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Goal 1: End Poverty in all its Forms Everywhere
Poverty is a multi-dimensional indicator of the lack of well- being, reflected in the lack of access
to basic necessities such as food, clothing and shelter. The proportion of people living below the
national poverty line in 2014 was estimated at 45.2%, which is decrease from 46.8 percent in
2007. This constitutes 50.2% in the rural areas and 33.5% in urban areas. This means that
about half of the country’s population in lives below the poverty line.
The agricultural sector remains important for alleviation of poverty and stimulation of
economic growth and development. Therefore the battle for eradication of extreme poverty and
hunger and indeed for the achievement of this goal calls for total transformation of the
agriculture sector. The agricultural sector’s importance in poverty reduction is as a result of
the fact that about 60% of the population earns their livelihood from the sector which also
contributes over 50% of the gross domestic product (GDP), about 65% of the export earnings
and 18% of the formal employment (Economic Survey, 2015). Efforts must also be made to
ensure that its people are engaged in productive economic activities.
The Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS), has undertaken an integrated household
budget survey which is expected to inform the measure of people living on less than $1.25 per
day, poverty coping mechanisms, among others and which will establish the current poverty
levels.
Meanwhile, several interventions have been undertaken towards ending poverty in all its forms
in and in ending hunger, achieving food security, improving nutrition and promoting
sustainable agriculture.
The National Social Safety Net Programme (NSNP) whose objective is to improve the wellbeing of and increase resilience among specific vulnerable groups in Kenya is one of the major
government initiatives to help meet the SDGs. The programme targets the vulnerable groups
who are faced with multiple challenges in their daily life such as inability to afford the basics
and various other forms of deprivation. The NSNP comprises of four cash transfer programmes
namely: Hunger Safety Net Programme Cash Transfers (HSNP-CT); Orphans and Vulnerable
Children- Cash Transfers (OVC-CT), Older Persons- Cash Transfers (OP-CT) and Persons
with Severe Disability- Cash Transfers (PWSD-CT). Data available shows that the
government’s budgetary allocation for social protection has increased over time. For example,
the budget allocation for the elderly increased from Kshs. 3.2 billion ($32 million) in 2013/14
to Kshs. 5.1 billion ($51 million) in 2014/15, a 59.4 per cent increase (KNBS, 2015). In addition,
direct cash disbursement to the elderly increased substantially from Kshs. 2.9 billion ($29
20
million) in 2013/14 to Kshs. 4.9 billion ($49 million) in 2014/15 whilst the direct cash
disbursement to Orphans and Vulnerable Children (OVC) increased from Kshs. 4.55 billion
($45.5 million) in 2013/14 to Kshs. 5.8 billion ($55 million) in 2014/15, a 27.5 per cent
increase. The number of deaths, missing persons and persons affected by disaster per 100,000
people was 1 in 2014 and increased to 2 in 2015 before declining to 1 in 2016.
The proportion of population without access to essential services (education, health and social
protection) has been declining over time. In 2014, it stood at 21.2 percent, before declining to
20.4 percent in 2015 and further to 20.2 in 2016. The proportion of total government
allocation on education, health and social protection for 2016/2017 Financial year was 23.1 Per
cent of total revenues
To address the plight of the less disadvantaged in society, combat poverty, and promote equity,
the social protection safety net in form of cash transfers was enhanced in 2016/17 as follows:
Kshs. 7.9 billion for Orphans and Vulnerable Children (OVC); Kshs. 7.3 billion for elderly
persons; Kshs. 1.5 billion for those with disabilities; Kshs. 0.4 billion for street families
rehabilitation; and Kshs. 0.4 billion for Children Welfare Society. Other interventions include:
Equalization Fund and National Government Constituencies Development Fund (CDF). In
2016/2017 Financial year the government allocated Kshs 68.7 Billion (USD 65 million) about
4.4% Per cent of total revenues for direct poverty reduction programmes.
The country has also reviewed its legal framework to facilitate actions towards poverty
reduction. For example the Sessional Paper No. 2 of 2016 on National Slum Upgrading and
Prevention Policy that provide for legal and institutional framework for effective slum
upgrading and prevention on a sustainable basis, adoption of the Mining and Mineral Policy
that stipulates a mineral royalty sharing regime; where 10 per cent of the revenue goes to
community, 20 per cent to sub national Government and 70 per cent to National Government.
There is also the National Disaster Reduction Strategy and Policy, and National Disaster
Preparedness and Response Strategies.
Kenya has also developed the Ending Drought Emergencies strategy which commits the
government to end the worst of the sufferings caused by drought by 2022 using two main
strategies. The first strategy focuses on strengthening the basic foundations for growth and
development including security, infrastructure and human capital. The second one focuses on
strengthening the institutional and financing frameworks for drought risk management. This
strategy builds on the National policy for the Sustainable Development of the Northern Kenya
and other Arid Lands. The National Drought and Management Authority has been created to
implement the strategy.
Challenges
1. Inadequate investments that would translate to huge job creation.
2. Rural and urban dimensions of poverty
3. Regional disparities within the country and regions
4. Socio cultural practices that impede re-orientation of production systems
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| SECOND VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW REPORT ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS - JUNE, 2020 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38
4.1
END POVERTY IN
ALL ITS FORMS
EVERYWHERE
Indicator 1.2.1: Proportion of population living
below the national poverty line, by sex and age
According to the Kenya Integrated Household Budget Survey
(KIHBS) 2005/06 and 2015/16, the overall national poverty
headcount rate (proportion of poor individuals) dropped from
46.6 per cent in 2005/06 to 36.1 per cent in 2015/16. Out of this,
the proportion of the population living below poverty line in
rural areas was 40.1 per cent while the core urban and peri-urban
poverty rates were 29.4 per cent and 27.5 per cent respectively. In
terms of gender, 36.2 per cent were females and 36.0 per cent were
males. In addition, the proportion of population living below the
poverty line by age group was 0-17 years (41.5 per cent), 18-35
years (29.1 per cent), 36-59 years (32.5 per cent), 60-69 years (36.2
per cent) and 70 years and above (39.1 per cent) in 2016.
Indicator 1.2.2: Proportion of men, women and children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions
according to national definitions
Te proportion of children aged 17 years and below living in
poverty in all its dimensions according to national definitions was
45 per cent in 2014. Te proportion of people living in poverty in
all its dimensions in rural areas was 56 per cent and 19 per cent in
urban areas. Among all the primary school going age group (6-13
years), 43.9 per cent are poor. Similarly, among all the secondary
school going age group (14-17 years), 43.8 per cent are poor.
Households headed by older persons (60 years and above)
recorded a high poverty rate of 36.3 per cent and contributed a
high share of 22.9 per cent of the poor. Te headcount poverty
prevalence among households with children was estimated at
33.7 per cent compared to 13.5 per cent of households with no
children. Tis shows that poverty increases with advancement
in the age of individuals and this pattern holds across the major
domains of analysis, notably rural, peri-urban and core-urban.
However, during the 2017-2019 period, the multidimensional
poverty among men, women and children was 38.9 per cent
while geographically, the multidimensional poverty was 20.3 per
cent for urban areas and 48.4 per cent for rural areas.
Indicator 1.3.1: Proportion of population covered by
social protection floors/systems, by sex, distinguishing
children, unemployed persons, older persons, persons with disabilities, pregnant women, new-borns
work-injury victims and the poor and the vulnerable
Te proportion of older persons covered by social protection
systems was 78.3 per cent (87.3 per cent female and 67.3 per
cent male) in 2018 before decreasing to 63.0 per cent (67.0 per
cent female and 57.7 per cent males) in 2019. Te decrease of
beneficiaries was occasioned by the migration of beneficiaries
from Card Based Model to the Consolidated Cash Transfer
Programme –Management Information System (CCTP-MIS) and
their subsequent enrolment under the Account Based Model. Te
allocation for persons with severe disabilities estimated at about
47,000 people was about Kshs.1.3 billion in the year 2018/19.
During the year 2017, the number of people covered by social
protection floors/systems was 349,778 for OVC and 46,884 for
PWSDs. In 2018, the figure stood at 353,000 OVCs and 47,000
PWSDs. Te OPCT programme targets all non-pensionary elderly
persons aged 70 years and above.
Indicator 1.5.1: Number of deaths, missing persons
and persons affected by disaster per 100,000 people
Te number of deaths, missing persons and directly affected
persons attributed to disasters per 100,000 population
remained at 1 for the period 2016 to 2018. Although Kenya has
mainstreamed disaster risk reduction in its national development
plans, the Vision 2030 and the Big Four Agenda, climate change,
emerging pandemics, droughts, floods and terrorism are still
ranked among the most important risks.
.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . JUNE, 2020 - SECOND VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW REPORT ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS |
39
Indicator 1.5.3: Number of countries that adopt and
implement national disaster risk reduction strategies
in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk
Reduction 2015-2030
Kenya’s has continued to implement the National Disaster
Reduction Strategy & Policy 2010, National Disaster Preparedness
and Response Strategies in line with the Sendai Framework for
Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030. Disaster Risk Management is
one of the three thematic areas in the MTP III (2018 - 2022).
Indicator1.5.4: Proportion of local governments that
adopt and implement local disaster risk reduction
strategies in line with national risk reduction
strategies
All the counties in Kenya have adopted and implemented local
disaster risk reduction strategies in line with national risk reduction
strategies. Te Government cascaded the mainstreaming of
disaster risk reduction to the local level through the CIDPs and
other local actions.
Indicator 1.a.2: Proportion of total government
spending on essential services (education, health and
social protection)
Te proportion of total government spending on essential services
(education, health and social protection) dropped from 22.2 per
cent (16 per cent – education, 2.4 per cent – health, 3.8 per cent
– social protection) in 2017 to 22.2 per cent (14.5 per cent –
education, 3.2 per cent – health, 4.5 per cent – social protection)
in 2018 and increased to 24.9 per cent (14.3 per cent – education,
6.2 per cent – health, 4.4 per cent – social protection) in 2019.
Challenges to Ending Poverty in all its Forms Everywhere
1. Climate change has direct effect on agricultural production
2. Inadequate funding to the agriculture sector
3. Inadequate market access for products
4. Pests and diseases outbreaks
5. High levels of post-harvest losses
6. High levels of youth unemployment
7. Declining productivity in rural areas
8. Insecurity and lawlessness in the northern frontier counties
Selected ongoing Strategies to End Poverty in all its Forms Everywhere
1. Equalization Fund is allocated one half per cent of all revenue
collection by the National Government to provide basic
services to those left behind
2. Te AGPO and PFM Act (Amendment) reserves at least 30
per cent of all public procurements to woman, youths and
persons with disability
3. Affirmative Action Funds which include NGAAF, Uwezo
Fund, Women Enterprise Fund and Youth Enterprise
Development Fund
4. Kenya Youth Employment and Opportunities Project
(KYEOP) targeting youth
5. Huduma Kenya programmes set to provide citizens access to
various public services and information from one-stop-shop
citizen
Emerging issues
Tese include global concerns on anti-microbial resistance, food
safety concerns and increasing consumer demands, and international standards of veterinary governance. | [
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36
End poverty in all
its forms everywhere
Goal 1.
I. Analysis of the current situation based
on the indicators for the goal
One of the key priorities of the current social policy
of the state is improving the living standards of the
population and overcoming poverty.
Generally, between 2013–2018, the proportion of
the population living below the national poverty line
decreased from 37.0% to 22.4%, and the extreme
poverty level fell from 2.8% to 0.6%. Child poverty
remains an issue, reaching 28.3% in 2018. This is
due to a high dependency ratio, as well as the larger
number of children aged 0-17 in poor households.
The poverty level among men and women does
not reflect a signifcant disparity, with a difference
of less than one percentage point in the share of
poor among men and women (women: 22.5%, men:
22.2%)12.
The cost value of the general poverty line in 2018
amounted to 56.8% of the minimum subsistence
level, while the cost value of extreme poverty
amounted to 30.3% of the minimum subsistence
level.
The share of the population living below the
international poverty line with an income below $
1.9 per day (at purchasing power parity) was fairly
small (0.28% in 2018). A signifcant reduction in
poverty over the past six years has occurred to a
greater extent due to a decrease in rural poverty
(by 17.7 percentage points), leading to a signifcant
narrowing of the gap between urban and rural
poverty in the past five years. In 2013, the gap
between the poverty level in urban and rural areas
was 12.9 percentage points, and in 2018 it narrowed
to just 3.6 percentage points.
12 The living standard of population, NSC, 2019
Voluntary National Review on the Implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals in the Kyrgyz Republic 37
PEOPLE, FAMILY AND SOCIETY
The Kyrgyz Republic has almost eradicated
extreme poverty. At the moment, approximately
35,000 people live below the extreme poverty line,
and the level of extreme poverty in 2018 was 0.6%.
The overwhelming majority of the extremely poor
(84.6%) reside in rural areas.
A specifc indicator of the standard of living in the
country is poverty among the employed population.
Snapshot: Between 2014 and 2018 within the framework of the “Food/Money for Labor” project,
3,884 infrastructure, training and income-generating projects were implemented. As a result,
758,700 benefciaries received 24,950 tons of food (such as enriched flour and vegetable oil) and
$1,631,480 (110.9 million soms) of funds for community services (restoration of irrigation canals,
roads and other infrastructure). Twenty-six (26) mini-processing workshops/centers were opened
and launched in 5 regions of the country for activities such as drying fruits and vegetables, and
preserving and processing milk and wool for the needs of local communities.
Snapshot: To monitor progress toward targets to reduce the proportion of men, women and
children of all ages living below the poverty line and/or in extreme poverty in all its dimensions
according to national defnitions, the Multidimensional Poverty Index methodology has been
approved. The National MPI data for the Kyrgyz Republic cover fve dimensions of well-being:
monetary poverty, education, health, food security and housing conditions.
Figure 10.
Poverty level in urban and rural areas, % (2013–2018)
Not only do low-income people fall into the category
of working poor, but also those with several
dependents in the family who are thus unable
to provide a minimum level of income for each
family member. The poverty level of the employed
population in 2018 was 15.5%. This was higher by 3
percentage points for males. Such gender imbalance
has been persistent for the past several years.
2013
28.5 26.9
29.3
18.6
urban rural
20.4 20.1
23.7
29.0 28.4
32.6 33.6
41.4
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
38
Figure 11.
Poverty level of the employed population by sex, % (2014–2018)
To reduce poverty and improve the livelihoods of
socially disadvantaged persons, the state actively
provides social benefits and services. Between
2013 and 2018, the number of recipients of lowincome benefts decreased by 17 percentage points,
amounting to a reduction of 276,500 children in this
In general, the country regularly increases the size
of pensions, benefts and measures are taken to
develop the social services, create conditions for
education and training of people with disabilities
(PWD), increase employment and introduce minimum
social standards for PWD services as well as other
groups.
Starting from January 2019 there has been a new
type of social service – the provision of a “personal
assistant” to take care of children with disabilities
who need constant care and supervision13. The
category (12.0% of the total number of children).
Coverage of the extremely poor population receiving
low-income benefits increased from 15.8% to
31.0%. The average allowance amount increased by
56%, positively affecting the population through a
reduction of the extreme poverty level.
“personal assistant” service is used by more than
6,500 children in need.
Since 2013, measures have been taken to introduce
elements of the International Classification of
Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) in assessing
disability and developing an individual rehabilitation
plan (IRP).
Access to social services has also been improved
at the local level through the purchase of services
from the non-state sector through the state social
Snapshot: In 2017–2019, a pilot project was implemented to test an alternative “Cash+” social
contract model. Families that joined a social contract under the “Cash+” model were provided, in
addition to monthly payments, with production support options developed based on benefciary
profles, taking into account the agro-environmental conditions and local market needs. This
social contract was conducted with 150 low-income families, 125 of which (83.3%) successfully
implemented social adaptation programs for crop production aimed at increasing household
incomes. The results of the monitoring showed that more than 79.3% of families followed a
positive development trend, over 70% of households improved food security, 74% improved
agricultural productivity and proftability, and 27% of families increased their income above the
guaranteed minimum income (GMI) level.
13 Decree of the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic of November 23, 2018 No. 556
20.6 22.1
16.0 14.8 13.6
16.6
20.0 19.7
25.9 24.6
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Voluntary National Review on the Implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals in the Kyrgyz Republic 39
PEOPLE, FAMILY AND SOCIETY
Figure 12.
The number of retirees by pension type (2013–2018), in thousands of people
procurement plan. Between 2013–2018, fnancing
of the state social procurement plan increased 2.6
times.
At the beginning of 2019, there were 499,100 citizens
above the upper limit for working age, making up
7.8% of the total population of the Kyrgyz Republic. It
is expected that the proportion of those aged 65 and
over will reach 9% of the population by 2035.
About 70% of citizens above the working age are
women. This is due to the longer life expectancy
and earlier retirement age for women. In the 80 plus
group, the number of women is almost twice higher
than the number of men.
Social insurance spending in 2018 amounted to 9%
of GDP and increased by 56.1% as compared to 2013.
The number of retirees increased by 12%, and the
average monthly pension by 26% (2013: 4,432 soms,
2018: 5,604 soms).
By the end of 2018 retirees made up about 10% of the
country’s population, 75.9% of whom were pension
recipients, of which about 9.4% continued to work.
As part of the pension system reform, and in order
to ensure adequate living standards of retirees,
an annual indexation of pensions is carried out,
with pensions of category I disabled persons
supplemented to the minimum living standard level
and pension allocation procedures being eased.
The share of retirees receiving pensions above
the subsistence level for retirees (4,282.99 soms)
increased by 20%. The average pension in relation to
the minimum subsistence level for retirees (MSLR)
has increased by almost 21%.
580.8 590.3
429.1 436.8 448.6 460.5 477.2 493.9
102.8 106.3 110.1 111.4 114 116.8 47.1 45.6 44.5 43.8 41.3 39.1
604.8 617.3 366.9 651.1
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
40
Figure 13.
The number of pension recipients above MLSR, % (2013–2018), thousand people
Figure 14.
The number of pension recipients below MLSR, % (2013–2018), thousand people
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
The
proportion of the
below MLSR
pensions
decreased by
1.6 times
52%
42%
38%
38%
57.8%
53%
334,000
312,800
311,200
311,200
238,000
247,700
2013
The
proportion of the
“above MLSR”
has increased
by 3 times
42.2%
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
245,000
47%
277,600
48%
292,700
58%
355,800
62% 395,900
403,700
62%
Voluntary National Review on the Implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals in the Kyrgyz Republic 41
PEOPLE, FAMILY AND SOCIETY
Figure 15.
The number of emergencies, number of deaths and amount of material damage caused by disasters
(2013–2018)
The state budget of the Kyrgyz Republic has been
socially oriented for several years. The total share
of expenditures on basic services (education,
healthcare and social protection) varied in 2013–
2018 in the range of 45–51% of total government
spending. At the same time, the bulk of the allocated
public funds went to salaries and social benefts.
As elsewhere in the world, the country’s poorest
are the most vulnerable population to any extreme
events, including those caused by climate change.
Six out of eight types of slowly developing threats are
present in the country. These are land degradation
and forest diseases, rising temperatures, river flow
shifts, shrinking glacial areas, changing biodiversity,
and drought. Climate change has already affected
Due to its geographic location, the Kyrgyz Republic
is prone to numerous natural disasters. Serious
geological, man-made, climatological and global
climate change-related threats have had a consistent
negative impact on the population and the economy
of the country. The population and infrastructure are
particularly disaster risk-sensitive.
exposure to meteorological hazards, and the trend is
only expected to accelerate, mainly due to ongoing
global warming.
95
228
177
229
248
339
99
62 53 47
141
18
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Material damage, million soms
Number of emergencies, units
Number of deaths, people
220.6
455.7
2,290.6
1,006.2 1,027.4
1,214.6
42
II. Challenges
(Targets 1.1, 1.2, 1.3) A significant proportion
(68.9%) of the population’s income is generated from
labor activity. At the same time, the high share of
overall employment in the informal sector and high
unemployment have caused labor market instability,
negatively affecting the population’s welfare and the
poverty reduction attempts.
The social protection system cannot fully provide
support for the poor and faces a number of
challenges:
- ability to provide only low state benefts with
insignifcant impact on improving recipients’ living
standards;
- insufficient targeting of social assistance,
which is associated with income concealment, low
coverage of those in need, and spontaneous external
and internal labor migration;
- insufficient development of qualified social
services for vulnerable categories of the population
provided at the community level;
- lack of funding for measures in the labor market.
Poverty among retirees is largely due to inadequate
pensions and limited employment opportunities. The
issue of low pensions is broadly attributable to:
- increased actuarial imbalance in income sources
and pension system liabilities (farms and individual
entrepreneurs enjoy preferential tariff rates on
insurance contributions, providing only about 4%
of contributions while about 40% of the Social Fund
of the Kyrgyz Republic resources is spent on their
pensions);
- a decrease in the replacement rate (the ratio of
the average pension to the average wage), which
amounted to 34.5% in 2018. In certain periods, this
indicator in the Kyrgyz Republic reached 40.4%
(2011) and 39.1% (2012–2013); 38% of retirees
receive pensions equal to or lower than the MSLR;
- a reduction in the actual number of those paying
insurance contributions to the number of retirees:
1.0 payer of insurance contributions per retiree in
2018 against 1.3 in 2010.
(Target 1.4) The main vulnerability factors include
non-compliance with the safety standards
and rules by the population and businesses,
inadequate land-use planning, deterioration of
infrastructure, production equipment depreciation
and land degradation, all of which increase disaster
susceptibility.
In addition to the short-term consequences, such as
direct economic losses, emergencies have a negative
impact on the long-term development of a society
and its safety. Hence, disaster risk reduction and
sustainable human development are complementary
goals.
(Target 1.5) The Constitution of the Kyrgyz Republic,
as well as civil and sectoral legislation, stipulates
that all citizens of the Kyrgyz Republic have equal
rights to own and dispose of land and other forms
of property, including access to natural resources,
as well as equal rights to new technologies and
fnancial services, including microfnance.
III. Next steps
- continuation of work on increasing minimum levels
of social protection to overcome poverty;
- increasing minimum levels of social protection to
overcome poverty;
- developing social services at the community level;
- improving methodologies for measuring poverty, the
minimum wage and the consumer basket;
- taking steps to incorporate the provisions of the
United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons
with Disabilities into national legislation;
- ensuring the financial sustainability of the pension
system, taking into account socio-economic and
demographic trends in the country;
- increasing coordination and capacity of social
protection and emergency protection systems to
reduce the impact of natural disasters, including those
related to climate change. | [
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1
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"language": "en",
"locality": null,
"size": "l",
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} |
CSDG 1:
End poverty in all its
forms everywhere
CAMBODIA’S VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW 2019
OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF 2030 AGENDA 46
Progress
Cambodia has made tremendous progress over the last decade. Poverty was reduced dramatically in Cambodia from
53.3% in 2004 to 13.5% in 2014, making it one of the most impressive poverty reductions observed anywhere in the
world. On average, poverty reduction has been more than 1.5 percentage points per year. About 80% of Cambodians
live in rural areas; it is therefore not surprising that rural poverty has evolved at the same pace as the national trend.
Poverty is overwhelmingly concentrated in rural areas, and the gap appears to be growing as economic opportunity
is concentrated in the urban sector (reduced agricultural share of GDP), which is associated with migration from the
rural areas.
Poor households are larger than the national average (5.6 and 4.5 members, respectively), and consumption is lower
in households whose working-age adults have fewer years of education. Among poor households, the average years
of education has changed very little over time (from 3.1 years in 2004 to 3.3 years in 2011), compared to education
in average households (from 3.9 years in 2004 to 5.1 years in 2011). The probability of being poor is higher among
ethnic minorities.
Challenges
While such a level of poverty reduction was a positive improvement, it is worth noting that many people are still
vulnerable and even small and unexpected or undesirable shocks could easily cause them to fall back into poverty.
Vulnerability of falling back into poverty is substantially high in Cambodia, which highlights the importance of social
protection and safety nets. Future poverty reduction will also depend on Cambodia’s ability to address the issue of
vulnerability to poverty. Many of those who escaped extreme poverty have only just cleared the poverty line, and the
poverty rate is very sensitive to small changes in the line. In this context, it is important to consider that increased
consumption fnanced by borrowing may be masquerading as poverty reduction, and that poverty and vulnerability
may be more signifcant than previously thought.
CAMBODIA’S VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW 2019 47 OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF 2030 AGENDA
Key Policies/Accelerating Strategies
In the past, efforts have been made to enact and implement various social policies, specifcally to ensure that poor
and vulnerable people receive support through the establishment of orphanages, facilities for people with disabilities,
maternal and newborn care centers, health services, subsidy to poor people who need treatment or child delivery
service, free primary and secondary education, etc. In addition, the RGC established the National Social Security
Fund for Civil Servants (NSSFC), the National Social Security Fund (NSSF), the National Fund for Veterans (NFV) and
the People with Disabilities Fund (PWDF), to guarantee a stable income for citizens through pensions, healthcare,
employment injury allowance, disability allowances and other allowances. These activities are consistent with the
poverty reduction policies and the RGC’s socioeconomic development policies already established in other key policies,
in particular the Rectangular Strategies and the National Strategic Development Plan.
The National Social Protection Policy Framework 2016-2025 (SPPF) focuses on two main pillars, namely, Social
Assistance and Social Security. The goal of this policy framework is to develop a strategic plan for the RGC to ensure
income security and reduce economic and fnancial vulnerability of its citizens. In addition to this framework, the
National Population Policy 2016-2030 also refects its efforts to continuously improve the people’s well-being and
solidarity in the society and aims at reducing poverty to a maximum extent. The policy framework aligns, concentrates
and improves existing social protection programs/schemes and enhances the effciency, equity, transparency and
consistency of the social protection system as a whole. Depending on the country’s level of economic growth, the
current coverage, which is still low, will be expanded in order to respond to the needs of the citizens in all segments. A
framework on governance and cross-cutting issues will also be developed to ensure the effciency of the system and
its budgetary implications.
Table 9: Progress of CSDG 1
Sources: CSDG Framework and ministries
CAMBODIA’S VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW 2019
OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF 2030 AGENDA 48 | [
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Cambodia’s Voluntary National Review (VNR) 2023
Review of Progress, Challenges, and Policy Direction of CSDGs 34
CSDG 1: End Poverty in All its Forms Everywhere
Progress
Progress on CSDG 1 is remarkable with all indicators on track except one sub-indicator having
no data to measure. Available data shows that before the COVID-19 outbreak, the poverty rate
in Cambodia reduced significantly. At the country level, it decreased from 26.3% to 17.8% over
2014–2019. During the same period, the poverty rate in Phnom Penh and other urban/rural areas
dropped from 6.8%, 18.5%, and 30.2% in 2014 to 4.2%, 9.6%, and 22.8% in 2019, respectively.
This progress is attributed to the country's strong economic growth and improved access to
education and healthcare, among other factors.
Access to banking and financial services for all people has been gradually improved. The adult
population’s access to formal financial services keeps increasing from 59% in 2015, to 63% in
2019, and to around 67% in 2022, performing slightly better than planned. This reflects the
positive results of the National Bank of Cambodia’s (NBC) efforts to implement the action plans
(NBC, 2023).
Challenges
The COVID-19 pandemic led to a significant increase in poverty levels, with many Cambodians
losing their sources of income due to lockdown measures and reduced economic activity. Since
2020, the rate has increased by 2.8 percentage points, indicating that around 460,000 people
have fallen below poverty income thresholds. 4 According to the CSES 2021 report, the
pandemic has also widened the gap between the rich and poor in Cambodia. The COVID-19
pandemic also impacted Cambodia's efforts to achieve CSDG 1 by disrupting its economic
growth. The country's GDP growth contracted by 3.1% in 2020 due to the pandemic. This
reduction in economic growth has made it harder for the government to invest in programmes
and policies aimed at reducing poverty and income inequality.
Policies
Cambodia has implemented various government programmes such as the ID Poor programme,
which has helped to identify and target the poorest households for assistance. The programme
has enabled the government to provide social assistance, education, health, and livelihood
support to the poorest sections of society. In response to the pandemic's impact on poverty in
the country, the Cambodian government has introduced social protection measures such as cash
transfers and food distribution programmes to support vulnerable communities. These efforts
have helped to mitigate the impact of COVID-19 on poverty levels to some extent.
Further expansion of coverage at the global average benefit levels could help reduce poverty
significantly. According to ESCAP Social Protection Simulator, a microsimulation model using
CSES 2019-2020, universal child, disability and old-age benefits, at the average global benefit
levels would reduce the poverty rate, measured at the Cambodian national poverty line. Through
the establishment of the National Social Protection Policy Framework and its General
Secretariat, the Government is making headways towards building more comprehensive
coverage through expansion of contributory and non-contributory schemes.
4
https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2022/11/28/pandemic-checks-cambodia-s-progress-onpoverty#:~:text=Cambodia's%20poverty%20rate%20dropped%20from,Inclusive%20and%20Resilient%20Cambo
dia%2C%20says
Cambodia’s Voluntary National Review (VNR) 2023
Review of Progress, Challenges, and Policy Direction of CSDGs 35
NBC also issued a circular on “restructured loans” during the pandemic for customers in four
prioritized sectors including tourism, textiles, construction, and transportation – and expanding
the scope of applications to other impacted sectors. Through the issuance of prompt and effective
measures, banks and financial institutions remain healthy and resilient to the crisis, reflected by
the ratios of prudential regulations, good governance, and the strengthening of internal controls.
In 2022, the solvency ratio stood at 22.5%, exceeding the minimum 15% of regulatory
requirements, which indicates the adequacy of the capital level of institutions. The liquidity
coverage ratio (LCR) reached 141.9%, above the regulatory minimum of 100%, which reflects
the resilience of banking institutions’ liquidity risk management.
Table 6: Progress of CSDG 1
Indicator Unit
Planned Actual
Progress
2019 2020 2021 2022 2019 2020 2021 2022
1.2.1 Proportion of Cambodian population living
below the national poverty line, by sex, age, and
geographic areas.
1.2.1.1 Proportion of population living below the national
poverty line % 17.8 17.8 21.5 17.8 17.8 on
track
1.2.1.2 Proportion of population in Phnom Penh area
living below national poverty line. % 4.2 4.2 6.5 4.2 4.2 on
track
1.2.1.3 Proportion of population in other Urban area
living under national poverty line. % 12.6 12.6 14 12.6 12.6 on
track
1.2.1.4 Proportion of population in Rural area living
under national poverty line % 22.8 22.8 24.5 22.8 22.8 on
track
1.2.1.5 Proportion of Cambodian children (0–17 years
old) living under national poverty line % 22.2 22.2 25 22.2 22.2 on
track
1.2.2 Proportion of population living in vulnerability
in all its dimensions according to national definition. %
1.2.2.1 Proportion of children (0–17 years old) living in
poverty/vulnerability in all its dimensions according to
national definition.
% 30 30 no data
1.3.1 Implement social protection programmes and
schemes covering all poor and vulnerable
households nationally and further develop the
national social protection systems toward achieving
lifecycle risks coverage by 2030.
% 25 25 25 25 71.43 100 100 100 on
track
1.4.1 Percentage of total members of registered
fishery and forestry communities with tenure rights
to fisheries and forestry resources management
through effective community registration &
development
% 48 50 53 55 78 82 83 83 on
track
1.4.2 Percentage of adult population with access to
formal financial services (loans, deposits, and
payments).
% 63 64 65 66 63 64 67 67 on
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29
Kuwait is a high-income country with insignifcant rates
of extreme poverty, almost non-existent. The NSDC 2018
Report indicated that Kuwait had reached a 100 percent
achievement on SDG 16
. Furthermore, data show that
Kuwait has signifcantly surpassed the Poverty line ($1.9
per individual per day)7
. Government and different
specialized ministries and departments however, have
been consistently endeavouring to address both the
strategic and basic needs of individuals and community
groups, whose living circumstances are rather severe and
taxing. Such eforts are also of relevance to other SDG goals
and targets particularly SDG 8 and SDG 10 respectively,
concerning enabling all individuals to be economically
productive as well as reducing inequality and enhancing
social inclusion and social resilience as it will be shown
below.
Indeed, a few years ago, the Ministry of Social Afairs
(MOSA) along with a number of government and nongovernment partners introduced several social policy
provisions and implemented all-inclusive social protection
programmes. These programmes aimed at improving the
living conditions of individuals and groups who are likely
to be subject to economic and social vulnerability. For
instance, MOSA implemented the Public Assistance Law
12/2011, which ensures the provision of fnancial or other
kind of assistance to families and community members
with minimum living conditions standards. The objective
of this policy provision is to achieve stability within families
and reduce the unnecessary material and social sufering
of society members in difcult living conditions. Such
groups include, but are not limited to the elderly, widows,
divorcees, housewives, families of prisoners, international
students, orphans, people with chronic illnesses and others.
Additionally, the clauses of law 12/2011 gave the Minister
of Social Afairs (MOSA) prerogatives to provide public
5
5. Further evidence and facts on this goal will be provided by the
planned household survey that will be conducted by CSB, with the
support of UNDP, as of 2019 onward.
6. Source: Working paper on Kuwait’s implementation of SDGs, National
SDGs Steering Committee, 2018
7. Central Statistical Bureau
SDG 1
NO
POVERTY
End poverty in all its forms everywhere.
30 Kuwait Voluntary National Review 2019
assistance to those who may not meet established criteria,
but who have proven that they are in critical situations and
in need for assistance to live in dignity.
Furthermore, it has been one of Kuwait Governments’ major
priorities to provide full access to basic social services to all
residents (Kuwaitis and non-Kuwaitis). This was eventually
achieved during the period of 2012 – 2016, when access
to basic services such as safe water, electricity, health
services, education, transportation and others became near
universal, for all residents.
As per data generated, the government of Kuwait’s
expenditures on Basic Services (mainly education, health
services and social protection) reached 3,578.3 million
Kuwaiti Dinars (KD) in 2016, up from 2,975.5 million DK in
2012. This represents around 41% of Kuwait’s annual total
expenditures.
MOSA also issued licenses and provided support for NGOs
and CSOs with a humanitarian mission, to enhance their
roles in eliminating the persistent drivers of relative poverty
at the community level.
For instance, “Bayt Al Zakat” is a government independent
entity, which was established in 1982 with an independent
fund and, which is under the supervision of the Ministry of
Figure 8
100%
Percentage of Residents of Kuwait Having
Access to Basic Services (CBS)
Awqaf and Public Afairs. It aims at supporting vulnerable
groups such as widows, the elderly, low income families,
families of prisoners and orphans. The main strategic
objectives of “Bayt Al Zakat” fall under the wide umbrella
of enhancing social protection nets and encouraging
humanitarian work while partnering with relevant
stakeholders.
Percentage of Government expenditures on Basic Services of Total Expenditures
Table 5
% of Government Expenditure on Basic Services from the Total amount of Expenditures
YEAR EDUCATION HEALTH SOCIAL PROTECTION TOTAL
2012 23.9 % 12.2 % 4.2% 40.3%
2013 23.8 % 11.3% 4.1% 39.2%
2014 24.6 % 12.3% 3.3% 40.2%
2015 24.4 % 13.3% 3.2% 40.9%
2016 23.4 % 14.6% 3.1% 41.1%
Source: SDGs Indicators, 2012-2016, Central Statistical Bureau (CSB), 1st
edition
Source: SDGs Indicators, 2012-2016, Central Statistical Bureau (CSB), 1st edition
31
The example of this support is provided for many local
NGOs working in the country such as Kuwait Red Crescent,
which is also providing support within the country and
abroad. As a result, government support has enabled many
NGOs and CSOs to achieve poverty reduction outcomes
as per the following evidence, both in Kuwait and abroad:
In relation to target 1.4, the Family Care Management
Unit at MOSA introduced additional services to its own
programmes, which are aimed at alleviating the sufering
of needy families, eventually leaving no one behind. The
details of these services have been refected in Annex 2.
Of relevance to this year’s theme “empowering people and
ensuring inclusiveness and equality”, it is worth noting that
MOSA’s assistance has not been limited to fnancial support.
It also comprises capacity development programme
components to ensure that groups who are subject to
vulnerability are being empowered and given the means to
be autonomous and economically productive. For instance,
Achievements of the Ministry of Social Afairs
under SDG 1
Table 6
IN KUWAIT ABROAD
Provide support to 2,030
families in need
Provide support to 316,701
poor families
Launch and implement 66
projects for individuals and
families in need
Launch and implement
2,018 projects for the poor
Employ 14,518 youths that
were initially unemployed
Source: Role of Stakeholders in achieving SDGs, MOSA, 2018.
Kuwait Red Crescent Society distributing relief aid to Rohingya refugees in Cox’s Bazar city, Bangladesh (Photo by Hamed S. Alamiri).
32 Kuwait Voluntary National Review 2019
Challenges Faced and Remedial Actions of Relevance to SDG 1, under the responsibility of
the Ministry of Social Afairs
CHALLENGE REMEDIAL ACTION
Outdated regulations for disbursement
of aid
New administrative decisions were issued.
Regulation of the Disbursement of Public Aid, no. (3695 / a) of 2016;
Rules of Exchange of Public Aid no. (3696 / a) for the year 2016.
The rules and regulations regarding
CSOs and NGOs operating for the public
beneft contain gaps and are somehow
outdated
Rules and regulations governing the work of CSOs and NGOs are being
revised in order to enable civil society partners deliver on their commitments
and meet their goals of public beneft
Budget constraints and limited
marketing outlets
Opening comprehensive marketing outlets (including online markets);
Cooperating with unions, foreign embassies, and the airport
Coordinating with the Planning and Development sector;
Coordinating with the Department of supply and stores
Private Sector is still somewhat
unattractive
Working with stakeholders to encourage youth to work in the private sector
and improve the benefts provided
Participation of NGOs and CSOs does not
meet the required standards
CSOs and NGOs are technically and otherwise encouraged and supported to
enhance their work, especially in terms of rehabilitation and providing job
opportunities
Table 7
MOSA provides psychosocial and physical support where
needed, supports skills development through personalized
programmes, provides practical experiences and exposure
to knowledge and skills to a range of benefciaries
through participatory skills enhancement activities,
and supports enrolment in schools and universities
and vocational trainings of beneficiaries in need.
Challenges and Remedial Actions
Kuwait has been facing several challenges though in
implementing its support interventions in this area, which
are aimed at fully achieving SDG 1. To that end, government
devised concrete remedial measures to address these
challenges. The table below is a summary of the challenges
faced and the remedial actions and strategies that have
been devised.
Source: Role of Stakeholders in achieving SDGs, MOSA, 2018. | [
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1
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"country": "kwt",
"file_id": "sdg-01/vnr-report-kwt-2019-en-1.pdf",
"language": "en",
"locality": null,
"size": "m",
"type": "vnr",
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} |
16
17
1.1. Progress and challenges
Over the past 27 years, Lao PDR has made
tremendous progress in reducing poverty. By
2012/13, Lao PDR had already halved the poverty
rate from 1992/93 levels, achieving MDG target
1A ahead of time. Household welfare improved
in terms of ownership of assets, condition of
housing, and access to services and markets.
The poor on average have become less poor, as
shown by the steady reduction in the poverty gap
and poverty severity over time. The government’s
drive to expand rural infrastructure, roads and
services have led to poverty reduction in these
areas, enhancing market access for agricultural
produce and improving livelihood opportunities.
16
Challenges remain, with a signifcant
proportion of the population at risk
of falling into poverty. Households in
agriculture are twice more likely than non-farm
households to fall back into poverty, as they are
highly vulnerable to shocks. The limited health
insurance coverage and social protection limit
the ability of households to mitigate risks.
Overall, poverty reduction and consumption
growth lag behind the country’s GDP growth,
the growth being resource-intensive.17
Inequity patterns emerge from differences
in location and access, which affect
education and livelihoods. The poverty rate
in rural areas is 2.9 times that of the urban
areas (2012/13). One-third of the population
in upland areas is still below the poverty line,
while in lowland areas, only about one-ffth of
the population is poor. The ethnic groups, who
traditionally live in mountainous and remote
areas diffcult to access, have seen slower
progress in poverty reduction. The lowland
groups, with the highest levels of education,
have the lowest poverty rate. Inequality has
grown: in 2012/13, consumption of the richest
quintile was 6.4 times that of the poorest, while
two decades ago, the difference was 4.7 times.
18
Measurement issues: Lao PDR has two
systems for measuring poverty prevalence.
The frst is the fve-yearly household survey
on expenditures and consumption, measuring
poverty indicators according to international
standards and defnitions. In the second
approach, the government monitors poverty
annually by using administrative data on
income and access to basic services, going
down to household level. The programme
monitors access to clean water, health facilities,
and schools, in terms of their distance from
the households in a given village. This is an
innovative home-grown system, which gives
yearly data. Social protection coverage has
signifcant data gaps, which the government
is addressing with support from development
partners.
1.2. Looking forward
The Government of Lao PDR is prioritizing the
following strategies:
• Targeting the poor in planning,
budgeting, and programme delivery.
The poorer groups are largely known. The
challenge lies in appropriate targeting
below the district level with different sectors
working in a coordinated and convergent
approach. Reaching the poorest in remote
areas will require much more resources
than reaching the less poor in other areas.
The rising inequality in urban areas19 shows
the need for targeting the urban poor.
• Prioritizing interventions based on
evidence. Since access, education,
employment/livelihood and the price
of agricultural produce are known
determinants of poverty levels,20 the
priority is to accelerate the improvement of
education, training, livelihoods, agricultural
productivity, and rural infrastructure for
the poor. Strategies to reach the most
vulnerable groups need to consider what
has worked. Community radio volunteer
broadcasters in Xieng Khouang, Sekong,
Oudomxay and other provinces and
relevant districts have been able to reach
vulnerable groups, especially women and
girls, with radio installed in mobile phones.
The results have been increased awareness
and useful knowledge on issues such as
agriculture, family relations, education,
health, and nutrition. Radio programs on
agriculture have been extremely popular
among rural communities.
• Strengthening social protection
systems to cover vulnerable groups.
Initiatives such as the Health Equity Fund
schemes and Free Delivery of Maternal,
Neonatal and Child Health Care (“Free
MNCH”) represent signifcant progress.
However, access to social security coverage
remains limited and welfare programmes
fragmented. Support is required to widen
the scope of social protection schemes,
namely, to support the implementation of
the forthcoming National Social Protection
Strategy (SDG Target 1.3 and SDG 8).
• Increasing efforts to tap domestic
18
capital through public-private
partnerships. Local administrations need
to mobilize the private sector to invest
jointly in local economic development
and increase sourcing from local frms and
workers. | [
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27
SDG 1 – No Poverty
(End poverty in all its forms everywhere)
28
Tremendous progress in reducing poverty. The absolute poverty, based on the national
poverty lines, from 33.5% in 2003 to 23.2% in 2013 and further to 18.6% in 2019. But this
downward trend will be reversed due to COVID-19 and the poverty is projected to go up to 21.5%
in 2020.5
Reduction in population in multidimensional poverty. The proportion of population in
multidimensional poverty has declined over the years reducing from 40.4% in 2012 to 23.1% in
2017. The percentage of children who are multi-dimensionally deprived also decreased from 33.1%
in 2013 to 22% in 2018.
Poverty reduction and growth. Even though the poverty reduction has steady been reduced
over time, the pace of reduction has not been that quick compared to those of the GDP growth.
Between 2013 and 2019, one percentage growth in GDP led to 0.67% reduction in poverty (this
situation was only 0.4 between 2008 and 2013).
Inequality risen due to widening consumption gaps. In recent years, consumption grew at a
faster pace among the better off. Between 2013 and 2019, the average consumption per capita of
the bottom 40% grew by 2.1% per year, compared with the national average of 3.3%, while for
the richest quintile, the average consumption grew by 4.1% per year. Thus, welfare gains were
substantially lower for the poor, and poverty remained less elastic than it would have been had
consumption growth been more equal. The inequality has also been witnessed by the increase of
Gini Index going up from 36.0 (2013) to 38.8 in 2019.
Different poverty levels across provinces and regions. While most provinces experienced a
decline in poverty rates, poverty in Vientiane capital doubled from 2.5% in 2013 to 5% in 2019.
Four other provinces also saw an increase in poverty during the same period (Xayabouly,
Bolikhamxay, Khammuan, and Attapeu). The geography of poverty has shifted toward urban areas
and the central region, although rural areas are still home to the overwhelming share of the poor.
Five provinces account for more than half of the poor in Lao PDR: Savannakhet (20.6%),
Oudomxay (8.7%), Khammuane (8.3%), Saravane (8.0%) and Luangprabang (7.7%).
Rural poverty reduction. Rural poverty is more than three times higher than in urban areas.
Despite accounting for 67% of the population, rural areas are home to nearly 90% of the poor
population. Small towns created by the agglomeration of large villages according to the rural
development policy increased from 11 towns in 2015 to 30 in early 2018, meaning an increase of
19 new towns. In the agriculture sector, activities such as the creation of the Department of Rural
Development and Cooperatives, participatory land-use planning in villages, and support provided
to farmers’ organizations contributed to poverty alleviation.
Table 1.1 – Status of poor districts, villages and families using national administrative data from Ministry of
Agriculture and Forestry
Status of poor districts, villages, and families from 2015 to 20196
2015 baseline 2019 Results
Total number of districts 148 148 Number of poor districts reduced by
7 Number of poor districts 30 23
% of poor districts 20.3% 15.5%
Total number of villages 8,5077 8,514 A net total of 83 villages no longer
5 Poverty Assessment, World Bank, September 2020 6 Lao PDR has two systems for measuring poverty prevalence. The first is the five-yearly household survey (managed by Lao Statistic BureauLSB) on expenditures and consumption, measuring poverty indicators according to international standards and definitions. In the second
approach, the Government monitors poverty annually by using administrative data on income and access to basic services, going down to
household level. This administrative data is managed by Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MAF). The programme monitors access to clean
water, health facilities, and schools, in terms of their distance from the households in a given village.
7 Fourth Lao Population and Housing Census 2015
29
Status of poor districts, villages, and families from 2015 to 20196
Number of poor villages 1,736 1,530 fall into the “poor” category
% of poor villages 20.4% 18.07%
Total number of families 1,162,388 1,190,792 A net total of 6,646 families no longer
fall into the “poor” category Number of poor families 76,418 65,059
% of poor families 6.6% 5.04%
Source: Department of Rural Development and Cooperatives, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry
Note: the Government of Lao PDR monitors poverty annually by using administrative data on income and access
to basic services, going down to household level. This is an innovative home-grown system, which gives yearly
data needed for policy monitoring and any adjustments needed for poverty reduction. This measure is managed
by MAF. For the rest of the report, poverty headcounts managed by LSB – measuring poverty indicators according
to international standards and definitions - will be used.
Public investments in rural development and poverty eradication have been the focus for
the Government in recent years and they are on the increasing trend. There were three main
sources of funds: domestic funds, foreign and the Nayobai Bank. Despite this improvement,
disparities remain and inequality has even increased in some cases as the delivery of basic services
remains uneven due to lack of resources and constrained implementation capacity.
The coverage of social protection system in the country is relatively limited. General
government expenditure on social protection as a percentage of GDP decreased from 0.68% in
2015 (accounted for 2.24% of total government expenditure) to 0.53% in 2019 (amounted for 3%
of total government expenditure). A large proportion of the working age population work in
subsistence-level activities, mainly for own consumption and decent work opportunities are
limited. The high level of vulnerable work is driven by the agriculture and fishery sector sales
workers, and elementary occupations. Most agricultural work and informal sector work are
characterized by low incomes, poor working conditions, and inadequate access to social protection
and workplace representation. Lao migrant workers are a vulnerable group, accounting for around
8% of Lao PDR’s working population, and mostly working in the neigbouring countries.
Realizing these challenges, the Government is committed to strengthening social
protection systems to cover vulnerable groups. Access to social security coverage remains
limited and welfare programmes fragmented. Support is required to widen the scope of social
protection schemes namely, to support the implementation of National Social Protection Strategy,
which was recently approved and endorsed during the second half of 2020. Building upon the
recommendations from the review of CEDAW, 8th NSEDP review and the first VNR, the
Government has continued to improve on the quality of healthcare and services aiming for
universal health coverage by 2025.
While progress has been made, access to social protection is still inadequate. Only workers
employed in the formal Lao economy have social security coverage, while workers in the informal
economy have inadequate access to basic coverage. In term of the National Health Insurance
scheme, it covers 17 provinces, but except Vientiane capital, which is 94% out of total population
as of 2020. The coverage is at high level, but the quality of health care services and access to health
care services remain to be improved. In term of social state enterprise protection scheme, the
percentage of population covered by the scheme has been on a downward trend decreasing from
12.7% in 2015 to 10.8% in 2019. To help address these challenges among others, the Ministry of
Labour and Social Welfare in partnership with various partners continues to launch awareness
campaigns on social security through traditional and social media platforms, and workshops to
public and private sectors as well as the general public to increase the sign-up rate. | [
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35
CHAPTER FOUR: Progress on goals and targets
GOAL 1: End poverty in
all its forms everywhere
Poverty is widespread in Liberia, affecting most of the population. According to the 2016 Household
Income and Expenditure Survey, the most recent nationally representative data source on poverty rates
in Liberia, 50.9 per cent of the Liberian population, or about 2.2 million people, are poor (they cannot
achieve the minimum expenditure to acquire basic food and non-food items). Some 39.1 per cent of
Liberians were found to be ‘food poor’ (cannot meet their basic food needs), and 16.5 per cent of the
population was classified as ‘extremely poor’.
An alternative measure of poverty levels, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
multidimensional poverty index, captures multiple, overlapping deprivations across the three dimensions
of education, health, and living standards. A multidimensional approach to measuring poverty recognizes
that poverty is multifaceted and may not be adequately captured simply by measuring income,
expenditure, and consumption. According to the most recent UNDP Human Development report (which
draws on data from 2013), 70.1 per cent of Liberia’s population was multidimensionally poor, with an
additional 21.5 per cent living near multidimensional poverty. High rates of multidimensional poverty
reflect the low levels of human development in Liberia, which ranked 181 [2017 UNDP] out of 188
countries in the 2016 Human Development Index.
Poverty trends
While significant progress was made in reducing poverty in Liberia in the years following the civil conflict,
with poverty rates dropping from 64 per cent in 2007 to 54 per cent in 2010, progress has slowed in recent
years due to shocks to the Liberian economy. In 2014 real GDP growth, which had averaged 6.2 per cent
between 2003 and 2013, dropped dramatically to a mere 0.8 per cent in 2014–2016. This was due in large
part to the Ebola crisis of 2014–2015, which had devastating effects on economic activity (including
foreign investment, agriculture, mining, and businesses), and was exacerbated by a fall in prices of
Liberia’s main exports, iron ore, and rubber. Growth rates in Liberia are beginning to recover, but the
2014–2015 disruption is likely to impede Liberia’s progress towards SDG targets to halve overall poverty
and food poverty by 2030. The Liberian economy remains vulnerable to external shocks given the volatility
in prices of its key exports (rubber and iron ore), its dependence on food imports, and its susceptibility to
natural disasters and disease. These shocks are likely to impact poor and near-poor households most
severely, and thus, if they occur, may increase the number of people living in poverty and further entrench
poverty among those who are already poor.
36
Poverty distribution
Income poverty is unevenly distributed across Liberia, ranging from as high as 84 per cent in Maryland
County to 20 per cent in Montserrado County. Poverty rates are about twice as high in rural areas, with
rural poverty at 71.6 per cent, compared with 31.5 per cent in urban areas. Rather than improving, the
rate of rural poverty has increased, largely due to the Ebola outbreak crisis and a sharp drop in commodity
prices in 2014. While urban poverty is not as prevalent in the figures, it is an issue due to the concentration
and high numbers of the population in urban centers. Despite its relatively low poverty rates,
Montserrado County has the highest number of poor people (over 275,000 people) because so many
people live within that county.
Absolute poverty refers to the condition where a person does not have the minimum amount of income
needed to meet the minimum requirements for one or more basic living needs over an extended period.
As with extreme poverty, there are high rates of absolute poverty in Liberia, and these rates have been
on the rise in five of the six national statistical regions. Absolute poverty varies significantly by region, with
Maryland and River Gee having the highest rates at 84 and 81 per cent respectively, followed by Grand
Kru (74 per cent) and Bong (71 per cent).
‘Extreme poverty’ is defined by the World Bank as living on less than US$1.90 per day and remains
particularly persistent in certain parts of the country. Although extreme poverty has been almost
eradicated in Montserrado County (2.7 per cent), nearly half (47.5 per cent) of the population of Maryland
County in the South Eastern B region is classified as falling within the extreme poverty category. Persistent
poverty among certain subpopulations, and within rural and remote communities, is likely to prove
especially difficult to eradicate, posing a challenge to achieving SDG targets. For instance, according to
recent estimates, household food production supplies only 35 per cent of household food requirements
in the poorest rural areas, leaving households vulnerable to food price fluctuations and other shocks.
Persistent poverty and uneven growth patterns are indicative of entrenched inequalities in access to basic
services, assets, and income in Liberia. While consumption inequality is not extreme in Liberia when
compared to its regional neighbors (the Gini coefficient is 0.33, compared to 0.34 in Sierra Leone and 0.43
in Ghana), wealth inequality is strikingly high and has changed little over the past few decades.
37
Child poverty
Recent estimates of levels of child poverty in Liberia are not available. A 2014 UNICEF publication
estimated that 63.4 per cent of children in the country suffer from multidimensional poverty and that
1,825,143 children out of the total child population of 2,179,015 were living on less than US$1.25 per day
(the figure that defined the poverty line at that time). Available evidence also suggests that households
with higher numbers of children are more likely to experience poverty. Poor households tend to have
higher dependency ratios than non-poor households, meaning they have a greater number of children
and elderly persons per working-age adult. Fertility rates are highest in rural areas where poverty is
concentrated.
Child poverty, and particularly rural child poverty, are likely to be ongoing challenges in Liberia, indicating
a need for comprehensive and nationwide social protection measures if the Government is going to meet
SDG 1.2, which require a reduction by half in the proportion of all children living in poverty in all its
dimensions. Children who are living in poverty suffer from its multidimensional impact, causing inequity
in the enjoyment of other rights such as education, survival rights, employment, and housing, detailed in
the other sections of this report.
Most children live in poor households and cope with gross deprivation. These include risks of stunting,
limited or no access to healthcare, lack of access to safe drinking water, and no toilet or sanitation facilities
at home. The infant mortality rate is among the 20 highest in the world. The 2013 Liberia Demographic
and Health Survey (LDHS) shows 32 per cent of children under 5 years old are classified as malnourished,
6 per cent wasted, 15 per cent underweight, and 3 per cent overweight. Essentially, the percentage of
stunting has increased with the age of the child.
Poverty among the elderly
The highest level of poverty is found among households headed by elderly persons (60+). Slightly more
than 60 per cent live in absolute poverty, 48 per cent in food poverty, while 22.2 per cent live in extreme
poverty. As most of the elderly have never worked in the formal sector, they are not likely to be vested in
any pension scheme that provide some form of income security. Liberia does not have universal statutory
38
social security for its elderly people. The only form of old-age protection available is the contributory
national pension scheme for the wage-earning population. Under the current eligibility criteria, no more
than 300,000 persons would qualify.
Social Protection systems
As a part of the effort to leave no one behind, the government sees poor, disadvantaged, and vulnerable
groups in the population as part of our national assets. Fulfilling the government’s commitment to include
them into our national development plan in substantive ways is a strategy of the PAPD. Therefore, issues
concerning women and girls’ empowerment, at-risk children and youths, people with disability, people
living with HIV, and EVD survivors are included in efforts to reduce absolute poverty by an additional 23
per cent and widespread vulnerability over the next six years.
Investment in social protection was a new policy area injected into the AfT as part of the transition from
humanitarian assistance. The experience with using this policy tool to reduce vulnerability and decrease
poverty (finance, food, and fuel crisis) levels is therefore limited but evolving. The intervening EVD
outbreak saw national priorities return to life-saving humanitarian assistance, upending prospects of a
smooth transition to sustainable development, and exacerbating widespread vulnerability once again.
Moreover, all the SP programs under the AfT were donor funded and delivered by the end of 2017.
No comprehensive review of the implementation of the National Social Protection Policy has been done.
Nevertheless, the initial and very limited evidence available from the final evaluation of the pilot social
cash transfers (SCT) to poor, food insecure, and labour constrained households in Bomi and Maryland
counties, suggests that food security, health, education, and economic conditions of participating
households improved markedly. Moreover, the evaluation found evidence of a multiplier effect benefiting
the 52 communities and the local economies where beneficiaries reside
Social protection investments include wider and sustainable expansion in access to the four minimum
guarantees: i) access to essential health care, ii) basic income and food security for the whole familyespecially children in the family environment (including vulnerable groups and people with disability), iii)
providing some form of basic income for the working age population through pre-employment support
and household enterprises for adolescents and young adults, expansion in the national social pension
scheme, enforcement of the Decent Work Act and iv) social grants for the elderly, pregnant women, and
people living with disabilities.
A major thrust of the pro-poor agenda is to raise total spending on social protection-related investments
from less than one per cent to two per cent of GDP, focusing on those living in extremely poor and food
insecure households and regions of the country first to be able to reduce overall inequality.
Social protection
Liberia is a state party to the new consensus adopted by the 100th Session of the International Labour
Conference in 2011--the two-dimensional strategy on the extension of social protection. This twodimensional approach aims at the gradual implementation of national social protection floors containing
basic social security guarantees towards the realization of universal access to essential health care and
income security at least at a nationally defined minimum level (horizontal dimension), in line with the
Social Protection Floors Recommendation, 2012 (No. 202) , and the progressive achievement of higher
levels of protection (vertical dimension) within comprehensive social security systems according to the
Social Security (Minimum Standards) Convention, 1952 (No.102).
Liberia aspires to establish a national social protection floor comprised of the following four social security
guarantees for all including special populations:
39
1. access to essential health care, including maternity care, as addressed under the health sector
interventions
2. basic income security for children, providing access to nutrition, education, care and any other
necessary goods and services
3. basic income security for persons in active age who are unable to earn enough income, in cases of
sickness, unemployment, maternity and disability
4. basic income security for older persons.
Such guarantees will be provided progressively to all residents and all children, as defined in national laws
and regulations, and subject to existing international obligations.
Social protection for children
The Liberia Children’s Law 2011 provides a comprehensive framework for the recognition and realization
of children’s rights with respect to their protection, development, and socio-economic participation.
Among others, the Children’s Law details rights to parenthood and care, an adequate standard of living,
access to medically necessary health care; access to education; access to adequate shelter, food and
water. This law has however not been adequately translated into SP strategies, plans, and programs to
facilitate the comprehensive attainment of its objectives.
Government is also committed to implementing the Child Welfare and Protection Policy and updating its
accompanying 5-year plan of action. An adoption law, which protects adopted children, has an
accompanying standard operating procedure which will be followed by adoption agencies and individuals
opting to access adoption services.
From 2005 to 2017, the number of orphanages in Liberia decreased from 114 to 56, with a corresponding
reduction of the number of orphans from 5,000 plus to 2,251. Eight government facilities- -including a
transit centre for children were established. Of the 8,697 children affected by the EVD outbreak, 2,310
received case management services including follow-up visits, medical, food and non-food items and
educational services. Government is committed to the policy of seeking reunification with family (or next
of kin) as the first and best option for providing a nurturing environment for children.
The main social protection programs linked to children are the Liberia Social Safety Net project (LSSN) and
the School Meals programs. LSSN is a cash transfer program to extremely poor and food insecure
households in the counties with the highest incidences of vulnerability, namely Bomi, Maryland, Grand
Kru, and River Gee. The LSSN budget amounts to 10 million USD from 2017 to 2021 (effectively), from
which 8.1 million USD will be delivered as transfers to 10,000 households. The transfers will be made to
the female member in each household, with the most responsibility for household spending.
Based on the economic analysis of the poverty gap and household consumption among extremely poor
households, the transfer amount is pegged at between 10 USD and 34 USD per month, depending on the
size of the households. In parallel to the cash transfer, the programme will also develop a Social Registry
targeted to register 200,000 households in the six counties in its first phase but with the objective of
becoming a national household registry.
The other major social protection intervention benefiting children is the school feeding programs. Like the
LSSN project, these programs are exclusively funded by donors due to limited fiscal space in the
government resource envelope. Coverage of the school feeding programs currently extends to 300,000
students, a decline from the 500,000 participants in 2015. This program provides around 300,000 school
meals in nine counties. It additionally, provides take-home rations to 3,000 adolescent female students.
The current planned expenditure of the school feeding program is equivalent to around 0.8 per cent of
GDP.
40
People living with disabilities
Social and cultural factors limit opportunities to find work while living with disability, but even more so,
people with disability face discrimination from employers. Even those who find employment face wage
discrimination because they tend to earn less than their colleagues. Disability and poverty are mutually
reinforcing. Insecure living conditions, lack of access to basic services, malnutrition and other dimensions
of poverty can lead to disabilities. Persons living with disabilities are usually excluded from social and
economic life and their rights are not fully fulfilled.
Equal rights to resources, equal access to services
One of the aims of the Liberian government is to ensure that all men and women, in particular the poor
and the vulnerable, have equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to basic services, ownership
and control over land and other forms of property, inheritance, natural resources, appropriate new
technology and financial services, including microfinance
The Land Rights Act (LRA) was passed in 2018, which presents a unique opportunity for promoting access
to land rights, promoting land tenure security, harmonizing of customary and statutory land tenure
systems, and for disadvantaged Liberians in rural areas to be decision-makers in the management of their
land resources and to benefit from its proceeds. The passage of the Land Rights Act provides an inimitable
prospect in addressing land issues including land/property disputes, border/boundary disputes, and
concession related tensions that will allow women, youth and customary communities to become owners
of their land and beneficiaries of the proceeds in the management of their land resources thereby
reducing conflicts, decreasing violent tendencies, and improving the livelihoods of the poor and
vulnerable people. The passage of the Land Rights Act also provides an opportunity for the
decentralization of land services and reduction of land-related disputes in conflict-prone counties. The
Land Rights Act is being implemented by the Liberia Land Authority that was established in 2016 to
address land issues in decreasing violent tendency as a means of mitigating conflict for peace and
prosperity.
Accordingly, a High-Level National Target was established that by 2023, land tenure security would be
strengthened, and land information management system would be improved. A comprehensive strategy
was designed for acquiring, surveying, and mapping of concession lands. A special program has been
developed for review and implementation of policies on land security and passage of the Land Rights Act,
to limit criminal conveyance of land, conduct inventory on public and government lands. This programme
will ensure inclusive land administration and management of public and government lands by enhancing
programs for inclusive land rights bill and putting in place a national database for landowners and
surveyors. Further, the government has established a Gender Unit on Land issues at the Liberia Land
Authority which offers a unique opportunity for gender issues on land matters to be amicably addressed
considering inclusiveness on community land administration, governance framework, etc.
Economic, social and environmental shocks and disasters
Liberia’s location and weather condition make it prone to natural disasters such as floods. High population
growth, uncontrolled urbanization, rural and urban poverty often lead to unplanned settlements in
marginal and environmentally sensitive areas. The weak policy, legal and institutional framework for
disaster preparedness, physical planning systems, and land-use practices are bottlenecks to effective
disaster management. Inadequate emphasis on hazard risk management, including a lack of hazard data
and mapping, vulnerability assessments continue to exacerbate environmental degradation.
Liberia has an enormous natural capital that can be used to provide environmental benefits to the entire
country. However, given Liberia’s proneness to climate-related risk, there is an urgency to improve
41
Liberia’s preparedness in mitigating disaster and other climate-related risks. Key cities and infrastructures
are already threatened by sea erosion and other climate actions.
By 2023, Liberia will have made significant steps in achieving a disaster-proof development. Specifically,
the country will have a) improved resilience to all forms of hazards; b) improved emergency response
capability; and c) climate change-sensitive development process.
As it relates to the implementation of the National Environmental Policy, the NDMA as part of its
contribution has begun renovation Work on the building that will host the National Early Warning &
Emergency Operational Centre; the National Flood Disaster Preparedness and Response Plan have been
drafted & ready for submission to stakeholders in the Sector for validation; at the same time, the Gender
Disaster Risk Management Policy final draft has been submitted to partners. For the first time in the
history Liberia, NDMA has, along with other stakeholders across MACs with support from UNDP,
developed a National Disaster Risk Reduction Strategy and Resilience Plan that was validated in
Buchannan where stakeholders were invited on October 24, 2019, for finalization and validation. The
National Disaster Risk Reduction Strategy and Resilience Plan captured three climate-related hazards
including flood, windstorm and coastal erosion. NDMA has also complemented several major policy
instruments including the National Flood Disaster Preparedness and Response Plan and the National
Gender Disaster Risk Management Policy.
Macroeconomic stability
To maintain macroeconomic stability and fiscal health, the government has set itself the two targets. 1)
To contain fiscal deficit at less than 5% GDP. And the main intervention in this regard was to contain the
high public wage bill. 2) to pursue monetary policy interventions to maintain and sustain single-digit
inflation consistent with acceptable sub-regional standard (ECOWAS Convergence Criterion)
The government payroll harmonization exercise reduced the civil service wage bill in adherence to the
IMF recommendations. More importantly, the exercise led to a reduction in recurrent expenditures of the
National Budget and increased the percentage of the National Budget allocated to Public Sector
Investment Programs/projects. Also, the central bank has introduced new policy instruments (standing
deposit facility, standing credit facility and the strengthened CBL’s bills). In the last quarter of 2019, with
the recommendation from the Monetary Policy Advisory Committee, the CBL Board of Governors,
amongst others, set the monetary policy rate to 30 per cent, higher than the rate of inflation at the time
of the pronouncement to help control inflation. This has helped inflation fall from the high of 30.9% for
September 2019 to 20.3% for December 2019 helping to maintain the purchasing power of the poor and
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25
4.1. Goal 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere
1.1.1. Proportion of population below the international poverty line, by sex, age, employment status
and geographical location (urban/rural)
Table 1: Proportion of population below the international poverty line
Year 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Proportion of population below the international
poverty line1 44 46.5 45.7 49.4 51.1 50.6
Source: World Bank’s Macro Poverty Outlook for Sub-Saharan Africa 2020 and 2021.
Poverty, in all its forms, is widespread across
Liberia, and has been increasing over the past few
years. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has
contributed to the increasing trend of poverty in
Liberia. In 2016, the proportion of Liberians below
the international poverty line ($1.9 in 2011 PPP)
stood at 44 percent.2 As shown in the table above,
more Liberians have fallen into extreme poverty
over the past few years. The World Bank’s Macro
Poverty Outlook (2020) reports that the
proportion of Liberians below the international
poverty line increased to 46.5 percent in 2017 and
reduced slightly to 45.7 percent in 2018. In 2019, the proportion of Liberians living on less than $1.9 a day
increased to 49.4 percent. In 2020, the proportion further increased to 51.1 percent, and is expected to
drop to 50.6 percent in 2021 (Macro Poverty Outlook, 2022).
The World Bank estimates that extreme poverty will reduce slightly to 49.4 percent in 2022. The 2021
United Nations multidimensional poverty index establishes 52.3 percent as multi-dimensional poor, which
translates into 2.6 million poor. In 2019, the number of multidimensional poor was estimated at 2.5
million. The United Nations estimates that the population in severe multidimensional poverty is 24.9
percent and population vulnerable to multidimensional poverty is 23.3 percent.3
In terms of distribution, the incidence of extreme poverty is most widely spread in Liberia’s rural areas.
Per the HIES (2016), the incidence of poverty in rural Liberia was 71.6 percent, compared to 31.5 percent
in urban areas. However, the rural-urban distribution of poverty has been shifted by COVID-19.
1 Dis-aggregated data on extreme poverty by sex, age, employment status is not available. 2 Government of Liberia. 2016. Household Income and Expenditure Survey Report
3 United Nations. 2021. Common Country Assessment Report
26
Source: HIES 2016; GOL/UN Rapid Assessment
In 2020, a rapid assessment conducted by the GOL and United Nations indicated that the impact of the
COVID-19 shock is expected to be greater in urban areas. The study estimated that urban poverty will
increase by 10.9 percent in contrast to a 4.7 percent increase in rural areas, and that majority (59.9
percent) of the new poor will be in urban areas of Liberia, especially in Montserrado County.5
1.4.1 Proportion of population living in households with access to basic services
Source: LDHS (2013; 2019-20)
Liberia has made improvement in access to basic services with access to electricity rising from 10 percent
in 2013 to 24 percent in 2019-2020. Additionally, access to improved drinking water rose from 73 percent
in 2013 to 84 percent in 2019-2020. Access to improved toilet facilities moved by 30 percentage points,
from 17 percent in 2013 to 47 percent in 2019-2020.6
Table 2: Distribution of poverty by urban/rural
2016 20214
Rural poverty 71.6 percent Rural poverty 68 percent
Urban poverty 31.5 percent Urban poverty 59.9 percent
Table 3: Proportion of population with access to basic services
Indicator 2013 2019-2020
Proportion of population with access to electricity 10 percent 24 percent
Proportion of population with access to improved
drinking water
73 percent 84 percent
Proportion of population with access to improved
toilet facilities
17 percent 47 percent | [
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1
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11
Situation in Liechtenstein
With Gross National Income (GNI) of approximately 135000 Swiss francs per resident,
Liechtenstein is one of the world’s wealthiest
countries. Absolute poverty as defined in
target 1.1 (1.25 dollars per day) does not exist
in Liechtenstein. However, the high per
capita income also goes hand in hand with a
high price level. Accordingly, minimum
income levels are higher than in other countries in absolute terms.
The social welfare systems in Liechtenstein
are very well developed as a whole. The state
offers appropriate support for all individuals
and families that do not reach the national
minimum income level from their own resources. Nobody needs to live in poverty in
Liechtenstein. There are two main instruments available, which essentially are equally available to all residents of the country.
Financial social support ensures a minimum
income level. Under the Social Support Act
(Sozialhilfegesetz), there is no fixed minimum income level in Liechtenstein. Instead,
the minimum income level is established
on the basis of the individual situation of the
persons or families concerned and should
be commensurate with the general standard
of living and take the individual situation
of those in need into account. There is an
entitlement to financial social support, if a
person’s income is insufficient to meet the
minimum income level, established on a
case-by-case basis, that person is entitled
to financial assistance.
Pensioners, whose income from an old
age or survivor’s pension (AHV) or disability
pension (IV) is insufficient to ensure an
appropriate living standard or residence in
a care home, are granted supplementary
benefits. Here, too, there is a legal entitlement to those benefits if the personal and
financial conditions are met.
The statistical data show that relative poverty
in Liechtenstein is very low. In 2018 the social assistance rate in Liechtenstein was just
Overall assessment
• There are no extreme forms of poverty in Liechtenstein; SDG 1 is already
well implemented in Liechtenstein
• Only a few households do not reach the national minimum income level from their own resources
and are dependent on social welfare benefit. They are supported by the welfare system.
