a matsayin Sophie a Burtaniya ta farko da aka lalata ta Lynn Nottage a gidan wasan kwaikwayon Almeida amma yana da cirewa saboda rauni.
A shekarar 2008, ta fito a karon farko na baje kolin a National Gallery wanda aka tsara don daukaka martabar bakaken fata masu koyi da kuma nuna baiwa da ke tsakanin al'ummar Bakar Burtaniya. Hoton nata ma ya bayyana a Hanyar Kasuwanci, Peckham, London, a zaman wani ɓangare na baje kolin. A shekara ta 2009, ta yi fice a cikin jerin shirye-shirye na BBC na biyu Moses Jones, wanda ta samu nasarar zama Gwarzuwar Jaruma a cikin iesananan Minista a bikin Fiction na Roma.
Ta yi fice a bangon farko na mujallar Screen International daga Yuni July 2009 a matsayin daya daga cikin Taurarin Burtaniya na Gobe, sannan a 2011 an fito da ita a cikin Jaridar Nylon ta 2011 Matasan Hollywood.
A cikin 2010, an zaɓi Wunmi Mosaku ɗayan Thea ofan Fuskokin Fuskoki Bakwai na Filmarshen Fina-Finan Duniya na Toronto, don Ni Bawa ne, wanda ta yi fice a ciki. Tana wasan Malia, yarinyar da aka sace daga ƙauyenta a Sudan, kuma aka sayar da ita zuwa bautar. Saboda kwazonta Mosaku ta lashe lambobin yabo kamar Kyakkyawar 'yar wasa a bikin Fina-Finan Baki na Birmingham, Kyakkyawan aikin Onscreen a Kyaututtukan Al'adu daban-daban da kuma Kyawawan Mata mafi kyau a Screen Nation Awards. A cikin 2011 Mosaku ta shiga Vera kuma ta taka rawar Holly Lawson amma ta bar wasan kwaikwayon bayan shekara guda kawai.
A cikin 2015, Mosaku ta taka rawar Quentina, mai kula da zirga-zirgar ababen hawa, a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen BBC uku-uku Capital dangane da littafin John Lanchester mai suna iri ɗaya. A cikin 2016, ta fito a cikin Playtest, wani ɓangare na jerin tarihin almara Black Mirror.
Mosaku ta lashe kyautar BAFTA TV ta 2017 don Kyakkyawar Mataimakiyar 'yar wasa don buga Gloria Taylor a fim din TV Damilola, Boyan Mu Boyauna.
Manazarta
Rayayyun Mutane
Haifaffun |
17322 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammadu%20Maccido | Muhammadu Maccido | Ibrahim Muhammadu Maccido ɗan Abubakar (Haihuwa: 20 Afrilu 1928 Rasuwa: 29 Oktoba 2006), wanda aka fi sani da Muhammadu Maccido, shi ne Sarkin Musulmi na 19 a Najeriya Ya kasance mataimaki na farko ga Siddiq Abubakar III (1903–1988) wanda ya kasance Sarkin Musulmi na tsawon shekaru 50. Maccido ya yi ayyuka da dama na gwamnati a lokacin rayuwarsa kuma ya yi fice sosai a matsayin mai hulda da Shugaban Nijeriya Shehu Shagari (mulki 1979 1983) har zuwa lokacin da sojoji suka yi juyin mulki suka kawar da Shagari daga mulki. Lokacin da mahaifinsa ya mutu a shekarar 1988, shugaban gwamnatin mulkin soji a Najeriya, Ibrahim Babangida ya nada Ibrahim Dasuki (mulki a 1985 1993) a matsayin sabon Sarkin Musulmi, shawarar da ta haifar da zanga-zanga mai ƙarfi a duk arewacin Nijeriya.
A shekarar 1996, Sani Abacha (1993 1998), tsohon shugaban mulkin sojan Nijeriya 6, ya tumɓuke Dasuki daga muƙaminsa ya kuma naɗa Maccido sabon Sarkin Musulmi. An naɗa Maccido a ranar 21 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 1996 kuma ya yi mulki daga matsayin na tsawon shekaru goma. Ya yi amfani da mukamin don kokarin sasanta rarrabuwar kawuna a tsakanin al’ummar Musulmin arewacin Najeriya, da inganta alaka da sauran al’ummomin Musulmi, da rage rikice-rikicen kabilanci a cikin Najeriya. A ranar 29 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 2006, bayan ganawa da Shugaba Olusegun Obasanjo, Maccido ya mutu a hatsarin jirgin saman kamfanin jirgin sama na ADC Airlines Flight 53, tare da ɗansa Badamasi Maccido, yayin da suke komawa Sakkwato. An binne shi a Sakkwato tare da yawancin sauran Sarakunan na Sakkwato.
Rayuwar farko Muhammadu Maccido yana ɗaya daga cikin ‘yan yaran da Sarki Siddiq Abubakar III ya haifa kafin Abubakar ya zama Sarkin Musulmi a shekarar 1938. An haife shi ne a 20 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 1928 a wajen garin Sakkwato a garin Dange Shuni Sauran yara da yawa sun mutu yayin haihuwa kuma don haka lokacin da aka haifi Muhammadu ga babbar matar Abubakar Hauwa, an ba shi ƙarin suna Maccido (ma'anar bawa don ƙoƙarin kawar da rashin sa'a. Duk da cewa Abubakar ya haifi 'ya'ya biyu ne kawai kafin ya zama Sarkin Musulmi, amma ya riga ya sami karin' ya'ya 53 bayan haka. Maccido ya yi fice a kotun Abubakar yayin da yake girma kuma tsarin shugabancin mahaifinsa na da matukar tasiri a karshen mulkin Maccido. Misali ɗaya shi ne a shekarar 1943 lokacin da Sardauna Ahmadu, wanda ya ƙalubalanci Abubakar a zaɓen a matsayin sarki, ana zarginsa da karkatar da kuɗin haraji kuma Abubakar ya hukunta shi da kurkuku; amma, Ahmadu ya dauki lauya a kudu don daukaka kara kan hukuncin kuma kotun Burtaniya ta ba da umarnin a daina tuhumar. Yanayin siyasa ya yi matukar damuwa bayan wannan kuma daga wannan Maccido ya koyi yin sulhu da abokan adawar siyasa. Maccido ya yi karatu a kwalejin da ke Zariya kafin ya yi karatu a shekarar 1952-1953 a Kwalejin Kudancin Devon da ke Burtaniya.
Shiga cikin siyasa A cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata na mulkin Biritaniya a kan yankin, Maccido ya zama mai tasiri a cikin muƙamin siyasa daban-daban. A shekarar 1951, Maccido ya zama memba na Majalisar Dokoki a Kaduna yana mulkin Hukumar 'Yan Asalin Sakkwato. Kodayake yana da ƙuruciya kuma ƙaramin memba na Majalisar, ya sami damar ƙirƙirar alaƙa da shugabannin farko na Nijeriya da yawa saboda ɗan sarki ne. A ƙarshen 1950s, Zamfara da sauran al'ummomin arewa sun fara fuskantar rikice-rikicen rikici tare da jam'iyyun siyasa da ke gwagwarmaya da juna kafin zaɓen shekarar 1959. An tura Maccido zuwa ga al'ummomin don zama wakilin masarautar Sokoto a kokarin rage tashin hankali. Ya rike mukamai daban-daban a Hukumar 'Yan Asalin Sakkwato a cikin shekarun 1950 ciki har da Kansilan Ayyuka (1956), Kansila na Raya Karkara (1959), da Kansilan Aikin Gona (1960). Tare da rikice-rikicen bayan samun 'yanci a Najeriya, wanda ya karu sosai bayan kisan Firimiya Sir Ahmadu Bello (daga Sakkwato) a shekarar 1966, Maccido ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen taimaka wa mahaifinsa a kokarin sasanta rikicin. A Sakkwato, wasu fusatattun Musulmai sun yunkuro zuwa Cocin Katolika da nufin rusa ginin a wani bangare na fushin da ake yi wa Ibo da Kirista. Maccido da Marafa, suruki ne ga Ahmadu Bello, sun sadu da taron kuma suka shawo kansu suka watse don hana lalata cocin. Shekarar da ta biyo baya, Maccido ya zama Kwamishina na Majalisar zartarwar Jihar Arewa maso Yamma kuma ya yi aiki a Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona sannan daga baya Ma'aikatar Lafiya. Duk da cewa ya yi nesa da gwamnatocin sojoji a shekarun 1970s, ya yi aiki a matsayin jami’in tuntuba tsakanin masarautar Sakkwato da shugaban Najeriya na tsawon shekaru a lokacin Shugabancin Shehu Shagari A cikin shekarar 1986, Maccido ya bar siyasa a cikin kasar ya koma ga mahaifinsa mara lafiya Abubakar da siyasar cikin gida a Sakkwato. Lokacin da mahaifinsa ya kuduri aniyar rashin lafiya sosai saboda ayyukan ofis, Maccido ya kasance daga cikin Inungiyar Inner don gudanar da Masarautar.
Dasuki a matsayin Sarkin Musulmi Abubakar III ya mutu a ranar 1 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 1988 yayin da Ibrahim Babangida ya kasance shugaban gwamnatin mulkin soja ta Najeriya. Kamar yadda yake a gargajiyance a tsarin addinin Sakkwato, masu zaɓen masarautu daban-daban ne suka dauki nauyin lamarin suka zabi Maccido a matsayin sabon Sarkin Musulmi a ranar 3 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 1988. Amma, a ranar 6 ga watan Nuwamba, gwamnatin soja ta Babangida ta yanke hukuncin cewa Ibrahim Dasuki, wanda ya kalubalanci Maccido ga matsayin kuma mashahurin abokin kasuwancin Babangida ne, zai zama sabon sarki. Nan take rikici ya barke a Sakkwato da sauran arewacin Najeriya tare da magoya bayan Maccido wadanda ke nuna rashin amincewarsu da katsalandan din sojoji a cikin masarautu. Maccido an tura shi gudun hijira zuwa Afirka ta Kudu. Ya dawo bayan mulkin Babangida amma bai goyi bayan jajircewar mabiyansa ga Dasuki ba. Ya karfafawa magoya bayansa gwiwa da kada su yi tarayya da mulkin Dasuki kuma su kasance a rabe. Rayuwa ta bunkasa cikin wahalar kudi ga Maccido kuma gidansa ya fara zama mara kyau kuma har wayarsa ta katse saboda rashin biyan kudi. Musulmai da yawa a arewacin Najeriya sun yi adawa da mulkin Dasuki, tare da jerin korafe korafe da suka hada da cewa Dasuki ya rusa gidan Muhammed Bello, Sarkin Musulmi na biyu, don yin gyare-gyare a harabar gidan sarautar.
Sultan Maccido daga baya ya dawo da kuɗi. Ya fara shigo da kayayyaki da sayar da kayayyakin ga 'yan kasuwar gida, kafin ya zama sarki. Marigayi Sani Abacha ne ya cire Ibrahim Dasuki daga wannan muƙamin a ranar 19 ga watan Afrilun shekarar 1996. Ba tare da bin tsarin mulkin gargajiya na Sakkwato ba, Abacha ya nada Maccido a matsayin sabon Sarkin Musulmi kuma an naɗa masa sarauta, ko kuma nadin sarauta, a 21 ga watan Afrilu 1996 a Sultan Masallacin Bello. A matsayin Sultan, ya zama jagora na ruhaniya ga al'ummar musulmin Najeriya kuma shugaban masarautar Sokoto. Don kaucewa matsaloli tare da Dasuki da magoya bayansa, Maccido ya roki Abacha da ya tabbatar an bi da shi ta hanyar mutuntaka kuma za a bar shi ya dawo daga gudun hijira bayan wani dan lokaci. Lokacin da ‘yan fashi da makami suka far wa Dasuki a gidansa, Maccido ya aika da wani jami’in hukuma don ba Dasuki goyon baya. A matsayinsa na ɗaya daga cikin muƙamin nasa, ya kuma zama Shugaban Majalisar Ƙoli ta Harkokin Addinin Musulunci a Nijeriya kuma ya yi kyakkyawar alaka da sauran kungiyoyin Musulmi a duk duniya daga wannan matsayin. Ya halarci Taron Duniya kan Addinin Musulunci, ya tafi Saudiyya don tara kudi don makarantun Islamiyya, kuma ya yi mu’amala sosai da Musulmai a wasu wurare a duniya. Don tallafawa musulmai a arewacin Najeriya, Maccido ya ba da wata kungiya ga kungiyar mata mata ta ilimi, ta kafa makaranta a wajen Sakkwato, sannan ta fara wani babban yunkuri na yada kwayar cutar shan inna a yadu. A shekara ta 2004, ya shirya bukukuwan jihadi na shekara biyu na Usman dan Fodio, wanda ya kafa Masarautar Sakkwato, da kuma fara Yaƙin Fulani Tare da karuwar rikice-rikicen kabilanci tsakanin Kiristoci da Musulmai a Najeriya, Maccido ya yi ƙoƙari don kawo ƙarshen tashin hankali kuma ya sa baki sau da yawa don rage tashin hankali. A lokacin da yake sarki, ya kuma ba sarakunan gargajiya wasu 'ya'yansa uku. An nada dansa Malami a matsayin "danburan sokoto"; Ahmed, wanda yanzu haka Sanata ne, an nada masa rawani a matsayin "Mainan Sokoto"; da Bello, wanda shi ne Shugaba na FBN Holdings a Najeriya, an nada shi da "Kyakkyawan Sakkwato". Koda bayan mutuwar mahaifinsu, dukkansu sun riƙe mukamansu na manyan sarakunan halifancin.
Koyaya, Maccido ya nuna adawa ga gwamnatin jihar ta Najeriya lokacin da suka yi kokarin baiwa mabiya Shi’a yan cirani damar yin salla a masallatan Sokoto. Kamar mahaifinsa, ya yi adawa da wannan yunƙurin kuma ya ƙi ba da damar yin addu'a ga Musulmin Shi'a.
Mutuwa Bayan bikin karamar Sallah a shekarar 2006, Maccido ya tafi Abuja don ganawa da Shugaba Olusegun Obasanjo Bayan wannan taron, Maccido ya hau jirgi ya dawo Sokoto ranar Lahadi 29 ga watan Oktoba. A cikin jirgin akwai ɗaya daga cikin 'ya' ya Badamasi Maccido (wanda shi ne Sanata daga Sakkwato), jikan sa, da sauran hukumomin gwamnatin yankin da suka je Abuja domin bitar ilmi. Jirgin na ADC Airlines mai lamba 53 ya fadi ne jim kadan bayan tashinsa ya kashe yawancin mutanen da ke cikin jirgin ciki har da Maccido, dansa, da kuma jikan sa. Maccido jikinsa bai ƙone ba, yana mai sauƙin ganewa. An jagoranci gawarsa a kan titunan Sakkwato tare da dubun dubatan masu makoki da suka hallara. An binne shi a babban kabarin sarakunan Sokoto (Hubbare), kusa da na mahaifinsa.
Manazarta
Bayanan kula
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Tarihi: Sultan na Sokoto, Martin Plaut, Labaran BBC, 29 ga Oktoba 2006
Katolika suna ɗaukaka kyawawan halayen Maccido, The Guardian, Nijar, Nuwamba 3, 2006
Sarkin Morocco ya yi alhinin marigayi Sultan, da sauran wadanda hatsarin ya rutsa da su, The Guardian, Nijar, Nuwamba 3, 2006
Sarakunan Sakkwato
Pages with unreviewed |
25559 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rai | Rai | Rai ko RAI na iya nufin to:
Sunan sarauta da daraja Rai (take) ma'ana "sarki", wanda yayi daidai da Rao ko Roy, taken sarauta wanda yawancin sarakunan Hindu ke amfani da su a Indiya
Rai Bahadur, lakabi mai daraja da aka bayar a lokacin Raj na Burtaniya a Indiya
Rai Sahib, lakabi mai daraja da aka bayar a lokacin Raj na Burtaniya a Indiya
Mutane Rai (sunan mahaifi)
Mutanen Rai, a Nepal da Indiya
Rai Sikh, masu bin addinin Sikh
Sunan da aka ba Raí (an haife shi a shekara ta 1965) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Brazil
Uwargida Rai –1530 BC), tsohuwar mace 'yar Masar, mai aikin jinya ga Sarauniya Ahmose-Nefertari
Rai Benjamin (an haife shi a shekara ta 1997), ɗan ƙasar Amirka
Rai Purdy (1910 1990) darektan gidan talabijin na Kanada kuma mai gabatarwa
Rai Simons (an haife shi a shekara ta 1996) shi ne dan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Bermudiya
Rai Thistlethwayte (an haifeshi a shekara ta 1980) mawaƙin Australia
Rai Vloet (an haife shi a shekara ta 1995) shi ne dan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Holland
Wurare Rai, Orne, Faransa
Rai, Sonipat, Haryana, India
Rai, Khorasan ta Kudu, Iran
Dutsen Rai Japan
Chiang Rai lardin Thailand
Gundumar Bo Rai Thailand
Gundumar Giá Rai a Vietnam
Cibiyar Taro ta RAI Amsterdam, Netherlands
Nishaɗi da kafofin watsa labarai RAI, kamfanin watsa labarai na ƙasa na Italiya
Raï, kiɗan gargajiya wanda ya samo asali daga Oran, Aljeriya kuma sananne a Faransa
Rai (mai ban dariya) halin almara a cikin Jaruman Comics
<i id="mwRg">Raï</i> (fim na hekara ta 1995) fim na Faransa na shekara ta 1995 wanda Thomas Gilou ya jagoranta
<i id="mwSQ">Rai</i> (fim na shekara ta 2016) fim ɗin Indiya game da Muthappa Rai
<i id="mwTA">Al Rai</i> (jaridar Kuwaiti) jaridar yau da kullun
<i id="mwTw">Al Ra'i</i> (jaridar Jordan) jaridar yau da kullun
Alrai TV, tashar talabijin ta Kuwaiti
Kimiyya, kiwon lafiya, da fasaha Gwajin ɗaukar iodine na rediyoaktif, na'urar bincike
<i id="mwWA">Rai</i> (naúrar), yanki na gargajiya na yankin Thai
Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale, taron shekara -shekara na Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Ƙasa
Tushen analog dental implant
Royal Anthropological Institute na Burtaniya da Ireland
Sufuri Tashar Amsterdam RAI, tashar jirgin ƙasa a Netherlands
Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran Railways
Filin Jirgin Sama na Praia a Cape Verde
Réseau Aérien Interinsulaire, yanzu Air Tahiti
Sauran amfani Rai (Lardin Ikklesiyar Siriya ta Gabas), lardin Metropolitan na Cocin Gabas
Amsterdam RAI Nunin da Cibiyar Taro, nunin da Cibiyar Taro a Amsterdam
Harshen Rai (disambiguation) rukuni na yarukan Sino-Tibet
Duwatsu Rai, kuɗin da ake amfani da su a Yap, Tsibirin Caroline
Jami'ar Rai, a Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
Associationungiyar dillalan Indiya, ƙungiyar kasuwanci ta Indiya
Reynolds American Inc., wani kamfanin taba sigari na Amurka
Rai Thai: wani salon waƙar Thai da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin dokoki da tarihin
Daular Rai 644 CE) daular Buddha da ke Sindh a Pakistan ta zamani
Duba kuma Rai Cultura (disambiguation)
Rei (rarrabuwa)
Ray (rarrabuwa)
Rey |
11529 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jami%27ar%20Umaru%20Musa%20Yar%27adua | Jami'ar Umaru Musa Yar'adua | Jami’ar Umaru Musa Yar'aduwa, dake cikin birnin Katsina wacce akafi sani da suna Jami’ar Jihar Katsina, a ƙarƙashin Dokar Jihar Katsina mai lamba 7 na Satumbar, 2006. Dr. Umaru Mutallab ne Shugaban Jami'ar, yayin da Farfesa, Sunusi Mamman mataimakin shugaban jami'ar wato, (Vice Chancellor).kuma ya gaje shugabancin ne daga hannun tsohon shugaban Prof. Idris Isah Funtua.
Tarihi An kirkiro Jami’ar a sheakara ta 2006 a Jihar Katsina. don zama tushen ci gaban tattalin arziki, fasaha da siyasa na Jahar ta hanyar samar da ƙwararrun masaniyar ɗan adam ta hanyar salon koyarwa na fuska da fuska da na nesa. Burin gwamnati ne da al'ummar jihar Katsina su kafa jami'ar da zata shiga jerin kwararrun Jami'oin duniya ta hanyar sadarwa na zamani wato(ICT). Jami'ar ta fara shirye-shiryen karatun ne a cikin watan Janairun, shekarar 2007 a wani rukunin lokaci na wucin gadi wanda ke Hassan Usman Katsina Polytechnic, Katsina.
Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Katsina ta yanke shawarar canzawa makarantar suna daga "Jami'ar Jahar Katsina" watau (Katsina State University) zuwa "Jami'ar Umaru Musa Yar'aduwa, Katsina" (Umaru Musa Yar'aduwa University, Katsina) a ranar 08 ga watan Aprelu, shekarar 2009. Anyi hakan ne don nuna yabo na musamman ga tsohon gwamna kuma shugaban kasa na lokacin, Umaru Musa Yar'aduwa Matawallen Katsina. Bayan kwana daya da canjin sunan makarantar, shugaban kasan Nijeriya na lokacin, Marigayi Umaru Musa yarduwa ya bada fili mai girman hekta 1029.33 akan hanyar Dutsin-ma, don gina jami'ar a wurin na dun-dun-dun. Anyi taron bude makarantar a ranar 09 ga watan Aprelu, shekarar 2009.
Tallafin Naira Biliyan 4
Ranar 2 ga watan Nuwamba, 2022 Gwamnatin Tarrayya Ta Tallafa wa Jami'ar da Naira Biliyan 3 don ƙara bunƙasa ta gami da yin sabbin Gine-gine a Jami’ar.
Har wayau kuma Gwamnatin jihar ta ƙara Naira Biliyan 1 akai don fara aiwatar da aikin gadan-gadan.
Gine-ginen dai da za'a yi sun haɗa da gidajen wasan kwaikwayo na lacca, da shingen gudanarwa, ɗakunan gwaje-gwaje, wuraren kiwo da sauransu.
Tsarin Karatu An tsara makarantan don bada Ilimin digiri tun daga digiri na farko (Undergraduate degree), digiri na biyu (Masters degree) da digiri na uku "Daktanci" (Doctoring degree) har zuwa digiri ta qoli "Farfesanci" (Professorship). Akwai fannuka daban daban wanda suka hada da; Fannin Kimiyya,
Fannin fasaha
Fannin Karatun Alqalanci, da
Fannin Karatun Koyarwa Fannin Likitanci
Fannin Kimiyya Wannan fanni ne da ya kunshi sassa na karatun binciken abubuwa masu rai da marasa rai dake cikin duniya da wajen duniya. Ana kiran wannan fanni "Science", kuma wannan fanni a wannan jami'a yana da sassa kaman haka;
Sashen lissafi (Mathematics and Computer Science),Biology,Chemistry, Physics da kuma Sashen karatun Geography. Ana kiran sakamakon wannan fanni Bsc" wato (Bachelors of science) kuma anfi sannin wannan Fanni a turance da "Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences". Fannin kimiyya da Fasaha
Wannan fanni ya kunshi kwasa-kwasai da suka jibanci fasahan rayuwa da kuma ilimin zamantawar dan-adam. Wannan kwasa-kwasai sun hada da;
Karatun Tarihi (History), Yaruka (Languages) kamansu Turanci, Larabci, Faransanci da sauransu.
Har wa yau akwai sashen karatun addinai,daban Dayan kamar Musulunci da kuma Kiristanci wato "Islamic Studies" da kuma"Christian religious Studies". Ana kiran sakamakon wannan fanni da B.A" (Bachelors of Art). Fannin karatun Alƙalanci Wannan fanni anfi saninshi a turance da Faculty of Law" wanda ya jiɓanci karatun alqalanci ko lauyanci. A karkashin wannan fannin akwai sassa kaman,
Sashen Alqalanci na Shari'ar Musulunci (Islamic Shari'a Law) Fannin Karatun Koyarwa
Wato "Faculty of Education" a turance. Wannan fannin ya jibanci koyar da ilimin malumta ko koyarwa. Wannan fanni ya shafi horar da malamai a fannin kimiya da fasaha da kuma Alqalanci baki daya.
Manazarta Jami'o'i a |
23421 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nnaemeka%20Alfred%20Achebe | Nnaemeka Alfred Achebe | Nnaemeka Alfred Achebe CFR, mni (an haife shi 14 ga ga watan Mayu 1941) basaraken gargajiya ne kuma Obi na 21 na Onitsha, a Jihar Anambra, Kudu maso Gabashin Najeriya. Shi ne kansila na Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello tun shekarar 2015, kuma a baya shi ne shugaban Jami’ar Jihar Kogi. Achebe kuma yana aiki a matsayin shugaban kwamitin Daraktoci na Unilever Nigeria, kuma Shugaban International Breweries (ABInBev) Nigeria. Kafin ya fito a matsayin Sarkin Onitsha, a cikin 2002, yana da aiki mai tsawo da fice a cikin Royal Dutch Shell Group yana aiki a matsayin Darakta a kamfanoni daban -daban a cikin ƙungiyar.
Rayuwar Farko da Ilimi Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandaren Gwamnati Owerri. Achebe ya yi digirinsa na farko a fannin Kimiyyar Kimiyya daga Jami’ar Stanford a 1966 sannan ya yi digiri na biyu a fannin kasuwanci daga Jami’ar Columbia. A 1979, ya halarci Babbar Babbar Darasin Cibiyar Nazarin Manufofi da Nazarin Dabbobi a Kuru, kusa da Jos.
Sana'a Bayan kammala karatun jami'a, Achebe ya yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a Amurka kafin ya dawo Najeriya a 1972 bayan yaƙin basasar Najeriya sannan ya fara aiki da Kamfanin Man Fetur na Shell. A yanzu shi amintacce ne, Majalisar Sarakunan Gargajiya ta Kasa da Shugabanta na jihar a Jihar Anambra. Bayan doguwar shekarun da ya yi a matsayin daraktan Shell Nigeria, Obi Achebe ya kasance, a tsakanin 1985 87, daraktan wasu kamfanonin Shell a Burtaniya, Netherlands, Ghana, Najeriya, Saliyo, Gambia, Liberia da Angola.
Rayuwa a cikin Ritaya Achebe ya yi ritaya daga aiki a 1995 bayan ya kai shekarun ritaya Duk da haka, duk da ritayarsa, ya ci gaba da yin aiki a cikin kamfani wanda ya ga an tura shi zuwa Shell International a London, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin "jakadan manyan" ga Shell Nigeria Ya ci gaba da kasancewa a wannan matsayin har zuwa lokacin da ya zama Obi na Onitsha a watan Mayu 2002.
Mukamai A wajen Shell, Obi Achebe ya rike mukamai a kan gwamnonin gudanarwa na Cibiyar Horar da Man Fetur, Effurun, da Kungiyar tuntuba ta Ma'aikata ta Najeriya. A rayuwar kamfanoni, Obi Achebe ya kasance shugaban bankin Diamond Bank PLC da Universal Insurance PLC kuma a halin yanzu shine shugaban Unilever Nigeria PLC, Intafact Beverages Limited (SAB-Miller), da Omak Maritime Limited.
Sau biyu, Obi Achebe ya yi wa kasa hidima a kan bangarorin bincike a bangaren man fetur. A shekarar 1976, ya kasance mamba a kwamitin gudanar da bincike kan matatar mai ta Fatakwal. A shekarar 2004, Shugaba Obasanjo ya kira shi ya zama Shugaban Kwamitin Binciken Shugaban Kasa kan Karancin Man Fetur a watan Fabrairun 2003.
A shekarar 2005, Obi Achebe ya kasance wakili a Babban Taron Gyaran Siyasar Kasa da ke wakiltar Sarakunan gargajiya na Jihohin Kudu Maso Gabas. Ya zama Shugaban Kwamitin Kula da Muhalli da Tsarin Gudanar da Albarkatun Halittu tare da jagorantar taron sarakunan gargajiya a Taron.
Obi Achebe yana cikin jerin ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa, ƙwararru da son rai (masu ba da riba) a Najeriya da ƙasashen waje, inda ya ba da gudummawa mai ƙima a fannoni daban-daban. Shi abokin aiki ne na Cibiyar Gudanarwa ta Najeriya da Cibiyar Hulda da Jama'a ta Najeriya. Marigayin memba ne na Kungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Najeriya kuma memba na Cibiyar Kula da Ma'aikata ta Najeriya da Kungiyar Muhalli ta Najeriya. Shi ne Mataimakin Majiɓincin Club Club, Legas; Mataimakin Majiɓinci na Ƙungiyar Ƙasar Legas, kuma Memba na Babban Ƙungiyar, Legas.
Obi Achebe yana da tsananin sha’awar ilimi a matsayin ginshikin cigaban kasa. A cikin tabbataccen imaninsa cewa rashin kuɗi bai kamata ya hana kowane yaro samun ilimi mai kyau ba, ya kafa tun farkon mulkinsa asusun raya ci gaban ɗan adam ga al'ummarsa. A shekarar 2007, shi tare da Mai Martaba, Oba Okunade Sijuwade II, Marigayi Ooni na Ife, da Mai Martaba, Alhaji Ado Bayero, Marigayi Sarkin Kano, sun kasance bakuncin Darakta Janar na UNESCO a Paris don musayar ra'ayoyi kan rawar dabarun sarakuna wajen inganta ci gaban kimiyya da fasaha. A cikin 2008 da 2010, ya yi jawabi a taron shekara -shekara na Gidauniyar Ilimi ta Najeriya a New York City don haɓaka haɗin gwiwa tsakanin jami'o'in Amurka da na Najeriya. Ya zama Shugaban Jami'ar Jihar Kogi a 2010.
Dangane da ayyuka iri -iri da yake yi wa al'umma, Obi Achebe an yi masa ado da National Honor* of Commander of the Order of the Federal Republic (CFR) a 2004. An nada shi Shugaban Majalisar Sarakunan Gargajiya ta Jihar Anambra a shekarar 2008; ya yi Babban Darakta a Kwalejin Ilimi ta Nwafor Orizu a 2008; kuma ya ba da digirin Doctor of Laws (Ll D) Honoris Causa ta Jami'ar Jihar Anambra a 2008, da Doctor of Science (DSc) Honoris Causa ta Jami'ar Jihar Kogi a 2010.
Dangane da alakar kasashen biyu da bangarori daban -daban, Obi Achebe ya kuma wakilci muradun Najeriya kan al'amuran zamantakewa, al'adu da kasuwanci. Ya kasance memba na kungiyar Najeriya-Biritaniya (NBA) kuma memba na rayuwa na takwaransa na Burtaniya da Najeriya (BNA). Ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Hukumar Mulki ta BNA, Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Majalisar Kasuwancin Biritaniya-Najeriya, da Kwamitin Amintattu na Cibiyar Afirka, duk mazauninsu a Ƙasar Ingila. Lokacin da ya zama sarkin gargajiya, Cibiyar Afirka, saboda girmama ayyukansa, ta sanya shi ɗaya daga cikin Majiɓinta biyar, tare da Nelson Mandela a matsayin Babban Majiɓinci.
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22355 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan%20Gudun%20Hijira%20Na%20Duniya | Yan Gudun Hijira Na Duniya | dan Gudun Hijira na Duniya RI gungiya ce mai zaman kanta mai ba da agaji da ke ba da shawara don ingantaccen tallafi ga mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu (gami da' yan gudun hijira da mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu) da kuma mutane marasa kasa. Ba ta yarda da duk wani tallafi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ko na gwamnati ba. Shawarwarin 'yan gudun hijira na kasa da kasa ya magance bukatun albarkatu da sauye-sauye na manufofin gwamnati da hukumomin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya wadanda ke inganta yanayin' yan gudun hijira da mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu. Wasu sanannun membobin kwamitin sun hada da Sarauniya Noor da Matt Dillon da kuma membobin da suka gabata kamar George Soros, Richard Holbrooke, da Sam Waterston. gungiyar ta kasance a Washington, DC RI kuma tana da blog dalla-dalla game da ayyukanta na kwanan nan.
Ofishin Jakadancin 'Yan Gudun Hijira na kasa da kasa suna ba da shawara don ceton rai da kariya ga mutanen da suka rasa muhallansu da inganta hanyoyin magance rikice-rikicen' yan gudun hijira.
Tarihi Sue Morton ne ya kafa kungiyar 'yan gudun hijira ta kasa da kasa a shekarata 1979 a matsayin kungiyar' yan kasa don kare 'yan gudun hijirar Indochinese. Sue Morton ya zauna a Tokyo da Singapore kuma a cikin shekarar farko mai muhimmanci ta 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta Duniya. A Washington, DC, Dianne L. Lawson, wanda ya kafa Directoran Gudun Hijira na inasashe a cikin Amurka (Washington, DC), kuma yanq kula da ayyukan jama'a na farko da ugean Gudun Hijira na Duniya suka yi, talla mai cikakken shafi a cikin Washington Bugu da kari, a 19 ga Yulin shekarar 1979, inda Refan Gudun Hijira na neman kasashen Duniya suka bukaci gwamnatocin kasashe masu zartarwa da na isan doka na Gwamnatin Amurka su yi aiki don ceton Vietnam da Kambodiya (Kampucheans) a cikin teku. A ranar da tallan ya bayyana a Washington Post, Morton da Lawson sun kasance wani bangare na zaman lafiya, tafiya a kan fitilu, karkashin jagorancin Sanata Paul Simon (D-IL) da mawaka Joan Baez, daga taron tunawa da Lincoln zuwa gefen arewacin Fadar White House. A karshen wannan tattakin, taron ya rera "Amazing Grace" kuma, ga mamakin taron, Shugaba Jimmy Carter ya fito daga kofofin Fadar White House kuma ya ba da sanarwar cewa kawai ya umarci Jirgin Ruwa na 7 na Amurka da ya karbo dukkan 'yan gudun hijira a kwale-kwalen da ke tsere daga Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya don 'yanci.
Kungiyar 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta Kasa da Kasa, wacce masu aikin sa kai kadai ke amfani da ita a farkon ta, ta hadaka hayar ma'aikatan da aka biya su tare da fadada ikon ta a kudu maso gabashin Asiya a cikin shekarata 1990 kuma ta yi kira da a ba da kariya ga' yan gudun hijirar Liberia a Guinea da Kuwaiti a hamadar Iraki da Jordan. A yau, Kungiyar 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta Kasa da Kasa ta gudanar da aiyyukan filaye 15 don gano bukatun mutanen da suka rasa muhallansu don ayyukan yau da kullun kamar abinci, ruwa, kiwon lafiya, gidaje, samun ilimi da kariya daga cutarwa. Dangane da binciken da suka yi a cikin gaggawa na gaggawa, suna ba da shawara ga masu tsara manufofi da kungiyoyin agaji don inganta rayuwar mutanen da suka rasa muhallansu a duniya kuma suna rokon fa'idodin ci gaba na ci gaba da ba da taimakon Amurka don taimakon ƙasashen waje. A halin yanzu kungiyar ta mayar da hankali kan ayyukansu kan rikice-rikicen hijira a ciki da kewayen Colombia, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Congo, Mali, Myanmar, Somalia, Sudan ta Kudu, da Syria 'Yanci Ungiyar 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta Duniya ba ta yarda da duk wata gwamnati ko Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ba da damar masu ba da shawara su kasance masu zaman kansu ba. Madadin haka, RI tana ba da gudummawa daga mutane, tushe, da hukumomi. Wannan yana ba su damar yin magana da yardar kaina, ja layi a kan manufofin da ke aiki da kyau da kuma inda ayyukan duniya ya gaza.
Shugabanci Eric P. Schwartz, shugaban kasa na yanzu; ya taba zama Mataimakin Sakataren Gwamnatin Amurka na Yawan Jama’a, ‘Yan Gudun Hijira, da Hijira.
Michel Gabaudan, shugaban kasa daga watan Satumbar 2010 har zuwa Yunin 2017; wanda ya taba aiki a Ofishin Babban Kwamishina na 'Yan Gudun Hijira na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a matsayin Wakilin Yanki na Amurka da yankin Caribbean kuma yanzu haka shi ne Wakilin Yankin Yammacin Yammacin Turai.
Dan Glickman, ya yi shugabanci ne kawai na watanni uku, daga 1 ga Afrilu, a shekarata 2010, har zuwa Yunin shekarata 2010, lokacin da ya yi murabus; tsohon Sakataren Noma na Amurka, Wakilin Amurka, Shugaban Shugaba na otionungiyar Motsa Hoto ta Amurka Kenneth Bacon, ya zama shugaban kasa a shekarata 2001 kuma ya jagoranci kungiyar har sai da ya mutu a watan Agusta na shekarata 2009.
Yvette Pierpaoli, wakilin Turai, a shekarata 1992-1999; an kashe shi a hatsarin mota a Albania a shekarata 1999.
Lionel Rosenblatt, tsohon mai kula da harkokin 'Yan Gudun Hijira a Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka da ke Bangkok, Thailand. Yayi aiki a matsayin Shugaban kasa a shekarata 1990-2001 sannan Shugaba mai ci bayan haka.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
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Shugabanci
Ofisoshin |
13861 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eku%20Edewor | Eku Edewor | Georgina Chloe Eku Edewor-Thorley (an haife tane a ranar 18 ga watan Disamban shekarar 1986) yar wasan fim ce na kasar Najeriya, mai gabatar da shirin talabijin, kuma abin koyi ga masoyanta. An fi sananniyar jarumar ce a inta da aikinta na horar da shirin talabijin mai nishaɗi, 53 onari akan Afirka Magic Farkon rayuwa da ilimi Edewor an haife ta a Asibitin Portland a London, tare da tagwayen 'yar uwarta Kessiana. Mahaifiyarta ita ce Juliana Edewor, ƙwararren masanin cikin gida, mai kula da kayan abinci, kuma mai tattara kayan fasaha daga asalin jihar Delta Mahaifinta, Hugh Thorley, shi ne Birtaniya da kuma ya yi aiki a cikin abinci da kuma abin sha wadata da kuma dabaru masana'antu. Iyayen Edewor sun sake aure lokacin da take saurayi kuma duka sun sake yin aure. Mahaifinta marigayi, Peter Thomas, dan kasuwa ne kuma lauya daga Legas. A bangaren mahaifiyarta, ita ce jikanyar membobin kungiyar tsarin mulkin Najeriya Edewor ya girma ne a Najeriya da Ingila. Ta zauna a Legas har zuwa lokacin da ta kai shekara 13, ta samu ilimin farko a Makarantar St. Saviour's School da Grange School. Daga nan Eku ta yi tafiya zuwa Ingila, inda ta halarci makarantar shiga makarantar Benenden don 'Yan Mata. Tana yawan tafiya da iyalinta, suna ciyar da Christmases a Eku, ƙauyen kakanninsu a jihar Delta, da kuma lokacin bazara a Amurka, Turai, da sauran ƙasashen Afirka. Edewor ya halarci Jami’ar Warwick a Coventry, Ingila. Ta yi karatun digiri a fannin Turanci da Nazarin Wasannin Wasannin kwaikwayo, inda ta kammala digiri tare da girmamawa a shekarar 2008. Daga nan ne ta samu nasarar kammala karatun wata uku a cikin yin fim a Kwalejin Fim a New York a shekara ta 2009.
Kulawa Farkon gidan talabijin na Edewor ya kasance ne a cikin shekarar 2006, lokacin da ta fafata a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na gaskiya ya nuna Babbar Jagora na gaba ta Biritaniya a ƙarƙashin sunan "Georgina Edewor-Thorley". Ta fito a cikin fina-finai yayin wasan kwaikwayo a Jami'ar Warwick da Kwalejin Fim a New York. Ayyukanta na farko a cikin masana'antar nishaɗi sun kasance mataimaki na samar da kayayyaki ga Damian Jones Ta yi aiki a kamfaninsa mai suna DJ Films daga watan Satumba na shekarar 2008 zuwa watan Oktoba shekarar 2009. Ta fito a fim din shekarar 2010 na Jima'i & Magunguna & Rock & Roll a matsayin "Party Girl". A shekara ta 2010, bayan rasuwar mahaifiyarta, Edewor ta dawo gida Najeriya don yin aiki a gidan abincin mahaifiyarta, da gidan abincin Chardonnay da Bar, don mahaifiyarta ta iya mai da hankali kan aikinta a matsayin mai zanen gida. Watanni biyar bayan da ta dawo, ta halarci bude ido don gabatar da mai gabatarwa akan 53 Extraari (Tsohon Studio 53 ari wasan nishadi wanda M-NET ya gabatar da kuma yin tallan kan tashar DSt ta Africa Magic. 53 Karin shine mujallar flagship ta Africa Magic wacce ke nuna Studio 53, wanda aka sanya wa kasashe 53 na kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka 53 Karin fasalolin kida, fina-finai, salo, abubuwan jan kati, da labarai game da shahararrun mutane da shugabannin masana'antu daga duk fadin Afirka. Tun lokacin da ta sauka a matsayinta na 53 ,ari, Edewor ta yi wasu shirye-shiryen talabijin da yawa; Ta taba daukar nauyin <i id="mwSg">Big Big Africa All Stars</i> suna raye-raye a kafet, a cikin shekarar 2010, kuma ita ma ta dauki bakuncin jerin manyan 'yan wasa goma na kungiyar ta Pepsi tun daga shekarar 2012. Ta fito a cikin tallace-tallace don bikin tunawa da shekaru 25 na M-NET da kuma tallace-tallace na Martini Edewor ta tauraro a matsayin Sade Coker a cikin jerin talabijin The Island, wanda aka harba a shekarar 2012 kuma ya kasance saboda iska a cikin shekarar 2015 kuma ya buga Nicole a cikin jerin layi Ta Yaya Ta Bar Brotheran Uwana A matsayinta na babban fim dinta na farko, ta taka rawar gani Sapphire a cikin fim din soyayya mai ban dariya na shekarar 2013 mai suna Flower Girl Ta fi kwanan nan tauraro a matsayin Victoria a fim ɗin shekarar 2014 Lokacin da Love Ya Zo Around, wanda Zynell Zuh ya wallafa. Ayyukan na gaba mai zuwa na Edewor sun hada da rawar da aka sa a cikin jerin lambobin Burtaniya Dokokin don Samun Kudi, karbar bakuncin Wakar Mawaka ta bidiyo ta shekarar 2014, da kuma karbar bakake domin kidan Ja Rule da Ashanti a Najeriya. Tana yin mafi yawan lokacinta tsakanin London, Legas, da New York City, amma kuma tafi yawancin lokaci a cikin Afirka.
Fina finai
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Talabijin
Yanar gizo
Kyaututtuka da kuma gabatarwa
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34964 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron%20Mike%20Oquaye | Aaron Mike Oquaye | Aaron Mike Oquaye (an haife shi a ranar 4 ga watan Afrilu, shekara ta 1944, ɗan ƙasar Ghana ne barista kuma ɗan siyasa wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban majalisar dokoki na shida na Jamhuriya ta huɗu ta kasar Ghana,daga shekara ta 2017 zuwa 2021. Wani malami, jami'in diplomasiyya kuma ministan Baptist, a baya ya rike mukaman ministocin don makamashi da sadarwa kuma ya kasance babban kwamishinan Ghana a Indiya da Maldives a gwamnatin Kufuor.
Rayuwar farko An haifi Haruna Mike Oquaye a ranar 4 ga watan Afrilu, shekara ta 1944 a Osu, Accra zuwa E. G. N Oquaye na Osu da Felicia Awusika Abla Oquaye (née Azu) na Odumase-Krobo. Ya girma a Asamankese da ke yankin Gabas, inda ya halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Roman Katolika da Makarantar Midil ta Presbyterian kafin ya wuce zuwa Sakandaren Samari na Presbyterian (PRESEC), a Odumase-Krobo sannan kuma Apam Senior High School.
Mahaifin Oquaye, E.G.N. Oquaye, ya kasance memba na kafa United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC) a Asamankese. Ya kasance ma'ajin kuma babban mai kudi na UGCC, Gold Coast Party (GCP), National Liberation Movement (NLM) da United Party (UP) a Asamankese. Lokacin da Oquaye yana karami, danginsa sun karbi ’yan siyasa da manyan mutane irin su Dr. J. B. Danquah da Farfesa Kofi Abrefa Busia a matsayin baki a gidansu. Yayin da Okyenhene, Nana Ofori Atta II, yake gudun hijira a Accra, shi ma ya kasance mai ziyara na yau da kullun zuwa gidan dangin Oquaye a Asamankese.
Ilimi da aikin shari'a Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Matasa ta Presbyterian don takardar shaidar matakin GCE "O" da Makarantar Sakandare ta Apam don Takaddun Takaddun matakin "A". Ya shiga Jami'ar Ghana daga bisani ya shiga Jami'ar London, a Lincoln's Inn, London. Yana rike da B.A. (Hons.) Kimiyyar Siyasa, L.L.B. (Hons.), B.L. da kuma PhD. Shi kwararren lauya ne kuma lauya, haka kuma shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma babban abokin aikin lauyan sa. Shi lauya ne na kotun kolin Ingila da Wales, kuma babban memba ne a kungiyar lauyoyin Ghana, kuma lauyan wasu manyan kamfanoni da cibiyoyin kudi.
Aikin ilimi Farfesa ne a fannin kimiyyar siyasa a jami'ar Ghana, (Legon), kuma a baya ya kasance shugaban sashen nazarin kimiyyar siyasa kuma memba a kwamitin ilimi na jami'a, mafi girma a matakin kwalejojin. Ya sami Ph.D daga Makarantar Gabas da Nazarin Afirka da ke Landan, tare da lashe lambar yabo ta Rockefeller Senior Scholar Award a shekara ta, 1993 da lambar yabo ta Babban Fulbright Scholar Award a shekara ta, 1997. Ya kasance malami mai ziyara a Jami'ar George Mason da ke Virginia. Daga shekarar, 1997 zuwa 1999, ya kasance mataimakin shugaban kungiyar kimiyyar siyasa ta Afirka (AAPS), mai hedkwata a Zimbabwe.
Rubuce-rubuce da shawarwari Oquaye marubuci ne, wanda ya yi bincike kuma ya yi rubuce-rubuce sosai a kan shugabanci na gari, rikice-rikice, ilimin siyasa, raba mulki da ci gaba, haƙƙin ɗan adam, tsoma bakin soja a siyasa, ƙungiyoyin sa-kai, raya karkara da batutuwan da suka shafi jinsi. Yana bayar da shawarar haƙƙin mata, gami da tabbataccen mataki. Shi ne mawallafin littafin da ya lashe lambar yabo ta siyasa acikin Ghana a shekara ta, 1972 zuwa 1979, wanda a cikinsa ya kwatanta, tsakanin-alia, sojoji a matsayin abin da ya shafi Gwamnati da Siyasa a Afirka kuma ya ba da labarin cin zarafin bil'adama, siyasa mai rikici, tattalin arziki. rashin gudanar da mulki da kuma rashin aikin yi na kasa. Ya rubuta juzu'i na biyu, siyasa acikin Ghana a shekara ta, 1982 zuwa 1992, yana magana akan siyasar juyin juya hali, CDRs, Kotunan Jama'a, ikon jama'a, kyama mai kyau da batutuwan haƙƙin ɗan adam na lokacin. An buga rubuce-rubucensa na masana a cikin mujallu na duniya kamar Human Rights Quarterly (Amurka), Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics (Birtaniya), African Affairs (Birtaniya), da Review of Human Factor Studies (Kanada).
Aikin siyasa A matsayin dalibi a Jami'ar Ghana, Oquaye ya shiga yakin neman zaben J. B. Danquah Kofi Abrefa Busia. Ya goyi bayan kiran da Busia ya yi na a gaggauta komawa mulkin farar hula don hana sojan jihar, tare da iyalansa, sun taimaka wajen kafa jam’iyyar Progress Party a Osu a shekarar, 1969.
New Patriotic Party Al'adar United Party-Progress Party ta haifar da kafuwar, a cikin shekara ta, 1992, na New Patriotic Party (NPP), tare da Oquaye a matsayin memba na kafa. Ya kasance Sakataren Yanki na farko na NPP na Greater Accra a shekara ta, 1992, sannan kuma shine shugaban jam'iyyar na farko na mazabar gundumar Ga, wanda daga baya ya rabu zuwa gundumar Ga West da Ga East. Ya kasance sakataren kwamitin bincike kuma memba na kungiyar yakin neman zabe na farko na jam'iyyar NPP a kashi na uku na shekarar, 1992.
Ya yi aiki da wasu jiga-jigan jam’iyyar NPP ta tsakiya, da suka hada da shugaban kasa John Kufuor, Nana Addo Dankwa Akufo-Addo, R. R. Amponsah, Farfesa Adu-Boahen, Peter Ala Adjetey, B. J. da Rocha da kuma Samuel Odoi-Sykes domin yakin neman nasara ga NPP a cikin babban zaben shekarar, 2000. Ana ganin rawar da ya taka wajen nasarar jam'iyyar, wanda ya hada da gudummawar aikin jarida da kuma shiga cikin sauran ayyukan jam'iyyar tsakanin shekarar, 1993 zuwa 2000.
Babban Kwamishina kuma Ministan Jiha Daga shekarar, 2001 zuwa 2004, Oquaye ya zama Babban Kwamishinan Ghana a Indiya. Zamansa na babban kwamishinan Ghana a Indiya ya samu nasarori da suka hada da fadar shugaban Ghana da hadadden ofis. A watan Fabrairun shekara ta, 2005 ya zama Ministan Makamashi, daga baya kuma ya koma mukamin Ministan Sadarwa.
Dan majalisa Oquaye ya kasance dan majalisar dokokin Dome-Kwabenya na NPP na tsawon wa'adi biyu, daga shekarar, 2004 zuwa 2012. Ya yanke shawarar ba zai sake tsayawa takara ba. Ya dauki nauyin dansa, Mike Oquaye Jnr. don yakar zama dan takarar majalisar tarayya na NPP. Amma dan nasa ya yi rashin nasara a hannun Sarah Adwoa Safo, wadda ta ci gaba da lashe kujerar.
Daga shekarar, 2009 zuwa 2013, Oquaye ya kasance mataimakin kakakin majalisa na biyu. Joe Ghartey ne ya gaje shi a cikin shekarar, 2013.
Shugaban Majalisar Oquaye ya taba zama shugaban majalisa a majalisa ta bakwai a jamhuriya ta hudu. A cikin shekarar, 2021, New Patriotic Party ta tsayar da shi a matsayin Shugaban Majalisa inda ya sha kaye a hannun Alban Kingsford Sumani Bagbin a ranar 7 ga watan Janairu wanda Jam'iyyar National Democratic Congress ta tsayar. Alban Kingsford Sumani Bagbin ya sanar a zaman farko na majalisar cewa an zabe shi da kuri'u 138 yayin da Mike Oquaye ya samu kuri'u 136.
Rayuwa ta sirri Oquaye limamin cocin Baptist ne. Yana auren Alberta Oquaye (née Asafu-Adjaye) (Major Rtd.) kwararriyar ma'aikaciyar jinya. Shi ne mahaifin Mike Oquaye Jnr, Babban Kwamishinan Ghana na Indiya a halin yanzu.
Abubuwan sha'awar sa sun haɗa da kallon ƙwallon ƙafa, wasan tennis na tebur, karanta littattafai, rubutu, da sauraron kiɗa.
Littafi Mai Tsarki
Ayyukan da aka rubuta Politics in Ghana 1982-1992 (Academic Literature, 2005)
Democracy, Politics and Conflict Resolution in Contemporary Ghana (Academic Literature, Gold-Type Publication, 1995)
Rigingimu A watan Fabrairun shekara ta, 2020, an yi ta cece-ku-ce a kafafen yada labarai kan rahotannin da ke cewa kakakin majalisar, Aaron Mike Oquaye ya yi barazanar haramtawa 'yan jarida da ke yada labaran wasu abubuwa a harabar majalisar banda zauren majalisar.
A cikin watan Agusta shekara ta, 2020, ya ba da lacca ga jama'a a bikin ranar waɗanda suka kafa inda ya yi iƙirarin "yancin kai ba nunin mutum ɗaya bane, ƙoƙari ne na gamayya." A cewarsa, tsohon shugaban kasa Nkrumah kadai bai kamata a karrama shi kadai ba, sai dai dukkanin wadanda suka kafa kasar Ghana. Ya kuma yi iƙirarin cewa Nkrumah ba shi kaɗai ba ne a gwagwarmayar neman ƴancin kai duk da cewa ya yi gwagwarmayar kwatar 'yancin kan Ghana. Sekou Nkrumah, dan Nkrumah ya caccaki Farfesa Oquaye kan wadannan kalamai. A cewar Sekou, idan har shugaban majalisar yana son ya soki mahaifinsa marigayi, ya yi magana kan tsarin jam’iyya daya da PDA a zamanin Nkrumah.
Manazarta Rayayyun |
17072 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerin%20%C6%98asashe%20marasa%20cikakken%20%C6%B4anci | Jerin Ƙasashe marasa cikakken ƴanci | A cikin dokokin duniya a siyasance ƙasa tana buƙatar cika ƙa'idodi daban-daban don zama ƙasa. Ɗayan waɗannan ƙa'idodin shi ne sauran ƙasashe dole ne su yarda da kuma ita a matsayin ƙasa. Idan dukkan ƙasashe suka amince da ita, zama ƙasa mai cikakken iko zai kasance mai sauki.
Mafi yawan ƙasashen dake a wannan jerin ƙasashe ne waɗanda suka ɓalle (rabu da kansu) daga asalin ƙasashen su, kuma saboda haka ake kiransu ƙasashe masu neman ɓallewa ko marasa cikakken 'yanci ko iko. Suna iya samun wasu kariya ta soja da wakilcin diflomasiyya na yau da kullun a ƙasashen waje. Wata ƙasar na iya taimaka musu don guje wa sake yin rubutun dole cikin asalinta. Kwanciyar hankali ya dawo.
Ƙasashe wadanda suka samu amincewar wasu ƙasashen. Abkhazia na a cikin Georgia ƙasa ce mai cin gashin kanta kuma ƙasa mai zaman kanta. Ta samu amincewar Ƙasar Rasha, Nicaragua, da Venezuela. Tana tsakanin Caucasus da Bahar Maliya, wanda gwamnatin Georgia ta amince da shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na Arewa Maso Yammacin Georgia A lokacin Soviet an sake Abkhazia da Georgia a cikin 1931 a matsayin jamhuriya mai cin gashin kanta tsakanin Sobiyat ta Georgia. Soviet na Abkhazian sun yi shelar samun 'yanci daga Georgia a cikin 1992, kuma an yi ɗan gajeren yaƙi daga 1992 zuwa 1994 Yarjejeniyar tsagaita wuta a watan Yunin 1994 ta kasance galibi, ta bar Abkhazia a ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnatin tsakiyar Georgia.
Ƙasashe membobin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya waɗanda kawai aka tantance su gaba daya sauran mambobin Majalisar ba a lissafa su a nan. (Misali, kasashe 39 ba su amince da Isra’ila ba Jamhuriyar China ROC wacce ke iko da Taiwan kawai da wasu jerin tsibirai na Jamhuriyar China tun lokacin da aka rasa yakin basasa na Sin a 1949, ta rasa mafi yawan karfinta na diflomasiyya da kujerar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ga Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin a 25 ga Oktoba, 1971 ta Babban ƙudurin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya mai lamba 2758 kuma yanzu jihohi 23 ne kawai suka amince da shi a hukumance Tana gudanar da alaƙar zahiri (duk amma a cikin suna) tare da yawancin ƙasashe ta hanyar cibiyoyi kamar Ofisoshin Wakilan Tattalin Arziƙi da Al'adu. Duba matsayin siyasa na Taiwan An kafa Jamhuriyar Turkawan Arewacin Cyprus (TRNC) a arewacin Cyprus a shekarar 1975, biyo bayan shiga tsakani da Sojojin Turkiyya suka yi a shekarar 1974, a matsayin martani ga juyin mulkin da gwamnatin mulkin Girka ta yi da nufin "enosis" (wata yarjejeniya ta siyasa tsakanin ƙasashen). TRNC ta ayyana 'yanci ne a shekarar 1983 kuma Turkiyya ce kaɗai ke amincewa da ita. Shawarwarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta hada kan jihohin biyu na Cyprus ya samu karbuwa daga kungiyar TRNC, amma ta ki amincewa da kuri’ar raba gardamar da al’ummar Cyprus din na Girka suka gabatar, saboda dalilan tsaro. Attemptsarin yunƙurin sake haɗuwa har yanzu bai yi nasara ba.
Kudancin Ossetia a cikin Georgia yanki ne mai bayyana kansa kuma ƙarami ko ƙasa da ƙasa mai zaman kanta ba tare da amincewar duniya daga kowace ƙasa ba. Bayan mamayar Georgia mai cin gashin kanta da Bolshevist Rasha ta yi a 1921 ya zama Kudancin Ossetian mai ikon mallakar Oblast a cikin Soviet Georgia Ta yi shelar samun 'yanci daga Georgia a 1991, sannan aka ayyana tsagaita wuta a 1992 Nagorno-Karabakh a Azerbaijan ita ce (tun daga 1991 mai cin gashin kanta kuma mafi kusanci da ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta amma ba a yarda da ita a matsayin mai zaman kanta ba. An yarda da shi a duniya azaman ɓangare ne na Azerbaijan, amma yana da ƙabil- Armeniya rinjaye.
Ƙasashen da basu samu amincewar koda ƙasa ɗaya ba Somaliland (tun 1991 1 Tana a arewa maso yammacin Somaliya A watan Mayu na 1991, dangin arewa maso yamma suka ayyana Jamhuriya ta Somaliland mai cin gashin kanta wacce a yanzu ta haɗa da yankuna biyar daga cikin goma sha takwas na mulkin Somaliya, daidai da Somaliyar Birtaniya wanda ke tsakanin Ethiopia, Djibouti, Puntland da Gulf of Aden Yankuna uku na arewacin Somalia da Somaliland, Sool, Sanaag da Cayn ke ikirarin ana jayayya da makwabciya Puntland a arewa maso gabas. Transnistria Pridnestrovie kuma ana furta Transdniestria, shi ne wani ɓangare na Moldova gabashin kogin Dniester kuma (tun 1990 a ka-ayyana da kuma fiye ko ƙasa da aiki zaman kanta a jihar ba tare da wani kasa da kasa fitarwa daga duk wani sarki jihar Tana da yawancin Slavic, akasin yawancin Moldovan wanda Moldova ke da shi. Hakanan ana kiranta da Jamhuriyar Dniester, wannan haƙiƙanin jihar tana da 'yan sanda, sojoji da kuɗaɗe kuma tana da ayyuka a wajen ikon Moldova, kodayake babu wata alama da ta nuna har yanzu ta zama ƙasar da aka yarda da ita a duniya.
Ƙasashen da aka yarda da su galibi ƙarƙashin aikin soja Yammacin Sahara yanki ne da ake da'awa kuma mafi yawan mallakin Morocco ne tun lokacin da Spain ta watsar da yankin a cikin 1976 Jamhuriyar Dimokiradiyyar Arab ta Sahrawi tana iko da ragowar Yammacin Sahara Front Polisario ce ta ayyana shi a shekarar 1976, kuma kasashe membobin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 46 suka amince da shi, kuma cikakkiyar memba a Tarayyar Afirka Ba a warware ikon mallaka ba kuma Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na ƙoƙarin gudanar da zab'ɓen raba gardama kan batun ta hanyar MINURSO Yarjejeniyar tsagaita wutar da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta jagoranta tana aiki tun daga watan Satumbar 1991 Yammacin Sahara yana cikin jerin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Yankunan Ba da Yankin Kai Ƙasar da take da samun goyon bayan wasu ƙasashe masu cikakken iko da wanda basu da cikakken ƴanci Jamhuriyar Kosovo an yarda da ita a matsayin kasa mai cin gashin kanta wanda ƙasashe membobin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 110 suka yi, gami da Amurka, 23 daga mambobin Taraiyar Turai 28, da sauransu Kotun kasa da kasa ta gano cewa ayyana 'yancin kan Kosovo bai sabawa dokokin kasa da kasa ba Ƙasashen da suka wanzu a tarihi waɗanda ba'a amince da su ba
Turai Jamhuriyar Banat (an ayyana ta a cikin 1918 Yanzu wani yanki na Romania, Serbia, da Hungary Baranya-Baja Republic (wanda aka ayyana a 1921 Yanzu wani ɓangare na Hungary da Croatia Carpatho-Ukraine 1939 Yanzu wani ɓangare na Ukraine link= Chechnya 1996 1999 Yanzu sojojin Rasha ke sarrafawa.
link= Ƙasar Kuroshiyya mai 'yanci 1941 1945 Tsakanin 1945 da 1991, Croatia ta kasance jamhuriya gurguzu a cikin Yugoslavia Tun 1991, Croatia ƙasa ce mai zaman kanta. An gane shi tun 1992 Jamhuriyar Ireland 1919 1922 Yanzu an raba shi zuwa Jamhuriyar Ireland da Arewacin Ireland Jamhuriyar Ma'aikatan 'Yan Socialist na Finland 1918 Free Derry Agusta 14 1969 zuwa Yuli 31 1972 Yanzu ta zama ɓangare na Arewacin Ireland Gagauzia 1990 1994 Yanzu wani ɓangare na Moldova Jamhuriyar Croatia ta Herzeg-Bosnia 1992 1994 Yanzu wani ɓangare na Bosnia da Herzegovina Jihar Lajtabansag 1921 Yanzu wani yanki ne na kasar Austria Limerick Soviet 1919 Yanzu wani ɓangare na Jamhuriyar Ireland Montenegro 1941 1944 A baya yana cikin haɗin gwiwa tare da Jamhuriyar Serbia a cikin Serbia da Montenegro Sabiya 1941 1944 Da a cikin ƙungiya tare da Jamhuriyar Montenegro a Serbia da Montenegro Jamhuriyar Serbia Frontier 1991 1995 Yanzu wani ɓangare na Croatia Slovakia 1939 1945 Tsakanin 1945 da 1993, Slovakia wani ɓangare ne na Czechoslovakia Tun daga 1993, Slovakia ƙasa ce mai zaman kanta.
link= Jamhuriyar Serbia ta Bosnia da Herzegovina 1992 1995 Yanzu ɗayan ƙungiyoyi biyu na Bosnia da Herzegovina link= Jihar Slovenes, Croats da Sabiyawa 1918 Yanzu wani ɓangare na Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia da Herzegovina da Serbia da Montenegro Jamhuriyar Užice 1941 Yanzu wani yanki ne na Serbia da Montenegro Jamhuriyar Yammacin Bosnia 1993 1995 Yanzu wani ɓangare na Bosnia da Herzegovina Tekun Tekun
Asiya link= Jihar Kachin ita ce jihar arewa mafi nisa a Myanmar, wacce ke ƙarƙashin ikonta daga shekarar 1962 ta ƙungiyar 'yanci ta Kachin amma ba wata ƙasar da ta amince da diflomasiyyar ta. A cikin 1994, KIO da theungiyar Myammar sun amince da tsara matsayin yadda ake a yanzu ta hanyar ƙirƙirar Yankin Musamman Jihar Kachin 1 a hukumance har yanzu wani ɓangare ne na Unionungiyar ofungiyar Myanmar amma a zahiri take ƙarƙashin ikon KIO.
Wa State jiha ce mai cin gashin kanta a cikin Union of Burma kuma gwamnatin Burma ba zata iya mallakar wannan yankin ba tun samun yanci. Rikicin de factto rulling ana kiranta da Gwamnatin Jama'ar Jihar Wa Amma gwamnatin Burma ta amince da wannan jihar a matsayin wani bangare na jihar Shan kuma a hukumance tana kiranta Wa Mai ikon mallakar kansa kuma wani lokacin Yankin Musamman na Shan Shan 2 link= Yankin Kurdawa mai cin gashin kansa 1991 2003 Haƙiƙanin ƙasa mai zaman kanta a Arewacin Iraq Yanzu wani yanki ne na yankin kurdawa mai cin gashin kansa.
link= Manchukuo 1932 1945 Daga cikin 80 sannan al'ummomin da ke akwai 23 suka amince da sabuwar jihar. Yanzu wani yanki ne na Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin link= Tatarstan 1990 1994 Yanzu wani ɓangare na Rasha
link= Tuva 1921 1944 Yanzu wani ɓangare na Rasha
Nakhichevan 1990 Yanzu wani yanki ne na Azerbaijan Jamhuriyar Talysh-Mugan (an ayyana a cikin 1993 Yanzu wani yanki ne na Azerbaijan Tamil Eelam 1983 2009 Wani ɓangare na Sri Lanka Kimanin shekaru 20 ƙungiyar Tigers ta 'yanci ta Tamil Eelam ta ci gaba da kasancewa a zahiri a Arewa da Gabashin Sri Lanka har zuwa kayen da suka yi a 2009.
Afirka Anjouan 1997 2002 Yanzu wani ɓangare na Comoros link= Yankin Biafra da ke gabashin Najeriya tsakanin lokacin ɓallewar ta a watan Mayun 1967 har zuwa rugujewar ta na ƙarshe a watan Janairun 1970 Ƙasashe 12 ne suka yarda da ita.
Katanga ya mallaki yanayin wannan suna a cikin tsohuwar Kongo ta Beljiyam bayan mulkin mallaka, tsakanin 1960 da 1964 link= Mohéli 1997 1998 Yanzu wani ɓangare na Comoros Rhodesia Turawan Mulkin Mallaka na Burtaniya waɗanda suka ayyana ƴancin kai kai tsaye a cikin 1965 Wannan dokar ba ta sauran ƙasashe ba ta yarda da shi ba, ko furucin Rhodesia a matsayin jamhuriya a cikin 1970. Wannan mahaɗan ya kasance har zuwa 1979, lokacin da ya zama Zimbabwe-Rhodesia Zimbabwe-Rhodesia An ƙirƙira shi a cikin 1979 bayan tattaunawa tsakanin gwamnatin tsirarun fararen fata da shugabannin baƙar fata masu matsakaici. Ya wanzu 1 Yuni zuwa 12 Disamba 1979, lokacin da ta sake zama mallakin Kudancin Rhodesia. A 1980 ta zama Jamhuriyar Zimbabwe Ƙasashen Afirka ta Kudu Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Kudu ta kirkiro ta daga yankin ta
Bophuthatswana 1977 1994 Tsohuwar Thuisland ta kafa kuma Afirka ta Kudu, Transkei, Ciskei, da Venda ne kawai suka yarda da ita. Yanzu wani yanki ne na Afirka ta Kudu Ciskei 1981 1994 Tsohuwar Thuisland ta kafa kuma Afirka ta Kudu, Bophuthatswana, Transkei, da Venda ne kawai suka amince da ita. Yanzu wani yanki ne na Afirka ta Kudu Transkei 1976 1994 Tsohuwar Thuisland ta kafa kuma Afirka ta Kudu, Bophuthatswana, Ciskei, da Venda ne kawai suka yarda da ita. Yanzu wani yanki ne na Afirka ta Kudu link= Venda 1979 1994 Tsohuwar Thuisland ta kafa kuma Afirka ta Kudu, Bophuthatswana, Ciskei, da Transkei ne kawai suka yarda da ita. Yanzu wani yanki ne na Afirka ta Kudu Amurka Yankin Acre mai zaman kansa 1899 1903 Yanzu wani yanki ne na Brazil Jamhuriyar California 1846 1848 Yanzu wani yanki ne na Amurka Statesasashen Amurka 1861 1865 Asali an kirkireshi ne a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu, 1861 ta jihohin bayi bakwai na Kudancin South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Texas, da Louisiana bayan an tabbatar da zaben Abraham Lincoln a matsayin Shugaban Amurka Jefferson Davis aka zaba a matsayin Shugabanta na farko washegari. Bayan yakin basasa na Amurka ya fara, jihohin Virginia, Tennessee, Arkansas, da North Carolina sun haɗu. Saxe-Coburg da Gotha ne kawai suka amince da su ta hanyar diflomasiyya, kodayake wasu al'ummomi sun amince da su a matsayin "ikon fada". Yanzu wani yanki ne na Amurka Jamhuriyar Hawaii 1894 1898 Yanzu wani yanki ne na Amurka Jamhuriyar Texas 1836 1845 Kasashe biyar sun amince da wannan mahaɗan. Yanzu wani yanki ne na Amurka Jamhuriyar Vermont 1771 1791 Yanzu wani yanki ne na Amurka Jamhuriyar Piratini 1836 1845 Yau Rio Grande do Sul, wani ɓangare na ƙasar Brazil Jamhuriyar Rio Grande 1840 Yanzu wani ɓangare na Amurka.
link= Jamhuriyar Yucatán 1841 1843 Separaananan Shortan jihar statean aware; sake shiga cikin Mexico Jamhuriyar Kanada 1837 1838 Yanzu wani yanki ne na Kanada.
Osheniya Bougainville Jamhuriyar Arewacin Solomons 1990 1997 Sa hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da Papua New Guinea inda aka bai wa tsibirin 'yancin cin gashin kansa har sai an kada kuri'ar raba gardama ta yanci tsakanin shekaru goma.
link= Rotuma 1987 1988 Wannan tsibirin da ke zaune a cikin Polynesia wanda (Melanesian) Fiji ke gudanarwa ya ayyana 'yancinta daga Fiji daga yan awaren bayan juyin mulkin soja a Fiji a 1987.
Kanaky Yarjejeniyar Nouméa ta 1998 ta ɗage raba gardamar neman 'yanci har sai bayan 2014.
Ƙasashen ko hukumomin da suka gabata a tarihi waɗanda basu samu amincewar wasu ƙasashen ba Waɗannan ƙasashe sune aka samu kafa gwamnati biyu a cikin su. Waɗan nan suna da iko da yankin ƙasar da yawancin jihohi suka amince da wata gwamnatin daban a matsayin halattacciyar gwamnati:
link= Masarautar Musulunci ta Afghanistan 1996 2001 Jihohi uku ne kawai suka amince da wannan ƙungiyar wadda Taliban ke sarrafa ta. Duba: Tarihin Afghanistan Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Kampuchea 1979 1989 'Yan Vietnam sun kafa ta bayan mamayewar su da lalata Khmer Rouge a cikin Kambodiya. Aan tsirarun ƙasashe na Soviet-Bloc ne suka amince da wannan ƙungiyar, yayin da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, China, da yawancin sauran ƙasashe suka amince da gwamnatin Khmer Rouge ta Democratic Kampuchea Nasara daga byasar Kambodiya, sannan Masarautar Kambodiya.
Shafuka masu alaƙa Jerin kasashen
Manazarta Duniya
Ƙasashe
Ƙasashen Afirka
Ƙasashen Turai
Ƙasashen Asiya
Ƙasashen Amurka
Ƙasashen Oseaniya
|
6644 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olusegun%20Obasanjo | Olusegun Obasanjo | Janar Olusengun Obasanjo G.C.F.R ya kasan ce tsohon Janar din soja ne, kuma ɗan siyasan Nijeriya. An haife Obasanjo ne a shekara ta alif ɗari tara da talatin da bakwai 1937) a birnin Abeokuta dake kudancin Najeriya jihar Ogun a yanzun).
Haihuwa An haifi Olusegun Obasanjo a shekara ta 1937 a birnin Abeokuta dake kudancin Najeriya.
Farkon rayuwa
Aikin soja
Mulkin soja
Mulkin farar hula Olusegun Obasanjo yayi shugabancin Nigeria ne daga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1976 zuwa watan Satumba shekara ta 1979 bayan mulkin Murtala Mohammed sannan ya mika wa Shehu Shagari mulkin, bayan wa'adin mulkinsa na farko. Daga bisani Obasanjo ya sake zama shugaban kasar Nijeriya yayin da mulkin kasar yakoma kan turbar dimokaradiya, inda yashiga zabe a karkashin jam'iyar Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) kuma yasamu nasara inda aka rantsar dashi a watan Mayun shekara ta 1999.
Bayan nan ya sake samun shugabantar kasar akaro na biyu a karkashin mulkin demokaradiya, bayan ya sake cin zabe a shekara ta 2003.
Ƙarshen mulkinsa ya kare ne a shekara ta 2007 inda ya mara wa Umaru Musa Yar'adua baya kuma marigayi Umaru Musa Yar'adua ya samu nasarar zama shugaban kasar Najeriya ne daga shekara ta 2007.
A watan Augusta na shekarar 2021, Kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka ta nada Olusegun Obasanjo a matsayin Babban Wakilin Zaman Lafiya na Afirka.
Littattafan Obasanjo
My Watch Volume 1: Early Life and Military
My Watch Volume 2: Political and Public Affairs
My Watch Volume 3: Now and Then
My Command
Nzeogwu
The Animal Called Man
A New Dawn
The Thabo Mbeki I know
Africa Through the Eyes of A Patriot
Making Africa Work: A handbook
Forging a Compact in U.S. African Relations: The Fifth David M. Abshire *Endowed Lecture, December 15, 1987.
Africa in Perspective
Letters to Change the World: From Pankhurst to Orwell.
Not my Will
Democracy Works: Re-Wiring Politics to Africa's Advantage
My Watch
Challenges of Leadership in Africa
War Wounds: Development Costs of Conflict in Southern Sudan
Guides to Effective Prayer
The Challenges of Agricultural Production and Food Security in Africa
Addressing Africa's Youth Employment and food security Crisis: The Role of *African Agriculture in Job Creation.
Dust Suspended: A memoir of Colonial, Overseas and Diplomatic Service Life 1953 to 1986
L'Afrique en Marche: un manuel pour la reussite économique
Africa's Critical Choices: A Call for a Pan-African Roadmap
Manazarta
Bibiliyo
Adeolu, Adebayo (2017). Olusegun Obasanjo: Nigeria's Most Successful Ruler. Ibadan: Safari Books.Adinoyi Ojo, Onukaba (1997). In the Eyes of Time. Africana Legacy. ISBN 978-1575790749.Erfler, Leslie (2011). The Fall and Rise of Political Leaders: Olof Palme, Olusegun Obasanjo, and Indira Gandhi. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-349-29051-2.Iliffe, John (2011). Obasanjo, Nigeria and the World. James Currey. ISBN 978-1847010278.
Shuwagabannin ƙasar Najeriya
Haifaffun 1937
Ƴan siyasan |
34245 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation%20Yoav | Operation Yoav | Operation Yoav (wanda kuma ake kira Operation Plagues Goma ko Operation Yo'av wani aikin sojan Isra'ila ne da aka gudanar daga 15-22 Oktoba 1948 a cikin hamadar Negev, a lokacin Yaƙin Larabawa da Isra'ila na 1948. Manufarta ita ce ta kora tsakanin sojojin Masar a bakin gaɓar, da hanyar Biyer-sheba, da Hebron, da hanyar Urushalima, da yaƙi dukan Negeb. Operation Yoav ya kasance karkashin jagorancin kwamandan Front Front Yigal Allon An yi wa wannan aiki suna ne bayan Yitzhak Dubno, wanda kwamandojinsa a Palmach suka yi masa lakabi da "Yoav". Dubno, babban jami'in Palmach, an tuhumi shi ne da shiryawa da kuma jagorantar kare kibbutzim Negba da Yad Mordechai. An kashe Dubno ne a wani samame da aka kai ta sama a Kibbutz Negba jim kadan bayan da sojojin Masar suka fara kai farmaki a yankin kudancin Isra'ila.
Fage A yankunan tsakiya da arewacin kasar Falasdinu, Isra'ilawa sun yi nasarar samun galaba mai yawa a yankin kafin a fara aiki da tsagaita bude wuta na biyu. Amma Hamadar Negev ta kudu, wadda aka ware wa kasar Yahudawa a cikin Tsarin Rarrabuwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 1947 na Falasdinu, har yanzu yana karkashin ikon Masar. Duk da tsagaitawar ta biyu, Masarawa sun hana ayarin yahudawa wucewa zuwa Negev, kuma sun kama wasu mukamai fiye da layin sulhu. Ayyukan Annoba Goma (bayan horon da Allah ya aika wa Masarawa don riƙe Isra’ilawa bauta a cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki na Ibrananci an yi shi kuma an amince da shi a zaman majalisar zartarwa na 6 ga Oktoba 1948. Wannan farmakin ya zo ne a ranar 14 ga watan Oktoban shekarar 1948, lokacin da aka harba wani ayari dauke da manyan motoci 16 a lokacin da suke wucewa ta yankunan kasar Masar.
Ralph Bunche, wanda ya zama mai shiga tsakani na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya bayan kisan gillar da aka yi wa Count Folke Bernadotte, ya ce:
Matakin soja na [Isra'ila] na 'yan kwanakin nan ya kasance a kan sikelin da za a iya aiwatar da shi ne kawai bayan dogon shiri, kuma da kyar za a iya bayyana shi a matsayin matakin ramuwar gayya kan harin da aka kai kan ayarin motocin [Isra'ila]. Aikin ya zo daidai da Operation ha-Har, 18-24 ga Oktoba, inda dakarun Harel da Etzioni Brigades suka kai hari kan kauyukan Masar da ke kan hanyar Jerusalem Corridor Tarihi Sojojin Isra'ila sun hada da birged soji guda uku, Negev Brigade, Givati Brigade karkashin jagorancin Abraham "Kiki" Elkin, da Yiftach Brigade, bataliyar mai sulke daga Brigade ta 8 masu sulke da kuma kakkabo manyan bindigogi da aka samu ga sojojin. IDF a lokacin. A ranar 18 ga Oktoba kuma rundunar Oded Brigade ta shiga aikin. Da yammacin ranar 15 ga watan Oktoba sojojin saman Isra'ila sun kai hari Gaza, al-Majdal (yanzu Ashkelon Beersheba da Beit Hanoun An sake kai harin bama-bamai a wasu wurare a cikin dare biyu masu zuwa. Wata bataliyar rundunar sojojin ta Yiftach Brigade ta yi aikin hakar ma'adinan jirgin kasa tsakanin El-Arish da Rafah da kuma hanyoyi daban-daban a yankin na Gaza, inda suka kuma tuka wata hanya. Bataliyoyin Birgediya Biyu na Givati Brigade sun kori kudu maso gabashin Iraki al-Manshiyya (a yanzu Kiryat Gath don haka yanke hanya tsakanin al-Faluja da Beit Jibrin Bataliya ta 52 ta Givati da Brigade ta 8 sun kama Beit Jibrin a ranar 23 ga Oktoba. Da sanyin safiya na ranar 21 ga watan Oktoba, bayan dare biyu na hare-hare ta sama, sojojin Negev Brigade da 8th Armored Brigade sun kai hari kan Beersheba daga yamma. Wata runduna ta sake haɗa su daga arewa. Dakarun sojojin Masar sun kunshi sojoji 500 da wasu kananan bindigogi. Sun dan yi tsayin daka na tsawon awanni biyar kafin su mika wuya. An yi wa cin nasarar Biyersheba suna Operation Moshe, bayan Moshe Albert, wanda ya faɗi yana kare Beit Eshel da aka kewaye. Yayin da aka ba da umarnin tsagaita wuta na tsawon sa'o'i 15:00 a ranar 22 ga Oktoba, an ci gaba da aiwatar da kwanaki da suka biyo bayan aikin, da kuma alaƙa da shi. Bayan da Masarawa suka koma kudu daga Ashdod (Oktoba 28) da al-Majdal (Nuwamba 6) zuwa Gaza, yankin gabar tekun da ke Yad Mordechai ya kasance a hannun sojojin Isra'ila. A ranar 9 ga Nuwamba, an kama sansanin Suwaydan na Iraki tare da canza sunan sansanin Yoav don girmama aikin. A ranar 29 ga watan Oktoba sojoji na birgediya ta 8 sun yi kisan kiyashi a al-Dawayima A ƙarshen aikin Janar Allon ya nemi izinin ƙaddamar da hari a kan tuddan Hebron da cikin kwarin Jericho. David Ben-Gurion ya ki yarda, musamman saboda fargabar cewa hakan zai kai ga shiga Burtaniya. Hukumar ba da agajin ‘yan gudun hijira ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta bayar da rahoton cewa, ‘yan gudun hijira a zirin Gaza sun haura daga 100,000 zuwa 230,000 sakamakon aikin da ake yi na Operation Yoav. Wannan adadi bai haɗa da waɗanda suka gudu zuwa Dutsen Hebron ba.
Kauyukan Larabawa da aka kama
Brigades masu shiga 8th Brigade masu sulke
Givati Brigade
Negev Brigade
Oded Brigade
Yiftach Brigade
Duba kuma Yakin sojojin ruwan Isra'ila a Operation Yoav
Jerin fadace-fadace da ayyuka a yakin Falasdinu na 1948
Rushewar wuraren Falasɗinawa a Isra'ila
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Yaƙin Isra'ila da Larabawa na Farko da 'Yan Gudun Hijira 1948-53 Archived Kada Mu Manta labarin Nizar Sakhanini
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
20910 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masarautar%20Oyo | Masarautar Oyo | Masarautar Oyo masarautar Yarbawa ce wacce ke gabashin Benin yau da yammacin Najeriya (gami da yankin Kudu maso yamma da kuma yammacin rabin yankin Arewa ta tsakiya). Masarautar Oyo ta zama mafi girma a kasar Yarbawa. Ya kuma tashi ne ta hanyar kwarewar tsari da tsarin mulki na Yarbawa, arzikin da aka samu daga kasuwanci da kuma mahayan dawakai masu ƙarfi. Masarautar Oyo tana ɗaya daga cikin mahimman jihohin siyasa gabaɗaya a duk Yammacin Afirka daga tsakiyar 7th zuwa ƙarshen karni na 18, mamaye ba kawai a kan mafi yawan sauran masarautun da ke ƙasar Yarbawa ba, har ma da jihohin Afirka na kusa., musamman Masarautar Fon ta Dahomey a Jamhuriyar Benin ta yanzu ta yamma.
Asalin almara Asalin masarautar Oyo ya ta'allaka ne da Oranyan (wanda kuma ake kira Oranmiyan), basaraken ƙarshe na Masarautar Yarbawa ta Ile-Ife Ife Oranyan ya kulla yarjejeniya tare da dan uwansa don kaddamar da farmaki a kan makwabtansu na arewa saboda cin mutuncin mahaifinsu Oduduwa, Ooni na farko na Ife. A hanyar zuwa yaƙin, ’yan’uwa sun yi faɗa kuma sojojin sun rabu. Oarfin Oranyan yayi ƙanƙanta don yin nasarar kai hari, don haka kuma ya yi ta yawo zuwa gabar kudu har ya isa Bussa. Can babban basaraken yankin ya nishadantar da shi sannan ya samar da wani katon maciji mai dauke da tsafin sihiri hade da makogwaronsa.
Shugaban ya umarci Oranyan da ya bi macijin har sai da ya tsaya a wani wuri har tsawon kwanaki bakwai sannan ya bace a cikin kasa. Oranyan ya bi shawarar kuma ya kafa Oyo inda macijin ya tsaya. Ana tuna shafin kamar Ajaka Oranyan ya sanya Oyo sabuwar masarautarsa kuma ta zama ta farko "oba" (ma'ana 'sarki' ko 'mai mulki' a yaren Yarbanci da take da Alaafin na Oyo (Alaafin na nufin 'mai gidan sarauta' a Yarbanci). Ya bar duk dukiyar da ya mallaka a cikin Ife kuma ya ba wani sarki damar yin mulkin can. A wani lokaci, Oyo-ile tana cikin yaƙi da Bariba na Borgu, waɗanda ke son su mallaki sabon garin da har yanzu ake kan gini. Orangun Ajagunla na Ila, babban yayan Oranmiyan, ya kutsa kai tare da mutanensa don taimakawa. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan nasarar yaƙi, Oranmiyan ya sami ɗa, Ajuwon Ajaka; da yawa daga baya Arabambi matar ta haifa daga Tapa Nupe An yi imanin cewa sunan "Sango" mahaifinsa ne ya ba shi ko kuma ya karɓa ne daga sunan gida na Allah na tsawa. Ko ta yaya gidan sarauta ya keɓe ga Ruhohin aradu (Jakuta) da Yaƙi (Ogun).
Zamanin farko (ƙarni na 12 1535) Oranyan, sarki na farko (sarki) na Oyo, sai Oba Ajaka, Alaafin na Oyo suka gaje shi. An cire Ajaka daga mulki, saboda ba shi da halayyar soja ta Yarbawa kuma ya ba wa kananan shugabanninsa 'yanci sosai. Bayan haka an ba jagoranci ga ɗan'uwan Ajaka, Shango, wanda daga baya aka mai da shi allahn tsawa da walƙiya. Ajaka ya sake dawowa bayan mutuwar Sango. Ajaka ya sake komawa kan karagar mulki sosai yafi son yaƙi da zalunci. Magajinsa, Kori, ya sami nasarar cinye sauran abin da masana tarihi na gaba za su kira da babban birnin Oyo.
Ibadan Zuciyar birnin Oyo ita ce babban birninta a Oyo-Ile (wanda kuma aka sani da Oyo Katunga ko Old Oyo ko Oyo-oro Manya-manyan gine-gine biyu a cikin Oyo-Ile sune 'Afin,' ko kuma fadar Oba, da kuma kasuwar sa. Fadar tana tsakiyar gari kusa da kasuwar Oba da ake kira 'Oja-Oba'. Kewayen babban birnin katangar katuwar kasa ce don tsaro tare da ƙofofi 17. Mahimmancin manyan gine-ginen biyu (fada da Oja Oba) sun nuna mahimmancin sarki a Oyo.
Mamayar Nupe Oyo ta zama babbar karfaffiyar ikon ruwa a karshen karni na 14. Fiye da ƙarni ɗaya, ƙasar Yarbawa ta faɗaɗa ta hanyar biyan kuɗin maƙwabta. A lokacin mulkin Onigbogi, Oyo ta sha kashi a hannun sojoji a hannun Nupe wanda Tsoede ya jagoranta. Wani lokaci a kusan 1535, Nupe sun mamaye Oyo kuma suka tilasta wa daularta mai mulki mafaka a masarautar Borgu Nupe ta kori babban birni, ta lalata Oyo a matsayin ikon yanki har zuwa farkon karni na 17.
Lokacin mulkin mallaka (1608-1800) Yarabawan Oyo sun shiga tsararrun shekaru 80 a matsayin daula da ke gudun hijira bayan da Nupe ta kayar da su. Sun sake kafa Oyo a matsayin mafi karko da fadada fiye da kowane lokaci. Mutane sun ƙirƙiri gwamnatin da ta kafa ikonta a kan babbar daula. A cikin karni na 17, Oyo ta fara dogon layi na girma, ta zama babbar daula. Oyo bata taba mamaye dukkan masu jin yaren Yarbanci ba, amma ita ce masarauta mafi yawan mutane a tarihin Yarbawa.
Sake hukunci da fadadawa Babban mabuɗin sake gina Yarbawa na Oyo ya kasance mai ƙarfi sojoji da kuma tsarin mulkin ƙasa. Karɓar hanya daga abokan gaba na Nupe (waɗanda suke kira "Tapa"), Yarbawa sun sake yin yaƙi da makamai da mahayan dawakai. Oba Ofinran, Alaafin na Oyo, ya yi nasarar dawo da asalin yankin Oyo daga Nupe. An gina sabon babban birni, Oyo-Igboho, kuma asalin ya zama ana kiran sa Tsohon Oyo. Oba na gaba, Eguguojo, ya mamaye kusan duk ƙasar Yarbawa. Bayan wannan, Oba Orompoto ya jagoranci kai hare-hare don shafe Nupe don tabbatar da Oyo ba ta sake fuskantar barazanar su ba. A lokacin mulkin Oba Ajiboyede, ya gudanar da bikin Bere na farko, taron bikin murnar zaman lafiya a masarautar. Ana yin bikin akai-akai, zai riƙe mahimmancin gaske tsakanin Yarbawa tun bayan faɗuwar Oyo. A karkashin magajinsa, Abipa, Yarbawa sun sake mamaye Oyo-Ile tare da sake gina babban birni na asali. Duk da gazawar yunƙurin mamaye Daular Benin wani lokaci tsakanin 1578 da 1608, Oyo ta ci gaba da faɗaɗa. Yarbawa sun ba da ikon cin gashin kai a kudu maso gabashin birnin Oyo, inda yankunan da ba Yarbawa ba za su iya zama buffa tsakanin Oyo da Imperial Benin. A ƙarshen karni na 16, jihohin Ewe da Aja na Benin na yau suna girmama Oyo. Yaƙe-yaƙe Dahomey
Masarautar Oyo da aka dawo da ita ta fara zuwa kudu tun a shekarar 1682. A ƙarshen fadada aikin soja, iyakokin Oyo zasu isa bakin teku kusan kudu maso yamma na babban birninta. Ya ɗan fuskanci adawa mai tsanani har zuwa farkon karni na 18. A cikin 1728, Masarautar Oyo ta mamaye Masarautar Dahomey a cikin wani babban kamfen na dakarunta. Jaruman Dahomey, a gefe guda, ba su da mahayan dawakai amma bindigogi da yawa. Bindigar su ta tsoratar da dawakan Oyo dawakai da hana caji. Sojojin Dahomey sun kuma gina katanga kamar ramuka, wanda ya tilasta sojojin Oyo yin yaƙi a matsayin ƙanana. Yaƙin ya ɗauki kwana huɗu, amma Yarabawa sun sami nasara bayan ƙarfafawa sun zo. Dahomey an tilasta shi girmamawa ga Oyo. Yarbawa sun mamaye Dahomey har sau bakwai kafin daga karshe su mallaki karamar masarauta a shekarar 1748. Cin nasara daga baya
Tare da mahayan dawakai, Oyo ta yi kamfen cikin nasara da fatattaka daga nesa. Sojojin Oyo sun sami damar kai farmaki katanga na kariya, amma samar da sojoji ke da wuya, sai suka janye lokacin da kayan suka kare. Oyo ba ta yi amfani da bindiga a cikin manyan nasarorinta ba. Sojoji sun jira har karni na 19 don karban su. A cikin 1764, rundunar hadin gwiwa ta Akan (Akyem) -Dahomey-Oyo ta karya rundunar Asante Nasarar kawancen ta bayyana iyakoki tsakanin jihohin makwabta. Oyo ta jagoranci kamfen mai nasara cikin yankin Mahi a arewacin Dahomey a ƙarshen karni na 18. Yarbawa ma sun yi amfani da sojojin ruwan kwarinsu; Misali, sun cimma nasarar toshe jirgin ruwa na Badagri na 1784 tare da rundunar Oyo-Dahomey-Lagos.
Kungiya Da farko, mutane sun maida hankali ne a cikin babban birnin Oyo. Tare da fadada masarauta, Oyo ta sake tsari don inganta kyakkyawan tsarin mallakar ta a ciki da wajen kasar Yarbawa. Ya kasu kashi hudu wanda aka ayyana shi dangane da asalin masarautar. Wadannan layukan sune Metropolitan Oyo, kudu na yankin Yarbawa, hanyar Egbado da Ajaland.
Birnin Oyo
Birnin Oyo ya yi daidai, fiye ko lessasa, zuwa jihar Oyo kafin mamayewar Nupe. Wannan shi ne matattarar masarauta, inda Yarbawa ke magana da yarukan Oyo. Metropolitan Oyo an raba shi zuwa larduna shida, tare da uku a gefen yamma na Kogin Ogun da uku zuwa gabashin kogin. Kowane lardi yana karkashin kulawar gwamnan da Alaafin na Oyo ya nada kai tsaye. Kasar Yarbawa
Fasali na biyu na masarautar ya kunshi garuruwan da ke kusa da Oyo-Ile, waɗanda aka san su a matsayin 'yan uwan juna. Wannan yankin yana kudu da babban birnin Oyo, kuma mazauna Yarbawa suna magana da yarurruka daban daban da na Oyo. Wadannan jihohin masu fada-aji sun sami jagorancin shugabanninsu, mai taken Obas, wadanda Alaafin na Oyo ya tabbatar da su. Egbado Corridor
Tsarin mulkin na uku shine hanyar Egbado da ke kudu maso yammacin kasar Yarbawa. Egba da Egbado suna zaune wannan yankin, kuma ya ba da tabbacin kasuwancin Oyo da bakin teku. An ba wa rarar Egba da Egbado, kamar takwarorinsu na Yarbawa, su mallaki kansu. Duk da haka, Ajele ya kula dasu. Wadannan wakilai ne wadanda Alaafin na Oyo ya nada domin kula da maslaharsa da kuma lura da kasuwanci. Babban wakilin Oyo a cikin hanyar shine Olu, mai mulkin garin Ilaro. Aja
Ajaland ita ce layin karshe da aka kara wa masarautar. Ya kasance mafi kwanciyar hankali da nesa, kuma ya kasance daidai da barazanar balaguro akan sa. Wannan yankin ya faro ne daga yankunan da ba Yarbawa ba da ke yamma da Hanyar Egbado har zuwa yankin da ake sarrafawa ta Ewe a cikin Togo ta zamani. Wannan yanki, kamar sauran jihohin da ke yankin, an ba su dama ta cin gashin kai muddin ana biyan haraji, ana bin umarni daga Oyo sosai, kuma an ba da dama ga kasuwannin cikin gida ga 'yan kasuwar Oyo. Oyo sau da yawa suna neman haraji a cikin bayi. Manyan hafsoshin sojojin wani lokacin sukan yi yaƙi da wasu mutane don kama bayi saboda wannan dalili. An san Oyo da azabtar da rashin biyayya ta hanyar kashe-kashen jama’ar da suka kuskure, kamar yadda aka yi a Allada a 1698.
Tsarin siyasa Masarautar Oyo ta haɓaka ingantaccen tsarin siyasa don sarrafa yankunanta. Masana ba su tantance nawa wannan tsarin ya kasance ba kafin mamayewar Nupe. Bayan sake dawowa daga gudun hijira a farkon karni na 17, Oyo ta kasance da kyakkyawar halayyar mayaƙa. An nuna tasirin al'adun Yarbawa mai zafin rai a cikin matsayin da aka sanya akan oba (sarki) da kuma matsayin majalisar sa.
Alaafin Oyo Oba (ma'ana 'sarki' a cikin harshen Yarbanci) a Oyo, wanda ake kira da Alaafin na Oyo (Alaafin yana nufin 'mai gidan sarauta' a Yarbanci), shi ne shugaban masarautar kuma mai iko da mutane. Ya kasance mai alhakin kiyayewa raƙuman ruwa daga hari, sasanta rikice-rikicen cikin gida tsakanin masu mulki, da sasantawa tsakanin waɗancan ƙananan sarakunan da jama'arsu. Alaafin na Oyo kuma ana sa ran zai ba wa wadanda ke karkashinsa karramawa da kyaututtuka. A sakamakon haka, duk wasu shugabannin kananan hukumomi sun yi mubaya'a ga Oba tare da sabunta biyayyarsu a bukukuwan shekara-shekara Mafi mahimmancin waɗannan shine bikin Bere, wanda ke nuna shelar samun nasarar mulki ta Alaafin. Bayan bikin Bere, zaman lafiya a ƙasar Yarbawa ya kamata ya ɗauki tsawon shekaru uku. Ba za a iya zubar da sarki ba amma ana iya tilasta shi ya kashe kansa idan ba a son shi kuma. Wannan ya yi ta aika Bashorun (Firayim ministan) zuwa yanzu dai an komai calabash ko tasa na aku 's qwai to shi kuma wuce jumla kin amincewa, da aka sani da Awon Eniyan Koo (watau cikin mutane ƙaryata ka, duniya kuwa ya ƙaryata game da ku kuma alloli sun ƙi ku ma). Bisa ga al'ada, ana sa ran Alaafin ya kashe kansa daga baya bayan haka.
Zabin Alaafin The Oyo Empire was not a purely hereditary monarchy, nor was it an absolute one. The Oyo Mesi selected the Alaafin. He was not always closely related to his predecessor, although he did have to be descended from Oranmiyan, a son of Oduduwa, and to hail from the Ona Isokun ward (which is one of the three royal wards). At the beginning of the Oyo Empire, the Alaafin's eldest son usually succeeded his father upon the throne. This sometimes led the crown prince, known as the Aremo, to hasten the death of his father. In order to prevent this occurrence, it became traditional for the crown prince to be made to commit ritual suicide upon his father's death. Independent of the succession, the Aremo was quite powerful in his own right. For instance, by custom the Alaafin abstained from leaving the palace, except during the important festivals, which in practice curtailed his power. By contrast, the Aremo often left the palace. This led the noted historian S. Johnson to observe: "The father is the king of the palace, and the son the king for the general public". The two councils which checked the Alaafin had a tendency to select a weak Alaafin after the reign of a strong one to keep the office from becoming too powerful.
Ilari Alaafin na Oyo ya nada wasu jami'ai na addini da na gwamnati, wadanda galibi babba ne Waɗannan jami'an an san su da suna ilari ko rabin kawuna, saboda al'adar aske rabin kawunansu da amfani da abin da aka yi imanin cewa sihiri ne a cikinsu. Daruruwan Ilari sun kasu kashi biyu tsakanin maza da mata. Membersananan membobin Ilari sun yi ƙananan ayyuka, yayin da tsofaffi suka yi aiki a matsayin masu gadi ko wani lokacin manzo zuwa wata duniyar ta hanyar sadaukarwa. Lakabinsu da ke da alaƙa da sarki, kamar su oba l'olu ("sarki shi ne babba") ko ("kar a yi adawa da shi"). Sun ɗauki magoya da ja da kore a matsayin takardun shaida na matsayin su. Duk kananan kotunan Oyo suna da Ilari wanda ya kasance 'yan leken asiri da masu karbar haraji. Oyo ta nada wadannan ne don su ziyarci wasu lokuta kuma suna zaune a Dahomey da kuma hanyar Egbado Corridor don karbar haraji da kuma leken asirin nasarorin da Dahomey ya samu, ta yadda Alaafin na Oyo zai sami abin yi.
Majalisar Yayin da Alaafin na Oyo ya kasance mai cikakken iko da mutane, ba a duba ikon sa ba. Oyo Mesi da Yarbawan Duniyar Yarbawa da aka sani da suna Ogboni sun tsare ikon Oba Oyo Mesi sun yi magana ne don ‘yan siyasa yayin da Ogboni ya yi magana don mutane kuma ikon addini ya goyi bayan su. Alaarfin Alaafin na Oyo dangane da Oyo Mesi da Ogboni ya dogara da halayen kansa da wayewar siyasa.
Oyo Mesi Oyo Mesi sun kasance manyan kansiloli bakwai na jihar. Sun kafa Majalisar Zabe kuma suna da ikon yin doka. Bashorun ke jagoranta, suna aiki a matsayin firaminista, kuma sun hada da Agbaakin, Samu, Alapini, Laguna, Akiniku da Ashipa, sun wakilci muryar al'umma kuma suna da babban nauyin kare muradun masarautar. An bukaci Alaafin ya dauki shawara daga wurin su a duk lokacin da wani muhimmin abu da ya shafi jihar ya faru. Kowane sarki yana da aikin jiha na yin sa a kotu kowace safiya da maraice. Kowannensu ma yana da mataimaki wanda za su tura zuwa Alaafin idan ba a iya gujewa rashi. Oyo Mesi ta ci gaba a matsayin binciken ikon Alaafin, yana hana Alaafin zama mai mulkin kama-karya sun tilastawa Alaafiyawa da yawa kashe kansu yayin ƙarni na 17 da 18. Shugaban majalisar Oyo Mesi, da Bashorun, ya nemi shawarar Ifa kafin magajin masarauta don neman yardar daga gumakan. Sabili da haka ana ganin sabbin alloli na Oyo kamar alloli ne suka nada su. Ana ɗauke su a matsayin Ekeji Orisa, ma'ana "mataimakin alloli." Bashorun suna da magana ta karshe game da nadin sabon Alaafin, karfin da yake da shi da na shi kansa sarki. Misali, Bashorun ya tsara bukukuwa da yawa na addini; ya yi wannan ban da kasancewarsa babban kwamandan askarawan soja, wanda ya ba shi babban ikon addini mai zaman kansa.
Babban cikin ɗawainiyar Bashorun shine duk wani muhimmin biki na sama. Wannan duba na addini, da ake gudanarwa a kowace shekara, shine don tantance idan membobin Mesi har yanzu suna goyon bayan Alaafin. Idan majalisar ta yanke hukunci kan rashin amincewar Alaafin, Bashorun sun gabatarwa da Alaafin da wani dunkulen marmara, ko kwai aku, a matsayin alama cewa lallai ne ya kashe kansa. Wannan ita ce kadai hanyar da za a cire Alaafin saboda ba a iya sauke shi bisa doka. Da zarar an ba su calabash ko kwan aku, Alaafin, babban dansa Aremo, da mai ba shi shawara a cikin Oyo Mesi, Asamu, duk sai sun kashe kansu don sabunta gwamnati. An yi bikin kashe kansa a lokacin bikin Sama.
Ogboni Oyo Mesi ma ba ta more cikakken iko ba. Yayin da Oyo Mesi ke da tasirin siyasa, Ogboni ya wakilci mashahuran ra'ayin da ke da goyon bayan ikon addini, saboda haka Ogboni na iya daidaita ra'ayoyin Oyo Mesi. Akwai dubawa da daidaito kan ikon Alafin da Oyo Mesi kuma saboda haka babu wanda ya yi girman kai cikakken iko. Ogboni ya kasance babbar kungiyar asiri mai karfi wacce ta kunshi 'yanci na gari wadanda aka ambata da shekarunsu, hikimarsu da mahimmancinsu a cikin al'amuran addini da siyasa. Membobinta suna jin daɗin cikakken iko akan talakawa saboda tashar addininsu. Shaida ga yadda yaduwar makarantar ta kasance kasancewar akwai (kuma har yanzu) shuwagabannin Ogboni a kusan dukkanin kananan kotunan cikin kasar Yarbawa. Ban da aikinsu game da bautar duniya, suna da hakkin yanke hukunci game da duk wani abu da ya shafi zubar da jini. Jagoran Ogboni, Oluwo, yana da cancantar isa kai tsaye zuwa Alaafin na Oyo kan kowane lamari.
Soja Akwai babban ƙwarewar ƙwarewa a cikin rundunar masarautar Oyo. Nasarorinta na soja ya kasance saboda yawancin dawakai da kuma jagoranci da ƙarfin gwiwar hafsoshin Oyo da mayaƙa. Saboda babban yankin da take mayar da hankali shi ne arewacin dajin, Oyo ta fi jin daɗin noma kuma don haka ci gaba da ƙaruwa a cikin jama'a. Wannan ya ba da gudummawa ga ikon Oyo don fitar da babbar runduna koyaushe. Hakanan akwai al'adun soja da suka kafu a Oyo inda cin nasara ya zama tilas kuma cin nasara ya ɗauki nauyin kashe kansa. Babu shakka wannan manufar ta-ko-mutuwa ta ba da gudummawa ga tsokanar soja na janar-janar na Oyo.
Sojan doki Masarautar Oyo ita ce kadai kasar Yarbawa da ta dauki dawakai ta yi haka ne saboda yawancin yankunanta yana cikin arewacin savannah Asali mahayan dawakai suna sabani; duk da haka, Nupe, Borgu da Hausa a cikin yankuna makwabta suma sunyi amfani da mahayan dawakai kuma wataƙila sun samo asalin tarihinsu. Oyo ta iya siyan dawakai daga arewa kuma ta kula dasu a cikin babban birin Oyo saboda 'yanci na ɗan tsako daga tsuntsun tsetse Sojan doki doguwar hannu ce ta Daular Oyo. Atearshen balaguron ƙarni na 16 da 17 ya ƙunshi sojojin dawakai gaba ɗaya. Akwai nakasu ga wannan. Oyo ba za ta iya kula da dakarunta masu dawakai a kudu ba amma suna iya kai hari yadda suke so. Sojoji masu dawakai a cikin al'ummomin da suka ci gaba sosai kamar Oyo sun kasu zuwa haske da nauyi. Tã sojan doki a kan ya fi girma shigo da dawakai da aka dauke da makamai nauyi thrusting lances ko māsu da ma tare da takuba Sojojin dawakai masu haske a kan ƙaramar farar fata 'yan asalin ƙasar suna da makamai da jifa da mashi ko baka.
Antananan yara Ananan sojoji a yankin da ke kusa da Masarautar Oyo sun kasance iri ɗaya cikin kayan yaƙi da na yaƙi. Duk sojojin ƙanana a yankin sun ɗauki garkuwa, takuba da mashi iri ɗaya ko wata. Garkuwa na da tsayi ƙafa huɗu da faɗi ƙafa biyu kuma an yi ta giwar giwa ko ta sa. Tsawon kafa takobi mai nauyi shi ne babban makamin yaƙi. Yarabawa da maƙwabta sun yi amfani da mashi sau uku waɗanda za a iya jefa su daidai daga taku 30.
Tsarin Masarautar Oyo, kamar daulolin da yawa kafinta, sunyi amfani da dakaru na gida da na masu fadada fadada yankunanta. Tsarin rundunar sojan Oyo gabanin masarautarta ta kasance mai sauki kuma tana kusa da gwamnatin tsakiya a cikin babban birinin Oyo. Wannan na iya isa a cikin karni na 15 lokacin da Oyo ke iko da yankin kasar ta kawai, amma don ci gaba da ci gaba da ci gaba, tsarin ya sami canje-canje da yawa.
Eso Oyo ta ci gaba da kasancewa da sojoji na kwararru na sojan doki wadanda ake kira Eso, da Esho ko kuma, bisa tsari, Eso na Ikoyi Waɗannan su ne ƙananan shugabannin yaƙi 70 waɗanda Oyo Mesi ta zaɓa kuma Alaafin na Oyo ya tabbatar da su. An nada Eso don ƙwarewar aikin soja ba tare da la'akari da al'adun gargajiya ba, duk da cewa daulolin Eso suma an san su da zama. Eso sun kasance ƙarƙashin jagorancin Are-Ona-Kakanfo, kuma sun shahara da rayuwa ta hanyar lambar yaƙi wanda ya yi daidai da Latin dictum infra dignitatem Shin Ona Kakanfo Bayan dawowar Oyo daga gudun hijira, aka kafa mukamin Are-Ona-Kakanfo a matsayin babban kwamandan sojoji. An bukace shi da zama a lardin da ke da matukar muhimmanci don sanya ido kan makiya da kuma hana shi kwace mulkin. A lokacin masarautar Oyo, Are-Ona-Kakanfo da kanshi sun yiwa sojojin da ke filin daga dukkan yakin neman zabe.