End poverty in all its forms everywhere
12
4 Implementation of the individual SDGs
Statistical indicators
Beneficiaries of financial assistance
Number of households
Trend: Increase, sharp decrease from 2017 to 2018 Assessment: neutral
Source: Office of Social Affairs (Amt für Soziale Dienste), Government Accountability Report
(Rechenschaftsbericht der Regierung)
Explanation of the diagram: The number of households receiving social assistance increased by 203% during the
reference period from 1995 to 2018. It should be noted, however, that the number of households also increased by
156% in the period from 1990 to 2015.
1995
2005
1997
2007
1999
2009
2001
2011
2003
2013
2016
1996
2006
1998
2008
2000
2010
2002
2012
2015
2004
2014
2018
2017
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
2.4%. In other words, only very few households in Liechtenstein are dependent on
financial assistance to reach the minimum
income level. The rate of supplementary
benefits for old age/survivor’s and disability
pensions is low, at 5.5% (2018).
Low-income households in Liechtenstein
therefore have a relatively high resistance to
crises. The risk of poverty is accordingly low.
Challenges
Poverty in Liechtenstein is extremely low.
Nevertheless, it can be observed that the
number of households dependent on welfare
support shows a long-term upward trend
(as does the social assistance rate), although
a reduction in the rate was observed in 2018.
Reintegrating unemployed persons into jobs
in the labour market that provide sufficient
income will remain a challenge in the future.
Measures
The government considers it critical to
empower social assistance beneficiaries to
lead independent lives, with the focus on
as long-term (re-)integration of all people
into the labour market as possible. Poverty
can only be kept at a low level in the long
term through regular earned income.
In order to further reduce dependence on
social assistance, the Liechtenstein authorities
provide personal assistance, counselling,
employment programmes and financial aid
for languages courses or for external childcare. The aim is to further reduce dependency
on social assistance. | [
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] | [
1
] | {
"country": "lie",
"file_id": "sdg-01/vnr-report-lie-2019-en-1.pdf",
"language": "en",
"locality": null,
"size": "m",
"type": "vnr",
"year": 2019
} |
71
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
SDG 1: The social welfare system was generally rated positively, but the lack of data on poverty4
was criticised. However, some participants said they believed the risk of poverty was increasing in certain sections of the population (e.g.,
the middle class, women, and people with disabilities). The
involvement of charitable foundations in providing social
assistance (which is not currently systematically recorded)
was also mentioned several times. | [
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9
SDG 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere
Overall assessment
• In general, SDG 1 is well implemented in Liechtenstein and the country has a good social welfare system.
• Extreme poverty does not exist in Liechtenstein. Only a few households do not reach the subsistence level from their
own resources and are dependent on social welfare benefits.
Situation in Liechtenstein
With a Gross National Income (GNI) of over CHF 161,000
per resident, Liechtenstein is one of the world’s wealthiest
countries. Absolute poverty as defined in target 1.1 (1.25
dollars per day) does not exist in Liechtenstein. However,
the high per-capita income also goes hand in hand with a
high price level. Accordingly, subsistence levels are higher
than in other countries in absolute terms.
In order to better assess the poverty situation and the existing poverty risks in Liechtenstein and to be able to compare
them with other countries, the Government commissioned
a new poverty report, which it presented in May 2023. The
report shows that 14.1% of the Liechtenstein population is
at risk of poverty. This puts Liechtenstein in the mid-range
of European comparison states. If assets are also taken into
account, 5.4% of the Liechtenstein population are considered to be at risk of poverty. The poverty line, which was
calculated on the basis of the national social assistance law,
corresponded to a disposable income of CHF 23,400 or less
for a one-person household in 2020. Overall, 3.1% of the
population did not reach this level and are therefore at risk
of poverty. When taking into account assets, however, only
0.9% of the Liechtenstein population are considered lowincome and low wealth.
The social welfare systems in Liechtenstein are very well
developed as a whole and contribute significantly to reducing the risk of poverty. The poverty report shows that the
share of people at risk of poverty would be 33% higher
without government transfer payments. The state offers
appropriate support for all individuals and families that do
not reach the national subsistence level from their own resources. In this respect, all residents of the country have
basically two instruments available to them:
Financial social support secures the subsistence level. Under the Social Support Act (Sozialhilfegesetz), there is no
fixed subsistence level in Liechtenstein. Instead, the subsistence level is established on the basis of the individual
situation of the persons or families concerned and should
be commensurate with the general standard of living and
take the individual situation of those in need into account.
There is an entitlement to financial social support, if a person’s income is insufficient to meet the subsistence level,
established on a case-by-case basis. Short-term measures
to secure livelihoods are also enacted, as happened most
recently during the COVID-19 pandemic and in response to
rising energy costs.
Pensioners, whose income from an old age or survivor’s
pension (AHV) or disability pension (IV) is insufficient to
ensure an appropriate living standard or residence in a care
home, are granted supplementary benefits. Here, too, there
is a legal entitlement to those benefits if the personal and financial conditions are met.
10
In 2021, the social assistance rate in Liechtenstein was just
2.2%. In other words, only very few households in Liechtenstein are dependent on financial assistance to reach the
subsistance level. The rate of supplementary benefits for
persons drawing a pension is also moderate at 8.8% (2021).
In addition to these welfare benefits, other support options
exist for low-income households. These include, for example, rent subsidies and reductions in health insurance premiums.
Low-income households in Liechtenstein therefore have a
relatively high resistance to crises. The risk of poverty is
correspondingly low.
Challenges
Poverty in Liechtenstein is extremely low, and the number
of low-income households has fallen. The COVID-19 pandemic also did not lead to an increase in poverty-stricken
households in 2020 and 2021. This is due in no small part to
the Government’s swift adoption of effective measures to
mitigate the economic consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic.
In particular, reintegrating unemployed persons into jobs in
the labour market that provide sufficient income will remain a challenge in the future. Going forward, it is also important to secure the state’s ability to finance short-term
measures when faced with crisis situations.
Measures
The Poverty Report, published in May 2023, provides a basis for assessing whether action needs to be taken to combat the risk of poverty in Liechtenstein.
Over recent years, there have been several occasions when
it has been necessary to respond to crises at short notice
and take specific, targeted action. The Government used a
variety of means to help businesses deal with the economic
consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic. These were successful in securing jobs and household incomes. The persistently low unemployment rate is evidence of the impact
of the measures taken (see also the comments on SDG 8).
In 2023, the Government has taken several steps to ease the
burden on low-income households and cushion the impact
of higher energy prices caused by Russia’s aggression
against Ukraine. These include increasing the basic needs
allowance of welfare benefits by the percentage that households spend on energy on average. In addition, low-income
households can apply for a flat-rate energy allowance based
on household size and income. Rent subsidies for families
were also increased. Pensioners who receive supplementary benefits are entitled to a higher flat-rate housing allowance.
The Government considers it critical to empower social assistance beneficiaries to lead independent lives, with the
focus on a long-term (re-)integration of all people into the
labour market. Poverty can only be kept at a low level in the
long term through regular earned income.
In order to further reduce dependence on social assistance,
the Liechtenstein authorities provide personal assistance,
counselling, employment programmes and financial aid for
languages courses or for external childcare. The aim is to
further reduce dependency on social assistance.
11
1995
2005
1997
2007
1999
2009
2001
2011
2003
2013
2016
1996
2006
1998
2008
2000
2010
2002
2012
2015
2004
2014
2018
2017
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
2019
2020
2021
Statistical indicators
Social assistance beneficiaries
Number of households
Assessment neutral
Source: National Statistical Office – Sustainable development indicators
Desired development: Decrease
Trend: Increase, sharp decrease since 2017
Explanation of the diagram: The number of households receiving social assistance increased by 93% during the reference period from 1995 to
2021. It should be noted, however, that the total number of households also increased by 166% in the period from 1990 to 2020.
Working Poor
Number of households
Assessment positive
The number of working-poor households (including self-employed) has decreased.
Source: National Statistical Office – Sustainable development indicators
Desired development: Decrease
Trend: Decrease
2005
2007
2009
2001
2011
2003
2013
2016
2006
2008
2010
2002
2012
2015
2004
2014
2018
2017
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
2019
2020
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Sri Lanka Voluntary National Review on the Status of Implementing the Sustainable Development Goals 65
As shown in Figure 4.11, the proportion of
population below the national poverty line
has declined from 15.2% in 2006/07 to 4.1% in
2016. This reduction in poverty is also reflected
at the sector and provincial levels. The poverty
incidence trend in the rural sector that accounts
for about 80% of the poor in the country has
closely mimicked the national poverty trend,
while the poverty headcount index of the estate
sector – which has historically been the sector
with the highest incidence of poverty – has
declined remarkably from 32% to 8.8% during
the past decade. The incidence of poverty in
the urban sector has continued to remain well
below the national average (Target 1.2) declined
remarkably from 32% to 8.8% during the past
decade. The incidence of poverty in the urban
sector has continued to remain well below the
national average (Target 1.2).
Current Status and Trends
Sri Lanka has made considerable progress in
reducing poverty in the past decade, with the
incidence of poverty declining at the national
and sub-national levels as well as across diferent
population groups.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
2006/07 2009/10 2012/13 2016
Figure 4.11: Poverty Headcount Index Trends at the National Poverty Line
Source: DCS Household Income and Expenditure Final Reports 2006/07, 2009/10, 2012/13, and 2016, available at
http://www.statistics.gov.lk/page.asp?page=Income%20and%20Expenditure
Estate Sector
Rural Sector
Urban Sector
Sri Lanka
66 Sri Lanka Voluntary National Review on the Status of Implementing the Sustainable Development Goals
Figure 4.12 provides an overview of the poverty
patterns across age and gender groups.
Interestingly, the poverty among women is lower
than men, although this is a marginal diference.
Additionally, poverty among children (i.e. those
aged below 18 years) is relatively high compared
The proportion of population below the
international poverty line (i.e. USD 1.90 a day)
was less than 1% (in 2016) with slight variations
between males (0.74%) and females (0.70%)
and across age groups42 (Target 1.1). Multidimensional poverty Index also recorded
poverty levels lower than those estimated based
to adults; in fact, child poverty headcount index
exceeds the national average. Nevertheless,
compared to 2012/13, poverty levels have shown
a notable decline across all age and gender
groups (Target 1.2).
on the national (income) poverty line. The multidimensional poverty level at the aggregate level
was 3.8% in 2012/1343 (compared to 6.7% based
on the national poverty line), while that for males
and females were 3.9% and 3.7% respectively44
(Target 1.2).
Figure 4.12: Overview of Poverty across Age and Gender Groups at the National Poverty
Line – 2012/13 and 2016
Below 18 years of age
Aged 18 and above
Male
Female
Sri Lanka
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
2016 2012/13
Source: DCS (2017), ‘Status of Sustainable development Goals Indicators in Sri Lanka: 2017’ Department of Census and
Statistics, Colombo. Available at http://www.statistics.gov.lk/sdg/application/publications/book.pdf
5.3%
3.6%
4.1%
3.9%
4.1%
8.7%
5.8%
6.8%
6.6%
6.7%
_____________
42 Estimates provided by DCS based on HIES 2016
43 Latest available estimates by DCS on Multidimensional poverty is for 2012/13
44 DCS (2017) Status of Sustainable Development Goals Indicators in Sri Lanka : 2017’ Department of Census and Statistics,
Colombo. Available at http://www.statistics.gov.lk/sdg/application/publications/book.pdf
Sri Lanka Voluntary National Review on the Status of Implementing the Sustainable Development Goals 67
The existence of an efective social protection
system is key to reducing poverty and the
level of vulnerability of a country’s population
(Target 1.3). Overall, about 34% of the Sri
Lankan population received benefits from social
assistance programmes and social insurance
programmes, including household members who
are indirect beneficiaries. Interestingly, nearly
45% of the elderly population (aged above 60
years) are covered by social protection, with
a slightly higher coverage of elderly females
(46.4% compared to 41.9% for males).45
Sri Lanka has made significant progress in
ensuring access to basic services like health
and education, electricity, safe drinking water
and sanitation (Target 1.4). The percentage of
households with access to electricity is 99.3 %
(in 2016)46 while the proportion of households
with access to safe drinking water is 88.8%
and improved sanitation facilities are 91.7%
in 2016.47 The World Bank’s Global Financial
Index data48 reports that 82.7% of the adults in
Sri Lanka have access to financial institutions
(or have access to bank accounts), with 83%
of women and nearly 80% of those belonging
to the poorest 40% having access to financial
institutions. This presents a remarkably higher
level of financial access in Sri Lanka compared
to other countries in South Asia. Moreover, Sri
Lanka’s Universal Free Education Policy and the
Universal Free Health Policy introduced in 1940s
have played a pivotal role in ensuring access to
education and health facilities by its population,
particularly the poor and the vulnerable. The
continuing expansion in economic activities
and the decline in unemployment rate to less
than 5% throughout the past seven years, along
with the Government’s continuous allocation of
funds towards rural infrastructure development
have also contributed to boosting the income
of the poor.
Gaps and Challenges
Despite Sri Lanka’s performance with regard to
poverty reduction over the past two decades,
there exist significant geographical variations.
The Poverty Headcount Index varies across
districts from 0.9% in Colombo to 18.2% in
Kilinochchi. However, most of the districts with
high poverty are less populated. Moreover,
there are significant ‘pockets of poverty even
in districts where poverty levels have fallen
(Target 1.2).
Although the poor account for only 4.1% of the
population, a considerable proportion of the
vulnerable population is clustered just above
the poverty line, facing the risk of slipping
into poverty due to various shocks like natural
disasters (e.g. floods, droughts and landslides). It
is important to improve the resilience of the poor
and the vulnerable, especially given the rising
incidence of climate-related extreme events in
the country afecting lives and livelihoods of
households (Target 1.5).
Despite Sri Lanka’s progress in improving access
to basic services like health and education,
electricity, safe drinking water and sanitation,
there are regional disparities with some districts
and sectors (estate sector in particular) lagging.
Measures to improve access to basic services
and utilities in these lagging regions are
crucial to eradicate poverty and achieve SDGs
(Target 1.4).
Many social protection programmes have been
implemented in Sri Lanka targeting vulnerable
segments of the population such as the poor,
elderly, disabled, children, and women. Despite
the multitude of programmes, gaps are
observed in the current social protection system.
These include: issues in targeting, inadequate
benefits and lack of coordination among
programmes leading to high costs and overlaps
of beneficiaries49 (Target 1.3).
_____________
45 DCS (2017)
46 CBSL (2018) Central Bank Annual Report 2017
47 DCS (2018), ‘Household Income and Expenditure Survey 2016 – Final Report’ Department of Census and Statistics, Colombo.
Available at http://www.statistics.gov.lk/HIES/HIES2016/HIES2016_FinalReport.pdf
48 World Bank (2015), Little Data Book on Financial Inclusion -15
49 IPS (2016), ‘State of the Economy 2016’. Institute of Policy Studies of Sri Lanka, Colombo
68
Way Forward
2030 Agenda on Sustainable Development afrms that poverty is the greatest global
challenge and that eradication of poverty is a necessary condition for achieving sustainable
development. As such, SDG 01 is crucial to the successful realisation of the SDGs. In fact,
poverty alleviation has been at the heart of Sri Lanka’s development agenda, as evident
from the Government’s declaration of the year 2017 as the year of ‘Poverty Alleviation’.
Proper identification of marginalized groups and poverty pockets is key to eradicating
poverty, as this would enable the formulation of strategies which can efectively address
the specific vulnerabilities of each group. To this efect, poverty mapping exercises
also have been undertaken in order to facilitate the identification of the geographical
distribution of the poor.
It is further imperative to improve targeting of the social protection programmes and
ensure that the deserving and the marginalized groups are sufciently covered by these
programmes. In addition, it is necessary to revisit the adequacy of benefits given under
these programmes. As a significant step towards achieving this, the Welfare Benefit Board
(WBB) was established in 2016, tasked with the creation of an integrated social protection
system. At present, the WBB is in the process of compiling a unified database for four key
programmes (Samurdhi, elder payments, disability payments, kidney patient payments),
and refining their selection criteria. It is expected that in the long-term all social protection
programmes in the country will be included in this integrated system, leading to improved
targeting and minimized overlaps among the programmes.
The Government is taking measures to rationalize the expenditure on poverty reduction,
via improving the efciency of existing programmes as well as exploring innovative
methods of mobilizing domestic resources for financing poverty (Target 1.a). | [
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4.1 GOAL 1: END
POVERTY IN ALL
ITS FORMS EVERYWHERE
25
The NSDP II puts emphasis on private sector development and gives priority to pursuing
people centred development. It re-enforces the Government’s commitment to bring further
development to the people of Lesotho by empowering them to participate fully in the development process, thereby providing them dignity, and uplifting their potential to partake in
the prosperity that will be generated in the next fve years.
(NSDP II, 2018/19-2022/23)
local, regional and local investors to the sector. This will include creating relevant legal and
policy frameworks, investing in packaging and
marketing Lesotho Tourism, quality assurance,
and creating incentives to investors.
4.1.2 Lesotho Poverty Indicators
The GoL has successfully reduced absolute
poverty in the last fve years (Table 4.1.1 below). Lesotho, through the BoS, produced
the Lesotho Poverty Trend and Profle Report
(2019). The Report provides information that
is critical for monitoring and evaluation of the
country’s development plans, providing key
evidence to monitor and evaluate progress towards poverty and inequality targets set in the
National Strategic Development Plan (NSDP
II).
Lesotho realised a decline in poverty for
both national and extreme poverty between
2002/2003 and 2017/2018. The overall national poverty and extreme poverty headcount ratios declined from 56.6 percent to 49.7 percent
and from 34.1 percent to 24.1 percent, respectively (table 4.1.1). In absolute terms, 484,000
people are estimated to have been living in
extreme poverty in 2017/2018, while 997,000
lived under the national poverty line.
Addressing poverty and reducing inequality in
the Kingdom of Lesotho was one of the key
challenges by the end of the implementation
of MDGs in 2015. With SDGs, Lesotho has recommitted herself and strives to give all citizens
equal opportunities and full access to economic and social opportunities and to live a decent
and dignifed quality of life. It is for this reason
that the NSDP II emphasizes the necessity to
pursue sustainable inclusive growth and creation of decent jobs as the most effective route
for poverty reduction. The Government has
introduced strategic measures to empower the
people and support the poor and the most vulnerable. The Plan targets increased inclusive
growth in four key priority sectors namely, Agriculture, Manufacturing, Tourism and Creative Industries, and Technology and Innovation.
Targeting, supporting and strengthening macroeconomic resilience for inclusive growth and
employment creation is critical. Another area
is investing in smart agriculture and increasing
rural wealth, promoting inclusive trade and entrepreneurship, in particular supporting Micro,
Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMES). To
achieve these, the GoL will effectively manage
government spending and remove any ineffciencies in spending. It will ensure low and
stable infation rates which is not only key to
achieving the nation’s competitiveness but also
important for protection of incomes of the poor;
ensuring sustainable levels of fscal defcits and
maintaining sound external balances. Fiscal
policy will be targeted at providing public goods
and services that improve national welfare and
support the private sector development.
Lesotho tourism sector has potential for creating decent work for young people and accelerating economic growth. GoL, therefore, will
increase additional resources and invest in
creating enabling environment that will attract
4.1.1 Lesotho Progress on Poverty Indicators
To measure poverty, Lesotho, through the
BoS, uses a welfare indicator is measured
against a pre-determined threshold (the
poverty line) below which a household or
individual is deemed poor. Lesotho uses
a consumption-based welfare measure to
measure poverty, referred to as the consumption aggregate. The cost-of-basicneeds (CBN) method is used to determine
two consumption-based poverty lines for
the country – the food or extreme poverty
line as well as the upper bound poverty line
(referred to in this report as the national
poverty line).
26
Table 4.1.1: Urban-rural and Regional Poverty Dynamics, 2002/2003 – 2017/2018
Source: BoS, 2019. Lesotho Poverty Trend and Profle Report 2000/2003 – 2017/2018.
In Lesotho, poverty has a clear regional dimension, with regions that are largely rural having
the highest poverty rates. While there was a
signifcant decline in poverty levels in urban areas, rural areas experienced slower reduction
in poverty. Between 2002/2003 and 2017/2018,
the number of Basotho living in poverty declined marginally from 61.3 percent to 60.7
percent of the rural population, and from 41.5
percent to 28.5 percent of the urban population (table 4.1.1). However, the extreme poverty headcount ratio declined by 6.9 percentage
points in rural areas (from 37.7 percent to 30.8
percent) during the same period, compared to
10.9 percentage points in urban areas (from
22.2 percent to 11.2 percent).
A profle of the poor in Lesotho suggests that
Basotho living in female-headed households,
Basotho living in households headed by widows
or widowers, children, large families, the less
educated, and the unemployed are the most
prone to being poor. The relationship between
poverty rates and age from the 2017/18 data
shows a typical U-shaped pattern, with poverty
being higher among the youth and the elderly
and lower among the working-age population
(Figure 4.1.1). Together, children under 16 and
the elderly (60+) account for approximately 48
percent of the poor. In general, the poverty rate
is the highest among the households with three
or more children under six years old.
11BoS (2019). Lesotho Poverty Trend and Profle Report 2000/2003 – 2017/2018.
To measure poverty, Lesotho, through the BoS, uses a welfare indicator is measured against a pre-determined threshold (the poverty line) below which a household or individual is deemed poor. Lesotho uses a consumption-based welfare measure to measure poverty, referred to as the consumption aggregate. The cost-of-basic-needs (CBN) method
is used to determine two consumption-based poverty lines for the country – the food or extreme poverty line as well as
the upper bound poverty line (referred to in this report as the national poverty line).
27
Source: Calculations based on the 2017/2018 Lesotho CMS/HBS. Children are defned to include
0-6 years of age. Marital status is for the head of household.
Source: BoS, 2019. Lesotho Poverty Trend and Profle Report 2000/2003 – 2017/2018.
Figure 4.1.1: Poverty by demographic characteristics, 2017/2018
Poverty declines with rising levels of education (Figure 4.1.2). In 2017/2018, 65.5 percent of people
were living in households whose head did not have a formal education versus 4.4 percent of those
living in a household whose head attained university education. Further, people living in households
whose head did not have formal education constituted 21.2 percent of the poor, and 16.0 percent of
the population.
Figure 4.1.2: Poverty headcount rate by head’s education, 2017/2018
28
4.1.3 Poverty and Gender
Poverty is more pronounced among female-headed households. In 2017/2018, 55.2 percent of
people living in female-headed households were poor compared to 46.3 percent in male-headed
households. However, most of the poor (58.5 percent) are living in male-headed households in 2017
(Figure4.1.3). The majority, 62.7 percent, of the Basotho population resided in household headed
by males.
Figure 4.1.3: Poverty and gender of household head, 2017/2018
Source: (BoS, 2019). Lesotho Poverty Trend and Profle Report 2000/2003 – 2017/2018
National poverty and inequality rates disguise
large sub-national variations in poverty, particularly between urban and rural areas. While
there was a signifcant decline in poverty levels
in urban areas, rural areas experienced slower reduction in poverty. Between 2002/2003
and 2017/2018, the number of Basotho living
in poverty declined marginally from 61.3 percent to 60.7 percent of the rural population, and
from 41.5 percent to 28.5 percent of the urban
population (Table 4.1.2 below). However, the
extreme poverty headcount ratio declined by
6.9 percentage points in rural areas (from 37.7
percent to 30.8 percent) during the same period, compared to 10.9 percentage points in urban areas (from 22.2 percent to 11.2 percent).
There were also signifcant differences in poverty levels and poverty trends between ecological zones: the Mountains and Senqu River
Valley were the poorest in 2017/2018 while the
Maseru Urban was the least poor. Moreover,
these two poorest regions experienced an increase in the poverty rate while there was a reduction in Maseru Urban, other urban regions
as well as in Rural Lowlands and the Foothills.
A profle of the poor indicates that the subpopulation groups that exhibit the highest poverty levels are people living in female-headed
households, households in which the head is
a widow or widower, large families, household
with relatively large dependency ratios, and
children. In addition, the profle shows that poverty is highest among households with limited
access to basic services including health facilities (SDG 3), education and training services
(SDG 4), energy (SDG 7), water and sanitation
facilities (SDGs 6).
4.1.4 Overall Inequalities Statistics: The
Gini Index
A signifcant change in the level of inequality was recorded between 2002/2003 and
2017/2018. Using the Gini Index as a measure
of inequality, the fndings indicate that the consumption per adult equivalent Gini Index was
51.9 in 2002/2003 and fell by 6.3 Gini points
to 44.6 in 2017/2018. In urban areas, the Gini
Index fell from 51.7 in 2002/2003 to 41.5 in
2017/2018. The corresponding change in rural
areas was from 50.5 to 41.7. The drop in the
Gini Index is partly explained by changes in
the survey instrument which collected data on
actual consumption in 2017/2018 compared to
consumption expenditure in 2002/2003.
29
Table 4.1.2: Changes in inequality, the Gini index
Source: BoS, 2019. Lesotho Poverty Trend and Profle Report 2000/2003 – 2017/2018.
The Gini Index in rural areas was 41.7 in 2017/18, while the Gini Index in urban areas was 4.1.4
(Figure 4.1.4 below). Thus, inequality is almost the same in urban and rural areas, and lower than
the national level. The consumption per adult equivalent Gini Index, a measure of inequality, declined nationally as well as in urban and rural areas between 2002/2003 and 2017/2018. The Gini
Index declined from 51.9 to 44.6. 12In urban areas, the Gini Index fell from 51.7 to 41.5 and from
50.5 to 41.7 in rural areas.
Figure 4.1.4: Changes in inequality, the Gini index
, Source: (BoS, 2019). Lesotho Poverty Trend and Profle Report 2000/2003 – 2017/2018.
30
4.1.5 Child and Adolescent Poverty
Lesotho has a relatively young population with
nearly a half of the inhabitants under the age of
18.13 A study of child and adolescent poverty in
Lesotho, using UNICEF Multiple Overlapping
Deprivation Analysis (MODA) methodology
in 2018 indicates that about 65.4 per cent of
all children and adolescent (aged 0-17 years)
are multi-dimensionally poor, that is they are
simultaneously deprived of three or more dimensions of well-being. 14Box 4.1.1 gives the
summary of the fndings of child poverty by dimension of deprivation. The Basotho children
are at the forefront of vulnerability and experience several deprivations at a time.
Deprivation is more than lack of income and
resources to sustain livelihood (SDG 8). It
comprises malnutrition; limited access to education, health and other basic facilities and
services (SDGs 3, 4, 5, 6, 7); discrimination
and violence and lack of protection (5, 10, 16).
15Alleviation of child poverty is one area of development, which is central in SDGs, as articulated in SDG 1. Target 1.2 aims at reducing at
least by half, the proportion of children, men,
and women living in poverty in all its dimension
according to national defnition by 2030.
Box 4.1.1: Child Poverty by Dimension of
Well-being
1. Across age groups, between 84-88 percent
of children are deprived with respect to housing (SDG 1, SDG 11),
2. HIV and AIDs affect 74 percent of children
aged 0-23 months, and 63 percent of children
aged 24 – 59 months (SDG 3, 10).
3. Nutrition intake is not adequate for 77 percent of children aged 0-23 months (SDGs 1, 2).
4. Child protection rate has higher deprivation for children aged 0-23 months and 24-59
months (79 And 72 percent respectively) compared to children aged 5-12 years and 13-17
years (36 and 42 percent respectively) (SDG
16).
5. Education is a vulnerability for 17 per of primary school children and 67 percent of secondary school children (SDG 4).
6. Water deprivation rate range between 29 –
32 percent among children of four age group
(SDG 6).
7. Sanitation deprivation is 64 percent for children aged 0-23 months, and between 48 and
54 percent for children aged 2-17 years.(SDG
6).
8. Between 7 and 10 percent of all children are
deprived with respect to information (SDG 16).
MoDP BoS/UNICEF Lesotho
12The consumption per capita Gini Index fell from 51.8 to 44.9 between 2002/2003 and 2017/2018.
13MoH and ICT International, 2016.
14MoDP/UNICEF (2018). Child Poverty in Lesotho: Understanding the Extent of Multi- overlapping Deprivation.
BoS sets 65.4% as baseline rate for child poverty in Lesotho to allow for future monitoring and progress tracking.
15Ibid.
31
Box 4.1.2
Profling Multidimensional Child-Poverty in
Lesotho
1. 65.4 percent of all children (aged 0-17
years) are multidimensionally poor.
2. Multidimensional child poverty is significantly higher in rural area compared to urban areas (72 and 43 percent respectively).
3. At regional level, Maseru has the lowest
proportion of multidimensional poor children (56 percent), while Mokhotlong and
Thaba-Tseka have the highest multidimensional poverty rates among children (85
and 84 percent respectively).
4. The proportion of multidimensional poor
children is higher in mountain locations
compared to lowlands (82 and 52.7 percent
respectively).
5. Difference in child deprivation based on
gender are relatively small for younger children. For older children, the gender disparities are more visible, particularly with respect to education, which affects 72 percent
of boys aged 13-17 compared to 50 percent
of girls in the same age group.
6. Orphan-hood is a condition that enhances multidimensional child poverty.
7. Multidimensional poverty rates are higher for girls experiencing early pregnancies
compared to girls who have not been pregnant (92 and 69 percent respectively).
The GoL is committed to ensuring that child
poverty is addressed comprehensively and in a
sustained manner in the next fve years and beyond. Apart from stimulating economic growth
and attracting Foreign Direct Investment (FDI),
the Government is investing heavily in the social sectors to promote inclusive and quality
education and health, accessible to all Basotho
children and adolescent. There are also initiatives /programmes to address child protection
with an objective of creating a society in Lesotho where every child, adolescent and young
person is safe, protected and thriving.
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1
] | {
"country": "lso",
"file_id": "sdg-01/vnr-report-lso-2019-en-1.pdf",
"language": "en",
"locality": null,
"size": "l",
"type": "vnr",
"year": 2019
} |
The GoL has successfully reduced absolute poverty in the last fve years. Between
2002/2003 and 2017/2018, Lesotho’s overall
national poverty and extreme poverty headcount ratios declined from 56.6 percent to
49.7 percent and from 34.1 to 24.1 percent. A
change in the level of inequality was also recorded during the same period. Gini index was
51.9 in 2002/2003 and fell by 6.3 Gini points to
44.6 in 2017/2018. But about 65.4 percent of
all children (aged 0-17 years) are multi-dimensionally poor.
Going forward, Lesotho prioritizes reducing poverty levels and inequalities (nationally
and in the districts) by rolling out and sustaining the gains of the last fve years using evidence-based and result-based management.
These will be achieved by, among others, enhancing food security, improving agricultural
productivity through research and development, use of technology, optimizing agriculture
land use, encouraging and supporting smart
and recision a riculture/farmin .
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Page 26 of 77
5.1.GOAL 1: END POVERTY IN ALL ITS FORMS EVERYWHERE
5.1.1 Status of Progress
Indicator 1.1.1: Proportion of population below the international poverty line by sex, age, employment status and
geographical location (urban/rural)
Lesotho has made remarkable progress in reducing poverty, accompanied by improvements in shared prosperity. The
proportion of the population living below the international poverty line of US$1.90/day (in 2011 PPP terms) declined
from 57.1 per cent in 2010 to 27.2 per cent in 20176. Between 2002 and 2017, there was an inclusive growth in
household consumption for the poorest of the population. This led to the Gini coefficient declining by seven
percentage points from 51 per cent to 44.9 per cent.
The COVID-19 pandemic presents a real threat to reversing the efforts that have resulted in poverty reduction.
Estimates indicate that the proportion of Basotho living below the international poverty line increased due to COVID19 related restrictions. Assuming a five per cent decline in consumption of all households, the poverty rate at US$1.90
a day rises to 29.6 per cent (Figure 3). The same trend is observed even under sectoral shocks. Across the four
economic sectors, households whose head is engaged in agriculture are expected to have the highest increase (3.1-
percentage points), followed by those in the services sector (2.5). As expected, a household whose main economic
activity is farming is also expected to experience the largest increase in poverty (3.4). The predictable unpredictability
of climate change is sure to widen and deepen the roots of poverty in Lesotho, especially on food production and
water harvesting for irrigation.
6 The poverty rate figures are extracted from the SDG Baseline report for 2010 and from UNICEF
simulation results for 2017.
Page 27 of 77
Figure 2: Headcount ratio before and after Covid19 at the international poverty line
Source: UNICEF-ESARO Poverty Simulation Model
Note: The baseline figures are the official national figures for poverty. The simulations are based on shocking
(reducing) the household consumption expenditure by 5%. Sectoral shocks are applied to households in a specific
economic sector rather than all households. A household is assigned to a sector based on the reported economic
activity sector of the household head. If the head is not working or does not report a sector, we use the sector of the
spouse, followed by the sector of the oldest adult in the household.
Indicator 1.2.1: Proportion of population living below the national poverty line
The poverty rate based on the national poverty line7 has not changed since the last VNR of 2019. The proportion of
Basotho who are classified as poor decreased by about seven percentage points, from 56.6 per cent in 2002 to 49.7
per cent8 in 2017. In absolute terms, this translates to 994,000 people living below the poverty line, meaning one
million Basotho do not live at a basic level of consumption sufficient to survive, and half a million live at an extreme
level of vulnerability.
Given different population growth and urbanisation rates, the largest decrease in the absolute number of poor has
been in the rural areas, while in percentage terms, the largest drop has been in urban areas. In urban areas, the poverty
rate declined from 41.5 to 28.5 per cent, while in rural areas, poverty decreased marginally from 61.3 to 60.7 per cent.
Comparing the absolute number of poor in urban and rural areas shows an increase of about 16,000 in urban areas. In
contrast, in rural areas, the absolute number of poor fell by 63,000, which drove the 47,000 reductions in the number
of poor at the national level.
The COVID-19 pandemic may have negatively impacted the country’s progress on poverty reduction. At the start of
the pandemic in 2019, 49.7 per cent of Basotho were living below the national poverty line. After the pandemic, the
national poverty level was expected to increase to 51.7 per cent due to the overall decline in household consumption
7 The national poverty line of Lesotho Maloti (LSL) is 648.88 (2017 prices) per adult equivalent per month. The poverty line is a consumption-based
measure using the cost-of-basic-needs method based on a food basket required to achieve the minimum daily calorie requirement (2,700 kilocalories
per adult equivalent per day) plus basic non-food consumption items.
8 Sulla, Victor; Zikhali, Precious; Mahler, Daniel Gerszon. Lesotho Poverty Assessment: Progress and Challenges in Reducing Poverty
(English). Washington, D.C.: World Bank Group. 27.2 33.4 34.2
19.3
23.9
21.8
18.5
21.9
33.7
29.6
36.2
37.3
20.8
26.4
23.7
20.2
23.5
37.1
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
Headcount Child(0-18) Agriculture Retail Trade Services Manufacturing Wage Own Business Own Farm
Baseline 5% Shock
Page 28 of 77
expenditure. For all children, the poverty headcount rate was expected to increase to 31.9 per cent from 29.5 per cent.
For children residing in rural areas, the poverty headcount was expected to increase to 69.6 per cent from 67.5 per
cent.
The COVID-19 crisis may also have slightly narrowed the rural-urban poverty gap from 32.4 in 2017 to 32.2 after
the crisis. The poverty headcount for the rural population would increase to 62.8 per cent from 60.7 per cent at
baseline, compared to an increase to 30.4 per cent from 28.5 per cent for the urban population. The poverty gap
increased by two percentage points for children due to COVID-19. At the baseline in 2017, households whose head
was in the services sector had the highest incidence of poverty in urban areas. The poverty rate of the rural population
in the services sector is expected to be 56.8 per cent because of the crisis. This represents an increase of 3.4 percentage
points before the pandemic. The urban population in the manufacturing sector is expected to record a rise of 3.1
percentage points due to the crisis. The lowest percentage increase is expected for the population whose main
economic activity is their own business at 3.2 per cent.
Figure 3: Headcount ratio before and COVID-19 across urban and rural at the national poverty line
Panel A. Urban Panel B. Rural
Source: UNICEF-ESARO Poverty Simulation Model
Note: The baseline figures are the official national figures for poverty. The simulations are based on shocking
(reducing) the household consumption expenditure by 5%. Sectoral shocks are applied to households in a specific
economic sector rather than to all households. A household is assigned to a sector based on the reported economic
activity sector of the household head. If the head is not working or does not report a sector, we use the sector of
the spouse, followed by the sector of the oldest adult in the household.
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
50.0
Baseline 5% Shock
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
Baseline 5% Shock
Page 29 of 77
Indicator 1.2.2: Proportion of men, women and children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions
Lesotho currently only measures multidimensional poverty for children aged 0 -17 years. The country has recorded
an improvement in multidimensional child poverty from 2014 to 20189. The proportion of children in all age groups,
who are multidimensionally poor, declined by 19.9 per cent from 65.4 per cent in 2014 to 45.5 per cent in 2018. A
child is considered multidimensionally poor if they are simultaneously deprived in three or more dimensions of their
well-being in their respective age group. The largest drop in multidimensional poverty is in the two middle-age groups
and the lowest drop (6.9 per cent) is experienced by infants ((0-23 months). For instance, early childhood (aged 24-
59 months) and primary childhood (5-12 years) experienced 20.4 per cent and 21.1 per cent, respectively. With
regards to different age groups, infants (children aged 0-23 months) still have the largest incidence of poverty at 68.8
per cent while primary childhood (aged 5-12 years) has the lowest incidence of multidimensional poverty at 38.2 per
cent.
The deprivation overlaps are relatively higher among infants and early childhood than in the older age groups, which
is further evidence of the vulnerability of children younger than five years in Lesotho.
Figure 4: Multidimensional Deprivation headcount ratio (%) for children aged 0-17 years
Note: A Child is identified as multidimensionally poor if he/she is deprived in three or more dimensions of wellbeing. There is no new information on men and women to show the change or reduction in poverty, therefore we will
focus on multidimensional child poverty.
Individuals living in households headed by females and someone with no education are more likely to be poor. In
2017, the poverty rate for female-headed households was 55.2 per cent and 46.3 per cent for male-headed households.
Widows and child-headed families on account of HIV, GBV and other socio-economic factors keep the trend of
poverty on the rise. The poverty rate among individuals living in a household headed by someone with no formal
education was about seven times the poverty rate among individuals living in a household in which the head had
9 UNICEF December 2021, Multidimensional Child Poverty Report.
65.4
94.1
78
57.2
67.3
45.5
68.8
44.2
38.2
57.9
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 - 17 Years 0 - 23 Months 24 - 59 Months 5 -12 Years 13 - 17 Years
All Children Age Groups
2014 2018
Page 30 of 77
completed tertiary education. The pace of poverty reduction increases with education levels, highlighting the role of
education as a socioeconomic equaliser.
Similarly, COVID-19 may worsen the child deprivations in nutrition for infants and education, especially for
adolescents. As a result of COVID-19, schools were closed for more than a year and many households, particularly
those working in the informal sector, lost their incomes.
Box 2: U Report poll on Goal 1
A summary offindings on Lesotho’s progress and achievements on SDG 1. .
Of those answered, 76.6% answered that they think “No Poverty” is Lesotho’s biggest priority. There
was only one person who answered that this is not very important for Lesotho. This possibly reflects the
sense of urgency for this goal due to the high level of poverty that Lesotho is facing. This is supported
by the many comments by the respondents which mention the severe level of poverty, including food
poverty faced by Basotho as the reasons that this goal is important for Lesotho. Other comments also
allude to the connection of this goal and the foundational nature of the goal to achieve other goals. Other
comments also mention the positive economic impact of poverty alleviation and, in turn, their
contribution to the economy of Lesotho.
On the changes since the last VNR, 63.9% of those answered felt that it had become worse. Additionally,
for the question on “How did COVID-19 affect poverty”, most of the youth respondents had answered
that it had become worse to a small extent. On the question on access to basic services, only 16.7% had
answered that everyone had access and around half had answered that only a limited number of people
had access. When asked, who are left behind in the access to these services, nearly half (49.2%) had
answered people in the rural area as the group that were left behind. This was followed by those that
mentioned youths, people with disabilities, elderly, children, LGBTQ+, as well as Migrants and Refugees
as those who were left behind.
Source: UNICEF Lesotho Country Office
Indicator 1.3.1D: Population covered by social protection systems, distinguished by main social protection schemes
Lesotho has a generous social transfer system covering older persons, people with disabilities, and orphans and
vulnerable children. The country has six key social assistance programmes whose coverage varies by year, namely
the OAP, School Feeding, Child Grants Programme (CGP), Public Assistance (PA), Orphan and Vulnerable Children
Bursary (OVC-B), and Cash for Work.
The proportion of older persons (i.e., over the age of 70 and not receiving civil service pension) covered by social
protection systems was 83 751 in 2017/18 with a transfer value of M800 per month. During the same year, the
coverage for CGP was estimated at 26 681 with monthly transfer values varying between M120 – M360 depending
on household size. By 2022 the CGP coverage has increased to 48,000 households nationwide. The OVC bursary,
which supports access to education, especially secondary education, for orphans and vulnerable children, had 23 000
beneficiaries.
Page 31 of 77
Indicator 1.5.1: Number of deaths, missing persons and directly affected persons attributed to disasters per 100,000
Lesotho frequently experiences a number of climate-borne shocks, drought is the most significant environmental risk
due to reliance on rain-fed agriculture and increasingly recurrent rainfall disruptions. Major droughts over the last
decades have affected large parts of the population, making hundreds of Basotho food insecure and triggering
humanitarian response both from the international donor community and the government.
The two most recent drought occurrences are El Nino 2015/2016 and 2019/2020. The 2015/16 drought was the worst
experienced in Lesotho in 35 years and it affected 979,000 people and left around 709,000 people food insecure
(LVAC). In the 2015/2016 event, 477,000 Basotho were classified as having a “survival deficit” or inability to meet
basic food and non-food needs.
5.1.2 Key Initiatives
i. Lesotho’s social protection system and its evolving strategy is the notable initiative that the country uses
to fight poverty and protect vulnerable groups. In the 2000s, facing impacts of HIV/AIDS epidemic and
growing poverty, larger programs were established aimed at vulnerable elderly and children, including:
1) Orphans and Vulnerable Children (OVC) Bursary program established in 2000; 2) OAP initiated in
2004, and 3) Child Grant Program (CGP) launched in 2009. These programs are aimed to protect people
from shocks across their life cycle.
ii. The Government of Lesotho is implementing the Smallholder Agriculture Development Project II
(SADP II) with financial support from the World Bank, Government of Japan and the international Fund
for Agricultural Development (IFAD). The purpose of the project is to provide credit to young and
emerging commercial farmers so as to support the increased adoption of climate smart agricultural
technologies in Lesotho’s agriculture, enhanced commercialization and improved dietary diversity
among targeted beneficiaries.
iii. Component three of the Improving adaptive capacity of vulnerable and food-insecure populations
(IACOV) has a direct link to poverty by designing and implementing, through a community-based
planning process, local resilience and adaptation plans focusing on robust asset creation schemes, income
diversification and market linkages, for increased adaptive capacity and household resilience.
5.1.3 Challenges and way forward
i. The consultations and review meetings revealed that a significant proportion of the population lacks
adequate knowledge of the SDG. There is therefore an urgent need to expand the current awarenesscreation efforts using institutions with access to communities and grassroots populations across the
country.
ii. Effective implementation of the SDGs requires adequate capacity at the Ministry of Development
Planning and Ministry of Finance. There is a lack of capacity to monitor the progress and implementation
of SDGs, and to ensure the alignment of MDAs’ priorities with national priorities.
Page 32 of 77
iii. Implementing SDG 1 and promoting the “Leaving No One Behind” policy requires strong research
capacity and output. There is a lack of requisite data to undertake a detailed analysis of the poverty
situation in the country. Where efforts are made, they are uncoordinated and often go unnoticed.
iv. Limitations in data capabilities and lack up-to-date data on poverty, including lack of necessary
disaggregation to account gender, geographic, economic and other social dichotomies as well as the
multi-dimensional poverty analyses
Key recommendations for way forward
• Adopting multi-stakeholder approaches to operationalising the SDGs has the potential to increase wide
participation in policy formulation and implementation towards realising the SDGs targets
• Lesotho's progress on SDG 1 – poverty reduction has been steady. Poverty has been on the decline between
the period of 2002 and 2017 with 47,000 people lifted out of poverty from national poverty line. The country
also made significant reductions in multidimensional child poverty.
• Similarly, Lesotho witnessed an expansion of the old-age pension while other social protection programs
have stagnated. Access to basic services like education, sanitation, and water has improved while a large
share of the rural population remains without electricity.
• While COVID-19 may have increased the level of poverty and widened existing inequalities, it also presented
an opportunity to build back better, especially the manner that all stakeholders participated in mitigating the
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Page 9 of 77
SDG 1 – No Poverty
The GoL has successfully reduced absolute poverty in the past two decades. Between 2002/2003 and
2017/2018, Lesotho’s overall national poverty and extreme poverty headcount ratios declined from 56.6 per
cent to 49.7 per cent and from 34.1 to 24.1 per cent. The level of inequalities measured as the Gini index, also
declined from 51.9 in 2002/2003 to 44.6 in 2017/2018. However, some gains were eroded by the effects of
COVID-19 pandemic, pushing additional 2 per cent of the population into poverty and rendering more than 25
per cent food insecure.
Despite this, the country has made notable progress on social protection, child poverty, and access to basic
services. The Government of Lesotho continues to implement social protection programmes across the country
with the aim of ensuring that all Basotho, especially the vulnerable and marginalised, are included into the
mainstream economy. The country launched the disability grant for people living with disabilities, following
the enactment of the Persons with Disabilities Equity Act in March 2021. The Government allocates 6.4 per
cent of the national budget to social protection programmes, that includes, the cash transfers under Old Age
Pensions (OAP), child grants, and school bursary schemes. Access to basic services like education, water, and
sanitation has improved while access to electricity, especially in the rural areas, remains low.
The country has made significant progress on the management of disasters and has developed a National
Disaster Risk Reduction Strategy that is aligned with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-
2030. | [
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SDG 1. END POVERTY IN
ALL ITS FORMS
EVERYWHERE
KEY CHALLENGES
Strengthening the situation of disadvantaged people, with a special focus on children
Reducing social stigma and making information more accessible
Reducing income inequality
Further reducing poverty levels, especially among people with disabilities and older people
INPROGRESS OF KEY INDICATORS PER TARGET
1.1. The share of people living below the international poverty line in Lithuania has been steadily
decreasing since 2018 0.98% in 2018 and 0.23% in 2021.
1.2.The at-risk-of-poverty rate in Lithuania is falling 22.9% in 2018 and 20% in 2021. However,
the highest rates remain for people with disabilities and those aged 65 and over (respectively,
32.7% and 35.9% in 2021. The proportion of people living in overcrowded conditions has also
increased in recent years (from 22.8% in 2018 to 23.7% in 2021.
1.3. The share of the unemployed people receiving unemployment cash benefits has increased
(from 25.9% in 2014 to 37.7% in 2020. The other national monitoring indicators for this objective
have not been updated since 2018.
1.4. COVID19 had a negative impact on the country's health system, increasing the proportion of
the population that did not receive medical advice or treatment when needed (from 3.1% in 2018
to 4.1% in 2021.
1.5. The use of funds for emergency management increased during the pandemic. The number of
deaths from COVID19 between 2020 and 2021 was 9,284.
More information on (in)progress for specific indicators is available here.
29
SDG 1 IMPORTANCE IN THE LITHUANIAN CONTEXT
The first SDG is a priority goal to combat problem of poverty
and social exclusion, especially among the elderly, single
people and people with disabilities, which Lithuania continues
to address through long-term and highly targeted measures.
In implementing this SDG, Lithuania intends both to reduce
poverty among the population (by ensuring prevention,
empowering the population and increasing employment) and
to help the population at risk of poverty (by increasing their
income, providing social assistance).
PROGRESS IN THE INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT
In terms of poverty reduction at EU level, Lithuania has made
significant progress since 2018 the share of the population at
risk of poverty or social exclusion has fallen from 28.5% in
2018 to 23.4% in 2021 (i.e. a decrease of 5.1 percentage
points) and this is the most successful change over this period
for the whole of the EU. At EU level, the overall share of the
population at risk of poverty or social exclusion remains stable
at 21.7% between 2018 and 2021.
Poverty and income inequality are identified as major social
problems in Lithuania in the NPP, whose strategic goal 2 is to
increase the social well-being and inclusion of the population,
and this NPP goal is linked to the Lithuanian 2030 and the first
SDG.
OVERVIEW OF INPROGRESS
Under SDG 1, Lithuania aims to reduce the at-risk-of-poverty
rate (the share of the population living below 60% of the
median income level). and there is noticeable progress in this
area since 2018 the at-risk-of-poverty rate decreased from
22.9% to 20% between 2018 and 2021 Although the change is
greater in rural areas (the at-risk-of-poverty rate in rural areas
decreases from 31.3% to 25.4% between 2018 and 2021, the
at-risk-of-poverty rate in urban areas also decreased during
this period (from 18.8% to 17.4%.
The level of risk of poverty is one of the components of the
poverty risk or social exclusion indicator. As shown in Figure
13, those aged 65 and over have been at the highest risk of
poverty or social exclusion throughout the period under
analysis - the measures taken have been effective, but current
challenges are hampering the effectiveness of existing
measures. It should be noted that while progress is being
made, disparities between Lithuania and the EU remain: in
2018, 28.5% of people living at risk of poverty or social
exclusion in Lithuania and 21.7% in the EU; in 2021, 23.4% and
21.7% respectively.
The positive developments presented above have been
influenced by the measures included in the strategic action
plans of the Ministry of Social Security and Labour MSSL
20182020 and subsequent, which provided support for the
social integration of people with disabilities, sought to
integrate people at social risk and social exclusion into the
labour market, and applied various support methods, such as
EU27
2018
EU27
(2021)
LITHUANIA
(2018)
LITHUANIA
(2021)
FIGURE 12. SHARE OF THE POPULATION (%) AT RISK OF POVERTY OR SOCIAL EXCLUSION
Source: EUROSTAT, 2023.
STRATEGIC AGENDA
While Lithuania has made significant progress in reducing the
risk of poverty and social exclusion, it remains above the EU
average.
Reducing the risk of poverty and social exclusion is one of the
main priorities of Lithuanian social policy and one of the goals
of the state, pursued through various strategic documents. In
particular, it implements Lithuania 2030, which aims, among
other goals, to reduce social exclusion by developing and
implementing national poverty reduction programmes. Poverty
eradication is also the focus of the 18th Government
Programme, which aims to reduce income inequality and
poverty through appropriate comprehensive fiscal and
financial measures and by increasing spending on social
protection, especially for those with the lowest benefits.
Poverty is at the heart of the 20212030 Development
Framework for Reducing Income Inequalities. The programme
aims to address the challenges of poverty among people of
retirement age, as well as people with disabilities, lone parents
and people in employment.
FIGURE 13. SHARE OF THE LITHUANIAN POPULATION AT RISK OF POVERTY OR SOCIAL
EXCLUSION (%), BY AGE GROUP, 2018-2021, COMPARED TO THE EU (27) AVERAGE.
Source: EUROSTAT, 2023.
30
cash social assistance (whose expenditure in 2019, compared
to 2018, increased by more than 37. 7% (from €362.55 million
to €499.42 million), child benefits, which contributed to the
reduction of child poverty, as well as state aid for the provision
of housing, social assistance for schoolchildren, support
offered by the state to the most disadvantaged and even to
the country's middle-income population, who benefit from
compensation for the heating costs of their homes. Another
important tool in the fight against poverty is the single person's
allowance, which is received by more than 220 thousand
inhabitants in Lithuania.
Since 2018, Lithuania has made a number of changes to
reduce poverty. As of 2018, the basic amounts (basic social
benefit, state-supported income, social assistance pension
base, target compensation base) that affect the amount of
social benefits was linked to the amount of the Minimum
Consumption Needs BASKET. This has ensured a steady
increase in the base rates, irrespective of political decisions.
From 2019, a basic package of family services has been
adopted, consisting of 14 basic services for family members of
different ages, to be provided by and accessible to all
Lithuanian municipalities on their territory. Part of the earned
income is no longer taken into account in the entitlement to
social benefits for the poorest – these changes are aimed at
reducing the risk of poverty among the working population.
With the introduction of COVID19, the share of non-deductible
income has been increased and it has been decided not to test
individuals' assets, thus allowing a larger share of the
population to access benefits. In 2021, in order to address the
problem of poverty among the elderly, amendments to the Law
on Social Insurance Pensions were adopted, which ensure a
faster increase (indexation) of social insurance pensions and
the basic part will no longer be reduced for persons who have
taken early retirement. In 2023, the Employment Enhancement
Programme, which will be implemented in all municipalities, will
come into full effect and will provide certain individuals with a
case manager service, offering individual support (counselling)
to help them enter the labour market. In order to reduce the
bureaucratic burden, it is possible to apply for compensation
for heating, hot water and drinking water costs only once
during the cold season (the same benefit no longer needs to
be applied for every three months). In order to reduce poverty
among people with disabilities in Lithuania, attention is paid
not only to increasing social benefits, but also to integrating
people with disabilities of working age (there are about 150
thousand of them in the country) into the labour market: In
2023, amendments to legal acts proposed by the MSSL
adopted by the Parliament, based on the good practices of
Western countries, came into force, which create more
opportunities for people with disabilities to actively participate
in the labour market, and for employers – to provide the
necessary assistance in employing them or maintaining the job
after an employee has acquired a disability. People with
disabilities benefit from preventive measures such as postemployment support, assistance in adapting the workplace
and working environment, and the support of a work assistant.
These changes aim to focus more on the employment of
people with disabilities in open labour markets rather than in
social enterprises, which do not necessarily address poverty.
Lithuania has made progress in reducing the risk of poverty
and social exclusion in recent years, the risk of poverty among
the population aged 65 and over remains a significant problem
35.9% of this group were at risk of poverty in 2021. It is also
important to continue to address the at-risk-of-poverty rate
among children, as although the share of children aged 17
years at risk of poverty decreased by 6.7 percentage points
between 2018 and 2021, it still stood at 17.2%.
Since 2021, there has also been an increase in the number of
people living in overcrowded housing, and although this
indicator has been decreasing since 2017, the proportion of
this population increased slightly in 2021 compared to 2018
(by 0.9%. This increase is partly due to the rapid rise in rents
during and after the pandemic, as well as the growing number
of migrants, which reached almost 29 thousand in 2018 and
44.9 thousand in 2021.
In terms of progress on the SDG 1 indicators, the biggest
problem is the number of people who did not receive medical
advice or treatment when they needed it. The proportion of
this population has increased since 2017, especially in 2021.
This may be mainly due to COVID19 and its administrative
measures, which have made access to medical advice and
services more difficult.
In order to achieve SDG 1, social partners and NGOs are also
involved in Lithuania. NGOs, municipal service departments
and institutions can also provide social services, while the
MSSL also publishes special public tenders for NGOs.
Consultations have been held with representatives of certain
NGOs in connection with decisions to change existing benefits
or introduce new ones, such as the planning of a universal
child allowance, and with the National Network of AntiPoverty Organisations, whose representatives have taken part
in meetings on the design, scope and other issues of support.
Further work is being done to find ways of involving civil
society more closely in the work of the State and the delivery
of public services.
THE CHALLENGES AHEAD
It is difficult to assess the impact of global challenges (such as
the war in Ukraine, rising prices, etc.) on the achievement of
this SDG. In order to limit the impact of these crises on
poverty growth, packages of different measures were
implemented, including lump sum payments, increases in the
base and other services to residents and businesses have
been developed. For example, in order to control the impact of
COVID19 on the economy, benefits were provided to
residents and businesses to maintain employment, while
Ukrainian children who fled the war to Lithuania received the
same benefits as Lithuanian children (all beneficiaries of
temporary protection in the country receive the same social
services and benefits as Lithuanian residents).
Reducing social stigma is also a challenge for SDG 1 and
further poverty prevention. People in Lithuania are still often
reluctant to ask for the social services or support to which
they are entitled. To better inform the public, a website
(http://kasmanpriklauso.lt/) has been set up to provide
information on compensation and other support to which
people are entitled. More and more personalised support is
being offered to meet people's individual needs. It is also
important to point out that poverty is not a question of one
institution, but an expression of solidarity in society, which is
why it is necessary to continue to promote social dialogue, to
increase accountability for undeclared work and any form of
exploitation at work, and to raise the issue of profit sharing
between workers and employers. Government efforts through
intervention do not always achieve results because society
31
itself is not always willing to share. In this case, a very important
part of public education is to educate the population so that
they do not become completely dependent on support systems,
but at the same time are able to accept the assistance offered
to them.
Some of the above-mentioned anti-poverty measures had their
greatest impact in the first years of their implementation (thus
potentially contributing significantly to the positive development
of the indicators), but additional funding is needed for these
measures to continue to be effective.
It is important to note that Lithuania allocated 16.3% of its gross
domestic product GDP to social protection in 2020, while the
EU average was 21.8%. This suggests that greater public
investment in poverty reduction could be considered. The EC's
State of Lithuania 2022 report and recommendations highlight
the benefits of increasing public sector wages, pensions and
other benefits for poverty reduction in Lithuania, but this
requires ensuring stable sources of revenue – the planned
review of the tax system could help to ensure continued funding
of existing measures and help to address income inequality.
CONCLUSIONS AND PROPOSALS
Overall, Lithuania's progress towards SDG 1 can be assessed
as moderate. While positive progress has been made in recent
years in reducing the risk of poverty and social exclusion,
important challenges remain: Strengthening the situation of
disadvantaged people, with a particular focus on children;
Reducing stigma and improving access to information;
Reducing income inequality; Further reducing poverty levels,
especially among people with disabilities and the elderly.
Addressing these challenges requires a more comprehensive
approach to poverty reduction that goes beyond financial and
fiscal measures. It is also important to ensure that the
implementation of anti-poverty measures is more targeted,
individualised and effective. In order to ensure a consistent
implementation of this SDG, it is also necessary to ensure that
the country's monitoring indicators are regularly updated. For
example, six out of seven indicators of SDG 1.3 target
“Implement nationally adequate social protection systems and
measures for all, including minimum thresholds, covering a
significant proportion of the poorest and most vulnerable by
2030” have not been updated since 2016/2018. In order to
reduce poverty in Lithuania, it is important to further
strengthen the country's social security system and the
situation of socially vulnerable people, paying particular
attention to people with disabilities and the elderly, as well as
to reduce income inequality in the country. It is also important
to maintain educational measures that help to reduce social
stigma and to develop information on available services.
FIGURE 14 .SHARE OF THE LITHUANIAN POPULATION AT RISK OF POVERTY OR SOCIAL
EXCLUSION (%), BY AGE GROUP, 2018-2021, COMPARED TO THE EU (27) AVERAGE.
Source: EUROSTAT, 2023
FOR SOCIAL PROTECTION
(ON AVERAGE IN EU27, 2020)
22%
OF GDP
FOR SOCIAL PROTECTION
(IN LITHUANIA, 2020)
16%
OF GDP
GOOD PRACTICE
In order to reduce poverty, social exclusion and inequality between different groups of society and
the resulting problems, MSSL has developed a tool to monitor the effectiveness of social assistance
in Lithuanian municipalities. The tool aims to contribute to the poverty reduction goals in Lithuania,
the implementation of the EU Social Pillar and other strategies to reduce poverty and social exclusion;
to develop a vision of an effective social support system, to create positive incentives for
municipalities to improve the provision of support, to share experiences, to learn from good examples
and to have a tool for monitoring the effectiveness of the social support provided by municipalities,
for comparison between municipalities by their groups and on a national level.
The monitoring of the effectiveness of social assistance is carried out by selecting the main indicators
of the social assistance system in the areas of poverty reduction, assistance and prevention and
combining them into a common index. Each area is in turn composed of 14 dimensions: the poverty
reduction area includes one poverty reduction dimension. The prevention domain comprises the
dimensions of social protection resources and environmental indicators relevant to the functioning of
the social assistance system. The assistance domain covers the dimensions of cash assistance,
services, employment and housing. The indicators in the area of assistance are directly focused on
the provision of assistance to the needy population. This approach essentially compares
municipalities with each other and aims to minimise the gap between municipalities. As the outcome
of social assistance can be determined by different external factors, municipalities are grouped by
county, by level of urbanisation, and municipalities with similar labour market and demographic
characteristics are compared.
Source: Pexels.
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Page 16 sur 173
Objectif 1.
Éliminer la pauvreté sous toutes ses formes et partout dans le
monde
Cible 1.1 D’ici à 2030, éliminer complètement l’extrême pauvreté dans le monde entier (s’entend
actuellement du fait de vivre avec moins de 1,25 dollar par jour).
Cible 1.2 D’ici à 2030, réduire de moitié au moins la proportion d’hommes, de femmes et d’enfants de tout
âge qui vivent dans la pauvreté sous tous ses aspects, telle que définie par chaque pays et quelles
qu’en soient les formes.
Cible 1.3 Mettre en place des systèmes et mesures de protection sociale pour tous, adaptés au contexte
national, y compris des socles de protection sociale, et faire en sorte que, d’ici à 2030, une part
importante des pauvres et des personnes vulnérables en bénéficient.
Cible 1.4 D’ici à 2030, faire en sorte que tous les hommes et les femmes, en particulier les pauvres et les
personnes vulnérables, aient les mêmes droits aux ressources économiques et qu’ils aient accès
aux services de base, à la propriété et au contrôle des terres et à d’autres formes de propriété, à
l’héritage et aux ressources naturelles et à des nouvelles technologies et des services financiers
adéquats, y compris la microfinance.
Cible 1.5 D’ici à 2030, renforcer la résilience des pauvres et des personnes en situation vulnérable et réduire
leur exposition et leur vulnérabilité aux phénomènes climatiques extrêmes et à d’autres chocs et
catastrophes d’ordre économique, social ou environnemental.
Cible 1.a Garantir une mobilisation importante de ressources provenant de sources multiples, y compris par
le renforcement de la coopération pour le développement, afin de doter les pays en
développement, en particulier les pays les moins avancés, de moyens adéquats et prévisibles de
mettre en œuvre des programmes et politiques visant à mettre fin à la pauvreté sous toutes ses
formes.
Cible 1.b Mettre en place aux niveaux national, régional et international des principes de politique générale
viables, qui se fondent sur des stratégies de développement favorables aux pauvres et soucieuses
de la problématique hommes-femmes, d’accélérer l’investissement dans des mesures
d’élimination de la pauvreté.
L’Agenda 2030 fixe comme objectif de vaincre intégralement l’extrême pauvreté avant 2030.
L’éradication de la pauvreté sous toutes ses formes et dans toutes ses dimensions est considérée
comme « le plus grand défi mondial et une condition préalable essentielle à un développement
durable ». La Banque mondiale estime qu’en 2015, 700 millions de personnes vivent dans une
pauvreté extrême, dont plus de 70% sont des femmes4
.
4
Selon la Banque mondiale, une personne vit dans une pauvreté extrême si elle dispose de moins de 1,90 US$ par jour.
AGENDA 2030 – Luxembourg
Page 17 sur 173
Cet objectif d’éradication de la pauvreté est repris par l’expression « to leave no one behind / ne
laisser personne de côté » comme principe central et transversal à l’Agenda 2030 dans son
intégralité.
L’Agenda 2030 a une compréhension globale de la pauvreté : il ne s’agit pas uniquement de la
pauvreté monétaire, mais des fondements manquants pour assurer dignité et humanité à toute vie.
Ces fondements sont visés par de nombreux ODD car la pauvreté ne peut être surmontée qu’à
condition de progrès convergents dans les domaines décisifs.
b. ODD1 et ses cibles
Si la cible 1.1 vise l’élimination de l’extrême pauvreté, la cible 1.2 se concentre sur la réduction de
moitié de la pauvreté sans toutes ses formes selon les définitions nationales respectives.
Concrètement, l’ODD 1 concerne les systèmes et mesures de protection sociale (1.3), le droit d’accès
pour tous les hommes et femmes aux ressources économiques, à la terre et aux ressources
naturelles, et l’accès aux services financiers (1.4.), ainsi que le renforcement de la résilience des
pauvres et des personnes en situation vulnérable, notamment la réduction de leur exposition aux
phénomènes climatiques extrêmes (1.5). En tant que moyen de mise en œuvre, l’ODD 1 prévoit une
mobilisation importante de ressources provenant de sources multiples (1.a) et une accélération des
investissements dans des mesures d’élimination de la pauvreté (1.b).
c. ODD 1 au niveau national
Le Luxembourg, se rallie à l’objectif européen de la stratégie Europe 2020 qui vise à « favoriser
l'inclusion sociale, en particulier en réduisant la pauvreté, en s'attachant à ce que 20 millions de
personnes au moins cessent d'être confrontées au risque de pauvreté et d'exclusion. »
Le gouvernement soutient cet objectif européen par des mesures qui contribuent à augmenter
notamment le taux d’emploi des femmes et celui des monoparentaux.
Dans le Rapport 2016 pour le Luxembourg, la Commission européenne souligne que le taux de risque
de pauvreté et d’exclusion sociale du Luxembourg (AROPE) reste, avec 19%, parmi les plus faibles de
l’Union européenne. L’exclusion sociale induite par les prix élevés de l’immobilier demeure le défi
social majeur du Luxembourg.
D’autres défis concernent notamment le taux de risque de pauvreté des familles monoparentales et
celui des personnes de 16 à 24 ans.
Les transferts sociaux élevés continuent à réduire de manière significative le risque de pauvreté au
Luxembourg.
En matière de sécurité sociale, le Luxembourg a l’un des systèmes les plus complets en Europe, voire
au monde. Par le biais du « tiers payant social », il est ainsi possible à des personnes avec un revenu
très modeste, soit issu d’une activité salariale, soit provenant de transferts sociaux, d’avoir un accès
aux soins de santé de qualité qui sont directement pris en charge par l’assurance maladie-maternité.
Aujourd’hui, il s’agit de consolider la qualité des prestations et aussi faciliter l’accès des personnes à
ces prestations. Dans ce contexte, les défis émanant de l’évolution démographique, et notamment
du vieillissement de la population protégée, doivent être relevés pour garantir à terme un accès
équitable de toute personne protégée à un système de sécurité sociale et de santé offrant des soins
de qualité.
AGENDA 2030 – Luxembourg
Page 18 sur 173
Dans ce contexte il convient de souligner que le Luxembourg est en tête du peloton européen en
termes de croissance démographique. Même en temps de crise, la population luxembourgeoise a
continué à croître. En passant de 314.889 habitants au 1er janvier 1961 à 576.249 habitants au 1er
janvier 2016, la population du Luxembourg a ainsi augmenté de 83% en un peu plus d’un demi-siècle.
Au cours des dix dernières années, la population du pays s’est accrue de 22,8%, alors que sur la
même période, la croissance démographique dans l’UE-28 n’était que de 2,7% en moyenne. La
Belgique (7,4%) et la France (5,4%) dépassent la moyenne européenne, alors que l’Allemagne perd
des habitants depuis le milieu des années 2000 (-0,3% entre 2016 et 2006). La dynamique de
l’immigration engendre une part croissante des étrangers dans la population totale du Luxembourg :
celle-ci est passée de 26,3% en 1981, à 46,7% en 2016, avec plus de 150 nationalités différentes.
La lutte contre la pauvreté et à terme l’éradication de la pauvreté est à la base de la politique de
coopération au développement du Luxembourg et inscrite en tant que tel dans la loi. Le Luxembourg
voue 1% de son RNB à l'aide publique au développement. Cette aide est mise en œuvre suivant
certaines stratégies et principes. La décision a été prise en 1992 de se conformer à la
recommandation internationale de consacrer 0,7% du RNB à l’APD. Ce seuil a été atteint en 2000.
Depuis lors 1% du RNB a été fixé par les gouvernements respectifs comme nouvel objectif. Ce
nouveau seuil est acquis depuis 2009 et respecté depuis lors avec des différences légères dues à la
croissance du RNB en cours d'année.
d. Description des mesures entreprises par le Luxembourg
Résumé ODD1 – Eradication de la pauvreté
La priorité est donnée à la cible 1.2 qui vise à réduire de la pauvreté sous tous ses aspects, l’objectif
national reprenant l’objectif de la Stratégie Europe 2020.
Les principales mesures mises en œuvre au Luxembourg sont le RMG (modifié REVIS), l’aide sociale,
le PO FEAD d’aide alimentaire et assistance matérielle de base, le réseau d’épiceries sociales et le
dispositif de chèque-service accueil pour les enfants jusqu’à 12 ans.
(1.1) Non documentée
(1.2) Le Luxembourg a repris comme objectif national l’objectif de la Stratégie Europe 2020 de
« favoriser l'inclusion sociale en réduisant la pauvreté ». La réussite de la stratégie dépend du renfort
mutuel de toutes ses actions, en particulier dans les domaines de l’emploi, de l’éducation et de
l’inclusion sociale
Selon la définition de la Commission européenne, l’inclusion sociale est un processus qui garantit que
les personnes en danger de pauvreté et d’exclusion sociale obtiennent les possibilités et les
ressources nécessaires pour participer pleinement à la vie économique, sociale et culturelle et
qu’elles jouissent d’un niveau de vie et de bien être considéré comme normal pour la société dans
laquelle elles vivent5
. Au Luxembourg, deux des trois piliers de la protection sociale se consacrent à
l’inclusion sociale, à savoir l’assistance sociale et l’aide sociale.
5
Rapport conjoint sur l’inclusion sociale 2004
AGENDA 2030 – Luxembourg
Page 19 sur 173
Le dispositif du revenu minimum garanti (RMG) est un des moyens de contribuer à l’objectif national.
Toute personne séjournant légalement au Luxembourg peut, sous réserve d’en remplir les conditions
générales d’ouverture, bénéficier du RMG et de services essentiels qui sont autant de mécanismes
d’inclusion sociale et de réduction de la pauvreté.
Afin de répondre au caractère multidimensionnel des phénomènes de pauvreté et d’exclusion
sociale, le dispositif RMG combine, au Luxemburg trois volets essentiels qui correspondent aux trois
piliers de la stratégie d’inclusion active
1) la garantie d’un revenu minimum6
,
2) l’accompagnement vers le marché de l’emploi,
3) l’accès à des services de qualité.
Tout en se situant dans le cadre de la lutte contre l'exclusion sociale et tout en visant l'inclusion
sociale et professionnelle, le dispositif confère à ses bénéficiaires des moyens d'existence suffisants
et permet ainsi de lutter contre la pauvreté.