Sojojin birni Tun da Are-Ona-Kakanfo ba zai iya zama kusa da babban birni ba, dole ne a yi tsare-tsaren don kare wannan a yayin gaggawa. Bashorun, babban memba na Oyo Mesi ne ya ba da umarni ga sojojin da ke cikin birnin na Oyo. Kamar yadda bayani ya gabata, an raba garin Metropolitan Oyo zuwa larduna shida da aka raba su daidai da kogi. Ta haka aka tara sojojin lardi zuwa rundunoni biyu, karkashin Onikoyi da Okere na gabas da yamma na kogin bi da bi. Knownananan shugabannin yaƙi an san su da Balogun, taken da sojojin da suka gaji jihar Oyo suka gaje shi, wato Ibadan Sojojin Rarraba Shugabannin kabilu da gwamnonin larduna ne ke da alhakin tara haraji da bayar da gudummawar sojoji a ƙarƙashin janar na cikin gida ga sojojin sarki a lokacin gaggawa. Lokaci-lokaci, ana ba shugabannin da ke ba da fatawa damar kai hari ga maƙwabta koda ba tare da goyon bayan babbar rundunar mulkin mallaka ba. Waɗannan rundunonin ana amfani da su sau da yawa a cikin kamfen na Oyo mai nisa a bakin kogi ko wasu jihohi.
Kasuwanci Oyo ta zama masarautar kudu ta kasuwancin Trans-Saharan. An yi musaya da gishiri, fata, dawakai, goro kola, hauren giwa, zane da bayi. Yarabawa na babban birnin Oyo suma sun kware sosai a aikin kere kere da aikin karafa. Baya ga haraji kan kayayyakin kasuwanci da ke shigowa da fita daga masarautar, Oyo ta kasance mai wadata daga harajin da aka sanya wa rarar ta. Haraji akan masarautar Dahomey kadai ya kawo adadin da aka kiyasta akan dalar Amurka dubu 638 a shekara.
Zenith Zuwa 1680, Masarautar Oyo ta fadada fiye da murabba'in kilomita 150,000. Ya kai maɗaukakiyar ƙarfinsa a ƙarni na 18. Duk da rikice-rikicen da aka kirkira, an gudanar da shi tare don son kai. Gwamnati ta sami damar samar da haɗin kai ga yanki mai faɗi ta hanyar haɗakar ikon cin gashin kai da ikon masarauta. Ba kamar manyan daulolin savannah ba, wanda Oyo ba za a kira shi magaji ba tunda magaji ne na Ife, babu wani abu idan akwai tasirin Musulunci a daular. Sananne ne cewa aƙalla an ajiye wasu jami'ai musulmai a cikin Metropolitan Oyo, kuma mazaje masu iya rubutu da lissafi cikin larabci 'yan kasuwar Faransa sun ba da rahoton su a 1787
Ragewa Da yawa suna ganin faduwar masarautar Oyo ta fara ne tun a shekarar 1754 tare da dabarun sarauta da juyin mulkin fada da Firaminista Oyo Gaha ya dauki nauyi. Gaha, a kokarinsa na samun cikakken iko, ya hada baki da Oyo Mesi kuma watakila har ila yau Ogboni ya tilasta Alaafiyawa hudu da suka biyo baya don kashe kansu ta hanyar ibada bayan an gabatar da su da alamar kwaron aku. Tsakanin Yuni da Oktoba 1754 kawai, Gaha ya tilasta Alaafins biyu su kashe kansu. Saboda wannan, Alaafin Awonbioju ya kwashe kwanaki 130 a kan karagar mulki, yayin da Alaafin Labisi ya shafe kwanaki 17 kawai a kan karagar. Ba a kawo karshen ha'incin Gaha ba sai a shekarar 1774 a lokacin mulkin Alaafin Abiodun, Alaafin na biyar da ya yi aiki. Daga baya Abiodun ya kashe Gaha amma rashin zaman lafiyar da wadannan dabarun suka haifar ya kara raunana Oyo.
Alaafin Abiodun a lokacin mulkin shi ma ya gudanar da kamfen na rashin nasara a kan Borgu a 1783 da Nupe a 1789, rasa kwatankwacin janar-janar 11 da 13 da mazajen su bi da bi. Daga baya dansa Awole ya kashe Abiodun, wanda daga baya ya hau gadon mahaifinsa.
Abubuwan da suka haifar da ballewar garin Ilorin sun fara ne a shekarar 1793. Ilorin sansanin yaki ne karkashin jagorancin Are-Ona Kakanfo Afonja. Afonja ya shiga takun-saka da Awole lokacin da shi kuma ya umarce shi da ya afkawa gidan Alaafin Abiodun, Iwere-Ile. Afonja, wanda ke daure da rantsuwa kuma yana son kada ya fada cikin la'ana daga Alaafin da ta gabata ya nuna cewa duk wani Aare Ona Kakanfo da ya kai hari Iwere-Ile (mahaifinsa) zai mutu matuka, ya ki bin umarnin. An kuma bayar da wani dalilin a shekarar 1795, lokacin da Awole ya umarci Afonja da ya afkawa garin kasuwar Apomu, wani yanki na Ile-Ife. Duk Alaafins, saboda imanin Yarbawa cewa Ife gida ne na ruhun Yarbawa, a baya an sanya su da rantsuwa cewa ba za su far wa Ife ba. Afonja ya aiwatar da umarnin Awole kuma ya kori Apomu, amma bayan dawowar sojoji daga kamfen din sai ya dunguma zuwa Oyo-Ile babban birnin kasar (wanda ita kanta haramun ce), kuma ya bukaci Awole ya sauka. Awole daga baya ya kashe kansa ta hanyar tsafi. Bayan rasuwar Awole, akwai masu fafutuka don neman kursiyin daga masu fafutuka da yawa; wasu an ruwaito cewa sun yi kasa da watanni shida a kan karagar mulki; akwai kuma wani lokaci na rikice-rikice na kusan shekaru ashirin inda bangarori daban-daban ba su yarda da dan takara ba. Wannan rashin ikon ya haifar da hawan manyan sojoji da kwamandojin yanki kamar Adegun, da Onikoyi da Solagberu, da Otun Are-Ona Kakanfo. Shehu Alimi, wani basaraken Fulani wanda shi ne shugaban karuwar yawan musulmai a Oyo, shi ma ya hau mulki a wannan lokacin. Waɗannan sabbin abubuwan sun rasa daraja ga ofishin Alaafin saboda rikice-rikicen siyasa daban-daban da kuma rashin ikon hukuma a lokacin; wannan halin ya haifar da Afonja balle Ilorin daga Oyo a 1817 tare da taimakon Musulman Oyo. A cikin 1823, bayan da abokan aikinsa na farko Shehu Alimi da Solagberu suka kashe Afonja (wanda shi kuma ɗan Alimi ya kashe shi), Ilorin ya zama wani ɓangare na Kalifancin Sokoto. A lokacin da Kyaftin Hugh Clapperton ya ziyarci Oyo-Ile a 1825 lokacin mulkin Alaafin Majotu, masarautar ta riga ta kasance cikin yanayi na koma baya. Bangaren Clapperton sun nadar wasu kauyukan Oyo da Fulani na Ilorin suka kona yayin da Majotu kuma ya nemi taimakon sarkin Ingila da Oba na Benin wajen kawar da tawayen Ilorin. Shima Clapperton ya lura da karancin dawakai, duk da cewa Oyo ta shahara da karfin sojan doki; wannan na iya zama yana da nasaba da cewa galibin sojojin daular da kuma mahayan dawakai an ajiye su a Ilorin karkashin umarnin Afonja (kuma daga baya magajin Alimi). Daga nan sai Ilorin ya kewaye Offa ya fara mamayewa, konawa tare da kwasar ganima a Oyo, daga karshe ya rusa babban birnin Oyo-Ile a 1835.
Rashin Hanyar Egbado Yayin da Oyo ta tsinke kanta ta hanyar dambarwar siyasa, masu kula da ita suka fara amfani da damar don matsawa ga yanci. Egba, a karkashin jagorancin wani shugaban yaki da ake kira Lishabi, sun yiwa Ilari kisan gilla a yankin su sannan suka fatattaki wata rundunar azaba ta Oyo.
Tawayen Dahomey A cikin 1823 Dahomey aka ruwaito ya afkawa kauyukan da suke karkashin kariyar Oyo ga bayi saboda tsananin bukatar da ake musu. Nan da nan Oyo ta bukaci babbar kyauta daga Sarki Gezo saboda kutse ba da izini ba, wanda Gezo ya tura mataimakinsa dan kasar Brazil, Chacha Francisco Félix de Sousa, zuwa Alaafin da ke Oyo don yin sulhu. Tattaunawar sulhun daga baya ta wargaje, daga baya Oyo ta far wa Dahomey. Sojojin Oyo sun ci nasara sosai, wanda ya kawo ƙarshen mulkin Oyo akan Dahomey. Bayan samun 'yancinta, Dahomey ya fara farfaɗo da hanyar.
Ago d'Oyo Bayan lalata Oyo-Ile, sai aka matsa babban birnin zuwa kudu, zuwa Ago d'Oyo. Oba Atiba ya nemi kiyaye abin da ya rage na Oyo ta hanyar dorawa Ibadan aikin kare babban birnin daga Ilorin a arewa da arewa maso gabas. Ya kuma yi ƙoƙari ya sa Ijaye su kare Oyo daga yamma da Dahomeans. Cibiyar ikon Yarbawa ta ci gaba zuwa kudu zuwa Ibadan, sansanin yakin Yarbawa wanda kwamandojin Oyo suka kafa a 1830.
Rushewar ƙarshe Wasan Atiba ya gaza, kuma Oyo ba ta sake dawo da martabarta a yankin ba. The Oba, in ba haka ba ana kiransa Atiba Atobatele, ya mutu a 1859; Hisansa Adeyemi I, Alaafin na uku da ya yi sarauta a Oyo ta yanzu, ya mutu a 1905. A lokacin mulkin mallaka, Yarabawa sun kasance ɗayan ƙungiyoyin birni a Afirka. Kimanin 22% na yawan jama'a sun zauna a cikin manyan yankuna tare da yawan mutane fiye da 100,000, kuma sama da 50% suna zaune a cikin biranen da ke da mutane 25,000 ko fiye. Lissafin biranen birni a shekarar 1950 ya kusa da na Amurka, ban da Ilorin. Yarbawa suna ci gaba da kasancewa ƙabilun Afirka mafi birni a yau. Manyan biranen zamani sun hada da Oyo, Ibadan, Osogbo, da Ogbomoso, wadanda wasu manyan garuruwa ne da suka bunkasa bayan tsohuwar Oyo ta ruguje. Ragowar masarautar na ci gaba da kasancewa a matsayin ɗayan jihohin gargajiya na wannan zamani na Nijeriya.
Duba kuma Oyotunji African Village
Sarakunan jihar Yarbawa na Oyo
Tarihin Najeriya
Bayanan kula Easley, Dr. Larry. "The Four Forest States of Africa." Oyo Empire. Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau. 2 Mar. 2009.
Kehnide Salami, Yunusa Ph.D. "The Democratic Structure of Yoruba Political-Cultural Heritage." Department of Philosophy Obafemi Awolowo University Ile-Ife. 29 Apr. 2009.
Shillington, Kevin. History of Africa. 2nd ed. New York: Macmillan Limited, 1995
Fasanya, Akin (2004). "The Original Religion of the Yorubas". http://www.laits.utexas.edu/africa/2004/database/fasanya.html
Kabilun Larabawa
Tarihin Najeriya
Al'adun Najeriya
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27192 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragewan%20Jama%27a%20Don%20COVID-19 | Ragewan Jama'a Don COVID-19 | Gudu da sikelin su ne mabuɗin don rage COVID-19, saboda yanayin haɗarin kamuwa da cuta mai kitse da haɓakar haɓakar cututtukan COVID-19. Don ragewa ya yi tasiri, (a) dole ne a karya sarƙoƙin watsawa da wuri-wuri ta hanyar tantancewa da tsarewa, (b) dole ne a samar da kulawar lafiya don samar da buƙatun waɗanda suka kamu da cutar, kuma (c) dole ne a samar da abubuwan da suka dace. don ba da damar yin tasiri mai tasiri na (a) da (b).
Wani ɓangare na sarrafa barkewar cutar yana ƙoƙarin jinkirtawa da rage kololuwar annobar, wanda aka sani da karkatar da yanayin cutar. Wannan yana rage haɗarin ayyukan kiwon lafiya da yawa kuma yana ba da ƙarin lokaci don haɓaka alluran rigakafi da jiyya. Abubuwan da ba na magunguna ba waɗanda za su iya magance barkewar cutar sun haɗa da matakan kariya na mutum kamar tsabtace hannu, sanya abin rufe fuska, da keɓe kai; matakan al'umma da ke da niyya ta jiki kamar rufe makarantu da soke taron taron jama'a; haɗin gwiwar al'umma don ƙarfafa yarda da shiga cikin irin wannan shisshigi; da kuma matakan muhalli irin wannan tsaftacewa. An kuma ba da shawarar cewa inganta samun iska da sarrafa tsawon lokacin bayyanarwa na iya rage watsawa.
An dauki karin tsauraran matakai da nufin dakile barkewar cutar a China da zarar tsananin barkewar ya bayyana, kamar kebe daukacin biranen da kuma sanya dokar hana zirga-zirga. Sauran kasashen kuma sun dauki matakai daban-daban da nufin takaita yaduwar cutar. Koriya ta Kudu ta gabatar da gwajin yawan jama'a da keɓe keɓe tare da ba da faɗakarwa kan motsin mutanen da suka kamu da cutar. Kasar Singapore ta ba da tallafin kudi ga wadanda suka kamu da cutar da suka kebe kansu tare da sanya tara masu yawa ga wadanda suka kasa yin hakan. Taiwan ta kara samar da abin rufe fuska da kuma azabtar da tarin kayayyakin kiwon lafiya.
Kwaikwayo don Biritaniya da Amurka sun nuna cewa ragewa (hankali amma ba a daina yaɗuwar annoba ba) da murkushewa (mayar da ci gaban annoba) suna da manyan ƙalubale. Manufofin raguwa mafi kyau na iya rage buƙatun kiwon lafiya da kashi biyu bisa uku da mace-mace da rabi, amma har yanzu suna haifar da mutuwar ɗaruruwan dubunnan mutane da kuma mamaye tsarin kiwon lafiya. Ana iya fifita murkushewa amma yana buƙatar kiyayewa har tsawon lokacin da kwayar cutar ke yaduwa a cikin yawan mutane (ko har sai an sami allurar rigakafi), yayin da watsawar in ba haka ba da sauri ya sake dawowa lokacin da matakan suka huta. Har zuwa yanzu, shaidun ayyukan kiwon lafiyar jama'a (marasa magunguna) kamar nisantar da jama'a, rufe makarantu, da keɓewar shari'ar sun fito ne daga samfuran ɓangarori na annoba da, musamman, samfuran tushen wakilai (ABMs). Irin waɗannan samfuran an soki su don kasancewa bisa sauƙi da zato marasa gaskiya. Har yanzu, suna iya zama da amfani wajen sanar da yanke shawara game da ragewa da matakan murkushewa a lokuta lokacin da aka daidaita ABMs daidai. Wani binciken ƙirar Argentina ya tabbatar da cewa za a iya guje wa cikakken kulle-kullen da tsarin kiwon lafiya idan aka gano kashi 45 na marasa lafiyar asymptomatic kuma an ware su. Tsawon lokaci mai tsawo don murkushe cutar yana da tsadar zamantakewa da tattalin arziki.
A cikin watan Agusta 2020, wata takarda aiki ta Ofishin Binciken Tattalin Arziƙi na Ƙasa (NBER) ta yi tambaya game da manyan illolin da yawa na raguwa da matakan murkushewa. Marubutan sun kwatanta ci gaban wadanda suka jikkata da ke da alaƙa da SARS-CoV-2 har zuwa Yuli 2020, a cikin jihohin Amurka 25 da ƙasashe 23 waɗanda suka ƙidaya sama da mutuwar 1.000 gabaɗaya. Daga ranar da wata jiha ta wuce iyakar mutuwar mutane 25, binciken kididdiga ya lura da ci gaba iri ɗaya, ba tare da nau'i da lokaci na hulɗar gwamnati ba. Don haka, yawan adadin wadanda suka mutu ya ragu zuwa sifili a cikin kwanaki 20-30, kuma bambancin dake tsakanin yankuna ya ragu, sai dai a farkon annoba. Marubutan sun lissafta ingantaccen lambar haifuwa R eff tare da taimakon samfura daban-daban kamar samfurin SIR, kuma sun same shi yana shawagi a kusa da ɗaya ko'ina bayan kwanaki 30 na farko na annobar. Don haka, ba su sami shaidar tasirin kulle-kulle ba, hana tafiye-tafiye ko keɓewa kan watsa kwayar cutar. Don karatu masu karo da juna, suna ɗaukan ɓatanci mai canzawa 'Yan takarar don tasirin da ba a kula da su ba na iya zama nisantar zamantakewa na son rai, tsarin hanyoyin sadarwar zamantakewa (wasu mutane suna tuntuɓar cibiyoyin sadarwa da sauri fiye da wasu), da kuma yanayin yanayi na annoba don yaɗuwa da sauri da farko kuma yana raguwa, wanda aka lura a cikin tsohon mura. annoba, amma har yanzu ba a gane gaba daya ba. Mai bita Stephen C. Miller ya kammala "cewa hulɗar ɗan adam ba ta dace da tsarin cututtuka masu sauƙi ba".
Neman tuntuɓar juna Neman tuntuɓar wata hanya ce mai mahimmanci ga hukumomin lafiya don tantance tushen kamuwa da cuta da hana ci gaba da yaduwa. Amfani da bayanan wayar hannu da gwamnatoci ke yi ya haifar da fargabar sirri, inda Amnesty International da wasu kungiyoyi fiye da dari suka fitar da sanarwar da ke neman a takaita irin wannan sa ido.
Fasahar Sadarwa An aiwatar da ko gabatar da ƙa'idodin wayar hannu da yawa don amfani da son rai, kuma har zuwa 7Afrilu 2020 ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru fiye da dozin guda suna aiki akan hanyoyin sada zumuncin sirri kamar amfani da Bluetooth don shiga kusancin mai amfani da wasu wayoyin hannu. (Ana faɗakar da masu amfani idan sun kasance kusa da wanda ya gwada inganci daga baya. A ranar 10 ga Afrilu, 2020, Google da Apple tare sun ba da sanarwar wani yunƙuri don adana bayanan sirri dangane da fasahar Bluetooth da cryptography. An yi niyya ne don baiwa gwamnatoci damar ƙirƙirar ƙa'idodin kiyaye sirrin sirri na hukuma na coronavirus, tare da manufar haɗa wannan aikin kai tsaye zuwa dandamalin wayar hannu ta iOS da Android. A Turai da Amurka, Palantir Technologies kuma tana ba da sabis na sa ido na COVID-19.
A watan Fabrairun 2020, kasar Sin ta kaddamar da wata manhaja ta wayar hannu don magance barkewar cutar. Ana tambayar masu amfani da su shigar da sunan su da lambar ID. Ka'idar tana iya gano 'tuntuɓi na kusa' ta amfani da bayanan sa ido don haka yuwuwar kamuwa da cuta. Kowane mai amfani kuma yana iya duba matsayin wasu masu amfani guda uku. Idan aka gano yuwuwar haɗari, ƙa'idar ba ta ba da shawarar keɓe kai kaɗai ba, tana kuma faɗakar da jami'an kiwon lafiya na gida.
Ana amfani da manyan nazarin bayanai kan bayanan wayar salula, fasahar tantance fuska bin diddigin wayar hannu, da bayanan wucin gadi don bin diddigin mutanen da suka kamu da cutar da mutanen da suka tuntube a Koriya ta Kudu, Taiwan, da Singapore. A cikin Maris 2020, gwamnatin Isra'ila ta ba wa hukumomin tsaro damar bin bayanan wayar hannu na mutanen da ya kamata su sami coronavirus. A cewar gwamnatin Isra'ila, an dauki matakin ne don tilasta keɓancewa da kuma kare waɗanda za su iya yin hulɗa da 'yan ƙasar da suka kamu da cutar. Kungiyar kare hakkin jama'a a Isra'ila, duk da haka, ta ce matakin "wani abin koyi ne mai hatsari da zamewa". Hakanan a cikin Maris 2020, Deutsche Telekom ya raba tarin bayanan wurin waya tare da hukumar gwamnatin tarayya ta Jamus, Cibiyar Robert Koch, don bincike da hana yaduwar cutar. Rasha ta tura fasahar tantance fuska don gano masu fasa keɓe. Kwamishinan lafiya na yankin Italiya Giulio Gallera ya ce masu gudanar da wayar salula sun sanar da shi cewa "40% na mutane suna ci gaba da yawo ko ta yaya". Gwamnatin Jamus ta gudanar da hackathon na tsawon sa'o'i 48 a karshen mako, wanda ya sami mahalarta sama da 42,000. Mutane miliyan uku a Burtaniya sun yi amfani da app da King's College London da Zoe suka kirkira don bin diddigin mutanen da ke da alamun COVID-19. Shugabar Estonia, Kersti Kaljulaid, ta yi kira ga duniya don samar da mafita game da yaduwar cutar ta coronavirus.
Manazarta Covid-19
Shafuka masu Fassarorin da ba'a duba |
13913 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tope%20Oshin | Tope Oshin | Tope Oshin (An haife ta a ranar 10 ga watan yuni shekarar, 1979) ta kasance mai gabatar da shirye shirye a talabijin na Najeriya, kuma daraktan fina-finai, kuma mai gabatarwa da kuma bada umarni, wacce aka kira a matsayin daya daga cikin fitattun 'yan Najeriya a fim na shekarar, 2019. A shekarar, 2015 mujallar Pulse ta sanya mata suna ‘daya daga cikin daraktocin fina-finan Najeriya 9 da ya kamata ku sani’ a masana'antar shirya fina- finai ta Nollywood kuma a cikin Watan Maris shekar ta, 2018, a lokacin tunawa da Watan Tarihin Mata,an yi bikin OkayAfrica a matsayin daya daga cikin matan Okay100.Yaƙin neman zaɓe yana murnar mata masu ban mamaki daga Afirka da kuma baƙin waje don yin raƙuman ruwa a wurare da dama na masana'antu, yayin da suke tasiri mai kyau a yankunansu da ma duniya baki ɗaya..
Farkon rayuwa da ilimi Tope Oshin ta fito daga dangin Krista masu ibada. Tun tana kuma yarinya ta tsunduma cikin zane, raye-raye da raye-raye, kuma suna da burin zama mai zane. Ta karanci ilimin tattalin arziki a Jami’ar Ilorin, Jihar Kwara, amma ta bar karatun don yin karatun Jami’ar Jama’a, daga nan kuma sai Theater Arts, TV Film Production a Jami’ar Jihar Legas Ta fara sha'awar yin fim kuma daga baya tayi karatun Production, kuma Cinematography a Colorado Film School of the Community College of Aurora, Denver, da Makarantar Firam na Met, Ealing Studios, London bi da bi. Tope Oshin kuma jigo ce na 'Talents Durban' da Berlinale Talents, taron koli na ingantattun mashahurai daga duniyar finafinai da jerin finafinai a duk fadin duniya..
Aikin fim Tope, wanda ya kasance ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na shekaru 12, wanda ya nuna a cikin fina-finai kamar Relentless (fim na 2010), ya yanke hakora a cikin jagorancin, yana aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar darekta na The Afitocin Afirka kuma ya kasance sananne ga jagorancin jagorancin shahararrun fina-finai na Afirka na Afirka da wasan kwaikwayo sabulu kamar su Hush, Hotel Majestic, Tinsel (jerin TV) da kuma 6 na MTV Shuga Kodayake ta ba da umarnin gajeran fina-finai da dama da ake tsammani kamar su Sman Samari, Har Zuwa Mutuwa, Sabon Horizons da Ireti, an santa da ita sosai don kyakkyawan fim ɗin shekarar 2018 wanda aka gabatar a fim ɗin Arewa ta Arewa (fim), da New Money Oshin ta tsirar da wasu daga cikin mafi girma da akwatin ofishin watse fina-finai a Najeriya, ciki har da shekarar, 2015 romantic film Hamsin, game da hudu da hamsin-shekara mace Lagos mazauna, wanda ya barke akwatin ofishin records a kan saki a watan Disamba shekarar, 2015, shan N20 miliyan karshen mako. da Bikin Biki 2, kamar yadda yake a shekarar, 2018, mafi girman finafinan Najeriya. A shekarar, 2016, ta samar da kuma jagorar shirin gaskiya, Amaka's Kin: Matan Nollywood, a matsayin abin tunawa da fitaccen jarumin fina-finai Amaka Igwe, wanda ya mutu a shekarar, 2014. Littattafan bayanai sun tabo batutuwan da suka shafi darektocin matan Najeriya, suna aiki a masana'antar da maza suka mallaka. A matsayin bin diddigin rubutunta, a cikin shekarar, 2017, kuma a matsayin wani bangare na lokacin Mata 100 na BBC, Tope ya yi bikin sabuwar tsararrun mata masu shirya fina-finai da ke sake farfado da fim din Nollywood, ta hanyar gabatar da shirin na BBC a Najeriya-Wanda aka harba shi Kamar Mace Baya ga rubutattun wakokin BBC na World, Kin 's na Amaka's Kin Matan na Nollywood suma sun yi tasiri kan sauran fina-finai na talabijin da kuma rubuce-rubucen su iri daya, ciki har da littafin Niran Adedokun na Ladies Calling the Shots Oshin ya tayar da wani takaddama a Najeriya, lokacin da ta rubuta, ta gabatar da kuma kirkirar fim din Queer Ba Mu Da Ake Nan Nan ga kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam TIERs (The Initiative For Equal Rights) a cikin shekarar, 2018. Ba a karɓi fim ɗin don sakin silima ba kuma an sami taƙaitaccen sakin layi kawai tare da Rarraba FilmOne a cikin shekarar, 2018. Ba Mu zauna a nan Ko yaya aka bincika a Afirka A cikin Motion Film Festival a Glasgow, har ma sun yi jerin gwano da lambobin yabo da yawa abin mamakin a shekarar, 2018 Best Of Nollywood Awards a Najeriya. Za'a iya samun fim ɗin a halin yanzu a kan Amazon.Har ila yau, Tope yana da babban aiki mai kyau a matsayin mai jagoranci na Casting kuma ya jefa wa fina-finai da shirye-shiryen talabijin da dama gami da dukkanin lokuta 3 na Najeriya na jerin wasan kwaikwayo na MTV Staying Alive Foundation Shuga
Tope, ta hannun kamfanin ta Sunbow Productions [ng], an umurce shi da ya samar Kashi na 8 na MTV Shuga (TV Series), ana masa lakabi da MTV Shuga Naija 4, kuma an yaba shi a matsayin Daraktan Shugaban, Nasihu, Mai gabatarwa da kuma Mai Shirya., bayan jagoranta da jefa Kashi na 6 na wasan kwaikwayon a cikin shekarar, 2017.Tun daga shekarar, 2015 har zuwa yau, Tope yayi aiki a matsayin mai bayar da agaji na International Emmy Award Rayuwarta Auren Tope na shekarar, 2002 zuwa mawallafin allo, Yinka Ogun, ya buge da kankara kuma ya haifar da rabuwa ta dindindin a shekarar, 2014. Unionungiyar ta samar da yara 4, kafin ta ƙare.
fina finai
Nuna ta 2018 Up North Director
2018 We Don't Live Here Anymore Director. Producer
2018 New Money Director
2017 InLine Director
2017 The Wedding Party 2 Producer
2015 Fifty Producer
2012 Journey to Self Director
Kana nan fim 2015 Ireti Darakta. Mai samarwa. Marubuci.
Daraktan Murkushe 2014. Mai samarwa. Edita. Marubuci.
2013 Sabuwar Horizons Darakta. Mai samarwa.
Shekarar 2013 Zuwa Garemu Darakta. Mai samarwa.
2011 Matasan Sigari Darakta. Mai samarwa.
Girke tarihi 2016 Amaka’s Kin The Women of Nollywood. Marubuciya
2017 Nigeria: Shooting It Like A Woman. Mai gabatarwa
Fina finan talabijin 2019 MTV Shuga Naija Season 4. ShowRunner. Lead Director. Producer. Casting Director. Executive Producer.
2018 MTV Shuga Season 6. Director. Casting Director.
2017 Ever After (TV Feature) Director. Producer. Casting Director. Writer.
2017 BattleGround (Tele-Novella, Pre-Production) Content Director/Consultant.
2016 Hush (Tele-Novella) Director
2016 EvoL (TV Feature) Director. Producer. Casting Director. Writer.
2016 GidiUp 3 (Drama Series, Unaired) Director
2015 Hotel Majestic (Tele-Novella) Director
2014 Walk The Talk (Talk Show, Season 1) Director, Producer.
2013 Love and War (TV Movie) Director. Producer. Casting Director.
2013 Conversations At Dinner (TV Movie) Director. Producer. Casting Director.
2012 Bridges (Drama Series, Season 1) Director.
2009-2013 Tinsel (TV series) (Soap Opera, Seasons 2-5) Director. Box/Content Producer.
2009 Moments With Mo (Talk Show) Producer.
Lamban girma OkayAfrica Okay100Women 2017 Honoree
Excellence in The Creative Industries Award Sisi Oge Awards 2018
Distinguished Alumni Medal of Honor 2016 In-short film festival
African Woman In Film Award 2015 by African Women Development Fund
Kyauta Best Director of The Year Best of Nollywood Awards 2018 We Don’t Live Here Anymore
Best Movie of The Year Best of Nollywood Awards 2018 We Don’t Live Here Anymore
Best Director Of The Year City People Entertainment Awards 2017
Best Documentary Best of Nollywood Awards 2016 “Amaka’s Kin”
Best International Female Director Womens Only Entertainment Film Festival 2016 -Ireti
Best International Short Film Womens Only Entertainment Film Festival 2016- Ireti
Best TV Program Director Nigerian Broadcast Media Awards 2016 Tinsel
Golden Short Award Golden Movie Awards Africa 2015 New Horizons
Special Jury Award Africa Movie Academy Awards 2014 New Horizons
Teens Favorite TV Film Producer Teens Favorite Awards, Nigeria 2014
Best Movie With A Social Message Best Of Nollywood Awards 2013 Journey To Self
Best Narrative Film Slum Film Festival 2013, Nairobi The Young Smoker
Best Director In-short film festival 2012 Till Death Do Us Part
Best Film In-short film festival 2012 Till Death Do Us Part
Best Short Film Abuja International Film Festival 2012 Till Death Do Us Part
Best Directing TAVA (The Audi Visual Awards), Lagos 2011 Tinsel
Audience Prize In-short film festival, Lagos 2011 The Young Smoker
Special Jury Mention In-short film festival, Lagos 2011 The Young Smoker
Ayyanawa Best Nigerian Film Africa Movie Academy Awards 2019 Up North
Best Screenplay of The Year Best Of Nollywood Awards 2018 We Don’t Live Here Anymore
Director Of The Year Ebonylife TV Sisterhood Awards 2017
Best Documentary nomination Amaka’s Kin The Women of Nollywood Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards, Nigeria, 2017
Best Short Film Nomination Ireti Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards, Nigeria, 2017
Filmmaker of the year nomination Divas Award, Nigeria, 2016
Creative Personae of the year nomination Nigerian Creatives Award, Nigeria, 2016
Best Producer of The Year nomination ‘Fifty’ Exquisite Lady Of The Year Awards, Nigeria, 2016
Director Of The Year Lagos Entertainment Awards Nigeria, 2016
Best Short Film Award nomination Ireti Abuja Int’l Film Festival, Nigeria, 2016
Best Short Film Award nomination Ireti Africa Movie Academy Awards Nigeria, 2016
Golden Short Award Nomination ‘Ireti’ Golden Movie Awards Africa, Ghana 2016
Best Program Director Nomination ‘Tinsel’ Nigerian Broadcast Media Awards(NBMA), Nigeria, 2014
Best TV Drama Nomination ‘New Horizons’ Nigerian Broadcast Media Awards(NBMA), Nigeria, 2014
Best Director Nomination ‘Journey To Self’ Nigerian Entertainment Awards(NEA), New York, USA 2014
Best Short Film ‘New Horizons’ Best Of Nollywood Awards(BON),Nigeria, 2014
Best Director nomination ‘Journey To self’ Zulu African Academy Awards(ZAFAA), London, UK, 2013
Best Director nomination ‘Journey To Self’ Nollywood Movies Awards (NMA), Lagos, Nigeria, 2013
Best Movie nomination ‘Journey To Self’ Nollywood Movies Awards (NMA), Lagos, Nigeria, 2013
Best Short Film nomination ‘Till Death Do Us Part’ Nollywood Movies Awards (NMA), Lagos, Nigeria, 2013
Best Short Film Award nomination ‘The Young Smoker’ Africa Movie Academy Awards, Lagos, Nigeria, 2012
Outstanding Film in Directing nomination ’Till Death Do Us Part’ Abuja International Film Festival, Abuja, Nigeria, 2012
Best Short Film nomination ‘The Young Smoker’ Abuja International Film Festival, Abuja, Nigeria, 2012
Best Director nomination ‘The Young Smoker’ In-short film festival, Lagos, Nigeria, 2011
Best Film nomination ‘The Young Smoker’ In-short film festival, Lagos, Nigeria, 2011
Most Outstanding Short Film nomination ‘The Young Smoker’ TAVA (The Audi Visual Awards), Lagos, Nigeria, 2012
Most Outstanding Short Film nomination ’Till Death Do Us Part’ TAVA (The Audi Visual Awards), Lagos, Nigeria, 2012
|
8920 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyadh | Riyadh | Riyadh da ar-Riyāḍ, <small>Najdi itace babban birnin kasar Saudiya kuma garin dakeda mafi yawan al'ummah, fadin Kasar yakai kimanin kilomita 790 km (491 mi), tana nan ne a arewa maso gabashin Makkah. Kuma harwayau itace babban birnin Riyadh Province kuma tana cikin garuruwan tarihin Najd da Al-Yamama. taba nan ne a tsakiyar Arabian Peninsula akan wani babban plateau, yawan al'umman garin sunfi miliyan shida (6,000,000).
Ankasa birnin zuwa gundumomi 15, wanda shugaban birnin ke kula dasu, wato shugaban Riyadh da kuma hukumar cigaban birnin Riyadh, wanda gwamnan shine Faisal bin Bandar Al Saud. Shugaban ta na yanzu shine Ibrahim Mohammed Al-Sultan. Riyadh itama tana daga cikin biranen Duniya kyawawa.
Tarihi
Farkon Tarihi
Lokacin zamanin Jahiliyya birnin dayake a waccan lokaci a inda ake kira Riyadh ayanzu itace Hajr kuma an ruwaito cewar kabilar Banu Hanifa ne suka kafa ta. Hajr itace babban birnin yankin Al-Yamamah Wanda gwamnoninta sukeda hurimin gudanar da yawaicin tsakiya da gabashin Arabia Lokacin zamanin Umayyad da Abbasid. Al-Yamamah ta balle daga cikin Daular Abbasid a 866 sannan garin yafada ƙarƙashin mulkin Ukhaydhirites, Wanda suka canja birnin daga Hajr zuwa kusan da Al-Kharj. Daga nan garin yashiga cibaya na tsawon lokaci. A karni na 14th, matafiyin nan na Arewacin Afirka Ibn Battuta yayi rubutu akan ziyararsa zuwa Hajr, inda kuma ya bayyana ta da "Babban birnin Al-Yamamah, kuma sunan ta itace Hajr". Ibn Battuta ya cigaba da bayyana garin a matsayin birnin canals da itatuwa Wanda yawan al'ummah ta ke daga cikin Bani Hanifa, yace yacigaba da tafiya da Shugaban su har zuwa Makkah da yin aikin Hajji.
Daga baya, garin Hajr ya balle zuwa kananan gidaje da unguwanni, daga cikin shahararrunsu akwai Migrin (ko Muqrin) da Mi'kal, dukda sunan Hajr an cigaba da amfani dashi acikin wakokin mawakan garin. Abinda aka dogara dashi dangane da sunan Riyadh na farko yazone da jerin bukukuwa da aka ruwaito tun a karni na 17th a shekarar 1590. A 1737, Deham ibn Dawwas, Dan gudun hijira dake unguwan Manfuha, ya karbe ikon gudanarwar Riyadh. Ibn Dawwas ya Gina Katanga daya data zagaye the various oasis town in the area, Wanda tazamar dasu cikekken gari dunkulalliya. Sunan "Riyadh," dake nufin "gardens" refers to these earlier oasis towns.
Kasar Saudiya ta Uku
A 1744, Muhammad ibn Abdel Wahhab yayi hadaka da Muhammad ibn Saud, Shugaban garin dake kusa Diriyah. Ibn Saud ya shirya kwace sauran yankin da burin shigo da ita karkashin mulkin kasar musulunci daya. Ibn Dawwas na Riyadh led the most determined resistance, da hadin gwiwa da mayaka daga Al Kharj, Al Ahsa, da kuma Banu Yam clan of Najran. However, Ibn Dawwas fled and Riyadh capitulated to the Saudiya a 1774, Wanda yakawo karshen dogon Lokacin da akai tayi, kuma yakaiga kaddamar da First Saudi State, tareda Diriyah a matsayin babban birni.
First Saudi State an lalata ta daga sojojin da Muhammad Ali of Egypt ya turo, kuma sunyi hakan ne karkashin Ottoman Empire. Mayakan Ottoman razed the Saudi capital Diriyah in 1818. They had maintained a garrison at Najd. This marked the decline of the House of Saud for a short time.(sfn|Farsy|1990|p=14) Turki bin Abdullah bin Muhammad became the first Amir of the Second Saudi State; the cousin of Saud bin Saud, he ruled for 19 years till 1834, leading to the consolidation of the area though they were notionally under the control of the Muhammad Ali, the Viceroy of Egypt.(sfn|Farsy|1990|p=14) In 1823, Turki ibn Abdallah chose Riyadh as the new capital. Following the assassination of Turki in 1834, his eldest son Faisal killed the assassin and took control, and refused to be controlled by the Viceroy of Egypt. Najd was then invaded and Faisal taken captive and held in Cairo. However, as Egypt became independent of the Ottoman Empire, Faisal escaped after five years of incarceration, returned to Najd and resumed his reign, ruled till 1865, and consolidated the reign of House of Saud.(sfn|Farsy|1990|p=14)
Following the death of Faisal, there was rivalry among his sons which situation was exploited by Muhammad bin Rashid who took most of Najd, signed a treaty with the Ottomans and also captured Hasa in 1871. In 1889, Abdul Rahman bin Faisal, the third son of Faisal again regained control over Najd and ruled till 1891, whereafter the control was regained by Muhammad bin Raschid.(sfn|Farsy|1990|p=14)
Internecine struggles between Turki's grandsons led to the fall of the Second Saudi State in 1891 at the hand of the rival Al Rashid clan, which ruled from the northern city of Ha'il. The al-Masmak fort dates from that period.
Abdul Rahman bin Faisal al-Saud had sought refuge among a tribal community on the outskirts of Najd and then went to Kuwait with his family and stayed in exile. However, his son Abdul Aziz retrieved his ancestral kingdom of Najd in 1902 and consolidated his rule by 1926, and further expanded his kingdom to cover "most of the Arabian Peninsula."(sfn|Farsy|1990|p=15) He named his kingdom as Saudi Arabia in September 1932(sfn|Farsy|1990|p=15) with Riyadh as the capital.(sfn|Facey|1992|p=271) King Abdul Aziz died in 1953 and his son Saud took control as per the established succession rule of father to son from the time Muhammad bin Saud had established the Saud rule in 1744. However, this established line of succession was broken when King Saud was succeeded by his brother King Faisal in 1964. In 1975, Faisal was succeeded by his brother King Khalid. In 1982, King Fahd took the reins from his brother. This new line of succession is among the sons of King Abdul Aziz who has 35 sons; this large family of Ibn Saud hold all key positions in the large kingdom.(sfn|Farsy|1990|p=15)
Tarihi na Zamani
daga 1940s, Riyadh "mushroomed" daga wani karamin gari da aka wasar dashi zuwa wani ishashen metropolis. sanda sarkin Shah Saud ya hau mulki, ya mayar da kudurinsa canja fasalin Riyadh zuwa tazamani, kuma yafara cigaban Annasriyyah, cibiyar fadar sarautar garin, a 1950. biyo bayan misalai kamar birnin American, sabbin garuruwan dake dukkanin unguwan nin anyi sune samfarin grid-like squares of a chess board kuma aka sadar dasu da manyan hanyoyi da suka shiga zuwa cikin garin. Samfarin na grid pattern a birnin an shigo dashi a 1953. Karin yawan al'ummah garin yacigaba da karuwa daga 1974-1992 averaged 8.2 percent a duk shekara.
Tun a 1990s, ansamu jerin terrorist attacks akan YAN garin da baki da kuma samun zanga-zanga akan gidan masarautar garin. A 13 November 1995, wani bam a mota daya tashi a wajen wani aji na Saudi National Guard yakashe mutane shida, tareda jikkata mutum sama da 60. A 12 May 2003, mutum 34 sun mutu a series of suicide attacks harin da akakai kan YAN Amurika. A 8 November 2003, a suicide truck bomb attack in the Muhiya residential area with Saudis and Arab foreigners was responsible for killing 18 and injuring 122 people. Al-Qaeda has claimed responsibility for the attacks. On 23 June 2006, Saudi security forces stormed a suspected hideout of al-Qaeda in the neighborhood of al-Nakhil; a bloody battle ensued during which six extremists and a policeman were killed. The current mayor of Riyadh is Ibrahim Mohammed Al Sultan, an experienced transport official. He was appointed mayor in 2015.
Riyadh has the largest all-female university in the world, the Princess Nora bint Abdul Rahman University.
Riyadh is now the administrative and to a great extent the commercial hub of the Kingdom. According to the Saudi Real Estate Companion, most large companies in the country establish either sole headquarters or a large office in the city. For this reason, there has been a significant growth in high rise developments in all areas of the city. Most notable among these is King Abdullah Financial District which is fast becoming the key business hub in the city.
According to the Global Financial Centres Index, Riyadh ranked at 77 in 2016-2017. Though the rank moved up to 69 in 2018, diversification in the economy of the capital is required in order to avoid what the World Bank called a "looming poverty crisis" brought on by lingering low oil prices and rich state benefits.
Since 2017, Riyadh has been the target of missiles from Yemen. In March 2018, one person died as a result of a missile attack. The number of missiles which targeted Riyadh are a small portion of the dozens of missiles fired from Yemen at Saudi Arabia due to the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen. In April 2018, heavy gunfire was heard in Khozama; this led to rumors of a coup attempt.
Anazarci Biranen |
18474 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunnukara | Kunnukara | Kunnukara ya kasan ce dai wani gari ne na kidaya kuma panchayat a cikin Paravur Taluk na gundumar Ernakulam, Kerala, India. Villageauyen yana kan hanyar Filin jirgin sama wanda ya haɗa Arewa Paravur NH66 da Nedumbassery NH544 North Paravur shine gari mafi kusa, 7 km daga wannan ƙauyen Aluva (10 km) da Angamaly (12 km) suma suna kusa da Kunnukara. Babban hedkwatarta yana cikin Garin Kunnukara kanta. Mini Civil Station yana da asibitoci hudu, duk Gwamnati. ofisoshi, manyan kantunan Khadi Unit da dai sauransu.
Bayanin Lantarki Sannan kuma Sunan Kunnukara an yi imanin ɗaukarsa a matsayin ƙasar tuddai.
Tarihi Kunnukara panchayat ya kasance wani ɓangare ne na ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwar Ayroor a Alengad taluk, daga baya Alengad ya haɗu da N.Paravur kuma Kunnukara ya zama panchayat. Wannan wurin yana ƙarƙashin Mulkin Cochin Yayin mamayewar Mysorean na Kerala, Tipu Sultan ya bi ta Manjaly ta hanyar Kunnukara.
Labarin kasa Kunnukara na ɗaya daga cikin mafi sauƙi don tafiya zuwa tsakiyar garin Kochi ba tare da zirga-zirga ba. Kunnukara yana kewaye da kogin Periyar a kudu, kogin Chalakudy a arewa da kuma Manjaly Canal a tsakiya da yamma, Kunnukara shine bangaren Kerala da ke baya Yankunan da ke kewayen su ne Chengamand panchayat a gabas, gundumar Thrissur Kuzhur panchayat a Arewa, Puthenvelikkara panchayat a yamma da Karumallore panchayat a kudu. Ana daukar Kunnukara a matsayin hatsin shinkafar Paravur. Babban tushen samun kudin shiga a cikin panchayat ya fito ne daga noma. Daban-daban na namo suna can a cikin panchayat. Ginin tubali babban masana'antu ne a cikin panchayat.
Gudanar da Jama'a Kunnukara na Parakkadav block panchayat ne. Waɗannan su ne unguwanni ko wurare a Kunnukara: Aduvassery, Kuttipuzha, Chalakka, Ayroor, Vayalkkara, Kuthiathode.
Sufuri Akwai motocin safa da yawa da ke wucewa ta Kunnukara. Ana samun sabis ɗin jirgin daga sassa daban-daban na Kunnukara don isa wurare kusa kamar Karumalloor, Kuzhur Gwamnati na shirin gabatar da sabis na ruwa a cikin ruwa ta hanyar Periyar, ta ratsa Kunnukara.
Filin jirgin kasa mafi kusa Tashar Railway ta Aluva
Tashar Railway ta Angamaly
Tashar Jirgin Ruwa ta Chowwara
Filin jirgin sama mafi kusa Filin jirgin saman Cochin na kasa da kasa
Cibiyoyin Jama'a MES Kwalejin Injiniya da Fasaha, Kunnukara
Sree Narayana Cibiyar Kimiyyar Kiwon Lafiya (SNIMS), Chalakka, Kunnukara
Ryan International makaranta
MES makarantar sakandare
Saraswathy Vidyanikethan makarantar sakandare
Mai jarida Local Cable Network shine Den Networks Elgee Vision.
Otal Hall Babban dakin taro na Ahana, Kunnukara
Sree Narayana Guru Babban Taron, Vayalkara
Abubuwan Haɓaka Tsarin Gaggawa na Kwanan nan Sabbin gadoji guda biyu wato Thadikkakadavu Bridge da Purappilikavu Regulator Bridge sun kasance manyan nasarori a cikin kwanan nan don Kunnukara Panchayath. Wadannan gadoji an saita su ne don rage lokacin tafiya na matafiya zuwa Aluva.
Wuraren Ibada
Manyan Coci-coci a Kunnukara Cocin Katolika na Ayroor St. Anthony (estd. 1928)
Cocin Roman Katolika na Kuttipuzha St. Sebastian
Cocin Kuthiathode St. Francis
Kuthiathode St. Thomas Old Church (1301)
Kuthiathode St. George Chapel
Kunnukara-Kuttipuzha Chapel
Arewa Aduvassery Chapel
Manyan Gidaje a Kunnukara Haikali na Durga Bhagavathy, Ayroor
Aduvassery Vasudevapuram haikalin
Kalarikkal Bhagavathy Kshetram, Vayalkara
Navalloor Shiva Kshetram, Kuttipuzha
Sree Koottala Bhagavathy Kshethram, Kunnukara. Sree Shastha Kshethram, Kunnukara.
Haikalin Kovat Bhagavathy, Kuttipuzha
Thiruvambadi Manikyathrikovil Kshetram, Kunnukara.
Akathoott Devi Kshethram, Kuttipuzha
Akathoot krishna kshethram, Kuttipuzh a
Mankkal krishna kshethram, Kuttipuzha
Haikalin Uzhathukavu Bhagavathi, N.Aduvasserry
Ayroor Pisharikkal Sree Durga Haikali
Sree Parthasaradhy Kshetram, Attupuram
Thellathuruthu-Chalakka Kaduvakavu Bhagavathy Kshethram
Masallatai Masallacin Juma'a na Kunnukara
Masallacin Aduvassery, Thadikkal Kadavu
Masallacin Juma'a na Vayalkara
Vayalkara West Ihyaul Islam Masallacin Juma'a
Masallacin Juma'a na Chalakkal
Makaranta Christ Raj High School, Kunnukara
St. Thomas Babban Sakandare Ayroor
Saraswathi Vidyaniketan, Vayalkara
MES makarantar jama'a, Kunnukara
Ryan International Makaranta
JBS Kunnukara, Kuttipuzha
Makarantar St. Francis LP, Kuttipuzha
St. Arnold Residential CBSE School, N.Aduvassery
Makarantar St.Joseph LP Ayroor
St. Antony's LP School Ayroor
Makarantar LP ta Govt vayalkara
Ryan International School, Kunnukara
Duba kuma Paravur Taluk
Kochi
Gundumar Ernakulam
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21660 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karamokho%20Alfa | Karamokho Alfa | Ibrahima Musa Sambeghu wanda aka sani da Karamokho Alfa ko Alfa Ibrahim (ya mutu a shekara ta 1751) ya kasance shugaban addinin Fula wanda ya jagoranci jihadi wanda ya samar da imamancin Futa Jallon a cikin yankin da ake kira Guinea yanzu. Wannan shine farkon farkon jihadin Fulbe wanda ya kafa jihohin musulmai a Afirka ta Yamma. Alfa Ba, mahaifin Karamoko Alfa, ya kafa gamayyar kungiyoyin Musulmi na Fulbe kuma ya yi kira da a yi jihadi a shekarar 1725, amma ya mutu kafin fara gwagwarmayar. An kaddamar da jihadin ne a wajajen shekarar 1726-1727. Bayan gagarumar nasara, kammala nasara a Talansan, an kafa jihar a taron tara malamai na Fulbe waɗanda kowannensu ke wakiltar ɗayan lardunan Futa Jallon. Ibrahima Sambeghu, wanda ya zama sananne da Karamokho Alfa, shi ne magajin garin Timbo kuma ɗayan malami tara ne. An zabe shi shugaban jihadi. A karkashin jagorancin sa, Futa Jallon ya zama kasar musulmai ta farko da kungiyar Fulbe ta kafa. Duk da wannan, sauran ulama takwas sun takura wa Karamokho Alfa. Wasu daga cikin sauran Malamai suna da iko fiye da Karamokho Alfa, wanda kai tsaye ya mulki kawai nadin Timbo; saboda wannan dalilin sabuwar jihar koyaushe kungiyar hadin kai ce. Karamoko Alfa ya yi mulkin mulkin mallaka har zuwa shekarar 1748, lokacin da yawan ibadarsa ya sa shi ya zama mai rashin hankali kuma an zaɓi Sori a matsayin de a zahiri shugaba. Karamokho Alfa ya mutu a wajajen 1751 kuma Ibrahim Sori, dan uwansa ne ya gaje shi a hukumance.Abubuwan da ke ciki 1 Bayan Fage 2 Jihadi 3 Sarki 4 Gado 5 Duba kuma 6 Bayanan kula da nassoshi
Bayan Fage
Futa Jallon yanki ne mai tsauni inda kogunan Senegal da Gambiya suka hau biyu zuwa uku karni na goma sha biyar shanu sun mamaye manoman Susu da Yalunka. A wannan lokacin, makiyayan Fulbe sun fara kaura zuwa yankin, suna kiwo da dabbobinsu a plateaux. Da farko sun aminta da matsayi na lumana zuwa ga Susu da Yalunka. hudu Al’ummomin Fulbe da na Mandé sun yi cakuduwa da juna har zuwa wani lokaci, kuma wanda ya fi zama a cikin Fulbe din ya zo ya yi wa ‘yan uwansu makiyaya kallon raini. biyar Turawa sun fara kafa ofisoshin kasuwanci a gefen tekun Guinea na sama a cikin karni na goma sha bakwai, suna ƙarfafa haɓakar fata da fata da bayi. Makiyayan Fulbe sun fadada garkensu domin biyan bukatar fata. Sun fara gasa ƙasa tare da masu noma, kuma suka zama masu sha'awar cinikin bayi mai riba. hudu Abokan kasuwancinsu musulmai sun kara rinjayi su shida A cikin rubu'in karshe na karni na goma sha bakwai mai ra'ayin kawo sauyi na Zawāyā Nasir al-Din ya ƙaddamar da jihadi don dawo da tsabtar kiyaye addini a yankin Futa Toro zuwa arewa. Ya sami goyon baya daga dangin malamai na Torodbe a kan mayaƙan, amma a shekarar 1677 an ci nasara da motsi. shida Wasu daga cikin Torodbe sun yi hijira kudu zuwa Bundu wasu kuma sun ci gaba zuwa Futa Jallon. bakwai Torodbe, dangin Fulbe na Futa Jallon, sun tasirantu da su zuwa ga rungumar wani nau'in addinin Islama mafi tsattsauran ra'ayi.
Jihadi
Karamokho Alfa yana cikin GuineaKaramokho Alfa Karamokho Alfa babban birnin Timbo a cikin Guinea ta zamani. An kaddamar da jihadi a wajajen shekarar 1726 ko shekarar 1727.Wannan motsi ya kasance da farko na addini, kuma shugabanninsa sun hada da Mandé da Fulbe marabouts.Jihadin ya kuma jawo hankalin wasu Fulbe wadanda ba Musulmi ba, wadanda suka danganta shi ba kawai ga Musulunci ba amma tare da 'yancin Fulbe daga yin biyayya ga mutanen Mandé. Wasu Fulbe wadanda ba musulmi ba da shugabannin Yalunka wadanda ba musulmi ba sun yi adawa da shi
A bisa ga al'adar, Ibrahim Sori ya fara yakin ne a shekarar 1727 ta hanyar lalata takobin da Yalunka yake yi da takobinsa.Daga nan sai masu jihadi suka sami babbar nasara a Talansan.Rukunin musulmai sun ci karfin wanda ba musulmi ba sau goma, suka kashe da yawa daga masu adawa da su.Bayan wannan nasarar an kafa jihar a taron malamai na Fulbe tara wadanda kowannensu ke wakiltar daya daga cikin lardunan Futa Jallon.Ibrahima Sambeghu, wanda ya zama sananne da Karamokho Alfa, ba shi ne magajin garin Timbo kuma ɗayan malami tara ne. An zabe shi a matsayin shugaban jihadi.Ya dauki lakabin almami, ko kuma "imami". Karkashin jagorancinsa Futa Jallon ya zama kasar Musulmi ta farko da kungiyar Fulbe ta kafa.