Afin de mettre encore davantage l’accent sur l’activation sociale et professionnelle et afin de donner
à tous la possibilité de s’adonner à une activité rémunérée adaptée aux besoins et aux capacités, le
Gouvernement a déposé, en janvier 2017, un projet de loi relatif au revenu d’inclusion sociale
(REVIS) qui remplacera le dispositif du RMG.
Par ailleurs, le Luxembourg a mis en œuvre le programme opérationnel d’aide alimentaire et
d’assistance matérielle de base soutenu par le Fonds européen d'aide aux plus démunis (programme
opérationnel du Luxembourg approuvé par la Commission européenne le 16 décembre 2014). Le
FEAD a pour mission de favoriser le renforcement de la cohésion sociale et participe de ce fait à la
réduction de la pauvreté dans ses formes les plus graves. Au Luxembourg, le FEAD concourt à
atténuer les formes d'extrême pauvreté ayant la plus forte incidence en matière d'exclusion sociale,
en permettant de répondre à une situation de détresse au niveau alimentaire et des biens matériaux
de base ; il permet de dégager du budget pour d’autres frais, notamment les frais du logement.
Le réseau composé des épiceries sociales, des Cents Butteks et des épiceries solidaires fournit des
denrées alimentaires aux personnes touchées par la pauvreté, qui par cette initiative, voient leur
pouvoir d’achat augmenter tout en ayant accès à des produits frais et de qualité. La Croix-Rouge
luxembourgeoise et Caritas Luxembourg ont élaboré ensemble un concept "d'épiceries sociales".
Dans plusieurs points de vente à travers le pays, ces épiceries sociales fournissent ainsi aux
personnes touchées par la pauvreté – identifiées par les Offices sociaux et les services sociaux agréés
—, des denrées alimentaires et des produits d'usage quotidien pour une participation financière
réduite.
Au Luxembourg, l'aide sociale assure aux personnes dans le besoin et à leur famille un accès aux
biens et aux services adapté à leur situation particulière afin de les aider à acquérir ou à préserver
leur autonomie. L'aide est de nature palliative, curative ou préventive. Elle est axée sur un
accompagnement social à court, moyen ou long terme; en cas de nécessité, cet accompagnement
sera assorti d'une aide matérielle en nature ou en espèces.
6
Dans les conditions fixées par la loi RMG (Voir : loi RMG, article 1ier)
AGENDA 2030 – Luxembourg
Page 20 sur 173
Depuis 2009, le Luxembourg a par ailleurs mis en place un système de services d’éducation et
d’accueil pour les enfants de 0 à 12 ans complété d’un dispositif de chèque-service accueil (CSA). Les
tarifs du CSA sont adaptés au revenu des parents et partiellement gratuits pour les revenus faibles.
La prise en compte du revenu et de la situation sociale du bénéficiaire du chèque-service accueil
permet de cibler l’aide versée par l’Etat aux familles qui en ont le plus besoin.
(1.3) Le Luxembourg possède l'un des systèmes de protection sociale les plus complets en Europe,
voire dans le monde. Toute personne peut ainsi bénéficier, le cas échéant en respectant certaines
conditions, d'une protection sociale adéquate et assurant un seuil de vie décent. Ainsi, le système de
protection sociale luxembourgeois offre une assurance maladie, une assurance dépendance, une
assurance pension, des prestations familiales, un Revenu Minimum Garanti ainsi que diverses
prestations mixtes. Par ailleurs, les personnes gravement handicapées bénéficient d'un revenu
identique au RMG ainsi que diverses aides complémentaires. Le RMG ainsi que l'assurance
dépendance sont actuellement en cours de réforme, dans l’objectif d’offrir des prestations plus
adaptés aux besoins des bénéficiaires tout en consolidant les systèmes respectifs à moyen et long
terme. D'autres mesures spécifiques viendront compléter les différents systèmes de protection
sociale en place et donc pour renforcer l'inclusion et l'innovation sociale.
Dans le cadre de la lutte contre l'exclusion sociale, le Luxembourg a institué un droit à un revenu
minimum garanti, par la loi modifiée du 29 avril 1999 portant création d’un droit à un revenu
minimum garanti (RMG), qui confère, dans les conditions fixées par ladite loi, des moyens suffisants
d'existence ainsi que des mesures d'insertion professionnelle et sociale. Le revenu minimum garanti
consiste à attribuer soit une indemnité d'insertion, soit une allocation complémentaire destinée à
couvrir la différence entre les montants maxima du revenu minimum garanti définis (article 5) et la
somme des ressources dont la communauté domestique dispose, soit conjointement une indemnité
d'insertion et une allocation complémentaire sans pour autant dépasser les limites fixées (article 5).
(1.4) En vue d’assurer les droits à la propriété foncière, le Gouvernement a donné aux Fonds du
Logement et à Société Nationale des Habitations à Bon Marché la possibilité d’exercer une activité de
promoteur social, avec notamment comme mission de créer de nouveaux quartiers de ville, des lieux
d’habitat et d’espaces de vie, de promouvoir la qualité du développement urbain, de réduire le coût
d’aménagement des terrains à bâtir et d’agrandir le parc public des logements locatifs et contribuer à
en assurer la gestion.
(1.5) Dans sa politique de coopération au développement et d'assistance humanitaire, le
Luxembourg donne une priorité aux personnes les plus vulnérables. La politique d'assistance
humanitaire prévoit, dans sa stratégie, le soutien spécifique à des actions de prévention des risques
de crise et de reconstruction après les crises. Les acteurs à travers lesquels ces actions sont mises en
œuvre sont les agences internationales et les ONG humanitaires.
(1.a) La politique de coopération du Luxembourg mobilise 1% de son RNB depuis 2009 pour l’aide
publique au développement (APD). En 2016 le Luxembourg a été le 2e pays du CAD/OCDE à ce faire,
derrière la Norvège avec 1,1%. Le Luxembourg applique l'additionnalité des fonds climat et n'inclut
AGENDA 2030 – Luxembourg
Page 21 sur 173
pas dans le calcul de son APD les dépenses liées à l'accueil des réfugiés ou migrants. L'ensemble de
l'APD va donc vers les pays en développement. Priorité est donnée aux pays les moins avancés et au
renforcement des capacités des pays en développement. L’APD vers les pays les moins avancés
s’élève à 45,16% des efforts bilatéraux.
La part de l'APD globale consacrée aux infrastructures et services sociaux est de 45 % et de 38% pour
l’APD globale. La part de APD bilatérale en matière d'éducation est de 13,3% et pour la santé de 16%.
(1.b) Non documentée
e. Indicateurs
Le groupe de travail « Indicateurs » de la CIDD a sélectionné l’indicateur « taux de risque de pauvreté
et d'exclusion sociale en lien avec le taux d'emploi et le niveau d’éducation », pour mesurer les
progrès accomplis pour la cible « 1.2 D’ici à 2030, réduire de moitié au moins la proportion
d’hommes, de femmes et d’enfants de tous âges souffrant d’une forme ou l’autre de pauvreté, telle
que définie par chaque pays » jugée pertinente pour le Luxembourg. 7
Pour mesurer la mise en œuvre de l’Agenda 2030 en tant qu’agenda universel, les indicateurs « part
de l’Aide Publique au Développement bilatérale pour l’éducation », « part de l’Aide Publique au
Développement bilatérale pour la santé » et « part de l’Aide Publique au Développement bilatérale
pour les services sociaux » ont été sélectionnés, pour suivre la mise en œuvre de la cible « 1.a
Garantir une mobilisation importante de ressources provenant de sources multiples, y compris par le
renforcement de la coopération pour le développement, afin de doter les pays en développement, en
particulier les pays les moins avancés, de moyens adéquats et prévisibles de mettre en œuvre des
programmes et politiques visant à mettre fin à la pauvreté sous toutes ses formes ». En complément
sont proposés l'indicateur « 1.a. 1 proportion des ressources directement allouées par l'Etat à des
programmes de réduction de la pauvreté » et l'indicateur « 1.a.2 proportion des dépenses publiques
totales affectés aux services essentiels » (part APD du RNB suivant le calcul CAD/OCDE et les
indicateurs pour la santé et l'éducation [codes OCDE] et part PMA). | [
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1
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"country": "lux",
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"language": "fr",
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} |
16 LE LUXEMBOURG EN TRANSITION
Dans les pages qui suivent, nous passons en revue l’état d’avancement de quelques ODD clés pour
le Luxembourg dans sa mise en œuvre de l’Agenda 2030.
Pas de pauvreté
Malgré tous les moyens mis en
œuvre, l’augmentation du risque
de pauvreté monétaire (revenu
disponible) n’a pu être enrayée et
l’objectif de réduction du nombre de personnes en risque
de pauvreté à l’horizon 2020 n’a pas été atteint. Le taux de
risque de pauvreté au travail est aussi plus élevé au Luxembourg qu’au niveau UE-27. Les indicateurs sont cependant
nettement plus favorables lorsque l’on mesure ce risque
après transferts sociaux, ce qui confirme que la politique
sociale est l’une des forces de la société luxembourgeoise.
De plus, le pays déploie de larges efforts pour assurer aux
ménages à faibles revenus un accès gratuit ou à faible coût
à des services essentiels tels que garde d’enfants, repas
scolaires ou transport public. Ces aides n’entrent pas dans
le calcul du taux de pauvreté mais ont un impact significatif
sur le niveau de vie des ménages. | [
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48 49 LATVIA IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS
Local Governments Working
to Improve Lives
Local government social services and social
assistance benefits are particularly important
for people at risk of poverty.
– Many local governments have voluntarily
set a higher guaranteed minimum income level
beyond that mandated by the national government to provide for their citizens’ basic needs.
– To reduce the poverty risk for families
with children, especially single-parent families,
many local governments provide free lunches
for children at school, kindergarten or set significant school meal discounts, supplementing
the basic free lunch funding for children at
school subsidised by the national government.
– Local governments provide additional
support for housing, health care, etc. to elderly
people with low incomes living alone, one of the
most socially vulnerable groups.
Limited availability of public financial resources is one of the biggest challenges in addressing poverty. Although social protection is one
of Latvia’s largest national budget items, Latvia
is among those EU and OECD member states
that channel a relatively small proportion of the
GDP to social protection.
1
End poverty in all its
forms everywhere
EVALUATION OF LATVIA’S IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SDGS AND THEIR TARGETS
Reducing poverty is one of the most important goals of Latvia and the whole of Europe. Latvia 2030 calls for the reduction of the
at risk of poverty rate to 16 % by 2030 (Eurostat
2016 – 21.8%), while the National Reform Programme of Latvia for the Implementation of the
Europe 2020 Strategy targets decreasing the
at risk of poverty and/or in low intensity work
households to 21 % by 2020 (in 2016 - 23.4 %,
2010 - 22.1%).
In the medium term, Latvia has prioritised
reducing the poverty rate for employed persons
and families with children, while continuing to
improve conditions for older persons and persons with disabilities. The share of people at risk
of poverty or social exclusion (Eurostat data)
fell by 10 % between 2010 (38.2%) and 2016
(28.2%), while the population has decreased by
about 9% during the same period.
Economic growth and decent work play a
crucial role in reducing poverty (see sections
SDG 8 and SDG 10).
During the economic crisis of 2008-2011, a
social safety net was put in place to meet basic
welfare, education, employment, transport and
health needs. Several measures were retained
after the crisis, such as medical co-payments
exemptions for low-income persons.
Since the economic recovery began (after
the crisis that led to high unemployment and
emigration), the employment rate has increased
(in 2017 for 20-64 olds: 72.7% for women, 77.0%
for men). This is partly due to government programmes to support employability, especially
of the long-term unemployed youth, those 50
years and older, prison inmates and those who
have completed their sentences. These programmes are being constantly improved.
Persons with disabilities are provided with
government-funded assistant services to access
schools, universities and work. In 2016, 24.9%
of persons with disabilities (52% women and
48% men) were registered as employed. To encourage employment of persons at risk of social
exclusion, the government has launched a pilot project to support social enterprises. From
2018, businesses can qualify for social enterprise status and receive special support.
Support to families with children has been
significantly increased between 2014 and 2018
through family benefits during the child-care
period. This includes differentiated family benefits, depending on the number of children, additional allowances and tax exemptions. Local
governments provide free meals in schools and
kindergartens, and there are also discounts
for public transport. Persons with disabilities,
orphans etc. receive free public transport and
families with three and more children are entitled to a 25% discount for public transporation costs. This support has contributed to the
reduction in the risk of poverty for families in
which two adults raise three or more children
(19.8 % in 2016), however, the risk of poverty
remains high (34.3 %) in single-parent families.
Pensions granted during the economic crisis (when wage levels fell) are being recalculated and the indexing of all pensions and indemnities continues. In spite of this, the poverty
risk for persons over the age of 65 of continues
to increase (39.9% in 2016), and there are distinct differences between the poverty risk for
men (29.1%) and women (45.1%). Women’s life
expectancy exceeds men’s by more than 10
years, and when women outlive their husbands,
their poverty risk escalates.
For several years, the proportion of persons
classified as being in need according to Latvian
regulations has ranged between 2.3 and 2.4 %.
Local government social services provide these
persons social assistance, such as housing allowances, guaranteed minimum income (GMI)
benefits, etc. Since 2018, the GMI in Latvia is 53
EUR per person per month, and the local governments cover the difference between GMI
and household (personal) income. The Government adopted the Concept Paper on Determining a Minimum Income Level that outlines
the need to set a methodologically sound, evidence-based minimum income level as reference point for improving the system of social
benefits, social insurance and social assistance.
The concept is being gradually implemented,
primarily through income support to population groups with the highest poverty risk.
Source: Latvian Association of
Local and Regional Governments
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1
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"country": "lva",
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No Poverty –
reducing the depth
of poverty
Data source: Eurostat
EU-27 Latvia
Latvia's goal is to reduce the depth of poverty of the population with
the lowest incomes, especially people of retirement age, people with
disabilities, and children at social risk. Economic growth, an efficient
tax system, lifelong learning, decent work, and appropriate social
inclusion measures decrease the risk of poverty. Paying taxes ensures
health care services, pensions and other forms of social security. The
state helps people improve their circumstances and provides financial
support to those on low incomes.
ATRISKOFPOVERTY RATE BEFORE SOCIAL TRANSFERS
16,5 16,9 16,9 16,8 17,3 17,4 17,5 16,9 16,8 17,2 17,1
20,9
19 19,2 19,4
21,2
22,5 21,8 22,1
23,3 22,9
21,6
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
0
5
10
15
20
25
32
ASSESSMENT OF PROGRESS
1.1 The share of persons with income below
the minimum income level has gradually
decreased, reaching 7.7%. in 2020.
1.2 In 2020, 23.4% of the population was at risk
of poverty. The largest group – persons aged 65
and over.
1.3 Starting from 2021, fundamental changes
have been made in the minimum income
level system to provide monetary support to
persons with the lowest incomes.
1.4 Half of households below the at-risk-ofpoverty threshold have no savings.
1.5 Low impact of social transfers (17.1%) on
poverty reduction, especially for people over
retirement age.
Key actions
– The guaranteed minimum income level
almost doubled (from 2021).
– Minimum old-age and disability pension
payments increased significantly (from 2021).
– Child benefit payments greatly raised.
– The minimum wage gradually increased.
– During the Covid-19 pandemic, financial
support was provided to those most in need.
– From 2018, tax relief for dependents and
non-taxable minimum for pensioners was
significantly increased.
REFORM OF THE MINIMUM INCOME LEVEL SYSTEM
The minimum income level reform was
launched in 2021 and is one of the country's
most significant achievements in reducing
poverty over the past 15 years. The statutory
minimum income threshold, a reference level
for granting various benefits, and its periodic
review will improve the situation for persons
with the lowest incomes while ensuring
transparency of minimum benefit and pension
calculations.
Microsimulation data demonstrate the effect
on inequality of an annual review of the
minimum income level (Scenario 1) compared
to a review conducted every three years
(Scenario 2).
33 IMPLEMENTATION AND ACHIEVEMENTS SDG 1
DIFFERENT NEEDS OF DIFFERENT HOUSEHOLDS
In 2021, researchers developed a reference
budget methodology for determining
household expenditures for different types
of households. This is the only indicator that
reflects realistic expenditure, or consumption,
of households in today's socio-economic
circumstances taking into account people's
daily needs. The reference budget consists
of two parts – food basket and non-food
expenditure, and it is calculated for different
types of households depending on their
location. The reference budget is a set of
indicators designed to assess the adequacy of
existing policies, and it serves as a reference
point for the development of various income
and expenditure-related policies.
Source: Latvijas Banka – microsimulation data.
Good practice
FINANCIAL SECURITY
Many people lack knowledge and skills in
financial planning, saving, ensuring sufficient
income in old age, and avoiding fraud.
Easy-to-use information is especially
useful for the unemployed and jobseekers,
people with mental or physical disabilities and
their family members, young people starting
independent life after out-of-home care,
people with incomplete primary or secondary
education, elderly with limited support, and
persons with low incomes.
The Latvian Financial Industry Association
and its members have involved nongovernmental organisations advocating for
these groups in planning the National Strategy
for Financial Literacy in Latvia 2021–2027.
Activities include annual financial literacy
weeks, retirement weeks and other events.
IMPLEMENTATION AND ACHIEVEMENTS SDG 1
GINI COEFFICIENT SCENARIOS, % CHANGE AGAINST 2021
baseline scenario Scenario 1 Scenario 2
1,2%
2,5%
3,7%
5,0%
0,4%
1,6%
2,1%
2,9%
1,2%
2,5%
2,0%
3,4%
2022 2023 2024 2025
bāzes scenārijs 1.scenārijs 2.scenārijs
34
Key future actions
– Determine in the law the minimum income
thresholds as a percentage of the median
income and review it annually.
– Increase social transfers and their impact
on poverty reduction, i.e. by assessing social
benefits, allowances and supplements and
linking them to changes in socio-economic
indicators.
– Assess the targeting of social benefits and
improve coverage.
– Continue to ensure the long-term stability of
the state social insurance system, including
by reviewing the conditions for retirement,
the conditions for financing the state social
insurance, and the conditions for universal
and personalised support as well as by
assessing the possibility of introducing a
basic pension.
– From 2022, enable needy and low-income
households with insufficient income to cover
all of their liabilities due to their social and
economic situations to receive debt relief
from consumer loans.
New policies
– Strategy for Social Protection and Labour
Market Policy for 2021–2027
– Plan for Improving the Minimum Income
Support System for 2022–2024
– Strategy for Financial Literacy in Latvia
2021–2027
– Strategy for the Development of Children,
Youth and the Family for 2021–2027 (draft)
– Conceptual Report on the improvement of
the pension policy (draft)
Challenges
– An aging population and decline in the
number of children and the working age
population.
– Increased risk of poverty for people of
retirement age, the unemployed, and other
economically inactive people.
– One of the lowest expenditures on social
protection among the EU member states.
– High share of employees who make state
social insurance contributions from lowincome levels.
– Explicit regional differences in employment
and unemployment rates.
– Insufficient financial literacy.
35 COMMITMENTS AND CHALLENGES SDG 1 | [
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30 Examen National Volontaire de la mise en œuvre des ODD
Éliminer la pauvreté sous toutes ses formes
et partout dans le monde
La lutte contre la pauvreté a toujours constitué l’une des priorités nationales au Maroc pour instaurer
une société inclusive et consolider la mise en œuvre du principe « ne laisser personne de côté »
préconisé par l’agenda 2030.
L’approche adoptée, à cet effet, est axée sur un ensemble de stratégies visant la lutte contre la
précarité et l’exclusion, l’élargissement d’accès aux services sociaux de base, le développement
du système de protection sociale et le renforcement de la résilience des populations vulnérables
contre les chocs climatiques.
L’Initiative Nationale pour le Développement Humain constitue, à cet égard, la stratégie de
long terme la plus constructive en matière de lutte contre la pauvreté et l’exclusion sociale et de
concrétisation du principe « ne laisser personne de côté ».
Lancée par Sa Majesté le Roi Mohammed VI, que Dieu L’assiste, le 18 mai 2005, cette initiative se
distingue en tant que politique publique innovante, par sa philosophie, son approche décentralisée,
sa démarche de coordination et d’inclusion, assurant l’intégration spatiotemporelle des diverses
interventions publiques sectorielles et un système adapté de gouvernance inclusive et multi-niveaux
territoriaux.
Ces atouts, lui ont valu d’être couronnée 3ème meilleure initiative sociale d’intérêt général au plan
mondiale par la Banque Mondiale en 2015.
Entre 2015 et 2018, environ 44 000 projets ont été réalisés avec un investissement global d’environ
44 milliards de dirhams.
Des programmes successifs d’adduction en eau potable et d’électrifcation ont été également
engagés les années 90, ce qui a entrainé un accès généralisé à ces services de base.
Des stratégies et programmes ont aussi été implémentés pour renforcer le système de protection
sociale des catégories sociales vulnérables, dans sa double dimension d’assurance et d’assistance,
face aux risques sociaux, économiques et climatiques, dont notamment, la sécheresse et les
catastrophes.
Ces efforts ont permis d’améliorer considérablement les niveaux de vie des ménages et de réduire
substantiellement la pauvreté sous toutes ses formes.
Par ailleurs de nouvelles stratégies sont en cours de déploiement afn de consolider les acquis dans
ces domaines et relever les défs persistants, notamment en termes de lutte contre la pauvreté
rurale et la généralisation de la protection sociale contre les différents chocs.
Examen National Volontaire de la mise en œuvre des ODD 3131
Etat d’avancement
Réduction de la pauvreté sous toutes ses formes
Entre 2014 et 20189
, le taux de pauvreté monétaire était marqué par une tendance à la baisse,
tout en restant relativement élevé en milieu rural, chez les femmes et dans certaines régions. Il est
passé de 4,8% à 2,9% au niveau national. Avec un taux de 1,1% en 2018, la pauvreté tend vers
l’éradication en milieu urbain, alors qu’en milieu rural, en dépit de sa baisse, elle est encore à 5,9%
après avoir été à 9,5% en 2014.
Source : HCP
Le nombre de personnes dont le niveau de dépense annuelle inférieur au seuil de pauvreté, a
baissé de 2,755 millions en 2007 à 1,605 millions en 2014 et 1,021 millions en 2018.
Au niveau régional, six régions enregistrent en 2014 des taux de pauvreté supérieurs à la moyenne
nationale et regroupent les trois-quarts (74%) des pauvres, à savoir les régions de Drâa-Taflalet
(14,6%), Béni-Mellal-Khénifra (9,3%), Marrakech-Saf (5,4%), l’Oriental (5,3%), Fès-Meknès (5,2%) et
Souss-Massa (5,1%).
La même tendance à la baisse a été observée pour la pauvreté multidimensionnelle. Son taux a, en
effet, diminué entre 2004 et 2014, de 25% à 8,2% à l’échelle nationale, de 9% à 2% en milieu urbain
et de 45% à 18% en milieu rural.
Le nombre de personnes pauvres selon les critères de la pauvreté multidimensionnelle a atteint, en
2014, environ 2,8 millions dont 85 % d’entre eux sont des ruraux.
9 Le taux de pauvreté pour 2018 est estimé économétriquement par référence à la méthodologie d’imputation d’une enquête à l’autre.
32 Examen National Volontaire de la mise en œuvre des ODD
L’analyse, par sources, de la pauvreté multidimensionnelle, montre que les défciences d’éducation
des adultes et des enfants, y contribuent avec plus de la moitié, les privations de l’accès aux
infrastructures de base avec 20%, les conditions d’habitation avec 14% et les services de la santé
avec 11%.
Au niveau régional, il est constaté que ce sont les régions les plus pauvres qui ont connu entre 2004
et 2014 le recul le plus important de la pauvreté multidimensionnelle, notamment les régions de
Marrakech-Saf (de 34,0% à 11,3%), Tanger-Tétouan-Al Hoceima (de 30,3% à 9,5%) et Béni-MellalKhénifra (de 31,0% à 13,4%).
Quant à la vulnérabilité, elle a également connu une baisse entre 2007 et 2014, passant de 17%
à 12,5% au niveau national, de 13% à 8% en milieu urbain et de 24% à 19 % en milieu rural.
Renforcement des mécanismes de protection sociale
Des améliorations importantes ont été enregistrées par le système national de protection sociale,
dans ses deux composantes, « assurance sociale » et « assistance sociale ».
Le taux de couverture médicale a atteint presque 68,8% en 2019 au lieu de 52% en 2015, grâce à
l’élargissement du régime d’assistance médicale (RAMED), la mise en place de l’assurance maladie
obligatoire (AMO) et des régimes de couverture sociale pour les indépendants et les non-salariés.
En parallèle, un ensemble de programmes de développement social et d’assistance des populations
pauvres et vulnérables, ont été exécutés, au moment où d’autres actions sont en cours, ce qui
permettrait de consolider l’accès de ces catégories à une large gamme de services sociaux.
Il s’agit, dans ce cadre, de la stratégie « Pôle social » et d’autres programmes dont l’Initiative
Nationale pour le Développement Humain, qui viennent à renforcer la protection sociale et
l’autonomisation économique des femmes et des jeunes en situation de précarité et des personnes
en situation d'handicap, la prise en charge des personnes en situation diffcile, l’insertion sociale
des personnes en situation de précarité. La protection de l’enfance démunie est, de même, au
centre de ces efforts, à travers, l’initiative « villes sans enfants de la rue ».
Par ailleurs, vu sa place dans la mémoire du Maroc, la famille de la Résistance et de l’Armée de
Libération bénéfcie d’un programme spécifque d’amélioration de ses conditions matérielles,
sociales, sanitaires et morales.
Vers une nouvelle politique publique intégrée de la protection sociale
En application des Hautes Instructions Royales, le Gouvernement s’est engagé, selon une approche
participative, dans l’élaboration d’une politique publique intégrée de protection sociale. Cette
politique constituera un cadre de référence et de convergence de tous les mécanismes existants ou
nouveaux de protection sociale.
Examen National Volontaire de la mise en œuvre des ODD 3333
Renforcement de la résilience des populations contre les risques climatiques
Afn d’honorer ses engagements pris dans le cadre de Sendai, le Maroc a mis en place une stratégie
nationale de réduction des risques de catastrophes. Ceci permet de consolider les mécanismes de
protection sociale, notamment des populations pauvres et vulnérables.
Principaux défs
Les principaux défs à relever en termes de durabilité des acquis et d’accélération de la réduction
de la pauvreté et de la vulnérabilité, sont les suivants :
- La réduction de la pauvreté et de la vulnérabilité, notamment en milieu rural, chez les femmes
et dans les régions défavorisées ;
- L’accélération de la généralisation du système de protection sociale, notamment en faveur
des populations pauvres et vulnérables ;
- L’élargissement des classes moyennes à travers, entre autres, la baisse des inégalités sociales,
spatiales et de genre.
Stratégies et programmes
La réduction de la pauvreté et de la vulnérabilité a été la résultante de la mise en œuvre d’un
ensemble de stratégies et de programmes de développement humain, dont notamment :
- L’initiative Nationale pour le Développement Humain (INDH). Avec sa phase III (2019-2023) et
un budget de 18 milliards de dirhams, elle s’est engagée dans quatre programmes, portant
sur le rattrapage des défcits en infrastructures et services sociaux de base, l’accompagnement
des personnes en situation de précarité dont les personnes âgées, malades ou en situation
de handicap, l’amélioration du revenu et l’inclusion économique des jeunes et l’impulsion
du capital humain des générations montantes.
- Les programmes de promotion de l’accès des populations rurales à l’eau potable, à l’électricité
et aux routes, notamment le programme d’Approvisionnement Groupé en Eau Potable, le
Programme d’Electrifcation Rurale Globale et le Programme National de Construction des
Routes Rurales ;
- Le programme « villes sans bidonvilles » pour l’éradication de bidonvilles dans 85 villes et
communes urbaines et l’amélioration des conditions de vie des ménages ;
- Le programme de renforcement des actions sociales en faveur des populations en situation
diffcile et la création, à cet effet, d’un Fonds d’Appui à la Cohésion Sociale.
34 Examen National Volontaire de la mise en œuvre des ODD
- Le programme d’assistance aux personnes à besoins spécifques, visant à promouvoir les
droits des personnes en situation d'handicap et à l’amélioration de leur accès aux services
sociaux de base ;
- Le programme d’amélioration des conditions matérielle, sociale, sanitaire et morale de la
famille de la Résistance et de l’Armée de Libération ;
- Le Plan Maroc Vert, notamment son pilier II destiné à la modernisation de l’agriculture
solidaire et à la lutte contre la pauvreté des petits agriculteurs. A cela s’ajoute l’agrégation
agricole, qui est un modèle novateur d’organisation des petits agriculteurs autour d’acteurs
privés ou d’organisations professionnelles à forte capacité managériale.
- La stratégie nationale de développement des zones oasiennes et de l’arganier adoptée en
2013 pour promouvoir un développement inclusif et territorial des zones oasiennes et de
l’arganier. Elle s’articule autour d’un programme global de développement de ces zones
prenant en compte les niveaux économique, social, humain, culturel et environnemental.
- Le programme de réduction des disparités territoriales et sociales dans le monde rural, à
travers le désenclavement des populations rurales et des zones de montagne, ainsi que
l’amélioration de leur qualité de vie et la promotion de leur accès aux services de l’éducation,
de la santé, de l’eau potable, de l’électrifcation et aux routes rurales ;
- Les régimes de couverture médicale, notamment le RAMED et l’AMO ;
- Le Plan Gouvernemental pour l’Egalité « ICRAM » dans ses deux versions (2012-2016 et
2017-2021) ;
- La stratégie de gestion des risques qui contribue au renforcement du système de la protection
des populations pauvres et vulnérables. | [
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] | [
1
] | {
"country": "mar",
"file_id": "sdg-01/vnr-report-mar-2020-fr-1.pdf",
"language": "fr",
"locality": null,
"size": "l",
"type": "vnr",
"year": 2020
} |
ÉLIMINER
LA PAUVRETÉ SOUS
TOUTES SES FORMES
ET PARTOUT DANS
LE MONDE
ODD 1
14
Rapport volontaire sur la mise en œuvre des Objectifs de Développement Durable
L
es Souverains successifs de Monaco
et leurs Gouvernements ont depuis
longtemps choisi de doter cette
cité-État des structures nécessaires
au développement d’une économie
florissante, au bénéfice de sa population et
des résidents qu’elle a su attirer.
Au plan national, la lutte contre la
pauvreté, initiée au siècle dernier, a été un
succès, au point que la pauvreté a pu être
quasiment éradiquée de la Principauté.
Le Gouvernement Princier continue
néanmoins de consacrer chaque année
un effort important au redéploiement des
richesses ainsi qu’au renforcement du lien
social. Cette politique s’appuie sur des
services sociaux performants, qui agissent
au bénéfice des Monégasques et des
résidents de la Principauté à travers un large
dispositif d’aides permettant de répondre à
la diversité des situations et des risques.
Ces aides sont destinées à toutes les
personnes domiciliées à Monaco qui,
en raison de leur état de santé, de leur
invalidité, de leur âge ou de circonstances
exceptionnelles, ne peuvent subvenir
seules à leurs besoins essentiels. Elles
concernent aussi bien les nationaux que
les personnes de nationalité étrangère, ces
dernières devant toutefois remplir certaines
conditions de résidence – généralement
5 ans, sauf en ce qui concerne le handicap
ou l’enfance en danger.
De la même manière, toute personne de
nationalité monégasque ou résidant dans
la Principauté de façon stable et régulière,
depuis cinq ans au moins, peut bénéficier
de l’aide médicale de l’État. Cette aide
consiste en une couverture médicale de
base et la prise en charge de frais définis
et engagés en cas de maladie, autre que
maladie professionnelle ou accident du
travail, de maternité, d’invalidité ou de
décès, pour le demandeur ainsi que, le cas
échéant, pour ses ayants droit, à certaines
conditions. Ce système repose sur les
régimes légaux de protection sociale,
auxquels se sont ajoutées au fil des
décennies les aides publiques.
En Principauté coexistent deux catégories
d’actifs, chacune bénéficiant d’un régime de
sécurité sociale particulier : les salariés et les
travailleurs indépendants. Les agents de l’État
et de la Commune bénéficient de régimes
de sécurité sociale et de retraite particuliers
qui, dans tous les cas, sont au moins aussi
favorables que ceux des salariés du secteur
privé. Le régime d’assurance chômage en
vigueur à Monaco est le régime paritaire
de l’assurance chômage français, qui a été
étendu réglementairement au territoire de la
Principauté.
Au PLAN
national
Monaco quartier de Fontvieille
Éliminer la pauvreté sous toutes ses formes et partout dans le monde 15
Monaco accueille chaque jour plus
de 40.000 travailleurs et double ainsi
quotidiennement sa population.
La Principauté a donc signé des
conventions de voisinage (convention
franco-monégasque du 28 février 1952
et convention italo-monégasque du
12 février 1982) qui permettent d’assurer
la coordination des régimes de sécurité
sociale et de retraite de ces deux pays
avec ceux de la Principauté, de manière
à améliorer les conditions de couverture
sociale des ressortissants de l’un des
États contractants amenés à travailler ou
à se déplacer sur le territoire de l’autre
État. L’accès à la sécurité sociale et aux
soins de santé est accordé en fonction
du lieu de travail, du lieu de résidence et
au regard des conventions de sécurité
sociale de voisinage.
Afin de ne laisser personne de côté, les
dispositifs d’aide et de soutien médicaux
et sociaux agissent en relais, au travers
de l’aide médicale de l’État, pour toute
personne ne relevant pas d’un régime
obligatoire de sécurité sociale et n’étant
pas en mesure de souscrire une assurance
auprès d’organismes privés. Le dispositif
monégasque permet ainsi à l’ensemble
de la population d’avoir accès à une
couverture maladie.
UN SYSTÈME DE PROTECTION
SOCIALE AVANCÉ
La Principauté de Monaco offre un
système de sécurité sociale avancé
pour les nationaux et les résidents de
toutes les nationalités, comme pour les
étrangers qui y travaillent. Le dispositif
législatif monégasque a été conçu pour
que l’ensemble de la population active ait
accès à une protection sociale.
RICHESSE ET SOLIDITÉ
DU LIEN SOCIAL
Le Gouvernement Princier consacre
chaque année un effort important
et nécessaire à la richesse et à la
solidité du lien social. La politique
sociale du Gouvernement Princier
s’adresse aux Monégasques et aux
résidents de la Principauté qui en ont
besoin. Accompagnés par les services
sociaux de l’État et de la Mairie,
ils bénéficient d’un large dispositif
d’aides, répondant à la diversité des
situations. Des secours temporaires
et ponctuels peuvent être alloués
aux personnes résidentes, comme
par exemple des soutiens financiers
au loyer ou encore des tickets service
(bons d’achat alimentaires).
L’intervention
des services sociaux
permet de garantir
aux bénéficiaires une
moyenne économique
de 15 euros par jour
et par personne
composant le foyer.
© Direction de la Communication Charly Gallo
Concert de l’amitié par des musiciens de l’Orchestre Philharmonique de Monte-Carlo à la Résidence de retraite A Qietüdine
Rapport volontaire sur la mise en œuvre des Objectifs de Développement Durable
16
L
a Principauté de Monaco est un État
solidaire et responsable, conscient des
inégalités et des lignes de fracture qui
traversent le monde.
Dans la mesure de ses moyens, limités
par la taille du pays, elle s’est donc
engagée depuis longtemps dans une
politique ambitieuse d’aide publique au
développement.
Cette action passe notamment par un
soutien à la résilience et à l’insertion socioéconomique des populations vulnérables
(personnes réfugiées, enfants des rues…),
sous l’angle de leur prise en charge sociale
(accès aux services de base, mise en place
de mutuelle, d’activités génératrices de
revenus) et de l’encouragement à l’emploi
et à l’entreprenariat (micro-finance, soutien
aux petites et moyennes entreprises).
Par ailleurs, une importante coopération
s’est développée autour de la protection
civile, à travers notamment le financement
d’infrastructures destinées à prévenir et
gérer les catastrophes susceptibles de
fragiliser davantage encore les populations
vulnérables.
Au PLAN
international
POPULATION VULNÉRABLE :
MICROFINANCE - TUNISIE
En Tunisie, la Principauté finance
un projet pilote visant à soutenir et
accompagner la création d’activités
économiques pour les populations
les plus en difficulté et exclues
des services classiques d’aide
à la création d’entreprise. 750
entrepreneurs, dont 50% de femmes,
ont bénéficié de ce soutien.
© DCI
Micro crédit pour développer une activité d’élevage en Tunisie
Eliminer la pauvreté sous toutes ses formes et partout dans le monde 17
En outre, dans le droit fil de sa politique
de coopération au développement, la
Principauté de Monaco promeut au
sein des instances internationales,
l’État de droit, la justice sociale et
le développement économique, en
particulier au profit des personnes les
plus vulnérables, dont les femmes et les
filles, ainsi que des populations victimes
des grandes crises sécuritaires.
Cet engagement se traduit notamment par
le soutien financier accordé à des projets
en faveur de l’autonomisation économique
des femmes dans les pays de la rive Sud
de la Méditerranée et du renforcement de
la résilience des populations des Petits
États Insulaires en Développement (PEID)
face aux catastrophes naturelles.
PROTECTION SOCIALE :
MADAGASCAR
A Madagascar, pays parmi les moins
avancés (PMA), le projet soutenu par
Monaco vise à renforçer l’autonomie
financière des habitants par l’accès au
micro-crédit. Ce dispositif est complété
par un système de formation, ainsi que
par l’accès à des services de santé de
base et à une mutuelle.
Plus de 18.500 personnes améliorent
ainsi leur situation, en initiant ou
développant leurs activités productives
et en réduisant leur vulnérabilité face
aux chocs extérieurs.
RÉSILIENCE : HCR - MAROC
Monaco soutient le Haut Commissariat
aux Réfugiés (HCR) dans sa mission
de protection et d’intégration des
réfugiés au Maroc, en renforçant
les compétences nationales en
matière d’asile. Le projet contribue
également à l’autosuffisance et à
l’insertion socioprofessionnelle de la
population réfugiée, par la formation
professionnelle, le développement
d’activités génératrices de revenus et
l’accompagnement des chercheurs
d’emploi. Plus de 4.600 réfugiés
sont ciblés, avec la coopération des
acteurs institutionnels marocains.
© S.Darrasse-REALIS-DCI
Appui à la Brigade Nationale des Sapeurs Pompiers du Burkina Faso | [
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34
Figura: 04 INDICATORS OF THE DYNAMICS OF POVERTY IN THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA
Poverty rate based on internatonal indicators (2011 PPP)
28.9
25.6 24.6
19.6 18.3
16.1 16.4 16.3
6 13.3 4.3 3.4 2.2 1.1 1.4 1.3 1.1
0.5 0.3 0.3 0.1 0 0 0.2 0.1 0.9
0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Po=erty rate (or W 6er day l PPPm
Po=erty rate (or W 6er day l PPPm
Po=erty rate (or W 6er day l PPPm
NO POVERTY
Poverty reducton and promoton of inclusive well-being are the primary objectves of the natonal authorites. This was achieved before inclusion of the frst Sustainable Development Goal
(SDG 1) in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. This Goal is being achieved by the
authorites both by means of an increasingly strong social protecton system and also by integratng an inclusive development perspectve into all sector policies.
Poverty is declining. The most common tool for measuring poverty is the poverty rate, the proporton of the populaton, whose economic resources are below the level needed for a decent
living in relaton to the general populaton. The internatonal (used by the World Bank) and natonal poverty indicators are showing declining trends (see the fgure below). The percentage of
the populaton with an income below US$5.50 per day (adjusted to purchasing power parity) fell
from 29 per cent in 2010 to 13.3 per cent in 2018. The absolute poverty rate, estmated in the
populaton with ordinary residence, has had a relatve downward trend, from 29.5 per cent in
2014 to 23.0 per cent in 2018.
Share of the populaton that consider that their income is not enough
to cover the basic needs
29.3
34.5
36.2
28.3
33 33.9
39
34.2
30.5
41.6
31.6
37.3
31.1
21.5
31
3030.8
20
25
30
35
40
45
Nov/10
arc
Jul/11
Nov/11
arc
Jul/12
Nov/12
arc
Jul/13
Nov/13
arc
Jul/14
Nov/14
arc
Jul/15
Nov/15
arc¤
Jul/16
Nov/16
arc
Jul/17
Nov/17
arc¥
Jul/18
Nov/18
Progress Report 2020 35
Sursa: World Bank poverty & equity data portal, NBS, PPI/POB
Absolute natonal poverty rate
39.5
35.6 37.1 38.8
31.5 29.5
25.4 26.4 27.7
23.0
15.6
11.2 11.6 11.8 10.6
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
<ral otal r#an
Provision of the poorest 20% of households with durable goods
3.8
8.7
12.8
16.7
24.1
28.2
30.7
35.7 35.1
8.1
10.6 11.4 12.9
17.1
21
24.4
27.6
32.4
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
al$<lator <to1at$ >a9,ing 1a$,ine
The income of the poorest households is growing. The real income (adjusted to infaton) of the
poorest 20 per cent of households was 38 per cent higher in 2018 than in 2010. The level and
rate of income growth for the poorest households followed growth in gross domestc product
(GDP) relatvely closely. This indicates that in recent years even the poorest households enjoyed
economic growth. Moreover, the rate of growth for poorer Moldovan households in percentage terms was higher that that of richer households. For example, for the poorest 10 per cent of
households, income increased by 37 per cent between 2017 and 2010, while the income of the
richest 10 per cent households increased by 12 per cent over the same period. However, the
relatvely small increase in the income of rich households should be treated with sceptcism,13
since as the income of rich households may be underestmated in the Household Budget Study
(HBS) conducted by the Natonal Bureau of Statstcs. Although the income of poor households
increased, the rate of growth has been moderate since 2015.
13 See the World Inequality Report, page 29 https://wir2018.wid.world/files/download/wir2018-full-report-english.pdf
36 REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW
Figure: 05 TRENDS IN INCOME INCREASES FOR HOUSEHOLDS IN THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA 2010-2018
Increase in income of the poorest 20% households
and the GDP compared to 2010. (2010 = 100)
Relatve increase in the income of the housedolds from Moldova distribuited
in quintles 2010-2018
100
106
105
115
120
120
125
131
136
100
112
116
125 126 127 126
132
138
100
105
110
115
120
125
130
135
140
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
P l$on9tant m
eal in$o1e o( t,e 6oore9t ¦
38
22
17
15
13
40
26
18
12
14
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Botom 20%
Poor
II III IV Top 20%
Wealth
n$o1e l$<1<lat=em
<ral in$o1e l$<1<lat=em
7.1
5.8
-0.6
9.04
5
-0.3
4.4 4.7
3.4
7
3
8
1 1
-1
5 5
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
P lann<al rate ¦m
n$o1e o( t,e 6oore9t ¦ o( ,o<9e,old9 lann<al rate ¦m
Annual increase in the income of the poorest 20% of households
and the GDP 2010-2018
Progress Report 2020 37
Sursa: NBS, World Bank
The income of the poorest households has increased due to remitances and pensions. The
fgure below shows how the most important sources of income for the poorest 20 per cent of
households has increased since 2010. In real terms, the most spectacular increase in income
sources was remitances, which increased by 157 per cent between 2010 and 2017. In 2010,
remitances accounted for 9 per cent of the income of the poorest 20 per cent households, while
in 2017 they accounted for 18 per cent. Since 2015, pensions have become a more signifcant
source of income. This reveals a specifc feature of poverty in the Republic of Moldova — a large
proporton of poor households are households with elderly/retred people, which makes them
even more vulnerable.
Provision of the poorest 20% of households with durable goods
37
27
15 16
12 13 12 12 12 12
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
oħo1
10%
II III IV V VI VII VIII IX Top
10%
Sursa: NBS
Figure: 06 CUMULATIVE INCREASE IN INCOME SOURCES FOR THE POOREST 20% OF HOUSEHOLDS
IN THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA 2010-2018
100
145
177 182
183
238
234
258
214
100
119
107
115 112 114 115 112 107
100
109
101
123
135
118
102
109
136
100 109
119 121 131 120
130
139
148
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
e1iħan$e9
n$o1e lot,erm alary Pen9ion9
38 REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW
Productve sources of income have tended to decline. The proporton of household income
from salaries, agricultural and other productve sources is decreasing. Similarly, in recent years,
remitances have also been decreasing as a proporton of income. Social payments (pensions,
social assistance and assistance for the cold period of the year) have increased in relatve terms. If
these trends contnue and increase in the future, the poverty reducton model of the last 15 years
(based on remitances) will be replaced by a model based on social payments.
Social assistance benefts have become more targeted and efectve. A relevant target in the SDG
1 is implementaton of a social protecton system to support the most vulnerable and poorest people and groups. In recent years, the coverage of the poorest populaton (those in the poorest 20
per cent of households) with Social Assistance benefts has steadily increased, from 10 per cent in
2014 to 20.7 per cent in 2018. Recent analysis14 found that the tax system, including social benefts in the Republic of Moldova, is quite pro-poor and has a signifcant efect on poverty reducton.
14 Cojocaru, Alexandru; Matytsin, Mikhail; Prohnitchi, Valeriu. 2019. Fiscal Incidence in Moldova : A Commitment to Equity Analysis
(English). Policy Research working paper; no. WPS 9010. Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/
en/903391568378086835/Fiscal-Incidence-in-Moldova-A-Commitment-to-Equity-Analysis
Sursa: NBS
Figure: 07 SHARE OF INCOME SOURCES OF THE POOREST 20% HOUSEHOLDS FROM THE REPUBLIC
OF MOLDOVA 2010-2018
58.9 59.4
52.9
56.3 58 53.8 50.4
49.5
52.6
41.2 40.7
47.2 43.8 42 46.3 49.5
50.6
47.4
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
n$o1e (ro1 6rod<$t=e 9o<r$e9
n$o1e lo$ial #ene)t9 e1iħan$e9m
Figure: 08 INDICATORS REGARDING THE TARGETING AND EFFICIENCY OF SOCIAL ASSISTANCE BENEFITS
Coverage of the poorest populaton (20%) with social assistance benefts
3.9 5.3
6.9
8.3 7.1
10.0
14.4
17.6
21.5 20.7
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
eneral 6o6<laton Poorest 20% of households
Progress Report 2020 39
Children and the elderly are more afected by poverty. The poverty rate is higher for children
and in partcular for the elderly. Though in recent years, the proporton of the income of households with elderly members from pensions has increased, for some of these households, pensions
are insufcient to provide a decent living.15 This indicates a need to strengthen the pension system reform initated by the authorites in 2016 and promote actve employment policies for the
elderly. The gender dimension of poverty requires further study. Ofcial data on the poverty rate
show a higher level of poverty among men. At the same tme, the subjectve level of appreciaton
of poverty shows an opposite situaton (see the fgure below).
15 From 1 April 2020, the amount of the minimum old-age pension is 1,131.46 MDL and cover only 70% of the subsistence minimum for
pensioners.
Sursa: NBS
The share of social assistance benefts in the total income
of the poorest 20% of households
0.7 0.6
3.6
1.8
1.2
1.8
3.7
2.3
2.9
1.9
1.3
4.5
3.3
1.3
1.8
2.9
3.7
3.4
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
r#an <ral
Figure: 09 POVERTY RATE AND LEVEL OF SELF-APPRECIATION OF POVERTY BY AGE GROUPS AND SEXES,
2014-2018
Poverty rate by age groups, 2014-2018
32.9
25.4
29.1 27.5 27.0
33.4
24.4
21.5 20.3
23.1
21.0
25.4
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
0-17 18-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60+
2014 2018
40 REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW
Sursa: NBS, PPI/POB
Rate of poverty and self-appreciaton of poverty by sexes, 2014-2018
30.4 28.7 26.8
33.6
23.3 22.6 24.3
36.1
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
ale
l6o=erty ratem
e1ale
l6o=erty ratem
ale
l9el(fa99e991ent
o( 6o=ertym
e1ale
l9el(fa99e991ent
o( 6o=ertym
2014 2018
Voice of Youth
“Citzens of the Republic of Moldova, ofen young people of working age, go abroad, either because of poverty or because of lack of prospects, in search for a beter life and a beter paid job
outside the country,” Girl, 19 years old, Cimislia.
High levels of poverty cause young people to leave the country in search of beter opportunites.
This is resultng in a dramatc decrease in the youth populaton, which fell by 20 per cent from
924,000 in 2014 to 743,000 in 2019.
Source: Report on the situaton of young people in the Republic of Moldova and their interacton with the Sustainable
Development Goals
To fulfl the commitments of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development on poverty reducton
and ensuring inclusive well-being, the authorites are proposing a more comprehensive approach. In
additon to provision of social benefts this will be based on empowering and boostng the accumulaton of income from sustainable sources, including salaries and economic actvity. In this regard, public
policies will encourage people, especially vulnerable groups, to achieve their professional aspiratons as
both employees and employers, thus leading to the development of a strong, inclusive and prosperous
economy. An example of this approach is the approval of the Law on the Promoton of Employment
and Unemployment Insurance. The provisions of the new Law irrespectve of religion, sex, origin or any
other criterion of discriminaton (Artcle 2(4)) and are intended to prevent unemployment, increase the
chances of employment of people looking for work, encourage employers to employ the unemployed,
create new jobs, ensure high levels of employment and adapt the workforce to the labour market requirements. The Law provides for new measures that increase the involvement, openness and partcipaton
of jobseekers, the unemployed and employers in implementaton of employment measures. | [
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] | [
1
] | {
"country": "mda",
"file_id": "sdg-01/vnr-report-mda-2020-en-1.pdf",
"language": "en",
"locality": null,
"size": "l",
"type": "vnr",
"year": 2020
} |
DEUXIEME RAPPORT NATIONAL VOLONTAIRE DE MADAGASCAR SUR LE DEVELOPPEMENT DURABLE JUILLET 2021
28
1.1. D’ici 2030, éliminer complètement l’extrême pauvreté dans le monde
entier, (qui se caractérise, selon la défnition actuelle, par le fait de vivre
avec moins de 1,9 dollar par jour)
1.1.1. Proportion de la population vivant au-dessous du seuil de pauvreté fixé au niveau
international par sexe, âge, situation de l’emploi et lieu de résidence
L’indicateur de GINI, qui mesure le niveau
d’inégalité dans le pays, n’a pas évolué depuis
les dix dernières années: 42,6% en 2012
(Banque Mondiale, 2020) contre 42,4% en
2010. L’Indice de Développement Humain (IDH)
est de 0,528 en 2019, plaçant Madagascar
dans la catégorie des pays à «développement
humain faible » et au 164e rang parmi
189 pays et territoires. Le taux de pauvreté
multidimensionnelle s’élève à 70,3% avec une
intensité de la pauvreté multidimensionnelle qui
atteint les 54.9%. Selon le rapport d’analyse
de la pauvreté des enfants (MODA, 2020),
près de la moitié des enfants en situation
d’extrême pauvreté (privations dans au moins
4 dimensions MODA) n’est pas incluse dans
le quart le plus pauvre de l’indice de richesse.
Ceci souligne, encore une fois, la nécessité
d’observer au-delà de la richesse du ménage
pour bien comprendre les facteurs qui affectent
le bien-être des enfants. L’étude met en exergue
la nécessité de formuler des politiques sociales
visant les privations cachées des enfants
souffrant de discriminations ou d’inégalités au
sein du ménage, comme les enfants confiés ou
orphelins.
1.2 D’ici 2030, réduire de moitié au moins la proportion d’hommes, de
femmes et d’enfants de tout âge, qui vivent dans la pauvreté sous tous
ses aspects, d’après les défnitions nationales qui en sont données
1.2.1 Proportion de la population vivant au-dessous du seuil national de pauvreté, par sexe et
âge
1.2.2 Proportion d’hommes, de femmes et d’enfants de tout âge vivant dans une situation de
pauvreté sous toutes ses formes, telles que définies par chaque pays
ODD1- Éliminer la pauvreté sous toutes ses formes
La pauvreté monétaire n’a que légèrement
diminué car elle est estimée à 74% en 2020
contre 78% de personnes vivant avec moins de
1,9 USD par jour en 2012 (Banque mondiale,
2020). Plus de 80 % des exploitants agricoles,
représentant les deux-tiers de la population,
figurent ainsi dans la catégorie des pauvres
(FAO, PAM, 2019). Les autres formes de la
pauvreté se retrouvent dans les faiblesses en
développement humain. Les estimations faites
sur les éventuels impacts de la COVID-19
montrent que plus de deux millions de
malagasy pourraient tomber sous la pauvreté
en raison de la crise économique, provoquée
par cette pandémie. Cela représenterait une
augmentation de la pauvreté de 11 points de
pourcentage par rapport au taux de pauvreté
d’avant la crise (72%).
DEUXIEME RAPPORT NATIONAL VOLONTAIRE DE MADAGASCAR SUR LE DEVELOPPEMENT DURABLE JUILLET 2021
29
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
0.522
0.523
0.526
0.527
0.528
Graphique 1 : Evolution de l’Indice du Développement Humain de Madagascar
de 2015 à 2019
Source :PNUD, 2018 | [
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Voluntary National Review for the High Level Political Forum 2017 – Maldives, July 2017
8
Goal 1 – End Poverty in all is forms everywhere
The proportion of the population living below the national poverty line of MVR 22/day decreased
from 21% in 2002/2003 to 15% in 2009/2010. Poverty in islands/rural areas is less compared to
the poverty in the capital city. Nearly one third of the total population lives in the capital and this
leads to inadequate living conditions and increase in urban poverty. The provision of basic
education and health for all the citizens is provided for free throughout the country. Yet, people
tend to migrate to the capital for economic activities and for easy access to better quality services.
In this regard, the focus needs to be on minimizing the urban-rural gap in the quality of service
provision and tracking poverty. | [
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] | [
1
] | {
"country": "mdv",
"file_id": "sdg-01/vnr-report-mdv-2017-en-1.pdf",
"language": "en",
"locality": null,
"size": "s",
"type": "vnr",
"year": 2017
} |
BOX 10:
Complementary Positions for SDG 1 Expressed in the Review Process23
• In 2016, 52.3% of Mexican children
were living in poverty and 9.7% in
extreme poverty, while 48.8% of adolescents (12 to 17 years of age) were
living in poverty and 7.8% in extreme
poverty.
• Conditions for reducing poverty in
Mexico should be improved.
23 This box includes information suggested by the
United Nations System and a variety of CSOs that
deepens the discussion on this issue. Contributors
are responsible for this information.
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"country": "mex",
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} |
SDG 1: End poverty in all its forms
everywhere.
In Mexico, implementing this goal is both a
considerable challenge and a unique opportunity to dignify the lives of the 43.6% of
the population living in poverty.
ADVANCES
• In accordance with the national poverty and scarcity indicators measured by CONEVAL (2016), of the
country’s total population:
• Over 2 million Mexicans have moved
out of extreme poverty. In 2016,
9.4 million people were classifed as
extremely poor.
• 53.4 million people are living in poverty.
• The number of Mexicans with access
to healthcare has risen by 6.2 million
people.
• The number of Mexicans with social
security has risen by 3.4 million people.
EMBLEMATIC ACTIONS
• SEDESOL’s National Inclusion Strategy (ENI) contributes to securing
social rights and reducing shortcomings through the coordination of policies and social programs that improve
the lives of Mexicans. The results
show improved coverage for people
facing extreme food poverty through
the National Crusade Against Hunger
and the expansion of the network of
community kitchens, which currently
number 5,786 (SEDESOL, 2018).
• INFONAVIT and SEDATU’s Papelito
Habla Program serves as a tool providing legal certainty over one’s prop72
erty through the regularization of
land and real estate.
• In terms of inclusion in the labor force,
SEDESOL’s PROSPERA Program coordinates institutional efforts and social
policies relating to production, income
generation, economic well-being, fnancial and labor inclusion and nutritional
and health education for people living
in poverty.
• The National Commission for the
Development of Indigenous Peoples’
(CDI) Program for Improving Indigenous Productivity is one example of
the measures taken to increase the
productivity and income of vulnerable groups.
• The SE’s National Financing Program
for Micro-entrepreneurs and Rural
Women contributes to the creation
of productive businesses and increasing the productivity of existing businesses.
• The Comprehensive Social Information
System (SISI) improves articulation of
institutional responses to social shortfalls.
• The Social Portfolio promotes policy
dialogue between citizens and authorities, reports on access to rights and
social programs and allows citizens to
follow up on measures and programs
and express their priorities and needs.
CHALLENGES
• Having a mechanism in place to
detect and provide immediate support for vulnerable groups.
• Creating quality jobs and sustained
and inclusive economic growth on
the basis of a strong internal market.
• Transforming the vision in which
fghting poverty is solely the responsibility of one subset of government
institutions, when the dimensions of
the challenge demand coordination
and holistic policies.
• Incorporating a life-cycle approach
into the design of programs, strategies and policies aimed at fghting
poverty.
BOX 10:
Complementary Positions for SDG 1 Expressed in the Review Process23
• In 2016, 52.3% of Mexican children
were living in poverty and 9.7% in
extreme poverty, while 48.8% of adolescents (12 to 17 years of age) were
living in poverty and 7.8% in extreme
poverty.
• Conditions for reducing poverty in
Mexico should be improved.
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ODS 1: Poner fin a la pobreza en todas
sus formas en todo el mundo.
En México, lograr este objetivo representa un
desafío considerable y, a la vez, una oportunidad única para dignifcar las condiciones de
vida del 43.6% de la población en situación de
pobreza.
AVANCES
• De acuerdo con los indicadores nacionales de pobreza y carencias del CONEVAL (2016), del total de la población
del país:
• Más de 2 millones de mexicanos dejaron de estar en situación de pobreza
extrema: en 2016 se registraron 9.4
millones de personas.
• 53.4 millones de personas se encuentran en situación de pobreza.
• 6.2 millones de personas más cuentan
con acceso a servicios de salud.
• 3.4 millones de personas más cuentan
con seguridad social.
ACCIONES EMBLEMÁTICAS
• La Estrategia Nacional de Inclusión
(ENI), encabezada por SEDESOL, contribuye al acceso de los derechos sociales
y a la reducción de las carencias,
mediante una coordinación de las políticas y programas públicos que inciden
en las condiciones de vida de las y los
mexicanos. Los resultados señalan una
mayor cobertura en la atención a personas en pobreza extrema alimentaria,
al mantener la vigencia de la Cruzada
Nacional Contra el Hambre y ampliar la
red de comedores comunitarios: actualmente son 5,786 (SEDESOL, 2018).
• El programa Papelito Habla, coordinado
por el INFONAVIT y la SEDATU, brinda
certeza jurídica sobre el patrimonio
mediante la regularización de la tenencia de casas o terrenos.
72
• En materia de inclusión laboral y productiva, PROSPERA, instrumentado por
SEDESOL, coordina la oferta institucional de programas y acciones de política
social relacionados con el fomento productivo, la generación de ingresos, el
bienestar económico, la inclusión fnanciera y laboral, la educación, la alimentación y la salud de la población en
situación de pobreza.
• El Programa para el Mejoramiento de la
Producción y la Productividad Indígena, a
cargo de la Comisión Nacional para el
Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas (CDI),
incrementa la productividad de grupos
vulnerables y mejora sus ingresos.
• El Programa Nacional de Financiamiento al Microempresario y a la Mujer Rural
(de la SE) contribuye a la creación de
unidades económicas y al incremento
de la productividad de las ya existentes.
• El Sistema de Información Social Integral (SISI), mejora la focalización y la
oferta institucional para atender carencias sociales.
• La Cartilla Social promueve el diálogo
entre autoridades y ciudadanía para
mejorar las políticas públicas; informa
sobre el acceso a derechos sociales y
apoyos gubernamentales de programas sociales, y permite a la ciudadanía
dar seguimiento a las acciones y programas públicos y externar sus necesidades y prioridades.
DESAFÍOS
• Contar con un esquema de detección
oportuna y atención inmediata de grupos en situación vulnerable.
• Generar empleos de calidad y un crecimiento económico sostenido e incluyente sobre la base de un mercado
interno fuerte.
• Transformar la visión según la cual el
abatimiento de la pobreza es tarea única de un segmento de instituciones de
la APF: la dimensión de este reto exige
la coordinación y transversalidad de la
política social.
• Incorporar el enfoque del ciclo de vida en
el diseño de programas, estrategias y
políticas públicas para abatir la pobreza.
RECUADRO 10:
Posturas complementarias al ODS 1 expresadas en procesos de consulta23
• En 2016, 52.3% de las niñas y niños en
México se encontraban en situación de
pobreza, y 9.7% en pobreza extrema. El
48.8% de los adolescentes (12 a 17
años) estaban en la misma situación,
estando 7.8% en pobreza extrema.
• Se deben mejorar las condiciones para
disminuir la pobreza en México.
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1
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"language": "es",
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} |
Voluntary National Review | 20
SDG 1 – No Poverty
General Situation
Source: EU Statistics on Income and Living Conditions Survey Annual
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
0
5
10
15
20
25
All
0
5
10
15
20
25
22.1 21.5 21.9 22.2 21.9
24.2 26.2 27.0 26.8
All Female Male
Figure 8: Percent of population living below the national poverty line (percent)
North Macedonia’s poverty has been on a decreasing trend over the last decade. The poverty rate declined from 27 percent in 2010 and 24
percent in 2013 to 22 percent in 2017, whereas
the Gini coefcient3 has decreased from 37
percent in 2013 to 32 percent in 2018.4 Increased employment, salaries and access to
pensions have reduced poverty levels. The unemployment rate for those over 15 has decreased from 32 percent in 2010 to 29 percent
in 2013, and further down to 17 percent in
2019.5 Pension reform has contributed to 25
percent of the reduction in poverty between
2009 and 2015, as beneft rates increased.6
Employment grew from 38 percent to 47 percent between 2010 and 2019, driven primarily
by the service, construction and manufacturing
sectors. During this period, these three sectors
have accounted for 55 percent of poverty reduction. In rural areas, agriculture and construction have contributed to 33 percent of poverty reduction.
Despite reductions in poverty and income inequality, these remain higher than in the EU and countries
in the region with similar development levels. Poverty is concentrated among vulnerable groups. Every
ffth citizen and every third household with children are poor. The impact of social transfers on poverty
reduction (without considering pensions as income) has been limited (lowering the poverty rate from
4.6 percent in 2013 to 3.7 percent in 2017), unlike the impact in the EU where the diference between
poverty rates with and without social transfers (but with pensions included) ranges from 10 percent to
15 percent over the same period. The impact of pensions is much larger. If social transfers and pensions
were eliminated, the poverty rate would be 40 percent. There is a need for signifcant reforms, especially
of the social security cash benefts for vulnerable groups.
Legislative and Strategic Initiatives
In 2019, the parliament adopted three key laws under the social protection reform agenda - Law on Social Protection, Law on Social Security for the Elderly and amended Law on Child Protection. The fgure
below shows other key components of the policy and legislative framework in this area.
3 Measure of inequality in income distribution.
4 http://www.stat.gov.mk/PrikaziSoopstenie_en.aspx?rbrtxt=115
5 http://www.stat.gov.mk/OblastOpsto_en.aspx?id=14
6 Pension reform contributed to 30 percent of overall poverty reduction in urban areas and 13 percent in rural areas (World Bank Group, Country Partnership Framework for
The Republic of North Macedonia 2019 – 2023, pages 7-8).
Voluntary National Review | 21
LAW AND STRATEGIES FOR POVERTY REDUCTION AND EMPLOYMENT
National Strategy for Poverty
Reduction and Social Exclusion 2010-2020
National Employment Strategy of the Republic of North
Macedonia 2016-2020
Law on Mandatory Fully
Funded Pension Insurance/
Law on Voluntary Fully Funded Pension Insurance
National Strategy for Deinstitutionalization in the Republic
of North Macedonia 2018–
2027 “Timjanik”
National Strategy for the
Elderly 2010-2020
Social Protection Development Programme 2011-2021 Law on Social Protection Law on Social Security of the
Elderly
Law on Pension and Disability
Insurance
Law on Prevention and Protection against Discrimination
Law on Minimum Wage in the
Republic of North Macedonia
Strategy for Roma in the
Republic of North Macedonia
2014-2020
Ongoing Initiatives
In the last few years, the focus of the social protection system has been on social services for vulnerable groups – both at home and in the community. Several measures have been implemented, including
the establishment of daily and temporary residence services, respite family care, halfway houses, home
assistance/ home care, and personal assistance. Their aim has been to better match care to the needs
of benefciaries –including the elderly, people with disabilities, and the homeless, victims of domestic
violence, street children, and drug abusers. The Ministry of Labor and Social Policy (MoLSP), with support from the UN, is introducing the practice of case management in social protection and social welfare,
which is expected to enhance further the country’s eforts to eliminate poverty. The 2019 reform, which
started with the adoption of the Law on Social Protection, the Law on Social Security for the Elderly and
the amendment of the Law on Child Protection, has streamlined and expanded social assistance programmes (see box below for details).
Box 2: The Social Financial Assistance and Guaranteed Minimum Assistance Programs
Before the 2019 reform, a key programme in support of the poor was the Social Financial Assistance (SFA) programme. The reform replaced it with the Guaranteed Minimum Assistance (GMA)
programme. Under SFA, recipients were eligible for benefts if they earned less than 47 Euro per
month. This increased to 65 Euro under GMA. GMA also replaced the SFA provision where benefts
would be reduced by 50 percent after three years of programme usage. Additionally, GMA doubled
the amount that a four-person household receives monthly under SFA from 49 Euro to 110 Euro.
In addition, each GMA household receives an additional 16 Euro per month to cover heating costs
in the six months of the heating season. So far, this measure has been used only minimally (3,163
benefciaries) due to administrative difculties.
The Government has also simplifed access to child benefts by removing the requirement that one parent should be employed and extending the right to low-income families. Following these changes, the
number of children benefting from the subsidy increased from 6,960 to 21,591 within the frst year of
implementation.
Voluntary National Review | 22
In the past eight years, MoLSP has implemented the Conditional Cash Allowance Programme through
which it has allocated 12,000 MKD (195 Euro) annually for children from SFA-receiving households. This
programme has led to an increase in the rate of children attending high school, especially girls. Encouraged by these results, the Government has expanded it to primary school students as well. Overall, 2,398
high-school students were supported by the Conditional Cash Allowance Programme in May 2019 and
8,861 primary-school students benefted from its expansion. In May 2019, the Law on Child Protection
was amended to allow for the introduction of an “educational children cash allowance” for children from
low-income households enrolled in primary and secondary education. Further, as part of the reform of
the child protection system, one-of fnancial support of 20,000 MKD (325 Euro) for the second child was
introduced in 2019.
MoLSP has introduced measures tailored to the needs of vulnerable groups, including the socially deprived and poor. Since 2007, an annual Operational Plan for active employment programmes and measures has been formulated at the national level as the main tool to decrease the unemployment rate
and improve the labour market participation of vulnerable groups. It combines eforts in support of
self-employment, employment of young people, those who are unemployed long-term, women, persons
with disabilities, and those who require improved labor market skills. Special attention in the last few
years has been given to measures to support the most disadvantaged groups, including social assistance
benefciaries, in order to improve their skills, employability and inclusion in the labour market.
Key Challenges
The country has a high youth unemployment rate and one of the largest gender gaps in workforce participation among European and Central Asian countries.7 These two factors contribute to high levels of
youth emigration – including youth with high skill sets – which is a signifcant impediment to economic
development. The country is implementing measures to improve living conditions to contain the emigration of skilled people.
Although the percentage of employed who are at risk of poverty has been decreasing– falling from 11
percent in 2012 to 9 percent in 2018 – the Government aims to strengthen this trend. The improvement
of labour productivity and economic competitiveness remains a serious challenge, which is related to the
human capital available in the country. The size of the informal economy remains signifcant. Moreover,
there is a mismatch between skill sets demanded by the labour market and the skills of students graduating from secondary schools and universities, which is a refection of the need for further reforms in
the education sector.
There is a lack of detailed poverty data, which hampers efective policy analysis and evidence-based decision-making. Additionally, several key strategic frameworks are about to expire (including the National
Strategy for Poverty Reduction and Social Exclusion 2010-2020).
Figure 9: Percent of employed persons at risk of poverty (18 years of age and older)
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
0
2
4
6
8
10
10.2
11.1 11.1
9.4 9.8 8.9 9.0 9.0 8.8
7 NATO Parliamentary Assembly, The Republic of North Macedonia: Political Change, NATO Accession and Economic Transition, page 4.
Voluntary National Review | 23
Source: EU Statistics on Income and Living Conditions Survey Annual
Next Steps
Key areas of focus for the Government are:
• Implementing the newly adopted laws, including the Law on Social Protection and the Law on
Social Security for the Elderly;
• Supporting the employment of vulnerable people through measures envisaged in the National
Employment Strategy and the Strategy for Informal Economy and Operational plans for active
programs and measures for employment and services on the labor market;
• Proceeding with Public Administration Reform;
• Developing the Law on Balanced Regional Development, which presents opportunities for accelerated growth;
• Developing the National Strategy for Integration of Refugees and Foreigners, which will provide
an efective mechanism for refugee inclusion. | [
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RAPPORT NATIONAL VOLONTAIRE 2022 SUR LA MISE EN ŒUVRE DES OBJECTIFS DE DEVELOPPEMENT DURABLE (ODD) DU MALI 35
6. Progrès sur les objectifs et les cibles
ODD1 : Eliminer la pauvreté sous toutes ses formes et
partout dans le monde
112. Depuis plusieurs années, le Gouvernement du Mali élabore et met en œuvre différentes
générations de cadres stratégiques et des politiques de réduction de la pauvreté. Dans ses
efforts d’éradication de la pauvreté, il a élaboré le CREDD 2019 -2023 qui capitalise les
résultats et les défis du CREDD 2016 -2018, avec une nouvelle vision orientée vers le progrès
social et humain, la croissance économique, la réduction des vulnérabilités et la résilience
des communautés. Il renforce les dispositifs existants qui intègrent les ODD et l’Agenda 2063
de l’Union Africaine.
113. Il est à noter que les besoins des femmes, des filles et des jeunes ont été pris en compte lors
de l’élaboration du Cadre Sstratégique pour la Relance Economique et le Développement
Durable.
■ Une baisse tendancielle de la pauvreté mise à mal par la COVID-19
114. L’analyse de la pauvreté monétaire révèle qu’entre 2018 et 2020, l’incidence de la pauvreté
affiche une légère baisse d’environ 1 point de pourcentage chaque année, passant de 43,8%
en 2018 à 41,9 % en 2020. Cependant, en 2021 la pauvreté connait une hausse du taux de
2,7 points de pourcentage, s’établissant ainsi à 44,6%. L’augmentation de l’incidence de
la pauvreté pourrait être expliquée par l’impact des crises sécuritaire et sanitaire auxquelles
le Mali fait face. En effet, les actes de criminalité et de violence se sont étendus aux Régions
agricoles en particulier la Région de Mopti et plus récemment les Régions à fortes potentialités
agricoles dont Ségou et dans une moindre mesure Koulikoro et Sikasso. La pandémie de
coronavirus a entrainé des pertes temporaires ou définitives d’emplois ayant conduit à des
pertes de revenus. A cela, s’est ajoutée la mauvaise campagne agricole notamment la
production céréalière de 2021. La conjugaison de tous ces facteurs a contribué à dégrader la
situation socioéconomique des ménages et des populations à travers notamment la perte de
leur pouvoir d’achat.