Karamoko Alfa ya yi mulkin mulkin mallaka har zuwa shekarar 1748, lokacin da yawan ibadarsa ya sa shi ya zama mai rashin hankali kuma an zaɓi Sori a matsayin de a zahiri shugaba. Karamokho Alfa ya mutu a kusan shekarar 1751 kuma Ibrahim Sori, dan uwansa ne ya gaje shi a hukumance.
Sarauta
Sauran Ulama takwas ne suka takura wa Karamokho Alfa, kowannensu yana mulkin lardinsa, ko diwal. Tsarin sabuwar jihar Fulbe yana da almami a kanta, Karamokho Alfa shi ne na farko, tare da siyasarsa babban birni a Timbo. Koyaya, wasu daga cikin sauran Malaman sunada karfi fiye da Karamokho Alfa, wanda kai tsaye ya mulki kawai narkar da Timbo. Babban birnin addini ya kasance a Fugumba, inda majalisar mashawarta ta zauna. Majalisar tayi aiki a matsayin karfinta na karfin almami, kuma ulama ta rike ikon cin gashin kanta da yawa, saboda haka sabuwar jihar koyaushe ta kasance tarayyar da take kwance. Karamokho Alfa ya shahara da karantarwar addinin Islama da tsoron Allah. Ya girmama haƙƙin tsofaffin "masanan ƙasa", yana mai cewa "Allah ne ya kafa su." Duk da wannan hukuncin, limamai sun tanadi damar sake sanya filaye, tunda sun rike ta amana ne ga mutane. A zahiri wadanda suka mallaki kadarorin ba a raba su da muhallansu ba, amma yanzu sun bayar da Zakka a matsayin kudin haya. Karamoko Alfa ya mulki kasar ta tsarin mulki har zuwa 1748, lokacin da yawan ibadarsa ta sa shi ya kasance cikin rashin nutsuwa da tunani kuma aka zabi Sori a matsayin shugaba na zahiri.
Legacy
Karamokho Alfa ya mutu a wajajen 1751 kuma Ibrahim Sori, dan uwansa ne ya gaje shi a hukumance. An zabi Ibrahim Sori Mawdo bayan gazawar Alfa Saliu, dan Karamoko Alfa, wanda ya yi karami sosai.Ibrahim Sori babban kwamandan sojoji ne wanda ya fara jerin yaƙe-yaƙe. Bayan shekaru da yawa na rikici, Ibrahim Sori ya sami gagarumar nasara a shekarar 1776 wanda ya karfafa ikon kasar Fulbe. Jihadi ya cimma burinta kuma Ibrahim Sori ya zama almami. A ƙarƙashin Ibrahima Sori an sayar da bayi don samun kayan yaƙi da ake buƙata don yaƙe-yaƙe. Wannan an dauke shi karbabbe matukar dai bayi ba musulmai ba ne. Jihadin ya samar da wadatattun bayi daga al’ummomin da suka sha kashi wanda watakila ya samar da dalilin ci gaba da yakoki. Ajin mulki na Fulbe ya zama masu wadata bayi da kuma dillalan bayi. An kafa kauyukan bayi, wadanda mazaunansu ke ba da abinci ga iyayen gidansu na Fulba don cinyewa ko sayarwa. Ya zuwa shekarar 2013 Fulbe sun kasance mafi yawan kabilu a Guinea da kashi 40% na yawan jama'a, bayan Malinke (30%) da Susu (20%).Jihadi a Futa Jallon ya biyo bayan jihadi a Futa Toro tsakanin 1769 da 1776 wanda Sileymaani Baal ya jagoranta. Wanda ya fi girma a cikin jihadin Fulani ya kasance karkashin jagorancin malamin nan Usman dan Fodio kuma ya kafa Khalifanci na Sakkwato a cikin 1808, ya fadada zuwa inda yake a yanzu arewacin Najeriya. An kafa kasar Masina ta Fulbe a kudancin Timbuktu a 1818. [Yara a ƙauyen Doucky da ke Futa Jallon a cikin 2005
Karamokho Alfa ya zama ana tunaninsa a matsayin waliyi. An ba da labari game da mu'ujiza da ta faru fiye da shekaru ɗari bayan mutuwarsa. Shugaban Ouassoulounké, Kondé Buraima, ya buɗe kabarin Karamokho Alfa ya yanke hannun hagu na gawar. Jini ya zubo daga yanke wuyan hannu, wanda ya sa Kondé Buraima ya gudu da tsoro.
Duba kuma
Bayanan kula da nassoshi: BAn ba Ibrahima Sambeghu sunan "Karamokho Alfa" a matsayin shi na babba. "Karamokho" na nufin malami a cikin yaren Mandinka kuma "Alfa" na nufin malami a cikin yaren Fula. Shugabannin Fulbe diwe sun yi amfani da taken "Alfa", ko "malami". Karamokho Alfa shine Alfa na Timbo Diwal. Lardunan su ne Labé, Buriya, Timbi, Kebaali, Kollade, Koyin, Fugumba da Fode Haaji. Kakanin Ibrahima Sambeghu Mamadou Moktar Bari yana da 'ya'ya maza biyu. Fode Seri shi ne kakannin Seriyanke na Fougumba, Fode Seidi shi ne kakan Seidiyanke na Timbo. Jikan Fode Seidi Alfa Kikala shi ne kakan Almami Sory da Karamoko Alfa
Bayani: Isichei 1997, p. 301. Ruthven 2006, shafi na. 264. Haggett 2002, shafi na. 2316. Grey 1975, shafi na. 207. Willis 1979, shafi na. 25. Grey 1975, shafi na. 205. Grey 1975, shafi na. 206. Ndukwe 1996, p. 48. Amanat Bernhardsson 2002, p. 244. Ogot 1992, p. 289. Grey 1975, shafi na. 208. Alford 1977, shafi na. 4. Adam 1988, p. 244. Rashedi 2009, p. 38. Ogot 1992, p. 291. Agusta 2010, p. 346. Holt, Lambton Lewis 1977, p. 365. Lapidus 2002, shafi na. 418. Gomez 2002, shafi na. 72. Ogot 1992, p. 292. BA NA. Kwamitin Al'adu 1999, p. 331. Grey 1975, shafi na. 209. Willis 1979, shafi na. 28. Derman Derman 1973, p. 20. Harrison 2003, p. 68. Thornton 1998, p. 315-316. AFRIKA GUINEA CIA. Stanton et al. 2012, shafi. 148. Sanneh 1997, p
Majiya:Adamu, Mahadi (1988-11-01). Makiyaya na Savanna Afirka ta Yamma. Jami'ar Jami'ar Manchester. ISBN 978-0-7190-2248-7. An dawo da 2013-02-11."AFRIKA GUINEA". CIA. An dawo da 2013-02-10.Alford, Terry (1977). Yarima Cikin Bayi. Jami'ar Oxford ta Latsa. shafi na. 4. ISBN 978-0-19-504223-8. An dawo da 2013-02-10.Amanat, Abbas; Bernhardsson, Magnus T. (2002-02-09). Tunanin Endarshen: Wahayin wahayi daga Tsohon Gabas ta Tsakiya zuwa Amurka ta zamani. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-1-86064-724-6. An dawo da 2013-02-10.
Derman, William; Derman, Louise (1973). Ma'aikatan Serfs Socialst. Jami'ar California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-01728-3. An dawo da 2013-02-10.Gomez, Michael A. (2002-07-04). Pragmatism a cikin Zamanin Jihad: Preasar Mulkin Bundu. Jami'ar Jami'ar Cambridge. ISBN 978-0-521-52847-4. An dawo da 2013-02-10.Gray, Richard (1975-09-18). Tarihin Cambridge na Afirka. Jami'ar Jami'ar Cambridge. ISBN 978-0-521-20413-2. An dawo da 2013-02-10.Haggett, Bitrus (2002). Encyclopedia na Duniyar Duniya. Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 978-0-7614-7306-0. An dawo da 2013-03-04.
Harrison, Christopher (2003-09-18). Faransa da Islama a Afirka ta Yamma, 1860-1960. Jami'ar Jami'ar Cambridge. shafi na. 68. ISBN 978-0-521-54112-1. An dawo da 2013-02-10.
Holt, P. M.; Lambton, Ann K. S.; Lewis, Bernard (1977-04-21). Tarihin Cambridge na Islama Jami'ar Jami'ar Cambridge. ISBN 978-0-521-29137-8. An dawo da 2013-02-10.Isichei, Elizabeth (1997-04-13). Tarihin Soungiyoyin Afirka har zuwa 1870. Cambridge University Press. shafi na. 301. ISBN 978-0-521-45599-2. An dawo da 2013-02-10.Lapidus, Ira M. (2002-08-22). Tarihin Soungiyoyin Islama. Jami'ar Jami'ar Cambridge. shafi na. 418. ISBN 978-0-521-77933-3. An dawo da 2013-02-10.
Ndukwe, Pat I. (1996). Fulani. Rosungiyar enabi'ar Rosen. shafi na. 48. ISBN 978-0-8239-1982-6. An dawo da 2013-02-10
Ogot, Betwell Allan (2010). História Geral da África Vol. V África do século XVI ao XVIII. UNESCO. shafi na. 346. ISBN 978-85-7652-127-3. An dawo da 2013-02-10.
Rashedi, Khorram (Janairu 2009). Histoire du Fouta-Djallon. Harmattan. shafi na. 38. ISBN 978-2-296-21852-9. An dawo da 2013-02-11.
Ruthven, Malise (2006-02-24). Musulunci a Duniya. Jami'ar Oxford ta Latsa. ISBN 978-0-19-977039-7. An dawo da 2013-02-10.
Sanneh, Lamin O. (1997). Kambi da rawani: Musulmai da Yammacin Afirka da yawa. Littattafai na asali. ISBN 978-0-8133-3058-7. An dawo da 2013-02-10.
Stanton, Andrea L.; Ramsamy, Edward; Seybolt, Peter J.; Elliott, Carolyn M. (2012-01-05). Al'adu na Zamani na Gabas ta Tsakiya, Asiya, da Afirka: An Encyclopedia. SAGE. ISBN 978-1-4129-8176-7. An dawo da 2013-02-10.
Thornton, John (1998-04-28). Afirka da 'yan Afirka a cikin Yin duniyar Atlantic, 1400-1800. Jami'ar Jami'ar Cambridge. ISBN 978-0-521-62724-5. An dawo da 2013-02-10.
Al'adun UN Comité de (1999-01-01). Histoire générale de l'Afrique.: Juzu'i na V, L'Afrique du XVIe au XVIIIe siècle. UNESCO. ISBN 978-92-3-201711-6. An dawo da 2013-02-10.
Willis, John Ralph (1979). Nazarin Tarihin Musulunci na Afirka ta Yamma. Cass. ISBN 978-0-7146-1737-4. An dawo da 2013-02-10.
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30043 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%98washe%20sharar%20gida%20a%20New%20Zealand | Ƙwashe sharar gida a New Zealand | Gudanar da sharar gida a New Zealand, ya zama mafi tsari dan rage abubuwan da ke tattare da muhalli. Dangane da bayanan OECD, New Zealand ita ce ƙasa ta uku mafi ɓarna a cikin OECD.
Tarihi Har zuwa kwanan nan, an kwashe sharar gida a cikin jujjuyawar gida ba tare da sanin inda aka ajiye su ba. Sau da yawa juji suna kusa da hanyoyin ruwa. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan an ƙarfafa wuraren da ake zubar da juji kuma yanzu an gina su a matsayin wuraren tsabtace muhalli don hana zubar da abin cikin cikin ruwa. Tashoshin canja wuri, musamman a cikin birane, suna aiki ne a matsayin wurin da ake tarawa a cikin gida inda ake tattara sharar kafin a kai su zuwa wurin zubar da ƙasa mafi kusa.
A cikin shekarata 2007 Binciken Ayyukan Muhalli na OECD don sharar gida ya ba da shawarwari masu zuwa: haɓaka ƙa'idodin ƙasa don sarrafa datti masu haɗari
fadadawa da haɓaka wuraren sharar gida da zubar da shara
ƙara goyon bayan tsari don farfadowa ko sake amfani da su
fayyace tsare-tsare na alhaki don gyara wuraren da suka gurbata
Mass Ana samar da kimanin tan miliyan 1.6 a kowace shekara daga masana'antar gine-gine da rugujewa wanda ke wakiltar kashi 50% na jimillar sharar gida.
Christchurch Adadin sharar gida daga tarin kerbside ya kusan tan 40,000 amma an ragu bayan bullo da sake amfani da kerbside da raguwar adadin jakunkunan shara kyauta. A cikin shekarata 2009 Majalisar ta gabatar da kwalabe na wheelie mai lita 140 don tarin kerbside bayan haka adadin sharar ya fara tashi.
Nau'ukan
Robobin noma Noma yana daya daga cikin manyan sassan tattalin arziki a ƙasar New Zealand kuma saboda haka ana samar da adadi mai yawa na sharar gida dangane da sauran masana'antu. To Amman Ana gudanar da tattara kwantena masu dauke da sinadarai na noma a wasu yankuna. An haramta kona sharar robobi a shekarun baya bayan nan saboda fitar da gurbatacciyar iska.
Sharar gida
Sharar gida Sharar ta hanyar lantarki wani yanki ne na karuwa a cikin sharar kuma Ma'aikatar Muhalli tana binciken hanyoyin magance shi. EDay na shekara-shekara, wanda ya fara daga gwaji a shekarata 2006, ana amfani da shi azaman hanyar tattara sharar lantarki don sake amfani ko sake amfani da su.
Sharar abinci Ba a san jimillar adadin abincin da aka zubar a New Zealand ba. An gudanar da bincike a cikin shekarar 2014 game da sharar abinci, wanda gidaje ke samarwa, wanda aka zubar da shi ta hanyar tara shara. Binciken ya gano cewa tan 229,022 na abinci ana aika gida ne a duk shekara. Daga cikin wannan kusan kashi 50% ko tan 122,547 sharar abinci ce da za a iya kaucewa. Kudin sharar abinci na gida da za'a iya kaucewa zubar da shi a cikin shekarun 2014/2105 ya kai dala miliyan 872. Cikakken rahoto da ake samu akan gidan yanar gizon WasteMINZ yana ba da ƙarin bayani game da sharar abinci na gida. Babu wani bincike da aka gudanar ya zuwa yau game da sharar abinci na kasuwanci ko sarkar samar da kayayyaki.
Rage sharar gida A shekara ta 1996 biranen New Zealand na Auckland, Waitakere, North Shore da Lower Hutt sun sami akwatunan sake amfani da kerbside A cikin New Plymouth, Wanganui da Upper Hutt an tattara kayan da za a sake yin amfani da su idan an sanya su cikin jakunkuna masu dacewa. A shekara ta 2007 73% na New Zealanders sun sami damar sake amfani da kerbside. Majalisar gundumar Mackenzie da Majalisar gundumar Timaru ne ke gudanar da tarin sharar kwayoyin Kerbside. Majalisar birnin Christchurch ta bullo da tsarin tattara shara a matsayin wani bangare na sake amfani da kerbside. Wasu majalisu suna gudanar da gwaji.
Sharar gida don ƙonewa makamashi Kwanan nan, an sami karuwar sha'awar sharar-zuwa-makamashi, inda sharar ke zama makamashi don amfani da al'umma. Duk da haka, bincike ya gano cewa wannan hanya za ta iya haifar da ƙarin al'amurran da suka shafi muhalli, tare da kimanin ton 1.2 na CO 2 da aka samar ga kowane tonne na sharar gida. Mai binciken gurbataccen robobi Trisia Farrelly ya ba da shawarar cewa wannan wata dabara ce mai ɓatacciya wacce "take lalata albarkatu masu kima da kuma ci gaba da yin sharar gida".
Dokokin sharar gida New Zealand ta kasance mai rattaba hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa don Kariya da Gurbacewar Ruwa Daga Jiragen Ruwa, a shekarata 1973 kamar yadda Yarjejeniyar a shekarar 1978 ta gyara, wanda akafi sani da MARPOL Jam'iyyar Green Party ta gabatar da Dokar Rana Sharar Sharar gida a cikin shekarata 2006. Ya zama doka a cikin shekarar 2008 azaman Dokar Rage Sharar gida Manyan tanade-tanaden dokar sun hada da: haraji kan sharar shara, inganta tsare-tsare na kula da kayayyaki, wasu bayanan sharar da suka wajaba, da fayyace rawar da hukumomin yankin ke takawa dangane da rage sharar, da kafa hukumar ba da shawara ga sharar gida.
Sharar gida (sharar gida) Adadin wuraren zubar da shara a New Zealand yana raguwa. A cikin shekarata 1995 akwai 327 da 115 a cikin shekarar 2002 tare da ƙididdiga na baya-bayan nan da ke sanya adadin a ƙasa da 100. Fitattun wuraren zubar da shara suna nan a:
Redvale, Albany
Whitford, Auckland
Hampton Downs, Yankin Waikato an buɗe 2005, Kate Valley, Canterbury
Green Island, Dunedin
Duba wasu abubuwan Muhalli na New Zealand
Litter a New Zealand
Gudanar da sharar gida
Manazarta
Ci gaba da karatu
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Shafi na sharar gida a ma'aikatar muhalli
WasteMINZ Cibiyar Kula da Sharar New Zealand
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
61600 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garba%20Ibrahim%20Muhammad | Garba Ibrahim Muhammad | Garba Ibrahim Muhammad: wanda aka fi sani da Garba Ɗiso (Ɗan Kano ne kuma ƙwararren injiniya ne a Nijeriya) An haife shi a ranar 12 ga watan Yuni, A shekara ta alif ɗari tara da hamsin da takwas, 1958A.c miladiya. Shine shugaban kwamitin tsaro na cikin Majalisar Wakilan Nijeriya a yanzu. Shi ɗan jam’iyyar New Nigerian people Party (NNPP) ne mai wakiltar ƙaramar Hukumar Gwale a Jihar Kano a majalisar Wakilai ta tarayyar Nijeriya. Kuma Aƙidar sa a siyasa ita ce Kwankwasiyya.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifeshi ne a ranar 12 ga watan Yuni 1958 a cikin garin Kano. A karo Na farko an Zaɓi Hon. Garba a matsayin ɗan majalisar mai wakiltar ƙaramar hukumar Gwale a jihar Kano, A Jam'iyyar APC a shekara ta 2015-2019. An ƙara zaɓar sa karo na Biyu a shekarar 2023.
Garba Ɗiso yayi Firamare a makarantar Masallaci Special Primary school, A shekarar 1965 zuwa 1971, daga nan ya cigaba da karatun sa na sakandare a makarantar koyon fasaha da ƙirƙire-ƙirƙire wacce akafi sani da Government Technical College Wudil (G.T.C) Kano, a shekarar 1971 zuwa 1977, lokacin ana kiranta da Government Secondary Technical school (G.S.T.S) Wudil. Ya Tsallaka ƙasar Faransa Ya sami Diploma a fannin Yaren Faransanci, A Cibiyar Audiovisuel des Langues Modernes, Vichy, Faransa. Yayi Digirin sa na farko ne a fannin injiniyan motoci a Jami’ar Lycee Technique Nationalise, Saumur France a shekarar 1978 zuwa 1981, ya sami shaidar kammala B.T.S a makarantar Lycee Technique Du Hainaut Valenciennes France. A fannin Automobile Engineering/management wato Injiniyan Tsare-tsare na ƙirƙirar motoci a faɗin duniya, a shekarar alif 1984.
Ya gudanar da Bautar ƙasa (NYSC) ne a 1985 a kamfanin peugeot da ke garin Kaduna, Saboda kokarin sa suka ba shi aiki a matsayin me bada shawara a cikin kamfanin har tsawon shekara 7. Ya bar kaduna, A alif 1991 ya shiga kamfanin Steyr da ke garin Bauchi, ya riƙe muƙamin Shugaban cinikayya da Saye da siyasarwa na kamfanin tsawon shekara 7. Daga baya ya dawo gida kano don shirin shiga fagen siyasa a alif 1997.
Siyasa Mutum ne mai Himma da ƙwazo, bayan gwagwarmaya da aiki da yayi a sassa daban daban na jahohin Nijeriya, ya shiga siyasa kai tsaye bayan ya kammala karatunsa, a inda a shekarar 2011 zuwa 2012, an naɗa Garba Ɗiso a matsayin Kwamishinan kimiyya da Fasaha, daga baya yazama Kwamishina mai Kula da Ayyuka da Kimantawa a shekarar 2012 zuwa 2014, duka a ƙarƙashin Gwamnatin Injiniya Rabi'u Musa Kwankwaso. An fara zaɓar Garba Ibrahim Muhammad, a matsayin ɗan majalisa mai Wakiltar Ƙaramar hukumar Gwale ta jihar Kano Najeriya a ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar APC.
Inda ya zama zaɓaɓɓen ɗan majalisar wakilan a ƙarƙashin jam’iyyar ta APC a shekarar 2015-2019, a karo na biyu kuma a shekarar 2023 ya sake komawa kan kujerar sa ta majalisar a ƙarƙashin jam'iyar NNPP. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin Mabiya sahun gaba waɗanda suka goyi bayan Engr. Rabiu Musa Kwankwaso tun daga shekarar 1999.
Yana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan majalisar Wakilai ta tarayyar Nijeriya masu Jin yaruka daban-daban kama daga, Hausa, Turanci da kuma Faransanci.
Kawo yanzu ƙarƙashin jagorancin shugaban majalisar Wakilai ta tarayyar Nijeriya Tajudeen Abbas. An naɗa shi matsayin shugaban kwamitin tsaro na Majalisar a 2023.
Kwamitoci Shugaban: Nigeria-France
Parliamentary Friendship Group.
Mataimakin shugaban: Freedom of
Information (FOI)
Kwamitocin Majalisa Man fetur Harkokin cikin gida Public Procurement kimiyya da fasaha Harkokin Gidaje
Ƙarafa
SDG
Darajoji Medaille de la Francophanie ta Ofishin Jakadancin Faransanci na Ƙasashen waje a Najeriya, a cikin Maris 2015.
Knight of the French Order of the Academic Palms by the French Government in November 2015 Government, in November 2015.
Duba Kuma Eng. Rabi'u Musa Kwankwaso
Rt. Hon. Yakubu Dogara
Majalisar Najeriya
Manazarta Nijeriya
Kano
Gwamnatin Najeriya
Musulmi
Faransa
Injiniyoyin Najeriya
Haifaffun |
53390 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filsan%20Abdi | Filsan Abdi | Vy Filsan Abdullahi Ahmed (an haife shi a shekara ta 1992), kuma ana kiranta da Filsan Abdi, ɗan gwagwarmayar Habasha ne kuma ɗan siyasa daga yankin Somaliya Ita ce wacce ta kafa aikin Nabad da gidan talabijin na tauraron dan adam don inganta sadarwa da zaman lafiya a yankin Somaliya da tsakanin al'ummomin Somaliya da Oromo An kuma naɗa ta a matsayin ministar mata, yara da matasa ta Habasha a ranar 12 ga Maris din shekarar 2020, ta zama mafi karancin shekaru a majalisar ministocin Abiy Ahmed Filsan ta yi murabus daga majalisar ministocin a watan Satumbar shekarar 2021. A cikin Disamba 2021, ta bayyana wa jaridar Washington Post cewa ta yi murabus dangane da yadda Abiy ya tafiyar da yakin Tigray Yarantaka da ilimi An haifi Filsan Abdullahi a shekarar 1991/1992 (shekaru 31–32) in Dire Dawa Iyayenta sun fito ne daga Jigajiga babban birnin yankin Somali a kasar Habasha Mahaifiyar Filsan 'yar kasuwa ce kuma mahaifinta injiniyan mai wanda ya yi yawancin rayuwarsa a Saudiyya Filsan ta yi karatu kuma ta zauna a Addis Ababa inda ta sami digiri a fannin jagoranci da gudanarwa a jami'ar Unity, sannan ta wuce Ingila inda ta samu digiri a fannin kimiyyar sadarwa a jami'ar Hertfordshire Daga baya ta yi aiki a matsayin mai magana da harshe a Ingila na shekaru da yawa.
Aikin zaman lafiya/TV Filsan ta kirkiro aikin Nabad ("zaman lafiya") a matsayin martani ga tashe-tashen hankula a yankin Somaliya a watan Agustan 2018 wanda ya dabaibaye murabus din Abdi Mohamoud Omar, shugaban yankin Somaliya. Filsan ta ga Abdi a matsayin mai mulkin kama-karya. Aikin na Nabad, wanda ya shirya taron tattaunawa a Addis Ababa da Jigjiga, da nufin karfafa sadarwa tsakanin mazauna yankin Somaliya don "kwantar da duk wani rudani da rashin fahimta". A cikin hirar da ta yi da Addis Standard a shekarar 2019, Filsan ta bayyana al'ummar Somaliya da ke zaune a yankin Somaliya a matsayin masu son a karbe su a matsayin cikakkun 'yan kasar Habasha, kuma a nata ra'ayin, ba tare da kwazo da ra'ayin Babbar Somaliya ba. Aikin Nabad ya yi magana sosai da Qeerroos, gami da Jawar Mohammed, yayin da ya rage aikin mai zaman kansa. Daya daga cikin jigogin Nabad shi ne, a cewar Filsan, matasan Hego da Abdi suka yi makami ya kamata a ce an wanke kwakwale ne, ba wai makiya ba. Nabad ta shirya tarurrukan al'umma tare da Hegos. Wani jigon kuma shi ne tattaunawar Oromo da Somaliya a zaman wani bangare na tsarin warware rikici A matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin Nabad, Filsan ta ƙaddamar da gidan talabijin na tauraron dan adam ta ce, Nabad TV A watan Oktoban 2019, ita ce mace tilo da ke shugabantar gidan talabijin na tauraron dan adam a cewar BBC News A lokacin, gidan rediyon yana watsa shirye-shiryen sa'o'i shida a kowace rana cikin Somaliya Minista A farkon 2020, Filsan ta rike matsayin da gwamnatin tarayya ta Habasha ta ba jakadan fatan alheri Filsan ta zama Ministar Mata, Yara da Matasa ta Tarayyar Habasha a ranar 12 ga Maris 2020, ta maye gurbin Yalem Tsegaye, wacce ta kasance memba ta karshe ta Jam’iyyar Tigray People’s Liberation Front (TPLF) da aka cire daga majalisar Abiy Ahmed Filsan ta zama mafi karancin shekaru a majalisar ministoci Yakin Tigray A ranar 31 ga Janairu, 2021, a martanin da Debretsion Gebremichael ya yi game da cin zarafin jima'i a lokacin yaƙi a cikin jawabinsa game da Yaƙin Tigray, Filsan ya bayyana cewa gwamnatin tarayya "ba ta da manufar rashin haƙuri ga kowane nau'i na cin zarafin jima'i". Ma'aikatar, tare da Babban Mai Shari'a Adanech Abiebie da jami'an tsaro, sun kirkiro wata rundunar da za ta binciki wadanda aka yi hira da su, tattara bayanan likita da kuma taimakawa wadanda aka yi wa fyade a yakin Tigray, da suka isa Mekelle a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu. A ranar 11 ga Fabrairu, Filsan ta bayyana a bainar jama'a cewa rundunar ta "tabbatar [cewa] fyade [ya] ya faru gaba daya kuma ba tare da shakka ba". A watan Satumban 2021, Filsan ta yi murabus daga mukaminta na minista dangane da yadda Abiy ke tafiyar da yakin. Ta bayyana cewa "wani jami'i mai girma a ofishin Abiy" ya hana buga cikakken rahoton kwamitin, kuma "an gaya mata" cewa kawai ta saka fyade da mayakan da ke da alaka da kungiyar ta TPLF suka yi a cikin rahoton. Ta 11 ga Fabrairu 2021 tweet ta kasance martani ga toshe cikakken rahoton. Filsan ta bayyana cewa fyaden da aka aikata a yankunan Amhara da Afar a karshen shekarar 2021 TDF-OLA da aka kai harin na hadin gwiwa da ba zai yiyu ba idan da a ce an dauki alhakin aikata laifin fyaden da ya faru a yankin Tigray Filsan ta bayyana a cikin wata hira da ta yi a watan Disamba na 2021 cewa ta ga Firayim Minista Abiy a matsayin "mai karyatawa" kuma "mai rudu", kuma "shugabancinsa ya gaza". Ta ce tun kafin yakin, "zaman lafiya ba a taba ba da dama ba, kuma Abiy [ya] kamar yana jin dadin ra'ayin kawar da kungiyar ta TPLF".
Abubuwan ra'ayi A watan Fabrairun 2019, Filsan ta ga ya yi wuri don yanke shawara ko shugabancin Mustafa Cagjar na yankin Somaliya ya yi nasara ko a'a. Ta bayyana cewa majalisar ministocin Mustafa ba ta dace da jinsi ba. A cikin Maris 2020, ta bayyana cewa an sami "yawan ci gaba a cikin 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki" tsakanin tsohon shugaban Abdi da kuma shugaban Mustafa, kuma "yawan jama'a ba su ji tsoron" sabuwar gwamnati ba. Ta ce gwamnatin Mustafa tana da “tsara mai nisa” ta fuskar son zuciya da son kai kuma babu mata a cikin kwamitin zartarwa na yankin Somaliya.
Nassoshi Haihuwan 1992
Rayayyun mutane
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
15343 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yewande%20Omotoso | Yewande Omotoso | Yewande Omotoso (an haife ta a shekarar 1980) yar Afirka ta Kudu ce wacce take yin rubuce rubuce na asali, kuma ta kasance mai tsara gini ta hanyar yin zane zane, waccce aka haifa a Barbados kuma ta girma a Nijeriya Ita marubuciya ce yar Najeriya, yar Kole Omotoso, kuma' yar'uwar yar wasan fim na Omotoso A yanzu haka tana zaune ne a Johannesburg Littattafan nata biyu da aka wallafa sun ba ta babban kulawa, ciki har da lashe lambar yabo ta Adabin Afirka ta Kudu don Marubucin da aka Buga a Farko, da kuma kyautar Etisalat ta 2013 na Adabi, kuma ana cikin wadanda aka zaba domin samun kyautar Bailey ta mata ta almara a shekarar 2017.
Shekarun farko da ilimi Yewande Omotoso an haife shi ne a Bridgetown, Barbados kuma a cikin shekara guda da haihuwarta ta tafi tare da mahaifiyarta Ba-barbiya, mahaifin Najeriyar da yayanta maza biyu zuwa Nijeriya. Ta girma a Ile-Ife, Jihar Osun, har zuwa 1992, lokacin da dangin suka koma Afirka ta Kudu bayan mahaifinta ya ɗauki alƙawarin ilimi tare da Jami'ar Western Cape Ta ce, "Ba tare da la'akari da yawan shekarun da na yi a Afirka ta Kudu ba, ina tunanin kaina a matsayin samfuran kasashe uku: Barbados, Najeriya, da Afirka ta Kudu. Najeriya ta kasance wani bangare mai matukar karfi na fahimtar kaina, na ainihi kuma a cikin hirar da aka yi da ita a shekarar 2015, ta ce:" Takaddama tana da rikitarwa. Ina son kasancewa dan Najeriya, ina son kasancewa cikin wannan asalin koda kuwa na kasance hadadden abu ne, saboda yawan sanin da nayi da kuma kwarewar rayuwa. Ta yi karatun gine-gine a Jami'ar Cape Town (UCT), kuma bayan ta yi aiki na wasu shekaru a matsayin mai zanen gine-ginen ta ci gaba da samun digiri na biyu a kan Rubutun Halitta a wannan jami'ar.
Rubuta aiki Littafin farko na Omotoso, Bom Boy, an buga shi a cikin 2011 ta Littattafan Modjaji a Cape Town. Ya ci lambar yabo ta wallafe-wallafen Afirka ta Kudu ta 2012 don Marubucin da aka Buga a karon Farko, aka zaba don Afirka ta Kudu <i id="mwRQ">Lahadi</i> Fiction Prize Prize, da kuma M-Net Literary Awards 2012. Bom Boy shi ma ya zo na biyu a kyautar Etisalat ta Adabi a shekarar 2013, wanda Omotoso ya dauki 2014 Etisalat Fellowship a Jami'ar East Anglia wanda aka ba ta a madadin ta wanda ya samu kyautar 2013 NoViolet Bulawayo Omotoso ya kasance ɗan'uwan Norman Mailer Fellow na 2013, kuma ya kasance mai karɓar Males Morland Scholarship a 2014. Kamar Bom Boy, littafinta na biyu, The Woman Next Door Chatto and Windus, 2016)an kuma sake duba su da kyau, tare da Masu Bugawa a Mako-mako suna ambaton shi a matsayin "wannan kyakkyawar kyakkyawar magana, mai taɓawa, wani lokaci mai haskakawa game da wasu oan uwa biyu masu lalata: mata biyu., baƙi ɗaya fari ɗaya, maƙwabta waɗanda suka gano bayan shekaru 20 suna musayar maƙarƙashiya da zagi cewa za su iya taimakon jua, motoso ya kama canjin yanayin launin fata tun daga shekarun 1950, gami da ƙwarewar baƙi ta hanyar bayanan sirri da ƙananan fahimtar halayyar mutum cikin ɗimbin motsin rai, idanun mai zane, da kuma nadamar bazawara. Muryarta wata sabuwar murya ce wacce take da kwarjini wajen neman zaman lafiya na tafiya kopje kamar zaluncin da ya faru a Afirka ta Kudu a baya. Jaridar Independent ta Irish ta bayyana The Woman Next Door a matsayin "ingantaccen bayanin asusun nuna wariya na mata, fansa da galibi abin da ke haifar da kayayyaki abota." An jera shi ne don kyautar Bailey ta Mata don Almara a shekarar 2017,kuma an zaba ta don lambar yabo ta Adabin Dublin ta Duniya ta 2018. Omotoso ya ba da gudummawar labarai da shayari ga wallafe-wallafe iri-iri, daga cikinsu Konch, Noir Nation, yana magana ne game da Zamanin: Labaran Zamani daga Afirka, Wakokin Matan Afirka na Zamani, Kalahari Review, The asu Literary Journal, World One Biyu, the 2012 Caine Lissafin girmamawa, da Sabbin 'Ya'yan Afirka (2019), wanda Margaret Busby ta shirya Ta kasance mai yawan halarta a cikin bikin adabi wanda ya hada da bikin Aké Arts da Book Festival, da Edinburgh International Book Festival da kuma PEN American World Voices Festival. Omotoso sanannu ne a cikin wasu yankuna don amfani da kimiyyar emojis kamar kyakkyawan suna mai juju mask.
Bibiliyo Bom Boy, Littattafan Modjaji, 2011. Mace Mai Kofar Gaba, Chatto da Windus, 2016.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Kyawun Tiah, "'A cikin Labarina Na Gata Da Micro.' Ganawa Tare Da Yewande Omotoso Ranar Gajeren Labari Na Afirka, 1 Yuni 2016.
Yewande Omotoso, Seraunar Mai Girma", Tsarin Mata Masu Hadari, 20 Disamba 2016.
"Tattaunawar Marubuci Yewande Omotoso", Bookish, 30 Janairu 2017.
Ganawa tare da Omotoso, BBC, 19 ga Yulin 2016.
Mata
Mutane
Rayayyun mutane
Ƴan Najeriya
Haihuwan 1980
Masu |
32249 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resa | Resa | Reza kayan aiki ne mai wutsiya da ake amfani da shi da farko wajen cire gashin jiki ta hanyar askewa Ire-iren reza sun haɗa da reza kai tsaye, reza da za a iya zubarwa, da reza mai amfani da wutar lantarki.
Yayin da reza ta kasance tun kafin shekarun Bronze Age (abin da ya fi daɗewa mai kama da reza an rubuta shi zuwa 18,000 BC mafi yawan nau'in reza da ake amfani da su a halin yanzu shine reza mai amfani da wutar lantarki, ko da yake wasu kalar har yanzu ana amfani dasu.
Tarihi An gano reza daga al'adun zamanin Bronze da yawa. An yi waɗannan da tagulla ko obsidian kuma gaba ɗaya sun kasance ma siffa, tare da ƙaramin tang ɗin da ke fitowa daga ɗayan gajerun ƙarshen. An yi amfani da reza iri-iri a cikin tarihi, waɗanda suka bambanta a bayyanar amma kama da amfani da reza madaidaiciya na zamani. A zamanin da, an kaifi harsashi, haƙoran kifin shark, da dutsen dutse ana yin aski da su. An samo zane-zane na irin waɗannan ruwan wuƙaƙe a cikin kogo na tarihi. Wasu ƙabilu har yanzu suna amfani da wuƙaƙe na dutse har yau. Binciken da aka yi a Masar ya gano tsantsar zinari da reza na tagulla a cikin kaburbura tun daga ƙarni na 4 BC. An yi amfani da reza da ƙera su a Kerma a zamanin Bronze Age An dawo da reza da yawa da kuma wasu kayan tarihi na tsafta daga wuraren binne shekarun Bronze a arewacin Turai kuma an yi imanin cewa suna cikin manyan mutane. Masanin tarihin Romawa Livy ya ruwaito cewa an gabatar da reza a tsohuwar Roma a ƙarni na 6 BC. ta sarkin almara Lucius Tarquinius Priscus Priscus ya riga ya wuce lokacinsa saboda reza ba su zo ga amfani da su ba sai bayan ƙarni ɗaya. An gina reza madaidaiciyar zamani ta farko mai cike da kayan hannu da aka yi wa ado da fatun ƙasa a Sheffield, a Ingila, cibiyar masana'antar yankan, a ƙarni na 18 da 19. Benjamin Huntsman ya samar da madaidaicin matakin ƙarfe na farko, ta hanyar tsari na musamman, wanda ya dace da amfani da shi a zaman kayan ruwa a cikin 1740, koda yake an ƙi shi da farko a Ingila. Faransawa sun karɓi tsarin Huntsman daga baya; duk da rashin so da farko saboda kishin ƙasa. Masu masana'antun Ingilishi sun ma fi na Faransanci yin amfani da tsarin kuma sun yi haka ne kawai bayan sun ga nasararsa a Faransa. Ƙarfe Sheffield, ƙarfe ne mai gogewa sosai, wanda kuma aka sani da Sheffield ƙarfe n azurfa kuma sananne ne don gamawa mai sheƙi mai zurfi, ana ɗaukarsa mafi ingancin ƙarfe kuma har yanzu ana amfani dashi har yau a Faransa ta hanyar masana'anta kamar Thiers Issard A ƙarni na 18 da na 19, masu hannu da shuni suna da bayin da za su aske su ko kuma suna iya yawan shagunan aski. Aski yau da kullun ba al'ada ce da ta yaɗu ba a ƙarni na 19 don haka wasu mutane ba su taɓa yin aski ba. Al'adar aski a kowace rana tsakanin mazan Amurkawa wani sabon abu ne na ƙarni na 20 wanda aka fara shi bayan ƴaƙin duniya na ɗaya. An buƙaci maza su riƙa aski a kullum domin abin rufe fuska na gas ɗin ya dace da kyau kuma hakan ya samu sauƙi sosai bayan bayyanar reza mai aminci, wanda hakan ya ƙara sauki. ya kasance daidaitaccen batu a lokacin ƴaƙin. A cikin ƙarni na 19, masu yankan a Sheffield, Ingila da Solingen, Jamus sun samar da reza iri-iri.
Reza madaidaiciya sune mafi yawan nau'in aski kafin ƙarni na 20 kuma sun kasance gama gari a ƙasashe da yawa har zuwa shekarun 1950. An horar da masu aski na musamman don baiwa abokan ciniki suski da sauri, kuma tarin reza madaidaiciya da aka shirya don amfani da su ya kasance abin gani gama gari a yawancin shagunan aski. Har yanzu aski suna da su, amma ba sa amfani da su sau da yawa.
Reza madaidaici daga ƙarshe sun faɗi daga salon. Mai ƙalubalen su na farko King C. Gillette ne ya ƙera shi: reza aminci mai kaifi biyu tare da wuƙaƙe masu maye gurbin. amfani da manufar shugaban asara wanda aka siyar da reza a cikin asara, amma ɓangarorin maye gurbin sun sami babban rata kuma suna ba da tallace-tallace na ci gaba. Sun yi nasara sosai saboda kamfen ɗin talla da taken ƙasƙantar da ingancin reza kai tsaye da kuma tambayar amincin sa.
Waɗannan sabbin reza masu aminci ba su buƙatar kowane horo mai ƙarfi don amfani da su. Wuraren suna da matuƙar wahala a kaifafa, kuma ana so a jefar da su bayan an yi amfani da su, kuma su yi tsatsa da sauri idan ba a jefar da su ba. Hakanan sun buƙaci ƙaramin saka hannun jari na farko, kodayake suna da ƙari akan lokaci. Duk da fa'idodinsa na dogon lokaci, madaidaiciyar reza ta rasa babban rabon kasuwa. Kuma yayin da aski ya zama ƙasa da ban tsoro kuma maza suka fara aske kansu, buƙatun masu aski waɗanda ke ba da askin reza kai tsaye ya ragu. A cikin 1960, bakin karfe wanda za a iya amfani da shi fiye da sau ɗaya ya zama samuwa, yana rage farashin aminci-reza. Kamfanin Wilkinson, sanannen mai yin takuba, a Sheffield ne ya yi irin wannan na farko. Ba da da ewa Gillette, Schick, da sauran masana'antun suna yin bakin-karfe ruwan wukake.
Wadannan sun biyo bayan harsashin ruwa mai yawa da reza da za a iya zubarwa. Ga kowane nau'in ruwan wukake mai maye, gabaɗaya akwai reza da za a iya zubarwa.
A cikin 1930s, ana samun reza na lantarki. Waɗannan za su iya yin hamayya da farashin madaidaiciyar reza mai kyau, kodayake duka kayan aski madaidaiciya-reza na iya wuce farashin ko da aska mai tsada na lantarki.
Madaidaicin reza Reza madaidaiciya tare da buɗaɗɗen ruwan ƙarfe, wanda kuma aka fi sani da yanke-maƙogwaro, sune reza da aka fi amfani da su kafin ƙarni na 20.
Reza madaidaici sun ƙunshi ƙwanƙolin da aka kaifi a gefe ɗaya. The ruwa za a iya yi da ko dai bakin karfe, wanda shi ne a hankali zuwa hone da strop, amma ya fi sauƙi don kula tun da shi ba ya tabo sauƙi, ko high carbon karfe, wanda hones da strops da sauri da kuma kiyaye gefen da kyau, amma tsatsa da kuma. tabo cikin sauƙi idan ba a tsaftace ba kuma a bushe da sauri. A halin yanzu, ɓangarorin bakin ƙarfe suna da wahalar samu fiye da ƙarfe na carbon, amma duka biyun suna cikin samarwa.
Ruwan ruwa yana jujjuyawa akan fil ta cikin tang ɗinsa tsakanin guda biyu masu kariya da ake kira ma'auni: idan an naɗe shi cikin ma'auni, ruwan ruwan ana kiyaye shi daga lalacewa, kuma ana kiyaye mai amfani. Ana yin sikelin hannu da abubuwa daban-daban, ciki har da uwar-lu'u-lu'u, celluloid, kashi, filastik da itace. Da zarar an yi da hauren hauren giwa, an daina yin hakan, kodayake ana amfani da hauren giwar burbushin lokaci-lokaci.
Raza madaidaiciya Waɗannan reza suna kama da amfani da kuma kamanni zuwa madaidaicin reza, amma suna amfani da wukake da za a iya zubarwa, ko dai daidaitaccen mai kaifi biyu a yanka a cikin rabi ko na musamman kerarre guda ɗaya. Ana amfani da waɗannan aski kamar yadda ake amfani da reza kai tsaye amma ba sa buƙatar tsutsawa da honing.
Reza aminci Mataki na farko zuwa ga reza mafi aminci don amfani shine reza mai gadi wanda kuma ake kira reza madaidaiciyar aminci wanda ya kara mai gadi zuwa madaidaicin reza na yau da kullun. Mai yiyuwa ne irin wannan reza na farko ya ƙirƙira shi ne da wani mai yankan Faransa Jean-Jacques Perret a shekara ta 1762. Wannan ƙirƙira ta samo asali ne daga jirgin mai haɗin gwiwa kuma ainihin reza ce madaidaiciya tare da gemunsa kewaye da hannun katako. Masu gadin reza na farko suna da hakora masu kama da tsefe kuma ana iya haɗa su kawai a gefe ɗaya na reza; wani mai gadi mai juyi yana ɗaya daga cikin gyare-gyaren farko da aka yi don gadin reza. An samo bayanin farko na reza mai aminci mai kama da waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a yau akan aikace-aikacen haƙƙin mallaka na William Samuel Henson na 1847 don gadin haƙori. Ana iya haɗa wannan gadin zuwa madaidaicin reza ko kuma zuwa reza "yanke ruwa wanda ke kusa da kusurwoyi daidai tare da abin hannu, kuma yayi kama da wani nau'i na farat gama gari." Around 1875 wani sabon zane tare da ƙarami ruwa sanya a saman wani rike aka sayar da Kampfe Brothers a matsayin "mafi kyawun samuwa Hanyar aski a kasuwa wanda ba zai yanke mai amfani, kamar madaidaiciya karfe reza."
Reza masu cire ruwa Kalmar aminci reza an fara amfani da ita ne a cikin 1880 kuma ta kwatanta reza ta asali tare da abin da aka makala a kai inda za'a iya sanya ruwan wukake mai cirewa. Sannan an kare gefen ta hanyar tsefe -tsafe a kai don kare fata. A cikin mafi zamani samar da aminci reza, yanzu an fi maye gurbin tsefe da sandar tsaro. Akwai nau'ikan reza masu aminci iri biyu, mai kaifi ɗaya da mai kaifi biyu. Reza mai kaifi ɗaya da gaske shine dogon yanki na madaidaicin reza. Gilashin aminci mai kaifi biyu shine reza tare da sanduna mara nauyi wanda za'a iya amfani dashi a bangarorin biyu, tare da buɗaɗɗen gefuna biyu. Wurin da ke kan reza aminci mai kaifi biyu yana ɗan lanƙwasa don ba da izinin aske mai santsi da tsafta.
A cikin 1901, mai ƙirƙira Ba'amurke King Camp Gillette, tare da taimakon William Nickerson, ya ƙaddamar da takardar shaidar sabon saɓani na reza mai aminci tare da ruwan wukake da za a iya zubarwa wanda aka ƙirƙira a cikin 1904. Dalili ɗaya shine cewa aske da aska mai aminci yakamata ya kasance mafi aminci kuma ya fi dacewa fiye da aski tare da reza madaidaiciya madaidaiciya mai kaifi. Za'a iya sake amfani da kauri na waɗannan reza masu aminci. Gillette ta gane cewa za a iya samun riba ta hanyar siyar da reza mara tsada tare da wukake. Wannan an kira shi samfurin kasuwanci na reza da ruwan wukake, kuma ya zama al'ada na yau da kullum don samfurori iri-iri.
Yawancin wasu nau'ikan reza masu aminci sun zo sun tafi. Yawancin gasar ta dogara ne akan zayyana ruwan wukake wanda zai dace da salon reza guda ɗaya kawai har sai an daidaita siffar ruwan wuka ta hanyar shigar da tashar tsakiya mai fuskoki daban-daban zuwa ruwan wukake wanda zai ɗauki nau'ikan ƙira iri-iri na tsare-tsare na shinge; misali fil uku, siririyar karfen karfe, da sauransu. Ko da a yau, waɗannan nau'ikan amintattun nau'ikan har yanzu suna dagewa a cikin nau'ikan su a cikin DE reza, duk suna karɓar ƙirar ƙirar duniya iri ɗaya.
Rezan harsashi Yin amfani da tsarin kasuwanci iri ɗaya da reza da ruwan wukake kamar yadda aka yi majagaba a farkon ƙarni na 20, an ƙera reza harsashi a shekarun 1960 kuma yanzu shine nau'in aske da aka fi sani a ƙasashen da suka ci gaba. Ko da yake an tsara shi don samun ƙarin ergonomic siffa a duka hannu da kai (ciki har da kan daɗaɗɗen kai wanda ke kiyaye ruwan wukake zuwa fata a kusurwar da aka riga aka ƙaddara ta hanyar motsin shaving) ra'ayin yana kama da na reza baki biyu. Koyaya, a nan an cire duka babban taron shugaban (wanda aka sani da harsashi) kuma ana zubar dashi, ba kawai ruwan wukake ba. Har ila yau, ya zama ruwan dare ga waɗannan kawuna na harsashi suna da ɓangarorin reza da yawa a cikin su, yawanci tsakanin ruwan wukake biyu zuwa biyar.
Reza masu aminci da za a iya zubarwa Reza masu aminci da ake zubarwa suna da kamanni sosai a ƙira da reza harsashi, waɗanda aka gina daga kayan marasa tsada (wanda aka ƙera polycarbonate na yau da kullun), duk da haka ana nufin su zama abin zubarwa gaba ɗaya bayan amfani ba tare da ƙwanƙwasa ko maye mai yiwuwa ba. An ƙirƙira na'ura ɗaya a cikin 1963 ta Ba'amurke ɗan wasan kwaikwayo kuma mai ƙirƙira Paul Winchell Tsawon rayuwa Za a iya tsawaita rayuwar reza ta hanyar bushewar ruwan wukake bayan amfani.
Reza mai amfani da Wutar lantarki Reza na lantarki (wanda kuma aka sani da busasshen aski) yana da wuƙa mai juyawa ko motsi. Reza na lantarki yawanci baya buƙatar amfani da kirim, sabulu, ko ruwa. Ana iya yin amfani da reza ta ƙaramin motar DC, wanda ko dai ana amfani da shi ta batura ko wutar lantarki Yawancin na zamani ana amfani da su ta amfani da batura masu caji A madadin, za a iya amfani da oscillator-mechanical oscillator wanda na'urar solenoid mai kuzarin AC ke motsawa. Wasu injinan aski na farko ba su da injin lantarki kuma dole ne a yi amfani da su da hannu, misali ta hanyar jan igiya don tuƙi.
John F. O'Rourke ya kirkiro reza na farko na lantarki a shekara ta 1898. An fara samar da injunan reza na lantarki a cikin 1937 ta kamfanin Amurka Remington Rand bisa haƙƙin mallaka na Jacob Schick daga 1928. Tun 1939 kamfanin Philips na Holland ya kera injin reza na lantarki. Daya daga cikin manyan bambance-bambance tsakanin reza na lantarki shine fasahar aske da suke amfani da ita. Galibi injunan aski na lantarki suna amfani da wukake mai jujjuyawa da yawa ko kuma fasahar askewa a kwance.
Sauran reza Masu kauri, masu kauri, reza mai kaifi ɗaya kamar wuƙaƙen kayan aiki ana amfani da su don ayyuka daban-daban na hannu. Aikace-aikace sun haɗa da cikakken aikin kafinta kamar yashi da gogewa (a cikin ƙwararriyar mariƙi), yankan takarda don zanen fasaha, aikin famfo da gamawa kamar grouting da tsaftacewa, da cire fenti daga filaye masu lebur kamar gilashin gilashi. Ba kamar aske reza ba, nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan masana'antu da ake amfani da su a cikin waɗannan kayan aikin galibi ana yin su ne daga ƙarfe mara ƙarfe kamar ƙarfe na carbon, kuma suna da ƙaƙƙarfan baki kuma mara nauyi.
Gurguwa reza ce da ake amfani da ita wajen samar da biredi don yanke saman biredi da ba a toya ba.
Duba kuma Gyaran gashi
Ciwon kai
Razor ruwa karfe
Manazarta
ambato Aski
Abun cire gashi.
Reza.
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
23706 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korama | Korama | Korama nau'in ruwa ne tare da saman ruwa yana gudana a cikin kogi da bankunan tashar Ana gudanar da kwararar rafi ta hanyar bayanai guda uku ruwan saman, ruwan karkashin kasa da kuma ruwan kasa. Ruwa da ruwa na karkashin kasa suna canzawa sosai tsakanin lokutan ruwan sama. Ruwa na kasa, a gefe guda, yana da shigarwar da ba ta da yawa kuma ana sarrafa ta sosai ta tsarin ruwan sama na dogon lokaci. Ruwa ya gunshi saman kasa, karkashin kasa da ruwa mai gudana wanda ke amsa yanayin ƙasa, geomorphological, hydrological da biotic controls. Dangane da inda suke ko wasu halaye, ana iya ambaton rafi da sunaye iri -iri na yanki ko na yanki. Dogayen manyan rafuffuka galibi ana kiran su da koguna Kõramu suna da muhimmanci kamar yadda conduits a cikin ruwa sake zagayowar, kida a ruwan karkashin kasa recharge, kuma farfajiyoyi ga kifi da kuma namun dajin hijirarsa. Mazaunin halittu da ke kusa da rafi ana kiranta yankin rafi. Ganin matsayi na gudana Holocene nau'i nau'i, kõguna taka muhimmiyar corridor rawa a hada da fragmented habitats kuma haka a kare rabe-raben halittu Nazarin rafuffuka da hanyoyin ruwa gabadaya an san su da ilimin halittar ruwa kuma shine babban ɓangaren yanayin muhalli Nau'ika
Koramar Brook Wani korama ne mai kankanta da rafi, musamman wanda ruwan bazara ko seep ke ciyar da shi. Shi ne yawanci kananan da kuma sauki forded Rafi yana halin rashin zurfinsa.