115. Après avoir baissé de 4 points de pourcentage entre 2018 et 2019 (de 34% à 30,3%),
l’incidence de la pauvreté sous toutes ses formes a augmenté dans la même proportion entre
2019 et 2021 (passant de 30,3% à 34,7%). Quant à l’incidence de l’extrême et de la pauvreté
sous toutes ses formes, elles évoluent de la même façon.
36 RAPPORT NATIONAL VOLONTAIRE 2022 SUR LA MISE EN ŒUVRE DES OBJECTIFS DE DEVELOPPEMENT DURABLE (ODD) DU MALI
Figure 2 : Indicateurs de pauvreté
Source : INSTAT/EMOP 2018-2021
■ La capitale du pays (Bamako) beaucoup plus impactée par la pauvreté
116. Le District de Bamako semble avoir été plus touché par les pertes d’emploi et de revenus
liées à la survenue de la pandémie. C’est ce qui peut expliquer la hausse du niveau de
pauvreté à Bamako où l’incidence de la pauvreté passe de 3,5% en 2020 à 15,9% en 2021.
Par contre, le taux de pauvreté baisse dans les autres villes (de 26,4% en 2019 à 21,2% en
2021). Toutefois, en milieu rural (51% en 2021), il sera très difficile pour le Mali d’atteindre la
cible de 23,7% d’incidence de pauvreté monétaire. La diminution de l’incidence de la pauvreté
monétaire est une des contributions essentielles dans la réalisation de l’ODD 1.
Figure 3 : Evolution de l’incidence de la pauvreté selon le milieu de résidence
Source: INSTAT / EMOP 2020, 2021.
117. L’analyse des résultats par région montre que l’incidence de la pauvreté est la plus élevée à
Sikasso avec 67,6% en 2018, 71,9% en 2019, 70,2% en 2020 et 59,6% en 2021 soit une
baisse de 10,6 points (cela peut être expliqué par la forte potentialité agricole de la région
couplée aux changements progressifs dans les habitudes alimentaires constatés par exemple
dans la prévalence de la malnutrition aigüe sévère chez les enfants de 6 à 59 mois qui est
passé de 1,0 à 0,6% entre 2020 et 2021) comparativement aux autres Régions suivie de
Koulikoro avec 62,1% en 2019, 61,9% en 2020 et 66,1% en 2021. Par contre, elle est moins
élévée dans les Régions de Kidal et de Tombouctou bien que celles-ci soient confrontées
depuis des années à l’insécurité.
RAPPORT NATIONAL VOLONTAIRE 2022 SUR LA MISE EN ŒUVRE DES OBJECTIFS DE DEVELOPPEMENT DURABLE (ODD) DU MALI 37
Figure 4 : Incidence de la pauvreté par région
Source : EMOP 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021
■ Les femmes beaucoup plus impactées par la pauvreté
118. L’analyse de la pauvreté par sexe révèle que les ménages dirigés par les hommes contiennent
plus de pauvres que ceux dirigés par les femmes (43,7 % contre 10 % en 2019 et 44,7%
contre 42,6% en 2021). Cette situation peut s’expliquer par le fait que les ménages dirigés
par les femmes sont généralement prioritaires pour bénéficier des transferts sociaux. La
tendance de 2021 a connu une augmentation significative de l’incidence chez les femmes
plus que chez les hommes avec respectivement 25,6 et 13 points de pourcentage. Cette évolution peut s’expliquer, entre autres, par la pandémie de COVID-19 dont les effets conjugués
ont particulièrement fragilisé le capital humain, surtout chez les femmes limitant leurs
capacités de résilience, y compris celles qui sont en situation de handicap.
Tableau 1 : Incidence de la pauvreté selon le sexe du chef de ménage
Source : Rapports Annuels EMOP de 2019 et 2020-2021
119. S’agissant de la pauvreté des enfants, en 20205, l’incidence de la pauvreté monétaire des
enfants de 0 à 17 ans demeure très élevée (63,1%), notamment en milieu rural où elle est de
78,4%, contre 21,6% en milieu urbain.
5 Etude sur les privations multidimensionnelles et la pauvreté des enfants 2020
Chef de ménage selon le sexe Incidence de la pauvreté (%)
2018 2019 2020 2021
National 43,8 42,3 41,9 44,6
Homme 45,0 43,7 31,7 44,7
Femme 23,0 10,0 17,0 42,6
38 RAPPORT NATIONAL VOLONTAIRE 2022 SUR LA MISE EN ŒUVRE DES OBJECTIFS DE DEVELOPPEMENT DURABLE (ODD) DU MALI
Figure 5 : Distribution de la pauvreté monétaire par groupe d’âge au Mali (0 à 17 ans)
Source : Rapport MODA 3, à partir des données de l’EMOP 2020
120. Quant à l’indicateur de privations multidimensionnelles des enfants de 0-17 ans, déterminé à
travers neuf dimensions6 de leur bien-être, en 2020, 41,3% d’enfants sont privés dans au
moins trois dimensions, en baisse par rapport à 2018 (55,8%). Les disparités demeurent
importantes selon le milieu. Bien que l’incidence baisse en milieu rural entre 2018 et 2020 de
près de 13 points de pourcentage (de 65,7% à 53%), elle croit en milieu urbain (de 15,5% à
25,7%).
Figure 6 : Pauvreté monétaire et privation multidimensionnelle selon la localisation spatiale
(0 à 17 ans)
121. Le Gouvernement du Mali a adopté plusieurs mesures pour réduire la pauvreté. Celles-ci
sont axées sur le renforcement des systèmes de protection sociale, à travers notamment une
meilleure couverture en matière de santé et des transferts monétaires.
Tableau 2 : Proportion de la population bénéficiant des systèmes de protection sociale
Source : CPS Santé
6 Source d’énergie, Sécurité alimentaire/nutrition, Education, Hygiène et assainissement, Logement, Eau, Santé, Information, Protection de l’enfant
Indicateurs de suivi du progrès 2018 2019 2020
Proportion de la population bénéficiant des systèmes de protection
sociale 2,0% 1,7% 2,1%
RAPPORT NATIONAL VOLONTAIRE 2022 SUR LA MISE EN ŒUVRE DES OBJECTIFS DE DEVELOPPEMENT DURABLE (ODD) DU MALI 39
122. La proportion de personnes bénéficiant de protection sociale a certes évolué entre 2017 et
2020 mais, elle reste faible. Cette proportion tourne autour de 2% en moyenne. Ce niveau
pourrait s’expliquer par le taux de chômage important des jeunes sur le marché du travail, la
précarité des emplois et le fort taux des emplois dans le secteur informel, surtout chez les
jeunes. Les personnes âgées sont celles qui bénéficient le plus des mesures de protection
sociale avec une moyenne de 6% contre moins de 2% pour les personnes non âgées.
Tableau 3 : Couverture par les trois dispositifs de protection sociale contre le risque maladie
(AMO, RAMED, Mutuelles de santé)
Source : CPS Santé
123. Le dispositif d’Assurance Maladie Obligatoire (AMO) a atteint en 2021 un taux de couverture
de 7,47% de la population totale du Mali, soit 1 576 510 bénéficiaires, contre 8,4% en 2020
(1 718 521 bénéficiaires) et 8,1% en 2019, correspondant à 1 634 188 bénéficiaires. La baisse
en 2021 s’explique par la suppression des doublons lors de la bascule d’Esquif vers le
nouveau système ACTIV PREMIUM.
124. Pour ce qui concerne le Régime d’Assistance Médicale (RAMED), il a aussi connu une
évolution positive entre 2019 et 2021 en passant respectivement de 719 192 bénéficiaires en
2019 à 937 283 bénéficiaires en 2021. S’agissant du taux de couverture des mutuelles de
santé, après avoir fortement régressé de 2019 à 2020 en passant respectivement de 6,31%
à 2,19%, il a enregistré une légère augmentation en 2021 (2,77%).
125. Aussi, de nouvelles actions ont été mises en œuvre à travers :
▪ le renforcement du programme des filets sociaux y compris dans les situations humanitaires (transferts monétaires aux ménages vulnérables Jigisèmèjiri) avec un meilleur
ciblage des bénéficiaires ;
▪ les programmes sociaux en faveur des plus vulnérables : les indigents, les femmes, les
enfants, les personnes vivant avec un handicap, les personnes âgées, les déplacés.
126. Afin d’adresser plus efficacement les privations multidimensionnelles auxquels font face les
enfants, y compris les plus défavorisés, le Gouvernement et l’UNICEF ont élaboré une approche de programmation innovante, axée sur le cycle de vie de l’enfant. Cette approche vise
à fournir aux enfants à chaque étape de leur vie, un ensemble de services multisectoriels en
lien avec leurs privations. Les services offerts par tranche d’âge sont les suivants :
► Pour les premières années (0-5 ans) : l’accent est mis sur la santé, la nutrition, l’enregistrement des naissances, l’eau et l’assainissement dans les Ions et dans les communautés,
la protection, l’apprentissage précoce pour la préparation à la scolarité.
► Pour les années de formation (6-12 ans) : portant sur l’accès à une éducation de qualité,
sûre et inclusive, et sur la prévention de la violence et de l’exploitation.
► Pour la deuxième décennie (13-18 ans) ; se focalise sur l’autonomisation des
adolescent(e)s, la formation professionnelle, le bien-être, la promotion de comportements
adaptés aux adolescent(e)s et la prévention de la violence et de l’exploitation.
Régime de protection sociale contre le risque maladie
Situation de la population
cible couverte en 2020
Nombre %
Assurance Maladie Obligatoire (AMO) 1 718 521 49,22%
Régime d’Assistance Médicale (RAMED) 823 209 80,16%
Mutuelles de santé 350 813 2,19%
40 RAPPORT NATIONAL VOLONTAIRE 2022 SUR LA MISE EN ŒUVRE DES OBJECTIFS DE DEVELOPPEMENT DURABLE (ODD) DU MALI
127. Enfin, le programme vise à renforcer la résilience des communautés pour un environnement
favorable à leur résilience, par le biais d’une participation active à la gestion des services sociaux, à la protection sociale, à la préparation aux urgences et au suivi-évaluation. 130.
Malgré les progrès notables enregistrés, les contraintes et défis qui entravent l’atteinte des
objectifs sont :
▪ la perturbation des échanges et des chaines de valeur affecte les exportations de
produits de base et les importations ;
▪ l’impact de la maladie à coronavirus qui a fortement impacté le pouvoir d’achat des populations et le paiement de leurs cotisations aux mutuelles ;
▪ la persistance de l’insécurité au nord et au centre du pays a rendu difficile les activités
de promotion de la mutualité et de renforcement des capacités des mutualistes ;
▪ la diversification de l’économie et l’insuffisance dans la transformation des produits
locaux ;
▪ l’opérationnalisation du RAMU.
128. Les solutions/perspectives porteront sur :
▪ le remboursement diligent des factures impayées de prise en charge au niveau des
structures de soins et de pharmacies ;
▪ la mise en œuvre du régime de protection sociale du secteur agricole et informel. | [
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104
3.4.6 Actions taken to address existing gaps and challenges
SDG 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere
Achieve the assumptions for self-sustainable and balanced economic
development, which will reduce the rate of economically vulnerable
population, SDG 1 (1.3, 1.5)
Ensure social stability and reduce poverty rate, SDG 1 (1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.a and
1.b )
Reduce vulnerability of population to climate change, SDG 1 (1.5)
Enhance resistance of humans, society and ecosystem to those aspects of
climate change that cannot be avoided
105
Invest in risk reduction and in enhancing the resistance of natural and social
systems, SDG 1 (1.5). | [
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} |
19
Goal 1. End Poverty in All Its Forms Everywhere
Inequality has deepened and poverty rate
has increased. The country’s economic
growth driven by the mining sector was not
inclusive and stable. Moreover, growth was
uneven across sectors and regions. The
share of people in poverty increased by eight
percentage points, in recent years from 21.6
percent in 2014 to 29.6 percent in 2016,
revealing that one third of the population
now lives below the national poverty line.
People living close to the national poverty
line are at risk of falling into a poverty trap.
Regional, urban and rural variations in
poverty are stark. The poverty share in rural
areas (34.9 percent) exceeds urban poverty
(27 percent). The poverty rate is highest in
the Eastern region (43.9 percent) followed by
the Western (36 percent) region. This is 1.5-
1.8 times the rate in Ulaanbaatar, which is
home to 46 percent of country’s population
but accounts for 24.8 percent (2016) of
Mongolia’s poor7
population.
Moreover, rural people, spread over vast
territories, face isolation, confront extreme
weather, as well as poor infrastructure and
social services.
Ten percent of the population are
identifed as multidimensionally poor. The
Multidimensional Poverty Index for Mongolia
was 0.043 in 2016, and these people suffer
simultaneously from lacking income,
health and education. The understanding
and measuring of multidimensionality of
poverty causes need to be improved and
strengthened.
Ulaanbaatar is the destination of choice,
along with other urban centres, for better
opportunities. The spread of ger areas in
Ulaanbaatar over the past three decades
is visible. About 38 percent of people living
in ger areas are living in poverty and large
number of households with unemployed or
less educated household heads, or which
are dependent on social transfers and reliant
on informal sector wages are many.
The development of labour intensive sectors,
youth employment promotion and gender
mainstreaming into government policies are
key strategies to reduce poverty.
The country recognizes that improving
social protection is an effective complement
to countering poverty and making economic
growth more inclusive. It can strengthen
the reach of essential social services,
guaranteeing access to essential health
services, education, care and nutrition for
children, and income security for those of
working age, older people and people with
disabilities. In 2017, 88.9 percent of children,
97.5 percent of the elderly, and 44.7 percent
of the unemployed were covered by social
protection floor8
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34
VNR2020
MOZAMBIQUE Voluntary National Review
SDG 1: End Extreme Poverty
The latest report on the incidence of poverty, based on the Household Budget Survey (IOF)
conducted in 2014 and 2015, shows that 46.1% of the population in Mozambique live below
the poverty line, with poverty being highest in rural areas (53.1%) and relatively lowest in
urban areas (40.7). Niassa (65.3%), Nampula (61.4%), Zambezia (60%), Inhambane (50.8%)
and Cabo Delgado (50%) are the poorest provinces in the country.
Poverty has a greater impact on vulnerable groups. In this context, 63% of households
headed by women are poor and exposed to food insecurity, in contrast to 52% of households
headed by men20. The multidimensional poverty of children (0 - 17 years), which includes
eight dimensions - family, nutrition, education, work, health, water, sanitation and hygiene
(WASH), participation and housing - is 46%.21
The elderly, in addition to their degree of dependence, are more concentrated in rural
areas (76%), which are poorer, rendering them more vulnerable to poverty22. People with
disabilities are more economically disadvantaged than the rest of the population and tend to
be poorer23. In addition, there are no reliable statistics on this group, which makes it diffcult
for the country24 to defne policies.
Poverty also varies by region, with the centre and north (59.6%) having the highest poverty
rates with a high concentration in two provinces (Nampula and Zambezia) with 38% of the
national population but with 48% of the population living below the poverty line. Regional
patterns of poverty incidence are also repeated in children.25
As regards policies to reduce poverty, among others the National Basic Social Security
Strategy 2016-2024 is currently one of the key programmes of direct support to poor
vulnerable households, as well as other sectoral strategies. It should be noted that social
20 Ministério de Género, Criança e Acção Social (2016) Perfl de Género em Moçambique: Quarto Esboço do Relatório.
21 UNICEF (2019b) Pobreza Infantil Multidimensional em Moçambique. Maputo, UNICEF Moçambique.
22 United Nations General Assembly (2019) Visit to Mozambique: Independent Expert Report on the exercise of all human rights by elderly people. Human Rights Council, 9-27 September 2019, Agenda item 3: Promotion and protection of all human,
civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights, including the right to development. Forty-second session.
23 MASC (2019) Economia Política da Área da Defciência em Moçambique. Maputo, Fundação MASC; WFD Moçambique
(2019). Rumo a Políticas Sociais, Económicas e Inclusivas para as Pessoas com Defciência em Moçambique. Maputo,
Westiminster Foundation for Democracy, Mozambique.
24 Ibid.
25 UNICEF (2019b).
assistance coverage to these vulnerable groups has increased from 15.76% to 22% in the
period from 2014 to 2018.26
In addition to the constraints linked to inadequate resources, ending poverty in Mozambique
has the challenge of improving the inclusion of cross-cutting issues, gender and vulnerable
groups approach (“leaving no one behind”), as well as regional imbalances, in Public Policies
and their implementation | [
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1
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"country": "moz",
"file_id": "sdg-01/vnr-report-moz-2020-en-1.pdf",
"language": "en",
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} |
VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW REPORT OF MAURITIUS 18
01END POVERTY IN ALL
ITS FORMS EVERYWHERE
OUR APPROACH TO SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
Our objective is to create an inclusive society
where all our citizens are treated in an equitable
and fair manner. To improve the lives of our
people, we have a well-established welfare system
which dates back to the early 1940s. Over time we
consolidated our welfare system, making it more
inclusive and supportive towards the needs of our
citizens.
In Mauritius, education is free from pre-primary to
tertiary levels. Government provides free transport
to students, the elderly as well as the disabled.
We have a universal free health care system.
Every citizen is entitled to a non-contributory old
age pension. Widows, invalids and orphans are
also entitled to pensions, subject to satisfying
the eligibility criteria. To provide an enabling
environment to our people, we have a number of
social protection schemes, targeting specially the
vulnerable segments of our society.
Despite significant efforts by Government, around
10 percent of our people still live in relative
poverty. This percentage is not determined by the
extreme poverty criterion as set by the World Bank,
considering that absolute poverty is negligible in
Mauritius. To understand the domestic situation
and dynamics among the vulnerable segments,
we developed a homegrown indicator to measure
poverty, known as the Relative Poverty Line (RPL)8
.
The Poverty Analysis Report of Mauritius in 2012
demonstrated that poverty is more prevalent among
specific groups in our society. People with low
education, the elderly, single parent households,
families with three or more children are more likely
to experience poverty. Poverty is also exacerbated
by inadequate and poor housing conditions9
.
With a view to scaling up our efforts to combat
poverty and social exclusion, Mauritius
implemented the Empowerment Programme in
2006, with a Rs 5 billion (approximately USD 141
million) fund for poverty alleviation projects. This led
to the establishment of the National Empowerment
Foundation (NEF) in 2008 which had the overall
responsibility of coordinating the implementation
of the Empowerment Programme. Our efforts to
combat poverty took a new turn in 2010 when we
set up a Ministry specifically dedicated to Social
Integration and Economic Empowerment.
In 2014, Mauritius committed itself to new measures
for combating poverty. In 2016, we introduced a
landmark legislation, the Social Integration and
Empowerment Act along with a host of measures.
We revamped the database of families trapped in
poverty which is the Social Register of Mauritius
(SRM). Our main focus is to target those families
which are in extreme poverty. Such families account
for 11,22210 households both in Mauritius and
Rodrigues and they feature on the SRM.
In 2016, we introduced the Marshall Plan Against
Poverty. The beneficiaries enter into a social
contract with Government and they have a
number of obligations to honour. Under the Social
Integration and Empowerment Act of 2016, the
beneficiaries are provided with support under the
different empowerment schemes, such as, crèche,
child allowance, school material, free examination
fees, training, placement and social housing. Under
the Marshall Plan, families which are eligible on the
SRM and have signed a social contract are given
a subsistence allowance to boost their monthly
income. For the fiscal year 2018-2019, around
Rs 240 million (approximately USD 6.7 million) will
be disbursed as subsistence allowance.
8
Poverty in Mauritius, therefore, in this report should be read as calculated by the Relative Poverty Line (RPL).
9
Poverty Analysis Report 2012, Statistics Mauritius
10Annual Report of Ministry of Social Integration and Economic Empowerment, 2017-2018
VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW REPORT OF MAURITIUS 19
The fight against poverty is above all a concerted
effort of all stakeholders. We work closely with
Civil Society through the National CSR Foundation.
The Foundation allocates funds to NGOs for
programmes and projects in approved priority
areas for individuals and families registered
under the SRM and for vulnerable groups. The
foundation is currently supporting more than
200 NGOs and has so far approved funding of
programmes and projects for a total amount of
Rs 500 million (approximately USD 14 million). As
from January 2019, companies are contributing
at least 75 percent of their CSR money to the
Foundation.
In a spirit of partnership, Community Working
Groups have been set up in Mauritius and Rodrigues
by the NEF to support eligible beneficiaries under
the SRM to connect with various Government
programmes and services and to open doors for
their empowerment.
In January 2018, we introduced a national minimum
wage. This has narrowed the wage differential
between the high and the low-income earners.
We also introduced the negative income tax. By
increasing their household income through these
two measures, families suffering from poverty have
experienced an improvement in their purchasing
power and a higher standard of living, with an
overall net positive impact on growth.
Statistical reports show that women in Mauritius
are particularly vulnerable to poverty. In 2017,
130,500 Mauritians lived in poverty, of whom
70,300 were women. We are making special
efforts to address the feminisation of poverty. The
National Women’s Entrepreneur Council (NWEC)
is working on a number of entrepreneurial projects
to empower women. Women entrepreneurs get
up to Rs 500,000 (approximately USD 15,000)
to start their business without requiring too much
collateral.
Our efforts towards ending poverty have started to
bear fruits. For the first time in 16 years, Mauritius
is experiencing a reduction in inequality and an
increase in income share held by the lowest 20
percent of households11.
BRIGHT SPOTS
1. Partnership with the European Union to
Combat Poverty
The EU is funding a Decentralised Cooperation
Programme (DCP) whereby it is financially
supporting NGOs and community-based
organisations on poverty- reduction projects.
Since 2006, some 412 grants, worth Rs 456
million (approximately USD 12.8 million) have been
allocated to strengthen capacity development of
NGOs in key areas such as project management,
strategic planning, governance and policy dialogue.
2. ZEP Project
The Zones d’éducation Prioritaires (ZEP) project
which exists since 2003 aims at combating
poverty through Education. This project focuses at
encouraging primary school children coming from
disadvantaged background to attend schools.
This project is delivered in partnership with the
Government, teachers, parents, community-based
NGOs and the private sector. A daily meal is
provided to each pupil of the ZEP school.
Over the years the project has evolved into ZEP
II project and a Community School Project. The
pillars of the project are:
(i) a focus on literacy and numeracy;
(ii) a continuous professional development
programme for Head Masters and Educators;
(iii) the setting up of a Resource Centre to provide
pedagogical tools to Educators;
11Household Budget Survey 2018, Statistics Mauritius
Community Working Group - Empowering Women
VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW REPORT OF MAURITIUS 20
The ZEP Project shows a positive impact on academic and non-academic performance: absenteeism has
declined and pass-rates have risen (Figures 5 and 6).
The ZEP initiative has been so successful that in 2016 Mauritius launched the ZEP II programme to redesign schools in major poverty pockets and to build their capacity to tenaciously confront poverty-related
barriers to teaching and learning.
We wish to also highlight the Community School Project which is part of the Marshall Plan to improve the
educational performance of students at primary level.
Rotary Club of Port-Louis Breakfast Project at La
Briqueterie Government School
Source: Ministry of Education Source: Ministry of Education
Figure 5: Rate of pupils’ absenteeism in all ZEP Schools
v/s Academic Years
Figure 6: Primary level pass rate in all ZEP Schools
v/s Academic years
(iv) the setting up of an after school programme
to support the education of pupils both on
academic subjects and in extra-curricular
activities; and
(v) a parent Outreach Programme to support
parents in the School Community.
The 2019-2020 budget provides additional
resources to transform schools into a fortified
learning environment. The key performance
indicators of the ZEP Project are pupil attendance
and their academic performance12.
12Source: Ministry of Education
VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW REPORT OF MAURITIUS 21
3. Social Housing Programme
Poverty is exacerbated by inadequate and poor housing conditions. As part of our social protection
programme, in 2017 we set out a 3-year plan to commit Rs 6.8 billion (approximately USD 190.4 million)
towards construction of social and low-income housing units and improving living conditions. As a result,
low-income groups now have access to concessionary financing for their housing units and grants for
casting roof slabs.
CHALLENGES OPPORTUNITIES
Our challenge is to have an effective coordination
between the public and private sectors and the
Civil Society. Improved coordination will strengthen
the Monitoring and Evaluation processes in the
implementation of the Marshall Plan.
Monitoring, evaluation and coordination across the
system involving all stakeholders will help identify
complementary intervention areas that would
further positively impact on the living standards of
recipients of social protection programmes.
Despite sustained efforts made to empower
vulnerable groups, the relative poverty level still
remains at 10 percent, thereby, hindering inclusive
growth. We need to make an impact assessment
that will improve our actions and policies to
further tackle relative poverty in Mauritius.
Sensitisation campaigns and closer case
management are necessary so that vulnerable
groups exit the poverty trap in a sustainable
manner. This will help towards establishing a more
inclusive society in which all nationals are given
equal opportunities.
4. Lovebridge
Lovebridge is a public-private partnership with an
innovative approach to fighting poverty. It is run
as a five year pilot project, under the stewardship
of Business Mauritius.
The Lovebridge method tackles poverty in a
holistic manner by intervening on six pillars:
Education, Employment-Employability-Training,
Housing, Food & Nutrition, Health and MASCO
(Motivation, Attitude towards Empowerment &
Self-Help, Skills & Know-How and Courage).
Lovebridge works constructively on individualised
strategies and practical action plans to help
families progressively step out of poverty.
Field staff of Lovebridge visiting benefciary families | [
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42
Goal 1: End Poverty in All its Forms and Everywhere
Indicator 1.1.1 Proportion of population below the international poverty line $1.90 per day
In Malawi, there is a small decrease of the population living below the international poverty
line of $1.90 per day from 72.8 percent in 2004 to 71.0 percent in 2016. Despite the small
decrease of population living below international poverty line there is an indication of
deterioration in terms of poverty from 62.8 percent in 1997. These rates are way above the
global average of 15.8 percent and 47.0 percent for the Sub-Saharan region. This shows that
the growth rate needed to achieve the Goal by 2030 is below 50 percent.
Figure 1.1: SDG Indicator 1.1.1: Proportion of population living below national poverty line
%)
43
Source: NSO, IHS4 Report, 2017
Indicator 1.1.2 Proportion of population living below the national poverty line
There is an increase in the population living below the national poverty line as indicated by
51.5 percent of Malawians living below national poverty line in 2017 instead of 50.2 percent,
which was estimated in 2010. This shows that the poverty headcount rate remains much higher
in rural areas than urban centers, 59.5 percent and 17.7 percent respectively. However, there is
a rapid fall of extreme poverty rate from 24.5 percent in 2010 to 16.0 percent in 2017 and the
extreme poverty is higher in the rural areas at 18.9 percent compared to 4.3 percent in the urban
population residence (%).
.
Figure 1: Population living below the national poverty line (%)
Source: NSO,
IHS4 Report,
2017
Proportion of government spending on essential services, agriculture, and poverty reduction
programmes (1.a.3)
From the figure 1.2, it is worth to note that government-spending proportions have implications
on ending poverty in Malawi. It is quite critical for the government to learn which areas have
significant impacts on poverty reduction when allocating more resources. This will help in the
country achieving its targets for the indicators under goal 1.
51.5
16.1 17.7
3.4
59.5
18.9
59.9
13.7
53.6
13.1
65.2
19.0
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
Poor Ultra Poor
Malawi Urban Rural North Central South
53.9 52.0 50.2 51.5 49.9
MGDS III Target, 8.0
SDG Target, 0.0 0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
2000 2005 2010 2015 2022 2030
Percent
Current path
Lineary projected value
MGDS III Target
SDG Target
44
Figure 1.2: Proportion of government expenditure on essential services, agriculture, and
poverty reduction programmes
Source: MGDS III M&E Framework (2017)/SDG Baseline Report
Challenges and bottlenecks that may hinder SDG 1 attainment
Malawi is facing a number of challenges with respect to achieving the Goal 1, eradicating
extreme poverty and hunger. A “Business as Usual” pathway can lead to a cycle of poverty and
poor socio-economic development outcomes for the people of Malawi. Some of the causes of
structural poverty include:
A high population growth rate, especially of young people (< 15 years) and lack of
progress in the demographic transition to a youth bulge and smaller families necessary
to harness the Demographic Dividend (DD). This leads to intergenerational poverty and
deprivation leading to poor living standards as the demand for essential goods and
services such as schools, housing and health services rise exponentially and become
overstretched if resources are unavailable and there is poor planning.
Environmental stresses, over-cultivation, over-exploitation of natural resources.
Limited access to financial services: commercial banks continue to be reluctant in
giving more affordable loans for agriculture initiatives, which is the major economic
poverty for the rural population.
Inadequate marketing infrastructure in rural communities, which discourages
individuals from growing cash crops and engaging in meaningful economic
empowerment activities.
Poor human capital among youth that would make them uncompetitive in the global
market and diminish their prospects of decent work.
Interventions under goal 1
The following are some of the government interventions taken to reduce poverty;
i. Government in collaboration with cooperating partners is implementing policies and
programmes that will likely produce sustained poverty reduction including improving
market and road infrastructure, promoting irrigation to increase hectarage under
irrigable land thereby boosting production and income.
44
17.7
8
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Proportion of resources allocated by the government directly to
poverty reduction programmes (%)
Proportion of total government spending in agriculture
Proportion of total government spending on essential services
(education, health and social protection)
Percentage
ii. Government of Malawi has introduced national social support programmes such as
Farm Input Subsidy School Meals Programme and Village Savings and Loans (VSL)
and Microfinance to ensure that poor and vulnerable people are supported.
iii. National Social Cash Transfer Programme (SCTP) was introduced by the Government
with support from development partners with the aim of reducing poverty and
malnutrition and improve school enrolment by delivering cash transfers to ultra-poor
and labour constrained households in Malawi. The programme reaches 170, 000
households across 18 districts out of 28 districts with calls to scale u the programme to
the rest of the districts. | [
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1
] | {
"country": "mwi",
"file_id": "sdg-01/vnr-report-mwi-2020-en-1.pdf",
"language": "en",
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Malawi 2022 Voluntary National Review (VNR) Report Malawi 2022 Voluntary National Review (VNR) Report
16 17
END POVERTY IN ALL ITS FORMS
EVERYWHERE
Overview
SDG 1 calls for ending poverty
in all its forms everywhere. It
aims at ensuring that the entire
population, especially the poorest
and most vulnerable have equal
rights to economic resources and
access to basic services. In line
with the SGDs, Mw 2063 aims
to transform the economy to an
upper middle-income country by
2063. Its “inclusive wealth creation
and self-reliance” agenda entails
increasing the incomes of all
citizens to improve their quality
of life without leaving anyone
behind.
Since the last VNR, Malawi has
made marginal improvements
in reducing poverty. However,
people across the country,
especially rural women, children,
youth, and persons with
disabilities indicate that their
poverty status has worsened. The
increase in poverty levels was
mainly attributed to the rising cost
of living and poor performance of
the agriculture sector which is a
major source of income for a larger
percentage of the population.
Progress
Indicator 1.1.1 Proportion of
population below the international
poverty line $1.90 per day: The
share of Malawians living below the
international poverty line of $1.90
per day has increased from 71.4
percent in 2015 to 73.5 percent in
2019.
Indicator 1.1.2 Proportion of the
population living below the national
poverty line: The proportion of
people below national poverty
lin==e has marginally declined to
50.7 percent in 2021 from 51.5
percent in 2016. This improvement
Malawi 2022 Voluntary National Review (VNR) Report Malawi 2022 Voluntary National Review (VNR) Report
16 17
is attributed to the strengthening of
the implementation of various social
protection programmes. For the
country to halve the poverty levels
by 2030, there is need to intensify
poverty reduction programmes.
Figure 4 highlights the trend of the
national poverty line against the
2030 target
Figure 4: poverty trend in Malawi
The levels of poverty are higher
among the rural residents and is
estimated at 56.6 percent, while
the estimate for urban residents the
estimate is at 19.2 percent. Poverty
among the urban residents increased
from 17.7 percent in 2016 to 19.2
percent in 2021.
Proportion of the population that
is Ultra-poor: 20.5 percent of the
population are currently classified
as ultra-poor an improvement from
24.5 percent in 2016.
Indicator 1.3.1 Proportion of
population covered by social
protection floors/systems Malawi
has intensified its social protection
programmes, currently covering
293,522 household beneficiaries
with 1,284,633 individuals (about 7
percent of the country’s population)
from 290,036 households in 2020
across all 28 districts. In addition
to the regular Social Cash Transfer
Programme (SCTP), Government
reached out to 144,104 in the cities
with the COVID-19 Urban Cash
Intervention.
Interventions under goal 1
The country is implementing several
pro-poor policies and programmes
with the aim of reducing poverty
which include:
• National Social Support
Programmes aimed at reducing
poverty and hunger; improving
school enrolment for the ultrapoor and labour-constrained
households; and providing
capacity to earn more incomes;
and
• Implementation of the Affordable
Inputs Program (AIP) which has
increased agriculture production
and household incomes.
Gaps and Challenges
• High population growth
undermining progress towards
poverty reduction as the demand
for essential goods and services
has increased faster than available
capacity to provide the same;
2
NSO (2021) Poverty Report,
Malawi 2022 Voluntary National Review (VNR) Report Malawi 2022 Voluntary National Review (VNR) Report
18 19
• Limited access to financial
services which adversely affect
the ability of citizens to engage
in income earning activities; and
• High level of corruption
which has negatively affected
the performance of poverty
eradication programmes across
the country.
Lessons Learnt and opportunities
• Bottom-up development planning
has enhanced community
ownership of poverty eradication
projects, empowering citizens
to blend-in locally generated
innovations.
• There are several innovations
initiated by ordinary Malawians.
These initiatives positively
impacting the livelihoods of
Malawians; and
• The recently introduced Malawi
Multidimensional Poverty Index,
which compliments monetory
poverty measures allows for the
better perception of multiple
deprivations suffered by the
people, hence better and targeted
policy formulation.
Specific Recommendations
• Promote and support community
cooperatives to enhance
economic empowerment among
citizens;
• Scale up social protection
interventions, increasing
financial and material support
to match the worsening poverty
levels; and
• Scale up mind-set change
programmes and showcase
successful innovations by
ordinary Malawians to inspire
hope and optimism. | [
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13
Goal 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere
Malaysia has successfully reduced absolute poverty, based
on the national poverty line, from 49.3 per cent in 1970 to
0.6 per cent in 2014 – a remarkable achievement made in
just four decades. The national poverty line is estimated
at US$2.02 per capita per day, which is above the US$1.90
per capita per day international benchmark. As of 2014,
low poverty rates also were recorded across ethnicity,
gender and rural-urban strata. For example, the poverty
rate of female- and male-headed households stood at
0.8 per cent and 0.6 per cent, respectively. The incidence
of hard-core poverty, which is below the food poverty
line, also was extremely low, at 0.2 per cent. Details of the
current status in relation to SDG1 are given in Figure 3.
These achievements have been made possible through
the implementation of nationwide multidimensional
poverty eradication programmes that started as early as
the 1960s. Malaysia’s efforts to eradicate poverty have
always emphasised education and skills development,
income generation, employment creation and provision
of access to basic needs such as electricity, clean water,
transportation and housing, as well as social safety nets.
Other programmes by NGOs, CSOs and the private
sector (e.g., Amanah Ikhtiar Malaysia, Yayasan Hasanah)
further complement these efforts. In addition, Malaysia’s
centralised National Poverty Data Bank (eKasih) keeps
detailed information about poor households, for better
profiling and targeting of assistance. With absolute
poverty largely eradicated, Malaysia has begun to focus
on relative poverty in the Bottom 40 (B40) households,
which comprise the bottom 40 per cent of the nation’s
income distribution. A profile of these households is
provided in Box 4.
As per the 2014 threshold, B40 households earn a monthly
income of RM3,860 and below, with a mean income of RM2,537
and a median income of RM2,629. The B40 community
comprises 2.7 million households that lack financial and nonfinancial asset ownership, and that are highly dependent on
Government assistance. About two-thirds depend on a single
source of income, which makes them vulnerable to disasters
and economic shocks. Generally, the B40 have low educational
attainment, and most heads of household are either engaged
in low-paying jobs or small-scale agriculture, or self-employed
in the informal sector. They are highly affected by inflation and
rising cost of living, while some may not have benefited from
social safety nets.
About 63 per cent of the B40 households are in urban areas,
living in high-density housing and facing multiple issues
including non-conducive living conditions. About 16 per cent
of rural and 34 per cent of urban B40 households rent or share
accommodation. The most vulnerable include the hard-core
poor, who are below the food poverty line, and the poor
(0.3 million households), as well as the low-income (1 million).
These households can be further disaggregated into 80.7
per cent male-headed households and 19.3 per cent femaleheaded households. According to a finding in the Malaysia
Human Development Report 2013, senior-headed households
experienced more acute relative income deprivation.
Box 4: The Bottom 40 Community in Malaysia
Source: Eleventh Malaysia Plan
DEVELOPMENT ACHIEVEMENTS
14 MALAYSIA SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW 2017
GOAL 1: END POVERTY IN ALL ITS FORMS EVERYWHERE
CURRENT STATUS
Very low
incidence of
poverty, with
a few pockets
0.6%
0.2%
0.8%
incidence of absolute poverty based on the national
poverty line (2014), a reduction from 49.3% in 1970.
Reduction observed across all states, ethnicity and
rural-urban strata (2014)
incidence of hard core poverty (below the food poverty
line) indicating households were able to secure the
minimum level of dietary requirements (2014)
poverty rate among female-headed households while
that of male-headed households was at 0.6% (2014)
1.6%
2 %
20%
rural poverty rate – poor households mostly employed in
agriculture, forestry and fisheries (2014)
of children below Poverty Line Income (PLI) in 2014, a
decline from 9% in 2009, with 15% of those living
in households with incomes less than twice the PLI
incidence of poverty among indigenous people of Sabah
and 7.3% among indigenous people of Sarawak; Orang
Asli are among the poorest (2014)
Social
protection
programmes
are in place
7.1 million persons benefited from BR1M programme at a
cost of RM5 billion (2015)
eKasih was established in 2008 as a Centralised
National Poverty Data Bank for better profiling and
targeting of poor households
42 social protection programmes implemented
inadequate coverage of social protection programmes
such as those working in the informal economy, foreign
migrant workers
Income
inequalities
have reduced
slightly, but
there are
vulnerabilities
to shocks and
disasters
5.6
0.401
times lower mean income for households in the bottom
40 per cent of national income range compared to
that of top 20 per cent households (2014). This is an
improvement compared to the ratio of 7.0 in 1989
Gini coefficient in 2014, indicating a decline in overall
income inequalities from 0.441 in 2009
6.3%
64.7%
per year increase in real income of B40 households
between 2009–2012 compared to the 5.2% increase
observed for average households
of B40 households depend on single income source
Figure 3: Current Status, Key Success Factors and Remaining Priorities for Goal 1
KEY SUCCESS FACTORS
• Providing universal education and skills training
• Creating employment opportunities
• Maintaining low infation and adequate standard of living
• Providing social safety nets
REMAINING PRIORITIES
• Increasing income and economic potential of B40 households
• Enhancing social protection system
DEVELOPMENT ACHIEVEMENTS 15
1
“Game changers” are innovative approaches that have the potential to fundamentally change the country’s growth.
Moving forward, Malaysia is implementing the Eleventh Malaysia Plan Strategic Thrusts 1
and 3 to address poverty in all its forms. Malaysia also is working to “Uplift B40 households
towards a middle class society” as one of the six “game changers”1
.
Accelerating human
capital development
for an advanced nation
3
Increasing Income and Economic Potential
• Enhancing accessibility to quality education and skills training
• Providing quality employment opportunities and entrepreneurial support
• Increasing use of modern technology among small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and
small-scale agriculture
• Promoting wealth ownership through investment programmes
Addressing Higher Cost of Living and Income Vulnerability
• Monitoring prices and ensuring fair market practices
• Improving access to afordable housing, transportation and healthcare
• Strengthening the social protection system towards a more integrated and comprehensive
coverage
• Enhancing fnancial and debt management programmes
Enhancing Delivery Systems
• Improving targeting mechanisms of Government interventions
• Partnering with the private sector, NGOs and CSOs to reach out to the needy
• Addressing multidimensional needs of the B40
Enhancing
inclusiveness towards
an equitable society
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12 Voluntary National Review 2018
sDG 1: enD PovertY in aLL its forMs everYWHere
Economic Growth
Namibia continued to register signifcant progress regarding economic growth over the past ten years (2008 –
2017) averaging 3.7 percent annually. However, over the past two years (2016 and 2017), economic growth has
slowed and is projected at 1.2 and 2.1 percent in 2018 and 2019 respectively, thereby negatively impacting on
industrial and investment growth. To counter this the country is engaged in efforts to stimulate economic activities
through government expenditure and foreign investment.
Poverty Trends and Levels
The national poverty rate has continued to decrease over time falling from 28.8 percent in 2010 to 18 percent in
2016 and by 2017 poverty reduced to 17.4 percent. This is attributed, amongst others, to the pro-poor policies and
programmes that target the poor segments of society, whereby people are provided with tools that build resilience
and self-suffciency to break the cycle of poverty. Social safety nets are one of the measures that have lifted
people out of poverty to sustainable livelihoods.
The adopting of a social welfare approach that is based on promoting the human rights and dignity of people and
achieving social justice has also contributed to the reduction of poverty in the country. Namibia has furthermore
adopted economic policies that are aimed at providing opportunities for the poor, where several credit schemes
and seed support programmes are implemented to allow for micro and medium enterprise development and in
turn improve their income. Namibia continues to invest in the education sector to improve the skills of its people in
order to provide the skilled labour required to propel Namibia to its desired aspiration of an industrialised Nation
by 2030.
Despite progress made in reducing rural poverty, recording a reduction from 34 percent, poverty levels still
remain high at 25.1 percent. Government therefore needs to invest additional resources to ensure that the rural
communities are emancipated. A substantial segment of the population remains extremely poor, suffering from
multiple deprivations in the domains of material, employment, health, education and living environment.
Human Development Index (HDI)
The human development index improved from 0.578 in 1990 to 0.640 in 2015. This can be attributed to the huge
investment which Namibia has made in the social sectors of health and education
Inequities Trends and Levels
The Gini-Coeffcient has improved from the past measure of 0.58 in 2010 to 0.56 in 2016. This can be attributed to
the pro-poor policies and programmes which the government has put in place. Even though inequality seems to
have slightly reduced there are still huge disparities in terms of who has access to sustainable income, productive
assets, food, water, energy, and other basic services. Inequality is still high with Namibia ranked amongst the top
ten most unequal countries in the world.
Unemployment Trends and Levels
Unemployment has increased from 28 percent in 2016 to 34 percent in 2017. The increase in unemployment
is a consequence of poor performance in the key employment sectors such as mining, agriculture, fsheries,
infrastructure development and tourism. In addition the mechanization of production in these sectors has also
Voluntary National Review 2018 13
contributed to a reduction in the demand for labour. The growth in employment opportunities subsequently fell
short of the of number new entrants in the labour market, thus there is now high unemployment rate (34 percent),
impacting certain vulnerable groups more severely, including women, youth, people with disabilities, and the poor.
Current challenges to attaining the Goals’ aspirations
Even though Namibia is investing a great deal of resources to address poverty, there are still challenges that
impact the implementation of interventions aimed at eradicating poverty. These include, amongst others:
a. Lack of industrialization and infrastructure, which have contributed to economic imbalance
b. Lack of proper skills which can be attributed to the education system which focuses on theoretical subjects
with limited focus on technical and vocational training and limited investment made in early childhood
development. This has led to a skills mismatch between what the system produces and what the job
market requires
c. The spread of communicable diseases such as HIV has also impacted on productivity across all sectors of
the economy
d. The global fnancial crisis has affected the Namibian economy and contributed to an increase in
unemployment, in particular the extractive industry, which employs a signifcant number of people.
e. Recurrent natural disasters such as droughts and foods have impacted mostly agricultural productivity,
leading to a decline in GDP contribution from 30 percent 2015 to 20 percent in 2016 and consequently
reducing the number of people employed in the sector
Strategies
Namibia has set fve year targets aimed at addressing the key challenges under SDG 1 and has also put in place
strategies that will enable the government to reach these set targets, as outlined below:
strategies for attaining the targets set national targets
A strong work ethic to be encouraged through incentives that seek to
ensure that those who are capable graduate and seek employment to
ease the burden on the program and avoid propagating a culture of
dependency.
Foster collaboration and partnerships across various sectors and
institutions.
Gini coeffcient- 0.500
Head count poverty rate
(extreme poor) - 5 percent
Head count poverty rate
(poor)-10 percent
National Comprehensive Social Protection Program being expanded,
with added investments, to provide integrated support to the poorest
and vulnerable households.
Strengthen social safety nets through expedited registration for national
documents and other means.
Strengthen social protection system so that it is harmonized with
existing programs, policies and laws relating to social protection.
Enhance disaster risk governance through increased understanding
of and investment in its varied dimensions, including assessment,
prevention, mitigation, preparedness, response, recovery and
rehabilitation
Gini coeffcient- 0.500
Head count poverty rate(extreme
poor) - 5%
Head count poverty rate(poor)-10%
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1
] | {
"country": "nam",
"file_id": "sdg-01/vnr-report-nam-2018-en-1.pdf",
"language": "en",
"locality": null,
"size": "m",
"type": "vnr",
"year": 2018
} |
4 | Namibia SDGs VNR June 2021
NO 1 POVERTY
Indicator 1.2.1
Indicator 1.3.1
Indicator 1.4.1
Namibia SDGs VNR Report 2021 | 5
Progress on Goals and Targets
End Poverty in all its forms everywhere
Overview
Ending poverty in Namibia is one of the key priority tasks. Namibia has re-committed herself by striving to give all citizens equal
opportunities, full access to economic and social opportunities, and the opportunity to live a decent and dignified quality of life.
It is for this reason that the second Harambee Prosperity Plan (HPP II), which was launched in 2021, and the NDP5 emphasise
the necessity to pursue the sustainable inclusive growth and creation of decent jobs as the most effective route for poverty
reduction. The Government has introduced strategic measures to empower the people, and to support the poor and most
vulnerable. Policies such as the Social Protection Policy and the Blueprint on Wealth Redistribution and Poverty Eradication are
pro-poor and aim to address poverty in Namibia.
Status and Trends
Poverty Levels
The share of poor and severely poor households is still estimated at approximately 17.4% and 10.7% of the population, as per the
2015/2016 official statistics. Poverty in rural areas (25.1%) is higher than urban areas (8.6%). At the national level there has been
a decline in poverty, attributed to the strengthening of the implementation of social safety net policies such as the incremental
adjustment of social grants and strengthening of social protection.
5
Poverty levels in female-headed households
(19.2%) are higher than male-headed
households (15.8%). Female-headed households
also have a larger incidence of severely poor
(11.2%) compared with male-headed households
(9.9%). Comparisons with the 2009/2010 survey
show that poverty levels have fallen from 32.2%
to 19.2% for female-headed households, and
from 26.2% to 15.8 % for male-headed
households.
The incidence of severely poor households has
only slightly increased from 11.1% to 11.7 % for
female-headed households, and from 8.5% to
9.9% for male-headed households.
Social Protection
In the spirit of Leaving No One Behind (LNOB),
Namibia passed the Social Protection Policy in
2021. Progress has also been made in addressing
risks and vulnerabilities that people face
throughout their lives, through social assistance
programmes targeting the poor and vulnerable,
as the non-contributory grant spending increased
from N$5.1 billion in the 2018/2019 fiscal year to
N$6.2 billion in the 2020/2021 fiscal year. The
coverage rate of the main social grants for the
same period has increased with the old age grant
coverage from 95% to 98%, the disability grant
coverage from 71% to 74%, and the child grant
from 60% to 66%.
Addressing the COVID-19 Pandemic
As a response strategy to the COVID-19
pandemic, Namibia rolled out N$8.1 billion
COVID-19 stimulus packages to mitigate the
impacts of unemployment on those who lost their
jobs due to the pandemic and to help in the fight
of the virus in general. Similar COVID-19
stimulus packages to the value of N$22.1 million
were rolled out by the Social Security
Commission for wage subsidies and to assist the
informal sector affected by the pandemic. The
government spent N$560 million on the special
allowance, also known as the Emergency Income
Grant, which benefitted 769,000 Namibians.
The economic stimulus and relief package
benefitted 230 employers and 21,359 employees
through wage subsidies and employee salary
protection programmes, costing a total N$ 8.1
billion.
Strategies Going Forward
• The nation has introduced strategic
measures to empower people by
supporting the poor and most vulnerable,
and by strengthening the existing social
protection programmes.
Poverty levels in female-headed households (19.2%) are higher than male-headed households (15.8%). Female-headed
households also have a larger incidence of severely poor (11.2%) compared with male-headed households (9.9%). Comparisons
with the 2009/2010 survey show that poverty levels have fallen from 32.2% to 19.2% for female-headed households, and from
26.2% to 15.8 % for male-headed households.
The incidence of severely poor households has only slightly increased from 11.1% to 11.7 % for female-headed households, and
from 8.5% to 9.9% for male-headed households.
Social Protection
In the spirit of Leaving No One Behind (LNOB), Namibia passed the Social Protection Policy in 2021. Progress has also been made
in addressing risks and vulnerabilities that people face throughout their lives, through social assistance programmes targeting
the poor and vulnerable, as the non-contributory grant spending increased from N$5.1 billion in the 2018/2019 fiscal year to
N$6.2 billion in the 2020/2021 fiscal year. The coverage rate of the main social grants for the same period has increased with
the old age grant coverage from 95% to 98%, the disability grant coverage from 71% to 74%, and the child grant from 60% to 66%.
6 | Namibia SDGs VNR Report 2021
Addressing the COVID-19 Pandemic
As a response strategy to the COVID-19 pandemic, Namibia rolled out N$8.1 billion COVID-19 stimulus packages to mitigate the
impacts of unemployment on those who lost their jobs due to the pandemic and to help in the fight of the virus in general.
Similar COVID-19 stimulus packages to the value of N$22.1 million were rolled out by the Social Security Commission for wage
subsidies and to assist the informal sector affected by the pandemic. The government spent N$560 million on the special
allowance, also known as the Emergency Income Grant, which benefitted 769,000 Namibians.
The economic stimulus and relief package benefitted 230 employers and 21,359 employees through wage subsidies and
employee salary protection programmes, costing a total N$ 8.1 billion.
Strategies Going Forward
· The nation has introduced strategic measures to empower people by supporting the poor and most vulnerable, and by
strengthening the existing social protection programmes. | [
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10
4.1. OBJECTIF I : ELIMINER LA PAUVRETE SOUS TOUTES SES FORMES
Pour atteindre cet objectif, 3 cibles ont été retenues comme prioritaires. Il s’agit des cibles 1.2 ; 1.3
et 1.4, auxquelles il faut ajouter 2 cibles de mise en œuvre (1.a et 1.b).
4.1.1. Situation et tendance
Cible 1.2 : D’ici à 2030, réduire de moitié au moins la proportion des hommes, femmes et enfants
de tous âges vivant dans la pauvreté dans toutes ses dimensions selon les définitions nationales.
Indicateur 1.2.1 : Proportion de la population vivant en dessous du seuil national de pauvreté,
par sexe et par âge.
Le taux de pauvreté est passé de 45,4% en 2014 à 40,3% en 2018, induit principalement par
l’Initiative les Nigériens Nourrissent les Nigériens (i3N). Toutefois, le taux de pauvreté en milieu rural
est progressivement passé de 52,4% en 2014 à 45,6% et de 9,1% à 15,3% en milieu urbain en 2018.
Par ailleurs, au cours de la même période, le nombre de pauvres a augmenté d’environ 451 000, en
lien avec la poussée démographique. La pauvreté pourrait s’aggraver avec la pandémie de la COVID19 notamment la perte d’emploi estimée à 4,3% et environ 1 million de personnes supplémentaires
en insécurité alimentaire.
Selon les principaux résultats des Enquêtes sur les Conditions de Vie des Ménages (ECVMA, 2011,
2014 et EHCVM4 2018), l’incidence de la pauvreté s’est nettement améliorée, sur la période 2011-
2019. En effet, cet indicateur est passé de 48,2% en 2011, à 45,4% en 2014, puis à 40,3% en 2018,
soit une baisse relative de près de 8 points en 7 ans.
L’analyse de l’évolution de l’incidence de pauvreté, selon le milieu de résidence, fait ressortir que la
baisse a été beaucoup plus marquée en milieu rural (6,8 points en milieu rural alors qu’en milieu
urbain ce taux est en hausse de 6,2 points). En effet, elle est passée de 54,6% en 2011 à 45,6% en
2018. Sur la période 2014-2018, l’incidence de pauvreté a chuté de 4,1 points de pourcentage,
passant de 45,4% à 40,3%. Si cette tendance se maintient, la cible de 31,10% en 2021 ne sera pas
atteinte.
Malgré cette baisse de l’incidence de pauvreté, le nombre absolu de personnes pauvres continue
d’augmenter au Niger en passant de 8 400 992 en 2014 à 8 851 554 en 2018.
4 Les résultats de cette enquête sont provisoires
11
Graphique 2: Evolution de l’incidence de la pauvreté (%) du Niger de 2011 à 2018
Sources : INS, ECVMA 2011, ECVMA 2014 et EHCVM 2018/19
De même, la profondeur de la pauvreté a sensiblement baissé. Elle a été estimée à 10,8% en
2018/19, contre 13,1% en 2011. Le même constat est fait pour la sévérité de la pauvreté qui, en
2011, était de 4,9%, contre 4,1% en 2018.
L’analyse selon les régions montre que Zinder et Dosso ont, en 2018, les taux de pauvreté les plus
élevés avec, respectivement, 47,6% et 47,1%. La région de Maradi qui occupait la première (1ère)
place, en termes de taux de pauvreté en 2011, se retrouve, en 2018 en troisième position, avec une
incidence de pauvreté de 45,3%. Entre 2014 et 2018, dans la région de Maradi, le taux de pauvreté a
baissé de près de 33%. Par ailleurs, les régions de Diffa (+10,9 points), Agadez (+10,6 points), Tahoua
(+4,2 points) et Niamey (+2,6 points) ont connu une hausse importante du taux de pauvreté entre
2014 et 2018, alors que ces taux avaient baissé entre 2011 et 2014, respectivement de (-8,3) points,
(-16,9) points, (-27,5) points, et (-9,5) points.
L’augmentation du niveau de pauvreté dans les régions de Diffa et Agadez peut s’expliquer par le
contexte sécuritaire dégradé dans les pays voisins (Libye, Nigéria) ayant eu des répercussions
négatives sur les activités économiques et sociales.
Tableau 2: Evolution de l’incidence de la pauvreté par région de 2011 à 2018
Région 2011 2014 2018
Incidence Profondeur Sévérité Incidence Profondeur Sévérité Incidence Profondeur Sévérité
Agadez 26,6 6,5 2,3 9,7 1,1 0,2 20,5 4,6 1,5
Diffa 42,4 10,5 3,8 34,1 8,4 2,9 45,0 10,6 3,7
Dosso 61,3 19,1 8,0 59,4 16,1 6,2 47,1 12,5 4,4
Maradi 66,4 22,2 9,3 67,2 23,6 11,0 45,2 13,4 5,3
Tahoua 56,3 16,9 6,6 28,8 6,6 2,0 33,0 7,3 2,5
Tillabéry 67,3 21,1 8,7 41,8 11,4 4,5 41,1 11,6 4,5
Zinder 56,2 16,6 6,7 52,9 16,0 6,4 47,6 13,1 5,3
Niamey 15,8 3,4 1,1 6,3 1,0 0,3 8,9 2,1 ,7
Ensemble 48,2 13,1 4,9 45,4 13,4 5,5 40,3 10,8 4,1
Source : INS, ECVMA 2011, 2014 et EHCVM 2018
12
En plus des caractéristiques énumérées ci-dessus, le niveau de pauvreté est également influencé par
les caractéristiques sociodémographiques, notamment la taille du ménage, le sexe et l’âge du chef de
ménage, comme illustré dans le graphique ci-après.
Graphique 3: Incidence de la pauvreté au niveau national selon la taille du ménage, l’âge du Chef de
Ménage, le milieu de résidence et le sexe du Chef de Ménage (%)
Source : INS : EHCVM 2018/19
Il faut relever que la baisse de l’incidence de pauvreté est en adéquation avec l’augmentation de la
classe moyenne qui est passée de 24,6% en 2011 à 26,1% en 2014 puis à 29,6% en 2018.Toutefois, la
réduction du niveau de pauvreté s’est accompagnée par l’augmentation des inégalités. Bien qu’en
hausse en passant de 0,299 en 2011 á 0,340 en 2018, l’indice de Gini reste le plus faible de la sousrégion.
Cible 1.3 : Mettre en place des systèmes et mesures de protection sociale pour tous, adaptés au
contexte national, y compris des socles de protection sociale, et faire en sorte que, d’ici à 2030,
une part importante des pauvres et des personnes vulnérables en bénéficient
Indicateur 1.3.1 : Proportion de la population bénéficiant de socles ou systèmes de protection
sociale, par sexe et par groupes de population (enfants, chômeurs, personnes âgées, personnes
handicapées, femmes enceintes et nouveau-nés, victimes d’un accident du travail, pauvres et
personnes vulnérables)
Le taux de couverture de protection sociale est passé de 3% en 2012 à 28,75% en 2018, en lien avec
la mise en œuvre de la politique de la gratuité des soins de santé pour les femmes enceintes et les
enfants de moins de 5 ans, représentant environ 28% de la population totale, la gratuité de
l’éducation jusqu’à l’âge de 16 ans et les filets sociaux.
Cible 1.4 D’ici à 2030, veiller à ce que tous les hommes et les femmes, en particulier les pauvres et
les personnes vulnérables, ont les mêmes droits aux ressources économiques, ainsi qu’à l'accès aux
services de base, à la propriété, le contrôle des terres et d'autres formes de propriété, à l'héritage,
aux ressources naturelles, à des nouvelles technologies et aux services financiers adéquats, y
compris la micro finance
13
Indicateur 1.4.2 : Proportion de la population adulte totale qui dispose de la sécurité des droits
fonciers et de documents légalement authentifiés et qui considère que ses droits sur la terre sont
sûrs, par sexe et par type d’occupation
Selon les résultats provisoires de l’EHCVM 2018, 4,5% de la population nigérienne possède des
documents légalement authentifiés pour leurs terrains á usage agricole, dont 1,2% de titres fonciers,
0,1% de permis d’exploiter, 0,6% de procès-verbaux et 2,3% de conventions de ventes. Toutefois,
72,3% de la population nigérienne est propriétaire de ses terres mais ne possède ni titre, ni acte de
propriété.
Graphique 4: Type de document légal foncier possédé (%)
Source : INS, EHCVM, 2018
De même, seulement 11,1% des propriétaires ou copropriétaires de leurs logements d’habitation
possèdent de titre ou acte de propriété.
En milieu rural où vivent plus de quatre nigériens sur cinq, les documents de propriétés légalement
authentifiés sont très rarement possédés par la population.
Tableau 3: les propriétaires et copropriétaires de leurs logements d’habitation
Pour les propriétaires et copropriétaires Pourcentage (%)
Propriétaire/Copropriétaire sans titre 88.87
Propriétaire/Copropriétaire avec titre 11.13
Source : INS, EHCVM, 2018
Cible 1.a : Garantir une mobilisation importante de ressources provenant de sources multiples, y
compris par le renforcement de la coopération pour le développement, afin de doter les pays en
développement, en particulier les pays les moins avancés, de moyens adéquats et prévisibles de
mettre en œuvre des programmes et politiques visant à mettre fin à la pauvreté sous toutes ses
formes.
Indicateur 1.a.1 : Proportion des ressources directement allouées par l’État à des programmes
de réduction de la pauvreté.
14
La part du budget de l’Etat consacré aux programmes de réduction de la pauvreté est passée de
7,18% en 2017 à 7,46%, en 2018.
Indicateur 1.a.2 : Proportion des dépenses publiques totales affectées aux services essentiels
(éducation, santé et protection sociale)
Cette proportion est passée de 26% en 2016 à 37% en 2018, soit une augmentation de 11 points de
pourcentage sur la période, malgré, le niveau élevé des dépenses de sécurité dans le budget qui
représente en moyenne, 17%, au-delà de la cible définie dans le programme de la renaissance (10%).
Graphique 5: Evolution des dépenses publiques totales affectées aux services essentiels (Education,
santé et protection sociale entre 2016 et 2018) en %
Source : Direction de la Statistique, Ministre des Finances
4.1.2. Défis et enjeux nouveaux
Pour espérer une réduction significative de la pauvreté, plusieurs défis sont à relever dont entre
autres :
la promotion et le soutien continu aux Activités Génératrices de Revenus (AGR) notamment
en faveur des groupes les plus vulnérables ;
une mise en œuvre effective des politiques publiques pro-pauvres ;
l’accélération de la mise en œuvre des réformes de réduction des inégalités notamment par
le renforcement des mesures de protection sociale, d’assurance maladie universelle et de
filets sociaux ;
la création d’emplois décents pour toute la population active (urbaine et périurbaine,
notamment, les jeunes diplômés, les jeunes et les femmes en milieu rural), à travers la mise
la mise en œuvre du Programme du Travail Décent ;
l’amélioration de la productivité agricole par la maîtrise de l’eau, la Gestion Durable des
Terres (GDT), la maison du paysan, la transformation des produits agro-sylvo-pastoraux et
halieutiques (chaînes de valeur) et la promotion de l’entreprenariat des jeunes ;
15
le renforcement de la sécurité sur toute l’étendue du territoire national et le développement
des opportunités économiques notamment, dans les localités affectées ;
la maitrise de la croissance démographique à travers la mise en œuvre réussie de la Politique
Nationale de la Population ;
le renforcement de la bonne gouvernance.
4.1.3. Mesures prises pour remédier aux lacunes et aux défis existants
Il s’agit de l’accélération de la mise en œuvre des différentes politiques et stratégies sectorielles
contribuant à la réduction de la pauvreté et en appui au Plan de Développement Economique et
Social – PDES (2017-2021). Ces stratégies ont trait au développement de l’entreprenariat des jeunes,
à la création d’emplois décents tant en milieu rural qu’urbain, à la protection sociale, à la résilience à
l’insécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle des ménages et à l’autonomisation des femmes. Le Projet
Emploi des Jeunes et Inclusion Productive (PEJIP) et le projet filets sociaux adaptatifs sont des
instruments de renforcement du système de protection sociale.
Les réformes sur la protection sociale sont :
l’adoption de la Loi n° 2018-22 déterminant les principes fondamentaux de la protection sociale
et son décret d’application ;
l’adoption du projet d’application de la loi sur les Principes fondamentaux de la Protection
Sociale. Un décret détermine les modalités de gestion et d’intervention du Fonds National de
Garantie des Mutuelles Sociales (FNGMS). La généralisation du Programme des Filets Sociaux sur
toute l’étendue du territoire du Niger ;
la signature de l’arrêté n° 0097/MET/PS/DGPS du 10 octobre 2019 portant création,
organisation, attribution et fonctionnement du Secrétariat Permanent chargé d’appuyer le
Comité Technique National de la protection sociale ;
la ratification de la convention n° 183 sur la protection de la maternité et la convention n° 121
sur les prestations en cas d’accidents du travail ou de maladies professionnelles, dans le cadre de
la promotion des normes au travail. | [
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1
] | {
"country": "ner",
"file_id": "sdg-01/vnr-report-ner-2020-fr-1.pdf",
"language": "fr",
"locality": null,
"size": "l",
"type": "vnr",
"year": 2020
} |
14
4. PROGRES VERS LES OBJECTIFS ET LES CIBLES PAR ODD
4.1. OBJECTIF I : ELIMINER LA PAUVRETE SOUS TOUTES SES FORMES ET
PARTOUT DANS LE MONDE
Pour atteindre cet objectif, 3 cibles ont été retenues comme prioritaires. Il s’agit des cibles 1.2 ;
1.3 et 1.4, auxquelles il faut ajouter 2 cibles de mise en œuvre (1.a et 1.b).
4.1.1. Situation et tendance
La proportion de la population vivant en dessous du seuil national de pauvreté, a baissé de 4,6
points de pourcentage entre 2014 et 2019. Elle a concerné principalement le milieu rural avec
une baisse de 5,6 points de pourcentage. Cependant, au plan national, le nombre de pauvres
s’est accru de 438 068 sur la période. Selon une étude4 réalisée par la Banque Mondiale, il
faudrait attendre la fin de 2023 pour que le nombre de pauvres reviendrait à un niveau proche
de celui d’avant la crise du COVID-19.
Cible 1.2 : D’ici à 2030, réduire de moitié au moins la proportion des hommes, femmes et
enfants de tous âges vivant dans la pauvreté dans toutes ses dimensions selon les
définitions nationales.
Cette cible est mesurée par deux indicateurs à savoir : 1.2.1 et 1.2.2
Indicateur 1.2.1 : Proportion de la population vivant en dessous du seuil national de
pauvreté, par sexe et par âge.
La proportion de la population vivant en dessous du seuil national de pauvreté (Incidence de la
pauvreté) s’est nettement améliorée, sur la période 2014-2019. Cet indicateur est passé de
45,4% en 2014 à 40,8% en 2019, soit un gain de 4,6 points de pourcentage. La même tendance
est observée en milieu rural où ce taux est passé de 52,4% en 2014 à 46,8% en 2019, soit un
gain de 5,6 points de pourcentage. Par contre, en milieu urbain, le taux de pauvreté a augmenté
entre 2014 et 2019, passant ainsi de 9,1% en 2014 à 11,8% en 2019. Cette augmentation en
milieu urbain pourrait s’expliquer par la forte urbanisation, le déplacement des populations des
zones rurales vers les villes en lien avec l’insécurité et la recherche des meilleures conditions
de vie (surtout pour les jeunes). Si cette tendance de réduction d’un (1) point de pourcentage de
la pauvreté par ans se maintient, la cible 2030 de la SDDCI de 28,16% pourrait être atteinte.
Toutefois, cette situation pourrait être compromise avec les impacts de la pandémie de la
COVID-19. A titre illustratif, selon l’étude réalisée par la Banque Mondiale, cette tendance à
la hausse se maintiendrait au moins jusqu’en 2022. La pauvreté atteindrait 42,9% en 2021,
entrainant 685000 personnes supplémentaires dans l’extrême pauvreté.
4 Rapport sur la situation de l’économie et de la pauvreté au Niger, BM 2021
15
Malgré la baisse de l’incidence de la pauvreté observée au niveau national, le nombre absolu
de personnes pauvres continue d’augmenter au Niger. Il s’est accru d’environ 438.068 individus
sur la période 2014-2019. C’est le fait d’un croît démographique (3,9%). En outre, la part de la
consommation des 20% des individus les plus pauvres dans les dépenses globales de
consommation des ménages est passée de 8,1% en 2014 à 8,0% en 2019.
L’analyse des caractéristiques du ménage permettrait de mieux appréhender les contours de la
pauvreté au Niger. De manière générale, les enquêtes antérieures sur les conditions de vie des
ménages, ont démontré que la taille du ménage est une fonction décroissante du niveau de vie
(plus la taille du ménage augmente, plus le niveau de vie diminue).
Le graphique ci-dessous indique l’évolution de l’incidence de la pauvreté au niveau national
selon la taille du ménage. L’incidence de la pauvreté est de 0% au niveau des ménages d’une
personne, de 1,4% pour les ménages à deux (2) membres mais elle passe à plus de 23% pour
les ménages de trois (3) à cinq (5) personnes. Elle fait plus que doubler pour les ménages de
10 personnes et plus.
Source : INS : EHCVM 2018/19.
16
Selon le sexe, le taux de la pauvreté est presque identique quel que soit le sexe du chef de
ménage. En effet, l’incidence de la pauvreté est presque la même que l’on considère les ménages
dirigés par des hommes (40,8%) ou ceux dirigés par des femmes (40,7%). Toutefois, l’on note
une incidence légèrement inférieure, de l’ordre de 0,1% pour les ménages dirigés par les
femmes. Les mêmes tendances ont été observées pour les enquêtes précédentes. Cette situation
peut s’expliquer par le fait que les ménages dirigés par les femmes sont généralement
prioritaires pour bénéficier des transferts sociaux.
Concernant l’âge du chef de ménage, le taux de pauvreté croit d’abord avec l’âge et atteint son
maximum entre 35-44 ans, et décroit par la suite, tout en restant relativement élevé.
Logiquement, on s’attend à ce que les individus avec l’âge deviennent moins pauvres suite à
l’accumulation des richesses. Mais, on constate que l’âge s’accompagne souvent de plus de
charges familiales, mais aussi de la baisse du revenu. On peut aussi noter que les taux de
pauvreté relativement bas pour les chefs de ménage jeunes peuvent être liés à la faible taille de
ces ménages.
Cette situation peut aussi s’expliquer par le fait qu’ils ont un capital humain généralement
supérieur à celui des plus âgés. Ce qui peut leur permettre d’être plus compétitifs sur le marché
du travail. Par ailleurs, le taux de pauvreté commence à fléchir pour les ménages dont les chefs
17
ont un âge avancé. Cette tendance peut s’expliquer par le fait que certains membres du ménage
commencent à quitter ces ménages pour former les leurs.
Cible 1.3 : Mettre en place des systèmes et mesures de protection sociale pour tous,
adaptés au contexte national, y compris des socles de protection sociale, et faire en sorte
que, d’ici à 2030, une part importante des pauvres et des personnes vulnérables en
bénéficient.
Cette cible est mesurée à travers l’indicateur 1.3.1
Indicateur 1.3.1 : Proportion de la population bénéficiant de socles ou systèmes de
protection sociale, par sexe et par groupes de population (enfants, chômeurs,
personnes âgées, personnes handicapées, femmes enceintes et nouveau-nés, victimes
d’un accident du travail, pauvres et personnes vulnérables)
Le taux de couverture de protection sociale est passé de 3% en 2012 à 28,75% en 2018, en lien
avec la mise en œuvre de la politique de la gratuité des soins de santé pour les femmes enceintes
et les enfants de moins de 5 ans, représentant environ 28% de la population totale, la gratuité
de l’éducation jusqu’à l’âge de 16 ans et les filets sociaux.
Toutefois, les principaux goulots d’étranglements à savoir la non fonctionnalité des organes
techniques et de pilotage et l’absence de définition de « socle de protection sociale », sont en
train d’être levés, avec la mise en place de nouveaux comités chargés de l’orientation et du suivi
de la mise en œuvre de cette PNPS et l’adoption en avril 2018 de la loi portant principes
fondamentaux de la protection sociale au Niger.
Cible 1.4 D’ici à 2030, veiller à ce que tous les hommes et les femmes, en particulier les
pauvres et les personnes vulnérables, ont les mêmes droits aux ressources économiques,
ainsi qu’à l'accès aux services de base, à la propriété, le contrôle des terres et d'autres
formes de propriété, à l'héritage, aux ressources naturelles, à des nouvelles technologies
et aux services financiers adéquats, y compris la micro finance.
Cette cible est mesurée à travers les indicateurs : 1.4.1 et 1.4.2
1.4.1 Proportion de la population vivant dans des ménages ayant accès aux services de
base.
Le Niger, à l’instar de plusieurs pays de la sous-région, a adopté et mis en œuvre plusieurs
politiques et stratégies afin de garantir l’accès aux services sociaux de base à la population.
Au niveau du secteur éducatif, les actions menées ont permis d’améliorer la fréquentation
scolaire des élèves âgés de 7 à 12 dont le taux est passée de 49,4% en 2014 (ECVMA 2014) à
53,3% en 2018/2019 (EHCVM 2018/19). Cela pourrait s’expliquer par l’amélioration de la
couverture en terme de capacités d'accueil scolaire avec la réalisation des salles de classe et le
recrutement des enseignants à tous les segments de l’enseignement.
Malgré cette amélioration, des efforts restent encore à faire puisque près de la moitié des enfants
de cette tranche d’âge ne vont pas à l’école. Les inégalités persistent encore entre le milieu
18
urbain (88,1%) et le milieu rural (47,2%). Plus de la moitié des enfants de 7 à 12 ans, en milieu
rural, sont hors de système scolaire. Quant au taux d’achèvement seulement un tiers (33,6%)
des individus âgés de 15 à 17 ans ont complété avec succès l’enseignement primaire. L’écart
est très important entre le milieu urbain (65,3%) et le milieu rural (24,4%).
Cette faiblesse du taux de fréquentation et du taux d’achèvement n’est pas sans lien avec le
niveau de vie des ménages. En effet, Le taux d’achèvement est plus élevé pour les populations
non pauvres (40,7%) contre 23,2% pour les pauvres en 2018/19. Pour le taux de fréquentation
scolaire, il est de 44% pour les pauvres et de 62,7% pour les non pauvres en 2018/2019.
Aussi, le taux d’alphabétisation des jeunes de 15-24 ans s’est établi à 45,7% en 2018/19
(EHCVM 2018/19) contre 44,2% en 2014 (ECVMA 2014), soit une amélioration de 1,5 point
de pourcentage. De même, le taux d’alphabétisation de la population âgée de 15 ans et plus a
connu une augmentation de 4,8 points de pourcentage, passant de 28,4% en 2014 (ECVMA
2014) à 33,2% en 2018/19 (EHCVM 2018/19). Ainsi, environ un tiers des nigériens sont
alphabétisés en 2018/19. Toutefois, ce taux cache des disparités entre les sexes et les milieux
de résidence. Ainsi, sur la même période, il est près de deux (2) fois plus élevé chez les hommes
(45,4%) que chez les femmes (23,1%). Egalement, il est plus de deux (2) fois plus élevé en
milieu urbain (59,3%) qu’en milieu rural (26,5%).
Au niveau du secteur de la santé, le Niger a enregistré des progrès significatifs. En effet, avec
la politique de gratuité des soins au profit des enfants de 0 à 5 ans et de la césarienne, le taux
de couverture sanitaire a connu une évolution positive sur la période 2017-2020, passant de
50,13% à 52,74%. Quant au pourcentage de la population située à plus de 5 km des formations
sanitaires, couverte par les activités mobiles et foraines, il est passé de de 54,98% en 2017 à
77,4% en 2018 avant de connaître une baisse drastique pour se situer à 47,23% en 2020. Cette
baisse pourrait être liée à la pandémie du covid-19.
Sur le plan hydraulique, la proportion de la population ayant accès, de façon durable, à une
source d’eau potable, s’est améliorée sur la période 2014-2019 en passant de 42,4% (ECVMA
2014) à 55,1% (EHCVM 2018/19). Cette performance pourrait s’expliquer par la réalisation
d’importants ouvrages hydrauliques à savoir : (i) 11155 équivalents Points d’Eau Modernes
pour desservir 2 788 750 personnes réparties dans 278 875 ménages et 1 677 autres équivalents
Points d’Eau Modernes ont été réhabilitâtes pour rétablir les service d’eau potable à 419 250
personnes réparties dans 41 950 ménages ; (ii) en milieu urbain, 39 527 branchements
particuliers, 544 bornes fontaines et 595,90 km de conduites ont été réalisés et qui ont permis
de toucher plus de 667 270 personnes ; (iii) en hydraulique rurale, au cours de la période 2017-
2020, 11155 éqPEM ont été réalisés sur une prévision de 16 287, soit un taux de réalisation
68,57%.
Par ailleurs, il a été réalisé également sur la période 2017-2020 : (i) 174 puits cimentés
villageois; (ii) 860 forages équipés de pompe à motricité humaines et (iii) 621 postes d’eau
autonomes.
19
Indicateur 1.4.2 : Proportion de la population adulte totale qui dispose de la sécurité
des droits fonciers et de documents légalement authentifiés et qui considère que ses
droits sur la terre sont sûrs, par sexe et par type d’occupation
Selon l’EHCVM réalisée au Niger en 2018, 4,5% des ménages nigériens possèdent des
documents légalement authentifiés pour leurs terrains á usage agricole, dont 1,2% de titres
fonciers, 0,1% de permis d’exploiter, 0,6% de procès-verbaux et 2,3% de conventions de
ventes. Cela montre que 95,5% des ménages propriétaires de terres ne possèdent pas de
documents légalement authentifiés. Toutefois, il y’a lieu de souligner qu’au Niger la non
possession d’un document légalement authentifié n’est pas souvent synonyme de
l’inaccessibilité des ménages à la terre qui constitue un facteur de pauvreté notamment en milieu
rural.
Aussi, seulement 11,1% des propriétaires (ou copropriétaires) de leurs logements d’habitation
possèdent de titre ou acte de propriété.
Source : INS, EHCVM, 2018/19.
Cible 1.a : Garantir une mobilisation importante de ressources provenant de sources
multiples, y compris par le renforcement de la coopération pour le développement, afin
de doter les pays en développement, en particulier les pays les moins avancés, de moyens
adéquats et prévisibles de mettre en œuvre des programmes et politiques visant à mettre
fin à la pauvreté sous toutes ses formes.
Cette cible est mesurée à travers les indicateurs suivants : 1.a.1 et 1.a.2.
Indicateur 1.a.1 : Proportion des ressources directement allouées par l’État à des
programmes de réduction de la pauvreté.
La part du budget de l’Etat consacré aux programmes de réduction de la pauvreté est passée de
7,18% en 2017 à 7,46%, en 2018. Ces programmes concernent les actions menées dans le cadre
de la mise en œuvre de l’I3N et de la protection sociale.
20
Indicateur 1.a.2 : Proportion des dépenses publiques totales affectées aux services
essentiels (éducation, santé et protection sociale)
Les services essentiels concernent l’éducation, la santé et la protection sociale.
Graphique 6: Evolution des dépenses publiques totales affectées aux services essentiels
4.1.2 Défis et enjeux nouveaux
Les défis et enjeux pour une réduction significative de la pauvreté au Niger sont liés
à :
La maitrise de la forte croissance démographique ;
L’amélioration de la performance de l’économie nationale à travers une diversification
et la formalisation de l’économie, prenant en compte les effets néfastes de la COVID19 et de l’insécurité ;
Le renforcement des mécanismes adéquats de transformation, de conservation et de
commercialisation des produits agro-sylvo-pastoraux et halieutiques ;
La réduction des inégalités dans l’offre de services sociaux de base (santé, éducation,
accès aux infrastructures, à l’eau potable, etc.) entre milieu rural et milieu urbain;
Le renforcement de la résilience des populations face aux changements climatiques ;
La réduction du chômage, du sous-emploi, de l’insuffisance d’opportunités
économiques pour les femmes et les jeunes (ruraux et diplômés en particulier).
Mesures prises pour remédier aux lacunes et aux défis existants
Les actions menées dans le cadre de la planification familiale notamment la mise à
disposition gratuite des produits contraceptifs et des campagnes de sensibilisation ;
Le maintien de la jeune fille à l’école ;
La création des opportunités d’emploi des jeunes ruraux ;
Les actions menées dans le cadre de l’autonomisation économique de la femme rurale (AGR) ; | [
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"country": "ner",
"file_id": "sdg-01/vnr-report-ner-2021-fr-1.pdf",
"language": "fr",
"locality": null,
"size": "l",
"type": "vnr",
"year": 2021
} |
xi
ODD1 : La proportion de la population vivant en dessous du seuil national de pauvreté, est
passée de 45,4% en 2014 à 40,8% en 2019, soit une baisse de 4,6 points de pourcentage. Elle a
été beaucoup plus sensible en milieu rural où elle est passée de 52,4% en 2014 à 46,8% en 2019.
Cependant, le nombre de pauvres s’est accru sur la période, passant de 8.494.944 en 2014 à
8.933.012 en 2019. La pauvreté pourrait s’aggraver avec la pandémie de la COVID-19
notamment la perte d’emploi estimée à 4,3% et environ 1 million de personnes supplémentaires
en insécurité alimentaire. | [
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50
SDG 1: End poverty in all its forms
everywhere
End poverty in all its manifestations, including extreme
poverty, within the next 15 years. All people everywhere,
includ¬ing the poorest and most vulnerable, should
enjoy a basic stand¬ard of living and social protection
benefits, as well as ensure that social protection benefits
reach the poor and most vulnerable groups and that
people harmed by conflict and natural hazards receive
adequate support, including access to basic services.
More than half of the Nigerian population live in poverty
(see Table 7). To confront this, President Muhammadu
Buhari announced in May 2019 a commitment to lift
approximately 100 million Nigerians out of poverty
within a 10-year period. The government then
established the National Social Investment Programme
as a cornerstone programme targeting the poor and
vulnerable members of the Nigerian population (Buhari,
2019). Table 7 summarizes the baseline and progress
made against the five selected indicators for SDG 1.
The poor services rendered to those who cannot afford
to pay premium rates, especially in the health and
education sectors, is also a driver of poverty. Poor health
directly affects economic activity, as the COVID-19
outbreak so acutely shows. Similarly, poor education
leads to poor economic opportunities. Hence, without
breaking the cycle of poor investment in human capital,
the problems of poverty will not be addressed.
Half of Nigeria’s labour force work in the agricultural
sector, hence the importance of this sector, which
promotes household food security and generates
income. In particular, a high proportion of women work
in informal agricultural production.
Indicator 1.1.1: Proportion of
population living below the
international poverty line, by sex, age,
employment status and geographical
location (urban/rural)
According to official figures for indicator 1.1.1, 62.6
per cent of the population live in poverty, 69 per cent
of them in rural areas and 51 per cent in urban areas
(Figure 19).
51
A Second Voluntary National Review June 2020
Indicator 1.2.2: Proportion of men,
women and children of all ages living in
poverty in all its dimensions, according
to national defnitions
According to the Multidimensional Poverty Index, as
reported in the Human Development Report, 2018,
the proportion of men, women and children of all ages
living in extreme poverty in all its dimensions according
to national definitions was measured as 22.5 per cent.
The figure shows that poverty is higher in the rural areas
(26.5 per cent) than in the urban with (13.5 per cent)
(NBS Summary Table, 2020, HDI 2016). Nigeria is now
home to the largest number of multidimensionally poor
in the world. Ten states in north of Nigeria account for
70 per cent of the total who are multidimensionally poor.
Empowering girls and women is key in addressing
poverty. A country gender assessment series found
that female-headed households and widows generally
had higher poverty rates, and lower food security than
male-headed households. In addition, insecurity in the
Northern part of Nigeria has caused large numbers
of families to become internally displaced, unable to
settle back into their communities. These had a higher
prevalence of malnutrition, which had seriously affected
food security and led to increased gender inequality
(FAO & ECOWAS 2018).
Indicator 1.3.1: Proportion of population covered by
social protection floors/systems, by sex, distinguishing
children, unemployed persons, older persons, persons
with disabilities, pregnant women, newborns, workinjury victims and the poor and the vulnerable
The National Bureau of Statistics has addressed this
indicator using the following proxy: ‘Proportion of
government recurrent and capital spending to sectors
that disproportionately benefit women, the poor and the
vulnerable groups by year’. The expenditure trends have
been declining since 2016 (Federal Ministry of Women’s
Affairs and Social Development).
National Social Investment Office (NSIO) has the best
compilation of these efforts. The NSIO has been at the
forefront of efforts to create a safety net that targets the
poor, vulnerable and unemployed youths. The effort
has recorded some significant achievements since the
publication of the last VNR. The NSI has established
a roadmap for institutionalizing sustainable delivery
towards defined socio-economic and poverty alleviation
targets. This process has set targets for reducing poverty
and improving human capital indices. It has done this
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52
NIGERIAINTEGRATION OF THE SDGs INTO NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLANNING
thorough assessment of the sustained financing required
for the social sector. Figure 20 shows the critical data to
track, including financial inclusion data; national social
register of poor and vulnerable households; beneficiaries
of the cash transfer programme; and unemployed
graduates. The programme benefits over 22,5 million
people.
The PVHSs programme, which began operations in 2016,
manages Nigeria’s national social register of the poor
and vulnerable households (PVHSs). As at 31 March
2020, the programme had distributed N20 000 (US$58)
per person covering 11 million individual beneficiaries
in 2.6 million households across 35 states in the country
(People’s Daily, 8 April 2020).
The Cash Transfer Programme has been institutionalized
rapidly through the establishment of data collection
systems, including valuable information on PVHSS and
critical community characteristics for national planning.
State agencies did all this to facilitate efforts to meet the
needs of the poor. The data include the nearest primary
and secondary schools, primary health care centres,
connectivity infrastructure, as well as networks. The
Conditional Cash Transfer Component reached out to
approximately 300,000 poor and vulnerable households
across the country.
Over a 2-year period, the N-Power Programme, a
youth employability and enhancement programme,
empowered 500,000 youths between the ages of 18
and 35 with needed skills for the job market (Buhari
2019). Unemployment graduate databases have been
established through an N-Power portal, which has
processed over 2.5 million applicants. The National
Home Grown School Feeding Programme is provided to
9.9 million children daily in 33 states and has empowered
107, 862 local catering staff across the country.
Measures have been put in place to enable greater
bottom-up oversight regarding state-funded poverty
programmes. Through Action Aid, CSOs act as third
party monitors to guarantee citizen participation and
social accountability. The School Feeding Programme
has 2388 N-Power monitors trained to give feedback
from beneficiaries of state interventions at the field level.
The African Network for Economic and Environmental
Justice (with over 500 monitors) observes and reports
on the cash transfer component, while the National
Economic Summit Group works with Accenture and
Busara in carrying out impact evaluations in the field in
order to enhance and expand state programmes (NSIO,
2019: 29).
While the rollout of these social transfers is commendable,
11-million recipients are insufficient when over 40 per
cent of Nigerians are below the poverty line.
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53
A Second Voluntary National Review June 2020
The proxy used for basic services is access to improved
sanitation services (Indicator 1.4.1a) and improved
water sources (indicator 1.4.1b). The baseline figures
for 2016 for these are 60.3 per cent and 69.6 per cent,
respectively. Access to sanitation has declined with the
WASH NORM findings from 2018 finding that 24 per cent
of the population still practise open defecation. While
42 per cent has access to improved sanitation services,
only 19 per cent of the population has their sanitation
services safely treated. Moreover, only 18 per cent of the
population has sanitation services with handwashing
and soap availability (WASH-NORM data ). The ability
to now track performance on an annual basis through
the WASH-NORM survey may help improve delivery.
The same figures are provided for 2016 and 2017.
Overall, Nigeria ranks among the globe’s five worst
performers in the proportion of its population that can
access safe water supply, sanitation services and hygiene
(UNICEF, 2017). With this poor record, WASH has gained
political focus as demonstrated through the launch of the
Partnership for Expanded Public Water, Sanitation and
Hygiene (PEWASH) which serves as an overall strategic
framework under which specific initiatives fall, such
as the National Action Plan for WASH (2019). A state
of emergency has been declared in the WASH sector
which gave the Department of National Department
of Water Resources (DNWR) a presidential executive
order to facilitate the implementation of the National
Open Defecation Roadmap 20205. The financing for this
initiative was made possible through a World Bank loan
of US$700 million, signed in 2019 with implementation
to begin in 2021. Through strong leadership at the
federal level, national allocations have focused more on
sanitation with the WASH budget doubling in 2020 from
2019, but still less than the estimated requirements of
needing to treble the budget. Despite this commendable
leadership and budget prioritization at the federal level,
only less than a third (9 or 10 states) of Nigeria’s states
have followed suit. The challenge has always been
how to get this state of emergency to be prioritized
in all 36 states across the country in order to reap the
most effective health benefits associated with access to
sanitation with dignity .
There are exciting initiatives underway within Nigeria in
relation to expanding water and sanitation. The private
sector has been playing a leadership role in coordinating
a national umbrella of private sector actors, through
their corporate social investment strategies. These
companies are most active at the subnational level.
For instance, telecommunications companies can
contribute technological innovation through expanding
Water, Sanitation and Hygiene provision. For instance,
during the COVID-19 outbreak, the Umbrella private
sector group driving this WASH engagement mobilized
)Ζ*85( 3URSRUWLRQRISRSXODWLRQOLYLQJLQKRXVHKROGVZLWKDFFHVVWREDVLFVHUYLFHV
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54
NIGERIAINTEGRATION OF THE SDGs INTO NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLANNING
telecommunications companies to send out text
messages raising the importance of handwashing. Such
an initiative falls under the PEWASH strategy that was
inaugurated in 2019 and is illustrative of the success in
mobilizing a full set of stakeholders in playing a role in
expanding essential services.
Indicator 1.5.1: Number of deaths,
missing persons and directly afected
persons attributed to disasters per
100,000 population
The baseline figures are missing persons at 0.02/100 000
population. Those affected by the disaster are 607/100
000. No data is available yet since the 2016 baseline.
Given that the Minister for Humanitarian Affairs is
responsible for reporting against this indicator, the
timing of COVID-19, understandably meant an inability
to draw on the required data to speak on progress
against this indicator. The President, in his 2019 keynote
address, expressed concern on the lack of accountability
in how development funds from development partners
were being spent in the North East, without meaningful
impact.
To address this, the President highlighted the
importance of this ministry in starting a comprehensive
data-gathering exercise and using this baseline data
to understand what is happening in IDP camps in the
North East.
Barriers to progress
One of the key facilitators for addressing SDG 1 emerging
from consultations with the civil society was the close
partnership between CSOs and academic institutions.
These relationships have provided entry points for
state interventions by CSOs providing platforms at the
grassroots level. Furthermore, CSOs and academic
institutions have made intellectual contributions towards
overall poverty alleviation strategies, such as scientific
evidence or ground-truthing what would work through
experience and cultural context. Despite significant
achievements, the 2019 NSIO report indicates several
challenges concerning the delivery of social benefits.
These include:
• Delayed and insufficient funding releases,
• Lack of private sector engagement and noncompliance with institutional arrangements
established for the delivery intended. More
specifically, delivery challenges relate to three
broad areas, namely:
Poor connectivity and internet access for
technology-aimed timely and secure payments;
6RXUFH 1(0$
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55
A Second Voluntary National Review June 2020
The remoteness of the locations where
beneficiaries reside, which makes it difficult to
escalate grievances in these areas promptly;
Lack of awareness of the diverse and huge
territory covered and the fact that the target
audience often does not have access to media;
The hampering of state operations through
corruption. This happens as officials to shortchange field officers and beneficiaries, often
forming a racket around farmer-caterer food
purchase process. They also attempt to exploit
the low literacy and poverty levels of some
programme beneficiaries by extorting them.
As 50 per cent of the workforce is engaged in agriculture,
challenges facing subsistence and small-scale
commercial agriculture are instructive in addressing
poverty. Approximately 20 per cent of households faces
barriers to market access. Also, other elements of the
value chain require strengthening given, for example,
that processing, storage and transportation facilities are
limited. Furthermore, access to land and agricultural
inputs – especially fertilizer, seeds, and tools – is a
major barrier to improved food production especially
as 35 per cent of farmers identifies access to credit
as the primary barrier to their agricultural activities
(Downie 2017). Besides these, degradation and climate
change have continued to constitute external barriers to
livelihoods earned through agriculture. All these things
have resulted in increased and more frequent shocks to
households, constituting additional barriers to improved
nutrition (Spring, 2018: 45).
For women overall, efforts to improve equitable access
to agriculture and livelihood resources, including land,
agricultural inputs, and education, over the longer
term, requires tackling cultural and gender norms that
prevent women’s empowerment. Anecdotal evidence
shows that women are less likely to gain access to credit,
land, and other agricultural inputs (Federal Ministry of
Agriculture and Rural Development and World Bank,
2016).
Areas to strengthen
Poverty needs to be addressed through inclusive growth.
Earlier on, we discussed the requirements to promote
growth under SDG 8. Nevertheless, efforts to address
economic growth cannot aid poverty reduction unless
such growth is channelled through redistribution systems
that allow the poor to participate in the growth process
and its proceeds A particular need is to promote inclusive
agricultural development. Key recommendations in this
regard include.
• Facilitating access of the most food-insecure
households to credit, agricultural inputs, markets,
and infrastructure. Strategies could include
scaling up village savings and loan approaches,
cash transfers for highly vulnerable families, or
restructuring market systems interventions to
overcome the barriers to participation for women,
indigent older persons and persons with disabilities.
• In the long term, an investment in systematic
approaches to building resilient communities is
needed to adapt livelihoods to meet the challenges
of a changing climate and provide safety nets for
the most vulnerable households.
The cash transfer system needs strengthening.
Suggestions for improving how the government
addresses poverty alleviation through cash transfers
include:
• Developing innovative ways to track poor
households, including persons with disabilities and
older persons.
• Making direct cash transfer payments to minimize
leakages.
Adequate nutrition is key to ensuring that
children achieve their potential and terminate the
intergenerational transfer of poverty. Evidence from
a USAID evaluation observed the saliency of all these
points to the well-being of the people. In particular,
it underscores how useful they are to the work of
community health workers and other health providers
who need to deploy better supervision, support, and
resources into putting nutrition counselling training into
practice to help women internalize these principles in
their daily lives and the way they raise their children. As
a complement to nutrition at the family level, the school
feeding programme further enhances child nutrition
and educational outcomes. It is necessary to evaluate
this programme to understand how to strengthen it.
Basic Services are essential for public health and
agricultural produce to sustain livelihoods and food
56
production. There are exciting initiatives underway
in Nigeria to expand water and sanitation. The
private sector has been playing a leadership role in
coordinating a national umbrella of private sector
actors, through their Corporate Social Investment
Strategies. These companies are most active at the subnational level. For instance, the telecommunications
companies can contribute technological innovation
by expanding the provision of water, sanitation and
hygiene. Besides, during the COVID-19 outbreak, the
private sector group driving this WASH engagement
mobilized telecommunications companies to send out
text messages raising the importance of handwashing.
Such an initiative falls under the PEWASH strategy
inaugurated in 2019. It is also illustrative of the success
in mobilizing a broad set of stakeholders in playing a
role in expanding essential services. | [
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1
] | {
"country": "nga",
"file_id": "sdg-01/vnr-report-nga-2020-en-1.pdf",
"language": "en",
"locality": null,
"size": "l",
"type": "vnr",
"year": 2020
} |
SDG 1: No Poverty
• Facilitating access of the most food-insecure
households to credit, agricultural inputs, markets,
and infrastructure. Strategies could include scaling
up village savings and loan approaches, cash
transfers for highly vulnerable families, including
older persons and persons with disabilities. Also
to restructure market systems to overcome the
barriers to participation for women, extreme poor
and persons with disabilities.
• Creating an investment in systematic approaches
to building resilient communities, adapting
livelihoods to meet the challenges of a changing
climate and providing safety nets for the most
vulnerable households during the long term.
• Making direct cash transfer payments to minimize
leakages. | [
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xiv
NIGERIAINTEGRATION OF THE SDGs INTO NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLANNING
Nigeria is now the largest economy in Africa, with a GDP
of US$ 397 billion and accounting for 17 per cent of
the continent’s GDP. However, 40.1 per cent of Nigerians
(about 83 million people) live in poverty and growth
per capita has been negative. Poverty has been rising in
rural areas and the northern zones, while the situation
in the southern zones has generally been improving. The
poor health and education services for those who cannot
afford to pay is also a driver of poverty. The National
Social Investment Programme has been a cornerstone
programme, targeting the poor and vulnerable members
of the Nigerian population to address this, and safety
nets cover around 22.5 million households. The federal
government’s significant efforts to extend social welfare
to the growing numbers of poor households is not
reaching far enough, deep enough and fast enough.
Key to Nigeria’s efforts at addressing poverty is to
recognize the centrality of women in producing healthy
children if they can do so when they choose, contributing
to productive households if they have access to essential
services, such as water and sanitation, and agricultural
support. A key to shared prosperity through economic
growth is bringing more people at the community level
into the decision-making arena around how best to
structure local economic development. Critical actions
needed include:
• Strengthening subsistence and small-scale
agriculture;
• Expanding and rolling out social protection and
social security schemes that are universal without
discriminating based on age, gender, disabilities or
on any other grounds;
• Strengthening health and education systems;
• Formulating social intervention programmes that
specifically aim at reducing the poverty burden
among older persons;
• Addressing insecurity in the North East;
• Strengthening the development of women and
girls in all sectors, including those with disabilities.
End poverty in all its forms everywhere SDG 1
2030 Target
1.1 Eradicate extreme poverty for all people everywhere, currently
measured as people living on less than US$1.25 a day | [
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Página 9 de 105
Gobierno de Reconciliación y Unidad Nacional
Primer Informe Nacional Voluntario: Avances en el cumplimiento
de los ODS, alineados con la Agenda 2030
ODS #1: PONER FIN A LA POBREZA EN TODAS SUS FORMAS, EN
TODO EL MUNDO
Desde 2007 el Gobierno ha venido ejecutando una serie de Políticas, Programas y Proyectos emblemáticos y acertados, que han logrado reducir los índices de pobreza general
y pobreza extrema según el consumo, de manera sostenida, pasando la Pobreza General
de 42.5% a 24.9% y la Pobreza Extrema de 14.6% a 6.9% entre 2009 y 2017, según las
Encuestas de Medición del Nivel de Vida (EMNV) de dichos años; revirtiendo la tendencia
ascendente de la pobreza observada en las EMNV de 2001 y 2005.
Considerando que la Brecha de la Pobreza representa el déficit promedio del consumo
de la población para satisfacer las necesidades mínimas de bienes y servicios de todos
sus integrantes (expresado como proporción de la línea de pobreza), y donde el déficit
de la población no pobre es cero por definición, se infiere de los resultados de la EMNV
2016, que el Índice de Profundidad de la pobreza general fue de 6.9% (8.1% en 2014), y
para el caso de la pobreza extrema, el mismo índice fue de 1.4% en 2016 (1.7% en 2014).
En este contexto, la combinación de políticas y programas económicos y sociales, incluyen la asignación en 2020 del 65.6% del Presupuesto General de la República a programas y proyectos para el combate a la pobreza. Por su parte, el gasto social en salud,
Página 10 de 105
Gobierno de Reconciliación y Unidad Nacional
Primer Informe Nacional Voluntario: Avances en el cumplimiento
de los ODS, alineados con la Agenda 2030
educación y seguridad ciudadana, representó el 54.6% del presupuesto ejecutado, con
lo que se garantizó, por ejemplo, la gratuidad en salud y educación, mejoramiento de
espacios escolares, infraestructura hospitalaria, tecnología en salud y educación.
Para apoyar este esfuerzo, se han impulsado medidas responsables de mejoramiento de
la eficiencia en la recaudación, que permita contar con recursos financieros para apuntalar la inversión pública en energía-electrificación, mejoras en el sistema de infraestructura
vial y hospitalaria, fortalecimiento de los ambientes escolares y, principalmente, los programas sociales para reducción de la pobreza. Paralelamente, se ha progresado en la
gestión de recursos externos para el desarrollo, elevando la eficacia en la ejecución.
El modelo de desarrollo concebido por el Gobierno de Reconciliación y Unidad Nacional,
propicia la actitud emprendedora, el empleo de la ciencia, la investigación y la tecnología
para la innovación en los sistemas de producción. Un modelo que permite, a través de la
armonización de acciones y recursos estratégicos, robustecer las industrias desde las
micro, pequeñas y medianas empresas, permitiéndoles lograr el escalamiento productivo,
haciéndolas más competitivas, desde un enfoque sostenible, resiliente y centrado en el
desarrollo humano de las familias y comunidades nicaragüenses.
PROGRAMAS PARA EL COMBATE A LA POBREZA
Entre los proyectos ejecutados por el Gobierno, que han impactado directamente en la
reducción de la pobreza, destacan:
MICROCRÉDITO JUSTO USURA CERO
Para generar empleos y contribuir a la reducción de la pobreza, se han garantizado financiamientos accesibles a emprendimientos administrados por mujeres. Al cierre de
2020, el Programa Usura Cero ha colocado 1,253,077 créditos, atendiendo a 603,083
mujeres organizadas en 30,558 grupos solidarios de 4,080 barrios en 142 municipios del
país, por un monto de C$8,814 millones.
BONO SOLIDARIO A SERVIDORES(AS) PÚBLICOS
De 2010 a 2020 se han atendido en promedio anual a 86,832 servidores(as) públicos con
los salarios más bajos, con un monto acumulado de C$3,793.5 millones. Dado que entre
2014-2020 se han realizado ajustes sistemáticos al salario mínimo, la cantidad de servidores(as) atendidos con este Programa fue disminuyendo a 59,030 en promedio anual,
hasta llegar a 34,339 servidores(as) en 2020.
Página 11 de 105
Gobierno de Reconciliación y Unidad Nacional
Primer Informe Nacional Voluntario: Avances en el cumplimiento
de los ODS, alineados con la Agenda 2030
BONO PRODUCTIVO ALIMENTARIO
El Bono Productivo Alimentario (BPA) se entrega a mujeres y hombres del campo, cabezas de familias, con planes de negocio aprobados. El BPA se implementó del 2007 al
2016 y benefició a 198,693 protagonistas (188,390 mujeres y 10,303 hombres).
A partir de 2017 se implementa el Programa de Emprendimientos para Pequeños Negocios en el Campo, como resultado de la evolución del Bono Productivo Alimentario, orientado a otorgar financiamiento para que los(as) protagonistas inviertan en capital de trabajo y emprendan en cualquier rubro, para mejorar sus ingresos. A mayo 2021 se han
atendido 38,669 familias protagonistas.
PROGRAMA PATIO SALUDABLE
En 2012 inició el "Programa Solidario Patio Saludable", para motivar la producción de
alimentos en los patios de las viviendas, para mejorar la disponibilidad de alimentos, promover hábitos de consumo sano y nutritivo en las familias, y generar ingresos a partir de
la comercialización de los excedentes de producción. Se estima que el 88% de la producción es consumida y el restante se vende en diferentes espacios de comercialización).
Los cultivos que se promueven son ricos en proteínas, vitaminas, fibras, calcio y hierro;
además, se complementa con la cría de especies menores a fin de garantizar una alimentación diversificada.
El acompañamiento a las familias para la producción agrícola en los huertos de los hogares es la máxima expresión de materialización de la Ley 693 de Soberanía y Seguridad
Alimentaria y Nutricional. De esta manera de 2012 a 2020 se han atendido 362,373 familias, quienes rescatan la cultura de producción desde sus huertos familiares.
SUBSIDIOS PARA MANTENER LA TARIFA DEL TRANSPORTE EN LA CAPITAL, A
COOPERATIVAS DE TRANSPORTE Y PARA MANTENER LA TARIFA DE ENERGÍA
ELÉCTRICA Y AGUA POTABLE PARA JUBILADOS Y ASENTAMIENTOS
El Gobierno ha mantenido desde 2007 los subsidios al transporte colectivo en beneficio
de los más pobres, garantizando tarifas bajas y estables, protegiendo los ingresos de las
familias de menores recursos. Para mantener la tarifa social en el precio del pasaje del
transporte urbano colectivo, en el periodo 2007-2020 se han destinado C$4,964.5 millones desde el Presupuesto General de la República, lo que equivale a un promedio anual
de C$809.7 millones. En 2020 se destinaron C$785.7 millones para garantizar tarifas accesibles. Para la estabilidad del precio del pasaje en el transporte urbano colectivo de
Managua y Ciudad Sandino, se destinaron C$367.2 millones (+3.4% superior respecto a
lo asignado en 2019); y para el subsidio al transporte colectivo intermunicipal a nivel nacional, incluyendo la Costa Caribe, la asignación fue de C$418.5 millones.
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Además, se garantizó la correcta administración del subsidio del combustible a 29 Cooperativas de Transporte Urbano Colectivo (TUC) de la Capital-Managua, para que mantengan el precio justo del pasaje en C$2.5 a toda la población usuaria; ejecutando transferencias por C$398.1 millones. De igual forma, se mantuvo el subsidio al precio del combustible a transportistas del sector acuático que brindan servicio público de pasajeros,
por un monto de C$10.5 millones, otorgado a 104 transportistas, beneficiando a 754,144
usuarios, principalmente en las Regiones Autónomas de la Costa Caribe Norte y Sur, Isla
de Ometepe y Río San Juan.
Así mismo, se atendieron 58 solicitudes de exoneración para favorecer el mejoramiento
de las unidades de transporte colectivo intermunicipal (55 de pasajeros y 3 de carga),
para la compra de repuestos, llantas y baterías, por un monto de C$403.8 millones, bajo
la aplicación de beneficios fiscales establecidos en la Ley 822, "Ley de Concertación Tributaria" y la Ley 499, "Ley de Cooperativas". También, se otorgó autorización para renovación de 1,505 unidades de transporte, de los cuales 859 corresponden al transporte de
pasajeros y 636 al transporte de carga.
Por otra parte, se ha mantenido el subsidio al consumo de energía eléctrica y agua potable para Jubilados y Asentamientos, invirtiéndose entre 2007-2020 un monto de
C$3,320.7 millones.
Entre 2007-2020 el monto total de subsidios en Energía, Transporte y Jubilados asciende
a C$8,285.2 millones, para un promedio anual de C$591.8 millones, lo que representa
más del triple de lo destinado en 2006 por el gobierno de turno.
PAQUETES ALIMENTARIOS SOLIDARIOS
En el periodo 2007 al 2020 se han entregado 4.48 millones de paquetes alimentarios
solidarios, valorados en C$5,316 millones, destinados a casos de emergencia, niños con
capacidades diferentes, Programa Todos con Voz, enfermos en casos críticos, etc.
ATENCIÓN ALIMENTARIA Y SANITARIA POR EMERGENCIAS
Como medida para atender de forma solidaria, eficaz y oportuna a familias afectadas por
desastres o eventos naturales, en el periodo 2007-2020 se atendieron con amor y calidez
a 1,899,068 personas; con la entrega de paquetes alimenticios, kits de higiene, láminas
de zinc, colchonetas, frazadas, Potabilizadores de Agua, Baldes para agua, Hamacas y
alimentos variados, entre otros.
En esta misma línea de trabajo, en respuesta al incendio en el Mercado Oriental de Managua en 2011, el Gobierno puso a disposición un financiamiento de US $3.5 millones en
el Programa “En Nombre de Dios”, para atender exclusivamente a l@s perjudicados por
el incendio. El financiamiento en términos justos, sería pagadero al 1% de interés anual,
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con seis meses de gracia. Además, el Gobierno construyó un Puesto de Salud y una
Clínica de Odontología en la zona dos del Mercado Oriental, y se entregaron láminas de
zinc a más de 300 familias damnificadas.
SEGURIDAD DE LA PROPIEDAD
Entre 2007-2020 el Gobierno ha contribuido al ordenamiento de la propiedad en Nicaragua, con la entrega de 427,434 documentos de propiedad, desglosado en: 254,818 títulos
en el área urbana y 172,616 títulos el área rural; beneficiando a 235,089 mujeres y
192,345 varones, en su mayoría de escasos recursos, productores y 23 comunidades
originarias del caribe norte y sur del país. Además, se emitieron 30,491 Minutas Descriptivas o titulación ordinaria como paso previo para el proceso de titulación.
VIVIENDAS DIGNAS DE INTERÉS SOCIAL
Entre 2007-2020 el Gobierno, en conjunto con los Gobiernos Locales y el Sector Privado,
ha facilitado la construcción y mejoras de 122,122 soluciones de vivienda. Para ello, se
emitieron 1,396 Certificaciones de Viviendas de Interés Social a Urbanizadoras, Entidades Auxiliares y Particulares para la construcción de viviendas; se aprobaron 8,273 subsidios a la tasa de interés para préstamos hipotecarios; se atendieron 82,004 Ciudadan@s que solicitaron información sobre los incentivos que promueve el Gobierno; y se
entregaron 780 constancias para el adelanto del pago de indemnización laboral con fines
habitacionales, utilizados para mejoramiento de viviendas, adquisición de vivienda nueva,
adquisición de terreno o abono al capital.
PENSIONES A MADRES DE HÉROES Y VÍCTIMAS DE GUERRA
A mayo 2007 el Instituto Nicaragüense de Seguridad Social (INSS), atendía 19,073 pensiones. Ese mismo año, a través del Decreto 97-2007, se incrementó el monto de las
pensiones en 100%. En el periodo 2010-2019 se han concedido en promedio 28,787
nuevas pensiones a Madres de Héroes y Víctimas de Guerra, cerrando 2020 con 29,611
pensiones en curso de pago.
PROGRAMA AMOR PARA LOS MÁS MÁS CHIQUITOS Y CHIQUITAS
Desde este Programa se promueve la construcción de nuevas prácticas de crianza con
amor y respeto hacia la niñez, la estimulación temprana desde el período prenatal y la
atención integral a las familias con visitas en sus hogares; logrando 660,187 familias visitadas en promedio anual, y el monitoreo del crecimiento y desarrollo de los niños y niñas
a través del Control de Vigilancia y Promoción del Crecimiento y Desarrollo (VPCD), realizados en los primeros 4 años biológicos de cada niño y niña.
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RECONOCIMIENTOS SOBRE LA REDUCCIÓN DE LA POBREZA Y EL CUMPLIMIENTO DE OBJETIVOS MUNDIALES
1. El 4 de julio 2013, el entonces Director del Banco Mundial para Centroamérica,
América Latina y el Caribe, Carlos Felipe Jaramillo, durante la reunión de la Asociación Internacional de Fomento del Banco Mundial realizada en el país, destacó que
“Nicaragua es un país ejemplar que ha tenido una muy buena mezcla de crecimiento
económico en los últimos años con progreso en las áreas sociales, disminución de
pobreza y disminución de las desigualdades”1.
2. En una visita a Nicaragua, que inició el 21 de agosto 2013, el entonces Director
General de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura (FAO), Dr. José Graziano da Silva, expresó que “Nicaragua es un símbolo
de compromiso político con la erradicación del hambre, y muestra lo que se puede
hacer y conseguir cuando un gobierno prioriza la seguridad alimentaria. Es una gran
satisfacción para la FAO colaborar con el Gobierno de Nicaragua, ya que se ha
convertido en un ejemplo de cómo promover políticas de seguridad alimentaria y
apoyar a la agricultura familiar”. Por ser uno de los 18 Estados en haber alcanzado
con dos años de anticipación las metas de reducción de la desnutrición y el hambre
entre 1990 y 2015, la FAO otorgó a Nicaragua un reconocimiento en su Conferencia
Mundial realizada en Roma, Italia, en junio de 20132.
3. El 11 de septiembre 2013, el Vicepresidente y encargado de economía del Banco
Mundial, Dr. Kaushik Basu3, indicó que “Nicaragua ha avanzado bastante bien en la
reducción de la pobreza”, y que “de continuar una serie de políticas y recomendaciones, en diez años podría salir de la pobreza”. También, dijo: “...el segmento social
más pobre de la sociedad nicaragüense está creciendo económicamente más rápido que el promedio y es esa una de las políticas que el Banco Mundial está promoviendo”.
4. El 11 de septiembre 2013, el entonces Coordinador Residente del Sistema de Naciones Unidas en Nicaragua, Pablo Mandeville, señaló que “Nicaragua ha trabajado
en un enfoque de desarrollo humano que le permitirá cumplir con los Objetivos de
Desarrollo del Milenio en 2015”. Además, expresó que “Nicaragua es uno de los
países comprometidos con el enfoque de desarrollo humano y a nivel de las políticas
sociales ha habido un enorme esfuerzo para cumplir con estas metas”4.
5. El 14 de junio 2019, Nicaragua fue electa para ser miembro del Consejo Económico
y Social de la ONU, plataforma responsable de los aspectos económicos-sociales
en seguimiento de la Agenda 2030, así como la implementación de los Objetivos de
Desarrollo Sostenible (SDG)5.
1 https://www.lavozdelsandinismo.com/economia/2013-07-04/nicaragua-es-un-pais-ejemplarcon-muy-buen-crecimiento-economico/
2 http://www.fao.org/americas/noticias/ver/es/c/230274/
3 https://www.laprensa.com.ni/2013/09/11/nacionales/161991-bm-optimista-con-nicaragua
4 https://www.elnuevodiario.com.ni/nacionales/296508-nicaragua-avanza-desarrollo-humano/
5 https://barricada.com.ni/naciones-unidas-nicaragua-consejo-economico/
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6. El Banco Mundial compromete más recursos contra pobreza, dado que Nicaragua
tiene la mejor cartera ejecutada. Merza Hussain Hasan, Director Ejecutivo por Kuwait, agradeció al Presidente Daniel Ortega el encuentro y dijo que Nicaragua puede
ganarle a la pobreza… Resaltó que “no hay nada como llegar in situ a Nicaragua y
ver cómo los programas y proyectos están siendo implementados, y cómo nuestros
recursos financieros están usados de manera adecuada”… Así mismo, relató que
"el programa de Nicaragua es de los mejores en América Central y aprovechó para
felicitar al Ministro de Hacienda y Crédito Público, Iván Acosta, por el liderazgo y
excelente coordinación entre los Ministerios"6.
7. Confirman buena ejecución de fondos para pobreza. (2017): El gasto de combate
de la pobreza presentó un “mejor desempeño” que el gasto total debido al nivel de
ejecución, según el Informe de Ejecución Presupuestaria del Ministerio de Hacienda
y Crédito Público7.
6 http://www.informepastran.com/index.php/2017/09/19/banco-mundial-compromete-mas-recursos-contra-pobreza/
7 http://www.radiolaprimerisima.com/noticias/general/223419/confirman-buena-ejecucion-de-fondos-para-pobreza/ | [
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1
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18 KINGDOM OF THE NETHERLANDS – REPORT ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS
Current policies with an impact
on SDG achievement
SDG 1 No poverty
At home
There is no extreme poverty in the Kingdom of the Netherlands. In the Netherlands, the percentage of people at risk of
relative poverty and social exclusion increased slightly during
the last economic recession. The risk of poverty and social
exclusion in the Netherlands is still well below the EU average:
in the EU ranking for 2015 the Netherlands had the third-lowest
risk, after the Czech Republic and Sweden. The social security
system provides a safety net for people left behind and assures
an adequate standard of living. It offers social protection and
support to various groups in society, including the elderly, parents
with young children, people with disabilities and people who are
temporarily or permanently unable to participate in the labour
market. Despite these arrangements, circumstances sometimes
drive people into poverty, even in a high-income country like
the Netherlands. The current government is therefore working
to foster fnancial self-reliance, labour participation and social
inclusion. In 2012, the government stepped up policies to
prevent poverty and debt, with a structural annual investment
of an extra €100 million. To ensure that all children grow up in
a supportive environment, another extra €100 million is being
invested each year starting from January 2017.
Municipalities are responsible for implementing anti-poverty
policies. In addition, the government supports civil society organisations specialised in poverty reduction and debt restructuring.
The Netherlands uses resources from the Fund for European
Aid to the Most Deprived (FEAD) mainly to help the elderly.
Another topic related to SDG 1 is the economic independence
of women. In the Netherlands 53% of women are economically
independent, compared with 73% of men; gender equality is
one of the SDGs on which the Netherlands is lagging behind.
The government believes that both women and men should
be economically independent, and therefore actively promotes
labour participation and equal opportunities for women (see
SDG 5).
In its coalition agreement, Curaçao’s new government identifes
the eradication of relative poverty on the island as a key policy
aim. Eliminating relative poverty directly depends on reducing
economic and social inequalities, and building bridges between
the island’s different socioeconomic groups.
St Maarten combines interventions targeting poverty and hunger,
including the MDG Acceleration Framework. Pockets of relative
poverty have been identifed in specifc areas and are being
monitored through a poverty reduction strategy. St Maarten is
developing social protection policies for the elderly and other
vulnerable groups, with the aim of ensuring basic protections,
providing universal access to adequate, safe and affordable
housing, and upgrading slums. The country has conducted a
national household budget survey, focusing on social needs that
have been identifed. This will provide useful statistics for better
targeting future initiatives to eradicate poverty.
Abroad
The Kingdom of the Netherlands contributes to the eradication
of extreme poverty and sustainable economic growth in developing countries. Our focus on the poorest is showcased by the
fact that 11 out of our 15 partner countries are Least Developed
Countries. In addition, other policy instruments target middleincome countries, which is where the majority of the world’s
poor people live. Curaçao, Aruba and St Maarten set store by
eradicating poverty in the Western Hemisphere through collaboration on promoting economic prosperity and growth and on
reducing inequality in SIDS and within the Latin American and
Caribbean region.
The Netherlands is convinced that the only way to eradicate
extreme poverty is to stimulate sustainable and inclusive growth
and development. The country subscribes to the fve internationally endorsed strategies to achieve inclusive development:
create jobs, develop human and physical capital, fght against
discrimination and exclusion, use taxation to redistribute wealth,
and create inclusive management and institutions. These are
included in an action plan with 20 activities that the Netherlands
is implementing to support the poorest and most marginalised
groups. The plan’s focus is mainly on creating employment for
young people and women, and on facilitating a political dialogue
on inclusive growth and development. The foreign trade and
development budget has allocated €350 million to this action
plan. The Netherlands’ development cooperation programmes
mainly focus on the poorest and most vulnerable groups. The
Kingdom of the Netherlands advocates closer collaboration
between countries and international organisations.
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1
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8 | Page
GOALS AND TARGETS
Goal 1 – End poverty in all its forms everywhere
The majority of the Norwegian population has a high standard of living. Norway is among the
countries with the smallest income inequalities. However, a minority of the population has a
persistently low income. In the three-year period 2012–2014, 9 % of the population had an
average income lower than 60 % of the median income. All sections of the population have
benefited from a rise in incomes and standards of living. When poverty is measured as lowincome in relation to an increasing overall income level, a minority will lag behind due to a
corresponding increase in the low-income threshold. Target 1.2 (by 2030, reduce at least by
half the proportion of men, women and children of all ages living in poverty in all its
dimensions according to national definitions) is for this reason considered to be challenging to
fulfil for Norway. Norway is already considered to fulfil target 1.3 (implement nationally
appropriate social protection systems and measures for all, including floors, and by 2030
achieve substantial coverage of the poor and the vulnerable). The same is the case for the
other SDG 1 targets. Free or low-cost access to health, education and welfare services make
the situation for low-income groups in Norway better than that in many other countries. The
Norwegian Government will work to make Norway a country with a low level of income
disparity and minimal poverty. These policy goals are stated in the Government’s policy
platform, but they are not concretised in the form of quantified targets. Policy measures to
reduce inequality (cf. SDG 10) also contribute to poverty reduction. These include universal
access to education, an active and inclusive labour market policy that allows all women and
men of working age to participate in paid work, and redistribution of income and wealth
through the tax system and benefit schemes. Integration programmes and education and
training of newly arrived immigrants are also of particular importance. The Government has
launched a cross-sectoral strategy for children living in poverty (Children Living in Poverty:
The Government’s Strategy (2015–2017)), which sets out measures to ensure that children and
young people in low-income families have equal opportunities to participate in education and
social activities. The objective is to improve the children’s living conditions in the short term
and to prevent poverty from being passed on from one generation to the next.
In its international follow-up and engagement, Norwegian priorities are directed towards
poverty eradication and economic growth through support to education, health services,
9 | Page
private sector development, domestic resource mobilisation, peacebuilding in situations of
conflict and fragility, and efforts to bridge the humanitarian-development gap. Human rights,
climate change, gender equality and anti-corruption are cross-cutting issues. The share of
people living in extreme poverty has been reduced by half since 1990. The causes of poverty
are multifaceted and there is no single solution to the problem that can be applied in all
contexts. A holistic and context-sensitive approach to poverty eradication is required, which
includes discrimination based on gender, ethnicity, age and other factors, if we are to reach
these main goals. Norway is also giving priority to target 1.5 through its development
cooperation by supporting the Global Framework for Climate Services (GFCS) and the
Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR). Building resilience and
capacity for adaptation to climate change is considered key to the successful implementation
of most of the SDGs. | [
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56
VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW 2021 NORWAY
1 No poverty
End poverty in all its forms everywhere
Government assessment
1.1 Due to universal welfare schemes, no one in
Norway is living in extreme poverty.
1.2 The proportion of persons living in low-income
households has gradually increased from 8.1
per cent to 10.1 per cent in the last ten years.
The risk of poverty due to lack of basic material needs remains at a stable and low level.
1.3 Norway has a well-developed public welfare
system, and ofers comprehensive social security covering to the whole population.
1.4 The entire population has equal rights and
access to economic resources, fnancial
services, and basic welfare services, such as
health care and education.
1.5 The National Insurance Scheme provides
income in the event of sickness, unemployment, disability, loss of breadwinner and old
age, and parental and child benefts.
General status: From an international perspective, inequalities
in income and the incidence of poverty in Norway are low. A
minority of the population has a persistently low income. The
persistent at-risk-of-poverty rate has increased somewhat in
the last ten years. In recent years, the real income growth has
weakened, and the income increase in the lowest income group
has been weaker than in the rest of the population. The risk of
poverty due to lack of basic material needs remains at a stable
and low level.
Figure 6.1 Population living with a persistent low income
1997–2019 (EU scale 60 per cent below median income,
three-year consecutive years)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
1997–1999
1999–2001
2000–2002
2001–2003
2002–2004
2003–2005
2004–2006
2005–2007
2006–2008
2007–2009
2008–2010
2009–2011
2010–2012
2011–2013
2012–2014
2013–2015
2014–2016
2015–2017
2016–2018
2017–2019
Per cent
Total population
People who received old-age pension all years in the period
People in single parent households
People 35 years of age and younger, living alone for at least
three consecutive years
Immigrants or persons born in Norway with foreign-born parents
Source: Statistics Norway
Main achievements: High labour market participation and policies to promote economic growth have reduced the extent and
severity of poverty. Universal welfare schemes and a comprehensive welfare state have improved general living conditions,
especially for low-income and vulnerable groups. Low income
among elderly people has been signifcantly reduced over time.
Norway’s main challenge is to maintain equal income distribution, increase participation of vulnerable groups in the labour
market and prevent the intergenerational transmission of poverty. The increase in child poverty, especially among families
with immigrant backgrounds, is of particular concern due to
the negative consequences of poverty on children’s quality of
life and life prospects.
Global responsibility: Norway’s objective is to eradicate
extreme poverty. A high priority is given to the least developed
countries. Norway has launched a development program to
combat modern slavery and a strategy against harmful practices. A strategy for inclusion of persons with disabilities is currently being developed.
Main policy initiatives 2016–2021
• Reinforced the youth efort to improve employment and
activity of persons under age 30 (2017).
• Nationwide labour market inclusion efort (2018).
• White paper on the Government’s strategy to counteract
inequality (2019).
• Integration measures to improve language skills, job skills
and employment of the immigrant population.
• National Strategy to Reduce Child Poverty (2015–2017) followed by a Strategy for Children and Youth in Low-income
Families (2020–2023).
• Increased the universal child beneft.
• Measures to give children in low-income families’ equal
opportunities to participate in social and learning activities.
• Increased the national grant scheme for the inclusion of
children and youth in leisure and holiday activities and introduced a national pilot scheme with leisure cards for children
aged 6–18 years to cover participation fees for sports, cultural or leisure activities.
• Discount schemes for children from low-income families in
kindergarten. 20 hours per week of free kindergarten care
for children in low-income families. A discount scheme for
before and after-school programme fees has also been
established.
57
VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW 2021 NORWAY
Civil society assessment
The following organisations have participated in this assessment: UNICEF Norway, Strømme Foundation, the Salvation
Army Norway, the Development Fund Norway, YGlobal, SOS Children’s Villages Norway and the Norwegian Forum for
Development and Environment (ForUM).
TREND: NEGATIVE
Norway has succeeded in that poverty levels remain low in
Norway. Extreme poverty is virtually non-existent. In 2018,
the estimated ratio of people in Norway living on less than
PPP $1.90 a day was 0.3 per cent. However, challenges
remain pertaining to relative, multi-dimensional poverty.
Internationally, Norway has maintained Ofcial Development Assistance (ODA) levels at a commendable yearly
average of around 1.04 per cent of Gross National Income
(GNI) in the 2016–2020 period, surpassing the 0.7 per cent
ODA/GNI target. In 2020, ODA peaked at a record 1.11 per
cent of GNI. The share of Norwegian ODA targeting least
developed and low-income countries has grown from 48
per cent (2016) to 56 per cent (2020).
Norway’s challenge is that too many people in Norway
still sufer adverse health and social outcomes related to
economic, social and material deprivation, including social
exclusion and psychological trauma. In 2019, 24 per cent of
people aged 16 and over reported not being able to aford
an unexpected expense of approximately $2,045 (NOK
18,000). Five per cent reported not being able to aford
dental care.
The COVID-19 pandemic has only exacerbated the situation
for the poor, and has substantially increased the number of
people at risk of poverty. Norway has had a steady increase
in the proportion of children growing up in households with
persistently low incomes. From a rate of around 7.7 per cent
in 2011, the rate increased to 11.7 per cent in 2019. This is
particularly troubling, seeing as deprivation in childhood
not only threatens children’s rights, but may feed a cycle of
poverty, afecting individuals’ future health and well-being.
There were 115,000 children living in low-income households in 2019. Over half of these children had immigrant
backgrounds. Statistics Norway highlights weak attachment
to the labour market as the main risk factor for households.
Unemployment rates more than doubled when the pandemic hit. Subsequently, unemployment has decreased
to around 205,800 persons registered in mid-March 2021.
This translates to approximately 7 per cent of the workforce; an increase compared to 2016, when the rate was
approximately 4.8 per cent. At-risk groups (e.g. persons with
immigrant backgrounds) are overrepresented. A total of 9.2
per cent of immigrants were registered as unemployed in
Q4 2020.
Even if Norwegian ODA is contributing cross-sectorally to
combating poverty, the share of development assistance
aimed at protecting the most vulnerable against future
shocks through climate adaptation is still relatively low,
despite ambitious plans.
Norway must:
• re-integrate and include more people in the labour market, including persons with immigrant backgrounds;
• strengthen comprehensive, inclusive and universal social
protection and welfare systems for all inhabitants, minimising geographical and other disparities;
• expand child-sensitive social protection programmes,
including universal cash benefts for children. Child
benefts should be index-linked, and should not entail
deductions from other necessary welfare benefts for
recipients;
• maintain support for signifcant and enhanced ODA
commitments to accelerate implementation of the 2030
agenda. Norway must continue to commit at least 1 per
cent of GNI to ODA, and should commit to further ODA
increases in light of post-pandemic challenges;
• through development policies, promote universal welfare solutions that reach everyone, including universal
health coverage and education;
• enhance post-pandemic eforts to support resilient livelihoods for the extremely poor and those most vulnerable to conficts, climate change and natural resource
depletion.
End poverty in all its forms everywhere | [
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1
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"file_id": "sdg-01/vnr-report-nor-2021-en-1.pdf",
"language": "en",
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} |
14
SDG1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere
Nepal made commendable progress on reducing extreme poverty and hunger in the
MDG era. Extreme poverty dropped from 33.5 percent of the population in 1990 to 16.4
percent in 2013 thereby achieving the target of halving the poverty rate. The rate of
reduction accelerated between 2000 and 2015. The incidence of poverty declined by one
percentage point per year between 2005 and 2013 (CBS 2004 and 2011). The reduced
poverty gap ratio means that on average poor people were closer to rising above the
poverty line in 2015 than in 2008. The employment to population ratio decreased from
84.3 percent in 2000 to 81.7 percent in 2008 with 2.3 million people above 15 years of
age employed in 2008, substantially more than in 1998. Multi-dimensional poverty
reduced from 64.7 percent in 2006 to 44.2 percent in 2015 (OPHI 2016) dropping by an
average of two percentage points per year. These achievements were largely due to
improved health and education and increased remittances incomes.
The percentage of people living below the national poverty line dropped from 38 percent
in 2000 to 21.6 percent in 2015 — an average reduction of 1.1 percentage points a year.
In 2015 the proportion of the population living on less than $1 per day was 16.4 percent,
the proportion with less than the minimum level of dietary consumption was 22.8
percent, and the prevalence of underweight children aged 6-59 months was 30.1 percent.
The poverty gap ratio was 5.6 percent.
The government aims to bring down the percentage of people living below the poverty
line to 4.9 percent and to reduce multi-dimensional poverty to 10 percent by 2030. The
1
.Unless otherwise stated, the data in this chapter is taken from the MDGs Final Status Report (NPC
2016a).
NPC has set targets of an annual economic growth rate of 7.2 percent and 4.7 percent
annual growth in the agriculture sector during the Fourteenth Plan period (2016/17-
2018/19) and to increase per capita gross national incomes to $2,500 by 2030.
Government line ministries implement 49 poverty alleviation programmes. The
Bisheshwar with the Poor programme has been implemented since 2000, the Poverty
Alleviation Fund from 2003 and the Youth Self Employment Programme from 2008. A
separate Ministry of Cooperatives and Poverty Alleviation was established in 2012. These
initiatives will continue through the SDG period. | [
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28
NEPAL: NATIONAL REVIEW OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS
5.2 The Progress on SDGs
Implementation
SDG 1: End poverty in all its forms
everywhere
Table 5.1 presents the progress of SDG 1 in
2019. The percentage of people living below the national poverty line signifcantly
dropped from 38 per cent in 2000 to 21.6 per
cent in 2015 - an average reduction of 1.1
percentage points per annum. The population below the poverty line in 2019/20 is
estimated to be 16.7 per cent. Multi-dimensional poverty reduced from 59 per cent
in 2006 to 39 per cent in 2011 and 28.6 per
cent in 2014 (NPC, 2018b). The target is to
reduce multi-dimensional poverty to 6 per
cent by 2030.
The reduction in poverty levels became possible due to various efforts led by the government and supported by all stakeholders.
Over the past two decades, Nepal has made
signifcant progress in poverty reduction
and human development. There has been
remarkable progress in reducing poverty
and raising per capita income especially
between 2015 and 2019. Implementation
of the targeted programs, growing social
protection schemes and other measures, ac-
29
NEPAL: NATIONAL REVIEW OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS
cess to energy and transport infrastructure,
income generating activities through promotion of micro credits, cooperatives, entrepreneurship development schemes and
remittance infows have all contributed to
reducing extreme poverty levels in Nepal.
The GNI per capita reached USD 1051 in
2019 and USD 1097 in 2019/20, while the
target is USD 2500 by 2030. The social protection expenditure in total budget has gone
up slightly from 11 per cent in 2015 to 12.8
per cent in 2019/20 with an increase in the
total outlay fgures. The proportion of population covered by social protection was 8.1
in 2015 and now stands at 17. The share of
the bottom quintile in national consumption
is 12.05% compared to the 2019 target of 8.8.
Similarly, households with assets (land and
house) in the name of women is 33.9 per
cent, well higher than the target of 25.1 for
2019 (Details are included in Table 5.1).
In 2018/19, the Prime Minister Employment
Programme was able to provide employment to 188,000 people at 646 local levels for
12.43 days on an average (MOF, 2020). Likewise, the Garibsanga Bishweshwar (Bishweshwar with the Poor) Programme has
been implemented since 2000, and has successfully targeted around 6,000 groups of
people from disadvantaged communities.
30
NEPAL: NATIONAL REVIEW OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS
The Poverty Alleviation Programme, initiated in 2003, is another effective scheme.
Provincial and local governments have also
included poverty alleviation programs in
their planning.
Though Nepal has been able to successfully
reduce its proportion of population under
the national poverty line with an average of
1.1 per cent per year, the challenge is to sustain the progress and to ensure that it covers
all strata of society in an equitable manner.
Since a majority of the population is near
poor and only slightly above the poverty
line, any adverse shock would bring them
down to the bottom. Additionally, the aim
is to bring down the percentage of people
living below the poverty line to 4.9 per cent
by 2030. The current level of progress will
not be enough to achieve the goal. A number of projects have been initiated and coordination needs to be further enhanced to
ensure their effectiveness. With more detail
mapping and disaggregated data on multidimensional poverty and targeted and
comprehensive interventions, these programs will be further consolidated.
4 https://foodsecurityindex.eiu.com/Country (accessed on 10th June 2020) | [
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NEW ZEALAND’S PROGRESS TOWARDS THE SDGs – 2019
SDG1 – NO POVERTY
We want to at least halve child poverty within
ten years – the first step is the passing of the Child
Poverty Reduction Act.
NEW ZEALAND CONTEXT
New Zealand is a highly developed
country with a high standard of living.
International comparisons indicate that
our low-income and material deprivation
population proportions are on a par with
OECD countries’ average performance, but
we recognise that we have more work to
do to reduce the rates. We are committed
to tackling these issues and improving the
wellbeing of all people in New Zealand,
with a particular focus on reducing child
poverty and improving child wellbeing.
At the international level we act in
many ways to end poverty. We recently
increased our Ofcial Development
Assistance (ODA) significantly in order
to contribute more to global sustainable
development needs, particularly in
the Pacific. We aim to use our ODA to
support those most in need.
CHALLENGES
Despite New Zealand’s overall high
standard of living, annual household
survey data tells us that a proportion
of New Zealand households experience
poverty or material hardship, with certain
groups overrepresented.
For example, using those households
with incomes less than 50 percent of
equivalised median household income
as the measure, nine percent of the
population were below this threshold
before deducting housing costs in
2015. This increased to 15 percent after
deducting housing costs.
The proportion of those below this
poverty threshold varies significantly by
household type and ethnicity. Sole parent
households are more likely to be on lowincomes than other types of households.
Similarly, household income data shows
that Māori and Pacific peoples are
significantly overrepresented
among low-income households, as
are New Zealanders with disabilities.
Child poverty is an area of particular
concern. Evidence shows that the
experience of poverty, especially when
that experience is severe and persistent,
can have a negative impact on the lives
of children. They may be more likely, on
average, to experience poorer educational
outcomes, poorer health and have more
difculty finding work in adulthood.
INITIATIVES UNDERWAY
New Zealand has extensive social
protections in place to provide support
to people when needed. We are also
undertaking a range of initiatives and
commitments that will make a significant
contribution to reducing the proportion
of New Zealanders living in poverty
particularly amongst groups that
are overrepresented.
Social protections, including targeted
financial and other supports, are available
to those seeking employment, and
support is provided for those people
with, or who are caring for someone with,
a health condition, injury, or disability.
Financial support is available for sole
parents along with additional support to
help them find part-time work or prepare
for future work. An important focus of
employment related support is to provide
people with more opportunities to work
and earn a good living.
We want New Zealand to be the best
place in the world for children and
young people. To help achieve that
vision we have introduced new laws.
The Child Poverty Reduction Act 2018
creates an on-going focus on child
poverty, and provides for political
accountability against published targets.
The new legislation requires successive
governments to measure and report on
child poverty (using a suite of measures).
The government has set ten-year targets,
aimed at reducing child poverty by
at least half on both low-income and
material hardship measures by 2028.
Intermediate targets have also been set
and seek to reduce the number of children
in poverty on these same measures by
tens of thousands in the first three years.
WE ARE COMMITTED TO INCREASING
THE STOCK OF PUBLIC HOUSING AND
AFFORDABLE HOUSING OVER THE NEXT
FOUR YEARS.
19
NEW ZEALAND’S PROGRESS TOWARDS THE SDGs – 2019
SDG 1 – NO POVERTY
Alongside this, we have increased the
size of our Household Economic Survey
sample to 20,000, so that in future we
will have better information about poverty
and hardship for particular populations
and groups.
Legislative changes also require successive
governments to develop and publish a
strategy to improve the wellbeing of all
children; including children with greater
needs as a particular focus. The strategy
will also address reducing child poverty,
and mitigating the impacts of child poverty
and socio-economic disadvantage faced by
children. The scope of the first strategy has
been extended to include young people and
is due to be published later in 2019.
These actions to reduce child poverty and
improve child wellbeing will contribute to
achieving the 2030 Agenda.
Our commitment to reduce poverty is
also demonstrated by our recent Families
Package, which includes a range of taxcredit changes and other measures
that will increase the incomes of lowincome families. When the Package is
fully implemented in 2021, it will boost
the incomes of about 384,000 families
with children, about 62 percent of New
Zealand’s families with children, and
reduce the number of children in poverty
by tens of thousands.
Alongside the Families Package, we are
acting to address household income levels.
The minimum wage has been increased
to $17.70 per hour, a 7.2 percent increase,
and this will be further increased over
the coming years as economic conditions
allow. This will raise incomes derived from
employment across many household types,
including those with low-incomes. Many
New Zealanders on low-incomes have also
benefited from pay equity settlements,
in particular groups of predominantly
women workers.
The government established an
independent Welfare Expert Advisory
Group to provide advice on options that
could best give efect to its vision for the
future direction of the social welfare system.
The Group has recommended fundamental
change to the welfare system, focused on
restoring dignity to people so they can
participate meaningfully with their families
and communities. The government is
considering the Group’s recommendations
as a valuable input to the broader work
on overhauling the welfare system. It is
expected that achieving the vision will
require wide systemic change, involve a
three to five-year work programme and is
likely to take upwards of 10 years to embed.
We are also working to address the
impact of housing costs on New
Zealanders, including those on lowincomes. We are committed to increasing
the stock of public housing places and
afordable housing over the next four
years. We are also focused on achieving
equitable housing outcomes for Māori
and other groups with poor housing
outcomes. Means-tested supplementary
social welfare supports are available
to those on low-incomes to assist with
accommodation costs.
For those living in rented accommodation
we are progressing work to improve the
quality of housing and rental conditions.
This includes legislative changes aimed
at improving security of tenure and
implementing the Healthy Homes
Guarantee Act 2017 to ensure that rental
homes are warm and dry.
We know that debt is a factor for many
families experiencing poverty and hardship.
A number of initiatives are underway that
may help to reduce poverty and hardship by
reducing problem debt. Legislative measures
are being introduced to address predatory
lending, and we are exploring other ways to
enable access to afordable credit (or other
support) for vulnerable consumers.
The impacts of poverty do not fall equally
across population groups. We are working
to address the specific needs of these
populations. Whānau Ora is a community
driven programme designed to support
a holistic approach to improving the
wellbeing of Māori and all New Zealanders.
The approach supports whānau to achieve
their aspirations by placing them at the
centre of decision making and giving them
greater control of the services they need.
Kaiārahi (navigators) typically work with
whānau to identify their specific needs
and aspirations and then help identify and
connect them with appropriate services,
education providers, or employment and
business opportunities.
Government agencies work jointly with
disabled people’s organisations to
implement the Disability Action Plan. The
current Disability Action Plan 2014-2018
includes actions to increase disabled
people’s employment and economic
opportunities, and testing a new support
system that empowers persons with
disabilities to make decisions about
how they spend their disability support
funding. A new Disability Action Plan
2019-2022 is currently being developed,
which will include an action to reduce the
employment gap between disabled and
non-disabled people.
Compared to other age groups, older
New Zealanders are less likely to
experience material hardship or have
low-incomes after housing costs. This
reflects the universal provision of the
public retirement pension, New Zealand
Superannuation, and significant assets
built up by many in this age group,
especially mortgage-free home ownership.
The voluntary, work-based KiwiSaver
retirement saving scheme is also helping
people save for retirement. We are also
developing a new strategy to prepare
New Zealand for an ageing population.
Areas of focus include housing, health,
financial security and work.
We recently increased our Ofcial
Development Assistance (ODA)
significantly in response to the 2030
Agenda and to sustainable development
finance needs, particularly in the Pacific.
From 2018, we have allocated an additional
$714 million over a four-year budget cycle,
representing a 30 percent increase, lifting
ODA to a projected 0.28 percent of Gross
National Income.
We focus our ODA on the challenges
of countries most in need, including
Small Island Developing States (where
we allocate 60 percent of our ODA),
Least Developed Countries, landlocked
developing countries and fragile and
conflict afected states. We consider that
our ODA has a comparative advantage
as a source of financing for countries that
struggle to access other finance and as a
catalyst for mobilising resources for regions
and groups of people most at risk of being
left behind.
INCREASE INCOMES FOR
ABOUT 384,000 FAMILIES WITH
CHILDREN (62%)
REDUCE THE NUMBER OF
CHILDREN IN POVERTY BY
TENS OF THOUSANDS
BY 2021, THE 2017
FAMILIES PACKAGE,
AIMS TO:
21
NEW ZEALAND’S PROGRESS TOWARDS THE SDGs – 2019
REDUCING CHILD POVERTY AND IMPROVING WELLBEING TE PUNA ORANGA—ME FAMILY SERVICES
IN DECEMBER 2018 WE
PASSED LEGISLATION TO HELP
ACHIEVE A SIGNIFICANT AND
SUSTAINED REDUCTION IN CHILD
POVERTY, AND TO IMPROVE THE
WELLBEING OF ALL CHILDREN
AND YOUNG PEOPLE IN
NEW ZEALAND.
The legislation requires successive
governments to set intermediate (threeyear) and long-term (ten-year) targets
on a set of child poverty measures.
The government must report on child
poverty rates each year and outline how
ofcial budget decisions will impact on
child poverty.
The current government has set its
intermediate targets, which aim to reduce
the number of children in poverty by tens
of thousands by 2021, and its long-term
targets, which aim to halve child poverty
by 2028 (and exceed this on some
measures). To help reach these targets,
the government has introduced the
Families Package – a range of measures
that deliver more money to families.