Koramar Creek Rafi Creek /k r k ko crick /k r ɪ k A kasar Ostiraliya, Kanada, New Zealand, da Amurka, rafi (kunkuntar) wanda ya yi ƙasa da kogi; ƙaramin sashin kogin; rafi. Wani lokacin kewaya ta hanyar kera motoci kuma yana iya zama na lokaci -lokaci.
A cikin sassan Maryland, New England, UK da Indiya, mashigar ruwa, yawanci a cikin ruwan gishiri ko fadama na mangrove, ko tsakanin dadadden da ya zubar da tsohon magudanar gishiri ko fadama (misali. Port Creek da ke raba tsibirin Portsea da babban yankin). A cikin wadannan lokuta, rafi ne tidal rafi, cikin shakka daga cikin seawater ta cikin creek tashar a low kuma high tide.
Kogi Babban rafi wanda yake natural, wanda zai iya zama hanyar ruwa Runnel Tasha ce na linzami tsakanin tsaka -tsaki ko sanduna a bakin tekun bakin teku ko ambaliyar kogi, ko tsakanin mashaya da tudu. Har ila yau ana kiranta swale Hanyoyin ruwa Cibiyar hanyar ruwa shine rafi mai ba da gudummawa, ko rafi wanda baya isa ga madaidaicin ruwa kamar tafki ko teku, amma ya shiga wani kogi (kogin iyaye). Wani lokaci kuma ana kiran reshe ko cokali mai yatsa.
Mai rarrabawa Rarrabawa, ko tashar rarrabawa, korama ne wanda ke fita kuma yana gudana daga babban tashar rafi. Rarrabawa abu ne na kowa na kogin delta An san abin da ake kira rabewar kogi Sau da yawa ana samun abubuwan rarrabawa inda rafi ke kusanto tafki ko teku Hakanan suna iya faruwa a cikin kasa, akan magoya bayan alluvial, ko kuma inda rafin da ke karkashin ruwa ke rarrafe yayin da yake gab da haduwa da babban rafi. Kalmomin gama gari don ba da sunan rabe-raben kogi a cikin kasashe masu magana da Ingilishi hannu ne da tashoshi Sauran sunaye Akwai adadin sunayen korama dangane da yankuna daban daban na duniya.
Ƙasar Ingila Ana amfani da kalmar Allt a tsaunukan Scotland Ana amfani da Beck a cikin Lincolnshire zuwa Cumbria a cikin yankunan da Danes da Norwegian suka mamaye. Ana amfani da Bourne ko winterbourne a cikin allurar kasa ta Kudancin Ingila don koguna na yau da kullun. Lokacin dindindin, su magudanan ruwa ne Brook Kuna da ake amfani a Scotland da kuma North East England Ana ganin Gill ko ghyll a arewacin Ingila da Kent da Surrey wanda tsohon Norse yayi tasiri. Ana amfani da bambance -bambancen "ghyll" a cikin Gundumar Lake kuma da alama ya kasance kirkira William Wordsworth Ana amfani da Nant a Wales. Rivulet kalma ce da aka ci karo da ita a cikin littattafan zamanin Victoria. Gudun ruwa
Ana amfani da Syke a cikin ƙasan Scotland da Cumbria don rafi na yanayi.
Amurka ta Arewa Ana amfani da reshe a wajen sunan koramu a cikin Maryland da Virginia. Creek ya zama ruwan dare a duk fadin Amurka, da Australia.
Hakanan ana amfani da Falls don ambaton rafuffuka a cikin Maryland, don rafuffuka/koguna wadanda ke da ruwa a kansu, koda kuwa irin wannan faduwar tana da ƙaramin digo a tsaye. Little Gunpowder Falls da Jones Falls a zahiri koguna ne masu suna ta wannan hanyar, ta musamman ga Maryland.
Kashe a New York, Pennsylvania, Delaware, da New Jersey sun fito ne daga kalmar yaren Dutch wanda ke nufin "kogi" ko "tashar ruwa", kuma ana iya amfani dashi don ma'anar UK 'creek'.
Gudun a Ohio, Maryland, Michigan, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Virginia, ko West Virginia na iya zama sunan rafi. Gudu a Florida shine sunan da aka baiwa rafuffukan da ke fitowa daga kananan mabubbugar ruwa River da ake amfani da kõguna daga fi girma marẽmari kamar Azurfa River da kuma Rainbow River Stream da rafin ana amfani da Midwestern jihohi, Mid-Atlantic jihohi, da kuma New England Sauran kalmomin Mashaya
Shoal din da ke tasowa a cikin rafi yayin da ake ajiye digon ruwa yayin da halin yanzu ke raguwa ko kuma yana hana shi ta hanyar motsi a wurin haduwa.
Bifurcation
Ƙarfafa cikin rafi biyu ko fiye.
Tasha
A ciki halitta da m yashewa cewa daukawa rafi ta kwarara.
Rikicewa
Matsayin da magudanan ruwa biyu suka haɗu. Idan ƙungiyoyin biyu suna da girman daidai gwargwado, ana iya kiran haɗuwa da cokali mai yatsa.
Bakin magudanar ruwa
(wanda kuma aka sani da magudanar ruwa a Amurka) Yankin ƙasar inda ruwa ke gudana cikin rafi. Babban tafkin magudanar ruwa kamar Kogin Amazon ya ƙunshi ƙananan ramuka da yawa. Madatsar ruwa
Ƙasashen da ke kusa da rafin da zai iya yin ambaliya lokacin da rafi ya cika bankunansa. Tashar gaging
Wurin da ke kan hanyar rafi ko kogi, da ake amfani da shi don yin nuni ko sa ido kan ruwa. Ruwa
Bangaren rafi ko kogi kusa da tushen sa. Kalmar an fi amfani da ita a cikin jam’i inda babu tushen ma’ana guda daya. Knickpoint
Ma'anar akan bayanin rafi inda canjin kwatsam a rafi ke faruwa.
Baki
Matsayin da rafin ke fitarwa, wataƙila ta hanyar rakuman ruwa ko delta, zuwa cikin ruwa mai korewa kamar tafki ko teku Pool
Wani sashi inda ruwan yake da zurfi kuma yana tafiya a hankali.
Rapids
Rikici, mai saurin gudu na rafi ko kogi.
Yi rusa
Wani sashi inda kwarara ke da zurfi kuma mafi tashin hankali Kogi
Babban rafi na halitta, wanda zai iya zama hanyar ruwa Gudu
Wani sashi mai gudana mai gudana na rafi.
Source
Guguwar da rafin ya samo asali, ko kuma wani asalin asalin rafi.
Bazara
A batu a wanda wani rafi fita daga wani boye mana ta hanyar unconsolidated sediments ko ta hanyar kogwanni. Ruwa na iya, musamman tare da kogo, yana gudana daga karkashin kasa don wani bangaren tafarkin sa, da karkashin kasa don wani bangaren tafarkin sa. Gado gado
Ƙasan rafi.
Hanyar rafi
Rafi, hanyoyin ambaliyar ruwa, da kuma canjin canjin canjin Gudun ruwa
Ruwa yana motsawa ta tashar rafi. Thalweg
Sashin tsayin rafin, ko layin da ke shiga mafi zurfi a cikin tashar a kowane mataki daga tushe zuwa baki.
Waterfall ko cascade
Faduwar ruwa in da rafi ke hayewa zuwa kwatsam kwatsam da ake kira knickpoint; wasu knickpoints an kafa ta yashewa lokacin da ruwa gudana a kan wani musamman resistant sashen dutsen, ya bi ta hanyar daya kasa haka. Ruwa yana kashe kuzarin motsa jiki a cikin ƙoƙarin kawar da maƙarƙashiya.
Wurin da aka jika
Layin da saman rafin ya hadu da bangon tashar.
Tushe Koguna suna samun yawancin ruwan su daga hazo a cikin ruwan sama da dusar ƙanƙara Yawancin wannan ruwa yana sake shiga sararin samaniya ta hanyar ƙazantawa daga ƙasa da gabobin ruwa, ko ta hanyar ƙaƙƙarfar tsirrai. Wasu daga cikin ruwan na ci gaba da nutsewa cikin ƙasa ta hanyar kutsawa kuma ya zama ruwan ƙasa, wanda galibin su ke shiga rafuffuka. An kulle wasu ruwan da aka kwarara na fan lokaci a cikin filayen dusar ƙanƙara da kankara, don a sake su daga baya ta hanyar daura ko narkewa. Sauran ruwan yana gudana daga kasa kamar kwararar ruwa, wanda rabonsa ya bambanta gwargwadon dalilai da yawa, kamar iska, zafi, ciyayi, nau'in dutse, da taimako. Wannan gudu yana farawa ne a matsayin wani fim mai bakin ciki da ake kira goge goge, haɗe tare da cibiyar sadarwa na kankanin rills, tare suka zama ruwan famfo; lokacin da wannan ruwa ya tattara a cikin tashar, rafi yana da haihuwa. Wasu ramuka na iya farawa daga tafkuna ko tabkuna.
Halaye
Matsayu Don samun cancanta a matsayin korama, jikin ruwa dole ne ya kasance mai maimaitawa ko na shekara -shekara. Mabubbuka masu maimaitawa tsaka -tsaki suna da ruwa a cikin tashar don aƙalla rabin shekara. Ruwa na oda na farko shine rafi wanda baya da wani rafi mai maimaitawa ko na shekara -shekara yana ciyarwa a ciki. Lokacin da rafuffukan oda biyu na farko suka hadu, suna samar da rafin oda na biyu. Lokacin da rafuffukan oda na biyu suka hadu, suna samar da rafi na uku. Koramu na karamar oda don hadawa da rafi mafi girma ba ya canza tsari na babban rafi. Don haka, idan rafin umarni na farko ya haɗu da rafi na biyu, zai kasance rafin oda na biyu. Ba sai rafin oda na biyu ya haɗu da wani rafin na biyu ba don ya zama rafi na uku.
Gangara/tudu A gangara/tudu da wani rafi ne mai muhimmanci factor a kayyade ta harafin da aka gaba ɗaya ƙaddara da ta tushe matakin na yashewa. Matsayin tushe na zaizayar ƙasa shine inda kogin ya shiga cikin teku, tafki ko kandami, ko ya shiga cikin shimfidar da yake da ɗan ƙaramin ƙarfi, kuma ana iya amfani da shi musamman akan kowane keɓaɓɓen rafi.
Dangane da yanayin ƙasa, korama zai rushe ta cikin gadonsa don cimma matakin rushewar ƙasa a duk lokacin da yake tafiya. Idan wannan matakin tushe ya yi ƙasa, to rafin zai yanke cikin hanzari ta hanyar madaidaiciyar madaidaiciya kuma yana da madaidaiciyar madaidaiciya, kuma idan matakin tushe yana da girman gaske, to rafin zai samar da fili da ambaliyar ruwa.
kwanoni Meanders ko kwana na nufin canje-canje hanyoyin gudun ruwa a sanadiyar na wani rafi sa da yashewa da kuma shaida na banki kayan. Waɗannan su ne yawanci serpentine a cikin tsari. Yawanci, a kan lokaci masu ma'ana suna yin ƙaura zuwa ƙasa.
Idan wani abu mai jurewa yana jinkirin ko dakatar da motsin ƙasa na kwanoni meander, rafi na iya ɓarkewa ta wuyansa tsakanin kafafu biyu na meander don zama madaidaiciya na ɗan lokaci, yana barin jikin ruwa mai siffar baka wanda ake kira tafkin oxbow ko bayou Haka ma ambaliyar ruwa na iya sa a yanke gandun daji ta wannan hanyar.
Bayanan martaba Yawanci, ana cewa koramu suna da keɓaɓɓen bayanin martaba, suna farawa da madaidaicin gradients, babu ambaliyar ruwa, da ɗan canza canjin tashoshi, daga ƙarshe suna canzawa zuwa rafuffuka tare da ƙarancin gradients, faffadan ambaliyar ruwa, da manyan masu ma'ana. Wani lokaci ana kiran matakin farko da rafi "matashi" ko "bai balaga ba", daga baya kuma ya bayyana rafin "balagagge" ko "tsoho". Koyaya, rafi na iya yin tazara na ɗan nesa kafin ya fada cikin yanayin rafi na "matashi".
Nauyin ruwa An bayyana cewa nauyin korama azaman abu mai ƙarfi wanda rafi ke ɗauka. Ruwa na iya ɗaukar laka, ko alluvium. Yawan nauyin da zai iya ɗauka (iya aiki) haka nan kuma mafi girman abin da zai iya ɗauka (iyawa) duk sun dogara ne akan saurin rafin.
shekararre da wanda ba na shekara ba
shekarrarun koramu Kogin shekara -shekara shinewanda ke gudana ba da daɗewa ba duk shekara. Wasu magudanan ruwa na iya samun ci gaba mai gudana kawai a cikin sassan gadon rafi duk shekara yayin shekarun ruwan sama. Koramu masu layin shuɗi sune rafuffuka na shekaru da yawa kuma an yi musu alama akan taswirar taswira tare da madaidaicin layin shuɗi.
Koramu wanda ba na shekara-shekara ba
Ephemeral rafi Gabaɗaya, koramun da ke kwarara kawai a lokacin da kuma bayan hazo ana kiransu da ƙima Babu wani rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin kwararar ruwan sama da rafi na yau da kullun, da wasu rafuffukan ephemeral za a iya rarrabasu azaman tsaka -tsaki suna kwararowa sai dai su ɓace a cikin yanayin yanayi na yau da kullun amma isasshen kwarara (backups) yana dawo da kasancewar rafi irin wannan yanayi Ana yin rikodin lokacin da gadajen rafi suka buɗe hanya zuwa mahakar ma'adinai ko wasu dakuna na ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Dangane da ma’anar fassarar hukumar Amurka, tashoshin raƙuman ruwa masu tsattsauran ra'ayi an tsara su sosai, sabanin rafuffukan rafi, waɗanda ƙila za su iya ko ba su da tashar da aka ayyana, kuma sun dogara galibi akan ambaliyar ruwa, kamar yadda gadon ruwansu ke saman ruwa. tebur Wani rafi na yau da kullun ba shi da halayen halittu, na ruwa, da na zahiri na ci gaba ko rabe -rabe. Hakanan tashar da ba ta daɗewa tana iya canza halaye daga tsaka-tsaki zuwa na tsawon lokaci.
Rage lokaci -lokaci ko rafi na yanayi Wanke kan iya cika up sauri a lokacin sosai, kuma akwai iya zama kwatsam torrent na ruwa bayan wani hadiri fara cirewa, kamar a lokacin monsoonal yanayi. Wadannan ambaliyar ruwan sukan kama matafiya da mamaki.
Amurka A cikin kasar Amurka, ragi na lokaci -lokaci ko ragin yanayi shine wanda ke gudana kawai don sashi na shekara kuma an yi masa alama akan taswirar taswira tare da layin shuɗin shuɗi da ɗigo. Wanke ko wankin hamada yawanci busasshe ne a cikin hamada na Kudu maso Yammacin Amurka, wanda ke gudana bayan babban ruwan sama.
Italiya A cikin kasar Italiya, ana kiran rafi na tsaka -tsaki torrent A cikin cikakken ambaliya kogin na iya zama ko ba zai “yi ƙarfi ba” a cikin ma’anar kalmar, amma za a sami yanayi ɗaya ko fiye wanda a cikinsa za a rage kwarara zuwa ƙasa ko ƙasa. Yawanci rafuka suna da Apennine maimakon tushen Alpine, kuma a lokacin bazara ana ciyar da su da ɗan hazo kuma babu dusar ƙanƙara. A wannan yanayin matsakaicin fitarwa zai kasance a lokacin bazara da kaka. Koyaya, akwai kuma raƙuman ruwan kankara tare da tsarin mulkin daban.
Wasu yankuna Hakanan ana iya kiran korama mai shiga tsakani a cikin Latin Amurka, balaguron hunturu a Biritaniya, ko kwari a cikin duniya mai magana da Larabci. A Australia, an intermittent rafi mafi yawa ana kira a creek da alama a kan topographic maps tare da daskararrun blue line.
Wuraren magudanar ruwa Gwargwadon kwarin da ke gudanar daga rafi ana kiranta kwarin magudanar ruwa (wanda kuma aka sani a Arewacin Amurka a matsayin ruwan ruwa kuma, a cikin Ingilishi na Ingilishi, a matsayin rami Hakanan ana iya haɗa kwandon ƙaramin faranti. Misali, Rarraba Nahiyar a Arewacin Amurka ya raba galibin ruwan Tekun Atlantika da Tekun Arctic daga mafi girman kwarin Tekun Pacific. Kogin Tekun Atlantika, duk da haka, ana iya ƙara raba shi cikin magudanar Tekun Atlantika da Tekun Mexico. (Wannan rarrabuwa ana kiranta Gabas ta Tsakiya ta Gabas Hakazalika, za a iya raba ramin Tekun Meksiko cikin kwarin Kogin Mississippi da ƙaramin ƙaramin ruwa, kamar kwarin Tombigbee Ci gaba a cikin wannan jijiya, wani ɓangaren kwarin Kogin Mississippi shine kwarin Kogin Ohio, wanda kuma ya haɗa da kwarin Kogin Kentucky, da sauransu.
Ƙetarewa Hanyoyin ketarewar korama sune inda hanyoyin ke ratsa koguna ta hanyoyi, bututun mai, hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa, ko wani abu wanda zai iya ƙuntata kwararar rafin a yanayin al'ada ko ambaliyar ruwa. Duk wani tsari akan ko cikin rafi wanda ke haifar da iyakancewa akan motsi kifin ko wasu abubuwan muhalli na iya zama matsala.
Duba kuma Gudun ruwa
Yanke kai
Dokar Playfair
Tsarin yanayin kogi
Bakin dutse
Hanyoyin waje
Nassoshi Rafuka
Ilimin Kimiyyar ruwa
Ilimin kimiyyar kasa
Kasashe masu ruwa
Ruwa
Ruwan Koramu
Pages with unreviewed |
40732 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re | Molière | Jean-Baptiste Poquelin (lafazin French pronunciation: batist 15 ga watan Janairu 1622 (baptised) 17 ga watan Fabrairu 1673), wanda kuma akafi sani da sunansa na mataki Molière mɒliɛər, moʊli ər/, French: [mɔljɛʁ), marubucin wasan kwaikwayo ne na Faransa, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, kuma mawaƙi, wanda ake ɗauka a matsayin a ɗaya daga cikin manyan marubuta a cikin yaren Faransanci da adabin duniya. Ayyukansa na baya sun haɗa da wasan kwaikwayo, tragicmmedies, faces, comedie-balets, da sauransu. An fassara wasan kwaikwayonsa zuwa kowane babban harshe mai rai kuma ana yin su a Comedie-Française fiye da na kowane marubucin wasan kwaikwayo a yau. Tasirinsa ya kai har ana kiran harshen Faransanci a matsayin "harshen Molière". An haife shi a cikin dangi mai wadata kuma ya yi karatu a Collège de Clermont (now Lycée Louis-le-Grand Molière ya dace da fara rayuwa a gidan wasan kwaikwayo. Shekaru goma sha uku a matsayin ɗan wasan tafiye-tafiye ya taimaka masa ya goge kwarewarsa ta ban dariya yayin da ya fara rubutu, yana haɗa abubuwan Commedia dell'arte tare da ingantaccen wasan barkwanci na Faransa. Ta hanyar taimakon manyan ’yan kasuwa da suka hada da Philippe I, Duke na Orléans—ɗan’uwan Louis XIV—Molière ya ba da umarni a gaban Sarki a Louvre. Yin wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya na Pierre Corneille da farce na kansa, The Doctor in Love, Molière an ba shi damar yin amfani da salle du Petit-Bourbon kusa da Louvre, ɗakin daki mai faɗi da aka nada don wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo. Daga baya, an ba shi damar yin amfani da gidan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Palais-Royal. A cikin wurare biyu, Molière ya sami nasara a tsakanin 'yan Parisiya tare da wasanni irin su 'yan matan da suka shafa, Makarantar Maza, da Makarantar Mata. Wannan tagomashin sarauta ya kawo fensho na sarauta ga ƙungiyarsa da take Troupe du Roi ("Kungiyar Sarki"). Molière ya ci gaba a matsayin mawallafin nishaɗin kotu. Duk da sha'awar kotu da 'yan Parisiya, Molière's satires sun jawo zargi daga wasu da'irori. Don rashin adalcin Tartuffe, Cocin Katolika a Faransa ta yi Allah wadai da wannan binciken na munafunci na addini, wanda majalisar dokokin ta hana shi, yayin da aka janye Don Juan kuma Molière bai sake dawo da shi ba. Ayyukansa mai wuyar gaske a cikin ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo da yawa sun yi tasiri ga lafiyarsa kuma, a shekara ta 1667, an tilasta masa ya huta daga matakin. A cikin karni na 1673, a lokacin da ake samar da wasansa na ƙarshe, The Imaginary Invalid, Molière, wanda ke fama da tarin fuka, an kama shi ta hanyar tari da kuma zubar da jini yayin wasa da hypochondriac Argan. Ya gama wasan amma ya sake rugujewa ya mutu bayan ‘yan sa’o’i.
Rayuwa An haifi Molière a birnin Paris jim kadan kafin a yi masa baftisma a matsayin Jean Poquelin a ranar 15 ga watan Janairun 1622. Wanda aka sani da Jean-Baptiste, shi ne ɗan fari na Jean Poquelin da Marie Cressé, waɗanda suka yi aure a ranar 27 ga watan Afrilu 1621. Mahaifiyarsa 'yar gidan bourgeois ce mai wadata. Da ganinsa a karon farko, wata kuyanga ta ce, "Le nez!", mai nuni ga babban hancin jariri. An kira Molière "Le Nez" ta danginsa tun daga lokacin. Ya rasa mahaifiyarsa yana ɗan shekara 10, kuma da alama bai kasance kusa da mahaifinsa ba. Bayan mutuwar mahaifiyarsa, ya zauna tare da mahaifinsa a sama da Pavillon des Singes a rue Saint-Honoré, wani yanki mai wadata na Paris. Wataƙila iliminsa ya fara ne tare da karatu a makarantar firamare ta Paris, sannan ya shiga cikin babbar jami'ar Jesuit Collège de Clermont, inda ya kammala karatunsa a cikin yanayi mai tsauri na ilimi kuma ya sami ɗanɗanar rayuwa a matakin farko. A shekara ta 1631, mahaifinsa Jean Poquelin ya saya daga kotu na Louis XIII posts na "valet de chambre ordinaire et tapissier du Roi" ("valet of the King Chamber and keeper of carpets and upholstery"). Ɗansa ya ɗauki wannan matsayi a cikin shekarar 1641. Taken yana buƙatar aikin watanni uku kawai da farashin farko na 1,200; lakabin yana biyan kuɗi 300 a shekara kuma ya ba da kwangiloli masu yawa. Molière ya kuma yi karatu a matsayin lauya na lardin wani lokaci a kusa da 1642, mai yiwuwa a Orléans, amma ba a rubuta cewa ya taba cancanta ba. Ya zuwa yanzu ya bi tsare-tsaren mahaifinsa, wanda ya yi masa aiki da kyau; ya haɗu da manyan mutane a Collège de Clermont kuma da alama yana son yin aiki a ofis.
A cikin watan Yuni 1643, lokacin da Molière ya kasance 21, ya yanke shawarar yin watsi da zamantakewarsa kuma ya yi aiki a kan mataki. Da yake karbar izinin mahaifinsa, ya shiga 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Madeleine Béjart, wanda ya ketare hanya a baya, kuma ya kafa Illustre Théâtre tare da 630. Daga baya aka haɗa su da kanin Madeleine da ƙanwarsa.
Ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta yi fatara a 1645. Molière ya zama shugaban kungiyar, saboda wani bangare, watakila, ga iyawar sa da kuma horar da shari'a. Koyaya, ƙungiyar ta sami manyan basusuka, galibi don hayar gidan wasan kwaikwayo (kotu don jeu de paume wanda bashin 2000 livres. Masana tarihi sun bambanta a kan shin mahaifinsa ko mai son wani dan kungiyarsa ya biya bashinsa; ko ta yaya, bayan ya shafe sa’o’i 24 a gidan yari ya koma da’ira mai aiki. A wannan lokacin ne ya fara amfani da pseudonym Molière, mai yiwuwa ya yi wahayi zuwa ga wani ƙaramin ƙauye mai suna a cikin Midi kusa da Le Vigan. Wataƙila ya canza sunansa don kare mahaifinsa kunya na samun ɗan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin iyali ('yan wasan kwaikwayo, kodayake ba a ci gaba da zagi da jihar a ƙarƙashin Louis XIV ba, har yanzu ba a yarda a binne su a ƙasa mai tsarki ba).
Bayan da aka ɗaure shi, shi da Madeleine sun fara wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na larduna tare da sabon rukunin wasan kwaikwayo; Wannan rayuwa za ta kasance kusan shekaru goma sha biyu, a lokacin da ya fara wasa a cikin kamfanin Charles Dufresne, kuma daga baya ya ƙirƙiri kamfani na kansa, wanda ya sami isasshen nasara kuma ya sami tallafin Philippe I, Duke na Orléans. Wasan kwaikwayo kaɗan ne ke tsira daga wannan lokacin. Mafi mahimmanci shine L'Étourdi ou les Contretemps (The Bungler) da Le Docteur Amoureux (Likita a Ƙauna); tare da waɗannan wasanni biyu, Molière ya ƙaura daga tasirin Italiyanci na Commedia dell'arte, kuma ya nuna basirarsa don izgili. A cikin tafiyarsa ya sadu da Armand, Yariman Conti, gwamnan Languedoc, wanda ya zama majiɓincinsa, kuma ya sa wa kamfaninsa suna. Wannan abota daga baya ta ƙare lokacin da Armand, bayan da ya kamu da syphilis daga mai ladabi, ya juya zuwa ga addini kuma ya shiga maƙiyan Molière a cikin Parti des Dévots da Compagnie de Saint Sacrement.
A Lyon, Mademoiselle Du Parc, wanda aka sani da Marquise, ya shiga kamfanin. An yi wa Marquise zarafi, a banza, ta hanyar Pierre Corneille kuma daga baya ya zama masoyin Jean Racine. Racine ya bai wa Molière tragedies Théagène et Chariclée (daya daga cikin ayyukan farko da ya rubuta bayan ya yi watsi da karatun tauhidi), amma Molière ba zai yi ba, kodayake ya ƙarfafa Racine ya ci gaba da aikinsa na fasaha. An ce ba da daɗewa ba Molière ya yi fushi da Racine lokacin da aka gaya masa cewa ya gabatar da tragedies a ɓoye ga kamfanin Hotel de Bourgogne kuma.
Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
32000 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauren%20%28%C6%8Aan%20%C6%99wallon%20%C6%99afa%29 | Lauren (Ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa) | Laureano Bisan-Etame Mayer (an haife shi a ranar 19 ga watan Janairu shekarata alif dubu daya da Dari tara da saba'in da bakwai (1977)), wanda aka fi sani da Lauren, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Kamaru mai ritaya ɗan asalin Equatoguinean wanda a baya ya taka leda a matsayin dama ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Kamaru. A matsayinsa na ɗan wasan Arsenal ya lashe kofuna da dama kuma ana kiransa da ɗaya daga cikin' Invincibles', taken da aka baiwa ƴan wasan Arsenal a shekarata dubu biyu da hudu (2004) bayan sun yi rashin nasara a kakar 2003-04 kuma suka lashe gasar Premier. Ya kuma lashe lambar zinare ta Olympics a gasar Olympics ta Sydney a shekara ta 2000 da kuma kofunan gasar cin kofin Afirka guda biyu a shekarar 2000 da shekarar 2002 tare da Kamaru. Yana da ɗan asalin Kamaru-Spanish biyu saboda girma a Spain.
Aikin kulob
Farkon aiki An haifi Lauren a Kribi, Kamaru, yayin da iyayensa suka tsere daga Equatorial Guinea saboda tsanantar siyasa a lokacin mulkin kama-karya na Francisco Macías Nguema. Sai iyalin suka ƙaura zuwa Seville, Spain, inda ya girma. Ya fara aikinsa a Spain yana taka leda a Utrera a matsayin aro daga Sevilla, San Fernando, Sevilla, Levante, da Mallorca. Ya buga gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai tare da Mallorca da Lazio, kuma ya rarraba Mallorca zuwa gasar zakarun Turai. Ya karɓi tayi masu mahimmanci (Real Madrid, Roma...), amma ya zaɓi Arsenal.
Arsenal Bayan da ya koma kulob ɗin Roma na Italiya, ya koma kulob ɗin Arsenal na Ingila a shekara ta 2000. Ya buga wasansa na farko a Arsenal a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa da Sunderland a ranar 19 ga Agusta 2000 kuma ya ci ƙwallon sa ta farko a ƙungiyar bayan kwana biyu kacal da Liverpool. Duk da haka kakarsa ta farko ta sami rauni sakamakon raunuka. Ko da yake da farko Lauren ya kasa samun gurbi na yau da kullun a kungiyar ta Arsenal, daga karshe ya zama zabin farko na kungiyar dama baya, inda ya maye gurbin Lee Dixon kuma ya tsallake rijiya da baya Oleh Luzhnyi A lokacin da Arsenal ta lashe sau biyu a cikin 2001-02, Lauren ya kasance wani muhimmin bangare na tsaron Arsenal. Lauren bai buga wani bangare na kakar wasa ta bana ba yayin da ya tafi taka leda a gasar cin kofin Afrika ta 2002, amma ya dawo taka leda a Arsenal daga watan Fabrairu zuwa gaba. Ya ci ƙwallon da ta yi nasara, bugun fanariti, a kan abokiyar hamayyarta Tottenham Hotspur yayin da Arsenal ta rufe gasar. A cikin 2002-03, Lauren ya ji rauni a maraƙi kuma ya sake rasa wani ɓangare na kakar wasa, amma duk da haka ya murmure cikin lokaci kuma ya lashe lambar yabo ta gasar cin kofin FA a waccan kakar, yayin da Arsenal ta doke Southampton 1-0. Lauren ya kasance memba na kungiyar farko ta Arsenal a tsakanin 2003-04 kuma ya zama sananne a matsayin daya daga cikin 'Masu nasara' bayan kulob din ya tafi duk kakar wasa ba tare da an doke shi ba. Lauren ya buga wa Arsenal wasa na 150 a lokacin da ya kafa tarihi kuma Arsenal ta lashe kofin Premier, wanda ya baiwa Lauren lambar yabo ta biyu a gasar. Duk da haka, kakarsa ta ɗan lalace ta hanyar zagin da ya yi wa Ruud van Nistelrooy bayan da ya rasa bugun fanareti a ƙarshen wasan da Arsenal da Manchester United suka yi a Old Trafford. Hukumar kwallon kafar Ingila ta dakatar da Lauren na wasanni hudu da kuma tarar fan 40,000. Lauren ya lashe lambar yabo ta uku a gasar cin kofin FA a shekarar 2005, yayin da Arsenal ta doke Manchester United a bugun fenariti bayan da suka tashi 0-0 a wasan karshe; Lauren ne ya zura kwallon farko a ragar Arsenal. Koyaya, a lokacin 2005–06, Lauren ya ji rauni a gwiwa a kan Wigan Athletic a wasan kusa da na karshe na cin Kofin League a ranar 21 ga Janairu 2006. Ya shafe kusan shekara guda a wasa a sakamakon haka, kuma sai a ranar 19 ga watan Disamba ne Lauren ya shiga cikin tawagar 'yan wasan, a wasan da Arsenal za ta yi da Liverpool a gasar cin kofin League a matakin daf da na kusa da karshe; daga baya aka dage wannan karawar saboda hazo Lauren ba a sake kiran Arsenal ba.
A lokacin da rashi, Lauren ta matsayi da aka rufe da, da sauransu, Emmanuel Eboué da Justin Hoyte, abin da kafofin watsa labarai hasashe cewa Lauren zai bar Arsenal zuwa West Ham United. A ranar 12 ga Janairu 2007, Wenger ya tabbatar da cewa Arsenal za ta bar Lauren ya tafi, idan ya zaɓi yin hakan. A ranar 18 ga Janairu, 2007, Lauren ya shiga Portsmouth akan wani na shekara don kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba.
Portsmouth A ranar 18 ga Janairu, 2007, Lauren ya kammala canja wuri zuwa Portsmouth akan wani Kwangilar. A ranar 22 ga Janairu, Harry Redknapp ya sanar da cewa an kashe fam 500,000. Lauren ya fara buga wasansa na farko a ranar 20 ga Janairu 2007 da Charlton Athletic kuma ya kasance na yau da kullun a dama da baya na ragowar lokacin 2006 07. A cikin lokacin 2007 08, ya faɗi zuwa zaɓi na biyu dama baya saboda kyakkyawan yanayin Glen Johnson. Duk da haka, Lauren ya sami damar tawagar farko saboda kwarewarsa kuma ya cika a hagu na baya sau da yawa kuma yana taka leda akai-akai a hannun dama na tsakiya a watan Janairu 2008 yayin da John Utaka ya tafi a gasar cin kofin Afrika. Lauren wani bangare ne na kungiyar Portsmouth ta 2007–08 ta lashe kofin FA. Duk da cewa bai sanya 'yan wasan ba a wasan karshe ya bayyana a zagayen farko. A watan Yuni 2009, kwangilarsa ta ƙare kuma an sake shi daga kulob din bayan da ya yi bayyanar sau ɗaya kawai a duk kakar wasa, a matsayin maye gurbin 2008 FA Community Shield.
Cordoba A kan 15 Maris 2010, Cordoba ta sanar da cewa sun sanya hannu kan Lauren a matsayin wakili na kyauta. Ya buga wasansa na farko a gasar a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Arteaga a ranar 3 ga Afrilu 2010 a wasan da suka tashi 0-0 da Huesca. Lauren ya yi ritaya a karshen kakar wasa ta bana.
Ayyukan ƙasa da ƙasa Lauren ya ce yana jin Mutanen Espanya, amma ya zabi ya wakilci Kamaru, al'ummar da aka haife shi. Tare da Kamaru ya lashe gasar Olympics ta Sydney a 2000 da gasar cin kofin Afirka a 2000. An sake maimaita wannan nasarar a lokacin da tawagar ta lashe gasar cin kofin Afirka na 2002 Kamaru ta doke Senegal a bugun fenariti bayan sun tashi 0-0. Lauren ya zura kwallo a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida. A shekarar 1998 Lauren ya buga wasansa na farko a kasar Kamaru inda ya buga wasanni 25, inda ya zura kwallaye biyu a raga, yayin da ya lashe zinare a gasar Olympics a shekarar 2000 a Sydney, sannan ya lashe gasar cin kofin Afrika a 2000 da 2002. Ya kasance cikin tawagar Indomitable Lions a gasar cin kofin duniya ta Faransa 1998 da kuma bugu na 2002, da aka gudanar a Japan da Koriya. Lauren ya sanar da yin ritaya daga buga kwallon kafa na duniya yana da shekaru 25.
Tsohon ɗan wasan Arsenal Bayan nasarar da ya samu a Arsenal, kungiyar ta arewacin Landan tana daukar Lauren, wanda ya kasance jigon kungiyar Invincibles, a matsayin gwarzon kulob. Bako ne na yau da kullun a filin wasa na Emirate kuma ya yi jerin gwano don buga wasan Legends na Arsenal a wasannin sadaka da gidauniyar kungiyar ta shirya, kamar karawar da suka yi da Real Madrid Legends da suka buga a Emirates da Santiago Bernabéu a bazarar 2018.
Jakadan Arsenal Godiya ga nasarorin da ya samu a Arsenal da kuma a cikin wasan Afirka, wanda ya hada da kambin gasar cin kofin Afirka guda biyu da zinare na Olympic tare da Kamaru, Lauren a halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin jakadan Arsenal a Nahiyar Afirka, rawar da ke nuna ayyukan da suka shafi kwallon kafa da ilimi. da kuma halartar tarukan da magoya bayan kulob din. Lauren ya dauki wannan matsayi a matsayin wani abin alfahari na gaske domin yana kallonsa a matsayin wata hanya ta taimakon al'ummar Afirka, tare da biyan wasu tallafin da ya samu a lokacin wasansa. Daya daga cikin kasashen da Lauren ya ziyarta ita ce kasar Ruwanda, inda ya halarci wasannin kwallon kafa na yara da cibiyoyin ilimi, yayin da ya kuma zama wakilin kulob a wasu shagulgulan hukuma tare da hukumomin cikin gida da kuma binciko fitattun alamomin kasar a lokacin da yake daga tutar Arsenal.
Lamarin da Lauren ya taka a matsayin jakadan Arsenal ya kuma yi balaguro zuwa wasu kasashen duniya da suka hada da Singapore, inda ya sake shiga cikin asibitocin kwallon kafa, ya kuma wakilci kulob din a wasanni daban-daban.
Masanin fasaha na FIFA An nada Lauren a matsayin ƙwararriyar fasaha ta FIFA don haɓaka hazaka. A cikin rawar da ya taka, za a dora masa alhakin inganta matsayin gasar kwallon kafa ta Afirka a matakin kasa da kasa kuma zai iya yin kira ga dimbin gogewa da ya samu a lokacin da yake taka leda wanda ya sa ya samu babban matsayi a Arsenal da kuma tawagar kasar Kamaru.
Mai sharhin TV Lauren muryar hukuma ce da ake mutuntawa idan ana maganar watsa shirye-shirye. Ya kasance yana nunawa akai-akai akan wasan kwaikwayon Turanci na LaLiga TV na Viva LaLiga, wanda ke yin bitar duk sabbin abubuwan da suka faru daga babban jirgin saman Spain. A halin da ake ciki, ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin masanin studio don labaran GOl TV na manyan wasannin Arsenal, kamar wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin Turai na 2018/19 da Chelsea. Ya kuma yi fitowa a kafafen yada labarai ga manyan masu watsa shirye-shirye, ciki har da Sky Sports, inda ya yi fice a shirin Revista de La Liga na Guillem Balagué, da BBC Sport. Ya kasance wani bangare na kungiyoyin watsa shirye-shiryen ITV da Eurosport na gasar cin kofin kasashen Afirka na 2012 da 2017.
Rayuwa ta sirri Shi ma dan dambe ne kuma yana jin dadin bacin rai a lokacinsa. Yana zaune a Seville, kuma yana da yara biyu.
Ƙididdigar sana'a
Kulob
Ƙasashen Duniya
Manufar ƙasa da ƙasa Maki da sakamako ne aka jera yawan kwallayen Kamaru, ginshiƙin maki yana nuna ci bayan kowace ƙwallon Lauren.
Girmamawa Mallorca
Supercopa de España 1998
Premier League 2001-02, 2003-04 Kofin FA 2001–02, 2002–03, 2004–05
Garkuwar FA 2002, 2004
Portsmouth
Kofin FA: 2007-08
Kamaru
Gasar Olympics 2000
Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka 2000, 2002
Mutum
Gasar Cin Kofin Kasashen Afirka (2000)
Ƙungiyar PFA ta Shekara 2003-04 Premier League
Manazarta 'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Kameru
Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1977
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
28847 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamu | Lamu | Garin Lamu ko Lamu ƙaramin gari ne a tsibirin Lamu, wanda kuma wani yanki ne na tsibiran Lamu a ƙasar Kenya. Yana da nisan kilomita 341 (212 mi) ta titin arewa maso gabashin Mombasa wanda ya ƙare a Mokowe Jetty, daga inda za a ketare tashar teku don isa tsibirin Lamu. Ita ce hedkwatar gundumar Lamu kuma Cibiyar Tarihi ta UNESCO.
Garin ya ƙunshi katangar Lamu da ke bakin teku, wanda aka gina a ƙarƙashin Fumo Madi ibn Abi Bakr, sarkin Pate, kuma an kammala shi bayan rasuwarsa a farkon shekarun 1820. Lamu kuma yana da masallatai 23 da suka hada da masallacin Riyadha da aka gina a shekarar 1900, da kuma wurin jaki.
Tarihi
Tarihin farko Asalin sunan garin Amu, wanda larabawa suke kira Al-Amu da kuma Portuguese "Lamon". Portuguese sun yi amfani da sunan ga dukan tsibirin saboda Amu shine babban mazaunin.
Garin Lamu da ke tsibirin Lamu shi ne birni mafi tsufa a Kenya da ake ci gaba da zama, kuma ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin asalin matsugunan Swahili da ke gabar tekun gabashin Afirka. An yi imani da cewa an kafa shi a cikin 1370.
A yau, yawancin mutanen Lamu Musulmi ne.
Wani Balarabe matafiyi Abu-al-Mahasini ne ya fara ba da shaidar garin a rubuce, wanda ya gamu da wani alkali daga Lamu da ya ziyarci Makka a shekara ta 1441.
A shekara ta 1506, jiragen ruwa na Portuguese karkashin Tristão da Cunha sun aika da jirgin ruwa don tarewa Lamu, bayan 'yan kwanaki sauran jiragen ruwa sun isa inda ya tilasta wa sarkin garin da sauri ya amince ya biya musu haraji na shekara-shekara tare da Meticals 600 nan da nan. Matakin na Portuguese ya samo asali ne sakamakon nasarar nasarar da al'ummar kasar suka yi na kula da harkokin kasuwanci a gabar tekun Indiya. Tsawon lokaci mai tsawo, Portugal tana da ikon jigilar kayayyaki a gabar tekun gabashin Afirka kuma ta sanya harajin fitar da kayayyaki a kan hanyoyin kasuwanci na cikin gida da suka kasance a baya. A cikin 1580s, sakamakon hare-haren Turkiyya, Lamu ya jagoranci tawaye ga Portuguese. A cikin 1652, Oman ta taimaka wa Lamu don tsayayya da ikon Portuguese.
"Shekarun Zinariya" Shekarun Lamu a matsayin kariyar Omani daga karshen karni na 17 zuwa farkon karni na 19 sun nuna tarihin garin na zinare. An gudanar da mulkin Lamu a matsayin jamhuriya a karkashin majalisar dattawa da aka fi sani da Yumbe wanda ya yi mulki daga wani fada a garin; kadan daga cikin fadar a yau in banda rugujewar fili. A wannan lokacin, Lamu ta zama cibiyar wakoki, siyasa, fasaha da fasaha gami da kasuwanci. Yawancin gine-ginen garin an yi su ne a wannan lokacin cikin salo na gargajiya na musamman. Baya ga bunkasuwar kasuwancinta na fasaha da fasaha, Lamu ta zama cibiyar adabi da ilimi. Marubutan mata irin su mawaƙiya Mwana Kupona wacce ta shahara saboda Advice on the Wifely Duty tana da matsayi mafi girma a Lamu fiye da taron da aka yi a Kenya a lokacin.
A shekara ta 1812, sojojin hadin gwiwa na Pate-Mazrui sun mamaye tsibirin a lokacin yakin Shela. Sun sauka ne a Shela da nufin kame Lamu tare da kammala ginin katangar da aka fara ginawa, amma mutanen yankin sun danne musu karfi a cikin kwale-kwalen da suke gabar teku a lokacin da suke kokarin guduwa. A cikin fargabar hare-haren da ake kaiwa nan gaba, Lamu ya roki 'yan Omani da su samar da wani sansanin Busaidi da zai yi aiki a sabon sansanin tare da taimakawa wajen kare yankin daga 'yan tawayen Mazrui da ke gabar tekun Kenya.
Zaman mulkin mallaka A tsakiyar karni na 19, Lamu ya shiga karkashin siyasar Sarkin Zanzibar. Jamusawa sun yi iƙirarin Wituland a watan Yuni 1885. Jamusawa sun ɗauki Lamu a matsayin muhimmiyar dabara kuma wuri ne mai kyau don tushe. Daga 22 ga Nuwamba 1888 zuwa 3 Maris 1891, akwai ofishin gidan waya na Jamus a Lamu don sauƙaƙe sadarwa a cikin ma'aikatar tsaron Jamus a cikin sultanate. Ita ce gidan waya na farko da aka kafa a gabar tekun gabashin Afirka; a yau akwai gidan tarihi a Lamu da aka keɓe don shi: Gidan adana kayan tarihin gidan waya na Jamus. A cikin 1890, Lamu ta shiga ƙarƙashin mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya kamar yadda aka tsara a cikin yarjejeniyar Heligoland-Zanzibar. Kenya ta samu 'yancin kai a siyasance a shekarar 1963, ko da yake tasirin gwamnatin tsakiyar Kenya bai yi kadan ba, kuma Lamu na ci gaba da samun 'yancin cin gashin kai na cikin gida.
Lamu na zamani A cikin wani rahoto na 2010 mai suna Saving Our Vanishing Heritage, Global Heritage Fund ya bayyana Lamu a matsayin daya daga cikin shafuka 12 na duniya da suka fi "Gaba" na asara da lalacewa da ba za a iya gyarawa ba, yana mai nuni da rashin isasshen kulawa da matsin lamba na ci gaba.
Yayin da kungiyar ta'addanci ta Al Shabaab ta sanya dokar hana fita a Lamu a watan Satumbar 2011, a farkon shekarar 2012 ana daukar tsibirin a cikin hadari. A ranar 4 ga Afrilu, 2012, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta dage takunkumin tafiye-tafiyen Lamu. Sai dai wasu hare-hare guda biyu da aka kai a kusa da Lamu a watan Yulin 2014, wanda kungiyar Al Shabaab ta dauki alhakinsu, ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutane 29.
Yanayi Lamu tana da yanayi mai bushewa na savanna (Köppen climate classification As).
Tattalin Arziki Tattalin arzikin Lamu ya dogara ne kan cinikin bayi har zuwa shekarar 1907. Sauran kayayyakin da aka saba fitar da su na gargajiya sun hada da hauren giwa, da mangoro, harsashi na kunkuru da kahon karkanda, wadanda ake jigilar su ta tekun Indiya zuwa Gabas ta Tsakiya da Indiya. Baya ga kawar da bautar, gina titin dogo na Uganda a shekarar 1901 {wanda aka fara daga tashar jiragen ruwa ta Mombasa} ya kawo cikas ga tattalin arzikin Lamu.
Yawon shakatawa ya kara habaka tattalin arzikin kasar a 'yan kwanakin nan, kuma wuri ne da ya shahara ga masu safarar kaya. Yawancin mazauna wurin suna ba da tafiye-tafiye a kan tafiye-tafiye zuwa masu yawon bude ido. Harambee Avenue an santa da kayan abinci, kuma tana da shaguna da dama da suka haɗa da shagon halwa da ake siyar da kayan abinci masu daɗi da ƙananan kebabs na naman naman da ake sayar da su da daddare. Kwakwa, mango da innabi da abincin teku kamar kaguwa da lobster kayan abinci ne na gama gari. Garin ya ƙunshi babbar kasuwa, kantin Gallery Baraka da Shagon Zane na Shumi, da kantin sayar da Littattafai na Mwalimu.
Otal mafi tsufa a garin, Petley's Inn, yana bakin ruwa. Sauran otal din sun hada da Amu House da Amurka ta mayar da su, otal din Bahari mai daki 20, Doda Villas, gidan Jannat mallakar Sweden, da Lamu Palace Hotel mai hawa 3 mai daki 23, da Petley's Inn, da Stone House mai daki 13, wanda An canza shi daga wani gida na ƙarni na 18, da Otal ɗin Sunsail mai daki 18, gidan tsohon ɗan kasuwa a bakin ruwa mai tsayi.
Ana girbe itatuwan Mangroves don gina sanduna, kuma Lamu tana da ɗimbin al'umma masu sana'a, gami da kafintoci waɗanda ke yin aikin ginin kwale-kwale da yin ƙofofi da kayan daki.
Asibitin Lamu ne ke kula da garin a kudancin babbar cibiyar, wanda ma’aikatar lafiya ke gudanarwa. An kafa ta a cikin 1980s, kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun asibitocin da ke gabar tekun Kenya.
Kasar Sin ta fara nazarin yiwuwar sauya Lamu zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa mafi girma a gabashin Afirka, a wani bangare na dabarunta na String of Pearls.
Fitattun alamomin ƙasa An kafa garin a ƙarni na 14 kuma yana ɗauke da kyawawan misalai da yawa na gine-ginen Swahili. An rubuta tsohon birnin a cikin jerin abubuwan tarihi na duniya a matsayin "mafi tsufa kuma mafi kyawun mazaunin Swahili a gabashin Afirka".
Da zarar wata cibiya ce ta cinikin bayi, al’ummar Lamu na da kabilu daban-daban. Lamu na kan manyan hanyoyin kasuwanci na Larabawa, kuma a sakamakon haka, al'ummar musulmi ne. Don mutunta mazaunan musulmi, ana sa ran masu yawon bude ido a garin su sanya wando fiye da guntun wando ko bikini.
Akwai gidajen tarihi da yawa, ciki har da gidan kayan tarihi na Lamu, gidan ƙaho na bikin tsibirin (wanda ake kira siwa); sauran gidajen tarihi an sadaukar da su ga al'adun Swahili da sabis na gidan waya na gida. Manyan gine-gine a garin Lamu sun hada da:
Kagara Lamu Garin Lamu kagara ne a garin. Fumo Madi bn Abi Bakr, sarkin Pate, ya fara gina katanga a bakin teku, domin kare ’yan gwamnatinsa da ba ta da farin jini. Ya mutu a shekara ta 1809, kafin a kammala rukunin farko na katangar. An kammala katangar a farkon shekarun 1820.
Masallacin Riyadh Habib Salih, Sharif mai alaƙar dangi da Hadramaut, Yemen, ya zauna a Lamu a cikin 1880s, kuma ya zama babban malamin addini da ake girmamawa. Habib Salih ya samu gagarumar nasara wajen tara dalibai a kusa da shi, kuma a shekarar 1900 aka gina masallacin Riyadha. Ya gabatar da Habshi Maulidi, inda dalibansa suka rera baituka tare da tambura. Bayan rasuwarsa a shekara ta 1935 'ya'yansa maza sun ci gaba da makarantar sakandare, wadda ta zama daya daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin karatun addinin Musulunci a gabashin Afirka. Masallacin dai shi ne cibiyar Maulidi da ake gudanarwa duk shekara a cikin makon karshe na watan Maulidin Manzon Allah (saww). A yayin wannan biki, mahajjata daga kasashen Sudan, Kongo, Uganda, Zanzibar da Tanzaniya sun bi sahun jama'ar yankin domin rera wa Muhammad yabo. Masallacin Mnarani shima abin lura ne.
Wurin jaki Tun da tsibirin ba shi da ababen hawa, ana yin sufuri da sauran manyan ayyuka tare da taimakon jakuna. Akwai jakuna kusan 3000 a tsibirin. Dokta Elisabeth Svendsen na Gidan Jakin Jaki a Ingila ya fara ziyartar Lamu a 1985. Don damuwa da yanayin jakuna, an buɗe Wuri a 1987. Wurin yana ba da magani ga duk jakuna kyauta.
Al'adu Lamu ne ake gudanar da bikin Maulidi, wanda ake gudanarwa a watan Janairu ko Fabrairu, wanda ake bikin haihuwar Mohammed. Yana fasalta ayyuka iri-iri tun daga "tseren jakuna zuwa wasan tuƙi da kuma gasar ninkaya". Bikin al'adun Lamu, bikin karnival kala-kala, ana gudanar da shi ne a cikin makon da ya gabata na watan Agusta, wanda tun shekara ta 2000 ake gudanar da raye-rayen gargajiya, da sana'o'in hannu da suka hada da kwalliyar kofia, da kuma tseren jiragen ruwa. Kyautar Donkey, tare da kyaututtukan da aka ba wa jakuna mafi kyau, ana bayar da su a cikin Maris/Afrilu. Kade-kaden mata a garin ma sun shahara kuma suna yin chakacha, rawan aure. Maza suna yin hanzua (rawar takobi) kuma suna sa kanzus.
An sanya tsohon garin Lamu a matsayin wurin tarihi na UNESCO a cikin 2001, bisa sharudda 3:
Tsarin gine-gine da tsarin birane na Lamu a hoto yana nuna tasirin al'adu da suka taru a can sama da shekaru ɗari da yawa daga Turai, Larabawa, da Indiya, suna amfani da dabarun Swahili na gargajiya don samar da al'adu daban-daban.
Haɓaka da faɗuwar tashoshin jiragen ruwa a gabar tekun gabashin Afirka da hulɗar da ke tsakanin Bantu, Larabawa, Farisa, Indiyawa, da Turawa suna wakiltar wani gagarumin al'adu da tattalin arziki a tarihin yankin wanda ya fi yin fice a garin Lamu.
Babbar rawar da take takawa ta kasuwanci da kuma jan hankalin malamai da malamai sun baiwa Lamu wani muhimmin aiki na addini a yankin, wanda har ya zuwa yau.
Sufuri A cikin 2011, an ƙaddamar da shawarwari don gina tashar ruwa mai zurfin ruwa wanda zai fi ƙarfin gaske ta fuskar zurfin ruwa, adadin wuraren kwana, da ikon jiragen ruwa na isa da tashi a lokaci guda fiye da babbar tashar ruwa ta ƙasar a Mombasa.
Filin jirgin saman Manda yana tsibirin Manda a cikin tsibiran Lamu na gundumar Lamu a yammacin gabar tekun Indiya, a gabar tekun Kenya yana hidimar Lamu da lardin.
Wurin da yake wurin yana da kusan kilomita 450 (280 mi) ta iska, kudu maso gabas da filin jirgin saman Nairobi, filin jirgin saman farar hula mafi girma a ƙasar. Kamfanonin jiragen sama da yawa suna hidimar yankin da suka hada da, Air Kenya, Safari Link da Fly 540 akwai jirage na yau da kullun zuwa Malindi, Mombasa da Nairobi.
A cikin shahararrun al'adu Waƙar "Lamu" ta mawakin Kirista Michael W. Smith ta samu wahayi daga tsibirin. A cikin waƙar, Smith ya kira Lamu a matsayin "maɓoyar tsibiri wurin da za mu sake haifuwa nan ba da jimawa ba daga halakar rayuwa inda duniya ta kasance har yanzu". Wakar tana magana ne akan gujewa matsalolin rayuwa.
Lamu shine saitin gajeren labari na Anthony Doerr mai suna "The Shell Collector" daga tarin labaransa mai suna.
Wani ɓangare na abubuwan da suka faru a cikin littafin Our Wild Sex in Malindi (Babi na 14 da 15) na Andrei Gusev yana faruwa a Lamu da kuma tsibirin Manda maƙwabta.
Hari na 2022 Kwanan nan gundumar Lamu ta kasance wurin wani laifi inda wasu da ba a san ko su waye ba suka kashe mutum shida a ranar 3 ga watan Janairun 2022. An caka wa daya daga cikin mutanen wuka aka fille kansa sannan aka harbe daya, hudu daga cikin gawarwakin sun kone.
Manazarta Littafi Mai Tsarki
Allen, James de Vere: Lamu, with an appendix on Archaeological finds from the region of Lamu by H. Neville Chittick. Nairobi: Kenya National Museums.
Beckwith, Carol and Fisher, Angela, Text: Hancock, Graham: "African Ark, People and Ancient Cultures of Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa," New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc, 1990. ISBN 0-8109-1902-8
Couffer, Jack: "The Cats of Lamu." New York: The Lyons Press, c1998. ISBN 1-85410-568-X
Ghaidan, Usam: Lamu: A study of the Swahili town. Nairobi: East African Literature Bureau, 1975.
Naipaul, Shiva: North of South, An African Journey, 1978. Page 177 ff, Penguin Travel,
Prins, A.H.J.: Sailing from Lamu: A Study of Maritime Culture in Islamic East Africa. Assen: van Gorcum Comp., 1965.
Romero, Patricia W.: Lamu: history, society, and family in an East African port city. Princeton, N.J.: Markus Wiener, |
17380 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umaru%20Mutallab | Umaru Mutallab | Alhaji Umaru Abdul Mutallab (An haife shi a 15 ga watan Disamba 1939) ɗan kasuwa ne kuma mai kuɗi, wanda ya yi aiki a ƙarƙashin mulkin gwamnatin soja ta Janar Murtala Mohammed da Olusegun Obasanjo Mutallab ya bayyana a jaridar, The New York Times a matsayin daya daga cikin "jerin manyan attajiran Najeriya, kuma mashahurai", ta jaridar The Telegraph da cewa "ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masu hada-hadar banki a Najeriya", da kuma jaridar The Guardian a matsayin "ɗaya daga cikin ƴan ƙasar mafi yawan 'yan kasuwa masu daraja Ɗansa, Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab (ɗan harin bam ɗin Kirsimeti) ya yi ƙoƙari ya tayar da bama-baman roba a cikin jirgin Northwest Airlines Flight 253 a ranar 25 ga watan Disamba 2009 kuma a halin yanzu yana ɗaurin shekaru huɗu tare da shekaru 50 ba tare da sharaɗi ba a ADX Florence, babban gidan yarin tarayya na supermax a Amurka Tarihin rayuwa Mutallab an haife shi ne ga dangin Abdul Mutallab Barade, jami'i a kamfanin Funtua Works Dept.ne Yana zaune ne a Funtua, a cikin Jihar Katsina a Arewacin Nijeriya, duk da cewa rahotanni suna da gidan suna da gidaje a Landan da Ghana kuma. Iyalin suna da aƙalla gidaje uku a cikin Nijeriya (a cikin Abuja, Funtua, da Kaduna Ilimi Ya halarci Kwalejin Barewa, Zariya, Achimota College, Accra, Ghana, da South West London College, London. Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo da ke Ile-Ife ta ba shi digirin digirgir na girmamawa Ayyuka Bayan kammala jarrabawar sa ta makaranta a cikin watan Disambar 1959, Mutallab ya fara aiki a matsayin magatakarda tare da kamfanin Pannell, Fitzpatrick da Kamfani a Kaduna a watan Janairun 1960.
Daga nan ya yi tafiya don ci gaba da karatu, nasa ne ya dawo Nijeriya a 1968, lokacin da aka naɗa shi Babban Akanta na Kamfanin Masana’antun Tsaro na Nijeriya A cikin 1971, ya zama mai kula da harkokin kuɗin na kamfanin New Nigerian Development Company a Kaduna, kafin ya zama babban manajan kamfanoni a 1975.
Mutallab ya yi aiki a matsayin ministan gwamnati a ƙarƙashin Janar Murtala Mohammed da Janar Olusegun Obasanjo tsakanin 1975 zuwa 1978. Na farko a matsayin Kwamishinan Tarayya watau, Ministan) Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki a(1975), an sauke shi daga mukatmin bayan yunƙurin juyin mulkin soja na 1976 wanda ya yi sanadin mutuwar Janar Murtala Mohammed Koyaya, daga baya aka nada shi sabon Ministan Haɗin Kai da Kaya a(1976). A shekarar ta 1978, ya bar majalisar minista kuma ya zama mataimakin shugaban zartarwa, sannan yazama manajan darakta,ne kuma Shugaba a Babban Bankin Afirka (UBA). Ya riƙe ofis din har zuwa 1988, kuma shi ne babban mai bayar da kudi a zaben shugaban kasa na 1979, wanda ya kawo Jam’iyyar Nijeriya ta Ƙasa a Jamhuriya ta Biyu ƙarƙashin jagorancin Shugaba Shehu Shagari Mutallab ya kuma yi aiki a kan muƙamin daraktocin wasu kamfanoni da dama, wadanda suka hada da Arewa Textile Limited, NEPA, NACB, NCC, Nigeria Agip Oil, da kuma Cement Company of Nigeria,
Daga 1999 zuwa 2009, ya kasance shugaban bankin First Bank of Nigeria Plc, babban banki ne a Najeriya kuma mafi girma. A shekarar ta 2009 ya kasance shugaban wasu kamfanoni, ciki har da Impresit Bakolori Plc, Incar Nigeria Plc, da kuma Spring Waters Nigeria Limited (SWAN). Shine babban mai hannun jari a kamfanin Barade Holdings da Barumark Investment and Development Company.
Muttalab ya taka rawa wajen shigowa da bankin Musulunci a cikin Najeriya, kuma shi ne shugaban bankin Musulunci na farko a Najeriya, Jaiz Bank International Plc, wanda aka kafa a 2003. Mutallab shi ne shugaban ƙungiyar Aiki na nafar ko a ƙungiyar hangen nesa 20: 2020 a Nijeriya, kuma shugaban kungiyar Boan Maza da Kwalejin Barewa yana cikin kungiyoyi biyu na Association of Chartered Certified bincike (FCCA) da kuma Cibiyar Chartered bincike na Najeriya (FCA).
Mutallab ya samu lambar yabo ta Kwamandan Umurnin Nijar, ɗaya daga cikin manyan karramawa a Najeriya.
Rayuwar mutum Duk da cewa mai matuƙar bin addini ne, Mutallab bai ɗauki kansa a matsayin mai tsattsauran ra'ayin addini ba, inda ya bayyana cewa ya koyi yadda za a yi haƙuri yayin da ya halarci kwalejin Barewa wacce ke da ɗalibai daga sassa da dama na ƙasar kuma tana ba da jin da kasancewa tare. Shi ma memba ne na Mafia na Kaduna, ƙungiyar 'yan kasuwa ta Nijeriya, ma'aikatan gwamnati, masu ilimi da hafsoshin soja daga Arewacin Nijeriya, waɗanda ke zaune ko gudanar da ayyukansu a Kaduna, tsohon babban birnin yankin zuwa ƙarshen Jamhuriya ta Farko. Mutallab babban aboki ne kuma aboki ne ga mai kuɗin mafia ɗin Hamza Zayyad, wanda ya shawo kansa ya ɗauki aikin lissafi a matsayin sana'a.
Ɗan sa Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab Mutallab ya amince a watan Yulin 2009 don barin ɗansa, Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab, ƙaramin a cikin yaransa 16 kuma dan na biyu ne daga cikin matansa biyu (wanda ya fito daga Yemen don komawa Cibiyar a don Harshen Larabci a Yemen don karatun larabci daga watan Agusta zuwa Satumba 2009. Da alama ɗansa ya bar Cibiyar bayan wata ɗaya, yayin da ya kasance a Yemen. A watan Oktoba, dansa ya aiko masa da sakon tes cewa yana son karatun sharia da Larabci a kwas din shekara bakwai a Yemen. Mahaifinsa ya yi barazanar yanke masa tallafi, inda dansa ya ce "tuni yana samun komai kyauta". Mutallab ya ba da rahoto ga jami'an CIA biyu a Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka da ke Abuja, Najeriya, a ranar 19 ga Nuwamba 2009, game da "tsattsauran ra'ayin addini" na dansa, kuma ya gaya wa ofishin jakadancin cewa watakila yana Yemen. An kara sunan dan nasa a watan Nuwamba na shekarar ta 2009 a cikin Amurka mai suna 550,000 na 'Yan Ta'addan Datamart Muhalli, wani matattarar bayanai ta Cibiyar Yaki da Ta'addanci ta Amurka Ba a soke bizarsa ta Amurka ba. A ranar 25 ga watan Disambar 2009, Umar na da hannu a yunƙurin tayar da bama-bamai a jirgin na Northwest Airlines Flight 253 Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Mutallab, fitaccen ma'aikacin banki
Bayanin banki Egene, Goddy, Mutallab: Profile in Courage ThisDay via AllAfrica.com, 28 Disamba 2009
Mutane daga Jihar Katsina
Mutanen Najeriya
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20979 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria%20Airways%20Flight%20357 | Nigeria Airways Flight 357 | Jirgin saman Nigeria Airways Flight 357 jirgin fasinjan cikin gida ne da aka shirya daga Yola a Yola zuwa Murtala Muhammed International Airport da ke Legas, tare da tsayawa a Filin Jirgin Sama na Jos da ke Jos da na Kaduna a Kaduna.A ranar 13 ga Nuwamba 1995,jirgin Boeing 737-2F9,a lokacin tafiyarsa ta biyu daga Jos zuwa Kaduna,ya gamu da mummunan hatsarin jirgin sama a Filin jirgin Kaduna,wanda ya haifar da gobara da ta kuma lalata jirgin.Dukkanin ma’aikatan jirgin 14 sun rayu,yayin da 11 daga cikin fasinjoji 124 suka mutu.
Bayan Fage Jirgin samfurin Boeing 737-2F9 ne da ke rajista a lambar rajistar Najeriya 5N-AUA. Jirgin an sanye shi da injina 2 Pratt Whitney Canada. Tana da jirgin farko a ranar 14 ga Oktoban shekara ta 1982. An kuma kera shi a Renton, Amurka kuma yana da lambar gini 22985, an ƙera shi ne a ranar 11 ga Fabrairu 1983. Jirgin ya sami iska awanni 22,375.40.. Kyaftin din dan shekaru 43 ne dan Najeriya tare da wani lasisin lasisin Jirgin Sama na Jirgin Sama mai lamba 2911 ya fara aiki har zuwa watan Mayun shekara ta 1996. Yana da kwatancen umarnin sa akan B-737, Cessna-150 da Piper Aztec. Kamar yadda lokacin hatsarin ya faru, Kwamandan yana da cikakkiyar kwarewar shawagi sama da awanni 6,000 wanda sama da awanni 4,000 suna kan aiki. Kwamandan ya cancanci ya tashi. Yayinda Jami'in Farko ya kasance ɗan Najeriya ɗan shekara 39 tare da Baƙin Lasisin lasisin Kasuwanci mai lamba 2884 wanda ke aiki har tsakar dare na 13 Nuwamban shekara ta 1995. Sakamakonsa na 2 shine Boeing-737 da Boeing-727. Jami'in Farko yana da cikakkiyar kwarewar tashi sama da awanni 5,000 daga ciki sa'o'i 3,000 na kan aiki. An same shi ya cancanta ya hau jirgin ranar. Kafin mummunan lamarin Jos Kaduna, jirgin ya tashi daga Yola zuwa Jos. Yankunan farko da na uku na jirgin sun sami Kyaftin, yayin da jami'in na farko ya kasance a kan kula da sashi na biyu (KAD -JOS) na jirgin. Dukansu suna da matsala game da sarrafa jirgin sama a waɗannan ɓangarorin (jirgin sama yana hagu zuwa hagu ko dama). Jirgin ya sauka a Yola da karfe 21:00 UTC don tsayawa na dare kuma ma'aikatan sun isa otal ɗin su da ƙarfe 22:00 UTC..
Hadari Jirgin mai lamba 357 ya tashi daga Filin jirgin saman Yola da misalin karfe 07:30 UTC zuwa Kaduna, dauke da mutane guda 138 a cikin jirgin dauke da isasshen mai. Kyaftin din ya bayyana cewa ma’aikatan jirgin su takwas ne kuma sauran mutum shida din an hau su ne bisa yadda ya ga dama da kuma na Manajan Tashar. Qayyadadden Lokacin isowa a Kaduna shine 07:46 UTC. Kaduna ta ba Flight 357 izinin shigowa domin tunkarar hanyar da ta tashi ta 05. Kodayake, izinin sauka na farko don hanyar jirgi 05, Kyaftin ya nemi sauka a kan titin jirgi 23. Mai kula da zirga-zirgar jiragen saman ya tunatar da shi cewa iska daga 090 take take, amma har yanzu ya nace kan amfani da hanyar 23. Kyaftin, saboda haka, ya yarda ya sauka tare da wutsiya. Jirgin mai lamba 357 ya fara saukowarsa na farko da misalin karfe 07:42 UTC kuma an share shi zuwa 3.500 ft Daga nan sai ya gangara zuwa 500 ft Daga nan sai maaikatan suka yi kokarin daidaita jirgin tare da titin jirgin. Jami'in na farko ya tambayi Kyaftin "Shin za ku iya samun saukowa daga wannan matsayin?" Wani dan kallo a cikin matattarar jirgin ya kuma ba da shawarar ci gaba da sauka; mai yiwuwa ya sake sanya jirgin don sauka a kan titin jirgin sama 05. Koyaya, babu amsa daga Kyaftin ɗin kuma an ci gaba da kusancin don titin jirgin 23. Hannun hagu yana da tsayi sosai kuma ya ɗauki jirgin sama zuwa hagu na babbar hanyar jirgin sama kuma an yi amfani da madaidaiciyar dama. Dole ne mai sa ido yayi ihu na gargadi "Kalli reshen" kamar yadda fuka-fukan zasu iya buga kasa a kan hanyar karshe. Ma’aikatan suna ci gaba da gwagwarmaya da sarrafa jirgin don daidaita shi da titin jirgin. Jirgin ya sauka a shekara ta 2020 ft (615.85m) daga ƙarshen titin titin jirgin sama 05 bayan ya cinye kashi 79.5% na jimlar titin jirgin. An bayar da rahoton cewa Kyaftin din ya yi amfani da 1.8 da 1.6 EPR (Injin Powerarfin Injin) a kan masu juyawa. Lokacin da hanyar wucewa ta zama ba makawa, Kaftin din ya juya jirgin sama zuwa hagu tare da niyyar amfani da hanyar wucewa ta hanzari ta ƙarshe don gujewa fitilun tashar jirgin. A wannan tsaka-tsakin, jirgin ya shiga cikin jirgi mara izini. Bawan da ya juya lokacin ba makawa ya tilasta reshen dama ya buga kasa, don haka ya fasa tankokin mai kuma babbar wuta ta tashi. Fasinjoji da ma’aikatan jirgin sun yi cuku-cuku suna kokarin tserewa daga tarkacen jirgin. Mutane 66 sun ji rauni a cikin hadarin, 14 daga cikinsu sun ji rauni. Fasinjoji guda 11 da ke cikin jirgin sun mutu.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Rahoton ƙarshe Madadi) Ma'aikatar Sufurin Jiragen Sama ta Tarayyar Najeriya
Najeriya
Najeriya a 1995
Hadarin jiragen sama a najeriya
Sararin sama
Mutanen Najeriya
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20924 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rundunar%20Sojan%20Chadi | Rundunar Sojan Chadi | Rundunar Sojan Chadi Al-Jaish al-Watani at-Tshadi, ya ƙunshi Jami'an tsaro biyar da na Tsaro waɗanda aka jera a cikin Mataki na 185 na kundin tsarin mulkin Chadi wanda ya fara aiki a ranar 4 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2018. Waɗannan su ne Sojojin ƙasa ((gami da roundasa, da Sojan Sama Jandarma ta ƙasa )an sanda na ƙasa,, asa da Nan Makiyaya (GNNT) da 'Yan Sanda na Shari'a. Mataki na 188 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya fayyace cewa Tsaron ƙasa shine alhakin Sojoji, Jendarmerie da GNNT, yayin da kiyaye tsarin jama'a da tsaro suke da alhakin 'yan sanda, Jandarman da GNNT.
Tarihi Daga samun 'yanci har zuwa lokacin shugabancin Félix Malloum a shekarun(1975-77), an san sojojin ƙasa na hukuma da sojojin Chadi (Forces Armées Tchadiennes FAT). Wanda ya ƙunshi galibin sojoji daga Kudancin Chadi, FAT ya samo asali ne daga rundunar da Faransa ta dauka kuma tana da al'adun soja wadanda suka samo asali tun lokacin yakin duniya na 1 FAT ta rasa matsayinta na rundunar kasa ta doka lokacin da mulkin farar hula da na soja ya wargaje a shekarar 1979 Kodayake ya kasance rukunin sojoji na musamman na shekaru da yawa, a ƙarshe an rage FAT zuwa matsayin rundunar sojojin yanki mai wakiltar kudu.
Bayan Habré ya karfafa ikonsa kuma ya ɗare kan kujerar shugaban ƙasa a shekarar 1982, rundunarsa mai nasara, Sojojin Arewa (Forces Armées du Nord FAN), sun zama cibiyar sabuwar rundunar sojojin ƙasa. An kafa rundunar a hukumance a watan Janairun shekara ta 1983, lokacin da aka haɗa wasu rundunonin da ke goyon bayan Habré tare da sauya musu suna zuwa Sojojin Chadi (Forces Armées Nationales Tchadiennes FANT).|
Sojojin Chadi sun mamaye mambobi na kabilun Toubou, Zaghawa, Kanembou, Hadjerai, da na Massa a lokacin shugabancin Hissène Habré Daga baya shugaban Chadi Idriss Déby ya yi tawaye ya gudu zuwa Sudan, tare da sojoji da yawa na Zaghawa da Hadjerai a shekarar 1989.
Sojojin Chadi sun kai kimanin 36,000 a ƙarshen mulkin Habré, amma sun kumbura zuwa kimanin 50,000 a farkon zamanin mulkin Déby. Tare da goyon bayan Faransa, an fara sake tsara rundunar sojoji a farkon shekarar 1991 tare da nufin rage yawansu da sanya jinsinsu ya zama mai nuna ƙasar gaba ɗaya. Babu ɗayan waɗannan burin da aka cimma, kuma har yanzu sojoji suna ƙarƙashin ikon Zaghawa.
A shekara ta 2004, gwamnati ta gano cewa da yawa daga cikin sojojin da take biyansu babu su kuma kusan sojoji 19,000 ne kawai ke cikin rundunar, sabanin 24,000 da aka yi imani da su a baya. Yunkurin da gwamnati ke yi wa wannan dabi'a ana tsammanin ya kasance wani dalili ne na gazawar tawayen sojoji a watan Mayu shekarar 2004.
Rikicin yanzu, wanda sojojin Chadi ke ciki, shi ne yakin basasa kan 'yan tawayen da ke samun goyon bayan Sudan. Chadi ta sami nasarar shawo kan ƙungiyoyin 'yan tawaye, amma kwanan nan, tare da wasu asara (duba yakin N'Djamena (2008) The sojojin amfani da manyan bindigogi da kuma tsarin tankuna, amma da-sanye take maharan sun yiwuwa gudanar ya hallaka sama da 20 na Chadi ta 60 T-55 tankuna, kuma tabbas harbe saukar da wani Mi-24 Hind gunship, wanda bamai maƙiyi matsayi kusa da kan iyaka da Sudan A watan Nuwamba shekarar 2006 Libya ta ba Chadi da jiragen Aermacchi SF.260W guda huɗu. Ana amfani da su don bugun wuraren abokan gaba ta Sojan Sama na Chadi, amma ɗayan ya tayar da shi ta hanyar 'yan tawaye. Yayin yakin karshe na N'Djamena an yi amfani da bindigogi da tankokin yaƙi yadda ya kamata, wanda ke tura sojojin sa kai dauke da makamai daga fadar Shugaban kasa. Yakin ya shafi manyan matakan jagoranci, kamar yadda aka kashe Daoud Soumain, Shugaban Ma’aikata A ranar 23 ga watan Maris, shekarar 2020 mayakan kungiyar masu ikirarin jihadi ta Boko Haram suka yi wa sansanin sojojin Chadi kwanton-bauna. Sojojin sun rasa masu yi wa kasa hidima 92 a rana guda. Game da hakan, Shugaba Déby ya ƙaddamar da wani aiki da aka yiwa lakabi da "Fushi na Boma". A cewar kungiyar ta'addanci ta Kanada St-Pierre, yawancin aiyukan waje da karuwar rashin tsaro a kasashen makwabta sun daɗe da fadada karfin sojojin na Chadi. Bayan rasuwar Shugaba Idriss Déby a ranar 19 ga watab Afrilu shekarar 2021 a fada da ‘yan tawayen FACT an naɗa dansa Janar Mahamat Idriss Déby shugaban riƙon ƙwarya kuma shugaban sojojin.
Kasafin Kuɗi CIA World Factbook ta ƙiyasta kasafin kuɗin soja na Chadi ya kai kashi 4.2% na GDP kamar na 2006. Idan aka ba da GDP na wancan lokacin (dala biliyan 7.095) na ƙasar, an kiyasta kashe kuɗin soja kusan dala miliyan 300. Wannan kiyasin duk da haka ya fai bayan karshen yakin basasa a Chadi (2005-2010) zuwa 2.0% kamar yadda Bankin Duniya ya kiyasta a shekarar 2011. Babu sauran ƙididdigar kwanan nan.
Ƙaddamarwar waje Ofishin Jakadancin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya
wadanda ba na MDD ba
Chadi ta halarci aikin wanzar da zaman lafiya karkashin ikon kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka a makwabciyarta Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya don kokarin sasanta rikicin na baya-bayan nan, amma ta zabi ficewa bayan an zargi dakarunta da yin harbi a kasuwa, ba tare da wani dalili ba, in ji BBC.
Manazarta Tarihin Chadi
Mutanen Afirka
Sojoji
Sojojin Chadi
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25715 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadin%20Gwiwa%20da%20COVID-19 | Hadin Gwiwa da COVID-19 | {{Infobox organization|motto=Staying Alive Together|type=Private Sector Coalition|name=Coalition Against COVID-19}}
Coalition Against COVID-19 (CACOVID) kungiya ce mai zaman kanta da ke jagorantar kamfanoni a Najeriya da aka kafa don taimakawa gwamnati wajen yakar cutar Coronavirus a kasar. An ƙaddamar da shi a ranar 26 ga Maris, 2020, bayan sanarwar da Babban Bankin Najeriya Godwin Emefiele ya yi. Manufar asusun ba da agaji ita ce "tallafawa gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya wajen shawo kan cutar ta COVID-19 a Najeriya don tabbatar da cewa marasa lafiya sun sami kulawar da suke buƙata kuma ma'aikatan su sami muhimman kayayyaki da kayan aiki; da kuma hanzarta ƙoƙarin samar da gwaje-gwaje da jiyya. Manyan kamfanoni, da suka hada da Rukunin Dangote, Access Bank da MTN sun ba da gudummawa ga Asusun Taimakon CACOVID, baya ga kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da daidaikun mutane da yawa..
Membobi Babban Bankin Najeriya
Aliko Dangote Foundation
Rukunin Dangote
Bankin Access
Folorunsho Alakija Famfa Oil Limited
Bankin United na Afirka
Bankin Guaranty Trust
Bankin Union
Bankin Zenith
Bankin Ecobank
Bankin Keystone Limited
Bankin Rand Merchant
Bankin Heritage
Standard Chartered
Bankin Kasuwanci na Coronation
Bankin Standard
Bankin Kasuwancin FBN
Bankin Tarihi na Farko
Bankin Farko
Bankin Sterling
Bankin Wema
Bankin Kasuwancin FSDH
Citibank
Bankin Providus Limited
Bankin Polaris Limited
Bankin Titan Trust
Bankin Unity
IHS Towers of ƙarfi
Duk Kan Iyakance
Kamfanin Magunguna na Emzor
GBC Lafiya
Rukunin Rana
MTN
Cummins
Kamfanin Zircon Marine Limited
Jubaili Brothers Limited
Bhojsons Plc
KPMG
Maple Plastics
Gidauniyar ACT
Femi Otedola Amperion Limited
Rukunin BUA
Bankin Globus
Multichoice
Kamfanin Breweries na Najeriya
NOVA
OLaniwun Ajayi LP
Kamfanin Kamfanin Pacific Holding
SIL
SunTrust Bank Nigeria Limited
DANA
Gidan Talabijin
Nestle
UAC
Kamfanin Tolaram
Flour Mills of Nigeria
Mike Adenuga Foundation
Kamfanin Inshorar Deposit na Najeriya
Bankin Masana'antu
FrieslandCampina
Kamfanin Kuɗi na Afirka
Bankin Fidelity
Bet9ja
Kamfanin Consortium Limited
Ayyukan Port na Josepdam
Siffofin System
Deeper Life Littafi Mai Tsarki Church
Gidajen Adron
CWAY
Kamfanin Greenwich Trust Limited
Kamfanin PricewaterhouseCoopers
Alpha da Jam
Wannan Rana
Tashi Labarai
CNN
Duba kuma Cutar COVID-19 a Najeriya
Cutar COVID-19 a Afirka
Hanyoyin waje Shafin yanar gizo na CACOVID
Inganta Ƙarfin Bincike don Gwajin COVID-19 a Najeriya
Cibiyoyin Kiwon Lafiya a Yankuna 6 na Siyasa Na Najeriya
Akwai lokaci ga komai a rayuwa
Hadin gwiwa ya tsara fakitin agaji ga gidaje 1.7m
CACOVID ya ba da umarnin samar da kayan gwaji 400,000 na COVID-19 don haɓaka ƙarfin gwajin Najeriya
Manazarta |
41797 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgetown | Bridgetown | Bridgetown babban birni ne kuma birni mafi girma na ƙasar Barbados. Tsohon Garin Saint Michael, yankin Greater Bridgetown yana cikin Ikklesiya ta Saint Michael Wani lokaci ana kiran Bridgetown da "Birni", amma mafi yawan magana shine "Gari". Ya zuwa shekara ta 2014, yawan jama'ar garin ya kai kusan 110,000.
Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Bridgetown, wacce aka samar tare da Carlisle Bay (at ta ta'allaka ne a kudu maso yammacin gabar tekun tsibirin garin. Sassan yankin Greater Bridgetown (kamar yadda aka siffanta shi ta hanyar Ring Road Bypass ko kuma wanda aka fi sani da babbar hanyar ABC suna zaune kusa da iyakokin maƙwabtan Ikklisiya na Christ Church da St. James Filin jirgin saman Grantley Adams na kasa da kasa na Barbados, yana da nisan kilomita daga kudu maso gabas na tsakiyar birnin Bridgetown, kuma akwai jiragen da ke zirga-zirga na yau da kullun zuwa manyan biranen Burtaniya, Amurka, Kanada da Caribbean Yanzu babu karamar hukuma, amma mazabar majalisar dokokin kasa ce. A cikin shekarun 1950s-1960s Federation of British West Indian Territories, Bridgetown na ɗaya daga cikin manyan biranen uku a cikin yankin da ake ɗauka a matsayin babban birnin tarayya na yankin. Mazauna Ingila ne suka kafa wurin a yau da ake zaune, a cikin shekara ta 1628; wani sulhu da ya gabata a karkashin ikon Sir William Courten ya kasance a St. James Town Bridgetown babban yanki ne na yawon shakatawa na Yamma Indies, kuma birni yana aiki azaman mahimman kuɗi, bayanai, cibiyar tarurruka, da tashar jirgin ruwa na kira a yankin Caribbean. A ranar 25 ga watan Yunin shekarar 2011, an saka Bridgetown da Garrisonta" a matsayin Wurin Tarihi na Duniya da hukumar UNESCO ta yi.
Tarihi Ko da yake an yi watsi da tsibirin gaba ɗaya ko kuma ba a zaune a lokacin da Birtaniyya ta zo, ɗaya daga cikin ƴan alamun wanzuwar ƴan asalin tsibirin a tsibirin ita ce gada ta farko da aka gina akan fadamar yankin Careenage a tsakiyar Bridgetown. An yi tunanin cewa mutanen ƴan asalin yankin Caribbean da ake kira Tainos ne suka assasa wannan gada. Bayan gano tsarin, mazauna Burtaniya sun fara kiran abin da ake kira gadar Indiya ta Bridgetown a yanzu. Masana sun yi imanin cewa an kori mutanen Tainos daga Barbados zuwa tsibirin Saint Lucia da ke makwabtaka da su, yayin da Kalinagos suka mamaye, wani yanki na ’yan asalin masu yankin. Daga ƙarshe bayan 1654 lokacin da Birtaniyya suka gina sabuwar gada, yankin ya zama sananne da Garin Saint Michael kuma daga baya sai Bridgetown, bayan Sir Tobias Bridge Bridgetown shine kadai birni a wajen Amurka ta yanzu da George Washington ya ziyarta. Gidan George Washington, gidan da ya zauna, an gina shi a cikin yankin iyakokin Yankin Tarihi na Garrison Biyu daga cikin kakannin Washington, Jonathon da Gerrard Hawtaine, sun kasance farkon waɗanda su ka fara shuka a tsibirin. Kakar su ita ce Mary Washington ta Sulgrave, Northamptonshire, Ingila. A cikin 2011, UNESCO ta ayyana gine-ginen tarihi a Bridgetown a matsayin yanki mai kariya.
Farkon mazauna Matsugunin turawa a Bridgetown ya fara ne a ranar 5 ga Yuli 1628[2] a ƙarƙashin Charles Wolverstone, wanda ya zo da mazauna 64 zuwa waɗannan ƙasashe wanda James Hay, Earl na Carlisle ya yi iƙirarin. gungun 'yan kasuwan London ne suka aiko Wolverstone, karkashin jagorancin Sir Marmaduke Rawdon. Earl na Carlisle an ba su hayar zuwa kadada 10,000 (ha) na fili don biyan basussuka. Wolverstone ya bai wa kowane mazaunin kadada 100 (haɗin 40) na fili a gefen arewacin hanyar ruwan Careenage don manufar daidaitawa gabaɗaya. Wakilan Carlisle sun yi iƙirarin kudancin bakin tekun Needham a watan Oktoban 1628. A cikin 1631, kadada da yawa na ƙasar da ke fuskantar Carlisle Bay kai tsaye an ba da su ga Henry Hawley, sabon Gwamna; amma bayan rahoton rashin gaskiya ya kama shi aka kuma mayar da shi Ingila tilas a shekara ta 1639. Wani bincike da wata hukumar ta gudanar a shekara ta 1640 ta gano cewa yawancin cinikin filayen Hawley na halal ne kuma ya nuna yadda ya kamata. zuwa Earl na Carlisle. An gina Bridgetown tare da shimfidar titin da ke kama da farkon Turanci na tsakiyar zamanai ko garuruwan kasuwa, tare da kunkuntar titin maciji da kuma tsarin layinta. An kiyasta cewa tsakanin 1627 zuwa 1807, kusan 387,000 'yan Afirka bayi da aka aika zuwa Barbados.
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51383 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankin%20Masana%27antu | Bankin Masana'antu | Bankin Masana'antu Limited (an taƙaita shi a matsayin 'BOI') shine mafi tsufa kuma mafi girma a Cibiyar Kula da Kudi ta Najeriya (DFI) a halin yanzu tana aiki. Ma'aikatar Kudi ce ta mallaki (MOFI) Najeriya (94.80%), Babban Bankin Najeriya (CBN) (5.19%) da masu hannun jari masu zaman kansu (0.01%). Bankin yana da mambobi 11 a cikin kwamitin kuma Aliyu Abdulrahman Dikko ne ke jagoranta.
Tarihi Bankin Masana'antu Limited ya fara aiki a 1959 a matsayin Kamfanin Zuba Jari na Najeriya (ICON) Limited. A shekara ta 1964, an sake gina ICON Limited don zama Bankin Ci gaban Masana'antu na Najeriya (NIDB) Limited a karkashin jagorancin Bankin Duniya. Da farko, Kamfanin Kudi na Duniya (IFC) ya mallaki kashi 75% a cikin NIDB kuma ya samar da Manajan Darakta na farko. Koyaya, an narkar da tsarin daidaito a cikin 1976 sakamakon dokar 'yan asalin ƙasar.
A shekara ta 2001, an sake gina BOI daga hadewar Bankin Ci gaban Masana'antu na Najeriya (NIDB), Bankin Kasuwanci da Masana'antar Najeriya (NBCI) da Asusun Ginin Tattalin Arziki na Kasa (NERFUND). Kodayake an fara saita hannun jari na bankin a biliyan 50 bayan sake gina NIDB, an kara shi zuwa biliyan 250 a shekara ta 2007.
Ayyuka Bankin ya taimaka wajen gudanar da Asusun Gudanar da Wutar Lantarki da Jirgin Sama biliyan 300 da Asusun Taimako na auduga, Textile da Garments biliyan 50 daga CBN, Asusun Gudummawa na Abun Najeriya miliyan 200 (Asusun NCI), Asusun Gudun Gida na Najeriya biliyan 2.5 da Ƙananan Ma'adanai (ASM) da sauran kudade. BOI kuma tana sarrafawa da rarraba Shirin Kasuwancin Gwamnati da Karfafawa (GEEP), ɗaya daga cikin shirye-shiryen shiga tsakani na zamantakewa da Gwamnatin Tarayya ta gabatar. GEEP (wanda aka fi sani da MarketMoni) asusun biliyan 140 ne da nufin tallafawa mutane a cikin bangaren da ba na al'ada ba tare da rance a kashi zero. Ta hanyar asusun, BOI tana tallafawa hadin gwiwar kasuwanci, hadin gwiwoyin mata, ƙananan kamfanoni da ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci tare da rance daga Ō10,000 zuwa Ō50,000.
A matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙoƙarin fadada damar samun kuɗi, BOI ta fara haɗin gwiwa tare da gwamnatocin jihohi da yawa a ƙarƙashin tsarin daidaitaccen kuɗi. Asusun daidaitawa na MSME shine tsarin tallafi na 50:50 tare da Gwamnatocin Jihohi don gudanar da asusun don kafa ƙananan, ƙananan ko matsakaici a cikin jihohin da suka halarci.
Haɗin gwiwar dabarun
Haɗin gwiwa tare da Ma'aikatar Ma'adinai da Ci gaban Karfe ta Tarayya A cikin 2017, Ma'aikatar Ma'adinai da Ci gaban Karfe ta Tarayya (FMMSD) ta kafa Asusun Taimako na Kudi na Kasuwanci da Ƙananan Ma'adanai na Najeriya (ASM) biliyan 2.5 kuma ta sanya BOI a matsayin manajan asusun. Manufar Asusun ASM shine don magance bukatun kudade na masu sana'a da ƙananan ma'adinai yayin inganta ci gaban ma'adanai masu ƙarfi a Najeriya. Ta hanyar makircin, masu hakar ma'adinai na sana'a na iya samun damar zuwa miliyan 10 yayin da ƙananan masu hakar fashi na iya samun dama har zuwa miliyan 100.
Shirin Makamashi na Hasken rana na BOI-UNDP A cikin 2011, BOI da Shirin Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNDP) sun ƙaddamar da Shirin Samun Makamashi Mai Sabuntawa. An kafa aikin ne don aiki a matsayin shirin bayar da shawarwari da wayar da kan jama'a don ingantawa da tallafawa fadada ayyukan makamashi mai sabuntawa don tallafawa gidaje da kamfanoni na cikin gida a cikin al'ummomin da ba a kula da su ba. Don cimma wannan, BOI da UNDP sun karfafa masu ruwa da tsaki a cikin sararin makamashi mai sabuntawa don saka hannun jari a bangaren Najeriya. Koyaya, a cikin 2015, an sake mayar da hankali ga aikin don daidaitawa da dabarun BOI don tallafawa da aiwatar da ayyukan makamashi mai sabuntawa tare da haɗin gwiwar masu ruwa da tsaki. A sakamakon haka, an sake sunan aikin zuwa Shirin Makamashi na Hasken rana (SEP) don nuna canjin a cikin dabarun dabarun.
SEP ta fara ne tare da aikin wutar lantarki na ƙauyuka wanda ya haɗa da samar da kudade na dogon lokaci don shigar da ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan hanyoyin samar da wutar lantarki ta hasken rana [buzzword] a cikin al'ummomin karkara da aka zaba. Tsakanin shekara ta 2015 zuwa 2016, an shigar da ƙananan ma'auni da hanyoyin samar da makamashi na hasken rana a cikin yankunan karkara 6 a cikin jihohin Najeriya 6: Jihar Nijar, Jihar Osun, Jihar Gombe, Jihar Anambra, Jihar Edo da Jihar Kaduna. An shigar da mita da aka riga aka biya, ta amfani da samfuran Pay-As-You-Go, a kowane gida da microenterprise don karɓar sassauci na biyan kuɗi da kuma warware ƙalubalen kuɗin da ba a biya ba. An dauki matakin matukin jirgi a matsayin nasara kuma ya ja hankalin masu saka hannun jari da yawa a duk faɗin Najeriya.
A bayan wannan nasarar, BOI da UNDP sun shiga yarjejeniyar raba farashi don tallafawa kashi na biyu na aikin. A cikin 2016, BOI ta ba da kuɗin bashin dala miliyan 1.4 yayin da UNDP ta ba da tallafin 600,000 don sake maimaita hanyoyin samar da makamashi na hasken rana a cikin ƙarin al'ummomi 11 a fadin jihohin Najeriya 4: Jihar Nijar, Jihar Gombe, Jihar Anambra da Jihar Kaduna.
Dangane da fa'idodin SEP, BOI ta gabatar da samfurin kasuwanci na Solar Energy biliyan 2 a cikin 2017 don samun dama ta nau'ikan masu amfani da ƙarshe kai tsaye ta hanyar BOI da kai tsaye.
Ta hanyar Shirin Makamashi na Hasken rana, bankin yana da niyyar samar da wutar lantarki ga gidaje sama da 100,000 da ƙananan kamfanoni a yankunan karkara da na kasuwanci nan da shekarar 2021.
Haɗin gwiwa tare da Bankin Raya Afirka (AfDB) Group A cikin shekara ta 2011, Kwamitin Daraktocin Bankin Raya Afirka (AfDB) Group ya amince da layin bashi na dala miliyan 500 don taimakawa BOI wajen tallafawa SMEs na gida a Najeriya. A cikin 2015 da 2017, bankin ya sami dala miliyan 100 (a cikin ɓangarori biyu na dala miliyan 50 kowannensu) don tallafawa SMEs masu fitarwa tare da ikon samar da musayar kasashen waje. Za a samar da layin bashi don ayyukan tallafi da ke da niyyar rage talauci, samar da aiki da ƙirƙirar dukiya ta hanyar kasuwanci, zamantakewa da ci gaban tattalin arziki. A matsayin wani ɓangare na yarjejeniyar, AfDB ta buƙaci bankin ya ba da taimako na fasaha don gina iyawa ga duka BOI da SMEs. Don wannan dalili, BOI ta shiga kamfanonin kasa da kasa BDO GBW.
Rassan Bankin Masana'antu yana da cibiyar sadarwa mai ƙarfi a duk faɗin Najeriya tare da rassa 24, hedkwatar a Jihar Legas, Najeriya da kuma ofishin kamfanoni a Abuja, Najeriya.
Rukunin reshe
Kamfanin BOI-Investment Trust Company (BOI-ITC) BOI Investment and Trust Company Limited (BOI-ITC) an kafa shi ne a cikin 1978 a matsayin cikakken mallakar wanda ya riga BOI, Bankin Ci gaban Masana'antu na Najeriya (NIDB). An kafa shi a matsayin mai gudanar da kasuwar babban birnin don aiki a matsayin mai kula, mai rajista da kuma manajan asusun fayil. Kamfanin kuma ya yi rajista tare da CBN a matsayin kamfanin kudi. A matsayinta na mai kula, BOI-ITC tana cikin kasuwancin amincewa na musamman ciki har da amincewa da masu zaman kansu da na jama'a, fa'idodin ritaya na aiki, gudanar da asusun amincewa ga masu zaman kansu le kamfanoni, gudanar da dukiya a ƙarƙashin amincewa, da kuma aiwatar da sauran ayyukan da suka shafi.
BOI-Microfinance Bank Limited (BOI-MFB) Bankin BOI-Microfinance Limited kamfani ne mai iyakantaccen alhakin da aka kafa a Najeriya a karkashin Dokar Kamfanoni da Allied Matters ta 2002 kuma CBN ta tsara shi. Bankin yana ba da sabis na kuɗi mai yawa ga ƙananan kamfanoni, ƙananan kamfanoni da matsakaici da masu karamin kuɗi daban-daban a matsayin mutane da kuma kungiyoyi. Yana ba da rance na kudade, rance na aiki, rance mai amfani da rance wanda bai wuce 500 000 ga kowane kamfani ba. Bugu da kari, BOI-MFB tana da niyyar karfafa tanadi tsakanin matalauta marasa kudi na al'ummar Najeriya.
BOI-MFB babbar abin hawa ce wajen isar da manufofi na BOI Bottom of the Pyramid Scheme (BOP).
BOI Insurance Brokers (BOI-IB) Limited BOI Industrial and Development Insurance Brokers (BOI-IB) Limited yana ba da inshora da sabis na ba da shawara. BOI-IB Limited tana ba da ƙungiyoyi tare da inshora na wuta haɗari na waje, inshora na fashi fashewa, asarar sakamako, lalacewar injuna, inshora kuɗi, kayayyaki a cikin sufuri, haɗarin mutum na rukuni, alhakin jama'a, garantin aminci, inshora ta ruwa da inshora ta mota (motora).
BOI-IB iyakance kuma yana ba da inshora don rancen BOI da ayyuka.
Ayyukan Kudi na LECON LECON Financial Services, tsohon Leasing Company of Nigeria Limited, an kafa shi ne a matsayin cikakken mallakar Bank of Industry Limited (BOI), tsohon Bankin Ci gaban Masana'antu na Najeriya Limited, (NIDB) a cikin 1989. An kafa shi ne don haɓaka ayyukan BOI ta hanyar samar da kayan aiki ga masu cin gajiyar bankin.
Bayanan da aka yi amfani da su Bankuna
Bankuna a Najeriya
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
22144 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paula%20Gonz%C3%A1lez | Paula González | Sister Paula González, SC, Ph.D., (an haife ta a ranar 25 ga watan Oktoban, shekara ta 1932 ta mutu a ranar 31 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2016) ta shiga cikin Sisters of Charity na Cincinnati a cikin shekara ta 1954. Ta yi digirin digirgir a fannin ilmin halittu a Jami'ar Katolika da ke Washington, DC, kuma ta kasance farfesa a fannin ilmin halitta a Kwalejin Mount St. Joseph da ke Cincinnati, Ohio, tsawon shekaru 21. Tun shekara ta 1972, Sister Paula an freelancing matsayin futurist da kuma muhalli, aiki fiye da shekaru talatin da ya inganta orewar rai Ta kuma goyi bayan aikin ƙungiyar Alternate Energy Association na Kudu maso Yammacin Ohio, gami da yin shugaban ƙasa na ɗan lokaci. Ta kirkiro kwasa-kwasan kaset na kaset a-warkar da Duniya; ta rubuta labarai da yawa da kuma surori na littafi game da yanayin rayuwa, kiyayewa, makamashi mai sabuntawa, da ilimin halittar ruhaniya; kuma ya isa dubban mutum ta hanyar gabatarwa sama da 1800.
Sista Paula ta tsara kuma tayi yawancin aikin canza tsohuwar gidan ajiyar kaji zuwa "La Casa del Sol," babban insulated, passive-solar house da take rabawa tare da wata Sister of Charity. Lokacin da zafin jiki ya sauka ƙasa da sifili a cikin hunturu na 1985, zafin gidan ya sauka ƙasa da ƙasa da digiri 50 ba tare da mai hita yana gudana ba. Nasarar ‘Yar’uwa Paula tare da amfani da hasken rana ya sanya mata sunan“ Solar Nun. Sista Paula ta kafa EarthConnection, cibiyar koyon muhalli inda aka gudanar da rangadi, horaswa, da kuma shirye-shiryen ilimantarwa kan muhalli. Located a kan filaye da ta taro ta motherhouse, da EarthConnection Center aka kammala a 1995 da kuma ci gaba da Showcase daban-daban sabunta-makamashi fasahar ciki har da daylighting, m da kuma aiki da hasken rana thermal, Grid-daura photovoltaic, kuma geoexchange makamashi tsarin. Tsarin ba wai kawai ban sha'awa bane a cikin ire-iren su, amma kuma sananne ne ga tsarin "tsarin taimakawa hasken rana" wanda ba a saba gani ba, inda ake canza zafin rani daga masu tara hasken zafin rana zuwa wani gado mai rufin ƙasa kewaye da ginin don amfani dashi lokacin hunturu mai zuwa.
Ohioungiyar Soungiyar Solar Energy ta Amurka ta Ohio, Green Energy Ohio, ta ba Sister Paula lambar yabo ta samun nasarar rayuwa a cikin shekara ta 2005.
A shekara ta 2007, Sister Paula da Keith Mills sun kafa Ohio Interfaith Power and Light, gamayyar masu addinin da ke amsa rikicin sauyin yanayi. Interarfin addinai da haske na addinai na Ohio reshe ne na kamfen ɗin Sabuntawa na Powerarfin faarfin Addini da Haske na Addinai na faasa, wanda ke da shirye-shirye a cikin jihohi 26 da suka shafi ikilisiyoyi 4000 (daga Mayu 2008).
Ayyuka Litattafan Littattafai, da dai sauransu.
A cikin "Nursing-M Nursing by Shafer et al." Lafiyar Qasa da Lafiya, St. Louis: Mosby, 1975.
"Jagorar Nazari don Shiga Littafin Rubutu na Anatomy da Physiology", Reith, Breidenbach, Lorenc, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1978.
A cikin "Makomar Nukiliya ta Duniya", Tsarin Nukiliya na Duniya: Wasu Sauran Makomar Nan gaba, New York: Dabarun Hadin gwiwa da Kwamitin Aiki, Inc., 1985.
A cikin "Rungumar Duniya: Hanyoyin Katolika na Ilimin Ilimin Lafiya", Ikklesiyoyin annabci na Eco?, AJ LaChance da JE Carroll, eds., Maryknoll, NY: 1994.
A cikin "Ilimin Lafiyar Qasa da Addini: Masana kimiyya sunyi Magana", Koyo daga Duniya: Mabuɗin Ci gaba mai dorewa, JE Carroll da KE Warner, eds., Quincy IL: Franciscan Press, 1998.
A cikin "Duniya a Hadari: Tattaunawar Muhalli tsakanin Addini da Kimiyya", anaddamar da Ethabi'a don Communityungiyoyin Dorewa, DB Conroy da RL Petersen, New York: Littattafan Dan Adam, 2000.
Shirye-shiryen Sauti
"Warkar da Duniya: Ruhaniya mai tasowa", (12-zaman minicourse), Cincinnati, OH: St. Anthony Messenger Press, 1991.
"Me muke Yi a Duniya?" (Awanni 5), Kansas City, MO: Credence Cassettes, 1994.
Shirye-shiryen Bidiyon
"Karanta alamomin Zamani: Adalci, Ilimin Halitta da Rayuwar Kirista", (awanni 2), Laurel MD: Sadarwar Duniya, 1995.
A cikin "Babban Sarkar Kasancewa: Sauƙaƙa Rayukanmu", Farkawa ga Mai Tsarki (1 hr) da Zuwa Makoma Mai Dorewa (1 hr), Albuquerque, NM: Cibiyar Ayyuka da Taron Zaman Taro, 2007.
Jarida Labaran Mujallar (Zabi)
A cikin "Lokacin" (NCEA Journal), "Sabon" 3Rs "don Malamin 1990s", Disamba, 1986.
A cikin "InFormation", "Motsawa cikin Sabuwar Millennium: Kalubale ga Addini", Maris, Afrilu, 1998.
A cikin "Takaddun Lokaci" (Taron Jagoranci na Mata Masu Addini), "Canjin Abokai", Afrilu, 1999.
A cikin "Radical Grace" (Cibiyar Aiki da Tunani), "Kowace Rana Ya Kamata Ta Zama 'Ranar Duniya'", Afrilu –Yuni, 2001.
A cikin "Hasken Duniya" (Jaridar Rayuwa da Rayuwa ta Ruhaniya), "Rayuwa a cikin Eucharistic Universe", Guga, 2004.
A cikin "Wa'azi", "An kira shi don kula da alfarma", Satumba Oktoba, 2004.
A cikin "Hasken Duniya", "Zuwa Sabuwar Zuhudu" Guga, 2005.
A cikin "Radical Grace", "Tis Kyauta don Zama Mai Sauƙi", Guga, 2007.
A cikin "St. Anthony Messenger", "Ubanmu: Addu'ar Mu ta Yanayi", Oktoba, 2007.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Haɗin Hill Interarfin Addini na Ohio da Haske
Yan Uwan Matan Sadaka na Cincinnati
EarthConnection
La Casa Del Sol
Aikin farfadowa
Green Energy Ohio
Shaidar Partyungiyar Sha'awar Keith Mills (PDF) <span title="Dead link since March 2018">mahada madawwami</span> Pages with unreviewed |
18667 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Quincy%20Adams | John Quincy Adams | John Quincy Adams (an haife shi a ranar 11 ga watan Yuli, shekarar 1767 ya mutu a ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairu, shekarar 1848) shi ne Shugaban Amurka na shida. Shine shugaban ƙasa na farko wanda yake ɗan Shugaban ƙasa. Hakanan, Adams shine shugaban ƙasa na farko da aka ɗauki hoto, maimakon zanen fenti.
Adams ya kasance ɗan Tarayya ne kuma ya yi aiki a gwamnatocin duk shuwagabannin da suka gabace shi. Ya kasance Sakataren Gwamnati a karkashin James Monroe, wanda ya gabace shi a matsayin shugaban kasa. Ya fara aikinsa ne yana ɗan shekara 27 a shekarar 1794 lokacin da Shugaba Washington ya nada shi Ministan Amurka zuwa Netherlands.
Adams ya jagoranci yaƙi da bautar a cikin Majalisa. A cikin 1838, yana da shekara 71, yayi magana game da bayin Afirka na jirgin bawa na Amistad Ya yi nasara a shari’ar. Ya kuma kalubalanci tsarin mulki na Dokar Gag a Majalisa kuma ya ga cire shi a cikin shekarar 1844 bayan shekaru takwas na gwagwarmaya da shi.
Rayuwar farko An haife shi a shekarar 1767 a Braintree, Massachusetts Tun yana yaro ya kalli yakin Bunker Hill, yakin Yakin Juyin Juya Hali na Amurka, daga gonar danginsa. Lokacin da mahaifinsa, John Adams, ya yi tafiya zuwa Turai, John Quincy ya tafi tare da shi a matsayin sakataren sa. Ya kware a iya magana da wasu yarukan. Baya ga Ingilishi, ya kuma iya Turanci da Faransanci sosai, kuma yana da ɗan sanin yaren Dutch, Jamusanci, Girkanci, Italiyanci, Sifen, da Rasha.
Ilimi Ya tafi Harvard College ya zama lauya Yana dan shekara 26, aka nada shi Minista a Netherlands sannan ya tafi Berlin A shekarar 1802, an zabe shi a Majalisar Dattijan Amurka Shekaru shida bayan haka, Shugaba James Madison ya nada shi Ministan Rasha A matsayinsa na Sakataren Gwamnati lokacin da James Monroe yake Shugaban ƙasa, Adams ya tsara haɗin gwiwa na Oregon tare da andasar Ingila kuma ya taimaka samun Florida daga Spain. Ya kuma taimaka wajen yin koyarwar Monroe Mai Tsarkaka A cikin shekarar 1830s, bautar ya zama wani batun da ke haifar da rikice-rikice a Amurka. Ya dade yana adawa da bautar, Adams ya yi amfani da sabon matsayinsa a Majalisar don yakarsa, kuma ya zama fitaccen shugaban kasa da ke adawa da bautar. Bayan daya daga cikin nasarorin sake zaben nasa, ya ce dole ne ya "kawo ranar da aka yi annabcin da za a kori bayi da yaƙi daga doron ƙasa." Ya rubuta a cikin jaridarsa mai zaman kansa a cikin shekarar 1820:Tattaunawa game da wannan tambaya ta Missouri ya ci amanar asirin rayukansu. A cikin abin da ba a yarda da shi ba sun yarda cewa bautar mugunta ce, sun ƙi shi, kuma suka ɗora ta duka a kan kafaɗar Burtaniya. Amma lokacin da aka gwada su da sauri, sai su nuna a ƙasan rayukansu girman kai da girman kai a cikin yanayin shugabancin su. Suna kallon ƙasƙanci game da ɗabi'ar Yankee, saboda ba shi da ɗabi'a na wuce gona da iri irin nasu kuma ba zai iya ɗaukar marasa kulawa kamar karnuka ba. Yana daga cikin sharrin bautar da ya ɗora tushen asalin ƙa'idodin ɗabi'a. Yana kafa ƙididdigar ƙarya na nagarta da mugunta: don me zai iya zama mafi ƙarya da rashin zuciya fiye da wannan koyarwar wacce ke sanya farkon farkon kuma mafi kyawun 'yancin ɗan adam ya dogara da launin fata?A cikin 1836, a wani ɓangare dangane da yadda Adams yake gabatar da ƙararraki na dan kasa wanda yake neman a soke bautar a Gundumar Kolombiya, Majalisar Wakilai ta sanya "dokar gag" wacce take gabatar da duk wata bukata game da bautar. 'Yan jam'iyyar Democrats da Kudancin Whigs sun fi son mulkin amma yawancin Whigs na Arewa sun ƙi shi kamar Adams.