As well as tax-credits, these include
weekly payments to families of newborn children and winter energy
payments to low-income families. The
government has also expanded Statistics
New Zealand’s Household Economic
Survey, to strengthen the measuring and
reporting of child poverty.
New legislation also requires the
government to develop and publish
a strategy to improve the wellbeing
of all children. The strategy must
include a focus on the wellbeing
of those with greater needs, those
experiencing poverty and socio-economic
disadvantage and those of interest to the
New Zealand agency that administers
our statutory care, protection and youth
justice systems. The new legislation
requires consultation with children
and with Māori. It also makes explicit
reference to the Treaty of Waitangi, the
UN Convention on the Rights of the Child,
and the UN Convention on the Rights of
Persons with Disabilities.
The government undertook extensive
public engagement on the strategy in
2018, including hearing from more than
6,000 children and young people. This
feedback will help inform the direction
and content of the first strategy, which is
due to be released later in 2019.
We have also introduced a Child Impact
Assessment Tool for voluntary use
by government and non-government
organisations in New Zealand to assess
whether policy proposals will increase the
wellbeing of children and young people.
The tool helps to provide a child-centred
assessment where the best interests of
the child are a primary consideration
and the views of children are respected
and given due weight. Guidance is also
provided on how to ensure that the
voices of children and young people are
captured in the design, implementation
and review of policy decisions.
Te Puna Oranga – ‘The Spring of Life’
– is the name of a new community
garden and makerspace at ME Family
Services in Māngere East. The name
reflects the wairua of the space and its
role in bringing to life the hopes and
aspirations ME Family Services has for
our community: a thriving, regenerative
community where everyone and
everything has value.
From a swamp, to farmland, to the muddy
end of a school field in the middle of
the suburbs, we wanted to capture the
essence of the space and find out what
its unique contribution could be to the
local community. Using the metaphor of
the swamp, we saw that the space had a
role to play in capturing and regenerating
the ‘waste’ from our neighbourhood.
The space was created in partnership
with MAU Studio, and with the help of
local schools, locally-based architecture
students and local time-traders.
The entire site is constructed from
our neighbourhood’s ‘waste’: tyres for
garden beds, a shipping container for our
makerspace, a pallet deck and garden
shed, old bed heads for plant supports.
A water tank collects rain water from our
roof and connects to a rustic outdoor
kitchen space, where meals can be
cooked-up straight from the garden.
The garden is maintained and developed
by ME Family Services staf, alongside
many fabulous local time-traders.
Since our ofcial opening in November
2018, Te Puna Oranga has received
many visitors, from local and central
government departments, to local
organisations, schools and neighbours.
TE PUNA ORANGA OFFERS
THE KIND OF SPACE EVERY
COMMUNITY IS IN NEED OF,
SOMEWHERE PEOPLE CAN
GO TO FEEL VALUED, MAKE
A CONTRIBUTION, SHARE
KNOWLEDGE ABOUT GROWING
FOOD AND EATING WELL AND
RETHINK HOW WE CREATE AND
DEAL WITH ‘RUBBISH’.
It provides a doorway in to the wraparound support ofered by ME Family
Services including social work support,
early childhood education, driver
licensing and micro-business support.
Most importantly it connects people to
their local community and to themselves.
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24
Voluntary National Review – Pakistan 2019
GOAL 1 – NO POVERTY
I. SDG 1 – AN OVERVIEW
In 2015-16, 24.3 per cent of Pakistan’s population lived below the national poverty line4. This amounts to
around 50 million people, comparable to the population of a country like Colombia, or the combined
populations of Australia and Cameroon. According to Pakistan’s multidimensional poverty index in 2014-15,
38.8 per cent of the population was multi-dimensionally poor5, with considerable regional variations. This
indicates that an even larger proportion of the population is deprived across three critical dimensions –
education, health and living standards. A significant proportion of population is faced with the risk of falling
below the national poverty line if they experience sudden shocks.
II. PROGRESS, STATUS AND TRENDS
Over the past decade, there has been a persistent decline in poverty. Specifically, there has been a decline
of 26 percentage points in terms of the national poverty line, and of over 16 percentage points in terms of the
multidimensional poverty headcount. This trend is consistent with the international measure – that is, of the
population living below the international poverty line (measured in terms of USD 1.9 per day in 2011), indicating
persons facing ‘extreme poverty’. The World Bank’s PovCalNet6 shows a decline of 10 percentage points in
poverty in Pakistan between 2005 and 2015.
4 National Poverty Report 2015-16, Planning Commission
5 Multi-dimensional Poverty in Pakistan 2016, Planning Commission
6 For more information, see: http://iresearch.worldbank.org/PovcalNet/povDuplicateWB.aspx
25
Voluntary National Review – Pakistan 2019
Goal 1: No Poverty
Indicator 2013/14 2015/16
1.2.1 Proportion of population living below the national
poverty line, by sex and age
29.5% 24.3%
Source: National Poverty Report 2015-16, Planning Commission
2012/13 2014/15
1.2.2 Proportion of men, women and children of all
ages living in poverty in all its dimensions according
to national definitions
40.8% 38.8%
Sources: Multi-dimensional Poverty in Pakistan 2014-15, Planning Commission
III. KEY INITIATIVES
Progress on curbing poverty is attributable to Pakistan’s multi-sectoral poverty reduction strategy. This
encompasses targeted interventions, such as the Benazir Income Support Programme (BISP), alongside
private philanthropy and improved access to microfinance for rural communities. Key initiatives include
Pakistan Bait-ul Mal, the Zakat and Ushr programmes, the Employees’ Old-Age Benefits Institution, the
Worker’s Welfare Funds and provincial Employees’ Social Security Institutions. Poverty reduction has also
been advanced through an improved law and order situation, greater political stability, the recovery of GDP
growth, the sustained high level inflow of remittances, and the inclusive characteristics of the country’s
economic growth.
Since 2008, the BISP has disbursed PKR 267 billion (equivalent to USD 1.8 billion) to the poorest people in
Pakistan7
. This includes disbursements in the form of unconditional cash transfers to 5 million deserving
families. The BISP also offers several conditional cash transfer initiatives. These include the Waseela-eTaleem programme for education, through which over 2.2 million out-of-school children between 5 and 12
years of age, from some of the country’s poorest families, have been enrolled in schools8. A total of 2 million
such children will be enrolled over the next two years.
Other notable initiatives include enhancing public development spending to improve infrastructure and
generate employment in the infrastructure sector. Further efforts include expanding access to key services,
such as the endowment fund for education, scaling up nutrition and increasing the coverage of health
insurance (through Sehat Insaf Cards and Khidmat Cards). This is expected to provide access to quality
healthcare over 80 million people in the coming years. Moreover, Panahgah (Shalter Homes) is another
initiative for homeless and poor segments of the society. Revamping skills development and selfemployment schemes through youth business loan initiatives have proven to be effective. Successful efforts
have been made to improve the generation and supply of energy ensuring that small- and medium-sized
enterprises (SMEs) and businesses can produce undisrupted services and generate employment in the
private sector. Similarly, increasing spending on education to empower Pakistan’s youth has been vital, with
the aim of making them productive citizens. Investing in early harvest projects under the framework of the
China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is an important move to facilitate long-term socio-economic uplift.
The new government has broadened the scope of CPEC by including poverty alleviation and agriculture
development.
7 PRSP Secretariat, Ministry of Finance (www.finance.gov.pk.prsp_report.html)
8 http://bisp.gov.pk/waseela-e-taleem/#1483601171650-18a0fceb-0516
26
Voluntary National Review – Pakistan 2019
The recently elected government in the country has whole heartedly embraced the responsibility of lifting
millions of its people out of poverty. Ehsaas is one of the largest programs launched for the poor in Pakistan.
To improve synergies among key initiatives and entities, while eliminating duplications and overlaps, the
program provides an overarching strategy to protect the poor from any internal or external shocks. A primary
component of this plan is coordinating the activities of organizations working on alleviating poverty, ensuring
that they work on areas where they have a comparative advantage and encompasses multiple initiatives that
are all targeted towards the betterment of the marginalized communities. Poverty Alleviation and Social
Safety Division has been established with the mandate to introduce poverty reduction policies and bring the
multiple poverty alleviation programs and interventions under one umbrella. It is further expected to
strengthen the institutional capacity to effectively execute the Ehsaas program whose mandate involves 36
federal and provincial agencies and requires action on 115 policy parameters. The program focuses on
reducing inequality; introducing safety nets for disadvantaged segments of the population; jobs and
livelihoods; and human capital development. The program also aims to improve the nutritional status and
reduce stunting in poverty-stricken communities.
IV. PRIORITIES AND TARGETS
In the coming years, Pakistan is committed to reducing poverty from 24.3 per cent to 19 per cent by 2023,
while reducing the multidimensional poverty headcount from 38.8 per cent to 30 per cent over the same
period. In addition, provincial social protection policies will be aligned with the provisions of the national
framework for developing social protection policies. This will involve the planned creation of a database on
the segments most in need, in order to ensure better targeting of poverty reduction measures.
V. PLANNED INITIATIVES
Corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives will be enhanced with a view to reducing poverty, in
consultation with Pakistan’s corporate and private sectors. A CSR framework will be compiled in collaboration
with all relevant stakeholders to expand the outreach of CSR programmes for poverty reduction. The Benazir
Income Support Programme’s unconditional cash transfers will be linked with inflation to shield beneficiaries
from price shocks. In addition, quarterly payments will be enhanced for the poorest, to ensure that transfers
meet their needs.
The Ehsaas programme has developed a common metrics framework to improve the effectiveness of existing
poverty programmes, through the design of robust implementation plans to build capacity, manage risks, and
improve the performance of various organizations. Planned efforts of the Ehsaas programme include liaising
with the private sector, identifying which of their practices can be replicated in the public sector, and using
policy levers through which the private sector can enhance its impact. Under this programme, the
Government will aim to increase expenditure on poverty alleviation to PKR 190 billion by 2020, in order to
target those most in need – including widows, orphaned, and persons with disabilities. | [
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1
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"language": "en",
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} |
15
SDG 1: End Poverty in All its Forms Everywhere
National and provincial development strategies and initiatives are specifically focused on targets of
eradicating extreme poverty, reducing half of the proportion of the population, implementing inclusive
social protection systems.
Economic opportunities are the key to eradicate poverty. Employment and growth are among the
sustainable indicators of poverty reduction. Education, skills, better nutrition, innovation, utilisation of
resources sustainably, and stronger institutions are the main pillars for sustainable growth, eventually
leads to sustainable solution for poverty eradication, decrease in inequality.
Several interventions have been undertaken considering the integration of socio-economic and
environmental dimensions of the SDGs with federal, provincial, and local policies.
Sindh province has expanded its Peoples Poverty Reduction Programme to six additional districts of the
province, after successful implementation in the first phase. Government of AJ&K has approved the AJ&K
Social Protection Policy 2020, which is based on the ‘Life Cycle Approach’. It envisions strengthening all
components of the social protection system, including developing a population registry in the region.
16
In light of international cooperation for the localization of agricultural improvements in the country,
separate Joint Working Groups (JWGs) for Agriculture, Science and Technology were agreed upon in
2020, under the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), a flagship Belt & Road Initiative (BRI) of China
in Pakistan. The potential areas of cooperation in the agriculture sector, considering the target of
upgrading the sector include Agricultural Mechanization; Development of a Agri Value Chain; Corporate
Farming and Capacity building through Research. With this perspective, the Ministry of National Food
Security & Research is already working with its counterpart in Beijing to develop project proposals in
these areas. Furthermore, Vision 2025 also calls for the establishment of Rural Business Hubs (RBHs) to
facilitate farmers for service delivery and to support mechanisms for timely access to inputs. It also
17
proposes that Centres of Excellence be formed at the provincial and federal level. Academia is also
proposed to provide academic training in nutrition.
Progress on SDGs Targets
Poverty has been declining continuously for the last one and half decades. Poverty estimates based on
the national definition shows an improvement in poverty by 2.4 percentage points during 2016 and 2019.
Despite COVID-19, extreme poverty is around 4.4 percent.
During 2019-2022, Pakistan has shown progress on targets 1.5 and 1.a of SDG 1, which refer to building
the resilience of the poor and those in vulnerable situations, as well as reducing their exposure and
vulnerability during a crisis, and assuring significant mobilization of resources from a variety of sources.
The country scored a 0.8 in the adoption and implementation of national disaster risk strategies, in line
with the Sendai Framework, as referring to the indicator 1.5.3 of SDG 1. Moreover, relevant to the
indicator 1.5.4, local governments have adopted and implemented local disaster risk reduction strategies
with a progress of 30 percent. As far as the proportion of total government spending on essential services
(Target 1.a.2) is concerned, the total spending has been increased, especially in the sectors of health and
education in the provinces of Punjab and KP. During 2019-2022, the proportion of spending has
increased significantly towards healthcare services and social protection policies at the provincial level,
as shown in the table (attached at annex).
Key Issues
Investment in pro poor activities is among the bigger constraint. IMF (2020) report estimated 16.6
percent of GDP financing is additionally required in education, health, sanitation etc to achieve SDGs. In
dollar terms it is equivalent to $46 billion per year which is approximately 4,5 times more than the current
development budget (Federal plus Provinces). Due to constrained fiscal space, it is not possible to
increase the budget to the extent proposed by IMF (2020).
World Development Indicators (2021) mentioned 4.4 percent extreme poverty in Pakistan. To uplift
extreme poor and vulnerable around them, direct intervention is required. BISP gives then unconditional
and conditional cash transfers. Nonetheless, better governances, documentations and implementation
is required to impact extreme poor.
Economic opportunities are not enough to keep everyone well off. For society welfare, community
participation is necessary. Community participation/involvement along with government provision of
resources are lacking in the deprived areas. In addition, significant foreign investment and trade linkages
are required for healthy and consistent growth that eventually leads to eradication of poverty and
reduction in inequality. | [
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34
5.4.1. Estado de situación de los ODS.
ODS 1: FIN DE LA POBREZA.
Poner fin a la pobreza en todas sus formas en todo el
mundo.
Situación de país
Las cifras oficiales de pobreza en Panamá demuestran una reducción importante
en los últimos años, lo que ha resultado en gran parte en el fuerte crecimiento
económico de la última década y al fortalecimiento del sistema de protección
social, entre otros.13
Entre 2013 y 2016, las incidencias de pobreza general y pobreza extrema14 a nivel
nacional disminuyeron respectivamente de 26.2% a 22.1%, y de 11.1% a 9.9%.15
Cabe destacar que, por primera vez, los niveles de pobreza extrema se situaron
13 Se considera que alguien vive en un estado de pobreza o pobreza extrema cuando el ingreso per cápita de su hogar
(o sea ingreso total del hogar dividido por el número de miembros) está por debajo de la línea de pobreza general (o en
caso de la pobreza extrema, cuando está por debajo de la línea de pobreza extrema).
14 Se considera que alguien vive en un estado de pobreza o pobreza extrema cuando el ingreso per cápita de su hogar
(o sea ingreso total del hogar dividido por el número de miembros) está por debajo de la línea de pobreza general (o en
caso de la pobreza extrema, cuando está por debajo de la línea de pobreza extrema).
15 Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas. Avances de Líneas y Niveles de Pobreza y Distribución del Ingreso. Marzo 2016.
35
por debajo del 10%. Sin embargo, al analizar esta información se evidencian
brechas entre las áreas urbanas y rurales. En áreas rurales, la incidencia de
pobreza general y pobreza extrema en 2016 fue de 45.2% y 24.8%, contra 11.1%
y 2.8% en áreas urbanas.
El siguiente gráfico muestra la evolución reciente de la pobreza.
Estas disminuciones en los niveles de pobreza se deben principalmente a un
aumento en los ingresos laborales de los hogares (8.8%), los cuales
representaron el 81.4% del presupuesto familiar. En el caso de los hogares en
pobreza general este aumento fue de 6.3% y en los de extrema 17.1%.
Adicionalmente el ritmo de crecimiento sostenido de la economía ha permitido que
un mayor número de personas mejoren sus condiciones de ingreso a través del
incremento de sus oportunidades de percibir mayores entradas económicas. De
la misma manera, las ayudas o transferencias de los programas sociales del
Gobierno Nacional (Red de Oportunidades, Ángel Guardián, 120 a los 65, Beca
Universal, entre otros), también han ayudado a esta reducción de la pobreza en
nuestro país. Si los hogares con menores recursos no contaran con estos
ingresos, el nivel de pobreza general se situaría en 26.0% o 1,041,648 personas
y la extrema en 14.3% o 571,085 personas, un aumento de 3.9% o 155,677
personas y 4.4% o 174,050 personas, respectivamente. Estos programas tienen
un mayor efecto en las áreas rurales, ya que de eliminar estos ingresos en estas
áreas, el nivel de pobreza extrema se incrementaría en 9.6% o 124,812
personas.16
16 Ibid
36
A su vez, datos de los mapas de pobreza que permiten contar con estimaciones
de pobreza a niveles más desagregados como distritos y corregimientos, también
dan cuenta de avances en la reducción de la pobreza. Es así, como entre 2011 y
2015, ocurrieron cambios significativos en la incidencia de la pobreza extrema en
49 de 76 distritos del país, de los cuales 48 redujeron su incidencia en 7.5 puntos
porcentuales, en promedio. Respecto a la pobreza general, 60 distritos observaron
reducciones de aproximadamente 10 puntos porcentuales, en promedio.17
Considerando que para erradicar la pobreza en todas sus formas y dimensiones
es necesario contar con una herramienta que permita medir la misma no sólo por
ingreso, el Gobierno Nacional de la República de Panamá se comprometió a
adoptar el IPM desarrollado por Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative
(OPHI) de la Universidad de Oxford. El pasado 26 de junio Panamá dio a conocer
su primera versión del IPM, el cual arroja que el 19.1% de los panameños son
pobres multidimensionales, lo que equivale al 12.2% de los hogares. Esta
herramienta y principalmente, la información que esta ofrece, permitirán al país
realizar una mejor focalización e integración de servicios y programas sociales;
facilitará la articulación entre las distintas instituciones del Estado y junto con la
información arrojada por los Mapas de Pobreza, permitirá priorizar la inversión
pública en los distritos con mayores niveles de pobreza en el país.
El IPM-Panamá permite conocer tanto la incidencia como intensidad de la
pobreza, analizando dimensiones como educación, trabajo, salud; vivienda,
servicios básicos y acceso a Internet; y ambiente, entorno y saneamiento. Al
estudiar las carencias que padecen los hogares, según está primera medición, las
cuatro de las cinco dimensiones aportan casi en igual medida, alrededor del 20%
a la pobreza multidimensional, Educación (23.9%), Trabajo (20.9%), Ambiente,
entorno y saneamiento (20.7%) y Vivienda y servicios básicos (19.8%). En el caso
de salud, la misma solamente contribuye un 14.7% a la pobreza multidimensional
en los hogares.
Al desagregar la información por áreas geográficas, los resultados de esta medida
fueron consistentes con la tendencia de los valores mostrados en otros métodos
de medición de pobreza utilizadas y aplicadas en el país. Por ejemplo, en las
comarcas indígenas fue en donde se presentaron las mayores proporciones de
personas pobres multidimensionales e, inclusive, en el mismo orden observado
cuando se realizan los análisis de pobreza monetaria. En el caso de pobreza
17 Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas. Pobreza y Desigualdad en Panamá, Mapas a nivel de distritos y corregimientos:
año 2015
37
multidimensional la incidencia fue: Comarca Ngäbe Buglé (93.4%), Comarca
Guna Yala (91.4%) y Comarca Emberá (70.8%).18
El índice también reflejó que las personas multidimensionalmente pobres
experimentaron su condición con una intensidad de 43.5% a nivel nacional. En
otras palabras, en promedio los pobres multidimensionales tienen carencias en 8
o más indicadores simultáneamente dependiendo de la dimensión en que se
encuentren y las respectivas ponderaciones de sus indicadores.
Acciones públicas de apoyo al logro del objetivo
Para contribuir a la reducción de la pobreza, Panamá cuenta con la siguiente
legislación:
Ley No. 29 de 1 de agosto de 2005 que reorganiza el Ministerio de la
Juventud, la Mujer, la Niñez y la Familia. Reorganiza el Ministerio, el cual
continúa operando y existiendo bajo la denominación de MIDES. Dicho Ministerio
tiene como objetivo impulsar el desarrollo humano por vía de la participación y la
promoción de la equidad, así como la organización, administración, coordinación
y ejecución de políticas, planes, programas y acciones tendientes al
fortalecimiento de la familia y la comunidad, y al logro de la integración social y la
reducción de la pobreza.
Decreto Ejecutivo No. 335 del 30 de octubre 2014 “Que reorganiza el
Gabinete Social y dicta otras disposiciones”. Se establece que esta instancia
de coordinación interinstitucional será presidida por el Excelentísimo Señor
Presidente de la República o por la Vicepresidenta de la República, en conjunto
con el MIDES, como Coordinador Técnico del Gabinete Social. Dentro de las
funciones del Gabinete Social se encuentra, dar seguimiento a los planes y
programas para el cumplimiento de la Agenda Social del Gobierno de la República
de Panamá, lo que representa un serio compromiso para los tomadores de
decisiones, con la finalidad de lograr una coordinación eficiente de las acciones
que realizan las instituciones, el uso transparente de los recursos presupuestarios
destinados al sector social, así como el establecimiento de un sistema de medición
y evaluación de los indicadores sociales basado en resultados.
Ley No. 310 de 2017 “Que adopta el Registro Nacional de Beneficiarios
(RENAB) y dicta otras disposiciones”. El objetivo de dicha ley es establecer un
marco regulatorio de los programas de transferencias monetarias condicionadas
del Estado. La misma introduce un mecanismo para mejoras en la focalización de
18 Informe del Índice de Pobreza Multidimensional de Panamá: Año 2017. Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas.
38
los Programas de Transferencias Monetarias Condicionadas (PTMC), el cual se
realizará a través del diseño, aplicación y consolidación de un Registro Único de
Beneficiarios (RUB), que contenga información sobre las personas u hogares en
pobreza y pobreza extrema elegibles para recibir dichos beneficios. También se
establece que la eliminación de la duplicidad de registros y la minimización de los
errores de identificación de las personas al momento de la inclusión y exclusión
de cada uno de los beneficiarios de los programas.
Ley No. 39 del 14 de junio de 2012 “Que crea un programa especial de
asistencia económica para personas con discapacidad severa en condición
de dependencia y pobreza extrema”. Se crea el Programa Especial Ángel
Guardián para las personas con discapacidad severa, en condición de
dependencia y pobreza extrema, en el cual se les otorga un subsidio de 80 dólares
mensuales a través de distintos mecanismos de pago, cada dos meses. Según la
ley, para ingresar al programa se requiere ser panameño o hijo de panameños,
tener una discapacidad severa en condición de dependencia, encontrarse en
condición de pobreza extrema, completar la encuesta de inscripción, presentar
documentos como certificado de nacimiento y el diagnóstico de una instancia de
salud pública competente.
Ley No. 15 del 1 de septiembre de 2014 “Que modifica la Ley 86 de 2010,
sobre el Programa de B/.120.00 a los 70, y amplía la cobertura del Programa
a los adultos mayores de 65 años”. Se establece que aquellos adultos mayores
de sesenta y cinco años o más que no gocen de pensión o jubilación y se
encuentren en condiciones de riesgo social, vulnerabilidad, marginación o
pobreza, tendrán derecho a recibir con cargo al presupuesto general del Estado,
el monto establecido en la reglamentación de esta Ley, que no será menor a la
suma de B/.120.00 mensuales.
Política de Atención Integral a la Primera Infancia: Panamá cuenta con una
Política Pública de Atención Integral a la Primera Infancia (PAIPI)19 que busca que
todos los niños menores de cinco años tengan acceso a estimulación temprana,
educación, salud integral y nutrición. La política es coordinada por el Consejo
Nacional de Atención Integral a la Primera Infancia (CONAIPI), presidido por el
Despacho de la Primera Dama. En el año 2011 el CONAIPI elaboró un “Plan
Integral de la Primera Infancia de Panamá” que define la plataforma necesaria
para brindar una atención efectiva a la niñez, y el Gobierno Nacional ejecuta la
Ruta de Atención Integral a la Primera Infancia (RAIPI) adoptada mediante el
Decreto 106 de 2014. La Ruta establece un modelo de gestión articulado que
19 Decretos Ejecutivos No. 201 y 216 de 2009.
39
requiere de la prestación simultánea de servicios por diversas entidades del
Estado a fin de garantizar los derechos, atenciones y servicios que todo niño y
niña debe recibir para su desarrollo integral.
Panamá ha expandido su Sistema de Protección Social para brindar atención
priorizada a grupos en situación de vulnerabilidad y ha aumentado los recursos
económicos destinados a programas e iniciativas, tanto sectoriales como
intersectoriales, para disminuir la pobreza en sus diversas dimensiones.
Para enfrentar situaciones de pobreza por ingresos, Panamá cuenta con
programas de transferencia monetaria condicionada tales como:
Red de Oportunidades: La Red de Oportunidades es un Programa de
Transferencia Monetaria Condicionada (PTMC) dirigido a hogares en condición
de pobreza extrema que estimula la acumulación de capital humano, promueve la
inserción laboral y autogestión de adultos, a través de estrategias destinadas al
desarrollo de capacidades para la generación de ingresos. El monto de la
transferencia es de 50 balboas (B/) por mes y está condicionada al cumplimiento
de corresponsabilidades en educación y salud. Al 2017, la Red de Oportunidades
contaba con 63,954 hogares beneficiarios con un presupuesto anual de
B/.25,702,678.00.
120 a los 65: 120 a los 65 es un Programa de Transferencia Monetaria
Condicionada que beneficia con B/.120 mensuales a los adultos mayores de 65
años que no reciben una pensión contributiva y que se encuentran en situación
de pobreza y pobreza extrema. Fue creado en 2009 y es ejecutado por el MIDES.
El monto de la transferencia es de B/120 por mes. Los pagos son bimestrales y
están condicionados a la asistencia a controles de salud, y a participación en
charlas, cursos y seminarios de orientación psicológica y médica. En 2017, el
programa beneficia a 127,858 adultos mayores y su presupuesto anual es de
B/.172,600,000.00.
Ángel Guardián: Ángel Guardián es un Programa de Transferencia Monetaria
Condicionada que beneficia con B/.80 mensuales a personas con discapacidad
severa en condición de dependencia y pobreza extrema. En 2017, el programa
benefició a 16,954 personas y cuenta con un presupuesto anual de
B/.16,645,124.00.
Bono Familiar Alimentario: Ejecutado por la Secretaría Nacional para el Plan de
Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutricional (SENAPAN), el Bono Familiar Alimentario
40
entrega cupones, de un valor de B/. 50 por mes, a familias en situación de pobreza
y pobreza extrema que pueden usarse sólo para la compra de alimentos en
tiendas autorizadas. Al 2017, el programa benefició a 9,619 hogares y cuenta con
un presupuesto anual de B/.12,960,421.00.20
En enero de 2017, Panamá reafirma su compromiso con la reducción de la
pobreza mediante el anuncio del Presidente de la República, Juan Carlos Varela,
de adoptar el Plan “Panamá: el país de todos - Cero Pobreza”, el cual plantea la
urgencia de atender la pobreza desde todas sus dimensiones, articulando las
acciones del Estado en su conjunto de forma coordinada y ordenada, orientándola
al logro de resultados a favor del desarrollo y la inclusión social. En las palabras
del Excelentísimo Señor, Juan Carlos Varela, Presidente de la República, el Plan
“consiste en integrar la acción combinada de las obras de Techos De Esperanza,
100-Cero y nuestro plan de infraestructura, junto con la focalización de los
programas del sistema de protección social: Beca Universal, 120 a los 65, Ángel
Guardián y Red de Oportunidades, para que estos lleguen a quienes realmente
los necesitan”.
Consecuente con el compromiso que ha asumido la República de Panamá ante
los ODS, las metas de “Panamá para Todos” al 2030 son:
● Erradicar la pobreza extrema.
● Reducir a la mitad la pobreza multidimensional.
● Garantizar un sistema de protección social integral de acuerdo al ciclo de
vida, con énfasis en personas en situación de pobreza y vulnerabilidad.
Desafíos
Entre los retos más relevantes del país en materia de pobreza, destaca la
reducción de brechas desagregadas por sexo, grupos de edad, etnia, situación
migratoria, discapacidad, y otras. En lo que respecta a lo anterior, es necesario un
análisis profundo de dichos grupos poblacionales y sus respectivas condiciones
de vida, para poder identificar los mecanismos que ejercerán mayor impacto en el
bienestar de estas personas. Es decir, se requiere determinar las características
específicas de cada grupo, al igual que las variables que los afectan directamente
en términos de impacto a la pobreza. La utilización de herramientas como el IPM
y los mapas de pobreza, nos permitirá realizar un claro enfoque en la población
más vulnerable.
20 Información de los Programas de Transferencia Monetaria Condicionada proviene del Informe a la Nación del
Excelentísimo Señor, Juan Carlos Varela, Presidente de la República, del 1 de enero de 2017.
41
Por otro lado, reconociendo la urgencia de poder contar con la información
actualizada para la toma de decisiones y para el desarrollo e implementación de
políticas de reducción de pobreza, se hace indispensable hacer oficial el
establecimiento del SIGOB como mecanismo integral para el monitoreo y
evaluación del impacto de programas gubernamentales que inciden en las
comunidades en condiciones de pobreza, y que, por ende, colaboran a alcanzar
el Objetivo 1.
Considerando que el país ha logrado muchos avances en sus esfuerzos por
reducir la pobreza, es clara la necesidad del fortalecimiento de las políticas y
programas de carácter intersectorial actualmente en pie, enfatizando la
coordinación entre estos de manera que se logren acciones más efectivas.
Esfuerzos como el plan “Panamá: el país de todos - Cero Pobreza” requerirán de
la capacidad de coordinación interinstitucional, a nivel nacional y local, para lograr
sus objetivos de manera eficiente.
La reducción efectiva de la pobreza dependerá, entre otros, de la adecuación de
las políticas orientadas hacia la disminución de la población que vive por debajo
del umbral internacional de la pobreza, desglosada por sexo, edad, situación
laboral y ubicación geográfica urbana y/o rural; implementación orientada hacia la
disminución de la proporción de hombres, mujeres y niños de todas las edades
que viven en la pobreza en todas sus dimensiones, con arreglo a las definiciones
nacionales; fortalecimiento de las intervenciones que reduzcan la proporción de la
población que vive en hogares sin acceso a servicios básicos.
CUADRO 11. ACCIONES RELEVANTES PARA ERRADICAR LA POBREZA
Erradicar la pobreza extrema y reducir a la mitad la proporción de hombres, mujeres y niños de todas las edades que viven
en la pobreza en todas sus dimensiones.
Implementar sistemas y medidas apropiadas de protección social para todos.
Garantizar los derechos a los recursos económicos, así como acceso a los servicios básicos, la propiedad y el control de
la tierra y otros bienes, la herencia, los recursos naturales, la tecnología nueva apropiada y los servicios financieros, incluida
la microfinanciación.
Reducir la exposición y vulnerabilidad a los fenómenos extremos relacionados con el clima y otras crisis y desastres
económicos, sociales y ambientales.
FUENTE: Sesiones consultivas | [
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PANAMÁ, 2020
224
Objetivo 1. Poner fn a la pobreza en todas sus formas en todo el mundo
Meta 1.1. De aquí a 2030, erradicar para todas las personas y en todo el mundo la pobreza extrema
(actualmente se considera que sufren pobreza extrema las personas que viven con menos de 1,25 dólares
de los Estados Unidos al día)
Indicador 1.1.1 Proporción de la población que vive por debajo del umbral internacional de la pobreza
La evolución de este indicador del 2015 al 2018, evidencia una disminución; se observa que en el año 2015
el 9.8% de los panameños vivían con menos de 1.90 dólares al día, mientras que en el año 2018 registró
un valor de 7.5%, lo que representa 2.3 puntos porcentuales menos. En el área urbana los valores pasaron
de 2.5% en 2015 a 1.5% en 2018, con una reducción de 1.0 puntos porcentuales; mientras que en el área
rural el descenso fue mayor, pasando de 24.7% a 20.4%, respectivamente, lo que equivale a 4.3 puntos
porcentuales.
Meta 1.2 De aquí a 2030, reducir al menos a la mitad la proporción de hombres, mujeres y niños de todas
las edades que viven en la pobreza en todas sus dimensiones con arreglo a las defniciones nacionales
Indicador 1.2.1 Proporción de la población que vive por debajo del umbral nacional de pobreza
En el año 2015, Panamá presenta una tasa de pobreza general de 23.0 %; tres años después la proporción
bajó a 21.4%, registrando una reducción de 1.7 puntos porcentuales. La magnitud del descenso fue más
notoria en las regiones en donde se encuentran los más altos niveles de pobreza general. Por área, la
disminución se evidenció en la rural (4.0 puntos porcentuales menos). A lo interno del país, el descenso más
signifcativo se observó en la Comarca Indígena Emberá (5.4 puntos porcentuales menos) y Guna Yala (5.0
puntos porcentuales menos). Por su parte, la pobreza general pasó de 23.0 a 21.4, en el período mencionado.
GRÁFICA 2. PROPORCIÓN DE LA POBLACIÓN QUE VIVE POR
DEBAJO DEL UMBRAL INTERNACIONAL DE LA POBREZA: AÑOS
2015 - 2018
0.0
2015 2016 2017 2018
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
9.8 8.6
7.9 7.5
Porcentaje
Fuente: Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas, Dirección de Análisis Económico y Social,
Encuesta de Propósitos Múltiples, marzo de cada año.
II INFORME NACIONAL VOLUNTARIO
SECRETARÍA TÉCNICA DEL GABINETE SOCIAL
225
MAPA 1. PROPORCIÓN DE LA POBLACIÓN QUE VIVE POR DEBAJO
DEL UMBRAL NACIONAL DE POBREZA GENERAL EN LA REPÚBLICA DE
PANAMÁ, SEGÚN PROVINCIAS Y COMARCAS INDÍGENAS: AÑO 2018
LOS SANTOS
COCLÉ
COLÓN
NGÄBE BUGLÉ
EMBERÁ
GUNA YALA
BOCAS DEL
TORO
CHIRIQUÍ
PANAMÁ
OESTE
PANAMÁ
DARIÉN HERRERA
VERAGUAS
44.6% 12.9%
82.6%
20.6%
10.4%
34.4%
16.6%
73.7%
63.3%
7.8%
27.2%
13.9%
43.5%
Total País 21.4%
Hombres 21.0%
Mujeres 21.7%
Fuente: Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas, Dirección de Análisis Económico y Social, con base en los datos de las Encuestas de Hogares
realizadas por el Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censo (INEC), marzo de cada año.
Indicador 1.2.2 Proporción de hombres, mujeres y niños de todas las edades que viven en la pobreza,
en todas sus dimensiones, con arreglo a las defniciones nacionales
En el año 2017, se midió por primera vez el Índice de Pobreza Multidimensional (IPM), cuyos resultados
ubicaron el porcentaje de personas en condición de pobreza multidimensional en 19.1%. En la segunda
medición, realizada en 2018, la proporción de personas en situación de pobreza multidimensional se calculó
en 19.0%, disminuyendo en 0.1 puntos porcentuales en comparación con 2017.
GRÁFICA 3. INCIDENCIA, INTENSIDAD E ÍNDICE DE POBREZA
MULTIDIMENSIONAL EN LA REPÚBLICA: AÑO 2017 - 2018
Incidencia de
Pobreza Multidimensional
Índice de
Pobreza Multidimensional
Intensidad
19.1%
19%
43.5%
2017 2018
42.4%
0.083
0.081
Fuente: Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas, Dirección de Análisis Económico y Social, con
base a la Encuesta de Propósitos Múltiples, marzo de cada año.
PANAMÁ, 2020
226
Cabe destacar, que las personas en esta condición enfrentaron una menor cantidad promedio de carencias,
al bajar el porcentaje de intensidad, de un año a otro, de 43.5% a 42.4%, con una reducción signifcativa
de 1.1 puntos porcentuales. Mientras que el Índice de Pobreza Multidimensional presentó una reducción
relativa de 3.2%, al pasar de 0.083 puntos en 2017 a 0.081 puntos en 2018 (0.003 puntos menos). No
obstante, a nivel desagregado por regiones geográfcas, se observa una mayor variación en cada uno de
los componentes del IPM.
Indicador 1.2.2a Proporción de pobreza multidimensional de niños, niñas y adolescentes de la
población de 0 a 17 años en la República de Panamá: Año 2018
Al calcular el IPM-NNA para el año 2018, se tenía que la población de Panamá era de 4,155,348 personas,
de las cuales 1,384,199 (33.3%) eran niños, niñas y adolescentes. Los resultados del índice evidenciaron que
453,837, o sea el 32.8% de los menores de 18 años, estaba en condiciones de pobreza multidimensional,
es decir, aproximadamente uno de cada tres NNA se encuentran privados en 3 o más indicadores que
conforman este índice.
Los NNA que experimentaron la condición de pobres multidimensionales lo hicieron con una intensidad
promedio de 45.6% en todo el país; es decir, los NNA en situación de pobreza multidimensional tienen
carencias en cuatro indicadores y medio de manera simultánea, de cualquiera de las cinco dimensiones
que conforman el IPM-NNA. Por otra parte, el indicador de cuido, actividades infantiles y recreación es
el que tiene una mayor contribución a los niveles de pobreza en el IPM-NNA con el 15.9%. Con respecto
a este indicador, en el 72.5% de los NNA en pobreza multidimensional (329,205 menores de 18 años) se
encuentran privados, principalmente la población de 5 a 17 años de edad que no realizan regularmente
actividades culturales, deportiva o recreativa (172,749 NNA no lo hacen).
GRÁFICA 4. INCIDENCIA, INTENSIDAD E ÍNDICE DE LA POBREZA
MULTIDIMENSIONAL DE NIÑOS, NIÑAS Y ADOLESCENTES DE 0 A
17 AÑOS EN LA REPÚBLICA DE PANAMÁ: AÑO 2018
32.8%
45.6%
0.149
Incidencia de
Pobreza Multidimensional
Índice de
Pobreza Multidimensional
Intensidad
Fuente: Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas, Dirección de Análisis Económico y Social, Encuesta de
Propósitos Múltiples, marzo de cada año.
II INFORME NACIONAL VOLUNTARIO
SECRETARÍA TÉCNICA DEL GABINETE SOCIAL
227
Meta 1.4 De aquí a 2030, garantizar que todos los hombres y mujeres, en particular los pobres y los
vulnerables, tengan los mismos derechos a los recursos económicos y acceso a los servicios básicos, la
propiedad y el control de la tierra y otros bienes, la herencia, los recursos naturales, las nuevas tecnologías
apropiadas y los servicios fnancieros, incluida la microfnanciación
Indicador 1.4.1 Proporción de la población que vive en hogares con acceso a los servicios básicos
Es el porcentaje del total de la población que vive en hogares con acceso a agua potable, electricidad y
servicio sanitario conectado a alcantarillado o conectado a tanque séptico. Entre el período 2015-2018, se
evidencia un incremento de 3.6 puntos porcentuales, variando de 73.7% a 77.3%; tanto hombres como
mujeres, se ven favorecidos con el acceso a servicios básicos. A nivel de área, los cambios más signifcativos
se dan en la rural, con un descenso de 7.9 puntos porcentuales; a lo interno del país, se observa en el
período en mención, un balance positivo en cuanto a este indicador, siendo más relevantes los progresos
alcanzados en las provincias de Bocas del Toro (10.6 puntos porcentuales) y la Comarca Ngäbe Buglé (11.9
puntos porcentuales).
MAPA 2. PROPORCIÓN DE LA POBLACIÓN QUE VIVE EN HOGARES
CON ACCESO A SERVICIOS BÁSICOS (AGUA, ELECTRICIDAD Y
SERVICIOS SANITARIOS), SEGÚN ÁREA, PROVINCIAS Y COMARCAS
INDÍGENAS: MARZO 2018
LOS SANTOS
COCLÉ
COLÓN
NGÄBE BUGLÉ
EMBERÁ
GUNA YALA
BOCAS DEL
TORO
CHIRIQUÍ
PANAMÁ
OESTE
PANAMÁ
DARIÉN HERRERA
VERAGUAS
72.2% 82.7%
15.1%
83.3%
94.6%
78.2%
82.6%
0.0%
28.8%
79.2%
81.7%
91.6%
66.2%
Total País 77.3%
Urbana 82.5%
Rural 66.0%
Fuente: Contraloría General de la República, Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censo (INEC), Encuesta de
Propósitos Múltiples.
PANAMÁ, 2020
228
2015 2016 2017 (P) 2018 (P)
41.2 40.4 40.4
41.8
Porcentaje
GRÁFICA 5. PROPORCIÓN DE RECURSOS ASIGNADOS POR EL GOBIERNO
A LOS SECTORES: SALUD, EDUCACIÓN Y CULTURA, VIVIENDA, TRABAJO
Y SEGURIDAD SOCIAL Y MULTISOCIAL: AÑOS 2015 – 2018
Meta 1.a Garantizar una movilización signifcativa de recursos procedentes de diversas fuentes, incluso
mediante la mejora de la cooperación para el desarrollo, a fn de proporcionar medios sufcientes y
previsibles a los países en desarrollo, en particular los países menos adelantados, para que implementen
programas y políticas encaminados a poner fn a la pobreza en todas sus dimensiones
Indicador 1.a.1 Proporción de los recursos generados a nivel interno que el gobierno asigna
directamente a programas de reducción de la pobreza
La proporción de recursos asignados por el gobierno a los sectores de salud, educación y cultura, vivienda,
trabajo y seguridad social y multisocial pasó de 41.2% en el año 2015 a 41.8% en 2018; en comparación
con los dos últimos años, en el 2018, se destinaron más recursos para mejorar el nivel de bienestar de las
personas que se encontraban bajo condición de pobreza; la diferencia entre 2017 y 2018, fue de 1.4 puntos
porcentuales. Es necesario mencionar, que se están realizando ingentes esfuerzo por disponer de un mayor
nivel de desagregación de estos recursos.
Indicador 1.a.2 Proporción del gasto público total en servicios esenciales (educación y cultura, salud
y trabajo y seguridad social)
Las proporciones del gasto público total en servicios esenciales aumentaron en el año 2018 con respecto
al año anterior. En Educación y cultura subió en 0.7 puntos porcentuales, pasando de 10.9% en 2017 a
11.6% en 2018, en Salud el incremento fue de 1.0 puntos porcentuales, un cambio de 14.2% a 15.2% y
en Trabajo y seguridad social, el aumento fue de 0.2 puntos porcentuales, una variación de 9.3% a 9.5%,
respectivamente.
Fuente: Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas, Dirección de Presupuesto de la Nación. | [
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65
ODS:
Poner fn a la pobreza en
todas sus formas en todo el mundo
• Situación del país
Una mirada a los indicadores de pobreza permite
observar que entre la proporción de panameños
que viven con menos de 1.90 dólares al día, o
sea por debajo del umbral internacional de la
pobreza, ha variado de 9.8% en el 2015 a 7.5% en
el 2018; la proporción de la población que vive
por debajo del umbral nacional de la pobreza ha
pasado de 23.0% a 21.4% entre el 2015 y el 2018.
Sin embargo, las tendencias no son las mismas
cuando se analizan los datos en profundidad,
notándose una mayor disminución en las áreas
rurales e indígenas.
Las mediciones multidimensionales de pobreza
han resultado muy útiles para identifcar de
forma más efectiva las principales carencias de la
población en condición de pobreza. En Panamá
se mide el Índice de Pobreza Multidimensional
(IPM) a partir del año 2017, este índice cuenta con
17 indicadores distribuidos en cinco dimensiones
que dan cuenta de las privaciones de la población
en salud, educación, vivienda, ambiente y
trabajo. Según este índice para el 2017 el 19.1%
de la población estaba en condiciones de
pobreza multidimensional, para el 2018 pasó a
19%, obteniendo una reducción de 0.1 puntos
porcentuales; también se mostraron reducciones
en la intensidad, es decir, en el promedio de
carencias que experimentan las personas en
pobreza multidimensional pasando de 43.5% a
42.4%, una reducción de 1.1 puntos porcentuales
para el mismo periodo en mención. Por otro lado,
el índice de pobreza multidimensional pasó de
0.083 puntos en 2017 a 0.081 puntos en 2018.
En términos de pobreza multidimensional, se
dispone de mediciones para los años 2017 y
2018, indicando que la proporción de hombres,
mujeres y niños que viven en pobreza en todas
sus dimensiones, ha variado de 19.1% en el 2017
a 19% en 2018. Un hogar se considera pobre
multidimensional cuando la suma ponderada
de sus privaciones (inasistencia escolar, logro
educativo insufciente, precariedad de los
materiales de la vivienda, personas por habitación
o hacinamiento, carencia de electricidad, manejo
inadecuado de la basura o residuos sólidos,
carencia de saneamiento mejorado, desempleo,
precariedad de trabajo, carencia de fuentes de
agua mejorada para beber) es 30% o más, es
decir que tiene al menos una y media privaciones
de las mencionadas.
____________________
5 Naciones Unidas, Transformar nuestro mundo: la Agenda 2030 para el Desarrollo Sostenible.
PANAMÁ, 2020
66
En cuanto a las contribuciones de cada dimensión
al IPM, además del cambio en el valor, se observa
una variación en el orden en comparación con el
año anterior. De igual manera sucedió con los 17
indicadores que componen el índice, pero en el
análisis de las tasas de privaciones censuradas,
o sea las que corresponden solo a las carencias
de las personas multidimensionalmente pobres,
permitió observar la reducción de carencias en
nueve de los indicadores y de forma signifcativa en
los siguientes: sin acceso a internet, precariedad
del empleo y carencia de electricidad.
En referencia a la reducción de la proporción de
niños y niñas que viven en la pobreza en todas
sus dimensiones con arreglo a las defniciones
nacionales, Panamá nuevamente mostró avances
en el desarrolló de métricas para el diagnóstico
y en el año 2018 un índice específco para medir
la pobreza multidimensional de los niños, niñas
y adolescentes se convirtiéndose en uno de
los primeros Estados del mundo y el primero
de América Latina y el Caribe, permitiendo
comprender la situación real de este grupo
población en diez indicadores distribuidos en
cinco dimensiones a saber: vivienda, agua y
saneamiento; salud y alimentación, educación e
información, y protección y recreación. Además
de poder contar con los resultados arrojados
por el IPM-NNA se ha honrado uno de los
compromisos de monitoreo asumidos en los
ODS, vinculado a la medición ofcial de la pobreza
multidimensional infantil. El cálculo del IPM-NNA
para el año 2018, mide las privaciones específcas
que afectan a la población de 0 a 17 años. Los
resultados muestran que de la población total del
país 4,155,348 habitantes, total de la población
en el grupo etario que comprende de 0 a 17
años de edad (1,384,199) el 33.3% eran niños,
niñas y adolescentes y de estos, el 32.8% o sea
453,837 menores de 18 años, se encuentran en
condiciones de pobreza multidimensional. Es
decir, aproximadamente uno de cada tres NNA
tiene carencias en 3 o más indicadores que
conforman este índice. Actualmente, en el cálculo
de este indicador se incluye: la precariedad de los
materiales de la vivienda, hacinamiento, carencia
de saneamiento, carencia y disponibilidad de
fuentes de agua mejorada, prevención de riesgos
en salud, acceso a servicios de salud, educación
y formación temprana, acceso a internet,
protección de la infancia, cuido, actividades
infantiles y recreación. Esta medición deberá ser
complementada con indicadores que permitan
medir la dimensión de nutrición, como la
malnutrición y seguridad alimentaria, que deberá
ser incorporada en una futura estimación del IPMNNA proyectada para el año 2021.
Cabe señalar que las actuales mediciones de
pobreza en Panamá han contado con la asesoría
de la Iniciativa sobre Pobreza y Desarrollo Humano
de Oxford (OPHI) y se construyen a partir de un
esfuerzo colegiado liderado por la Secretaría
Técnica del Gabinete Social, el Instituto Nacional
de Estadística y Censo (INEC) quién entrega
la base de datos; el Ministerio de Economía y
Finanzas (MEF) y el PNUD ambos realizan cálculos
espejos. UNICEF brindó asistencia técnica en el
caso del IPM-NNA.
Por otro lado, Panamá también cuenta con un
IPM a nivel de corregimiento (631 corregimientos
según la división político administrativa de 2010)
que da cuenta de diez indicadores (de los 17
indicadores del IPM Nacional) que son posible
calcular usando los censos de población y
vivienda cuyo propósito es: Identifcar a partir de
la evidencia disponible, las principales carencias
o privaciones no monetarias que ocurren de
manera simultánea y afectan directamente las
condiciones de vida de la población panameña
distribuida en los corregimientos del país, así
como para una mejor focalización geográfca de
la estrategia para reducir la pobreza en todas
sus dimensiones, apoyando el desarrollo de
intervenciones efectivas y sostenidas que sirvan
de guía en el diseño e implementación de las
políticas públicas y utilizarla como complemento
a las actuales mediciones nacionales de pobreza
multidimensional y de ingreso.
Este nuevo indicador ha permitido acceder a datos
confables a un nivel de desagregación territorial,
permitiendo avanzar con el compromiso de
territorializar la agenda enfocando la estrategia
en fortalecer la capacidad de los gobiernos
locales para liderar las intervenciones sociales
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que requiere cada uno de los corregimientos a
los que representan.
Otro indicador que se destaca en la medición del
IPM a nivel de corregimiento con la fnalidad de
identifcar, a partir de la evidencia disponible, es
el de las principales carencias o privaciones no
monetarias que ocurren de manera simultánea
y afectan directamente las condiciones de
vida de la población panameña distribuida
en los corregimientos del país. Permite una
mejor focalización geográfca de la pobreza
en todas sus dimensiones como complemento
a las actuales mediciones nacionales de
pobreza multidimensional y de ingreso, lo
que defnitivamente apoyará el desarrollo de
intervenciones efectivas y sostenidas que sirven
de guía en el diseño e implementación de las
políticas públicas.
Por otra parte, durante los años 2015 y 2018, la
proporción del gasto público total asignado a
servicios esenciales de educación, cultura, salud,
trabajo y seguridad social, se ha mantenido
prácticamente constante, notándose un leve
incremento en las asignaciones a educación y
cultura.
En este contexto también cabe resaltar que en los
últimos años se han destinado más recursos para
mejorar el nivel de bienestar de las personas que
se encontraban en situación de pobreza entre los
años 2015 a 2018, la proporción de los recursos
asignados por el gobierno a los sectores de salud,
educación, cultura, vivienda, trabajo, seguridad
social y multisocial fue de 41.2% en el año 2015
y para el 2018 de 41.8%. En comparación con
los dos últimos años, en el 2018, se destinaron
más recursos para mejorar el nivel de bienestar
de las personas que se encontraban bajo esta
condición.
• Acciones públicas de apoyo al logro de los
objetivos
En lo relacionado con las políticas públicas, el
PEN 20306
en su Eje estratégico 1: Buena vida
para todos incluye una estrategia referente a la
Erradicación de la pobreza en todas sus formas
y su objetivo es romper el ciclo de transmisión
intergeneracional de la pobreza en sus formas
multidimensionales. En este tema es preciso
anotar que para la erradicación de la pobreza y
la pobreza extrema, las últimas administraciones
y particularmente el gobierno nacional actual,
vienen realizando esfuerzos para lograr un
sistema de protección social que complemente el
sistema de pensiones y jubilaciones que otorga
la Caja de Seguro Social a quienes cotizan por
un período establecido, de acuerdo con una
metodología establecida por ley. Para ello, se
han diseñado y ejecutado una serie de programas
de transferencias monetarias condicionadas,
dirigidas a ciertos grupos que viven en condición
de vulnerabilidad. Esta labor será complementada
con el Registro Nacional de Benefciarios (RENAB)
que permitirá cruzar las bases de datos de los
benefciarios de los programas del MIDES, con
bases de datos de otras instituciones públicas y
privadas para garantizar que los recursos lleguen
a las personas que se encuentran en pobreza
y pobreza extrema. Entre estos programas se
cuentan:
Programas de TMC
• Programa Red de Oportunidades: Es
asistencia económica bajo la fgura de
Transferencia Monetaria Condicionada (TMC)
dirigida a todos los hogares en extrema
pobreza del país. Busca de romper el ciclo de
la pobreza intergeneracional incorporando a
los hogares que se encuentran en situación de
pobreza extrema en la dinámica del desarrollo
nacional, a través del fortalecimiento de su
capital humano. El objetivo general de este
programa es reducir la pobreza extrema y
generar incentivos para que los hogares
inviertan en el capital humano de sus hijos e
hijas, mediante una mayor utilización de los
servicios de educación y salud, condicionados
al cumplimiento de corresponsabilidades en
materia de salud, educación e inclusión social
productiva. Busca contribuir con la disminución
____________________
6 CCDN, Plan Estratégico Nacional con visión de Estado, Panamá 2030, alineando el desarrollo nacional con los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible, Panamá 2017.
PANAMÁ, 2020
68
de los niveles de desnutrición crónica, de la
prevención y control de enfermedades, en
especial las inmuno-prevenibles, incrementar
el porcentaje de atención prenatal y postnatal,
asegurar la asistencia continua a clases de
los niños de los hogares benefciarios que
estén en edad escolar, promover el ingreso
al sistema educativo por primera vez y que
participen en actividades productivas que les
permitan desarrollar fuentes generadoras de
ingresos para que sean auto sostenibles.
• Programa 120 a los 65: Es un apoyo del
Estado para mejorar la calidad de vida de
los adultos mayores en pobreza y se trata de
una asistencia económica, bajo la fgura de
transferencia monetaria condicionada. Está
dirigido a las personas adultas mayores de 65
años o más que no gocen de una jubilación o
pensión de una empresa o entidad nacional
o extranjera y se encuentren en condición de
pobreza o pobreza extrema.
• Programa Ángel Guardián: Corresponde
a una transferencia monetaria condicionada
para las personas con discapacidad severa
en condición de dependencia y pobreza
extrema. El objetivo general del programa es
promover, proteger y asegurar en igualdad de
condiciones, el pleno goce de los derechos
humanos y libertades fundamentales
garantizando el respeto a la dignidad de las
personas con discapacidad procurando que
puedan acceder a un desarrollo integral como
resultado de las políticas sociales.
• Bono Alimentario Nutricional: Facilita
el acceso de alimentos a sus benefciarios
mediante la entrega de cheques,
exclusivamente para la compra de alimentos.
Adicional a los Programas de Transferencias
Monetaria Condicionadas antes indicados, se
pueden mencionar los subsidios que otorga el
Estado con el propósito de mantener servicios
y bienes a precios asequibles, entre los que se
pueden mencionar: el subsidio al gas licuado
para consumo del hogar, el subsidio eléctrico, el
fondo solidario de vivienda, subsidio al consumo
de agua potable, intereses preferenciales para la
adquisición de viviendas, subsidios al transporte
a través del Metro y MiBus y el programa de
Asistencia Social Educativa Universal.
Un programa que el gobierno nacional lidera
actualmente en el tema de la lucha contra la
pobreza y la desigualdad es la “Estrategia
Colmena: Panamá libre de pobreza y desigualdad,
la Sexta Frontera” la cual tiene como misión
promover la justicia social, la equidad y las
oportunidades, procurando no dejar a nadie
atrás. Colmena está relacionada con los 17 ODS,
sus metas e indicadores mediante la promoción
de la inclusión social a través de alianzas
entre instituciones públicas, sociedad civil, la
empresa privada, la academia y la comunidad
y está focalizada en mejorar los servicios que el
Estado ofrece. También, desarrollar prestaciones
y servicios con modelos de atención que
protejan los derechos y brinden satisfacción
a los ciudadanos, incentivar actividades
generadoras de ingreso para mejorar la calidad
de vida, con la inclusión productiva y fnanciera
de las poblaciones con mayores carencias.
Bajo los principios de la intersectorialidad, la
descentralización, la participación ciudadana, la
igualdad de oportunidades, la interculturalidad
y la sostenibilidad la acción apunta a la
territorialización de la Agenda 2030, integrando
equipos, alineando y articulando el gobierno
central con los gobiernos locales y contando con
un sistema de información permanente.
La estrategia Colmena, inició con un Plan Piloto en
la provincia de Panamá Oeste, distrito de Capira
en los seis corregimientos más carenciados: Santa
Rosa, Cirí de Los Sotos, Cirí Grande, El Cacao,
La Trinidad, Las Ollas Arriba. El proceso fue
liderado por el gobernador con la participación
de representantes de las instituciones de la
provincia, autoridades locales, ONGs, empresas,
academia y la sociedad civil.
La implementación inició con un proceso de
alineamiento entre la oferta nacional y local,
seguidamente se realizaron cabildos abiertos
a nivel de corregimientos con participación de
II INFORME NACIONAL VOLUNTARIO
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adultos mayores, mujeres, jóvenes, niños y líderes
comunitarios para conocer las necesidades
prioritarias e identifcar actividades potenciales
generadoras de ingresos. El proceso dio como
resultado la instalación de la Mesa Colmena
“gabinete social provincial ampliado” y el plan
de acción de COLMENA del distrito de Capira.
Considerando que de los corregimientos
priorizados para Colmena existen corregimientos
de difícil acceso, se ha diseñado la intervención
“rápida” denominada Misión Sexta Frontera, la
misma consiste en una intervención articulada
por diversas instituciones para dar respuestas a
situaciones que no pueden esperar. En el mes de
marzo de 2020 se realizó la primera intervención
en los corregimientos de Hato Chamí distrito de
Nole Duima y Peña Blanca, distrito de Müna, en
la Comarca Ngäbe Buglé donde se benefciaron
1,554 personas con servicios de salud, atención a
la primera infancia, prevención de las violencias,
emprendedurismo e iniciativas productivas.
INFOGRAFÍA No.1 MISIÓN SEXTA FRONTERA, PLAN COLMENA
MISIÓN
6taFRONTERA
PRIMERA INFANCIA
Clínica “Crianza para el Desarrollo
Infantil.
Registro de nacimientos.
Sensibilización en temas sobre los
Derechos del Niño y la Niña,
fortalecimiento familiar y valores.
-
-
-
COHESIÓN SOCIAL
Capacitación para fomentar la
comercialización de sus productos,
artesanías, etc.
-
EDUCACIÓN
Entrega de Beca Universal.
Donación de libros en la escuela de la
comunidad.
-
-
EQUIDAD
Capacitación en temas de género y
violencia doméstica.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
VIVIENDA
Evaluación de nuevos beneficiarios para la
construcción de vivienda y verificar los ya
identificados para una solución habitacional.
-
-
-
AMBIENTAL
Demostración de plantones de especies
nativas (caoba, mayo y níspero).
Entrega de bolsas reutilizables de
sensibilización ambiental.
Demostración de estufas ecológicas.
SALUD
Jornada de vacunación.
Capacitación de personas con
discapacidad por los programas de la
institución.
Prueba del kit de bienvenida para el
desarrollo infantil (MINSA-MIDES).
NUTRICIÓN
Inspección y evaluación de tinas
instaladas; suministrar alimentos para
cría de peces; suministrar materiales y
equipo para la cría de tilapia.
Articulación con ARAP (mapeo de los
cultivos indentificados) y que rubros
tiene la comarca, apoyo de extensión
agrícola.
MIDES, ARAP, MIDA, AIG/JAS, AMPYME, MITRADEL, MIVIOT, ANATI, ATP, SENNIAF, INAMU, IFARHU, SENADIS,
STGS-MIDES, PANDEPORTES, MICULTURA, MEDUCA, TRIBUNAL ELECTORAL, UNACHI.
Participan:
OBJETIVO:
OBJETIVOS ESPECÍFICOS:
Acercar el gobierno a la gente; atendiendo la demanda de servicios de la población en condición de pobreza y
vulnerabilidad de los corregimientos de Hato Chamí, distrito de Nolé Duimá y Peña Blanca, distrito de Müna en la
Comarca Ngäbe Buglé, a través de mecanismos de coordinación interinstitucional para el abordaje de intervención
en el marco del Plan Colmena.
Articular la oferta de servicios interinstitucionales con los actores claves en el territorio.
Ofertar los servicios interinstitucionales a la población en condición de pobreza y vulnerabilidad en el territorio.
-
-
-
TRIBUNAL ELECTORAL
Recertificación de los datos de padre o
la madre, registro de defunciones,
cédula por primera vez, reconocimiento
voluntario paterno.
Servicios de registro civil:
PANAMÁ, 2020
70
Articulación intersectorial para el desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas
Plan de Desarrollo Integral de los Pueblos Indígenas
El Plan de Desarrollo Integral de los Pueblos Indígenas (PDIPI) ejemplifica como los doce
territorios indígenas de Panamá (Comarca Ngäbe, territorio Buglé, Naso, Bri Bri, Comarca
Emberá, Territorio Wounaan, Tierras colectivas de Alto Bayano, Tierras colectivas Emberá
Wounaan, Territorio Daggargunyala, Comarca Wargandi, las comarcas de Madungandi y
Guna Yala) se empoderaron de sus derechos al desarrollo sostenible y equitativo
aprovechando sus diferencias culturales e históricas en las formas de organización social
y política, en estructura económica y productiva, cosmovisión, espiritualidad y formas de
relacionamiento con el medio ambiente.
El PDIPI se ha convertido en la columna vertebral de la gestión del Ministerio de Gobierno
para impulsar lineamientos de desarrollo indígena de forma multi-sectorial, bajo una
coordinación interinstitucional. Incluye tres componentes de intervención:
Fortalecimiento institucional y de la capacidad de gobernanza para el Gobierno de
Panamá y las autoridades indígenas; Mejora de la calidad y la pertinencia cultural de la
prestación de servicios públicos y gestión; Seguimiento y evaluación del proyecto, con
indicadores de gobernanza, educación, salud, agua y saneamiento y participación
ciudadana.
Consejo Nacional de Desarrollo Integral de los Pueblos Indígenas
En 2018 se constituye un mecanismo de gobernanza consultiva y deliberativa para ayudar
a garantizar los derechos indígenas al desarrollo denominado Consejo Nacional de
Desarrollo Integral de los Pueblos Indígenas, adscrito al Ministerio de Gobierno y
responsable de supervisar la ejecución del PDIPI. El Consejo trabaja para incorporar las
necesidades particulares de cada uno de los doce territorios, con programas y proyectos
culturalmente pertinentes. Como ejemplo, en el CNDIPI se ha deliberado sobre el Plan de
Acción para enfrentar la enfermedad del Covid-19 en los territorios indígenas, elaborado
por el Ministerio de Salud.
Fuente: MINGOB y Banco Mundial (2018), Evaluación Sociocultural para el Proyecto Apoyo para la Implementación del Plan de
Desarrollo Integral de los Pueblos Indígenas de Panamá.
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/816631516208457547/pdf/SFG4004-SA-SPANISH-P157575-Box405323B-PUBLICDisclosed-1-17-2018.pdf
Recuadro No. 2.
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• Desafíos
El combate a la pobreza ha sido un reto
para todas las administraciones desde hace
muchos años llegando a tener programas
emblemáticos durante las últimas décadas. Sus
resultados se ven refejados en los indicadores,
que permiten observar que los programas y
acciones desarrollados han tenido impacto en la
disminución de la pobreza y la pobreza extrema
a nivel nacional. No obstante, aún queda el
desafío de trabajar mucho más en las acciones
territoriales, en los grupos de edad y en las áreas
rurales e indígenas donde se observa que existe
una mayor desigualdad entre hombres y mujeres.
Si bien es cierto que el país ha avanzado en el
desarrollo de métricas para el diagnóstico de la
pobreza, aún quedan retos importantes referidos
al uso de estos instrumentos como herramientas
de políticas públicas para la toma de decisiones
basada en evidencia. Es el caso del IPM
Corregimiento que ha servido para identifcar
los corregimientos más pobres donde se deben
priorizar las acciones del gobierno.
Otro reto importante es el de lograr contar con
información desagregada a todos los niveles
para comprender los desafíos sociales de cada
individuo. La falta de información básica para el
cálculo de algunos indicadores no permite dar
más luces sobre la situación de implementación
de algunas de las metas, por lo que se requiere
realizar esfuerzos para la desagregación de datos a
todos los niveles geográfcos, grupos vulnerables,
grupo etario, niveles socioeconómicos, entre
otros, lo cual debe realizarse tanto para las
estadísticas de registro como para las encuestas
continuas que realiza el INEC.
En el país se plantea la importancia de disponer
de información desagregada para niñez y
adolescencia que permita calcular los indicadores
de este ODS para estos grupos de edad7
. Calcular
el IPM-NNA cada dos o tres años, permite medir
avances en el mediano plazo e implementar
políticas y programas de protección social,
generar y publicar datos desagregados de los
benefciarios de los programas de transferencias
condicionadas PTMC del MIDES por sexo, grupos
de edad, etnias, condición de discapacidad que
permitan conocer los impactos sobre el bienestar
de los niños y niñas. Se requiere la consolidación
e implementación del Registro Nacional de
Benefciarios (RENAB) con el fn de fortalecer y
aumentar la efciencia del Sistema de Protección
e Inclusión Social, así como la capacidad de
monitoreo de los programas lo cual contribuirá al
cálculo de otros indicadores.
En la consulta realizada a los actores algunos
resultados muestran, en cuanto a las metas del
ODS 1, que para las instituciones públicas y las
organizaciones de la sociedad civil la prioridad
es la meta 1.1 de erradicar la pobreza extrema
para todas las personas en el mundo. Para el
sector privado en primer lugar está la meta
de garantizar una movilización signifcativa
de recursos procedentes de diversas fuentes,
incluso mediante la mejora de la cooperación
para el desarrollo a fn de proporcionar medios
sufcientes y previsibles a los países en desarrollo,
en particular los países menos adelantados,
para que implementen programas y políticas
encaminados a poner fn a la pobreza en todas
sus dimensiones.
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22 23
SDG 1. NO POVERTY
End poverty in all its forms everywhere
Overview
GoPNG is faced with the mammoth task of reducing the
national poverty rate by 2030. In a society where the majority
of people have land and live by subsistence agriculture in
their communities, with a strong social order, poverty is often
controversial in definition. PNG defines poverty by the inability
to have access to opportunities and basic services, or ‘poverty
of opportunity’. In contrast, those in urban settlement areas
who moved away from their land to seek opportunities in urban
areas do not necessarily fall into PNG’s definition of poverty.
Like the rural population, they can provide for their basic needs
in terms of food, but not necessarily clothing, housing, clean
water and sanitation. Access to markets and other basic public
services such as education, health and government services is
often influenced by access to roads, air, and sea ports.
PNG’s current economy has been hard hit by volatile global
commodity pricing, and a series of natural disasters affecting
key resource sectors. This has resulted in limited economic
opportunities, affecting sustainable livelihood. This situation
is further compounded by the topographical challenges with
rural and remote populations.
The national poverty roadmap aims to provide inclusive and
equitable opportunities to reduce poverty levels in PNG. The
country’s poverty strategy is captured in Vision 2050, the DSP
2010-2030, and the MTDP III. In an effort to address the SDGs,
GoPNG localised SDG1 into its MTDPIII sector growth goals
linked to strategies and identified key investments.
Status and Trends
Poverty remains a big problem for successive governments
since independence in 1975. Numerous government
interventions have been instigated over the years to improve
the livelihood of Papua New Guineans. The Household Income
and Expenditure Survey (HIES) 2009-2010 revealed:
• Declining poverty incidence at the national and sub
national levels as well as across different population
groups. The proportion of the population living below the
extreme poverty line declined from 53.2 percent in 1996
to 38 percent in 2009. In 2010, 34.6 percent of the
country's workers and their families were living on less
than US$1.90 per person per day.
• The proportion of population living below the national
poverty line was still high at 39.9 percent in 2009 but was
reduced to 39 percent in 2017. The country was rated 145
out of 188 countries under the UNDP Human Development
Report of 2017, with most of the population living below the
poverty line (less than $1.90 or K6.00 per day).
While addressing poverty remains a challenging issue for
the country, the government is confidently investing in
infrastructure, SMEs, district services improvement programs,
and other economic impact partnership arrangements such as
those through agriculture, transport, and fisheries. GoPNG is
optimistic that many people will have improved standards of
living and declining poverty incidence in the next Census or
HIES report.
Social Protection
Social protection is a complex issue in PNG. The country is
faced with daunting challenges in defining and managing its
disadvantaged and vulnerable groups within the population
who are exposed to daily hardships, violence, abuse,
exploitation, and negligence. These include disabled people,
widows, children (including orphaned, adopted, and fostered
children), settlers, landless people, those suffering acute
poverty with no means for self-sustenance, and the elderly.
In many cases, vulnerability is caused by lack of access to
economic and social opportunities, and lack of access to basic
services.
Social protection in PNG is community-tribe or family-based,
where communities outside of a formal environment provide
social protection systems (wantok system, traditional safety
net system) of care and support to disadvantaged, vulnerable
and marginalised groups. Over the years, the practice has
been weakened by various social and economic factors.
This raises the demand for a more unified and coherent policy
framework. Due to the absence of such a framework, many
development players like NGOs, CSOs, churches, and faithbased organizations including the government have delivered
distinct and varying social protection programs to support
affected groups such as unemployed and out-of-school youths,
the elderly, disabled, children with special needs, orphans
from HIV and AIDS, and women.
Most social protection programs in PNG focus on:
• protection and promotion of human rights
• HIV and AIDs testing and care
• women’s’ refuge centres and female economic
empowerment
• literacy and skills training (special education, treatment
and rehabilitation programs)
• trade skills scholarship programs
• loan and financing services
• benefits to members from superannuation funds
(retirement benefits), financial companies’ insurance,
and pensions for ex-service uniform officers.
In recent years superannuation funds have experienced
exponential growth in membership and in their assets
portfolios, generating huge profits for their members. The funds
include Nambawan Super Limited, National Superannuation
Fund Limited (Nasfund), Defence Force Retirement Benefit
Fund Limited (DFRBF) and Aon Master Trust PNG Limited.
Nambawan Super has doubled in size, growing from PGK3.7
billion in 2013 to PGK 7.7 billion in 2019, with a 50 percent
increase in membership from 130,000 to 200,000. Although
primarily a government employees’ fund, they now have over
40 private sector employers who have joined.
The private sector employees’ superannuation fund, Nasfund
has also grown over the years. Their fund value grew from
PGK3.719 billion in 2013 to PGK5.3 billion and their account
holders grew from 461,044 members and 173,799 active
contributors to 584,679 active account holders. Similar growth
is seen in other funds such as Teachers Savings and Loan
Society which grew by 201 percent between 2009 to 2019 with
the fund growing from PGK133 million to PGK400 million
24 25
Access to Government Services
Accessing basic services outside the main provincial and
urban centres remains a challenge for people living in
outlying areas. Currently, the urban population is growing
rapidly but over 80 percent of the population still resides in
peri-urban, rural and remote areas. Government is under
constant pressure to deliver services across the country with
considerable challenges due to isolated geographic locations,
rugged terrain, and often punishing environmental conditions
that contribute to the high cost of delivering services.
Establishing, upgrading, and maintaining transport
infrastructure, communication and service delivery facilities
are expensive and challenging exercises and, in some cases,
isolated communities will for the long term only remain
accessible by sea or air. Some community members are
deprived and marginalised by attitudes more than geography.
Persons with disabilities, survivors of domestic violence,
elderly vulnerable persons, children, and women are often left
out of development.
Gaps and Challenges
Vision 2050 aims for PNG to become a middle-income country
by 2030 - a daunting challenge given its current HDI rating
of 145 out of 189 countries with 39 percent of the population
living below the poverty line. The government’s aspiration
to reach the top 10 or 20 countries by 2030 is hampered by
weak institutional support and unclear priorities accorded to
marginalised sectors of the society.
This is compounded by the increasing population rate of 3.1
percent annual growth, over its economic growth rate of 2.4
percent annually over the last ten years. The burgeoning
population has resulted in many unemployed youths
demanding government services and more employment
opportunities. This further increases government expenditure
over its revenue generation annually on average.
PNG’s average annual public expenditure grew by 20
percent which is considerably higher than its annual revenue
generation at 14 percent. This has adversely affected the
delivery of basic services in meeting SDG priorities. However,
GoPNG is committing to resolving these challenges by crafting
medium-term policies and plans to finance key economic and
infrastructure projects, strengthen development partnerships
to deliver relevant programs or projects, and achieve greater
impact on the economy.
Next Steps
1. Government to foster and strengthen partnership and
collaboration between government, CSO and churches,
including promotion of the PPP and donor partnerships for
development.
2. Government to pursue a cross cutting development agenda
together with critical economic and social development
programs or projects with annual budgetary support.
3. Government to carry out a mid-term review of the National
Population Policy and its implementation strategies to
address the high population growth rate of 3.1 percent,
increase the economic growth rate of 2.4 percent, and
increase the national employment rate.
4. Government to fully implement a demographic project to
increase education awareness of women and girls around
early marriage and consequently, delaying pregnancy. | [
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SDG 1 No poverty
End poverty in all its forms
everywhere
A stable policy supporting the poor and socially
vulnerable is a priority for the government.
Family, its well-being and the improvement
of its material situation remain at the centre of the
government’s attention. Hence, one of the main goals
is to reduce poverty in families, especially those with
many children. In order to eradicate poverty, Poland
is taking numerous measures to support citizens, with
a particular focus on disadvantaged groups – women,
children, the elderly or people with disabilities.
National priorities:
1. Improvement of access to public services
(e.g. support for families with children, child
and elderly care) and health services.
2. Enabling real and full social integration of persons
with disabilities and psychological, social, functional
and economic support for their families.
3. Improvement of housing situation.
67
SDG 1
Review of progress under each goal
Implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals in Poland. The 2023 National Report
Diagnosis
Trend description
In recent years, the material situation of Poles
Las signifGanXl] iQTroZed 8Le leZel oJ aZerage QonXLl]
disposable income per person increased by 18% between
2018 and 2021. The extent of extreme poverty decreased
from 5.4% in 2018 to 4.2% in 2021, and the relative
poverty rate decreased from 14.2% (2018) to 12% (2021).
There has also been an improvement in the
accessibility of social services in Poland between
2018 and 2022, with an increase in the proportion
of children aged 1-2 covered by various forms
of institutional care from 19.3% to 32.7%.
An increase in the number of dwellings has been
observed, with 380.5 dwellings per 1,000 people
in 2018 and in 2021 – 405,2. Despite the systematic
gro[XL oJ XLe Lousing sXoGO XLe Lousing defGiX
(understood statistically as the difference between
the number of inhabited dwellings and the number
oJ LouseLolds
reQains a signifGanX TroFleQ
in Poland 'urrenXl] XLe defGiX is esXiQaXed
at 453,000 dwellings. This means that approximately
3.1% of households in Poland reside in dependency
(the lowest result in the history of measurements).
Key actions contributing to the
SDG achievement in Poland
» “Family 500+” programme – the largest
soGial TrograQQe relaXed Xo fnanGial suTTorX
to families after 1989. Since 1 July 2019,
XLe uTFringing FenefX is uniZersal and enXiXled
to PLN 500 per month for each child up to
the age of 18, regardless of family income.
» The “Good start” programme Ɓ a FenefX
granted once a year for school-going children
aged between 7 and 20 in connection
with the beginning of the school year.
» Large Family Card – a system
of discounts and preferences for families
with three and more children.
» Maluch+ programme – a programme
supporting the development of childcare
institutions for children up to the age of three.
» Mama 4+ programme – a parental
suTTleQenXar] FenefX Taid JroQ 1arGL
to ensure a minimum income for those who,
in order to raise children in families with many
children, have not taken up employment.
8Le FenefX is Taid Xo QoXLers in soQe Gases
to fathers) who have raised at least 4 children.
» Family care capital Ɓ a FenefX Taid JroQ
2022 to parents to cover the costs of caring
for the second and subsequent children in the
family between the age of child’s 12th month
to 35th month (a total of PLN 12,000 in support).
Parents of children for whom the family care
capital is not available can apply for funding
to reduce the fee for the child’s stay at a
crèche, children’s club or day care provider.
» Improving access to social services (e.g.
support for families with children, childcare,
elderly care) and health services, among others,
through the implementation of the Strategy
for the Development of Social Services, Public
Policy until 2030 (with a perspective until 2035).
7uƾGienX ToliG] in XLe area FuX laGO oJ iQTleQenXaXion
andor TarXiall] QeX Fased on daXa
68
SDG 1
Review of progress under each goal
Implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals in Poland. The 2023 National Report
» Continuation of food aid under
the European Funds for Food Aid Programme
2021-2027, under which aid in the form
of food parcels or meals will be provided annually
to approximately 1.3 million people in need.
» Enabling the real and full social
integration of persons with disabilities
and the psychological, social, functional
and economic support of their families
XLrougL XLe reJorQ oJ XLe fnanGial suTTorX
system aimed at the empowerment of persons
with disabilities, counteracting the exclusion
of carers of persons with disabilities through
the possibility of gainful employment, developing
the market for rental housing taking into account
the needs of persons with disabilities.
» Creation of Solidarity Fund and launch
of a programme to support independent
living of persons with disabilities,
including an increase in social pension,
aXXendanGe FenefX aXXendanGe allo[anGe
special care allowance, guardian’s allowance,
inXroduGXion oJ a suTTleQenXar] FenefX
for persons incapable of independent living.
» Measures in the area of social economy
F] defning a soGial enXerTrise in legislaXion
instruments supporting employment of persons
threatened by social exclusion in these entities,
as well as principles of operation of government
and self-government administration
in support of social economy development.
The procedure of legislative solutions
was accompanied by work on programming
XLe fnanGial TersTeGXiZe Jor
» Activities with regard to the elderly related
Xo XLe annual ZalorisaXion oJ Tension FenefXs and
from 2020, the introduction of a permanent payment
oJ an addiXional annual GasL FenefX XLe soGalled
13th pension) for all pensioners in the amount
of the lowest pension and the payment in 2021
and oJ anoXLer addiXional annual GasL FenefX
(the so-called 14th pension) for eligible pensioners.
» Senior+ Programme – its objective is to increase
the active participation of senior citizens in social
life through the development of a network of
ƈ7eniorƉ (a] 'are 'enXres and ƈ7eniorƉ 'luFs
» Active+ Programme – is a grant programme
for organisations from the non-governmental sector
that implement projects increasing the participation
of older people in all areas of social life.
» Care 75+ Programme – consists in supporting
municipal governments in the implementation
of care services for people aged 75 and over.
» Senior Support Corps programme
– comprehensive support for seniors
who are dependent due to their age and
LealXL fnanGial suTTorX Jor gQinas
» Housing policy instruments aimed at solving
the problem of poverty implemented within
XLe JraQe[orO oJ XLe ƈ%TarXQenXƉ TrograQQe
through investment activities supporting
XLe GonsXruGXion oJ GounGil ƽaXs and XLe
development of social rental housing (the so-called
social part of the programme) and investment
aGXiZiXies oJ P*6 2ieruGLoQo̅Gi 7% suTTorXed
with funds from the investment fund (the so-called
market part of the programme).
» Apartment without own contribution
– a programme implemented on the basis
of the provisions of the Family Housing Credit
Act of 1 October 2021, prepared for people
who are creditworthy but who do not have the funds
for the own contribution required by banks.
» First Apartment – new solutions (in the
[orOs
under XLe Fanner oJ ƈ*irsX %TarXQenXƉ
The programme consists of two instruments, i.e.
a secure 2% loan and a Housing Account, which
are a comprehensive solution aimed at people
[Lo Tlan Xo TurGLase XLeir frsX aTarXQenX
or singleJaQil] Louse 8Le frsX is Jor TeoTle
[Lo are GurrenXl] read] Xo Fu] XLeir frsX aTarXQenX
and the second is for those who plan to buy in the
next few years. It is assumed that the provisions
of the law will enter into force on 1 July 2023.
69
SDG 1
Review of progress under each goal
Implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals in Poland. The 2023 National Report
Strategic documents setting out directions for action
» Strategy for Responsible Development for the period up to 2020 (including the perspective up to 2030)
» National Programme for Counteracting Poverty and Social Exclusion.
Update 2021-2027, public policy with an outlook to 2030.
» Strategy for the Development of Social Services, Public Policy until 2030 (with an outlook to 2035).
» Strategy for the Rights of Persons with Disabilities 2021-2030
Challenges and lessons learned
» Furthering the implementation of social services for people in need of support in their daily functioning,
in particular older people, persons with disabilities, in crisis of homelessness, with mental disorders,
in suGL a [a] XLaX XLe] Gan JunGXion saJel] and indeTendenXl] in XLeir TlaGe oJ residenGeGoQQuniX]
» Providing care in a family or family-like setting for children and young people deprived of parental care.
» Increasing the number of affordable housing units, through social housing.
» -nGreasing aGGess Xo Lousing Jor XLose Tlanning Xo TurGLase or Fuild XLeir frsX d[elling on a GoQQerGial Fasis
» Development of a draft law to implement the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.
70
SDG 1
Review of progress under each goal
Implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals in Poland. The 2023 National Report | [
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52
2023 VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW
TARGETS EVOLUTION
1.1 Eradicate extreme poverty for all people everywhere
1.2 Reduce at least by half the proportion of people (all ages and
gender) living in poverty
1.3 Implement adequate social protection systems for all,
substantially covering the poorest and most vulnerable
1.4 Guarantee equal rights in access to economic resources,
basic services, property, basic services, natural resources, new
technologies and fnancial services
1.5 Build the resilience of those most vulnerable to environmental,
economic and social disasters
1.a Ensure signifcant mobilisation of resources to the end poverty
in all its dimensions
1.b Create sound policy frameworks based on pro-poor and
gender-sensitive development strategies, to support accelerated
investment in poverty eradication actions
criteria:
5.2.1 SDG 1 - END POVERTY IN ALL ITS FORMS EVERYWHERE
Figure 25 – At-risk-of-poverty rate, after social transfers, by gender and age group
Source: INE (2023), Statistical Annex in «Sustainable Development Goals. Indicators for Portugal. the 2030 Agenda»
SDG 1 has 69% indicator coverage
14%
16%
18%
20%
22%
2021 2017 2018 2019 2020
0 - 17 years 18 - 64 years 65 years or over M W
Figura 61
Positive
evolution
No
evolution
Negative
evolution
No
evaluation
Impacted
by
COVID-19
No indicators The target has been reached in
at least one of the indicators
39 Target with a restricted analysis, limited only to the number of benefciaries of three social benefts (old age, disability and survival), not demonstrating
the coverage of the remaining policy measures with a view to reducing the poverty rate as a whole (such as the Social Beneft for Inclusion or the
Solidarity Complement for the Elderly, among others).
39
53
ASSESSMENT OF PROGRESS
OVERALL EVALUATION
The evolution of the risk of poverty in Portugal affects social groups and territories differently and stems largely
from the behaviour of household incomes.
Portugal has been evolving positively since 2015 as
regards the at-risk-of-poverty rate, despite the setback
in 2020 that affected a large part of the indicators in this
SDG as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic crisis. It was
possible to resume this trajectory in 2021. The progress
achieved in groups where the poverty rate has been persistently higher than the global rate is to be noted, as is
the case of children and young people (up to 17 years old)
and women. The restoration of household incomes, the
creation of new social benefits and the growth in the proportion of public expenditure on essential services has
helped drive this progress.
The only target with a negative evolution summarizes
the evolution of benefciaries of a restricted number of benefts, offering an incomplete picture of the social protection network of the most vulnerable groups. It does not take
into account, in particular, the Social Beneft for Inclusion,
which already reaches more than 135 thousand people with
disabilities, which includes a base component to compensate for the increased general costs that result from the situation of disability, an increase that aims to compensate
for specifc costs and a supplement that aims to fght poverty for people with disabilities.
Additionally, it does not take into account other
policy measures implemented since 2015 that while not
specifcally aimed at vulnerable groups, comprehensively
reduces poverty and inequalities. The increase in the minimum wage, the greater scope of the social energy tariff, the
reduction in personal income tax in particular for families
with children, the signifcant increase in the family allowance of up to 36 months, free school textbooks or the single
social pass, among others other measures, had a very relevant impact on the increase in the disposable income of
families with lower incomes.
These measures contributed to a reduction to historic levels of the poverty intensity rate and the social and
material deprivation rate that typically can characterize the
evolution of the living conditions of the most vulnerable
groups.
ASSESSMENT OF PUBLIC POLICIES
The «Minimum Income in Portugal - 20 years of
RMG/RSI» report (2019) concludes that the RSI is one of
the most emblematic policy measures to combat severe
poverty. However, after two decades of application of the
measure, the low amounts of the beneft and ineffciency in
promoting the autonomy of benefciaries and their integration into the labour market remain.
The Local Social Development Contracts (CLDS) programme, implemented since 2007, is based on the premise
that territory is an essential dimension in the fght against
poverty. The «Impact Assessment of CLDS» report (2019)
shows that CLDS are a tool for strengthening the Social Network and generate strong synergies with the interventions
of IEFP (Institute for Employment and Vocational Training)
services and the RSI measure. However, the programme’s
design (mainly duration and volume of resources) proved to
be less adequate given the scale of the problems identifed
in the various depressed territories. In general, areas such as
family intervention and changing attitudes and dispositions
of the recipients were more enhanced than the effective
transformation of their living conditions.
MAIN CHALLENGES
The National Strategy for Combating Poverty 2030
(ENCP) 2030, adopted in December 2022, embodies Portugal’s main challenges in this area. The implementation
of this plan aims to reduce the monetary poverty rate
in the population to 10% (-660,000 people), and a 50%
reduction in the groups of children (-170,000) and the
working poor (-230,000), as well as to reduce disparities
between the different national territories. The ENCP
refects the vision of multi-dimensional poverty. It indicates the need to implement policy instruments directed at
people on low incomes, simultaneously with measures that
address dimensions of poverty such as housing, education,
health, territories or work, or aimed at specifc groups of the
population that are particularly vulnerable to poverty and
social exclusion, such as homeless people, Roma people,
people with disabilities or immigrants.
Focusing on children’s human rights and in close
alignment with the ENCP’s goals and axes that aim to “reduce poverty among children and young people and their
families”, the incorporation of the European Child Guarantee at national level started by carrying out a diagnosis of
vulnerable children in Portugal and a broad consultation
process that culminated in the approval of the National
Child Guarantee Action Plan 2022-2030 in January 2023.
This plan has four fundamental pillars, which integrate
measures under the responsibility of various areas of government, aimed at breaking the intergenerational cycle of
poverty and social exclusion, ensuring access by all vulnerable children to a set of essential services. A local model
of intervention and approach was designed and privileged,
with the creation of Local Nuclei for Child Guarantee, already underway, within the scope of the Local Social Action
Councils, aimed at children and young people and families
in situations of social vulnerability that, through optimisa5. Progress on the goals and targets and evaluation of policies and measures taken so far from the perspective of the Government
5.2 Progress and current situation of the SDGs
54
2023 VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW
tion of existing resources, boosting synergies and within
the framework of effective cooperation and related application of national and local policies, especially attentive to
the specifc characteristics of each territory and based on
an integrated and multidisciplinary approach, allow an effective response to the needs of children and their families
with a view to promoting cohesion, social development and
effective integration.
ASSESSMENT OF PROGRESS
IN THE AUTONOMOUS REGIONS
OVERALL EVALUATION
The incidence of poverty is higher in the ARM and
ARA than in other regions of mainland Portugal. However, it
is worth noting the developments that occurred in the two
regions between 2017 and 2020, in particular in the ARA
where the impacts of the COVID-19 crisis were felt more
strongly in 2021.
AUTONOMOUS REGION OF AZORES
The Mid-term evaluation of the 2014-2020 OP in
the feld of social inclusion and combating poverty highlights the importance of measures to promote school
success and to promote lifelong learning as mechanisms
to correct inequalities. The poor implementation of capacity-building measures for the human fabric of the regional social economy is a penalising factor for the impact of
health and social infrastructure, and despite these being
fundamental and favourable to integrated social intervention strategies. The fgures for the at-risk-of-poverty rate
in the region show the structural dimension of poverty in
the territory, which is reinforced by the stable percentage
of RSI benefciaries. The policy to combat exclusion promoted by the OP, notwithstanding the contribution of the
occupational programmes, has still a margin to improve
integrated interventions and focused on the factors of
exclusion that have the greatest infuence in poverty trap
situations.
AUTONOMOUS REGION OF MADEIRA
The Regional Strategy for Social Inclusion and
Combating Poverty was approved for the period 2021-2030
(Resolution n.º 1497/2021, of 30 December), and its centered
on the most vulnerable citizens and directed towards social
inclusion, the fght against poverty and inequality.
It is an instrument under construction, attentive and
sensitive to realities and dynamics, and its implementation
aims to contribute to the signifcant improvement of most
indicators associated with the phenomenon of poverty,
with the participation and contributions of all regional PA
bodies, partners, institutions and individuals.
Figure 26 – At-risk-of-poverty rate (after social transfers)
Azores AR Madeira AR
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
20%
22%
24%
26%
28%
30%
32%
34%
Figura 62 Source: INE (2023), Statistical Annex in «Sustainable Development
Goals. Indicators for Portugal. The 2030 Agenda» | [
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CAPÍTULO 9 • Progreso en metas y objetivos
137
Situación general a nivel de meta e indicador
En cuanto al avance de la producción de los indicadores asociados a este ODS —al
cierre de este informe—, el país se encontraba produciendo 4 de los 13 indicadores
asociados al ODS 1. A continuación, se da cuenta de las metas y los indicadores de
seguimiento obligatorio del ODS 1, para los cuales hay datos disponibles.
Meta 1.1 De aquí a 2030, erradicar para todas las personas y en todo el mundo la pobreza extrema (actualmente se considera que sufren pobreza extrema las personas que viven con menos de USD1,25 (dólares americanos) al
día).
Indicador 1.1.1 GLO. Proporción de la población que vive por debajo del umbral internacional de pobreza, desglosada por sexo, edad, situación laboral y
ubicación geográfica (urbana o rural).
En cuanto a la proporción de la población que vive por debajo del umbral internacional de pobreza, es importante destacar que Paraguay recientemente ha sido promovido al grupo de países de ingresos medios altos (UMI, por sus siglas en inglés).
Esto implica que, para comparar el progreso del país en la lucha contra la pobreza
monetaria, es necesario mirar el comportamiento de las tasas de pobreza bajo la línea
de pobreza de USD5,50 por día. (Figura 33)
En este sentido, en general, se observa que la proporción de personas viviendo bajo
el umbral de USD1,90, USD3,20 y USD5,50 (dólares americanos) por día ha bajado
considerablemente en los últimos años, llegando a su punto más bajo en el año 2019.
En este año, la proporción de personas viviendo en pobreza extrema —es decir, con
menos de USD1,9 por día— era solo del 0,9%.
DIAGNÓSTICO DEL PROGRESO EN LOS OBJETIVOS Y METAS
La reducción de la pobreza ha sido un objetivo largamente
acariciado por el Paraguay. Es por ello que se han realizado enormes
esfuerzos que se tradujeron en una reducción importante de la
pobreza, que, hasta previo al surgimiento de la pandemia, se había
mantenido. Gracias a los diferentes programas de protección social
implementados durante la pandemia, las tasas de pobreza han
aumentado en niveles mínimos, preservando así muchos de los
progresos obtenidos como país en las últimas décadas.
Segundo Informe Nacional Voluntario del Paraguay 2021
138
Meta 1.2 Para 2030, reducir al menos a la mitad la proporción de hombres,
mujeres y niños y niñas de todas las edades que viven en la pobreza en todas
sus dimensiones con arreglo a las definiciones nacionales.
Indicador 1.2.1 Proporción de la población que vive por debajo del umbral
nacional de pobreza, desglosada por sexo y edad.
En cuanto a este indicador se observa que el grupo etario más afectado por la situación de pobreza monetaria es el de menores de 15 años, donde el 44,5% de ellos
se encuentra en situación de pobreza monetaria al 2019; es decir, que la población de
niños y niñas, de 0 a 14 años, es muy vulnerable a la situación de pobreza monetaria
(Figura 34, a).
En este sentido, y considerando el gran impacto que tuvo la pandemia en esta población, el Ministerio de la Niñez y la Adolescencia (MINNA) reforzó sus acciones
con la fnalidad de implementar con rapidez diversas respuestas por la emergencia sanitaria por la pandemia de COVID-19. Entre algunas de estas acciones se encuentran
la provisión de kits de higiene para cada unidad familiar; el armado y distribución de
kits de alimentos, y la entrega focalizada de insumos alimenticios para ollas populares.
Cabe destacar que en el año 2020 se entregó un total de 3500 kits de alimentos e
higiene distribuidos a familias vulnerables del programa Abrazo, alcanzando un total
de 10.087personas, de las cuales 5.890 son niños, niñas y adolescentes (NNA) y 1.170
son parte del programa regular de Abrazo.
Figura 33 • Tasas de pobreza monetaria internacional. Período 1997-2019.
Fuente: World Development Indicators, Banco Mundial.
CAPÍTULO 9 • Progreso en metas y objetivos
139
Figura 34 • Proporción de la población que vive por debajo del umbral nacional de
pobreza, desglosada por edad y sexo. Período 2015-2020.
Fuente: Elaboración propia con base en los datos reportados por INE.
(a) Proporción de población en situación de
pobreza, según grupos de edad.
Período 2015-2020.
(b) Proporción de población en situación de
pobreza, según sexo. Período 2015-2020.
Por otra parte, se observa que la proporción de mujeres en situación de pobreza
monetaria —según el umbral de pobreza nacional— es mayor que la de los hombres,
denotando una brecha de género en favor de los hombres (Figura 34, b); es decir, la
pobreza monetaria en el país tiende a una feminización de la pobreza. Así también
se observa que la brecha se ha ampliado en los últimos años, debido a una reducción
más rápida de esta en la población masculina. En el año 2019, por cada 100mujeres
24 se encontraban en situación de pobreza monetaria, por encima del promedio del
país (Tabla A18).
Indicador 1.2.1 CO1
. Proporción de la población que vive por debajo del umbral nacional de la pobreza extrema.
En cuanto a pobreza monetaria extrema, lo notable y preocupante es nuevamente
el hecho de que el grupo etario más afectado por condición de pobreza extrema es el
de niños, niñas y adolescentes entre 0 y 14 años. Según los datos disponibles, al 2019,
el 47,2% de este grupo etario se encontraba en situación de pobreza monetaria extrema (Figura 35, a). Así también se observa una brecha muy importante al desglosar
los datos por área de residencia; en particular, la pobreza extrema tiene una mayor
incidencia en la población en área rural (Figura 35, b).
1 Indicador complementario.
Segundo Informe Nacional Voluntario del Paraguay 2021
140
Meta 1.3 Poner en práctica a nivel nacional sistemas y medidas apropiados
de protección social para todos y, para 2030, lograr una amplia cobertura de
los pobres y los más vulnerables.
Indicador 1.3.1 Proporción de población cubierta por niveles mínimos de
protección social.
La población cubierta por niveles mínimos de protección social ha aumentado a
nivel país, de un 21,3% en el 2015 al 31,6% al 2020; es decir, se verifcó un incremento del orden de 6,2 puntos porcentuales. Si bien este incremento representa un gran
avance, los niveles siguen siendo bajos. Al desglosar las estadísticas por área de residencia, se observa que la población cubierta por protección social es más elevada en
las áreas rurales que en las áreas urbanas (Figura 36, a).
Por otra parte, al desglosar este indicador por grupos etarios, se observa que la población de 65 años y más es la que presenta una mayor cobertura de protección social.
En tanto que la población menos cubierta es la población de 0 a 17 años denotando
nuevamente la vulnerabilidad de este grupo etario (Figura 36, b).
Figura 35 • Proporción de la población que vive por debajo del umbral nacional de
pobreza extrema, desglosada por edad y área de residencia. Período 2015-2020.
Fuente: Elaboración propia según datos reportados por INE.
(a) Proporción de la población en situación
de pobreza extrema, según grupos de edad.
Período 2015-2020.
(b) Proporción de la población en situación de
pobreza extrema, según área de residencia.
Período 2015-2020.
CAPÍTULO 9 • Progreso en metas y objetivos
141
Figura 36 • Proporción de población cubierta por niveles mínimos de protección
social (%), según área de residencia y edad. Período 2015-2020.
Fuente: Elaboración propia con base en los datos reportados por INE.
(a) Proporción de la población cubierta por
protección social, según área de residencia.
Período 2015-2020.
(b) Proporción de la población cubierta
por protección social, según grupo etario.
Años 2015 y 2020.
Meta 1.4 Para 2030, garantizar que todos los hombres y mujeres, en particular los pobres y los más vulnerables, tengan los mismos derechos a los
recursos económicos, así como acceso a los servicios básicos, la propiedad y
el control de las tierras y otros bienes, la herencia, los recursos naturales, las
nuevas tecnologías y los servicios económicos, incluida la microfinanciación.
En cuanto a este indicador, en el período analizado 2015-2020, se observa un incremento en la proporción de la población que vive en hogares con accesos a servicios
básicos, en el orden de 3,8 puntos porcentuales a nivel nacional. Así, al 2020, la población con acceso a servicios básicos alcanzaba el 44% (Figura 37, a). Al desglosar estos
datos se observa una brecha muy grande por área y departamento de residencia. Específcamente, la brecha urbano-rural es de 55,3 puntos porcentuales. Por otra parte,
se observa que Asunción concentra la mayor población con acceso a servicios básicos,
con 78,8%, y San Pedro concentra la población con menor acceso a servicios básicos,
con solo 9,4 % de su población con acceso.
Segundo Informe Nacional Voluntario del Paraguay 2021
142
Figura 37 • Proporción de la población que vive en hogares con acceso a servicios
básicos (%), según área y departamento de residencia. Año 2020.
Fuente: Elaboración propia con base en los datos reportados por INE.
(a) Proporción de la población que vive en
hogares con acceso a servicios básicos (%),
según área de residencia. Año 2020.
(b) Proporción de la población que vive en
hogares con acceso a servicios básicos (%),
según departamento de residencia. Año 2020.
En este sentido es importante destacar las importantes brechas regionales que existen en el país, por lo que el abordaje en territorio de las políticas públicas debe ser
construido con una mirada crítica que contemple las necesidades a partir de la diversidad regional.
Marco institucional y normativo
A través de la promulgación de la Ley n.° 6137/2018 en fecha 10 de agosto de 2018,
se elevaba al rango de ministerio a la Secretaría de Acción Social, institución que desde
entonces pasó a denominarse Ministerio de Desarrollo Social (MDS), declarando que
esta institución tendría por objeto el diseño y la implementación de políticas, planes,
programas y proyectos en materia de desarrollo y equidad social, mediante la coordinación interinstitucional de acciones tendientes a reducir las desigualdades y mejorar
la calidad de vida de la población. Así, según el Decreto presidencial n.° 367, por el
cual se reglamenta dicha ley, se establecen las funciones, atribuciones y la estructura
del Ministerio de Desarrollo Social. Así, el MDS surge como la institución encargada
de liderar el desarrollo social sostenible e inclusivo en Paraguay, contribuyendo así
con sus acciones, principalmente al cumplimiento de los ODS 1 y 2.
Por otra parte, el Gabinete Social de la Presidencia de la República, bajo el respaldo
normativo en el marco del Decreto n.° 376/2018, en virtud del cual se reorganiza el
CAPÍTULO 9 • Progreso en metas y objetivos
143
Gabinete Social de la Presidencia de la República y se establecen sus funciones, atribuciones y autoridades; se instala como “instancia rectora, normativa y articuladora de
las políticas sociales del Gobierno”. En este sentido, la función de esta institución es la
de diseñar y conducir el sistema de protección social del país, de acuerdo con el artículo 3 de la mencionada ley. Por ello, las acciones implementadas por la institución contribuyen también al cumplimiento de los ODS en general, y en particular del ODS 1.
Planes y acciones
Dado que la pobreza es un fenómeno multidimensional, y con el objeto de reducir
la pobreza en todas sus formas, el Estado implementa una serie de programas que trata de abordar la pobreza y sus distintas formas. Entre los programas emblemáticos del
MDS se menciona a Tekoporã y Tenonderã, y el programa de asistencia a pescadores.
En cuanto a Tekoporã —vigente desde el año 2005—, consiste en otorgar transferencias monetarias con corresponsabilidad (TMC) a los hogares participantes del programa. Su objetivo es proteger y promocionar a las familias en situación de pobreza
y vulnerabilidad, con el fn de mejorar la calidad de vida de la población participante, facilitando el ejercicio de los derechos a la alimentación, la salud y la educación,
mediante el aumento del uso de servicios básicos y el fortalecimiento de las redes
sociales. Por ello, el programa se enfoca en familias en situación de pobreza y pobreza
extrema, que tengan integrantes cursando la educación básica y media, con la idea de
poder frenar la transmisión intergeneracional de la pobreza. Es importante destacar
que este programa es el de mayor alcance nacional, llegando a 254 distritos de los 17
departamentos, con una cobertura del 100% de participantes, tanto en el área rural
(85%) como en el área urbana (15%). Al cierre del año 2020, este programa registraba
un total de 165.000 familias activas. Desde el año 2018, asiste al 100% de comunidades
indígenas.
Un programa complementario a Tekoporã es el Tenonderã, implementado desde
el año 2014, el cual plantea una estrategia para el aumento de activos que contribuyan
a la promoción social de familias en situación de pobreza y vulnerabilidad, y al egreso sostenible de las familias participantes del programa Tekoporã. Así, el programa
busca promover la inclusión socioeconómica y fortalecer las habilidades socioemocionales (capacidades) de las familias participantes, con la intención de disminuir la
transmisión intergeneracional de la pobreza. En particular, promueve la generación
de ingresos mediante la entrega de capital inicial para emprendimientos productivos,
acompañado de capacitación. Un aspecto destacable de este programa es su cobertura, ya que esta ha crecido casi 20 veces en cantidad de participantes desde sus inicios
(2014), llegando a más de 26.500 familias de todo el país.
Otro programa implementado por el MDS, Tekoha, busca apoyar el desarrollo humano en núcleos poblacionales urbanos y suburbanos garantizando el acceso a la titu-
Segundo Informe Nacional Voluntario del Paraguay 2021
144
lación de tierras a familias pobres. En particular, el programa busca mejorar la calidad
de vida, al proveer lotes en zonas urbanas y facilitar así el acceso a servicios conexos,
como agua, saneamiento, energía eléctrica, vías de comunicación y viviendas adecuadas. La cantidad de inmuebles entregados desde el año 2013 hasta la fecha supera el
doble de la cifra de 12.500, registrada de 2002 a 2013.
Por su parte, el programa de asistencia a pescadores está dirigido a familias de
pescadores y pescadoras en situación de pobreza y vulnerabilidad durante la vigencia
de la veda pesquera. Su objetivo es que las familias en situación de pobreza, pobreza extrema o vulnerabilidad, que se dedican a la pesca como medio de subsistencia,
cuenten con transferencias monetarias durante la veda pesquera.
A su vez, cabe resaltar que el Paraguay, adoptó el Plan Nacional de Reducción de la
Pobreza Jajapo Paraguay en octubre de 2020, el cual está orientado a mejorar la calidad de vida, mediante políticas de protección social, inclusión económica y cohesión
social en territorios. Este plan tiene por objetivo la reducción de la pobreza en todas
sus formas, y toma en cuenta los derechos humanos y el ciclo de vida de las personas.
Este plan también es liderado por el MDS.
Además de los programas liderados por el MDS, se encuentran el programa Abrazo, y el programa de pensión alimentaria a adultos mayores. Abrazo es un programa
implementado por el Ministerio de la Niñez y la Adolescencia (MINNA) desde el año
2005, cuyo objetivo es prevenir, intervenir y proteger a los niños, niñas y adolescentes,
de entre 0 y 13 años, que realizan actividades económicas, con el fn de establecer un
sistema de protección que considere y garantice los derechos del niño (UTGS, 2016).2
Por otra parte, el programa de pensión alimentaria para adultos mayores, implementado desde el año 2009 por la Dirección Nacional de Pensiones No Contributivas
(DPNC) del Ministerio de Hacienda, tiene por objetivo proteger a los adultos mayores
(personas de 65 años y más) en situación de pobreza y vulnerabilidad. Así, el programa consiste en una transferencia monetaria mensual, equivalente al 25% del salario
mínimo legal.
Otro hito importante del país se refere al proceso de instalación del Sistema de
Protección Social (SPS) 2019-2023, que surge como resultado de una integración de
esfuerzos interinstitucionales para potenciar el impacto a largo plazo de políticas sociales. El SPS busca instalarse como una política pública del Estado, orientado a ampliar el acceso a salud y educación, a mejorar la empleabilidad, la productividad y la
inserción económica e inclusión social de las personas.
Finalmente, se mencionan los mecanismos de protección social implementados
durante la pandemia de COVID-19. En particular, el Estado implementó dos progra2 Este programa se encuentra reglamentado por el Decreto del Poder Ejecutivo n.°4951/2001,
que define el listado de trabajo infantil peligroso, y la Ley n.°4087/2011 de las TMC (UTGS, 2016).
CAPÍTULO 9 • Progreso en metas y objetivos
145
mas de transferencias monetarias, que llegaron a una cobertura del 41% de la población. El primero, Pytyvõ, benefció a trabajadores informales con una inversión de
USD132 millones, y el segundo, Ñangareko, brindó seguridad alimentaria mediante
una inversión de USD25millones. Adicionalmente, el Estado otorgó subsidios del IPS
a trabajadores formales. Más recientemente, se lanzó el Plan de Recuperación Económica “Ñapu’ã Paraguay”, con un paquete de medidas alrededor de tres ejes estratégicos: protección social, inversión pública para empleos y créditos para el desarrollo.
Es primordial destacar que, con el estallido de la crisis sanitaria y los desafíos impuestos por esta, todos los programas mencionados han sido fundamentales para
proteger a la población en situación de pobreza y vulnerabilidad. Por ello, el recientemente lanzado Sistema Integrado de Información Social (SIIS) ha sido de suma importancia al constituirse en una herramienta de gestión que integra información sobre
participantes actuales y potenciales de programas sociales, permitiendo así observar el
mapa de la oferta pública disponible, como también los presupuestos asignados. Esta
herramienta permite apreciar la magnitud de los programas, los benefciarios y su
localización, y, al ser de acceso público, se constituye también como una herramienta
de rendición de cuentas.
Recursos presupuestarios para el ODS 1
Al término del año 2020, la inversión destinada para el cumplimiento del ODS 1
alcanzaba el 10,9% del Presupuesto General de la Nación, posicionándolo así en el
tercer lugar (MH-DGP, 2020).3
3 https://ppr.hacienda.gov.py/?page_id=1491 | [
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20
Palestinian National Voluntary Review on the Implementation of the 2030 Agenda
19.4 18.3 17.8
13.9
38.3 38.0 38.8
53.0
26.2 25.7 25.8
29.2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2009 2010 2011 2017
West Bank Gaza Strip Palestine
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Percentage Males Work in Agriculture Percentage Females Work
16.8
29.6
5.8
13.9
33.8
53
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Deep Poverty Poverty
Gaza West Bank Palestine
SDG 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere
Achieving social justice and ending
poverty is central to the National
Policy Agenda – Leaving no one
behind. Poverty reduction policies
will focus on the development
of appropriate and integrated
social protection system that
promote, empower and assures
socioeconomic integration
and employment for the poor,
marginalized and most vulnerable
in Palestinian society.
Poverty is a crosscutting and multidimensional problem that affects and intersects with virtually all other SDGs, where progress of
reducing poverty levels is often a result of progress in other SDGs (See SDG 2, 8 and 10)3
. Persons defined as living in Deep Poverty
under the national definition of the ability to attain basic life necessities that are limited to food, shelter and clothing; while
persons living in poverty under the national definition can attain basic services of education, healthcare and transportation in
addition to the basic goods above. As of 2017, the poverty line translates to an expenditure of 2,470 NIS ($692) per month for a
family of two adults and three children, where the deep poverty line for the same family is a monthly expenditure of 1,974 NIS
($553) or less4
.
According to the national definition, 29.2% of Palestinians
live under the national poverty line as of 2017, 13.9% in
the West Bank and 53% in the Gaza Strip, while 16.8% of
Palestinians live in deep poverty, 5.8% in the West Bank
and 33.8% in the Gaza Strip.
As for income poverty, 41.1% receive an income below
the national poverty line (24.0% in the West Bank and
67.6% in the Gaza Strip) and 30.3% of Palestinians receive
an income below the national extreme poverty line
(15.1% in the West Bank and 54.9% in the Gaza Strip). This
shows that income poverty in Palestine is higher than
actual poverty. This indicates that Palestinians utilize
their own means to reduce their poverty rather than
Poverty in Palestine
21
19.4 18.3 17.8
13.9
38.3 38.0 38.8
53.0
26.2 25.7 25.8
29.2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2009 2010 2011 2017
West Bank Gaza Strip Palestine
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Percentage Males Work in Agriculture Percentage Females Work
16.8
29.6
5.8
13.9
33.8
53
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Deep Poverty Poverty
Gaza West Bank Palestine
Key challenges of eliminating poverty:
Poverty in Palestine is the result of a variety of political and
socio-economic factors that are mostly the outcome of the
combined effects of numerous Israeli policies. These include
the inhuman Israeli blockade on Gaza; restrictions on trade
and the control of international borders; the appropriation of
Palestinian land; restrictions on planning and construction in
Area “C”; physical destruction of infrastructure and
development initiatives; confiscation of water and other
natural resources; and the strict control of Palestinian
movement for goods and people. Israel’s unfair and unequal
application of the Paris Protocol has debilitated Palestine’s
economy. Thus, the Palestinian economy finds itself in an
enforced state of reliance on Israel, hampering economic
growth and significantly contributing to increasing poverty
rates and the cost of living affecting the most vulnerable
groups in the Palestinian society.
Poverty rates in East Jerusalem have been exacerbated by the
Wall, which has weakened social, commercial, economic,
touristic, and institutional linkages between East Jerusalem
and the rest of Palestine and led to the decline in the
purchasing power of Palestinians. The Wall has specifically
affected Palestinians who work in the agricultural or food trade
sectors since the movement of goods between the West Bank
and East Jerusalem has been severely restricted. The high cost
of living for Jerusalemites, in comparison to other areas of
Palestine, also contributes significantly to the high poverty
rate among Palestinians living in East Jerusalem6
.
The economic blockade of Gaza has dramatically increased
poverty rates, by cutting internal trade with the West Bank,
denying Palestinians the ability to work outside of Gaza, and
hindering Gaza’s foreign trade with and via Israel. The situation
has been further aggravated by the so-called “dual use” items
list, which has limited access to production inputs and
reconstruction materials.
Despite the efforts made, the adoption of the Law on the
Rights of Persons with Disabilities and the ratification of the
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities by
Palestine, persons with disabilities continue to live in a state of
marginalization and social exclusion in many areas, especially
women with disabilities. The realization of the rights of
persons with disabilities and the achievement of social,
economic and political integration have many challenges,
including the lack of enforcement of laws and legislation on
the rights of persons with disabilities, particularly those
related to the compatibility of public spaces with the needs of
persons with disabilities. The prevailing societal culture
towards persons with disabilities, the inability of persons with
disabilities to access and benefit from public services, and the
limited programs for the training and rehabilitation of persons
with disabilities are also challenges facing reducing poverty
amongst disabled persons7
.
Implementing The SDGS: PEOPLE
SDG 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere
Poverty Rate 2009 - 2017
relying solely on income. Poverty rates are higher amongst Palestinian refugees, with 38.7% of families headed by a refugee are
poor compared to 22.3% for ones headed by a non-refugee, which constitutes higher poverty rates in refugee camps where 45.4%
of residents of refugee camps are considered poor. Rural areas experience a poverty rate of 29.4% while urban areas experience
18.7%. Poverty by gender is equal where 30.6% of families headed by females live in poverty, while 29.2% of families headed by
male live in poverty; yet for income poverty 51.0% of families headed by women receive an income below the poverty line
compared to 40.4% for males. Poverty in Palestine is on the rise due to a variety of socio-economic and political circumstances
where poverty increased by 13.2% from 25.8% in 2011 and 29.3% in 20175
.
22
Palestinian National Voluntary Review on the Implementation of the 2030 Agenda
Government efforts:
The Palestinian government has prioritized poverty in its national policy
agenda 2017 – 2022, due to the direct impact poverty has on the wellbeing
of its citizens and the implications of high poverty rates on the wellbeing
and social coherence for a society living under occupation. High poverty
levels reduce the ability of Palestinians from accessing basic services and
thus burdens the Palestinian government through costly direct
interventions to alleviate poverty. The approach in poverty reduction relies
on re-building the resilience of the poor and vulnerable households and
empowering them economically8
.
The Government and its partners have made great efforts to provide social
protection and promote the social and economic integration of persons with
disabilities. In addition to support and raising awareness of the rights of
persons with disabilities, the government issued the disability card, which
gives persons with disabilities a special set of packages that include special
services and access to medical instruments. To increase the inclusivity of
persons with disabilities the government supports vocational training
programs and provide soft loans to persons with disabilities to help them
create their own income-generating businesses. The Ministry of Social
Development and its partners are reviewing the laws on the rights of persons
with disabilities to amend and develop them to align with the International
Convention on Persons with Disabilities.
Currently the Ministry of Social Development (MoSD) is implementing a
poverty alleviation program that directly transfers regular quarterly funds to
the most poverty struck families in Palestine. The program currently serves as
a safety net for those in extreme poverty and covers around 110,000
Palestinian families (of which 70,000 are in the Gaza Strip) with a total running
cost of $130 million annually. The program serves as the main source to the
national poverty record through collecting socio-economic data of over
600,000 individuals. The MoSD is increasing the efficiency of the fund transfer
program by digitizing the data management system, improving the targeting
mechanism and it case management system to improve its interventions.
Among the cash transfers beneficiaries are 36,000 elderly-headed households
and 19,000 households headed by a person with disabilities. In this regard,
the MoSD is also working to establish a social protection floor starting with
allowances to the elderly and the disabled, and one of the MoSD’s key
projects has been a micro-credit lending scheme for the people with
disabilities to generate income and facilitate social inclusion. To translate the
MoSD’s vision in investing in poor people to elevate poverty, MoSD’s adopted
a key poverty alleviation facility, supported by the Islamic Development Bank
in cooperation with UNDP, has been the Palestinian Families’ Economic
Empowerment Program (DEEP) to serve as a sustainable means of tackling
poverty . The program aims to lead people out of poverty through their own
initiatives. Since its inauguration, DEEP provided grants, microcredit and
other services for 27,827 impoverished households in West Bank and Gaza
(73% males and 27% females). Among these households, DEEP provided
income-generating projects for 15,000 households and created approximately
50,000 job opportunities for the deprived families.
23
Looking forward:
Poverty in Palestine will continue to rise as long as
the Israeli military occupation to the land, people
and resources of Palestine continues. The issue of
poverty in Palestine will continue to dominate
national agendas, coupled with the high level of
population growth, mitigation measures will remain
unsustainable unless the occupation ends.
Additionally, international aid to Palestine has been
on a sharp decline since 2011, severely affecting
the Palestinian government’s ability to undertake
greater efforts for poverty reduction. The United
States’ decision to halt financial assistance to the
Palestinian government and the dramatic reduction
of aid to UNRWA will severely affect the socioeconomic wellbeing of poor and vulnerable
families, mainly the refugees.
Despite this, the Palestinian government is
determined to widen its safety net and extend the
reach of its services to ease the struggle of its citizens
struck by poverty. The government is further
developing its poverty records to further analyze the
root cause of poverty in order to increase the
efficiency of the poverty alleviation programs. The
Palestinian government decided to establish a
Unified Portal Gate for social assistance and social
services for the purpose of coordination; this will
serve to reduce inefficient spending and duplication
in support programs particularly between civil
society and the government. In addition, the
government aims to expand economic and social
integration programs for marginalized individuals,
especially persons with disabilities. Moreover, to
follow up the implementation of the Government’s
decision to adapt public buildings to the needs of
persons with disabilities.
Implementing The SDGS: PEOPLE | [
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1
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"language": "en",
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} |
15
SDG1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere
Qatar adopted sustainable development in its QNV 2030 which was ratified in 2008 as a
roadmap for the medium-term national development strategies based on social, human,
economic and environmental development. QNV 2030 aimed at developing a
development framework as coherent as possible with the MDGs. Qatar will continue to
harmonize the NDS-2 priorities with the 2030 Agenda. QNV 2030 aspires to transform
Qatar by 2030 into an advanced country capable of achieving sustainable development
and ensuring decent living for its generations. At the end of 2016, Qatar completed the
implementation of NDS-1 2011-2016 and finalized the NDS-2 2017-2022.
MDPS conducted a comprehensive mid-term review of all NDS-1 sector strategies in
2013-2014, in cooperation with the World Bank and with extensive participation by
experts from the implementing agencies and stakeholders to evaluate the progress,
identify the implementation barriers and challenges and recommend actions to address
them. Below are the most important aspects of the social development strategies, which
incorporate SDG1.
The World Bank and United Nations define the extreme poverty line as the equivalent to
spending one dollar a day and two dollars a day, respectively. This does not actually
apply to Qatar. This does not actually apply to Qatar.
With regard to the relative poverty line, the study "Measuring the Standard of Living in
Qatar" was prepared based on the results of the Household Expenditure and Income
Survey 2012/2013. The relative poverty line for Qataris is estimated at QAR 3,514 per
month. Thus, a member of a Qatari family with equivalent consumption below QAR
3,514 per month would have a low standard of living. The limit for the limited income
using equivalent income is QAR 5,375.
There is no Qatari citizen with an income below $ 1.25 per day (equivalent to
purchasing power parity), and no Qatari consumes less than $ 2 per day (see page 31)2
The NDS-1 aimed at addressing the poverty issues using a proactive and protective
perspective within a comprehensive development framework that links protection and
prevention of poverty, creates an enabling environment to integrate vulnerable groups
and expand community participation in the implementation of sustainable development
initiatives and programs. The NDS-1 undertook to build a social protection system that
ensures decent life for the citizens and appreciates their community contributions
through this system, which aimed at realizing three cross-sector outcomes:
1. Establish an integrated social protection system.
2
http://www.mdps.gov.qa/en/statistics/Statistical%20Releases/Social/HouseholdIncomeAndExpenditure/2
013/HouseholdIncomeAndExp-2012-2013.pd
16
2. Establish an enabling ecosystem to integrate the vulnerable groups into the society
and labour force.
3. Expand participation by building smart partnerships.
Achievements
The NDS-1 mid-term review report and the updated data show the following
achievements with regard to the first sector outcome:
1. Real household income more than doubled, and the number of Qataris
participating in the Productive Families Program increased from 220 households in
2008 to 587 in 2012.
2. Gaps in the Qatari households’ income have narrowed over time. The Gini
coefficient was 0.273 in 2012-2013 down from 0.293 in 2006-2007. Relative
income poverty remained largely unchanged over time. The updated data show
that public spending on social benefits as a percentage of GDP rose from 0.05% in
2008 to 0.14% in 2015.
3. Data from the Ministry of Administrative Development, Labor and Social Affairs
indicate that social security benefits increased by 200% in 2014 compared to 2013
and the number of beneficiaries doubled between 2007 and 2015.
With regard to the second sector outcome, the MTR report shows that Qatar has made
significant strides promoting the rights of vulnerable groups and integrating them into
the society and in the labor force, especially in employment and education areas3
. Key
achievements include:
1. The number of households in the Productive Families Program outpaced the NDS
target by 50% (from 200 households in 2008 to 587 in 2012) at a record of about
200%4
.
2. Progress was made in supporting disabled persons with the means that enable
them to exercise their rights, particularly in the education and employment areas.
However, the levels of education and employment of these persons remain below
the public. Better results might be achieved if the current law entitling these
persons to at least 2% of the total jobs was enforced.5
As for the third sectoral outcome (expanding participation through smart partnerships),
key steps have been covered towards developing a partnership framework including a
CSR survey and a number of conferences on social protection and the identification of
the CSR indicators. The NDS-1 period (2011-2016) witnessed increased CSOs roles in
various social work areas, thanks to the outstanding efforts of such CSOs like QF, the
Qatar Foundation for Social Work and many charities, which support social protection in
Qatar. Given the increasing challenges facing traditional values on family cohesion as a
result of the rapid economic and social changes in Qatar and the weakening of the
3 Qatar’s Fourth National Human Development Report - MDPS, 2015.
4 Mid-term Review MDPS, 2014.
5 Qatar’s Fourth National Human Development Report - MDPS, 2015.
17
symbiotic role of the Qatari family, it is necessary to continue the policy of expanding
participation among government, CSOs and the private sector to foster social
protection.
Challenges
Key challenges identified in this sector, and which were addressed by the social
protection strategy, include:
- Poor organization and synergy in implementing the social protection strategy and
the lack of regular review of social protection legislation.
- Low number of training and qualification centers for disadvantaged and vulnerable
groups.
- Lack of a systemic database using social protection indicators.
- Lack of a job supply/demand matching mechanism for disadvantaged and
vulnerable groups. | [
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SDG 1
End poverty in all its forms everywhere
With the advent of the COVID-19 pandemic , the goal of ending poverty in all its forms and types
has become a major challenge for most developing countries. Since extreme poverty as defned
by the United Nations does not exist in the State of Qatar due to the high average relative poverty
line, which equates to US$ 1,450 per month, Qatar has focused on targets that would reduce the
percentage of men, women and children of all ages who sufer from poverty and ensure the rights
of vulnerable groups, especially women, to access economic and natural resources and services.
Te target of building the capacities of vulnerable groups by providing training and rehabilitation
opportunities is one of the priorities of Te Social Development Sector Strategy 2018-2022. What
strengthens the chances of achieving the goal of ending poverty in Qatar before 2030 is the
presence of an efective and integrated system of social protection in the country. Te system acts
as a linchpin for the prevention and protection from all manifestations of poverty while ensuring
that all citizens have access to quality education and health services in the community. Te policies
and goals that Qatar is implementing within Te Second National Development Strategy 2018-
2022 will be presented later in this report. Tese policies and goals aim not only to protect society
from poverty but also to integrate the vulnerable groups, and those most likely to be exposed to
the manifestations of poverty, as participants in the national development process to ensure that
no one is lef behind.
Te development policy makers in the State of Qatar realized earlier that poverty prevention does
not only mean policies aimed at protecting against income poverty (the economic dimension), but
that it also calls for work to integrate these policies into the pillars of Qatar National Vision 2030;
and Te Second National Development Strategy 2018-2022, with the aim of achieving social justice.
integrating vulnerable groups into society, and ensuring that no one is lef behind in development.
Tese policies are imbeded in the four pillars of Qatar National Vision 2030, namely: 1) Te social
development pillar, which aims to establish appropriate social welfare systems; 2) Te human
development pillar, which aims to provide opportunities for access to quality education, training
and health; 3) Te economic development pillar, which seeks to provide decent work opportunities
and encourages projects and initiatives that ensure the participation of vulnerable groups in
development; 4) Te environmental development pillar, which aims to maintain the ecological
balance through optimal exploitation of the country’s natural resources.
Table (1.1) Alignment of Te Second National Development Strategy 2018-2022 goals with the
targets of SDG1
Sector Aligned Goals of Te Second National Development Strategy
2018-2022
SDG1 Targets
1.1 1.2 1.3
Social
Protection
Develop social protection systems and legislation within the limits of
seven legislations by the end of 2022
Enhance job and social rehabilitation opportunities for vulnerable
groups of working age and able to work, by 40% of total vulnerable
groups during the period (2018-2022).
Operate 50% of the services provided at service delivery outlets during
the period (2018-2022)
QATAR VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW 2021 23
While the State of Qatar is free from the phenomena of extreme poverty, absolute poverty and
multidimensional deprivation, and based on the social development pillar of QNV 2030, the main
attention of Qatar’s Second National Development Strategy 2018-2022 is focused on implementing
policies concerned with prevention and protection from other poverty phenomena through the
development of a social protection strategy that is consistent with the principles and goals of the
International Sustainable Development Agenda 2030. Based on the experiences gained from Te
First National Development Strategy 2011-2016, the strategy aimed to complete the building of
an “efective social protection system for all Qataris, which takes care of their civil rights, values
their efective participation in the development of society and secures them sufcient income to
maintain dignity and health.”
Te State of Qatar has managed to develop an elaborate social protection system with an active
participation of civil society organizations and the private sector in the country, in addition to
providing health and education services for all, which led Qatar to achieve an advanced position
in the Human Development Index year afer year, as it ranked 45th out of 189 countries in 2020.
However, there is still an urgent need for a continuous efort to update and develop legislation so
as to enhance the social and economic integration of vulnerable groups in society, and to ensure
sustainability of resources for the social protection system, as a commitment by the State of Qatar
to ensure that none of its citizens is lef behind. Tis is what is currently being implemented by the
authorities concerned with carrying out the programs and projects of Te Social Protection Sector
Strategy 2018-2022. Work on this approach will continue in Qatar’s future development strategies.
Box (1.1)
Te goals of Te Social Protection Sector Strategy 2018-2022 refect the State’s
poverty prevention policies
Te Ministry of Administrative Development, Labour and Social Afairs is working with its
partners in the civil society sector and the private sector to oversee the implementation of
Te Social Protection Sector Strategy 2018-2022 which aims to achieve a set of integrated
goals for social protection in the State of Qatar, namely:
1. Development of social protection systems and legislation within the limits of 7
legislations by the end of 2022;
2. Promote job and social rehabilitation opportunities for social welfare groups of
working age and able to work, by 40% of total population until 2022;
3. Develop family and childhood related strategies by 2022;
4. Increase the number of social development centers to 3 by the end of 2022;
5. Encourage and supporte at least 3 distinct initiatives annually by 2022؛
6. Increase the percentage of participation in voluntary work for all members of society
by 20% by the end of 2022;
7. Increase the percentage of community participation in the charitable sector,
endowment and civil society organizations by 10% by the end of 2022;
8. Enhance the voluntary social work and community participation by increasing
the percentage of the number of private sector institutions and active civil society
organizations by 20% by the end of 2022.
24 QATAR VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW 2021
Achieved Progress
Figure (1.1) shows the status of progress achieved at the level of the targets of Goal 1.0. Te State of
Qatar has achieved four of the targets of SDG 1 by 100%, and the work to achieve targets 1.3, 1.4 and
1.a is steadily progressing to reach the desired goal.
Figure (1.1): Progress of SDG 1 Targets
Te fgure above also indicates that measures and strategies related to Target 1.5 which enhance
the resilience of all the country’s population and reduce their exposure to disaster risks have been
adhered to. Regarding progress on Target 1.2, there is currently no recent data that would enable a
review of what has been achieved in reducing the proportion of the poor. Te latest approved data
from the Expenditure and Income Survey 2012/2013 shows that the percentage of Qataris living
below the relative poverty line amounted to 4.96%.
Target 1.2: By 2030, reduce at least by half the proportion of men, women and children
of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions according to national defnitions.
Te national relative poverty cut-of limit for a decent standard of living, i.e. the relative poverty line
for Qataris, was estimated at QR 3,514 per month, equivalent to US$ 950 per month, and the cut-of
limit for limited income was estimated at QR 5,375, equivalent to US$ 1,450 per month. Table (1.2)
below shows that the percentage of low-income Qataris who sufer from relative poverty reached
8.04% of the population and 6.35% for households. By comparison, these percentages for the two
groups decreased greatly using the standard of living based on expenditure data, reaching 4.96%
and 3.02%, respectively.
Category
Limited Income Low Standard of Living
% Gap Intensity % Gap Intensity
Qatari Individuals 8.04 1.68 0.56 4.96 0.81 0.22
Qatari Households 6.35 1.31 0.43 3.02 0.47 0.12
Proportion of population living below the national poverty line by gender and age
Table (1.2) Measures of the low standard of living and limited income of Qatari individuals and households
by intensity of poverty (2012/2013)
Source: PSA, Household Income and Expenditure Survey, 2012/2013
1.5.1
100% 100% 100%
100%
100%
1.4.2
1.5.2 1.5.3 1.5.4 1.a.1 1.a.2 1.b.1
1.1.1 1.2.1 1.2.2 1.3.1 1.4.1
Decreasing On track Fluctuating Data not available Measures adopted
End poverty in all its forms everywhere
Target Achieved
QATAR VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW 2021 25
Target 1.3: Implement nationally appropriate social protection systems and
measures for all, including foors, and by 2030 achieve substantial coverage of the
poor and the vulnerable
Table No. (1.3) shows the increase in the number of benefciaries of social welfare programs
between 2015 and 2019 by 50%. It is noticeable that the percentage of females benefting from
social protection programs compared to males were more than doubled during the same period.
Te benefciareies include categories of women and men who are widows, divorced women,
the elderly, people with disabilities, the incapable of work, needy families, orphans and other
vulnerable segments of society.
Target 1.4: By 2030, ensure that all men and women, in particular the poor and
the vulnerable, have equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to basic
services, ownership and control over land and other forms of property, inheritance,
natural resources, appropriate new technology and fnancial services, including
microfnance
Tis goal has been achieved by 100%, as all residents of Qatar have access to health, education,
electricity and safe water, as well as transport, communications and banking services. Rather,
the State provides these services on the basis that they are acquired rights for all residents of all
groups by virtue of its direct responsibility towards society, given that these rights are included in
the permanent constitution, as well as a commitment by the State to the United Nations Charter,
the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the Declaration of the Right to Development and other
covenants and agreements.Tese achievements, in particular in the pillars of health and education,
have strengthened the levels of human development, resulting in Qatar achieving advanced ranks
in the Human Development Index. In terms of ownership rights for natural resources, Table (1.4)
shows the number of Qataris of both sexes who have individual possession of land, as the number
of female owners increased between 2016 and 2018 by 17%, while the number decreased for males
by 3%.
Table No. (1.3) Number of benefciaries of Social security by gender 2015-2019
Sex
Year
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Males 4,328 4,835 5,556 6,651 6,822
Females 10,095 10,640 12,288 14,582 14,799
Total 14,423 15,475 17,844 21,233 21,621
Source: Planning and Statistics Authority
26 QATAR VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW 2021
Source: Ministry of Justice
Source: Planning and Statistics calculations
Table (1.4) Proportion of adult Qatari land owners (18 years and above) by sex (2016-2019)
Sex Age Group Unit 2016 2017 2018 2019
Males 18 years and above Number 6160 5292 6071 5994
Females 18 years and above Number 3313 3333 3467 3861
Total 18 years and above Number 9473 8625 9538 9855
Target 1.5: By 2030, build the resilience of the poor and those in vulnerable situations
and reduce their exposure and vulnerability to climate-related extreme events and
other economic, social and environmental shocks and disasters
Within the framework of action to reduce natural, economic, social and environmental disasters,
legislations and laws that frame policies and measures have been enacted to address, adapt and
mitigate the efects of these disasters to protect all residents of Qatar from the resulting risks.
Te Permanent Disaster Committee was established according to Cabinet Resolution No. (17) of
1998, as well as the Standing Committee for Rescue, Relief, Development and Humanitarian Aid.
In line with Qatar’s eforts to address the COVID-19 pandemic, the Prime Minister’s resolution No.
(4) of 2020 was issued to organize the Supreme Committee for Crisis Management, and a strategic
plan to address the pandemic was developed in cooperation with the World Health Organization
and in partnership with countries of the world. Te State of Qatar is committed to implementing
the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (2015-2030). Te Ministry of Public Health has
established the Health Emergency Department in charge of developing the necessary policies and
plans to establish an integrated system for preparing and responding to health emergencies at the
national level, in coordination with the competent authorities.
Challenges
Perhaps one of the State’s most prominent development challenges related to addressing poverty,
is the issue of the sustainability of the social protection system that protects vulnerable groups in
society from the phenomenon of poverty, which is refected by the lack of access to basic services
such as housing, health, education and the enjoyment of all economic rights of decent work and
resources. We refer here in particular to the three pillars that form the social protection system;
namely the social welfare systems, family cohesion, and social capital. Te last two pillars work
to enhance the efectiveness and sustainability of the social protection network. As a result of
the rapid pace of development in Qatar, these three pillars face some challenges. For example,
there is a general feeling of declining family cohesion and social capital in Qatari society. At a time
when the Qatari economy thrives and the global position of the State of Qatar rises, the challenges
facing the traditional values accompanying this prosperity increase. Terefore, there is an urgent
need to frame and institutionalize a social protection strategy to fulfl the multiple roles it can
play in national development to include all segments of the population in development. Te
reform of social welfare systems in Qatar which is composed of social security, pensions, social
insurance, integration and empowerment of vulnerable groups, housing and provision of job
support; takes an unparalleled attention among social development priorities that will strengthen
the social protection network. Te COVID-19 pandemic poses challenges to many projects of Te
Social Protection Sector Strategy 2018-2022 due to the precautionary measures taken by the State
to confront it, which led to the suspension of some of them and slowed the implementation of
many sector projects. Measures have been taken to overcome these obstacles by activating special
mechanisms for remote communication with benefciaries in order to provide social care services
using available internet platforms.
QATAR VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW 2021 27
One of the challenges facing social protection and poverty risk prevention systems is the lack
of adequate data to develop national indices to formulate sound evidence-based policies.
Developmental policies directed at addressing poverty issues require the adoption of
multidimensional methods of measuring poverty and data that enable analysts to classify survey
samples by gender, place of residence, age, disability, immigration status, ethnicity and other
characteristics.
Opportunities
Te Second National Development Strategy 2018-2022 will provide great opportunities that will
enhance the eforts of the State in achieving the goal of ending poverty. Tese opportunities can
be summarized in the following priorities:
1. Social Protection
• Improving social security services and social assistance to enhance the social welfare system.
• Rehabilitation and empowerment of social security benefciaries.
• Diversifying government housing services.
• Strengthening the role of the private sector in social and development responsibility.
• Establishing programs to develop family ties and maintain family cohesion.
2. Good Quality Education
• Providing all children with equitable opportunities to enroll in high-quality early education
programs, regardless of their sex, age and abilities.
• Providing equal opportunities for all learners to enroll in high-quality primary and secondary
education, regardless of their sex, age, and abilities.
• Providing equal opportunities for all learners to enroll in high-quality post-secondary
education and training programs, regardless of their sex, age and abilities.
3. Good Health
• Development of an integrated model for providing high quality care services.
• Enhancement of health promotion and disease prevention.
• Enhancement of health protection.
• Integratiion of health into all policies.
28 QATAR VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW 2021
Conclusion
Te State of Qatar has adopted national policies to protect citizens from the phenomena of poverty
and destitution, anchored on the frameworks of Qatar National Vision 2030, the State’s permanent
constitution, and international human rights covenants and agreements. Te goals of these policies
have been formulated as development priorities in Te Second National Development Strategy
2018-2022, based on lessons learned from Te First National Development Strategy 2011-2017 and in
conformity with the Sustainable Development Agenda 2030 in its three dimensions. Tese policies
are characterized by the participation of all groups and segments of society in the development
process . Te objective is to move the citizen from the passive status of benefts reception inherent
in the protection and social welfare policies to an active status by enabling all groups of society
to participate in national development, which ensures that no one is lef behind. Te national
indicators show that the State of Qatar has made remarkable progress (see Figure 1-2) in most of
SDG1 targets, despite the challenges that faced Qatar’s eforts to achieve them. Some of these
challenges resulted from the precautionary measures taken to combat the COVID-19 pandemic, in
addition to other challenges related to the sustainability of the resources of the social protection
system. Tose challenges are being addressed by seizing the development opportunities available
in the pillars of social welfare , social development, in education, health and in productive work.
QATAR VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW 2021 29 | [
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} |
ࠀ4 ߿4
Overview
Reduce the number of citizens living in severe and relative poverty in
all its forms, reduce the number of persons living below the poverty
line, encourage participation in the labour market of persons
who are able to work, develop the protection and
social assistance system
End poverty in all its forms everywhere
Romania’s goal
Romania continues to be among the European countries with a high
share of population exposed to poverty, although it has focused on
the improvement of life quality for all citizens in recent years.
The relative poverty rate at the ߿ࠃ% threshold of median equivalised
disposable income per adult was ࠁࠀ.ࠄ% of all population in ࠀࠁ߿ࠁ, by
ࠀ.߿%, below the value recorded in ࠅࠀ߿ࠁ. AROP decreased from ࠄࠁ.ࠂ% in
ࠅࠀ߿ࠁ to ࠁࠁ.ࠅ% in ࠀࠁ߿ࠁ. The number of poor people decreased by ࠂࠀ.ࠆ%,
from ࠄ.ࠀ߿ million in ࠅࠀ߿ࠁ to ࠃ.ࠁࠂ million in ࠀࠁ߿ࠁ. Of the poor people,
ࠁ.ࠄࠈ million persons were in severe material deprivation in ߿ࠁ߿ࠁ,
decreasing by ࠆࠂ.ࠂ% compared to ࠅࠀ߿ࠁ. AROPE decreased from ࠅࠃ.߿%
in ࠅࠀ߿ࠁ to ࠃࠂ.ࠃ% in ࠀࠁ߿ࠁ, and the in-work poverty rate related to the
same period decreased from ࠇࠀ.ࠈ% to ࠄࠀ.ࠅ%.
The unemployment beneft for unemployed with work experience
recorded an increase by ߿ࠁ.ࠄ%, from about €߿߿ࠀ in ࠅࠀ߿ࠁ to about €߿ࠀࠀ
.ࠀࠁ߿ࠁ in
During the state of emergency and, subsequently, the state of alert,
the employers who were forced to suspend the activity, temporarily, in
whole or in part, because of the Covid-ࠈࠀ pandemic granted the
employees a technical unemployment beneft. This beneft was also
provided to the employees whose activities were suspended as a
result of the epidemiologic investigation conducted by the public
health directorates.
Subsidies were also granted to the employers who employed persons
from the vulnerable groups: persons aged ߿ࠄ years or more whose
employment relations were ended not to their fault or their wish,
during the state of emergency and alert; persons aged between ࠅࠀ and
ࠈࠁ years registered as unemployed; Romanian citizens whose
employment relations with foreign employers which were carried out
on the territory of other states terminated, for reasons beyond their
control, by dismissal.
In addition, the employees who concluded individual employment
contracts for a defnite period of up to ࠂ months benefted from the
settlement of part of the salary, and, in case of temporarily reducing
workload, the employees affected by the measure benefted from an
allowance of ࠄࠆ% of the difference between the gross basic salary
stipulated in the individual employment contract and the gross basic
salary related to the hours actually worked following the reduction of
the workload, calculated at the actual worked time.
Response to COVID-19 pandemic
Leave no one behind
Civil society contribution
Challenges
To ensure access to pre-school education for all children aged
between ࠂ and ࠄ years, Every Child in Kindergarten Programme,
initially launched in ࠅࠀ߿ࠁ, has been extended since ࠇࠀ߿ࠁ in the entire
country. The programme was funded by the Romanian Government
and implemented by the Ministry of Education, in partnership with the
local authorities.
The programme is an important initiative nationally implemented to
increase children's participation in early education and reduce the
educational gaps between children from disadvantaged and more
affuent backgrounds. Thus, the programme supports the
disadvantaged families who do not afford to send their children to
kindergarten, giving them the chance to integrate in a structured
educational environment and to beneft from a quality education.
In the programme, children beneft from an educational service
package including the access to kindergarten, educational activities
and nutrition, hygiene and health services.
Every Child in Kindergarten Programme has become the national
programme following the enactment of Law to encourage participation
in pre-school education of children from disadvantaged families.
Since ࠁࠁ߿ࠁ, the “Cradle of Stars” Settlement project of Turnu Monastery
provides a home for ࠇࠀ orphans from foster homes of the General
Directorate of Social Assistance and Child Protection, Prahova County
where they feel loved and protected. For a better future, children are
helped to integrate socially, including by enrolling in school. Through
the dental offce of the settlement, these children have already
benefted from free examinations and treatments, and now they shall
have the opportunity to live in a family environment and receive the
care and attention they need. Turnu Monastery proves that active
involvement in the community can make a real difference in the lives
of the most vulnerable members of the society.
Next steps
Local community contribution
Policies and measures
The unemployment beneft was granted based on Unemployment
Insurance and Employment Stimulation Law, and the amount was
established according to the contribution period and the social
reference indicator. The social reference indicator value is updated ex
offcio, every year, by the annual average rate of infation from the
previous year; the last value is kept if the annual average rate of
infation is negative. It has been regulated that ߿߿ࠀ% of the social
reference indicator must be considered for the unemployment beneft
intended for persons with a period of contribution of at least ࠀ year
compared to only ࠄࠆ% of it, as it was prior to the enactment of law.
As a measure to urgently boost mobility, since ࠆࠀ߿ࠁ, the persons
registered as unemployed with the employment agencies have
benefted from untaxable employment and activation premiums and
installation premiums to encourage the change of domicile or
residence in case of employment at a distance longer than ࠄࠀ or ߿ࠄ
km.
The initiatives proposed in the 2015-2020 National Strategy on Social
Inclusion and Poverty Reduction were successfully implemented,
leading to signifcant improvement as regards employment, living
standards and social services.
Reduce the number of families at risk of losing the ability to meet
their daily living needs due to illness, disability, poverty, drug or
alcohol addiction etc.