A ƙarshen shekarar 1836, Adams ya fara kamfen don izgili ga masu mallakar bayi da dokar gag. Ya yi ƙoƙari sau da yawa don gabatar da buƙatun yaƙi da bautar, sau da yawa ta hanyoyin da ke haifar da da martani mai ƙarfi daga wakilan Kudancin. Kodayake dokar ta baci ta kasance a wurin, tattaunawar ta ɓarke da ayyukanshi da yunƙurin da wasu suka yi don kwantar masa da hankali ya haifar da tambayoyi game da haƙƙin koke, da 'yancin yin muhawara kan doka, da kuma ɗabi'ar bayi. Adams yayi gwagwarmaya sosai da mulkin gag na wasu shekaru bakwai, daga ƙarshe ya motsa ƙudurin da ya haifar da soke shi a cikin shekarar 1844.
A cikin shekarar 1841, bisa bukatar Lewis Tappan da Ellis Gray Loring, Adams ya shiga shari'ar Amurka v. Amistad din Adams ya je Kotun Koli a madadin bayin Afirka da suka yi tawaye suka kwace jirgin ruwan Spain Amistad Adams ya bayyana a ranar 24 ga watan Fabrairu,shekarar 1841, kuma yayi magana na tsawon awanni hudu. Hujjarsa ta yi nasara; Kotun ta yanke hukuncin ne kan 'yan Afirka, wadanda aka ayyana su a matsayin' yanci kuma suka koma gidajensu.
Shugabancin kasa Majalisar Wakilan Amurka ce ta zaɓi Adams a matsayin shugaban ƙasa bayan zaɓen shugaban kasar Amurka na shekarar 1824 da bai baiwa kowa rinjayen kuri'un zabe ba. Mutanen da suke son Andrew Jackson ya yi nasara sun ce akwai wata yarjejeniya tsakanin Adams da Kakakin Majalisar Henry Clay Adams ya sanya Clay sakataren Gwamnatin sa Adams ya gabatar da doka don ci gaban Amurka a matsayin wani ɓangare na abin da ya kira "Tsarin Amurka." Wannan yana nufin ya kirkiro hanyoyi, magudanan ruwa, kuma yayi amfani da babban harajin s, ko haraji kan shigo da kaya. Daga bada shawarwari sun halittar kasa jami'a, wani sojan ruwa makarantar kimiyya, kuma a kasa astronomical Observatory Adams ya yi yaƙi da majalisa sau da yawa kamar yadda yawancin magoya bayan Andrew Jackson ba su son goyon bayansa ga bankin ƙasa da haraji.
Adams ya faɗi zaɓen shekarar 1828 ga Jackson. An lura da zaben saboda harin kai harin da ‘yan takarar suka kaiwa juna.
Daga baya rayuwa Adams ya dawo Massachusetts na wani ɗan gajeren lokaci bayan da ya ɓace. Ya sake komawa Washington DC a shekarar 1831 bayan an zabe shi a Majalisar Wakilan Amurka. Ya kasance babban mai adawa da bautar Ya kasance a Majalisar har zuwa ranar mutuwarsa a ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairu, shekarar 1848.
Mutuwa A ranar 21 ga Fabrairu, 1848, Adams ya sha wahala a bugun jini a cikin ɗakin majalisar. Ya faɗi ya mutu a cikin Gidan kwana biyu bayan haka a ranar 23 ga Fabrairu, 1848. Yana da shekara tamanin. Ya kasance na 7 (kuma ana iya cewa mafi mahimmanci) mutuwar shugaban Amurka.
Manazarta Shugaban Kasa
Shugabanni
Shugabannin Amurka
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13497 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess%20Margaret%2C%20Countess%20na%20Snowdon | Princess Margaret, Countess na Snowdon | Margaret, Gimbiya Snowdon, CI ,GCVO GCStJ,CD (Margaret Rose;an haife ta a ranar 21 ga watan Agusta shekarar alif dubu daya da Dari Tara da talatin(1930).Ta mutu a ranar 9 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar dubu biyu da biyu 2002) ita ce ƙaramar 'yar Sarki George VI da Sarauniya Elizabeth, kuma ƙwararrakin Sarauniya ta II Margaret ta gudanar da yawancin yarinta tare da iyayenta da 'yar uwarta. Rayuwartaa ta canza sosai a cikin shekarar alif 1936, lokacin da kawun mahaifinta Sarki Edward VIII ya nesanta kansa da ya auri Wallis Simpson Mahaifin Margaret ya zama sarki, 'yar uwarta kuma ta zama magajiya, tare da Margaret ta biyu a kan kujerar sarauta. A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na biyu, 'yan uwan biyu sun kasance a Windsor Castle duk da shawarwarin a kwashe su zuwa Kanada. A cikin shekarun yaƙi, an ɗauki Margaret ƙarama don yin duk wani aikin hukuma kuma a maimakon haka ta ci gaba da karatun ta. Bayan yakin, Margaret ta ƙaunace Kaftin ɗin kungiyar Peter Townsend A cikin shekarar alif 1952, mahaifinta ya mutu, 'yar uwarta ta zama sarauniya, kuma Townsend ta saki matarsa, Rosemary Ya gabatar da shawarar zuwa Margaret a farkon shekara mai zuwa. Da yawa a cikin gwamnati sun yi imanin cewa zai iya zama miji wanda ba ya dace da 'yar'uwar' yar shekara 22, kuma Cocin Ingila ta ƙi ɗaurin aure ga mutumin da ya sake ta. Daga baya Margaret ta watsar da shirinta tare da Townsend kuma ta auri mai daukar hoto Antony Armstrong-Jones a shekarar alif 1960; Sarauniyar ta sanya shi Earl na Snowdon Ma'auratan sun haifi ɗa, Dauda, da 'ya mace, Sara Galibi ana kallon Margaret a matsayin mai rikice-rikice a cikin dangin Sarautar Burtaniya Sakin ta a shekarar alif 1978 ya samu bainar jama'a sosai, kuma tana da alaƙa da wasu maza da yawa. Kiwan lafiyarta yayi rauni sannu a hankali shekaru 20 na rayuwarta. Ta kasance mai shan sigari mai yawan gaske a rayuwarta ta girma kuma ta yi aikin huhu a shekarar alif 1985, cutar tarin fuka a cikin shekarar alif 1993, kuma aƙalla sau uku tsakanin shekarar 1998 da shekarar 2001. Ta mutu a Asibitin King Edward VII da ke Landan bayan ta yi fama da bugun karshe a ranar 9 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2002.
Farkon rayuwa An haifi Margaret a ranar 21 ga watan Agusta shekarar 1930 a Glamis Castle na Scotland, mahaifiyar mahaifiyarta, kuma wacce aka fi sani da suna Margot cikin dangin sarauta. Sir Henry Simson, yar uwar sarauta ce ta haihu. Sakataren Cikin Gida, JR Clynes, ya kasance don tabbatar da haihuwar. Rajistar haihuwarta ba ta jinkirta ba kwanaki da yawa don gudun kar a kirga ta lamba 13 a cikin Ikklesiya Lokacin da aka haife ta, ta kasance ta huɗu a cikin jerin mutanen da za su gāji gadon sarauta Mahaifinta shi ne Duke na York (daga baya Sarki George na shida ɗa na biyu na Sarki George V da Sarauniya Maryamu Mahaifiyarta ita ce Duchess ta York (daga baya Sarauniya Elizabeth Sarauniya Sarauniya ƙaramin 'yar 14th Earl da Countess of Strathmore da Kinghorne Duchess na York da farko ta so ta sanya sunanta na biyu Ann Margaret, kamar yadda ta bayyana wa Sarauniya Maryamu a wata wasika: “Ina matukar damuwa in kira ta Ann Margaret, kamar yadda nake tsammanin Ann na York tana da kyau, kuma Elizabeth da Ann sun tafi haka tare sosai. King George V bai ƙi sunan Ann amma ya amince da wani madadin "Margaret Rose". Margaret yayi baftisma a cikin majami'ar ta sirri ta Fadar Buckingham a ranar 30 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 1930 daga Cosmo Lang, Babban Bishop na Canterbury [14] Margaret na rayuwar farko an kashe shi ne a gidajen mazaunan Yorks a 145 Piccadilly (gidansu garin London) da Royal Lodge a Windsor. Jama'a sun fahimci cewa dangi ne na kwarai: uba, uwa da yara, amma jita-jita mara tushe cewa Margaret kurma ce da bebe ba a watsar da ita ba har sai lokacin farko da Margaret ta fito a wurin bikin kawun Yarima George George a 1934 Ta samu ilimi ne tare da 'yar uwarta, Princess Elizabeth, ta wurin shugabar gwamnatin Scotland din Marion Crawford Mahaifiyarta ce ta fi kula da ilimin Margaret, wadanda a cikin kalmomin Randolph Churchill "ba su da burin tayar da 'ya'yanta mata har su zama masu kyawawan halaye na samari". Lokacin da Sarauniya Maryamu ta dage kan mahimmancin ilimi, Duchess na York yayi sharhi, "Ban san me take nufi ba. Bayan haka ni da 'yan uwana mata kawai muna da gwamnoni kuma munyi aure mai kyau ɗayanmu yana da kyau Margaret ta kasance mai saurin fushi game da karancin ilimin ta, musamman a cikin shekarun baya, da nufin sukar mahaifiyarta. Koyaya, mahaifiyar Margaret ta gaya wa aboki cewa ta yi "nadama" cewa 'ya'yanta mata ba sa zuwa makaranta kamar sauran yara, da kuma aiki da keɓaɓɓiyar gwamnati maimakon tura girlsan matan zuwa makarantar ƙila an yi su ne kawai da nacewar Sarki George V. Yayinda take yara ita da 'yar uwarta Labari ne daga JM Barrie, marubucin Peter Pan Kakanin Margaret, George V, ya mutu tun yana ɗan shekara biyar, kuma kawun nata ya zama Sarki Edward VIII Kasa da shekara guda bayan haka, ranar 11 ga watan Disamba shekarar 1936, Edward ya sake neman Wallis Simpson, Ba'amurke wanda ya yi aure sau biyu, wanda Cocin Ingila da gwamnatocin Dominion ba za su yarda da matsayin sarauniya ba. Ikilisiya ba za ta amince da auren wata mace da aka sake ta tare da tsohon miji na da inganci ba. Komawar Edward ya bar Duke na York mai son zama a matsayin sa na Sarki George na shida, kuma ba tsammani Margaret ta zama ta biyu a layin sarauta, tare da taken Gimbiya Margaret don nuna matsayin ta a matsayin mai ikon sarauta. Iyalin sun koma Fadar Buckingham Dakin Margaret ya tsallake The Mall Margaret ta kasance Brownie a cikin Buffaham Palace na 1st Buckingham Palace, wanda aka kafa a shekarar 1937. Hakanan ta kasance jagorar 'yar Mata sannan kuma daga baya ta zama mai kula da Teku. Ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar ta Girlguiding UK daga shekarar 1965 har zuwa rasuwarta a shekarar 2002. A lokacin barkewar yakin duniya na II, Margaret da 'yar uwarta sun kasance a Birkhall, a cikin tsibirin Balmoral, inda suka zauna har zuwa Kirsimeti 1939, suna jurewa dare mai sanyi wanda ruwan sha a cikin carafes a gefen gadonta. Sun shafe Kirsimeti a Sandringham House kafin su koma Windsor Castle, kusa da London, don ragowar yakin. Viscount Hailsham ya rubutawa Firayim Minista Winston Churchill don ba da shawara game da korar sarakunan zuwa ga amincin Kanada, wanda mahaifiyarsu ta amsa da girmamawa cewa, 'Ya'yan ba za su tafi ba tare da ni ba. Ba zan tafi ba tare da Sarki ba. Kuma Sarki ba zai taba barin komai ba. Ba kamar sauran 'yan gidan sarauta ba, ana tsammanin Margaret za ta iya yin kowane aiki na jama'a ko na hukuma yayin yaƙin. Ta bunkasa kwarewar ta wajen yin waka da kuma yin kidan. Abokan rayuwar ta sun zaci cewa iyayenta ne suka lalata ta, musamman mahaifinta, wanda ya ba ta damar cin gashin kanta ba ta halatta ba, kamar a bashi damar halartar cin abincin dare yana da shekaru 13. Crawford ta yanke kauna daga hankalin Margaret, tana rubutawa abokai: "Shin a wannan shekarar za ku iya tambayar Princess Elizabeth kawai ga taron ku? Gimbiya Margaret tana jan hankalin gaba kuma Gimbiya Elizabeth ta kyale ta ta yi hakan. Elizabeth, ba ta damu da wannan ba, kuma ta yi sharhi, "Oh, yana da sauƙin lokacin da Margaret ta kasance kowa yana dariya da abin da Margaret ta ce". Sarki George ya bayyana Alisabatu a matsayin girmanta da Margaret a matsayin farincikinta. Shekaru bayan yakin A karshen yakin a shekarar 1945, Margaret ta bayyana a baranda a Buckingham Palace tare da iyalinta da Firayim Minista Winston Churchill Bayan haka, da Alisabatu da Margaret duka sun haɗu da taron jama'a a wajen fadar, ta ɓoye, suna ta hargowa, "Muna son Sarki, muna son Sarauniya!" Ranar 15 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 1946, Margaret ta tabbatar da zama Ikilisiyar Ingila A ranar 1 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 1947, ita da Elizabeth tare da iyayensu suka fara ziyarar aiki a Kudancin Afirka. Ziyarar ta tsawon watanni uku ita ce farkon ziyarar Margaret a kasashen waje, kuma daga baya ta ce ta tuna "a kowane minti na ta". Peter Townsend, mai wasan King ne ya raba shi da Margaret Daga baya a waccan shekarar, Margaret amarya ce a bikin Alisabatu. A cikin shekaru uku na gaba Elizabeth ta haifi 'ya'ya biyu, Charles da Anne, waɗanda haihuwar su ta motsa Margaret gaba zuwa cikin jerin magaji. A cikin shekarar 1950, tsohuwar mai mulkin, Marion Crawford, ta buga wani tarihin ba tare da izini ba game da rayuwar yarinyar Elizabeth da Margaret, wanda aka yiwa lakabi da Little Princesses, inda ta bayyana Margaret mai farin ciki da annashuwa da ita "abin dariya da ban tsoro. antics A matsayinta na kyakkyawar budurwa, wacce ke da nauyin 18-inch da “kwalliya mai idanu”, Margaret ta ji daɗin yin hulɗa tare da manyan mutane da kuma samari, ciki har da Sharman Douglas, 'yar jakadan Amurka, Lewis Williams Douglas Kyakkyawan kyan gani wacce aka santa da kyawun fuskarta da salonta na zamani, Margaret galibi ana buga ta a gidajen jaridu a bukukuwa, bukukuwan, da kuma wuraren wasannin dare. Adadin ayyukanta na hukuma sun karu (sun haɗa da rangadi a Italiya, Switzerland, da Faransa), kuma ta shiga cikin yawan ƙungiyoyi masu ba da agaji kamar shugaba ko kuma majiɓinci. Aka yi bikin zagayowar ranar haihuwarta na 21st a Balmoral a watan Agusta shekarar 1951. A watan da ya biyo mahaifinta ya yi tiyata don cutar kansa, kuma an nada Margaret a matsayin daya daga cikin Mashawarcin Gwamnati da ta gudanar da ayyukan Sarki yayin da take fama da rauni. Mahaifinta ya mutu bayan wata biyar, a cikin watan Fabrairu shekarar 1952, kuma ƙanwarta ta zama Sarauniya.
Kalaman soyayya tare da Peter Townsend Margaret ta yi baƙin ciki da mutuwar mahaifinta kuma an ba ta allurar rigakafi don taimaka mata bacci. Game da mahaifinta ta rubuta, "Ya kasance mai wannan kyakkyawan mutum, ainihin zuciyar kuma tsakiyar dangin mu mai farin ciki." Ta kasance ta'azantar da ita game da imani da imani na Krista. Tare da mahaifiyarta wadda mijinta ya mutu, Margaret ta fice daga Buckingham Palace da kuma zuwa cikin Clarence House, yayin da 'yar uwarta da iyalinta suka fice daga gidan Clarence House kuma suka shiga cikin Buckingham Palace Peter Townsend aka nada Comptroller na mahaifiyarta ta restructured iyali A shekarar 1953, ya sake ya saki daga matar sa ta farko inda ya ba da shawarar aurar da Margaret. Yana da shekara 15 babba kuma yana da yara biyu daga auren da ya gabata. Margaret ta yarda kuma ta sanar da 'yar uwarta, Sarauniya, game da sha'awar ta auri Townsend. Sarauniyar Aikin Sarauta ta shekarar 1772 ta bukaci izinin Sarauniya. Kamar yadda a cikin shekarar 1936, Ikilisiyar Ingila ta ƙi ɗaukar auren sakewa. Sarauniya Maryamu ta mutu kwanan nan, kuma Alisabatu na gab da naɗa Bayan kawancen ta, ta yi shirin ziyartar Commonwealth har tsawon watanni shida. Sarauniyar ta ce wa Margaret, "A karkashin yanayin, ba wauta bane a gare ni in ce ku jira shekara guda." Sakatarenta na sirri, Sir Alan Lascelles, ya shawarci sarauniyar da ta sanya Townsend zuwa kasashen waje, amma ta ki, maimakon haka ta sauya shi daga gidan Sarauniya zuwa nata. Majalisar ministocin Burtaniya ta ki amincewa da auren, kuma jaridu sun ba da rahoton cewa auren "ba shi da makama" kuma "zai tashi a fuskar al'adun masarauta da na Kirista". Churchill ta sanar da Sarauniya cewa Firayim Minista na Dominion baki daya sun yi adawa da wannan auren kuma majalisar ba za ta amince da wani auren da Cocin Ingila ba zai yi mata ba sai dai idan Margaret ta yi watsi da hakkinta na sarauta. Churchill ya shirya yadda za a tura Townsend zuwa Brussels. Polls wanda sanannun jaridu suka gudanar ya nuna cewa jama'a sun goyi bayan zabin na Margaret, ba tare da yin la'akari da koyarwar Cocin ba ko ra'ayin gwamnati. Shekaru biyu kenan, aka ci gaba da yada jita-jita. Malaman fada sun fada wa Margaret cewa ba za ta sami ikon yin tarayya ba idan ta auri wani wanda ya sake ta. Takardu wadanda aka saki a shekarar 2004 zuwa ga Alkaluman Labarai na kasa sun nuna cewa a cikin shekarar 1955 Sarauniya da sabon Firayim Minista Sir Anthony Eden (wanda ya sake ta, ya sake yin aure) ya fito da wani tsari a karkashin da Gimbiya Margaret za ta iya auren Townsend ta cire Margaret da kowane yara daga aure daga layin jagora. Za a ba Margaret damar rike matsayin sarauta da izinin ta na farar hula, ta ci gaba da zama a kasar har ma ta ci gaba da aikinta na jama'a. Eden ta taƙaita halayyar Sarauniyar a cikin wata wasiƙa a kan batun Firayim Minista ɗin cewa "wouldancinta ba zai fatan tsayawa kan hanyar yar'uwarta ba." Adnin da kansa ya kasance mai juyayi; "Banke daga cikin maye ba zai haifar da wani canji ba a matsayin Gimbiya Margaret a matsayinta na memba na Gidan Sarauta," in ji shi. An samar da daftarin karshe na wannan shawara a ranar 28 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 1955. A ranar 31 ga watan Oktoba Margaret ta ba da sanarwa: Randolph Churchill ya damu da jita-jitar jita-jita game da Archbishop Fisher tare da shirin Gimbiya Margaret tare da Townsend. A ra'ayinsa, jita-jita "Fisher ya sa baki don hana Gimbiya ta auri Townsend ya cutar da Cocin Ingila". An sami korafi na gaba a Burtaniya game da rikicewar Ikilisiya yayin da ta shafi kisan aure. Gimbiya Margaret ta fara haduwa da mai daukar hoto Antony Armstrong-Jones a wajen bukin cin abinci a shekarar 1958. Sun tsunduma cikin watan Oktoba shekarar 1959. Armstrong-Jones ya gabatar wa Margaret tare da zoben daukar hoto na yin lu'ulu'u wanda lu'u-lu'u ke zagaye da shi irin na fure-fure. An ba da rahoton cewa ta yarda da shawararsa kwana guda bayan koyo daga wurin Peter Townsend cewa ya yi niyyar aure da wata budurwa, Marie-Luce Jamagne, wacce ke da shekaru rabinta kuma ta yi kama da Princess Margaret. Sanarwar Margaret game da kasancewar ta, a ranar 26 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 1960, ta ba manema labarai mamaki; ta lura sosai don ɓoye soyayyar daga masu ba da rahoto. Margaret ta auri Armstrong-Jones a Westminster Abbey a ranar 6 ga watan Mayu shekarar 1960. Bikin shine bikin aure na sarauta na farko da za'a watsa a talabijin, kuma ya jawo hankulan mutane miliyan 300 a duk duniya. An gayyaci baƙi 2,000 don bikin auren. Norman Hartnell ne ya shirya bikin aure na Margaret kuma ya suturta da tilas na Poltimore Tana da yara matasa masu amarya guda takwas, karkashin jagorancin danta, Princess Anne Sauran matan ango sune budurwarta, Marilyn Wills, 'yar dan uwanta Jean Elphinstone da Manjo John Lycett Wills; Annabel Rhodes, 'yar dan uwanta Margaret Elphinstone da Denys Rhodes Lady Virginia Fitzroy, 'yar Hugh Fitzroy, Earl na Euston Sarah Lowther, 'yar Sir John Lowther; Catherine Vesey, 'yar Viscount de Vesci Lady Rose Nevill, 'yar Marquess na Abergavenny da Uwargida Angela Nevill, 'yar Ubangiji Rupert Nevill Ta yi tafiya tare da Duke na Edinburgh daga Clarence House a cikin Gilashi Coach, ta isa cocin a 11:30. Duke ya raka amarya, kuma mafi kyawun mutum shine Dr Roger Gilliatt. Archbishop na Canterbury Geoffrey Fisher ne ya jagoranci hidimar aure. Bayan bikin, ma'auratan sun sanya al'adun gargajiya a kan baranda na Buckingham Palace. Gasar amarcin wata jirgi ne na makwanni shida na Caribbean a cikin jirgin ruwan masarautar Britannia A matsayin bikin aure, Colin Tennant ya ba ta fili a tsibirin Caribbean mai zaman kansa, Mustique Sabbin matan sun koma cikin dakuna a Fadar Kensington A shekarar 1961, aka kirkiro mijin Margaret Earl na Snowdon Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya biyu (waɗanda sashin Caesarean suka haife su a kan bukatar Margaret David, an haife shi 3 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 1961, da Sara, waɗanda aka haifa 1 ga watan Mayu shekarar 1964. Auren ya fadada da'irar Margaret wacce ba ta wuce Kotun ba sannan kuma ta hada da nuna shahararrun 'yan kasuwan da bohamian A lokacin, ana tsammanin zai iya zama daidai da rushewar matsalolin bangayen Ingila. Snowdons sun yi gwaji tare da salon da finafinan 1960s. Rayuwar jama'a da aikin sadaka Daga cikin ayyukan Margaret na farko da ya fara aiki shine ya samar da gidan Wutar Edinburgh Castle a Belfast a shekara ta 1947. Bayan haka, Margaret ta tafi yawon shakatawa da yawa na wurare daban-daban; A cikin manyan rangadinta na farko ya kasance tare da iyayenta da 'yar uwarta don yin balaguro zuwa Afirka ta Kudu a shekarar 1947. Ta yawon shakatawa a kan Britannia.A zuwa Birtaniya mazauna a cikin Caribbean a shekarar 1955 halitta abin mamaki a ko'ina cikin West Indies, kuma calypsos aka sadaukar domin ta. Kamar yadda mulkin mallaka na British Commonwealth of Nations ya nemi zama dan kasa, Gimbiya Margaret ta wakilci Crown yayin bukukuwan samun 'yancin kai a Jamaica a shekarar 1962 da Tuvalu da Dominica a shekarar 1978. Rashin lafiyarta da aka kawo ta gajarta wannan gajarta, wacce mai yiwuwa cutar huhun ciki ce, kuma an kaurace ta zuwa Australia domin murmurewa. Sauran yawon shakatawa na kasashen waje sun hada da Amurka a 1965, Japan a shekarar 1969 da shekarar 1979, Amurka da Kanada a shekarar 1974, Australia a 1975, Philippines a 1980, Swaziland a 1981, da Sin a shekarar 1987. Babban bukatunta shine bayar da agaji, kide-kide da rawa Ta kasance shugabar ƙungiyar Jama'a ta ƙasa da Royal Scottish Society don Rigakafin Zaluntar da Yara da Invalid Taimakon Nationancin Nationasashe (kuma ana kiranta 'I CAN'). Ta kasance Babban Shugaba na St John Ambulance Brigade da Kanar-in-Chief of the Royal Army Nursing Corps na Sarauniya Ta kasance shugabar kasa ko kuma mai ba da agaji na ƙungiyoyi da yawa, kamar Olympicungiyar Wasannin Olympics ta West Indies, Jagororin 'Yan mata, Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Arewa, Birmingham Royal Ballet, Scott Ballet, Yara 1st, Tenovus Cancer Care, Royal College of Nursing, da kuma London Lighthouse (sadaka kan cutar kanjamau wacce tun daga nan ta hade da Terrence Higgins Trust A wasu wuraren Margaret an soki shi saboda ba shi da ƙarfi kamar sauran membobin gidan sarauta.
Rayuwa mai zaman kanta An ba da rahoton cewa, Margaret tana da al'amuran aurenta na farko a 1966, tare da mahaifinta Anthony Barton, mai gabatar da giya na Bordeaux. Wata guda daga baya ta sami haɗin kai na wata guda tare da Robin Douglas-Home, dan uwan tsohuwar Firayim Ministan Burtaniya Alec Douglas-Home Margaret ta ce dangantakarta da Douglas-Home ta kasance platonic ce, amma harrufan da aka aika masa (waɗanda daga baya aka sayar da su) suna da kusanci. Douglas-Home, wanda ya sha wahala daga bakin ciki, ya mutu ta hanyar kisan kansa watanni 18 bayan rabuwa da Margaret. Buƙatun cewa ta romantically da hannu tare da mawaki Mick jagger, actor Peter masu sayarwa, da kuma Australia cricketer Keith Miller ne unproven. A cewar masanin tarihin rayuwar Charlotte Breese, mai gabatarwa Leslie Hutchinson tayi 'yar takaitacciyar hulda' tare da Margaret a 1955. Bayanan tarihin 2009 na actress David Niven sun haɗa da tabbatarwa, dangane da bayanan da matar Niven da kuma aboki aboki na Niven, cewa ya sami matsala da gimbiya, wacce ke ɗan shekara 20. A shekarar 1975, an lissafa Gimbiya cikin matan da actress Warren Beatty ya yi soyayya ta soyayya. John Bindon, wani dan wasan kwaikwayo na Cockney wanda ya kwashe lokaci a kurkuku, ya sayar da labarinsa ga Daily Mirror, yana alfahari da kusancin da Margaret. A farkon shekarun 1970, dusar kankara ta rabu biyu. A watan Satumbar 1973, Colin Tennant ya gabatar da Margaret ga Roddy Llewellyn Llewellyn yana ɗan shekara 17 yana ƙarami. A shekarar 1974, ta gayyace shi a matsayin bako a gidan hutu da ta gina akan Mustique Wannan dai shi ne farkon ziyarar da yawa. Margaret ta bayyana dangantakar tasu da cewa "abokantaka ce mai kauna". Sau ɗaya, lokacin da Llewellyn ya tafi hutu don tafiya zuwa Turkiyya, Margaret ta damu sosai kuma ta ɗauki allunan bacci da yawa. Ta ce, "Na gaji sosai saboda komai", in ji daga baya, "abin da kawai nake son yi shi ne barci." Tun tana murmurewa, mayanta na cikin gida sun nisanta ubangijin Snowdon daga gare ta, suna tsoron kada ganin sa zai kara mata damuwa. A watan Fabrairu 1976, hoton Margaret da Llewellyn a cikin kayan wanka a Mustique an buga su a shafin farko na shafin talla, Labaran Duniya 'Yan jaridu sun nuna Margaret a matsayin wata dattijuwa mace da Llewellyn a matsayinta na mai wasan Toyboy A 19 Maris 1976, Snowdons a fili ya ba da sanarwar cewa aurensu ba makawa ya wargaje. Wasu 'yan siyasa sun ba da shawarar cire Margaret daga cikin jerin sunayen fararen hula Yan majalisar kwadago sun musanta ta a matsayin“ ma’abocin sarauta da“ floosie A cikin Mayu 1978, ta kamu da rashin lafiya, kuma an gano ta tana fama da cututtukan gastroenteritis da hepatitis na giya. A ranar 11 ga Yuli 1978, an gama da sakin Snowdons. Wannan shine kisan aure na farko da wani jigo a gidan sarautar Burtaniya tun lokacin da Princess Victoria Melita ta Edinburgh ta 1901. A 15 ga Disamba 1978, Snowdon ya auri Lucy Lindsay-Hogg. A watan Agusta 1979, Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten na Burma, da membobin gidansa suka mutu sakamakon fashewar bam a cikin Rundunar Sojojin Jamhuriyar Republican na Yankin A watan Oktoba, yayin wata ziyarar ba da tallafi na Amurka a madadin Royal Opera House, Margaret ta zauna a liyafa a liyafar cin abincin dare a Chicago tare da jigon masana’antar Abra Anderson da Magajin gari Jane Byrne Margaret ta gaya masu cewa da yawa daga cikin wasiƙar ta'aziyyar daga Ireland sun koma gidan sarauta. Kashegari, abokin adawar Anderson, Irv Kupcinet ya wallafa wata sanarwa cewa Margaret ta ambaci Irish a matsayin "aladu". Margaret, Anderson da Byrne duk sun bayar da sanarwar musantawa nan da nan, amma an riga an yi lalacewa. Sauran rangadin sun jawo zanga-zangar, kuma Margaret din tsaro ya ninka har sau biyu yana fuskantar barazanar ta jiki. A cikin 1981, Llewellyn ya auri Tatiana Soskin, wanda ya sani shekaru 10. Margaret ta kasance aminan su biyu. A cikin Janairu 1981, Margaret baƙi ce a cikin shirin Gidan Rediyon BBC 4 na Desert Island Discs An bayyana bayyanar da jaridar The Guardian "Tana da kwazon gaske, ta zabi Rule Britannia a matsayin daya daga cikin fayafan nata, sannan ta nemi Scotland the Brave wacce bututun da kera ta 'my regiment', watau Royal Highland Fusiliers."
Rashin lafiya da mutuwa Daga baya rayuwar Princess ta kasance ta rashin lafiya da nakasa. Ta sha taba sigari tun tana ɗan shekara 15 ko a baya, kuma ta daɗe tana shan taba sosai. A kan 5 Janairu 1985, ta cire wani ɓangare na ta huhu huhu; Wannan aikin ya yi daidai da na mahaifinta sama da shekaru 30 da suka gabata. A 1991, ta daina shan taba, kodayake ta ci gaba da shan giya sosai. A watan Janairun 1993, an kwantar da ita a asibiti domin cutar huhu Ta samu raunin ne a ranar 23 ga Fabrairun 1998 a gidanta hutu da ke Mustique A farkon shekara mai zuwa Gimbiya ta kamu da ciwo mai nauyi a ƙafafunta a cikin haɗarin gidan wanka, wanda ya shafi motsirta har zuwa lokacin da ta buƙaci tallafi yayin tafiya kuma wani lokacin amfani da keken hannu. An kwantar da ita a asibiti a ranar 10 ga Janairun 2001 saboda rashin abinci da kuma matsalolin hadiye, bayan sake bugun jini. Zuwa Maris 2001, bugun jini ya bar ta da hangen nesa kaɗan da na nakasa a gefen hagu Margaret ta bayyana a bainar jama'a ta karshe ita ce a bikin cikar haihuwar mahaifiyarta karo na 101 a cikin watan Agusta 2001 da kuma bikin cikarta shekaru 100 da kawarta, Princess Alice, Duchess na Gloucester, a watan Disamba. Gimbiya Margaret ta mutu a Asibitin King Edward VII, Landan, a 06:30 GMT a 9 ga Fabrairu 2002 yana da shekara 71, kwana daya bayan da ya sake fama da wani bugun jini wanda ya haifar da matsalolin zuciya. Yarima Wales ya ba dan uwan sa yabo a wata hira ta talabijin. An dauki akwatin gawa na Margaret, wanda aka zana bisa tsarinta na sirri, an dauke shi daga Fadar Kensington zuwa Fadar St James kafin jana'izarta. An yi jana'izar ne a ranar 15 ga Fabrairun 2002, shekara ce ta 50 da aka yi jana'izar mahaifinta. Dangane da burin ta, bikin ya kasance wani sabis na sirri a St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, ga dangi da abokai. Ba kamar sauran sauran membobin gidan sarauta ba, an kashe Princess Margaret, a Slough Crematorium. An sanya toka a cikin kabarin iyayenta, Sarki George VI da Sarauniya Elizabeth Sarauniya Sarauniya (wacce ta mutu makonni bakwai bayan Margaret), a cikin Masallachin tunawa da Sarki George VI a cikin Masallacin St George watanni biyu bayan haka. An gudanar da taron tunawa da jihar a Westminster Abbey a ranar 19 ga Afrilun 2002.
Legacy Masu lura da al'amurra sau da yawa halin Margaret matsayin spoiled snob iya yankan jawabinsa da kuma hauteur. Masu sukar sunyi ikirarin cewa ita ma sun raina kakarta Sarauniya Maryamu saboda an haife Mariya a matsayin yar gimbiya da ƙananan Serene Highness yayin da Margaret ta kasance Royal Highness ta hanyar haihuwa. Haruffarsu, duk da haka, ba su da wata alamar rikici tsakanin su. Hakanan Margaret na iya zama kyakkyawa kuma ba na yau da kullun ba. Mutanen da suka yi hulɗa da ita za su iya rikicewa ta hanyar abubuwan da take faruwa tsakanin rashin aminci da ƙa'idar aiki. Tsohuwar shugabar gwamnatin Marion Crawford ta rubuta a cikin rubutunta: "Ra'ayoyin masu ban sha'awa da haske da ta yi sun zama kanun labarai kuma, idan aka dauke su daga yanayin su, sun fara yin fito-na-fito da jama'a a idon jama'a wadanda ba su da kama da Margaret da muka sani." Margaret wacce ta san Gore Vidal, marubuciyar ba'amurkiya, ta rubuta: "Tana da matukar fahinta game da matsayinta na rayuwa." Ya tuno wata tattaunawa da Margaret wanda a yayin da yake tattauna batun sanin yakamata a bainar jama'a, ya ce: "Ba makawa ne, idan akwai 'yan'uwa mata biyu kuma daya Sarauniya ce, wacce dole ne ta zama tushen abin girmamawa kuma duk abin da ke da kyau, yayin da ɗayan dole ne ka zama mai jan hankalin mafi kirkirar mugunta, 'yar uwa. Bayan mutuwar Margaret, matar mai jiran gado, Lady Glenconner, ta ce "[Margaret] ta sadaukar da Sarauniya sosai kuma tana goyon bayanta sosai." An bayyana Margaret ta dan uwanta Alisabatu Elizabeth Shakerley a matsayin "wani mutum wanda ke da kyakkyawan iyawa don baiwa mutane da yawa jin daɗi kuma tana da kyakkyawar abokantaka da aminiya." Wani dan uwan, Oluwa Lichfield, ya ce "[Margaret] tayi matukar bakin ciki har karshen rayuwarta saboda rayuwar da ba ta cika ba." A rayuwarta, arzikin Margaret an kiyasta kusan miliyan 20, wanda galibinsu ke gado daga wurin mahaifinta. Har ila yau, ta gaji fasahohin zane-zane da kayayyakin tarihi daga Sarauniya Mary, sannan Dame Margaret Greville ta bar fam 20,000 a 1943. A cikin 1999, ɗanta, Lord Linley, ya sayar da mahaifiyarsa Les Jolies Eaux ta Caribbean akan dala miliyan 2.4. A lokacin rasuwarta Margaret ta karɓi fam 219,000 daga jerin ƙungiyoyin Bayan rasuwarta, ta bar wa £a twoanta 7.6 miliyan mallakar, wanda aka yanke zuwa 4.5 miliyan 4.5 bayan harajin gado A watan Yuni na 2006, yawancin kayayyakin Margaret ne Christie's suka siya don biyan haraji kuma, a cikin kalmomin ɗanta, "bukatun yau da kullun dangi kamar ilmantar da jikokinta", kodayake an sayar da wasu daga cikin kayan taimakon taimakon agaji kamar Stungiyar Bugun jini A rahoton, Sarauniyar ta baiyana cewa ragin da aka samu daga duk wani abu da aka baiwa yar'uwar ta a matsayin hukuma dole ne a bayar da ita ga masu ba da agaji. Farashin rikodin duniya na 1.24 miliyan ya saita ta agogon Fabergé Poltimore Tiara, wacce ta sanya wa bikin aurenta a shekarar 1960, ta sayar da fam miliyan 926,400. Sayar da sakamakonsa ya kai 13,658,000. A watan Afrilun 2007, wani nune-nunen mai taken Gimbiya Gimbiya Matsayin Kayan Gwiwar Gimbiya Margaret ya bude a Fadar Kensington, ya nuna salon zamani daga masu zanen Burtaniya kamar su Vivienne Westwood wanda aka yi wa lakabi da Gimbiya Margaret. Christopher Bailey tarin Guga na 2006 don Burberry ya kasance mai jan hankali daga kallon Margaret daga shekarun 1960. Rayuwar Gimbiya Margaret ta kasance shekaru da yawa tana magana game da jita-jita ta kafofin watsa labarai da masu lura da sarauta. Gidanta a Mustique, wanda ƙwararren mijinta Oliver Messel, wanda ƙirar ƙira ne, ya kasance maƙasudin hutun da ta fi so. An yi jita-jitar jam’iyyun daji da shan muggan kwayoyi a cikin shirin watsa shirye-shirye bayan mutuwar Gimbiya. Masanin tarihin rayuwar Warwick ya ba da shawarar cewa mafi kyawun gadojin Margaret abu ne mai haɗari. Wataƙila ba da niyya ba, Margaret ta ba da hanya don yarda da jama'a game da kisan aure. Rayuwarta, idan ba ayyukanta ba, sun yanke shawara da zaɓin 'ya'yan' yar'uwarta, waɗanda uku daga cikinsu sun sake su, sun fi sauƙi kamar yadda ba za su kasance ba.
Tituna, yanayi, girmamawa da makamai
Lakabobi da kuma salon 21 ga Agusta 1930 11 Disamba 1936: Her Royal Highness Princess Margaret na York 11 ga Disamba 1936 6 Oktoba 1961: Darajar Sarauniya Gimbiya Margaret 6 Oktoba 1961 9 Fabrairu 2002: Girma Sarauniya Gimbiya Margaret, Gimbiya Snowdon
Girmamawa CI Abokin oda na Sarautar Indiya, 12 Yuni 1947 DJStJ Dame of Justice of Order of St John na Urushalima, 23 Yuni 1948 GCVO Dame Grand Cross of the Royal Victoria Victoria Order, 1 Yuni 1953 GCStJ Dame Grand Cross of Order of St John na Kudus, 20 ga Yuni 1956 Sarkar Royal Victoria, 21 ga Agusta 1990 Dokokin Iyalin Sarauta na Sarki George V Dokokin Iyali na Sarki na Sarki George VI Sarautar Sarauniya Sarauta Sarauniya II CD Canadian Forces ado
Kasashen waje suna girmama Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion, 1948
Member of the Order of the Brilliant Star of Zanzibar, First Class, 1956
Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown, 1960
Recipient of the Order of the Lion, Crown and Shield of Toro Kingdom, 1965
Grand Cordon (or First Class) of the Order of the Precious Crown, 1971
Alƙawarin soja Australia
Colonel-in-Chief of the Women's Royal Australian Army Corps
Bermuda
Colonel-in-Chief of the Bermuda Regiment
Canada
Colonel-in-Chief of the Royal Highland Fusiliers of Canada
Colonel-in-Chief of the Princess Louise Fusiliers
Colonel-in-Chief of the Royal Newfoundland Regiment
United Kingdom
Colonel-in-Chief of the 15th/19th The King's Royal Hussars
Colonel-in-Chief of the Light Dragoons
Colonel-in-Chief of the Royal Highland Fusiliers (Princess Margaret's Own Glasgow and Ayrshire Regiment)
Colonel-in-Chief of the Queen Alexandra's Royal Army Nursing Corps
Deputy Colonel-in-Chief of the Royal Anglian Regiment
Honorary Air Commodore, Royal Air Force Coningsby
Bayarwa
Zuriya
Manazarta
Bibliography Aronson, Theo (2001), Princess Margaret: A Biography, London: Michael O'Mara Books Limited, ISBN 1-85479-682-8
Botham, Noel (2002), Margaret: The Last Real Princess, London: Blake Publishing Ltd, ISBN 1-903402-64-6
Bradford, Sarah; Harrison, B.; Goldman, L. (January 2006). "Margaret Rose, Princess, countess of Snowdon (1930–2002)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (revised October 2008 ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/76713. Retrieved 7 December 2008. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
Crawford, Marion (1950), The Little Princesses, London: Cassell and Co
Heald, Tim (2007), Princess Margaret: A Life Unravelled, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, ISBN 978-0-297-84820-2
Warwick, Christopher (2002), Princess Margaret: A Life of Contrasts, London: Carlton Publishing Group, ISBN 0-233-05106-6
Haɗin waje Bayanan martaba a shafin yanar gizon masarautar Burtaniya Princess Margaret British Columbia Archives: bidiyon Gimbiya Margaret a wurin liyafar, HMS Hood Discovery, 1958 Newspaper clippings about Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon Pages with unreviewed |
13889 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diezani%20Alison-Madueke | Diezani Alison-Madueke | Diezani K. Alison-Madueke (an haife ta ne a ranar 6 ga watan Disamba, shekara ta 1960), yar siyasa ce ta Najeriya kuma mace ta farko a matsayin shugabar kungiyar OPEC. An zabe ta ne a taron majalisar OPEC karo na 166 a Vienna ranar (27) ga watan Nuwamba, a shekara ta (2014). Ta zama ministan sufuri a Najeriya a ranar ishirin da shida (26) ga watan Yuni, shekara ta dubu biyu (2000). An canza ta zuwa ma'adinai da Ci gaban Karfe a cikin shekara ta dubu biyu da takwas (2008), kuma a watan Afrilun, shekara ta dubu biyu da goma( 2010 )aka nada ta Ministan Albarkatun Man Fetur.
Rayuwa Diezani Alison madueke Agama an haife ta a Fatakwal, Jihar Ribas, Najeriya. Mahaifinta shi ne Cif Frederick Abiye Agama. Ta yi karatun Architecture a Ingila sannan kuma a Jami’ar Howard a Amurka. Ta yi karatun digiri a kan Howard tare da digiri na farko a ranar 8 ga watan Disamba, shekara ta alif 1992. Ta dawo Nijeriya kuma ta shiga cikin Kamfanin Shell a shekarar 2002, ta halarci Makarantar Kasuwancin Kasuwanci ta Cambridge, don digiri na MBA. Bayan dawowarta Gida Najeriya, an nada Diezani Alison Madueke Agama a matsayin Babban Darakta a kamfanin Shell a shekarar 2006. Ita ce mace ta farko da Shell ta taba nadawa a matsayin Darakta a Najeriya Tun daga shekara ta alif 1999, ta auri Admiral Allison Madueke (mai ritaya), Shugaban Sojojin Ruwa na lokaci guda wanda ya kasance a lokuta daban-daban na gwamnan Imo da na jihar Anambra. Tana da 'ya'ya maza guda biyu, Chimezie Madueke da Ugonna Madueke. A watan Satumbar, shekara 2011. Alison-Madueke ta ba Alison-Madueke lambar girmamawa a fannin Kimiyya ta Kasuwanci ta Makarantar Tsaro ta Najeriya, Kaduna A watan Satumbar, shekara ta 2008. An yi wani yunƙurin ƙoƙari na sace Alison-Madueke a gidanta a Abuja tare da ɗanta Chimezie Madueke..
Matsayin majalisun tarayya Diezani Alison-Madueke ta rike manyan mukamai guda uku a gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya An nada ta Ministan Sufuri a watan Yuni na sekarar 2007. A ranar 23 ga watan Disamba shekarar 2008, ta zama Ministan Ma'adanai da Ci gaban Karfe. Lokacin Mataimakin Shugaban kasa; Goodluck Jonathan ya zama shugaban kasa a watan Fabrairun shekarar 2010, ya soke majalisar ministocin a ranar 17 ga watan Maris shekarar 2010, sannan ya rantsar da sabuwar majalisar a ranar 6 ga watan Afrilun shekarar 2010 tare da Alison-Madueke a matsayin Ministan Albarkatun Man Fetur.
Ministan abarkatun man fetur A matsayina na Ministan Albarkatun Man Fetur, Alison-Madueke ta yi alkawarin sauya masana'antar mai da iskar gas ta Najeriya domin dukkan 'yan Najeriya su amfana. A watan Afrilun shekarar 2010, Shugaba Goodluck Jonathan ya rattaba hannu kan dokar Najeriyar, wanda ke da niyyar kara yawan kwangilolin masana'antar mai da aka baiwa 'yan kasuwan Najeriya na asali martani ga mamayar da masu kamfanonin kasashen waje ke yi. Ofayan mafi mahimmancin manufofin da aka gabatar a ƙarƙashin Alison-Madueke shine shirin gwamnati don cire tallafin jihohi akan farashin mai. Alison-Madueke ta goyi bayan dakatar da tallafin "saboda tana haifar da babban matsin lamba ga gwamnati, a bayyane yake amfanar da attajirai, [kuma] yana ƙarfafa rashin iya aiki, rashawa da ɓarnatar da albarkatun jama'a masu ƙarancin saka hannun jari ga mahimman kayan aikin.
Ta farko Alison-Madueke ita ce mace ta farko da ta rike matsayin Ministan Albarkatun Man Fetur a Najeriya, kuma a watan Oktoba na shekarar 2010 ta kasance mace ta farko da ta shugabantar da wakilan kasashe a taron OPEC na shekara-shekara. Ta kuma kasance mace ta farko ministar sufuri, kuma mace ta farko da aka nada a kwamitin bunkasa Kamfanin Man Fetur na Shell Nigeria. A ranar 27 ga Satan Nuwamban shekarar 2014, an zabe ta a matsayin mace ta farko a matsayin shugaban kungiyar OPEC. Lokacin da take aiki a bangarorin maza da suka mamaye, Alison-Madueke ta ce ta gargadi 'yan matan da ta yi wa horo yayin da suke kamfanin Shell da su "canza yanayin tunaninsu."
Zargi akan rashin gudanarwan kuɗi da kuma kamata Wani labarin PBS NewsHour ya nakalto jami'an Amurkawa da na Burtaniya suna cewa tsohuwar Ministan man fetur Diezani Alison-Madueke da kanta za ta iya yin amfani da dala biliyan 6 (N1.2 tiriliyan) daga baitul malin Najeriya. An tuhume ta da alhakin dala biliyan 20 da aka bata daga hukumar kula da man fetur. Wani tsohon gwamnan Babban Bankin Najeriya (CBN), Sanusi, ya sake yin wannan bayani yayin hirar PBS a ranar 2 ga watan Disamba shekarar 2015. Sanusi lamido Sanusi ya yi amanna cewa an kore shi daga Babban Bankin Najeriya ne saboda ya je gaban jama’a tare da tuhumar cewa dala biliyan 20 ba ta bata daga Kamfanin Man Fetur na Najeriya (NNPC) ba karkashin jagorancin Alison-Madueke. Alison Madueke ta ce Sanusi ya yi zargin ne don ramuwar gayya bayan da ta taimaka masa aka nada a matsayin shugaban bankin ci gaban Afirka (AfDB) tare da yin watsi da zargin. An zarge ta da bayar da kwangiloli na Naira bilyan da yawa ba tare da sakaci kan tsarin da ya dace ba da kuma kashe kudaden gwamnati ba da kulawa ba. da kuma barnatar da biliyoyin nairori da ba ta dace ba a cikin jiragen sama masu zaman kansu. A watan Oktoba na shekarar 2009, Majalisar Dattawan Najeriya ta tuhumi Diezani Alison-Madueke da bayar da shawarar gurfanar da dala biliyan 1.2 cikin asusun ajiyar kuɗaɗen kamfanin ba tare da tsari mai inganci ba, kuma ya karya yarjejeniyar sasantawa. Hukumar da ke yaki da masu yi wa tattalin arzikin Najeriya ta’annati ta gurfanar da ita gaban kuliya bisa laifin ‘Kudi da Kudi’. A ranar 2 ga Oktoba shekarar 2015, kamfanin dillancin labarai na Reuters ya ba da rahoton cewa Hukumar Kula da Laifuka ta Kasa (NCA) ta kama Alison-Madueke a Landan, tare da wasu mutane hudu bisa zargin rashawa da aikata laifukan cin hanci da rashawa. Sai dai mai magana da yawun ‘yan sanda ya musanta cewa yana da wani ilimin game da lamarin. Iyalinta da gwamnatin Najeriya sun tabbatar da cewa, an kama ta a Landan, kodayake Hukumar NCA ta ki cewa komai game da karar. Har ila yau a Najeriya, tana da gida a Asokoro, Abuja da aka kai hari da kuma hatimce ta yaki da cin hanci da jamiái na Najeriya tattalin arzikin Laifukan Hukumar, 'yan sa'o'i bayan ta yi zargin kama a London...
Lafiya Alison-Madueke ta bayyana cewa a yayin da take ofishi, ta sha fama da cutar sankarar mama a cikin Burtaniya. See
Duba nan Jerin mutane daga Port Harcourt
Jerin yan Najeriya
Manazarta
Bibiliyo The Oxford handbook of late antiquity. Johnson, Scott Fitzgerald, 1976-. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2012. ISBN 978-0-19-533693-1. OCLC |
42537 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheick%20Diallo | Cheick Diallo | Cheick Diallo (an haife shi 13 ga watan Satumba, 1996), ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando kuma ƙwararren ɗan ƙasar Mali ne na Kyoto Hannaryz na B.League Diallo ya kasance mai daukar taurari biyar kuma MVP (Mafi Kyawun Dan Wasa) na shekarar 2015 McDonald's All-American Boys Game Ya buga wasan kwando guda ɗaya na kwaleji don Kansas kafin ya ba da sanarwar daftarin 2016 NBA, inda aka zaɓi shi tare da zaɓi na 33 na gaba ɗaya ta Los Angeles Clippers Rayuwar farko An haifi Diallo ne a kasar mali kuma ya girma a Kayes, Mali. An dauki kimanin sa'o'i 15 daga garinsu zuwa Bamako, babban birnin kasar. Shi ne auta a cikin iyalinsa kuma yana da 'yan'uwa biyar. Ya sha buga wasan ƙwallon kwando tare da manyan abokansa da danginsa wanda ya fitar da basirarsa. Diallo ya koma Amurka ne a watan Fabrairun 2012 don neman wasan kwallon kwando. Ba ya iya turanci a lokacin. Ya tuna lokacin, “Abin ya yi tauri. Na bar iyayena, abokaina, ’yan’uwana, komai, don kawai in zo nan.’” Diallo ya fara buga ƙwallon kwando a shekara ta 2010.
Aikin makarantar sakandare Ta hanyar shirin sa na duniya, Diallo ya fara halartar Makarantar Mai Ceton Mu Sabuwar Amurka a Centereach, New York Ya yi wasa da Chris Obekpa a kakar wasansa ta farko kuma, da farko, babban dan Afirka ne ya mamaye shi. Diallo ya ce, “Ban san abin da nake yi ba. Na kasa yin magana. [Obekpa] yana hana ni kowane lokaci." A cikin lokutan baya, ya zama mafi tasiri ga ƙungiyarsa kuma ya ja hankalin jama'a ta hanyar toshe harbi, sake dawowa, da haɓaka. An gayyaci Diallo zuwa sansanin NBPA Top 100 a shekarar 2013 kuma ya ci gaba da zama MVP na farko daga Afirka. A matsayinsa na ƙarami a cikin shekarar 2014, ya sami matsakaicin maki 18.5, 11.2 rebounds, da tubalan 4.0 a kowane wasa yayin da yake jagorantar ƙungiyarsa zuwa rikodin 28 3 da gasar rukuni-rukuni. A matsayinsa na babba, Diallo ya sami maki 17.5, 10.5 rebounds, da 2.5 tubalan kowane wasa. An nada Diallo MVP na shekarar 2015 McDonald's All-American Boys Game bayan ya zira kwallaye 18 da sake dawowa 10 wanda ya jagoranci kungiyar Gabas zuwa nasara 111–91 akan Yamma. Diallo kuma an nada shi MVP na shekarar 2015 Jordan Brand Classic, yana da maki 26 da sake dawowa 11. An tantance Diallo a matsayin tauraro biyar da ya dauki ma’aikata kuma ya zama mai lamba 7 gaba daya da kuma mai lamba 3 a gaba a aji na sakandare na 2015. A ranar 28 ga watan Afrilun 2015, Diallo ya himmatu zuwa Kansas Aikin koleji Diallo ya rasa wasanni biyar na farko na kakar sa ta farko tare da Kansas bayan NCAA ta kasa share shi ya buga saboda matsalolin cancanta. A ranar 25 ga Nuwambar 2015, an ba shi damar buga wa Jayhawks wasa a wasansu da Loyola a ranar 1 ga watan Disamba, bayan NCAA a ƙarshe ta yanke hukuncin Diallo ya sami ƙarancin fa'idodi marasa izini. A cikin lokacin shi kaɗai a Kansas, Diallo ya sami matsakaicin maki 3.0 da sake dawowa 2.5 a cikin mintuna 7.5 a kowane wasa.
A cikin Afrilun 2016, Diallo ya ayyana don daftarin NBA, yana barin shekaru uku na ƙarshe na cancantar kwaleji. A cikin Mayu 2016, a NBA Draft Combine, Diallo ya yi rajista mai tsayin ƙafa 7, -inch da tsayin ƙafa Ƙwarewar Aiki
New Orleans Pelicans (2016-2019) A watan Yuni 23, shekarar 2016, Los Angeles Clippers ya zaɓi Diallo tare da zaɓi na 33 na gaba ɗaya a cikin daftarin NBA na shekarar 2016 An sayar da Diallo zuwa New Orleans Pelicans daga baya a wannan dare. A ranar Yulin 22, 2016, ya sanya hannu tare da Pelicans bayan matsakaicin maki 10.2, 9.4 rebounds da 2.2 blocks a cikin wasanni biyar na bazara Ya yi wasan sa na farko na NBA a ranar 29 ga watan Oktobar 2016, yana yin rikodi guda ɗaya da shinge guda a cikin mintuna shida daga benci a cikin rashin nasarar Pelicans' 98–79 ga San Antonio Spurs Diallo ya buga wasanni biyu kacal na tsawon mintuna bakwai akan wasanni 23 na farko na Pelicans na kakar wasa. A ranar 10 ga Disamba, 2016, ya taka leda a cikin mintuna 31 kawai daga benci kuma ya zira kwallaye 19 a cikin rashin nasarar Pelicans' 133–105 ga Los Angeles Clippers Ya kuma yi rikodin sake kunnawa 10 kuma ya harbe 8-na-15 daga filin. A ranar 11 ga Afrilu, 2017, ya zira maki 19 a cikin asarar 108–96 ga Los Angeles Lakers Washegari, a wasan karshe na kakar Pelicans, Diallo yana da maki 12 da sake komawa 16 a cikin nasara da ci 103–100 akan Portland Trail Blazers A lokacin kakar wasansa, yana da ayyuka da yawa tare da Austin Spurs, Long Island Nets da Greensboro Swarm na NBA Development League, bisa ga ka'idar aiki mai sassauƙa. A ranar 9 ga Maris, 2018, Diallo ya ci maki 14 mafi girma a kakar wasa a cikin asarar 116–97 ga Wizards Washington A kan Maris 18, 2018, ya saita sabon yanayi mai girma tare da maki 17 a nasarar 108–89 akan Boston Celtics A ranar 6 ga Fabrairu, 2019, Diallo ya ci maki 18 mafi girma a kakar wasa a cikin nasara 125–120 akan Chicago Bulls A ranar 22 ga Fabrairu, yana da maki 16 da babban aiki na sake komawa 18 a cikin asarar 126–111 ga Indiana Pacers Diallo ya dace da kakarsa mai maki 18 tare da cikakken harbi a cikin nasara 128–115 akan Los Angeles Lakers a ranar 23 ga Fabrairu
Phoenix Suns (2019-2020) A ranar 23 ga Yuli, 2019, Phoenix Suns sun rattaba hannu kan Diallo zuwa kwangilar shekaru biyu. A ranar Nuwamba 24, Diallo ya zira kwallaye-mafi girman maki 22 a cikin asarar 114–102 zuwa Denver Nuggets Avtodor Saratov (2021) A ranar 2 ga Fabrairu, 2021, Diallo ya sanya hannu tare da Avtodor Saratov na VTB United League Fuenlabrada (2021) A ranar 14 ga Afrilu, 2021, Diallo ya rattaba hannu tare da Fuenlabrada na La Liga ACB Motoci City Cruise Detroit Pistons (2021-2022) A ranar Nuwamba 8, 2021, Diallo ya rattaba hannu tare da Jirgin Ruwa na Motoci na NBA G League A cikin wasanni 13, ya sami maki 14.4 akan 71.4% harbi da 8.5 rebounds a cikin mintuna 21.7 a kowane wasa. A ranar 23 ga Disamba, 2021, Diallo ya rattaba hannu kan kwangilar kwanaki 10 tare da Detroit Pistons ta hanyar keɓewar wahala kuma bayan karewarsa, Motar City ta sake saye shi.
Cangrejeros de Santurce (2022-yanzu) A ranar 1 ga Mayu, 2022, Diallo ya rattaba hannu tare da Cangrejeros de Santurce na BSN.
Kididdigar sana'a
NBA
Lokaci na yau da kullun style="text-align:left;"| style="text-align:left;"| New Orleans
17 0 11.7 .474 .714 4.3 .2 .2 .4 5.1
style="text-align:left;"| style="text-align:left;"| New Orleans
52 0 11.2 .580 .758 4.1 .4 .2 .4 4.9
style="text-align:left;"| style="text-align:left;"| New Orleans
64 1 14.0 .620 .250 .746 5.2 .5 .5 .5 6.0
style="text-align:left;"| style="text-align:left;"| Phoenix
47 2 10.2 .648 .333 .872 2.8 .5 .2 .3 4.7
style="text-align:left;"| style="text-align:left;"| Detroit
3 0 10.2 .375 .833 4.0 .0 .3 .0 3.7
class="sortbottom"
style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"| Career
183 3 11.9 .596 .286 .774 4.1 .4 .3 .4 5.2
Wasan wasa style="text-align:left;"| 2018
style="text-align:left;"| New Orleans
7 0 6.9 .417 1.3 .0 .1 .1 1.4
class="sortbottom"
style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"| Career
7 0 6.9 .417 1.3 .0 .1 .1 1.4
Kwalejin style="text-align:left;"| 2015–16
style="text-align:left;"| Kansas
27 1 7.5 .569 .556 2.5 .0 .3 .9 3.0
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Kansas Jayhawks bio
Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1996
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
45956 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sallolin%20Nafila | Sallolin Nafila | Sallolin Nafila
a. Hikimar shar’anta ta.
Daga cikin ni’mar Allah da ya yi akan bayin sa shi ne ya sanya musu ibada wace za ta kewaye dukan jikin su, kuma ta tabbatar musu da abun da suke nufi wajan ba da ayyuka ta fuskoki ingantattu, kuma har mutum kuskure ko kazawa za ta gitta masa to sai Allah maigirma da daukaka ya Shar’anta wani abu zai cika hakan ya zama makwafinsa, sallar nafila kuwa tana daga cikin haka, domin hakika ya tabbata daga Ma’aikin Allah cewa lalle sallar nafila nata cika sallar farillla, idan mai sallar bai kasance cika ta ba.
b. Abinda ya fi da za’a yi nafila da shi.
Shi ne kokarin daukaka Kalmar Allah, sa’annan ilimi da ilmantarwa na shari’ah, Allah ta’ala ya ce;
١١﴾
Ma’ana: “Allah na daukaka wadanda suka yi imani daga cikinku da kuma wadanada aka bai wa ilimi da darajoji”. (Mujadalah: 11).
Sa’annan sai sallah ita ce mafificiyar ibadar jiki, domin fadin Manzon Allah “Ku tsayu kuma kada ku gaji, ku sani da cewa mafi alherin ayyukan ku ita ce sallah”. (Ibnu-Majah).
Daga cikin salloli na nafilfili akwai: a. Sallar dare:
Sallar dare ita ce mafi girman lada akan sallar yini (sallar rana), kuma sallah a rabin dare na karshe ya fi (a rabin dare na farko) domin fadin Manzon Allah “Ubangijin mu wanda albarkarsa ta daukaka, yana sauka zuwa saman duniya a kowanne karshen rabin dare da ya wuce”. (Muslim ne ya ruwaito).
Ita kuma sallar tahajjud wacce ake yin ta bayan an yi bacci an tashi, Sayyida Aisha Allah ya kara mata yarda ta ce “Abunda ake nufi da: “Annashi’a”. ita ce tsayuwa bayan bacci”.
b. Sallar duha (Walaha).
An sunnata yin sallar duha a wasu kwanaki banda wasu kwanakin, domin hadisin Abi said; “Manzon Allah ya kasance yana sallar duha har sai mun ce; baya barinta. Kuma wata rana zai barta har sai mun ce; baya sallah tar ta”. (Ahmad da Tirmizi suka ruwaito.) Kuma (Tirmizi) ya ce hadisin Gharibi ne.
Karancin ta (ita sallar walaha) shi ne raka’a biyu, kuma Manzon Allah ya sallaceta raka’a hudu kuma ya sallaceta raka’a shida, mafi yawan ta shi ne raka’o’i takwas, ba’a sharadanta yin ta kulum ba.
c. Sallar gaisuwan masallaci. (Idan an shiga masallaci).
An sunnan ta sallar gaisuwar masallaci, domin hadisin Abi Mikdad lalle Annabi ya ce: “Idan dayan ku ya shiga masallaci to kar ya zauna har sai ya yi sallah raka’a biyu”. (Malaman Hadisi suka ruwaito).
d. Sujudar Tilawa.
An sunnan ta yin sujjudar tilawa ga mai karanta Alkur’ani da kuma mai sauraro, zai yi kabbara lokacin yin sujjudar, kuma ya yi sallama idan ya dago, kuma zai fada ne a cikin sujjudar ta shi:
Ma’ana: “Tsarki ya tabbata ga Ubangiji na madaukaki.” Ko kuma duk abinda ruwaito.
e. Sujudus Shukur. (Sujjadar godiya).
An sunnanta sujudus-shukur lokacin da mutum ya samu wata sabuwar ni’ma ko kaucewa wani bala’i, saboda hadisin Abibakata t ‘‘Lalle Annabi ya kasance idan wani lamari mai farhanta masa rai ya zo sai ya fadi yana mai sujjada”. (Abu dawud, Tirmiz, Ibn majah suka ruwaito).
“Kuma Sayyidina Aliyu t ya yi sujjadar a lokacin da ya samu Zul Sudayya wanda ke cikin Kawarijawa”. (Ahmad ne ya ruwaito). Kuma “Ka’ab bin Malik ya yi sujjadar lokacin da aka yi mishi bushara ta karbar tubansa ga Allah”. Kuma kissarsa tabbatacciyace. Siffar sujjadar godiya ga Allah da hukunce-hukuncenta kamar na sujjudar tilawa ne.
f. Sallar Tarawih. (Asham).
Tarawihi Sunnah ce mai karfi, wace Annabi ya sunnan ta, ana yin ta a jam’i a cikin massalaci bayan sallar isha’i a watan Ramadan. Hakika Manzon ya sunnan ta ta, kuma Umar dan Khatah t ya rayar da ita a zamanin halifancin sa. Abunda ya fi mutum ya yi ta raka’a goma sha daya (11), amma ba laifi in ya kara akan haka, duk abunda ya kara ya zama kokarinn sa ne, kuma ya kara a goman karshe na Ramadan ya kara abubuwa kamar kara salloli da zikiri da addu’o’i.
g. Sallar Wutiri.
Wutiri Sunnna ne mai karfi manzon Allah ya aikata shi kuma ya yi umurni da yin shi, mafi karancinsa raka’a ta uku ne, kuma ma fi yawansa raka’a goma sha daya (11).
Lokacinsa: Tsakanin sallar isha’i da fitowar alfijir, ana kunutu a cikin sa bayan an dago daga ruku’I amma mustahabi ne.
Siffofin sa.
1. Mutum ya sallace shi (shi wuturin) gaba-daya ba tare da ya zauna yin tahiya ba har sai ya kawo raka’ar karshe.
2. Ya zauna a raka’ar kusa da karshe ya yi tahiya ba tare da sallama ba, sai ya mike ya kawo raka’a daya ya yi tahiya sai ya sallame.
3. Ya sallame bayan ya kawo raka’a biyu, sa’annan ya cika da karo raka’a daya, ya yi tahiya ya salllame. Wannan siffar ita ce mafificiya daga sauran siffofin, domin ita ce Manzon Allah ya aikata kuma yafi yawan aikata ta.
h. Sunanu Rawatib.
Mafifici a cikin sui ta ce ta alfijiri (wato raka’o’i biyu kafin sallah asuba), domin hadisin Sayyidah Aisha Allah ya kara mata yarda, wanda ya kai ga manzon Allah: “Ya ce: Raka’o’i biyu na alfijir sun fi duniya da abin da ke cikin ta”.(Muslim, tirmizi kuma ya ingantashi).
Kuma Rawatib masu karfi raka’o’i goma sha biyu ne: Hudu kafin azahar biyu bayanta, da biyu bayan magariba, da kuma biyu bayan isha’i sai kuma raka’atal fijir (wato biyu kafin asuba).
Kuma an sunnanta rama wadannan nafilfilin (wato sunanu rawatib) idan suka kubucewa mutum, haka kuma rankon wutiri tare da sha’i, saidai idan ya kubuce tare da faralinsa kuma ya yi yawa, to abinda ya fi sai a barshi saboda samuwar kuntata idan akce za a yi shi, saboda haka sai ayi raka’oi biyu na nafilar alfijir ita zai biya bashin ta kai tsaiye, domin karfatata. Kuma yin wadanan a gida yafi falala ba kamar sallar farilla ba, da kuma duk sallar da aka
|
18880 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bera | Bera | Ɓera ƙananan rodent ne A dabi'ance, an san beraye suna da hakori mai kaifi, kananan kunnuwa zagaye, wutsiyar su mai tsawo ne, suna da gashi a jiki, da yawan kiwo. mafi sanannen nau'in bera shine linzamin gida na kowa Mus musculus Beraye kuma sanannu ne kamar sauran dabbobi. A wasu wurare, wasu nau'ikan ɓerayen filaye suna da suna gama gari. An san su da mamaye gidaje don abinci da wurin kwanciya.<ref>Bera. (2021, ga Yuli, 25). Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta. Retrieved 17:05, Oktoba 22, 2021 from https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bera&oldid=101335</nowiki>.</ref>
An rarraba beraye a ƙarƙashin umarnin Rodentia. A wasu yanayi, ana iya ɗaukar beraye larura. Vermin babban tushe ne na lalacewar amfanin gona kamar yadda aka san su da haifar da lalacewar tsarin da yada cuta Beraye suna yada cuta ta hanjinsu kuma galibi masu ɗauke da ƙwayoyin cuta. A Arewacin Amurka, ƙura mai numfashi wanda ya sadu da ƙwayar linzamin kwamfuta yana da alaƙa da hantavirus, wanda zai iya haifar da cututtukan huhu na hantavirus (HPS).
Ainihin maras motsi, beraye na biyan raunin gani da ƙwarewar ji. Sun dogara ne da ƙanshin ƙanshin su don nemo abinci da kuma gujewa masu lalata su. A cikin daji, an san beraye don gina ramuka masu wuyar fahimta. Waɗannan burbushin suna da ƙofofi masu tsayi kuma suna sanye da ramuka masu tserewa. A cikin aƙalla nau'ikan guda ɗaya, tsarin gine-ginen burrow halaye ne na gado.
Ire-iren dabbobin da aka sani da beraye Beraye da suka fi na yau da kullun su ne murus, a cikin tsari ɗaya da berayen gama gari Su kisan kai ne, tare da ƙwayoyin cuta da sauran dangi na kusa.
oda Dasyuromorphia
marsupial beraye, ƙananan jinsunan Dasyuridae
oda Rodentia
suborder Castorimorpha
iyali Heteromyidae
Linzamin Kangaroo, jinsin Microdipodops
Aljihun aljihu, ƙabilar Perognathinae
Spin linzamin aljihu, jinsi Heteromys
subomar Anomaluromorpha
iyali Anomaluridae
linzamin linzamin kwamfuta
yankin Myomorpha
iyali Cricetidae
Fushin linzamin kwamfuta, Peromyscus boylii
Berayen Florida
Linzamin gwal
Beran girbin Ba'amurke, jinsi Reithrodontomys
dangin Muridae
hankulan beraye, jinsin Mus
Berayen filaye, jinsi Apodemus
Linzamin katako, Apodemus sylvaticus
Bera mai wuyan rawaya, Apodemus flavicollis
Babban linzamin Mindoro
Babban bera mai fatar kunne
Luzon montane daji linzamin kwamfuta
Linzamin Forrest
Mousearƙashin dutsen baƙi
Molamar Bolam
Beran girbin Eurasia, halittar Micromys
Mice ne na kowa gwaji dabbobi a dakin gwaje-gwaje da bincike na ilmin halitta da kuma tunani filayen musamman domin su ne dabbobi masu shayarwa, da kuma saboda su raba wani babban mataki na homology tare da mutane. Su ne tsarin halittar dabbobi masu amfani da dabbobi, wanda aka fi sani da beraye A linzamin kwamfuta genome an jerin, da kuma kusan dukkan linzamin kwamfuta genes da mutum homologs. Linzamin kwamfuta yana da kimanin nau'i-nau'i tushe biliyan 2.7 da 20 na chromosomes. Hakanan ana iya sarrafa su ta hanyoyin da suka saba wa doka da mutane, kodayake masu rajin kare haƙƙin dabbobi sukan ƙi. Mousewayar ƙwanƙwasa ƙwanƙwasa linzami ne wanda aka canza ɗaya wanda ya sa ɗaya ko fiye da ƙwayoyinta suka zama marasa aiki ta hanyar ƙwanƙwasa ƙwayoyin halitta Dalilan zabin beraye sune kanana kuma basu da tsada, suna da abinci iri-iri, ana kiyaye su cikin sauki, kuma suna iya hayayyafa da sauri. Yawancin ƙarnuka na ɓeraye za a iya kiyaye su a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci. Beraye suna da nutsuwa sosai idan aka tashe su daga haihuwa kuma aka basu isasshen saduwa da mutane. Koyaya, wasu sanannu an san su da saurin yanayi.
Halaiya Masu bincike a Cibiyar Nazarin Neurobiology ta Max Planck sun tabbatar da cewa beraye suna da yanayin fuska iri-iri. Sunyi amfani da hangen nesa don hango motsin zuciyar mutum kamar jin daɗi, ƙyama, tashin zuciya, ciwo, da tsoro.
Kamar yadda dabbobi Mutane da yawa suna siyan beraye a matsayin abokan gida. Za su iya zama masu wasa, masu ƙauna kuma suna iya yin amfani da abubuwan da ake gudanarwa. Kamar berayen dabbobin bera, bai kamata a bar berayen dabbobin ba tare da kulawa ba a waje saboda suna da masu farauta da yawa, gami da (amma ba'a iyakance shi ba) tsuntsaye, macizai, ƙadangare, kuliyoyi, da karnuka. Beraye mata suna da warin da ya fi na mata. Koyaya, beraye sune masu kula da kyau kuma a matsayin su na dabbobin gida basa buƙatar wanka. Beraye masu lura da kyau na iya yin dabbobin gida masu kyau. Wasu samfuran kulawa da linzamin kwamfuta sune:
Keji Galibi keɓaɓɓen hamster ko keɓaɓɓen shinge, amma ana samun keɓaɓɓun keɓaɓɓu na musamman a yanzu. Yawancinsu zasu sami amintacciyar ƙofa. Abinci Akwai wadataccen abinci mai narkewa da iri iri. Beraye na iya cin yawancin abincin beraye (na beraye, beraye, hamster, ƙwaya, da dai sauransu. Kwanciya Yawancin lokaci ana yin katako ne na katako, kamar su aspen, wani lokacin daga yankakke, takarda mara inki ko ɓangaren litattafan itace na budurwa. Yin amfani da shimfidar masarar masara ana kiyaye shi saboda yana inganta naman gwari Aspergillus, kuma yana iya girma da zarar ya jike, wanda yake da lahani a ƙafafunsu.
Abinci A yanayi, ɓeraye suna yawan cin ciyawa, suna cin kowane irin 'ya'yan itace ko hatsi daga tsire-tsire. Koyaya, ɓera suna dacewa da biranen birni kuma an san su da cin kusan nau'ikan tarkacen abinci. A cikin kamewa, ana ciyar da beraye cin abincin bera mai ƙyalƙyali. Wadannan kayan abinci sun kammala cikakke, amma har yanzu suna bukatar kayan lambu iri-iri.
Beraye ba su da abinci na musamman don cuku. Za su ci cuku ne kawai saboda rashin ingantattun zabi.
Kamar abinci Beraye sune kayan abinci a cikin yawancin ƙananan dabbobi masu cin nama Mutane sun taɓa cin beraye tun zamanin da A Burtaniya ta Biritaniya, har yanzu ana ba da soyayyun beraye ga yara a matsayin maganin jama'a don yin jika-gado yayin da Jared Diamond ya ba da rahoton ƙirƙirar beraye da ake amfani da su a Ingila a matsayin ƙarin abincin abinci a lokacin rabon WW II. Beraye abinci ne na abinci a duk gabashin Zambiya da arewacin Malawi, inda suka kasance tushen tushen furotin na lokaci-lokaci. Berayen gona sanannen abinci ne a Vietnam da ƙasashe maƙwabta. A cikin ƙasashe da yawa, kodayake, bera ba abu ne na abinci ba.
Magunguna waɗanda aka tsara a cikin tsohuwar Masar sun haɗa da beraye a matsayin magani. A tsohuwar Masar, lokacin da jarirai ba su da lafiya, uwaye suna cin bera a matsayin magani. An yi imani da cewa cin naman bera da uwa za ta taimaka wajen warkar da jaririn da ba shi da lafiya. A cikin kasashe daban-daban ana amfani da beraye a matsayin abinci na dabbobin gida kamar macizai, kadangaru, kwadi, tarantula, da tsuntsayen ganima, kuma shagunan dabbobi da yawa suna ɗaukar beraye don wannan dalilin.
Kalmomin gama gari waɗanda ake amfani dasu don magana zuwa shekaru daban-daban girma na ɓera idan aka siyar don abincin dabbobi sune "pinkies", "fuzzies", "crawlers", "hoppers", da "manya". Pinkies sabbin beraye ne waɗanda basu riga sun yi fur ba; fuzzies suna da wasu fur amma basu da motsi sosai; kuma masu tsalle suna da cikakkun gashin gashi kuma suna da cikakken motsi amma sun fi ƙananan beraye girma. Beraye ba tare da Jawo ba sun fi sauƙi ga dabba ya cinye; duk da haka, beraye tare da Jawo na iya zama mai gamsarwa azaman abincin dabbobi. Ana amfani da waɗannan sharuɗɗan don nuni zuwa matakan girma na beraye (duba ratwa mai zato Duba kuma Jerin almara da beraye
Mousetrap
Musophobia (tsoron beraye)
Mouse lokacin ci gaban kwakwalwa
Fe, Fi, Fo, Fum, da Phooey, ɓeraye waɗanda suka zagaya Wata sau 75 a 1972 akan Apollo 17
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Fancy Mice cikakken bayani game da berayen kiwo da kiyaye su a matsayin dabbobi
Hotunan manyan hotuna na sassan gwaiwar kwakwalwar beraye
Tarihin linzamin kwamfuta (tare da mai da hankali kan amfani da su a cikin nazarin halittu)
Hanyoyin Mouse Yadda ake gano waƙoƙin linzamin kwamfuta
Pages with unreviewed |
57841 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilimi%20a%20Switzerland | Ilimi a Switzerland | sarin ilimi a Switzerland ya bambanta sosai, saboda tsarin mulkin Switzerland ya ba da ikon tsarin makarantu musamman ga kananan hukumomi Kundin tsarin mulkin kasar Switzerland ya kafa ginshiki, wato makarantar firamare wajibi ne ga kowane yaro kuma yana da kyauta a makarantun jiha da kuma cewa kungiyar za ta iya tafiyar da jami'o'i ko tallafawa.
Matsakaicin shekarun makarantar firamare shine kusan shekaru shida a duk cantons amma Obwalden, inda yake shekaru biyar da watanni uku. Bayan makarantun firamare, ɗaliban sun rabu bisa ga iyawarsu da kuma niyyarsu ta hanyar sana'a. Kusan kashi 25% na duk ɗalibai suna zuwa ƙananan makarantun sakandare da manyan makarantu, yawanci bayan shekaru 12 na makaranta gabaɗaya zuwa matura da aka sani na tarayya ko Baccalaureate na ilimi wanda ke ba da damar shiga duk jami'o'i. rabu biyu ko fiye da nau'in makaranta, dangane da canton, sun bambanta a cikin ma'auni tsakanin ilimin ka'idar da aiki. Wajibi ne ga dukkan yara su halarci makaranta akalla shekaru 9.
An ba da kyaututtukan Nobel da yawa ga masana kimiyyar Switzerland. Kwanan nan Vladimir Prelog, Heinrich Rohrer, Richard Ernst, Edmond Fischer, Rolf Zinkernagel, Didier Queloz, Michel Mayor, Kurt Wüthrich, da Jacques Dubochet sun sami lambobin yabo na nobel a cikin ilimin kimiyya. Gabaɗaya, 113 waɗanda suka lashe kyautar Nobel sun tsaya dangane da Switzerland kuma an ba da lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta Nobel sau tara ga ƙungiyoyin da ke zaune a Switzerland. Geneva ta karbi bakuncin dakin gwaje-gwajen kimiyyar lissafi mafi girma a duniya, CERN Sauran mahimman cibiyoyin bincike sune Cibiyar Empa da Paul Scherrer waɗanda ke cikin yankin ETH.
Makarantun Firamare Tsarin makarantar wajibi yakan haɗa da ilimin firamare Primarschule a Jamusanci, école primaire a Faransanci, scuola primaria elementare a cikin Italiyanci da scola primara a cikin Romansh da karatun sakandare I Sekundarschule ko Sekundarstufe I a cikin Jamusanci, na biyu na cikin Faransanci da scuola secondaria kafofin watsa labarai a cikin Italiyanci da scola secundar a cikin Romansh). Kafin haka, yara gabaɗaya suna zuwa Kindergarten, tare da shekara ɗaya ko biyu ana buƙata a yawancin cantons. A cikin Canton na Ticino, akwai zaɓi na zaɓi, shekara ta uku don yara masu shekaru uku. A wasu canton da ke magana da Jamusanci makarantar kindergarten da shekara ɗaya ko biyu na farko ana iya haɗa su zuwa Grundstufe ko Basisstufe inda ake koyar da su tare a aji ɗaya. A cikin harshen faransanci ana haɗa kindergarten na canton zuwa zagaye na shekaru huɗu na farko ko zagaye na 1 wanda ke biye da shi na shekara huɗu na primaire 2 ko zagaye na 2 wanda ya kammala makarantar firamare. Matsakaicin shekarun makarantar firamare shine kusan shekaru shida a duk cantons amma Obwalden, inda yake shekaru biyar da watanni uku. Cantons Thurgau da Nidwalden suna ba yara 'yan shekaru biyar damar fara makarantar firamare a lokuta na musamman. Makarantar firamare tana ci gaba har zuwa aji huɗu, biyar ko shida, ya danganta da makaranta/kanton. Kowane yaro zai iya shiga makaranta idan ya zaɓa, amma an raba ɗalibai dangane da ko suna jin Faransanci, Jamusanci ko Italiyanci.
A kusan shekaru 11-12, dangane da wane canton a Switzerland yaron ya tafi makaranta, ana iya yin jarrabawar tantancewa don yanke shawarar yadda za a raba ɗaliban makarantar sakandare. Wasu Kanton suna da tsarin jarabawa a zangon karatu na biyu na shekarar karshe ta makarantar firamare, wasu canton na da jarrabawar zangon karatu na biyu da ci gaba da tantancewa a zangon farko da na biyu. A wasu lokuta, iyaye ko masu kula da yaron kuma ana tambayar su shawarwarin su (duba Alamar C da ke ƙasa) tare da kimanta kansa da yaron yayi. Shawarar iyaye a hade tare da tantance kan yara ana kiranta alamar ta uku (Indicator C) don tantance ɗalibi, na farko shine tantancewar malami (Mai nuna A), na biyu sakamakon jarabawar (Mai nuna B) da aka gudanar a farkon zangon farko. Ma'auni na hudu shine jarrabawar karshe da ake yi a tsakiyar semester na biyu na makarantar firamare (yawanci ana yi kafin hutun Easter).
makarantar Sakandare A ƙarshen makarantar firamare (ko a farkon makarantar sakandare), an raba ɗalibai (duba Alamar C na Friborg a ƙarƙashin Makarantar Firamare) gwargwadon iyawarsu da niyyar aikinsu a sassa da yawa (sau uku) na tsawon 2- Shekaru 3 Sekundarschule a cikin ko dai sashin sakandare na gaba, Gaba ɗaya, ko Sashe na asali (ana iya kiran Basic Realschule a Jamusanci ko Classe d'exigence de base a Faransanci). Daliban da ke neman aikin ilimi sun shiga Mittelschule (wanda kuma ake kira Gymnasium, ko Kantonsschule, makarantar jama'a ta Canton Jiha) don shirya don ƙarin karatu da Matura (wanda aka saba samu bayan shekaru 12 ko 13 na makaranta yawanci a shekarun haihuwa). 18 ko 19). Daliban da ke da niyyar ci gaba da sana'a ko sana'a sun cika ƙarin shekaru uku zuwa huɗu kafin su shiga Ilimin Sana'a waɗanda dokokin tarayya suka tsara kuma sun dogara ne akan haɗin gwiwar kasuwancin masu zaman kansu waɗanda ke ba da matsayi na ilimi da makarantun jama'a waɗanda ke ba da darussan makaranta na wajibi waɗanda suka dace da kan. ilimi aiki. Wannan abin da ake kira "tsarin dual" mai raba ilimi da koyar da sana'o'i yana da ci gaba a tsarin ilimi mai zurfi. Yayin da horon ilimi ke kaiwa ga matura da shiga kyauta zuwa jami'o'i, nasarar kammala karatun sana'a yana ba da damar samun damar zuwa matakin na uku na ilimi mai amfani, Höhere Fachschule (Schweiz) Idan ban da horar da sana'a da Berufsmaturitätsschule ya kammala za a iya ziyarci Fachhochschule maimakon. Maimakon gabatar da kwanan nan hanya ce ta uku, ta tsakiya ta hanyar Fachmittelschule wanda ke kaiwa ga samun dama kai tsaye zuwa Fachhochschule bayan nasarar kammala karatun Fachmatura A wasu cantons, ɗalibai masu Fachmatura suma na iya samun damar zuwa jami'o'i bayan ƙarin shekara mai nasara. A cikin kimanta ilimin kimiyya na PISA, ɗalibai masu shekaru 15 a Switzerland sun sami matsakaicin matsakaici na 16th na 16 na ƙasashe 57.
A ƙaramin matakin na biyu, akwai nau'ikan koyarwa daban-daban da ƙirar makaranta waɗanda ƙila za su wanzu. Wasu gundumomi suna ayyana takamaiman samfuri, yayin da wasu ke ba wa kowane gundumomi damar tantance ƙirar da za su bi.
Samfurin rabe rabe An keɓe ɗalibai zuwa nau'ikan makarantu daban-daban, gwargwadon matakan aikinsu. Tsarin ya dogara ne akan ƙa'idar daidaitaccen iyawa tsakanin ɗalibai. Gabaɗaya, kowane nau'in makaranta yana da nasa tsarin koyarwa, kayan koyarwa, malamai da, a wasu lokuta, nau'ikan darussa. Gabaɗaya, akwai nau'ikan makaranta 2 zuwa 3 (4 a cikin ƴan tsiraru na canton), sunayensu sun bambanta. A cikin tsari tare da nau'ikan makaranta guda 2, an bambanta tsakanin ƙungiyar da ke tushen aiki a matakin asali (tare da mafi ƙarancin buƙatu), da ƙungiyar tushen aiki a matakin ci gaba. A cikin tsari tare da nau'ikan makaranta 3, akwai ƙungiyar da ta dogara da aiki a matakin asali, ƙungiyar da ta dace a matakin matsakaici da ƙungiyar tushen aiki a matakin ci gaba. Abubuwan buƙatun ƙungiyar masu yin aiki a matakin ci gaba sune mafi buƙata kuma wannan nau'in makaranta gabaɗaya yana shirya ɗalibai don canja wurin zuwa makarantun matura.
Makarantar gaba da Sakandare Ilimin manyan makarantu ya dogara da ilimin da aka zaɓa a makarantar sakandare. Ga daliban da ke da matura, jami'a ita ce ta fi kowa. Ɗaliban da suka halarci makarantar sakandare ta sana'a za su ƙara Fachhochschule ko Höhere Fachschule a cikin tsarin karatun su. Akwai jami'o'i 14 na jama'a da na jama'a a Switzerland, 10 daga cikinsu ana kiyaye su a matakin canton kuma yawanci suna ba da darussan da ba na fasaha ba. Daga cikin cibiyoyi 4 da suka rage, 2 suna karkashin kungiyar Swiss Confederation kuma ana kiranta da "Cibiyoyin Fasaha na Tarayya ta Switzerland".
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57902 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallakar%20Najeriya | Mallakar Najeriya | An gudanar da shirye-shiryen sabon kundin tsarin mulkin tarayya don samun ‘yancin kai a wajen taron da aka gudanar a gidan Lancaster House da ke Landan a shekarun 1957 da 1958,wanda Rt. Hon. Alan Lennox-Boyd,MP,Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Birtaniya na Turawan Mulki.An zabo wakilan Najeriya da za su wakilci kowane yanki da kuma nuna ra'ayoyi daban-daban.Tawagar Balewa na NPC ne ya jagoranta kuma ta hada da shugabannin jam'iyyar Awolowo na Action Group, Azikiwe na NCNC,da Bello na NPC; sun kuma kasance shugabannin yankunan Yamma,Gabas da Arewa,bi da bi.An samu 'yancin kai a ranar 1 ga Oktoban 1960.
An gudanar da zaɓe na sabuwar majalisar wakilai mai girma a cikin Disamba 1959; Kujeru 174 daga cikin kujeru 312 an ware wa yankin Arewa ne bisa yawan al'ummarsa.Jam’iyyar NPC,ta shiga ’yan takara ne kawai a yankin Arewa,ta takaita kamfen ne kawai ga al’amuran cikin gida amma ta ki amincewa da kara sabbin gwamnatoci.NCNC ta goyi bayan samar da jaha ta tsakiya tare da ba da shawarar kula da harkokin ilimi da kiwon lafiya na tarayya.
Kungiyar Action Group,wacce ta gudanar da yakin neman zabe,ta nuna goyon baya ga gwamnati mai karfi da kuma kafa sabbin jihohi uku yayin da take ba da shawarar kafa Tarayyar Afirka ta Yamma wacce za ta hada Najeriya da Ghana da Saliyo.NPC ta samu kujeru 142 a sabuwar majalisar.An kira Balewa ya jagoranci gwamnatin hadakar NPC da NCNC, kuma Awolowo ya zama shugaban ‘yan adawa a hukumance.
Najeriya mai zaman kanta (1960) A dokar majalisar dokokin Burtaniya, Najeriya ta samu ‘yancin kai a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1960.An nada Azikiwe a matsayin Gwamna-Janar na tarayya, Balewa ya ci gaba da zama shugaban majalisar da aka zaba ta hanyar dimokuradiyya,amma a yanzu mai cikakken iko,gwamnati.Gwamna-Janar ya wakilci sarkin Burtaniya a matsayin shugaban kasa kuma masarautar ta nada shi bisa shawarar firaministan Najeriya tare da tuntubar shugabannin yankin.Shi kuma Gwamna-Janar shi ne ke da alhakin nada firaminista da kuma zabar dan takara daga cikin shugabannin da ke takaddama a lokacin da babu rinjaye a majalisa.In ba haka ba,ofishin Gwamna-Janar na da gaske ne.
Gwamnati ce ke da alhakin Majalisar da ta kunshi wakilai 312 da aka zaba da kuma Majalisar Dattawa mai wakilai 44, wadanda majalisun yankin suka zaba.
Gabaɗaya,kundin tsarin mulkin yanki sun bi tsarin tarayya,na tsari da kuma aiki. Tafiyar da ta fi daukar hankali ita ce yankin Arewa,inda tanadi na musamman ya kawo tsarin mulkin yankin ya dace da shari’ar Musulunci da al’ada. Kamanceceniya tsakanin kundin tsarin mulkin tarayya da na yanki ya kasance yaudara,duk da haka,kuma yadda ake tafiyar da al'amuran jama'a ya nuna bambance-bambance a tsakanin yankuna.
A cikin watan Fabrairun 1961,an gudanar da taro don tantance ra'ayin Kudancin Kamaru da Arewacin Kamaru,waɗanda Birtaniyya ke gudanar da su a matsayin yankin Amintattun Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.Da gagarumin rinjaye,masu kada kuri'a a Kudancin Kamaru sun zabi shiga kasar Kamaru karkashin mulkin Faransa a da,domin hadewa da Najeriya a matsayin wani yanki na daban.A Arewacin Kamaru, duk da haka, mafi yawan al'ummar Musulmi sun zabi hadewa da yankin Arewacin Najeriya.
Duba kuma Ƙungiyoyin Forcados da Badjibo
Bandele Omoniyi
Bayanan kula
CanNassoshi
Bayanan kula
Sources Karatun Ƙasa Akan Layi Najeriya a ɗakin karatu na Congress
Kara karantawa Afeadie, Philip Atsu. "Hannun Hidden na Ƙarfafa Mulki: Wakilan Siyasa da Kafa Mulkin Mulkin Biritaniya a Arewacin Najeriya, 1886-1914". An karɓi karatun digiri na PhD a Tsarin Digiri a Tarihi, Jami'ar York, Ontario. Satumba 1996.
Asiegbu, Johnson UJ Nigeria da Maharanta na Biritaniya, 1851–1920: Tarihin Takardun Marubuciya New York Enugu: Nok Publishers International, 1984. ISBN 0-88357-101-3
Ayandele, Emmanuel Ayankanmi. Tasirin mishan akan Najeriya ta zamani, 1842-1914: Nazarin siyasa da zamantakewa (London: Longmans, 1966).
Burns, Alan C. Tarihin Najeriya (ed. London, 1942) kan layi kyauta Carland, John M. Ofishin Mulkin Mallaka da Najeriya, 1898–1914 Hoover Institution Press, 1985. ISBN 0-8179-8141-1
Dike, KO "John Beecroft, 1790-1854: Consul na Brittanic Majesty's Consul to the Bights of Benin and Biafra 1849-1854" Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria 1#1 (1956), shafi. 5-14, kan layi
Fafunwa, A. Babs. Tarihin ilimi a Najeriya (Routledge, 2018).
Falola, Toyin, Matthew M. Heaton, Tarihin Najeriya (Cambridge UP, 2008, akan layi kyauta don aro
Falola, Toyin, Ann Genova, da Matthew M. Heaton. Kamus na tarihi na Najeriya (Rowman Littlefield, 2018).
Isachei, Elizabeth. Tarihin Najeriya (Longman, Inc., 1983). ISBN 0-582-64331-7
Mordi, Emmanuel Nwafor. "Asusun Ta'aziyyar Sojojin Najeriya, 1940-1947: 'Hakin Gwamnatin Najeriya Na Bada Kudade Don Jin Dadin Sojojinta'." Itinerario 43.3 (2019): 516-542.
Pétré-Grenouilleau, Olivier (ed. Daga Kasuwancin Bayi zuwa Daular: Turai da mulkin mallaka na Baƙar fata Afirka 1780-1880s Abingdon, Birtaniya, da kuma New York: Routledge, 2004. ISBN 0-714-65691-7
Tamuno, TN Juyin Halittar Ƙasar Najeriya: Matakin Kudancin, 1898–1914 New York: Jaridar Humanities, 1972. SBN 391 00232 5
Tamuno, TN (1970). "Rikicin 'yan aware a Najeriya tun 1914." Jaridar Nazarin Zamani na Afirka, 8 (04), 563. doi:10.1017/s0022278x00023909
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Cibiyar Al'adu ta Google: Haihuwar Turawan Mulkin Najeriya, 1851-1914 Jami'ar Pan-Atlantic, Makarantar Watsa Labarai da |
22329 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%98ungiyar%20Ha%C6%99%C6%99in%20%C6%8Aan%20Adam%20ta%20Duniya | Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam ta Duniya | Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Duniya FIDH Tarayya ce mai zaman kanta ta kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam. An kafa ta a cikin shekara ta 1922, FIDH ita ce ta biyu mafi tsufa ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam ta duniya bayan Anti-Slavery International Ya zuwa shekarar 2016, kungiyar ta kunshi kungiyoyi membobi 184 ciki har da Ligue des droits de l'homme a cikin kasashe sama da 100.
FIDH bata da bangaranci, bashi da tsari, kuma yana da 'yanci ga ko wacce gwamnati. Babban aikin ta shine inganta girmama dukkan haƙƙoƙin da aka bayyana a cikin sanarwar Universalan Adam na Duniya, Yarjejeniyar onasa ta Duniya game da 'Yancin Dan Adam da Siyasa, da Yarjejeniyar Internationalasa ta Duniya game da' Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu FIDH tana haɓakawa da tallafawa haɗin kai tare da ƙungiyoyin gwamnatoci Bayani An kafa FIDH a shekarar 1922, lokacin da ta hade kan kungiyoyin kasa guda goma. Yanzu ta zama tarayyar kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam 178 a kusan kasashe 100. FIDH tana haɓakawa da tallafawa ayyukan ƙungiyoyin membobinta, a cikin gida, yanki da matakan ƙasa. FIDH bashi da wata alaka da wani bangare ko addini, kuma yana cin gashin kansa. FIDH tana da matsayin tuntuba a gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, UNESCO da Majalisar Turai, da matsayin mai sanya ido a gaban Kwamitin Kula da Hakkokin Dan Adam da na Afirka, Kungiyar kasashen duniya de la Francophonie da Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya FIDH kuma tana "tuntuɓar yau da kullun" tare da Tarayyar Turai, Organizationungiyar Tsaro da Hadin Kai a Turai (OSCE), ofungiyar Amurka, Developmentungiyar Ci gaban Majalisar Nationsinkin Duniya, Tradeungiyar Ciniki ta Duniya, Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya, Bankin Duniya, da Organizationungiyar Tattalin Arziƙi aiki da Ci gaba Umurnin FIDH "shi ne bayar da gudummawa wajen mutunta dukkan haƙƙoƙin da aka ayyana a cikin sanarwar hakkokin Adam na Duniya." Yana da nufin samar da ingantaccen kariya ga wadanda abin ya shafa, rigakafin take hakkin Dan-Adam da kuma hukuncin wadanda suka aikata su." Abubuwan da suka fifita sune aka kafa ta Majalisar Dattijai ta Duniya da Hukumar ta Duniya (mambobi 22) tare da goyon bayan sakatariyar ta ta Duniya (mambobi 45).
Kudade Jimlar kudin shiga na FIDH a shekarar 2012 ya kasance 5,362,268 (kusan dalar Amurka 7.1m), wanda kusan kashi 80% ya fito daga "tallafi da gudummawa". FIDH tana fitar da bayanan kudi na shekara-shekara a shafinta na intanet.
Abubuwan fifiko Kare masu kare hakkin ɗan adam Don kare masu kare haƙƙin ɗan adam, FIDH da Worldungiyar kuungiyar yaƙi da Azabtarwa ta Duniya (OMCT) sun ƙirƙiri kungiyar Kula da Kare Hakkokin 'Yan Adam. Matsayinta shi ne kafa hujjoji, faɗakar da al'ummomin duniya, yin tattaunawa tare da hukumomin ƙasa da haɓaka ƙarfafa hanyoyin don kare masu kare haƙƙin bil'adama a matakan ƙasa, yanki da na duniya. Tallafawa da kare haƙƙin mata Nuna bambanci da cin zarafin mata har yanzu ya zama ruwan dare a jihohi da yawa. FIDH na kokarin kawar da wariya, saukaka wa mata damar yin adalci, da kuma yaki da hukunci ga masu aikata laifukan lalata da aka aikata yayin rikici. Kare haƙƙin baƙin haure:
Amurka ta tsawwala stricter controls a kan mutane ta ƙungiyoyi an rage ma'aikata muhajirai zuwa mere kasuwanci kaya, da barin su m ga amfani FIDH Investigates da take hakkin 'yan gudun hijiran hakkin daga kasar na asalin da ƙasar manufa, masu bayar da shawarwarin domin majalisu da kuma sake fasalin harkokin, da kuma litigates kawo cin zarafin da keta zuwa adalci A watan Yunin shekarata 2013, FIDH ta ba da taimako na shari'a ga wasu biyu da suka tsira daga jirgin 'hagu don mutuwa': 'Yan ci-rani 72 daga Saharar Afirka sun bar Libya a shekarata 2011 a cikin karamin kwale-kwale, sun rasa mai kuma sun tashi "tsawon makonni biyu tare daya na hanyoyin da aka fi amfani da su a duniya An gabatar da korafi tare da FIDH da wasu kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu uku a matsayin jam’iyyun farar hula a kan sojojin Faransa da na Spain saboda gazawar ‘taimakawa mutane cikin hadari’. Inganta ingantattun hanyoyin shari'a waɗanda ke girmama 'yancin ɗan adam:
FIDH na neman karfafa tsarin shari'a mai zaman kanta da kuma tallafawa matakan adalci na rikon kwarya wadanda ke mutunta hakkin wadanda aka zalunta Lokacin da komawa ga magungunan ƙasa ba shi da tasiri ko ba zai yiwu ba, FIDH yana taimaka wa waɗanda abin ya shafa ko dai su sami damar zuwa kotuna a wasu ƙasashe ta hanyar ikon mallakar ƙasashen waje, ko kuma gabatar da ƙararrakinsu zuwa Kotun Laifuka ta Duniya (ICC) ko kotunan kare haƙƙin ɗan Adam na yanki. FIDH tana shiga cikin ƙarfafa waɗannan hanyoyin yanki da na duniya. Cimma kawar da hukuncin kisa a da kuma tabbatar da ‘yancin yin shari’ar gaskiya, gami da yaki da ta’addanci, su ma makasudin FIDH ne.
Karfafa girmama haƙƙin ɗan adam dangane da yanayin dunkulewar duniya:
Takaddun FIDH da yin tir da take haƙƙin ɗan adam da ya shafi hukumomi da buƙatun cewa a hukunta masu rawar tattalin arziki, gami da yin shari'a. FIDH na da burin ganin an tsayar da hakkin dan adam a cibiyar zuba jari da tattaunawar kasuwanci, kuma tana kokarin aiwatar da ingantattun hakkokin tattalin arziki, zamantakewar al'umma da al'adu Kare ƙa'idodin dimokiradiyya da tallafawa waɗanda aka cuta a lokacin rikici:
FIDH tana amsa buƙatun daga ƙungiyoyi membobinsu a lokacin rikici ko rikice-rikicen siyasa da cikin ƙasashe masu ruɗaɗɗu. Tana gudanar da bincike-bincike na gaskiya a cikin fagen kuma tattaro al'ummomin duniya ta hanyar kungiyoyin ƙasa da na yanki, ƙasashe na uku da sauran masu tasiri.
Ayyuka Kulawa da inganta haƙƙin ɗan adam, taimaka wa waɗanda abin ya shafa
Wadannan ayyukan, gami da binciken gaskiya da ayyukan lura da gwaji, bincike, bayar da shawarwari da kararraki, kwararrun masu rajin kare hakkin dan adam ne daga dukkan yankuna ke aiwatar da su. A cikin shekarata 1927, FIDH ta gabatar da "Sanarwar Duniya game da 'Yancin Dan Adam", sannan Kotun Hukunta Manyan Laifuka ta Duniya A shekarar 1936, FIDH ta amince da karin sanarwa ciki har da hakkin uwaye, yara da tsofaffi, yancin yin aiki da walwala yancin hutu da yancin neman ilimi Tsakanin shekara ta 2009 zuwa 2012, an saki 576 masu kare haƙƙin ɗan adam kuma shari'ar da aka yiwa masu kare ta 116 ta ƙare.
Motsa kan al'ummomin duniya
FIDH tana ba da jagoranci da tallafi ga ƙungiyoyin membobinta da sauran abokan haɗin gwiwa na cikin hulɗar su da ƙungiyoyin gwamnatocin ƙasashe da na yanki (IGOs). FIDH ta kafa wakilai a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Geneva da New York, a Tarayyar Turai a Brussels sannan, tun daga 2006, a Kungiyar Hadin kan Kasashen Larabawa a Alkahira. Daga shekarata 2004 zuwa shekarata 2005, FIDH sun gabatar da tallafi sama da shari'u 500 gaban IGOs na duniya. FIDH tana shiga cikin tsarin daidaitaccen tsari kuma yana haɓaka kafa hanyoyin sa ido.
Tallafawa ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na ƙasa da haɓaka ƙarfin su
FIDH, tare da mambobinta da kawayenta, suna aiwatar da shirye-shiryen hadin gwiwa a matakin kasa, da nufin karfafa karfin kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam. FIDH tana ba da horo da taimako a samar da dama don tattaunawa da hukumomi. Daga shekarata 2004 zuwa shekarata 2005, FIDH sun gudanar da irin wadannan shirye-shiryen a kasashe 32 na Afirka, 16 a Latin Amurka, 3 a Asiya da 10 a Arewacin Afirka yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya Wayar da kan jama'a sanarwa, faɗakarwa, yin shaida
FIDH tana jawo hankalin jama'a game da sakamakon ayyukanta, sakamakon bincikenta da kuma bayanan shaidun gani da ido na take hakkin dan adam, ta hanyar sakin labarai, taron manema labarai, bude wasiku, rahotannin manufa, kira na gaggawa, koke-koke da shafin yanar gizo na FIDH (a Turanci, Faransanci, Mutanen Espanya, Rashanci, Larabci, Farisanci da Baturke A cikin shekarata 2005, zirga-zirgar intanet akan www.fidh.org sun kai kimanin shafuka miliyan 2 da aka ziyarta, kuma an lissafa nassoshi 400 zuwa FIDH a kowace rana akan shafukan yanar gizo da ke cikin ƙasashe sama da 100.
Tsarin FIDH tana da cibiyarsa a Faris Ya dogara da farko a kan ɗakunan sadaukar da kai na sadaukarwa. Tsarin kungiya ya kunshi zababbun kwamitocin da karamar kungiyar ma'aikata na dindindin wadanda ke tallafawa ayyukan mambobin kwamitin da wakilan manufa.
Kowace shekara uku, Majalisar FIDH tana tattara ƙungiyoyin membobin don zaɓar Hukumar Internationalasa ta Duniya, gyara abubuwan da suka fi fifiko a cikin ƙungiyar da yanke shawara kan ba da mambobi ga sabbin abokan hulɗa ko kuma keɓe ƙungiyoyin membobin waɗanda ba su sake biyan buƙatunta.
Kwamitin kasa da kasa na FIDH ya kunshi Shugaba, Ma’aji, mataimakan shugaban kasa 15 da Sakatarorin Janar 5, dukkansu suna aiki ne bisa son rai kuma suna wakiltar dukkan yankuna na duniya. Shugabannin girmamawa suna da matsayin tuntuba a kan Hukumar Internationalasa ta Duniya. Hukumar Kasa da Kasa takan hadu sau uku a kowace shekara don fayyace hanyoyin siyasa da dabarun FIDH da zanawa da amincewa da kasafin. Kwamitin zartarwa ya hada da Shugaban kasa, Ma’aji da kuma Sakatarorin Janar 5, kuma sune ke da alhakin kula da FIDH a kowace rana. Wannan ƙungiyar tana haɗuwa sau ɗaya a wata don ɗaukar yanke shawara game da damuwa da buƙatun yau da kullun waɗanda mambobin ƙungiyar suka gabatar. Kwamitocin guda biyu suna kira ga kwarewar sauran masu hadin gwiwa a cikin ayyukan FIDH, gami da wakilai na dindindin ga kungiyoyin gwamnatoci da wakilan masu manufa. Tawagar wakilan mishan ta tattara mutane ɗari ɗari daga kowane yanki.
Sakatariyar ta duniya tana zaune ne a Paris, tare da wakilai zuwa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Geneva da New York City, zuwa Tarayyar Turai a Brussels, zuwa Kotun Laifuka ta Duniya da ke Hague, da Tarayyar Afirka a Nairobi da kuma Asean a Bangkok Hakanan tana da ofisoshin yanki a Abidjan, Bamako, Alkahira, Conakry da Tunis Yana aiwatar da shawarar da Internationalasashen Duniya da Hukumomin zartarwa suka yanke kuma yana tabbatar da tallafi na yau da kullun ga ƙungiyoyin membobin. Sakatariyar tana daukar ma'aikata na dindindin 45, waɗanda ke cikin ƙungiyar da masu sa kai suka taimaka.
Manazarta Bayani
Kudade
abubuwan fifiko
Ayyuka
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