Establish a cost standard for the social services addressed to
vulnerable groups
Reduce the number of persons affected by severe material
deprivation
Accelerate the pace of reduction in the persistent poverty rate,
which improved in ߿ࠁ߿ࠁ by only ࠂ.ࠁ% compared to ࠅࠀ߿ࠁ. Romania
must continue the support measures and programmes for the
employment, education and training of persons from vulnerable
groups and for integrated social services
The gap between the relative poverty rate at the ߿ࠃ% threshold of
median equivalised disposable income per adult at national level
placed Romania ࠄ% above the EU average in ߿ࠁ߿ࠁ, and ࠅ.ࠆ% above
the EU average in ࠀࠁ߿ࠁ at the gap between the in-work poverty rate
Improving accessibility to cultural and recreational services through
the Day Centre has a positive impact on the quality of life of children
in disadvantaged communities and demonstrates the commitment of
local authorities to improving community living conditions.
Day care Center for Children - before and after, Zalău, Sălaj county
Source: Graiul Sălajului
“Cradle of Stars” Settlement, Turnu Monastery, Prahova County
Source: Ziarul Lumina
Romania must continue the support measures and programmes for
the employment, education and training of the persons in vulnerable
groups, for the reduction of poverty and the settlement of the
employment issues, and for the integrated social services, by
implementing the national strategies on employment, social inclusion
of homeless people, rights of disabled persons and long-term care
and active ageing for the period.
Till ࠆࠁ߿ࠁ, the Inclusion and Social Dignity Programme shall support the
marginalised rural communities, elders, children, single parent
families with dependent children, people with disabilities and other
vulnerable groups such as homeless people, victims of domestic
violence, people released from prison, migrants and people addicted
to alcohol and drugs, the last category increasing in Romania.
The Day Care Centre for Children is the initiative of the local
authorities in Zalău, Sălaj county, which changed the destination of an
out of use thermal point in ߿ࠁ߿ࠁ. The centre provides culturalrecreational services for ࠅࠆ children/day, after school and during
vacations, especially for children in the marginalised urban
community. The centre has three classrooms on the ground foor, one
of them being intended as a foreign language laboratory, a dining
room, a multi-purpose room and toilets, and two offces upstairs. | [
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SDG 1
End poverty in all its forms
everywhere
33
Eradicate extreme poverty and reduce the
proportion of population living in poverty
(Targets 1.1 and 1.2)
The World Bank sets the extreme poverty threshold at less than USD 1.25 per day (PPP).
In 2015, the World Bank raised the poverty line to USD 1.90 per day. From 2017 two more
lines have been added: USD 3.20 and 5.50. In Russia, there are only few citizens with
such low income. In 2017, the share of people with per capita after-tax income less than
USD 3.20 per day constituted 0.1% of the total population, less than USD 5.50 per day—
1.0%, less than USD 10 per day— 6.2%8.
The low income category in Russia is formed with the people who receive per capita
income less than the minimum subsistence level. Poverty line is defined as the cost
estimate of consumer goods basket 9, plus compulsory payments and duties.
In 2018, there were 18.4 mln persons with substandard cash income, or 12.6%
of total population (see Statistical Annex). During 2018 as many as 500,000 were
relieved from poverty. According to 2019 preliminary estimates, the number of people
with cash income lower than the minimum subsistence level was 18.1 mln, or 12.3%
of total population.
In 2000–2017 the poverty structure considerably changed. While in 2000 the poor
included many pensioner families, childless and one-child families, in 2017 a total
of 81% of low-income households were households with children under 18 years of
age. In recent years, the share of families with two or more children in low-income
households has increased. Though the proportion of able-bodied population in lowincome population is high, their share in low-income households has been gradually
declining in recent years (Figures 1.1, 1.2).
In 2019 the household income stagnation trend discontinued. At the end
of 2019 real disposable household income increased by 1% compared
to the previous year (in 2018–0.1%).
Information on the distribution of population with per capita cash income lower
than 40%, 50%, 60% of the median level is presented in SDG 10 section.
8 Federal State Statistics Service data.
9 The minimum food package necessary for human health maintenance and life support,
and non-food products and services the cost of which is determined in relation to the cost
of the minimum food package.
34 RUSSIAN FEDERATION / VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW
FIGURE 1.2. POVERTY STRUCTURE CHANGES IN RUSSIA
Rosstat / % of total number of poor households
Low-income population of working age
Low-income employed population
100%
75%
50%
25%
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
0
58.9 58.2 56.4 55.1 54.1
32 32.4 33.6 31.9 31.5
FIGURE 1.1. POVERTY STRUCTURE CHANGES IN RUSSIA
Rosstat / % of total number of poor households
Households with children under 18 years of age
Households with 2 children under 18 years of age
Households with 3 and more children under 18 years of age
100%
75%
50%
25%
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
0
72.2 75.5 77.7 78.8 81
28.5 30.3 30.7 33.1 33.5
15.6 16.9 18.9 19.8 21.9
35
Implement social protection systems, ensure that
all men and women, in particular the poor and the
vulnerable, have equal rights to economic resources,
and build the resilience of the poor and those
in vulnerable situations (Targets 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.b)
Russia implements multiple social protection systems under which individual population
groups (veterans, persons with disabilities, poor citizens, retired people, unemployed, etc.)
may receive assistance from the state. Social support measures are divided into categories,
such as pensions, housing preferences, medical benefits, travelling allowances, tax benefits,
where the most vulnerable population groups may be exempt, in whole or in part, from particular
fees and payments (taxes, transport fares, payment for housing and public utility services and
others), and be entitled to priority provision of some services (enrolment in universities, provision
of housing, early retirement, etc.).
The unified plan for achieving the national development goals of the Russian Federation for the
period until 2024 adopted by the Government of the Russian Federation on 7 May 2019 provides
the following poverty reduction measures:
• target support of lower-income families with children;
• promotion of employment of women who attend to children;
• expansion of need assessment-based support;
• registration of poor families in need of state social assistance on the regional level, and
development and approval of special regional programmes aimed at reducing the population
with substandard income.
As families with children constitute the largest group of the poor in Russia, the focus in poverty
reduction is made on relieving from poverty families with children.
Social support measures for families with children are established on the federal and regional
levels. The state benefits system for families with children at the federal level is established by
the Federal Law “On State Benefits for Citizens with Children”10. Both working and non-working
persons are entitled to state maternity and childcare benefits11.
10 Federal Law No. 81-FZ of 19 May 1995.
11 More detailed information on social support measures for families with children is presented
in the 2018 Country Report on Children and Families with Children in the Russian Federation.
36 RUSSIAN FEDERATION / VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW
FIGURE 2. STATE MATERNITY AND CHILDCARE BENEFITS
AND THE MATERNITY CAPITAL PROGRAMME IN 2020
State maternity and childcare benefits
Maternity capital: new options and size as from 2020
18,004.12 rubles
(~$245) in 2020
One-time birth grant
In case of birth of two
or more children, the grant
is paid for every child.
For persons working in
the Far North, a regional
coefficient is applied
616,617 rubles
(~$8,000)
Maternal capital
for families with the
second child born
or adopted after 2020
And for the third, fourth and
any next child, if not entitled
to maternal capital before
Equivalent to
regional minimum
subsistence level
for children
Monthly payments upon
birth of the first and
second child
If the per capita family
income does not exceed the
double minimum subsistence level for able-bodied
population established in the
relevant constituent territory of the Russian Federation
466,617 rubles
(~$6,000)
Maternal capital for
families with two children
born or adopted from
2007 to 2009
40% of the average
wage of the carer
parent
Monthly childcare
allowance
Paid from the date of the
leave to attend to a child
up to the age of eighteen
months
466,617 rubles
(~$6,000)
Maternal capital for
families with one child born
or adopted after 2020
Additional 150,000 rubles
(~ USD 1,900) upon birth
of the second child
Special payments to families with a child with disabilities
The maternal capital programme has been extended up to the end of 2026
37
From 2007 the maternity capital programme has been implemented and continuously improved
(Figure 2). Families with child born or adopted are entitled to such payment12. The maternity
(family) capital is paid from the federal budget as part of additional state support measures for
families and may, in whole or in part, be used for education of children; improvement of housing
conditions of the family; cumulative part of mother’s pension; social adaptation and integration
of children with disabilities.
The regions of the Russian Federation may establish additional payments upon birth of a child.
For instance, persons who have registered place of residence in Moscow may be entitled to:
additional one-time maternity benefit for young families; one-time compensation payment for
reimbursement of expenses in connection with the birth (adoption) of a child. In addition, lowincome families with per capita income equal to or less than the regional minimum subsistence
level are entitled to allowance for children aged from 3 to 7 years of age.
Russia has the “social” entrepreneurship system that is aimed at the achievement of socially
useful objectives and addresses social problems of individuals and society in general, such
as boosting employment of individual population groups (pensioners, children’s home leavers,
persons with disabilities) and better accessibility of particular goods and services. An important
instrument for the implementation of the above social support measures is the provision of state
support to “social” enterprises that have established employment quotas for socially protected
categories (at least 50% of the overall number of employees, and at least 25% of the overall
payroll). Also, Russia has been implementing the practice of promotion of employment of persons
with disabilities, which is described in more detail in SDG 8 section.
Measures to promote employment of women and older persons in Russia are describe in detail in
SDG 5 and SDG 10 sections, respectively.
The Russian Federation has introduced such form of state social assistance as social contract.
“Social contract” is an agreement between an individual and social protection authority under
which the social protection authority obliges to provide state social assistance to the individual,
and the individual— to fulfil the social adaptation programme (mandatory sign-up for job
enrollment programs, job training and/or professional education; engagement into individual
entrepreneurship, development of private farm holding) (Figure 3).
Travelling costs form an important part of people’s expenditures. Therefore, efficient operation
of socially responsible transport contributes to the overcoming of the poverty threshold and
reduces disbalance in consumption and distribution of wealth and services. Many regions and
cities provide for benefits or compensations for the use of public transport by various population
groups. The right of regions to provide travel privileges to people living within their territory
is provided by legislation13.
Furthermore, the Labor Code of the Russian Federation provides for the possibility of
reimbursement of the cost of travel and luggage transportation for vacation leave for workers
deployed in Far Northern region of the Russian Federation and areas with equal status.
12 Federal Law. No. 256-FZ of 29 December 2006, Federal Law No. 35-FZ of 1 March 2020.
13 Federal Law No. 220-FZ of 13 July 2015.
38 RUSSIAN FEDERATION / VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW
State social assistance under the social contract
In 2018:
104,300
social contracts
were concluded, of them 62,600 (60%)
with low-income families with children
under 16 years of age
19,500 persons (33,3%)
could cope with a difficult life situation
under social contracts
308,800 people
received state assistance under social
contracts, of them 40% urban dwellers,
and 60% rural people
103,000 persons (35,1%)
of poor people improved their material
well-being and were relieved from
poverty under social contracts
Goals:
1
Fulfillment of labor potential
of beneficiaries
3
Social rehabilitation
of low-income family members
2
Improved level and quality
of life of low-income people
4
Strengthening of beneficiaries
social responsibility
FIGURE 3. STATE SOCIAL ASSISTANCE UNDER SOCIAL CONTRACT
(Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Russian Federation
Has been implemented in all regions since 2012
39
In 2019, Russia had 138 subsidized regional domestic air routes. Besides, the state provides
support from the federal and regional budgets for reduced fare of free transportation by different
modes of transport for more than 10 population categories in all of the country’s regions.
The goals related to poverty reduction and social protection are also part of National Projects
(“Demography” and subprojects (Federal Projects)— “Financial Support to Families Upon Birth
of Children”, “Promotion of Women’s Employment— Creation of Conditions for Preschool Education
for Children under Three Years of Age”, “Senior Citizens”,— as well as “Employment Support and
Improvement of the Labor Market Efficiency to Increase Labor Productivity” Federal Project within
“Workforce Productivity and Employment Support” National Project).
National Projects, such as “SMEs and Support for Individual Entrepreneurial Initiative”,
“Education” and state programmes of the Russian Federation such as “Economic Development
and National Economy”, “Promotion of Employment”, also contribute to growth of cash incomes
and, accordingly, reduction of poverty.
Mobilization of resources in order to provide adequate and
predictable means for developing countries to implement
programmers and policies to end poverty (Target 1.a)
The main component of Russia’s assistance to developing countries with regards to ending
poverty is debt relief under the Initiative to Provide Assistance to the Poorest Countries with
Heavy Debt (e.g. waiving of major debts of African countries in the amount of more than USD
20 bln).
In 2014–2017 under the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Russia had been
implementing projects aimed at socio-economic development of CIS countries and regions,
in particular, financed the project to improve the well-being of the population in nine districts of
Tajikistan (assistance was provided to district authorities in efficient planning and control of socioeconomic development, support of development of favorable investment climate, entrepreneurship
and employment, support of rural initiatives)— to the total amount of USD 6.7 mln.
Another significant SDG 1 activity is the provision of humanitarian aid and assistance in healthcare
and education. In particular, Russia takes an active part in tackling problems in African countries:
provides inputs into the international development programmes in Africa of the World Health
Organization (WHO), and World Food Programme (UNWFP). African states are provided with
assistance in healthcare, and African civil specialists continue to get education and training
in Russian institutions of higher education.
Russia has also given an impetus to project activities within the Organization of the Black Sea
Economic Cooperation (BSEC). Russia’s 2016 contribution of USD 1 mln stimulated the development
of the BSEC regional SDG databank, assistance to small- and medium-sized entrepreneurship
and raising of additional voluntary financing for the purpose.
More detailed information is also presented in SDG 2, SDG 3 and SDG 17 sections.
40 RUSSIAN FEDERATION / VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW
Looking forward
Russia’s social policies are focused on the provision of target support to families with children.
The Russian Federation has been providing federal subsidies for mothers with more than one child,
which was later, starting from 2020, expanded to women having their first child. “Demography”
National Project envisages financial support to families upon the birth of children, as well as
the promotion of employment of women-caregivers (including retraining and further training of
women during the maternity leave to take care of children up to the age of 3 years, and creation
of additional places in preschool education facilities).
This social policy focus is dictated with the fact that families with children constitute the largest
group in the population with income below minimum wage. The implemented measures are
aimed at preventing the risk of “poverty trap”, where children from poor families do not have
adequate access to quality education, healthcare and other social benefits and core services,
which in turn compromises their positions on the labor market, provoking low economic activity
or even unemployment. | [
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"country": "rus",
"file_id": "sdg-01/vnr-report-rus-2020-en-1.pdf",
"language": "en",
"locality": null,
"size": "l",
"type": "vnr",
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} |
10
SDG 1 “No poverty“. Russia has basically achieved the goal of eradication
of extreme poverty. The current nation-wide policy of combating poverty
provides for the reduction of the national poverty level at least by half
by 2024 (in 2018, the proportion of the poor population with below-thepoverty-line income1
was 12.6%). This is to be achieved through the
implementation of the so-called National Projects, namely “Demography”,
“Workforce Productivity and Employment Support” and others and
development and introduction of new support mechanisms (such
as social contract and volunteer services).
1
The poverty line is defined as the cost estimate of the consumer goods basket plus compulsory
payments and collections. | [
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1
] | {
"country": "rus",
"file_id": "sdg-01/vnr-report-rus-2020-en-2.pdf",
"language": "en",
"locality": null,
"size": "s",
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} |
68
CHAPTER 3. REVIEW OF SDGs IMPLEMENTATION IN RWANDA
SDG 1 – ENDING POVERTY IN ALL ITS FORMS AND
EVERYWHERE
Status and trends
During the period 2000-2004, Rwanda’s progress toward ending
poverty was remarkable. However, the reductions recorded between
2014 and 2017 were small. In terms of indicators, this trend is
summarized by the proportion of the population living below the
national poverty line: 60.4 percent in 2000/01, compared to 38.2
percent in 2017 (Indicator 1.2.1). However, based on the international
poverty line of USD 1.90/day, 56.8 percent of Rwandans fell below
that threshold in 2013, compared to against 55.5 percent in 20165
(Target 1.1/ Indicator 1.1.1). Further measures that consider poverty
in all its dimensions, such as the Multi-Dimensional Poverty Index,
also showed a slight improvement, declining from 0.17 in 2014 to
0.15 in 2017 (Indicator 1.2.2).
Indicators related to social protection coverage (Target 1.3) showed
mixed progress against the baseline (2014). Core social protection
programmes covered 6.5 percent of the population in 2018 (Indicator
1.3.1), although members contributing to pension funds grew from
465,579 to 539,219 and pension beneficiaries from 18,856 to
21,550. The same growth may be seen in participation in medical
schemes, which increased from 133,415 active members (a!liates) to
147,170; the number of dependents rose from 243,421 to 285,280.
Participation in the Community-Based Health Insurance scheme
stands at 83.3 percent of the population (2018). Net progress was
recorded in terms of access to maternity leave benefits, which rose
from zero to 164,601 women.
The impact of disasters on poverty (Target 1.5), is measured by,
amongst other indicators, the number of deaths, missing persons
5 https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.DDAY?contextual=aggregate&end=2016&locations=RW&start=1984&view=chart
2019 RWANDA VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW (VNR) REPORT
69
and directly-affected persons attributed to disasters per 100,000
people (Indicator 1.5.1). These numbers in Rwanda from 183 deaths
and 16,645 a"icted people in 2014 to 273 deaths and 80,164
a"icted people in 2017. In conjunction with this, the number of local
government entities that adopted and implemented local disaster
risk reduction strategies in line with national disaster risk reduction
strategies passed from 22 to 29 (against a total of 30 districts) between
2014 and 2017 (Indicator 1.5.3
Challenges and opportunities to accelerate progress
The overview provided above suggests a number of outstanding
challenges that go well beyond poverty eradication. Approximately
25 pecent of the working age population, the majority of whom are
women, are still engaged exclusively in subsistence agriculture. That
sector contributed around 30 percent of GDP.
The number of newly created jobs is not meeting the pace of entrants
into the labour market, making it more complicated to reap the
demographic dividend. Furthermore, the quality and value added of
the available jobs is low; people working in elementary occupations
consistently make up over 50 percent of the total employed.
The country’s exposure to climate change, and its negative impact
further detailed under Goal 13, place a strain on its efforts to tackle
poverty as climate related-shocks, such as drought and flooding,
impact the livelihoods of the rural population, disrupt the production
of staple goods, affect the balance of payments, increase inflation and
damage infrastructure.
70
CHAPTER 3. REVIEW OF SDGs IMPLEMENTATION IN RWANDA
Ensuring inclusive and broad-based economic growth is the leading
priority in terms of eradicating poverty. The second is building the
economy’s capacity to continuously deliver quality jobs by increasing
value addition and pursuing integration in the global value chains.
This will require major investments in human capital to ensure the
availability of skilled labour force and to close the current skills gap.
In turn, providing the entrants to the labour market with the skills
required will help the country manage the demographic transition
and exploit the demographic dividend by absorbing the new labour
force. In parallel, gender-sensitive social protection mechanisms
will continue to be stepped up, increasing healthcare coverage and
extending the reach of insurances and pension schemes to shield
people from catastrophic events and expenditures that could push
them back into poverty. The development of climate-smart agriculture
and other investments in climate change adaptation will help shield
the more vulnerable population from weather excesses and cushion
their impact on the economy. | [
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32 33
01
End poverty in all its forms
everywhere
“Our country was founded on firm foundations and
genuine values and principles that are all based on the
Holy Koran and the Sunna of the Prophet (May the Peace
and Blessings of Allah Be Upon Him). Our country is
honored by God for being home to the two most sacred
places, namely the Two Holy Mosques and we are blessed
by God for serving Hajj and Umrah visitors of the two holy
sites. Praise be to Allah, our nation acts as a family where
we all join hands and cooperate together to serve our faith
and nation. Development is an innate characteristic of the
Saudi state, in conformity with our genuine principles and
values, with an aim to chart out a promising future for our
country and our citizens.”
Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques
King Salman bin Abdulaziz
34 35
The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia makes great efforts to support needy people, an endeavor that features prominently
among the priorities of Vision 2030. Towards this end, Saudi Arabia continues to develop and upgrade the social
services system to become more efficient, further equitable and more accessible. For example, the Kingdom works
on maximizing the use of food, fuel, electricity and water subsidies through targeting of subsidies to qualified
recipients. The Kingdom pays special attention to citizens in need of constant care. Seeking to create a full chain
for enablement of those in need, cooperation is pursued with the non-profit sector, along with partnerships with the
private sector to offer training and qualification opportunities to enable citizens to enter the labor market.
The Kingdom's social protection system is based on supporting the social security system, encouraging institutions
and individuals to contribute to charitable work, along with providing general education and healthcare to all
citizens, as well as promotion of literacy.
The social protection system is made up of three components, with each one branching out into a number of
programs and initiatives:
Social Insurance Program
This includes cooperative health
insurance, retirement pension
system and unemployment
insurance (Musaned Scheme).
Social Safety Nets
These include government subsidy (food,
fuel, electricity and water subsidies),
citizen account programs, housing support
programs, educational programs, shelter
care programs and welfare programs for
persons with special needs.
Saudi Arabia has recently launched several initiatives
and programs to support the poorest nations. Key among
programs recently launched is the Citizen Account, a program
that seeks to alleviate the burden of Saudi citizens and
provide financial support to low and middle income Saudi
households in the Kingdom. Saudi Arabia also provides
support to charitable societies, offers support to housing
projects and increases allocations for orphans with special
needs. In addition, Saudi Arabia provides assistance to the
poorest nations and to developing countries. It also provides
support to international organizations involved in the fight
against poverty. Using various channels, Saudi Arabia provides
assistance in a multitude of forms.
Saudi Arabia also provides support to the poorest nations and to developing countries. It also provides support to
international organizations involved in the fight against poverty. Using various channels, Saudi Arabia has provided
development assistance in a multitude of forms. Over the past three decades, Saudi Arabia provided over USD 84
billion (SAR 315 billion) in concessionary aid and favorable development assistance. Internationally, Saudi Arabia
ranks second in terms of the volume of labor cash transfers. This is pretty important, as such remittances constitute
a significant source of foreign currency for developing countries. Furthermore, Saudi Arabia supports institutions
and organizations which run special programs that are recognized by the international community. Among these
are United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), United
Nations Industrial Development Fund (UNIDF), Arab Gulf Programme for Development (AGFUND), Arab Fund for
Technical Aid to African Countries (AFTAAC), United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) and
World Food Programme (WFP).1
Labor Market Support
Programs
These include wage protection
programs, employment support
programs and job seekers’
employment support programs.
1 Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Speech by Prince Mishaal bin Abdullah at the special session of the United Nations General Assembly held to discuss
the partnership for achieving the Millennium Development Goals
36 37
National Strategy for Social
Development in the Kingdom of
Saudi Arabia
In cooperation with other government bodies, the Ministry of Labor and Social Development has developed the
National Strategy for Social Development in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The strategy has been prepared in line
with an integrated methodology that draws on the best international practices applied in strategic planning. The
strategy is designed to put in place radical and comprehensive solutions, including both protective and curative
measures, to address poverty through innovative means. The strategy focuses on several themes, including training
of manpower in various categories through programs leading up to employment, insulation against poverty through
education and setting up of mechanisms to break the cycle of poverty. Additionally, themes include enabling of
female social security recipients, who are able to work, to gain access to qualification measures leading up to
employment. These programs complement training programs run by the Human Resources Development Fund
(HRDF) which are designed for women most in need. In addition, the government allocates considerable amounts to
social safety nets. The following graph sheds light on relevant efforts of the Kingdom in 2015:1-2
Social security allocations in 2017
state budget
(USD 4 billion)
Total annual assistance
provided to charitable
societies
(USD 120 million)
Total annual assistance to
cooperative societies
(USD 26.67 million)
Allocation for health and social development
in 2017 state budget
(USD 25.33 billion)
Total expenditure for social insurance
pensions in 2015
(USD 4.53 billion)
95
billion SAR
billion SAR
17
billion SAR
15
million SAR
450
million SAR
100
Persons with special needs
The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia accords special attention to persons with special needs. Vision 2030 sets a strategic
objective that calls for enabling people with disabilities to gain access to suitable job opportunities as well as
education to ensure their independence and integration as effective members of society. The government provides
cash assistance to the families of disabled persons to help them cope with the costs associated with providing care
to the disabled family member. In 2017, the government issued a decision which exempted persons with special
needs from visa fees related to recruitment of nurses, drivers and laborers, in order to help them manage their dayto-day activities. A total of 136,500 persons received this exemption, including 73,500 males and 63,000 females. A
recently issued Royal Order provides for development of a national strategy for the rights of persons with disabilities,
with an aim to improve their quality of life. Furthermore, the Council of Ministers approved a move to set up an
umbrella commission for persons with disabilities. The commission will function as a reference body for disabled
persons and will monitor programs and services provided to them. It will also audit the regulations and policies and
will submit related advice. The commission will further supervise activities of relevant agencies in the government
and private sectors as well as charitable institutions.1
King Khalid Foundation (KKF)
KKF has been the first non-profit organization that took the lead in undertaking
related research and studies (a study on subsistence level, as well as a study on
female poverty). In this regard, KKF conducted a survey of 10,000 households
covering all provinces of the Kingdom, with an aim to develop a methodology to
measure poverty line in the Kingdom. Research efforts by KKF had a significant
impact on leading the discussions on this issue and on forwarding of proposals
for solutions and how best to tackle the issue. KKF is a member of the national
social protection strategy team through which policies and programs are
developed to address poverty and to enable vulnerable segments of society.1
Community Jameel
Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab takes part in the global fight against
poverty and in providing aid to poor people. Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action
Lab aims to serve 100 million persons around the world over the coming years,
through international partnerships with countries, international institutions and
world development organizations. Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab also
provides support to studies and research work to combat poverty and offers
training programs to specialists in this field.2
The Social Charity Fund (SCF)
SCF is a charitable institution which operates as an independent corporate
entity. SCF has a mission to improve living conditions of needy citizens in
Saudi Arabia. SCF plays a leading role in promoting the non-profit sector and
in addressing challenges facing development work, through enablement,
innovation and impact assessment. SCF contributes to improving living
standards of targeted segments through quality solutions and innovations.
The fund's activities are provided to targeted beneficiaries in all provinces of
the Kingdom through a network of several partnerships to achieve the required
objectives. Key among the achievements made by SCF during 2016 are:3
Scholarship programs: An amount of USD 139.81 million (SAR 524.3 million)
was allocation for the program.
Training and employment programs: An amount of USD 30.51 million (SAR
114.4 million) was allocation for the program.
My Future programs: An amount of USD 5.83 million (SAR 18.1 million) was
allocation for the program.
1 King Khalid Foundation (KKF) Report: Determining poverty line and subsistence level
2 Abdul Latif Jameel anti - poverty lab
3 Saudi Arabian Monetary Authority: 53rd Annual Report (2017)
Social development in Saudi Arabia
1 Ministry of Labor and Social Development Yearbook 2017- Special needs persons
2 Final Account of the Ministry of Labor and Social Development - 2017
38 39
Relevance of SDG 1 to Vision 2030
Ease access to healthcare
(e.g. geographical boundary,
availability, affordability, etc.)
Improve value of healthcare
services (Quality of outcomes,
experience and cost)
Empower citizens
through the welfare
system
Grow productive families'
contribution to the
economy
Strengthen prevention against
health threats (public health system
& health crisis management)
Improve living conditions
for expatriates
Improve effectiveness and
efficiency of the social
services system
Figures and Statistics1
Proportion of the population living
in households with access to
basic services in 2016
Proportion of the population living
in households with access to safe
water service in 2016
Proportion of the population living
in households with access to
sanitation services in 2016
Government expenditure on basic
services (education, health and
social protection as a share of total
government expenditure in 2017)
Direct disaster economic loss in
relation to GDP in 2016
99% 100% 36%
0.0043% 99%
1 Report on SDG indicators 2017, GASTAT
Citizen Account Program
Citizen Account is a program that seeks to alleviate the burden of Saudi citizens and to provide financial support
to low and middle income Saudi households, to ensure a better life for citizens. The program was initiated to
compensate citizens who may be at risk as a result of the economic policies being implemented by the government.
The rationale for the Citizen Account is that subsidy in its earlier form was provided to all consumers, including
non-Saudis and high-income Saudi citizens. Allowing universal access to subsidies meant that the needs of both low
and high income people were treated alike, leading in turn to overconsumption of subsidized products. Rechanneling
of subsidies to eligible beneficiaries is bound to promote rational consumption. The program aims to re-channel
subsidies to eligible segments, in such a way as to promote rational consumption and to ensure that subsidies are
offered in an equitable manner to eligible groups. Under the Citizen Account program, subsidies will be offered in
cash payments to be deposited directly into eligible recipients' accounts. It is worth mentioning that cash transfer is
an effective and internationally recognized instrument to encourage people to save. The program seeks to achieve
several objectives that are bound to raise the efficiency of government subsidies to citizens, encourage rational
consumption of basic services by households and reduce the negative impacts of economic reforms.
Program objectives
Encourage households to conserve
on consumption of basic goods,
such as gasoline, electricity, energy
products and water
Raise efficiency of government
subsidies provided to citizens
Alleviate impacts of economic
reforms on citizens in limited
income, low income and middleincome brackets
Figures:
December 2017 January 2018
9,237,735 9,542,633
451,000 422,439
85,742 120,173
3,710,634 3,862,346
Total beneficiaries- dependents
Total eligible beneficiaries, including
family heads and dependents
Total eligible beneficiaries, including
family heads and dependents
Total beneficiaries- dependents
Total beneficiariesfamily heads
Total beneficiariesfamily heads
Total non-eligible beneficiariesdependents
Total non-eligible beneficiariesdependents
Total non-eligible beneficiariesfamily heads
Total non-eligible beneficiariesfamily heads
12.9 million 13.4 million
Promote and enable financial
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RAPPORT FINAL 18
Objectif 1 : Éliminer la pauvreté sous toutes ses formes et partout dans le monde
36. L’ODD 1 appelle à éliminer la pauvreté sous toutes ses formes, y compris l’extrême pauvreté, au
cours des quinze prochaines années. Toutes les personnes, partout dans le monde, y compris les plus
pauvres et les plus vulnérables, devraient jouir d’un niveau de vie acceptable et de prestations de
protection sociale. Cet objectif est en cohérence avec le Plan Sénégal Emergent (PSE) qui met un
accent particulier sur la réduction de la pauvreté et des inégalités. L'éradication de la pauvreté sous
toutes ses formes et dimensions, y compris l'extrême pauvreté, est une condition indispensable à
l'autonomisation économique et au développement durable.
37. Conscient de cet état de fait, le Sénégal a engagé des programmes pour prendre en charge les
populations qui vivent dans l’extrême pauvreté, de manière générale. Ainsi, les programmes tels
que : le Programme National de Bourse de Sécurité familiale (PNBSF), le programme de
Couverture Maladie Universelle (CMU), la Carte de l’Egalité de Chances (CEC), le programme
d’adduction en eau potable (PAEP) et le Programme d’Urgence de développement communautaire
(PUDC), visent à réduire la pauvreté, à lutter contre les inégalités sociales avec l’accès aux services
sociaux de base et à améliorer les conditions socioéconomiques des ménages vulnérables.
38. En termes de ressources publiques allouées aux services sociaux de base, notamment la santé,
l’éducation et la protection sociale, ces dernières années, seules les dépenses de protection sociale
destinées aux programmes phares ont augmenté, tandis que dans l’ensemble, la part du budget
social dans le total présente une tendance à la baisse, au risque de compromettre le seuil minimum
de 30% fixé avec le FMI (MEFP/UNICEF, 2017).
39. La réforme de la décentralisation à travers l’Acte 3 devrait améliorer l’efficacité des prestations
pour la population, même si encore des efforts restent à faire pour que les Collectivités Locales
exercent pleinement les compétences transférées et mobilisent suffisamment de ressources
publiques et privés pour appuyer les programmes de réduction de la pauvreté, de protection sociale
et les services sociaux de base.
1.1 : D’ici à 2030, éliminer complètement l’extrême pauvreté dans le monde entier (s’entend
actuellement du fait de vivre avec moins de 1,90 dollar par jour).
40. Depuis la mise en œuvre des deux premières générations de DSRP, le Sénégal a déployé
d’importants efforts pour lutter contre l’extrême pauvreté et réduire la vulnérabilité des ménages.
Le Sénégal a initié et mis en œuvre deux stratégies pour la protection des groupes vulnérables, en
vue de réduire significativement la pauvreté. Ainsi, la stratégie nationale de protection sociale
(SNPS II), alignée sur le cycle de vie, couvre la période (2015-2035) et inscrit les politiques de
protection sociale dans une perspective plus systémique de développement social et économique.
Cette stratégie appuie la mise en œuvre de plusieurs ODD. De même, le Plan Stratégique de lutte
contre la malnutrition, adopté en 2017, sera mis en œuvre au cours de la période pour contribuer,
en partie, à l’atteinte de l’ODD1.
41. Au plan stratégique, la protection sociale vise à améliorer les conditions socio-économiques des
groupes vulnérables dans une dynamique de renforcement de la lutte contre la vulnérabilité des
ménages et des catégories sociales défavorisées. Il s’agira de veiller à la consolidation et au
renforcement des mécanismes de transferts sociaux et à étendre la protection sociale au secteur
informel, notamment aux petits contribuables, à introduire des mesures de gratuité des soins
SENEGAL : MEFP_2018_ODD
RAPPORT FINAL 19
sanitaires en faveur des groupes vulnérables, et consolider les prestations de protection sociale
vers une protection sociale intégrée des cibles par période de cycle de vie.
42. Plusieurs actions et initiatives sont en train d’être déroulées à travers la Stratégie Nationale de
Protection Sociale (2015-2035) et la Lettre de Politique sectorielle (2016-2020) du Ministère de
famille, de la femme et de l’enfance (MFFE). Par ailleurs, le Sénégal a déployé d’importants
efforts dans l’élaboration et la mise en œuvre de plusieurs filets sociaux en vue de soulager les
ménages vivant dans l’extrême pauvreté.
43. Le taux de l’extrême pauvreté, en pourcentage de la population ne disposant pas 1,90 dollar US
par jour, a été estimé à 38,0% en 2011, selon les résultats de l’ESPS-II. La pauvreté reste surtout
concentrée en milieu rural mais avec des disparités régionales très fortes. Elle demeure corrélée
avec le sentiment d’insatisfaction des ménages en termes de bien-être et de conditions de vie. Dans
ce milieu l’insuffisance du revenu semble déterminante et installe les ménages dans une situation
de précarité.
44. S’agissant du Programme National de Bourses de Sécurité Familiale (PNBSF) en 2017 le nombre
de ménages vulnérables ayant reçu de bourses économiques a atteint 39 791 ménages soit une
légère progression de 9,23% par rapport à 2016 (85 718 ménages), même si la cible n’est pas
atteinte (71%). Cette situation relève de la faible mobilisation des ressources extérieures du
Programme de Renforcement des Dynamiques locales de Développement Economique et Social
(PRODES) qui n'a pas permis d'enrôler les cibles initialement prévues. En outre, 316 941 ménages
ont effectivement reçu leurs transferts monétaires en 2017 contre 277 150 en 2016 et 191432 en
2015 pour un objectif cumulé de 300 000 ménages, soit 92,4% du total cumulé de bénéficiaires.
45. Depuis le lancement du PNBSF, le volume financier global s’est établi à plus de 52,5 milliards
FCFA. Le PNSBF a déployé des moyens pour assurer le développement du capital humain dans
les ménages bénéficiaires, à travers un programme de changement du comportement des
bénéficiaires envers l’éducation des enfants au primaire, la vaccination et l’enregistrement des
naissances des moins de 5 ans, même si ces résultats doivent encore être évalués. Ces progrès
résultent de la bonne organisation du système au niveau central et déconcentré et aux séances de
sensibilisation. L’Etat a décidé d’amplifier le programme pour le porter à 400 000 ménages pour
2018, pour aider davantage les familles et leurs enfants à bénéficier d’une couverture sanitaire
adéquate et d’une bonne éducation pour sortir du cycle de la pauvreté.
46. Pour ce qui est de la Couverture Maladie Universelle (CMU), en 2017, le taux de couverture tous
régimes confondus est estimé 49,3% contre 46,8% en 2016 et se situait à 46% en 2015. Le nombre
de personnes couvertes par les mutuelles de santé est de 2 884 902 en 2017, avec un taux de
pénétration de 19% de la population sénégalaise contre 16% en 2016 et 15% en 2015. Pour ce qui
est de la politique d’assistance médicale, 4 862 187 de cas ont bénéficié des initiatives de gratuité
des soins dans le cadre de la CMU en 2017 contre 2 697 309 en 2016. Les enfants âgés de moins
de cinq ans représentent 97% des cas pris en charge en 2017, soit 4 695 827. De plus, 625 personnes
ont pu bénéficier de l’initiative de gratuité de la dialyse, dont 73 à travers une subvention partielle
dans des structures privées, 19 809 ont bénéficié de la gratuité de la césarienne dans les structures
publiques de santé contre 3 485 en 2016. Le nombre de césariennes réalisées a augmenté de 1631
cas entre 2016 et 2017. De même, le nombre de malades admis en urgence ayant reçu les soins
initiaux a augmenté de 28% en 2017. Avec cet important accroissement, il est urgent de faire plus
d’efforts sur la mise aux normes des sites d’accueil des urgences.
47. Toutefois, l’objectif de couverture du risque maladie de 75% n’a pu être atteint en décembre 2017.
Ceci est, imputable aux difficultés de remboursement des prestations des initiatives de gratuité
SENEGAL : MEFP_2018_ODD
RAPPORT FINAL
20
mais aussi aux retards constatés dans la mobilisation des subventions dédiées aux institutions
mutualistes ayant entrainé l’arrêt des prestations dans certaines régions du pays.
S’agissant de la carte d’égalité des chances (CEC), la proportion de personnes vivant avec
un handicap bénéficiaires a nettement augmenté entre 2015 et 2016, passant de 33,59% à
46,91%. En 2017, 50 006 personnes handicapées ont obtenu une carte d’égalité des chances, soit
un léger dépassement de la cible (50 000). Les progrès significatifs enregistrés s’expliquent, en
partie, par la mise en œuvre du Programme d’accélération de la production de la carte d’égalité
des chances (PAPCEC). En effet, les stratégies avancées ainsi que l’implication effective des
acteurs locaux (collectivités locales, autorités administratives, organisations des personnes
handicapées) ont permis d’atteindre les localités les plus reculées.
1.2 : D’ici à 2030, réduire de moitié au moins la proportion d’hommes, de femmes et d’enfants de tous
âges souffrant d’une forme ou l’autre de pauvreté, telle que définie par chaque pays.
48. Cette cible est en parfaite cohérence avec le Plan Sénégal Emergent (PSE) qui accorde une
importance particulière à la réduction de la pauvreté et des inégalités. L’indicateur retenu est suivi
de façon exacte par le cadre de suivi des politiques publiques, même si des efforts restent à faire
pour la désagrégation selon le genre et les communautés de base. L’indicateur proposé est
renseigné par le cadre de suivi de la politique économique au niveau national et régional, mais il
n’est pas désagrégé selon la « situation dans l’emploi», ni selon les départements ou les
collectivités locales. Selon les dernières informations disponibles, l’incidence de la pauvreté au
niveau national est de 46,7% en 2011. Des estimations récentes, au regard des performances
macroéconomiques enregistrées depuis 2014, montrent que l’incidence de la pauvreté ne devrait
pas dépasser les 40% de la population sénégalaise3
. Concernant les enfants (0-18 ans), l’incidence
de la pauvreté monétaire est estimée à 49,2% (MEFP/ANSD/UNICEF, N-MODA, 2014). En
termes de pauvreté multidimensionnelle, seuls 15,7% des enfants de moins de 5 ans ne souffrent
d’aucune privation (logement, eau et assainissement, santé, nutrition, enregistrement des
naissances). En d’autres termes, plus de quatre enfants sur cinq âgés de 0 à 5 ans (84,3%) souffrent
au moins d’une privation. Par conséquent la pauvreté multidimensionnelle demeure un défi pour
le Sénégal pour atteindre la cible des ODD d’ici à 2030.
1.3 : Mettre en place des systèmes et mesures de protection sociale pour tous, adaptés au contexte
national, y compris des socles de protection sociale, et faire en sorte que, d’ici à 2030, une part
importante des pauvres et des personnes vulnérables en bénéficient.
49. Les systèmes de protection sociale de la plupart des pays émergents évoluent progressivement vers
une approche orientée sur les risques et défis à travers le cycle de vie. Il s’agit de systèmes de
protection sociale qui apportent un soutien à divers groupes démographiques, bien que la plupart
des pays aient aussi un petit filet de sécurité pour ceux qui ont besoin d’aide supplémentaire. Dans
une large mesure, l’approche du cycle de vie soutient le socle de protection sociale qui a été adopté
en juin 2012 comme recommandé par la Conférence internationale du travail des États membres
de l’Organisation Internationale du Travail (OIT). Comme indiqué dans le PSE « Le Sénégal
compte faire sienne l’Initiative pour un Socle de Protection sociale (SPS) qui vise à garantir un
meilleur accès aux services essentiels et aux transferts sociaux pour les plus pauvres et les plus
vulnérables, en articulation avec la Stratégie nationale de Protection sociale (SNPS) ». La mise en
œuvre de cette cible se poursuivra à travers plusieurs instruments de protection sociale,
3
Elasticité taux de croissance du PIB/tête et pauvreté
SENEGAL : MEFP_2018_ODD
RAPPORT FINAL 21
notamment, le Programme National de Bourses de Sécurité Familiale (PNBSF), la Couverture
Maladie Universelle (CMU), la Carte d’Egalité des Chances, les programmes de gratuité et
subventions. Ces stratégies et programmes sont pour la plupart de nature complémentaire et
renforcent l’impact sur la réduction de la pauvreté et de la vulnérabilité des personnes en situation
de pauvreté et sur la promotion de la cohésion sociale et économique pour atteindre, en particulier
la cible 3 de l’ODD1.
50. Concernant les transferts sociaux monétaires, ils sont de plus en plus considérés comme l’un
des instruments politiques de protection sociale les plus efficaces en matière d’assistance aux
personnes les plus vulnérables, en ce sens qu’ils cherchent à produire des effets sur
l’interruption de la transmission intergénérationnelle de la pauvreté, la prévention à court
terme de la vulnérabilité aux chocs, la contribution au développement du capital humain,
l’amélioration de la productivité des ménages (qui à son tour génère un certain nombre de
retombées) et la réduction des inégalités.
51. A l’horizon 2025, le Sénégal devra renforcer la Couverture Maladie Universelle (CMU) pour
atteindre un taux de couverture médicale de 80 % au moins. L’atteinte de cet objectif comprendra
(a) le renforcement des mutuelles de santé (b) l’extension du système de subventions de soins et
service d’assistance sociale pour les enfants de moins de cinq ans, (c) le dépistage des cancers du
sein et du col de l’utérus, (d) la gratuité des soins pour les personnes de plus de 60 ans (Plan
SESAM), (e) les subventions des soins couteux et affections rares des personnes atteintes de
maladies chroniques (SIDA, insuffisance rénale, diabète, cancer, etc.) et (f) la mise en œuvre de
la réforme des IPM avec le plan d’action de l’ICAMO, etc. La prise en charge des maladies
chroniques s’est globalement améliorée. En effet, le nombre de cas de diabète compliqués pris en
charge a augmenté de 22% en 2017. Il en est de même pour les cas d’insuffisance rénale (26%),
les cas de cancer (15%), les affections cardiaques (27%).
52. Le Sénégal poursuit la politique de généralisation des cantines scolaires pour les élèves issus de
familles vulnérables afin de leur offrir des conditions de maintien dans la scolarisation. En effet,
le pourcentage d’écoles disposant de cantines scolaires est passé de 28% en 2015 à 11,2% en 2016
avant de remonter à 25% en 2017. Des efforts devront être faits pour le passage à l’échelle des
cantines scolaires dans les écoles primaires et préscolaires (soutien alimentaire et nutritionnel en
faveur des enfants).
53. Le Gouvernement a pris des mesures fortes pour renforcer le système national obligatoire
d’assurance sociale, sur la base du principe de contributions conjointes des employeurs et des
employés dans les fonds de retraite publique (IPRES et FNR). A cet effet, des réformes importantes
ont été engagées ces dernières années avec l’augmentation de l’âge à la retraite, le relèvement de
la pension et la mensualisation du paiement des allocations. Il s’agit de consolider le système
contributif existant et de mettre en œuvre de nouveaux programmes pour ceux qui sont exclus en
relevant le niveau des pensions faibles, en instituant une allocation de solidarité aux personnes
âgées (ASPA) ou une retraite universelle, en créant une caisse autonome de retraite des
fonctionnaires dans le cadre de la réforme du FNR.
54. S’agissant du Fonds national de retraite (FNR), 99 009 agents fonctionnaires ont cotisé en 2017.
Ces cotisations ont permis de payer 74 904 pensionnés, répartis en retraités (39 360), veuves
(26 200), invalides (8 085) et orphelins (1 255). Pour un effectif de 128 524 agents, 73,89% des
agents de l’État, a cotisé au Fonds national de Retraites en 2017, soit une augmentation de 0.76%
SENEGAL : MEFP_2018_ODD
RAPPORT FINAL 22
par rapport à l’année précédente contre 26,11% à l’Institution de Prévoyance Retraites du Sénégal
(IPRES), soit une baisse de 0.76%.
1.4 : D’ici à 2030, faire en sorte que tous les hommes et les femmes, en particulier les pauvres et les
personnes vulnérables aient les mêmes droits aux ressources économiques et qu’ils aient accès aux
services de base, à la propriété foncière, au contrôle des terres et à d’autres formes de propriété, à
l’héritage, aux ressources naturelles et à des nouvelles technologies et des services financiers adaptés
à leurs besoins, y compris la microfinance.
55. Dans le cadre de la mise en œuvre du PSE, un nouveau document de politique foncière a été élaboré
en 2016 par la Commission nationale de réforme foncière, avec des recommandations qui devront
faire l’objet d’un projet de Loi.
56. Dans le domaine de la finance inclusive, le PSE met l’accent sur l’accès aux services financiers.
En effet, il tient compte du sous-secteur, à travers les orientations suivantes : (i) faciliter l’accès
aux services financiers et non financiers à travers la mise en œuvre d’un programme d’éducation
financière des PME et des populations et l’élaboration et mise en œuvre de la stratégie nationale
d’inclusion financière ; (ii) diversifier et adapter l'offre de produits et services financiers, à travers
la promotion de la finance islamique.
57. Par ailleurs, les instruments financiers modernes, y compris l’épargne et le crédit, constituent des
outils essentiels pour la facilitation de la consommation et pour la croissance. Les pauvres ont
besoin de services financiers appropriés et durables. L’accumulation de l’épargne dans des
établissements financiers permet une plus grande facilitation de la consommation face aux chocs,
une auto-assurance contre le risque, la sauvegarde de l’accumulation de richesse et une plus grande
solvabilité. Outre le financement de l’investissement et de la croissance, le crédit est crucial pour
faciliter la consommation en situation d’urgence.
58. L’Axe 2 du PSE, met l’accent sur la satisfaction des besoins sociaux de base comme un facteur
essentiel à une amélioration significative des conditions de vie des populations et une lutte plus
soutenue contre les inégalités sociales tout en préservant la base de ressources. Le PSE réserve
ainsi une place importante au renforcement de l’offre d’infrastructures et de services sociaux de
base, à la protection sociale et à l’autonomisation des groupes vulnérables. Il s’agit surtout
d’assurer l’éducation de qualité́ pour tous, la prise en charge de la santé de la mère et de l’enfant,
l’accès à un cadre de vie amélioré, la réduction de la dégradation de l’environnement, l’accès à la
formation professionnelle et l’accès à un emploi décent à travers une meilleure articulation de la
formation avec les besoins du marché du travail.
59. Ainsi, dans le domaine de l’Habitat et du cadre de vie, il s’agira de : (i)assurer une meilleure
planification et gestion de l'espace des villes et autres agglomérations à travers la systématisation
des autorisations de construction et le renforcement de la sécurité en application du Code de la
construction ; (ii) améliorer la qualité du cadre de vie en milieux urbain et rural à travers
l’aménagement de zones de recasement et la restructuration des zones inondables ; (iii) résorber
le déficit en logements sociaux et l’accessibilité des logements aux populations défavorisés.
60. Dans le domaine du foncier, des organisations de la Société civile ont initié des dynamiques qui
ont permis à des collectivités locales d’enclencher des processus d’élaboration de chartes locales
de gestion foncière pour une meilleure gouvernance des terres. Ces initiatives ont permis dans
certaines régions du Sénégal de renforcer l’accès des femmes à la terre et la sécurisation de leurs
droits fonciers au niveau local.
SENEGAL : MEFP_2018_ODD
RAPPORT FINAL 23
1.5 : D’ici à 2030, renforcer la résilience des pauvres et des personnes en situation vulnérable et
réduire leur exposition aux phénomènes climatiques extrêmes et à d’autres chocs et catastrophes
d’ordre économique, social ou environnemental et leur vulnérabilité.
61. D’ici la fin de la période des premiers 10 ans de mise en œuvre de la SNPS, il est attendu que la
majorité des citoyens des plus vulnérables soient dans une position de résilience beaucoup plus
forte avec la mise en œuvre opérationnelle du plan d’action de la plateforme de prévention et de
gestion des risques et catastrophes.
62. Le Sénégal intègre la protection sociale comme une des réponses à la vulnérabilité aux chocs liés
aux risques et catastrophes et au changement climatique (sècheresse, inondations, etc.). Les
politiques mises en place visent à améliorer la gestion des risques de catastrophes naturelles
notamment à travers la mise en place d'un fonds d’intervention d’urgence contre les catastrophes
et la mise en place d'un mécanisme d’assistance et d’indemnisation des victimes de catastrophes,
à développer des mécanismes d’assurance adaptés en renforçant le programme d’assurance
agricole contre les risques, et à créer des actifs durables au profit des ménages vulnérables en
articulant les programmes de bourses de sécurité familiales avec les projets sectoriels d’appui à la
résilience et d’adaptation aux changements climatiques.
63. Le Gouvernement aide les producteurs ruraux à faire face à la période de soudure pendant laquelle
les ménages se trouvent en situation d’insécurité alimentaire. L’Etat a pris la mesure de constituer,
annuellement, un stock de réserve de 10 000 tonnes de céréales. Le Secrétariat Exécutif du Conseil
National de Sécurité Alimentaire (SECNSA) intervient dans la gestion des risques de crises
alimentaires qui menacent en permanence les populations du monde rural et qui sont consécutives
aux aléas ou calamités naturelles (inondations, désertification, déficit pluviométrique, etc.).
64. A travers le Programme National d’Appui à la Sécurité Alimentaire (PNASA), l’Etat intervient
pour réduire les risques d’insécurité alimentaire. Le PNASA préconise dans sa composante 2, la
mise en place d’un système d’alerte rapide permettant de prévenir les risques de crises alimentaires
et la prise rapide des décisions pour répondre à des situations d'urgence. Le Système d’Alerte
Précoce (SAP) constitue une unité d’observation, d’analyse et d’information permettant de
prévenir et de gérer les crises alimentaires sur toute l’étendue du territoire national. En effet, le
SAP assure le traitement des données collectées par les comités régionaux de sécurité alimentaire
et transmet l’information aux autorités étatiques (notamment la Primature). Un bulletin
d’information sur la situation alimentaire et nutritionnelle du pays est édité tous les deux mois et
au besoin, le SAP élabore des notes d’informations afin de faciliter la prise de décision rapide face
à une situation de crise.
65. En outre, avec l’appui de l’Agence Nationale de l’Aviation Civile et de la Météorologie
(ANACIM), des services techniques de l’agriculture et des organisations paysannes, la fourniture
de services climatiques pour le secteur de l’agriculture pluviale est grandement facilité aux
paysans. Ces derniers ont ainsi accès aux informations climatiques tout au long de la saison
pluviale (prévision sur le caractère de la saison à venir, les dates de début de la saison optimales
pour le semis, les faux départs, des prévisions sur des séquences pluvieuses et sèches, etc.). Ces
informations transmises par les radios communautaires, par SMS et à travers les bulletins météos,
participent à la réduction des risques et la lutte contre l’insécurité alimentaire. Cette agence envoi
aussi régulièrement des bulletins d’alerte au Comité national de gestion des inondations pour
prévenir des risques éventuels durant la saison des pluies
SENEGAL : MEFP_2018_ODD
RAPPORT FINAL 24
66. Le Sénégal a souscrit à la Mutuelle Panafricaine de Gestion des Risques (ARC) conçue comme un
modèle d’assurance contre les catastrophes pour répondre spécifiquement aux problèmes
climatiques en Afrique. Cette initiative africaine répond à des préoccupations spécifiques liées au
climat, au niveau de chaque pays, en réduisant la dépendance à l’aide extérieure et en favorisant
une solution durable à un des plus grands défis de notre continent.
67. Des progrès ont été accomplis dans la gestion des catastrophes (notamment dans la prévention des
inondations et de manière encore assez timide dans la lutte contre l’érosion marine et les risques
industriels) et la réduction de leurs impacts en termes de pertes de vies et de biens, des
vulnérabilités importantes persistent aussi bien en milieu rural qu’en milieu urbain. Toutefois, les
lettres de politiques sectorielles des Ministères en charge de l’environnement et de la protection
civile, la Stratégie nationale d’adaptation au changement climatique et le Plan décennal de lutte
contre les inondations prennent en compte cette cible. | [
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MEPC\DGPPE\UCSPE@juin 2022 P. 17 / 98
ODD – REVUE NATIONALE VOLONTAIRE 2022
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IV.1. Évolution des ODD
Objectif 1. Éliminer la pauvreté sous toutes ses formes et partout dans le monde.
L’ODD 1 appelle à éliminer la pauvreté sous toutes ses formes, y compris l’extrême pauvreté. Toutes
les personnes, partout dans le monde, y compris les plus pauvres et les plus vulnérables, devraient
jouir d’un niveau de vie acceptable tout en bénéficiant d’une meilleure protection sociale.
Pauvreté.
Au Sénégal, les performances économiques enregistrées sur la première phase de mise en œuvre
du Plan Sénégal Émergent (PSE) ont été accompagnées par une amélioration du revenu per capita,
qui passait de 1 396 $ US en 2014 à 1 458 $ US en 2018 et d’une baisse du taux d’extrême
pauvreté ; 6,8% en 2018 contre 12,2% en 2011. Le taux de pauvreté5 (incidence) a aussi,
diminué de 5 points de pourcentage (pdp), passant de 42,8% en 2011 à 37,8% en 2018.
Toutefois, en terme absolu, le nombre de pauvres a crû, passant de 5 832 008 à 6 032 056
individus entre 2011 et 2018, conjugué à un taux de croissance démographique de 2,5% par an.
Il ressort également des résultats de l’Enquête harmonisée sur les conditions de vie des ménages
(EHCVM 2018/2019) que Dakar urbain et la zone rurale ont façonné le profil global, aussi bien
du taux de pauvreté, que du taux d’extrême pauvreté, avec des baisses très significatives sur la
période sous revue. En effet, la plus forte baisse est enregistrée à Dakar urbain où le taux de
pauvreté est passé de 14,2% en 2011 à 8,7% en 2018. Il est suivi par le milieu rural où le taux
est estimé à 58,7% en 2011 contre à 53,6% en 2018/2019, soit un repli de 5,2 pdp.
En sus de ces faits marquants, le croisement avec l’âge et le sexe du chef de ménage indique que
plus l’âge du chef de ménage est faible moins il y a de pauvres sous son autorité (35% chez les
5 Selon l’Enquête harmonisée sur les conditions de vie des ménages EHCVM 2018/2019
MEPC\DGPPE\UCSPE@juin 2022 P. 18 / 98
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chefs de ménages ayant moins de 25 ans et 39,3% chez ceux de la tranche 50-60 ans). Les
ménages dirigés par des femmes présentent moins de pauvres que ceux sous la responsabilité des
hommes (21,8% contre 42,7%). Au regard du statut d’occupation du chef de ménage, l’enquête a
révélé que 40,9% des interrogés vivant dans des ménages dirigés par un actif occupé sont endessous de la ligne de pauvreté contre 24,1% et 29,0% respectivement pour les ménages dirigés
par un chômeur et un inactif.
Comparativement à la cible, il faudrait réduire le taux actuel (37,8%) de pauvreté de 16,4 pdp,
pour être en phase avec l’objectif (21,4%) escompté à l’horizon 2030. Cependant, concernant le
taux d’extrême pauvreté, le rythme de progression noté sur la période 2015-2019 laisse
présager un écart à la cible nul ou relativement faible en 2030, toute chose étant égale par
ailleurs.
Les contraintes liées à la réduction de la pauvreté et à l’accroissement du revenu per capita sont
les suivantes :
• comme dans bien de pays africains, la croissance du revenu est absorbée par la croissance
démographique ;
• les faibles résultats en termes de développement du capital humain ne permettent pas
d’entretenir la croissance à long terme et donc de réduire significativement la pauvreté. En
effet, l’indice du capital humain est passé de 0,38 en 2010 à 0,42 en 2018 ;
• le poids important du secteur informel au Sénégal (45,6% du PIB en 2020) constitue un frein
à la croissance, à la réduction de la pauvreté et à la mise en place de mécanismes optimal de
ciblage ;
• le secteur agricole reste encore tributaire de la pluviométrie incertaine, n’encourageant pas
les investissements privés structurants dans les activités en zone rurale, et la lutte contre le
chômage des jeunes et des femmes.
MEPC\DGPPE\UCSPE@juin 2022 P. 19 / 98
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Au demeurant, les retombées de l’exploitation prochaine du pétrole et du gaz pourraient concourir
à l’accélération de la réduction de la pauvreté au Sénégal.
Protection sociale.
Les systèmes de protection sociale visent à soutenir les personnes vulnérables afin de renforcer leur
résilience face aux chocs, leur productivité et leur bien-être. Conformément à la cible 3 de l’ODD
1, le Sénégal met en œuvre des systèmes et mesures de protection sociale. En 2020, le nombre de
personnes couvertes par le risque maladie est ressorti à 8 889 741, soit un taux de 53,2% contre
32% en 2014, en partie attribuable à la Couverture Maladie universelle (CMU). Cependant la
cible fixée en 2020 à 60% n’a pas été atteinte.
Pour ce qui est des enfants, 1 126 376 individus ont été couverts par l’assurance maladie en
2020 après 1 077 252 en 2018, soit une croissance de 4,6%. Cette situation s’explique, en partie,
par l’augmentation du nombre d’enfants pris en charge par le programme de la CMU qui est passé
de 606 626 en 2018 à 898 572 en 2020. Les enfants bénéficiaires de la CMU en 2020 sont
constitués de 316 942 élèves, 7 719 talibés, 527 669 enfants issus des ménages bénéficiaires du
Programme National de Bourse de Sécurité Familiale et 668 pupilles de la nation. En outre, la
couverture maladie des enfants des travailleurs du secteur formel6 s’est bonifiée de 6,1% entre
2018 et 2020. De même, 417 190 enfants ont bénéficié des services de cantines scolaires en 2020
tandis que 1 145 668 ont reçu des transferts monétaires. Le nombre de pupilles de la nation
bénéficiaires d’une allocation mensuelle est de 328 en 2020, soit une hausse de 4,8% par rapport
à 2018.
Figure 2 : Protection sociale des enfants 2018-2020
Source : DGPSN, Revue annuelle de la protection sociale
Concernant les personnes handicapées, le nombre de cartes d’égalité des chances (CEC)
distribuées est passé de 10 077 en 2015 à 64 728 en 2020, soit une progression de 54 651
cartes en 5 ans. Cette carte offre des avantages dans les domaines de la santé, de la réadaptation,
de l’éducation, de la formation, des transports et des finances. Le résultat de 2020 reste, toutefois,
en-dessous de l’objectif de 80 000 cartes, en liaison avec la faible mobilisation de ressources. Par
ailleurs, sur les services proposés aux détenteurs des cartes, seuls trois (3) sont encore effectifs.
Figure 3 : Nombre de CEC distribuées
6 Direction de la solde
0
500 000
1 000 000
1 500 000
2 000 000
Assurance maladie Services de
cantines scolaires
Transferts
monétaires
2018 2019 2020
MEPC\DGPPE\UCSPE@juin 2022 P. 20 / 98
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Source : DGPSN, Revue annuelle de la protection sociale
S’agissant des femmes vulnérables, 27 950 femmes enceintes ont bénéficié de la gratuité de la
césarienne en 2020 contre 2 582 en 2015. En outre, 154 818 femmes enceintes et allaitantes ont,
aussi, reçu des produits nutritifs en 2020, quand bien même ce résultat est en baisse de 31% en
glissement annuel.
Figure 4 : Protection sociale des femmes enceintes
Source : DGPSN, Revue annuelle de la protection sociale
Au titre des personnes âgées, 201 192 individus ont bénéficié d’une prise en charge sanitaire en
2020, contre 144 449 en 2018. Pour sa part, le Plan SESAME a permis de couvrir 116 203
personnes âgées de 60 ans et plus en 2020, contre 81 952 en 2018.
Pour ce qui est du programme national de bourses de sécurité familiale, 316 941 ménages ont
bénéficié d’une allocation en 2020, contre 191 432 en 2015, soit une progression de 65,6% en 5
ans. Lancé en 2013, ce programme verse une allocation régulière de 25 000 FCFA par trimestre
aux ménages bénéficiaires. Initialement prévue pour une durée de 5 ans, la bourse n’est plus limitée
dans le temps depuis 2019. Elle est tributaire de l’évaluation de la situation des ménages faite à
intervalle de temps régulier, à travers le Registre National Unique (RNU).
En dépit des avancées considérables notées sur la période récente, quelques contraintes7 peuvent,
toutefois, être relevées dans la mise en œuvre de la stratégie nationale de protection sociale
(SNPS) : (i) le retard dans la validation des factures des initiatives de gratuité ; (ii) la difficulté à
communiquer sur les retards de remboursement des initiatives de gratuité et des subventions
dédiées aux Mutuelles de Santé ; (iii) le retard dans la mobilisation des ressources budgétaires
pour procéder aux paiements trimestriels des Bourses de Sécurité Familiales (BSF) ; (iv) les ruptures
de fonds au niveau des bureaux de poste de paiement des BSF ; (v) les lenteurs dans le traitement
des réclamations ; (vi) le manque d’informations sur les détenteurs de CEC et (vii) la faiblesse des
ressources destinées à l’extension de la protection sociale à l’économie informelle.
Concernant l’accès aux ressources économiques, les dépenses publiques de protection sociale sont
estimées à 274,38 milliards de FCFA en 2020 après 205,39 milliards de FCFA en 2015, soit une
croissance de 33,6% en 4 ans. Toutefois, le résultat de 2020 qui représente 1,9% du PIB est ressorti
en deçà de la cible de 4%. Ainsi, il demeure nécessaire de faire davantage d’efforts pour
augmenter les dépenses de protection sociale.
7 Revue annuelle sur la protection sociale
8 Revue annuelle de la protection sociale, édition 2021
9 Revue des dépenses de protection sociale 2010 -2015, Banque Mondiale
10077
24355
50006
50006
54300
64728
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2 582 16 324 19 809 17945 18996 27950
240000 224138
154818
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
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} |
29
ODS 1
Fin de la pobreza
En el contexto de la pandemia por la COVID-19, el porcentaje de población por debajo de la línea
nacional de pobreza monetaria subió de 26.8% en 2019 a 28.7% en 2020. Esta alza interrumpió la
reducción progresiva en el período 2015-2019, conforme a la cual se avanzó en más de un 60%
de la brecha por superar al 2030, al pasar de 40.6% a 26.8%.
Cuadro II.2. Estado de avance en las metas e indicadores nacionalmente priorizados del
ODS 1.
30
Notas: (1) El valor base de todos los indicadores es 2015, excepto en el caso de 1.2.2 y 1.2.2.a, ya que es 2016. Por otro
lado, los valores de medio término para los indicadores de las metas 1.1, 1.2, y 1.4 (1.4.1.a) corresponden a 2020, mientras
que los de 1.4 (1.4.2.a) y 1.a son de 2021. (2) En El Salvador, la medición nacional de pobreza multidimensional integra 20
indicadores en 5 dimensiones: 1) educación, 2) condiciones de la vivienda, 3) trabajo y seguridad social, 4) salud, servicios
básicos y seguridad alimentaria, y 5) calidad del hábitat. (3) Como parte de la priorización de este objetivo, se incluye la
meta 1.3 y la meta 1.5. Sin embargo, el levantamiento de información de sus indicadores de seguimiento no ha sido factible
para esta revisión de medio término.
Fuente: elaboración CNDS a partir de información oficial suministrada por DIGESTYC, el Despacho de la Comisionada
Presidencial para Operaciones y Gabinete de Gobierno y Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores.
Gráfica II.1. Trayectoria de avance en la reducción de la pobreza. El Salvador, 2015-2030.
A pesar de la tendencia internacional del aumento de la pobreza, en El Salvador esta tendencia
mundial fue revertida por las acciones del gobierno en apoyo de la población, cabe destacar la
entrega mensual de alimentos de la canasta básica, bonos de ayuda económica, financiamiento
de créditos blandos a las empresas para la reactivación del sistema productivo nacional. Esta
tendencia representa un avance en la disminución de la pobreza en el año de la pandemia de la
COVID-19.
31
Infografía II.1. Estado de avance de medio término (2021) en la reducción de las peores
formas de pobreza monetaria a nivel global, desde una perspectiva sociodemográfica.
El Salvador, 2020.
Fuente: elaboración CNDS a partir de información oficial suministrada por DIGESTYC.
Se mantuvo una tendencia favorable en la reducción de la pobreza multidimensional en un
contexto de crisis mundial. Entre 2019 y 2020, el porcentaje de población en hogares con pobreza
multidimensional no solo se mantuvo por debajo de un tercio de la población, sino que también
se redujo de 32.0% a 30.6%. En los tiempos de la COVID-19 la reducción de la pobreza
multidimensional representa una prioridad política de primer orden, al ser una estrategia que
permite de manera simultánea gestionar los riesgos del hacinamiento para el resguardo del
aislamiento presencial, reducir la pérdida de ingresos y/o de medios de subsistencia y promover
la prevención del contagio vía garantía de acceso a servicios de agua potable y saneamiento
(PNUD, 2020).
32
Figura II.1. Estado de avance de medio término en la reducción de la pobreza en todas sus
formas, desde una perspectiva departamental. El Salvador, 2019.
Porcentaje de población que vive en hogares con pobreza multidimensional
La ausencia de mediciones departamentales desagregadas para 2020 limita la generación de un
análisis más actualizado sobre el estado territorial de la pobreza multidimensional durante la crisis
por la COVID-19. Sin embargo, se reconoce la importancia de impulsar esfuerzos ajustados a las
necesidades de los territorios. Según las mediciones de 2019, en 7 de los 14 departamentos del
país recibieron la pandemia por la COVID 19, más del 40% de la población vivía en una situación
de pobreza multidimensional conforme a la cual presentaba al menos una privación de bienestar
que lo hacía ser más vulnerable frente a los efectos de la crisis por la COVID-19.
En este contexto, se necesita redoblar esfuerzos para acelerar la reducción de la pobreza
multidimensional. De acuerdo con los datos de la línea base para la adopción de los compromisos
al 2030, la dimensión del desafío es territorialmente más alta en 6 de los 14 departamentos, en
donde la brecha a superar entre 2016 y 2030 está sobre los 25 puntos porcentuales: Ahuachapán,
Morazán, Cuscatlán, Usulután, Cabañas y La Unión. | [
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1
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"country": "slv",
"file_id": "sdg-01/vnr-report-slv-2022-es-2.pdf",
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} |
SAN MARINO REPORT FOR THE 2021 18 — 19
VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW
GOAL
/1
GOAL 1
↗ THERE ARE NO EXTREME
FORMS OF POVERTY IN SAN
MARINO. INDIVIDUALS AND
FAMILIES AT RISK OF RELATIVE
POVERTY CAN RELY ON A
HIGHLY INCLUSIVE SOCIAL
WELFARE SYSTEM (EDUCATION,
HEALTH CARE, PENSIONS AND
UNEMPLOYMENT BENEFITS, ETC.).
↘ PARTICULARLY AS A
CONSEQUENCE OF THE GLOBAL
PANDEMIC, INSTITUTIONAL
CONCERN ABOUT RELATIVE
POVERTY - UNDERSTOOD
AS AN INCREASE IN THE NUMBER
OF PEOPLE AND FAMILIES FORCED
TO LIVE BELOW THE AVERAGE
STANDARD OF LIVING - HAS
INCREASED.
↘ IN ORDER TO IMPROVE THE
STANDARD OF LIVING OF ALL
CITIZENS AND TO PREVENT THE
GROWTH OF RELATIVE POVERTY IT IS
ESSENTIAL TO MONITOR STATISTICAL
INDICATORS AND IMPLEMENT A
SOCIAL WELFARE SYSTEM THAT
SUPPORTS THE WEAKEST GROUPS
OF THE POPULATION.
↗ THE WELFARE SYSTEM
PROVIDES FOR DIFFERENT
LEVELS OF BENEFITS, BOTH
UNIVERSAL AND SPECIFIC,
AIMED AT CERTAIN CATEGORIES
OF THE POPULATION.
GOAL 1
SAN MARINO REPORT FOR THE 2021
VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW
GOAL 1 20 — 21
Over the last five years (2015-2019) San Marino
has recorded an annual GDP per capita equal
to an average of approximately € 38,000.
There are no situations of absolute poverty
in the country, understood as a condition in
which a person lacks the means to meet his or
her basic needs.
The 2017 household consumption and lifestyle
survey shows the presence of relative poverty, with 97.4% of households answering yes
to the question “does a month’s income allow
the household to cover its expenses for the
same period?”. Only 1.6% of the population
(equal to 224 households) do not make ends
meet. In 2018 this percentage rose to 3%, with
households doubling.
Particularly as a consequence of the global
pandemic, institutional concern about relative poverty - understood as an increase in
the number of people and families forced to
live below the average standard of living - has
increased.
The 2017 relative poverty indicator is as follows: the relative poverty threshold for a family composed of 2 members is € 1,042.7. Based
on ISTAT equivalence scale ¹ relative poverty thresholds were calculated according to
household size.
In order to improve the standard of living of
all citizens and to prevent the growth of relative poverty it is essential to monitor statistical indicators and implement a social welfare
system that supports the weakest groups of
the population.
The groups most at risk of poverty and therefore most in need of support are: women, the
unemployed, irregular or precarious workers,
young people out of training and employment,
workers close to retirement who are made redundant, single parents, large families and
the disabled.
WELFARE AND EMPLOYMENT
The country's current welfare system is inclusive in terms of social protection systems for
families, people temporarily leaving the labor
market and the unemployed. Currently, the
economic instrument to support families in
difficulty is the guaranteed minimum monthly
family income for COVID-19, equal to a contribution of € 580, increased by € 150 for the
spouse and by € 50 for each dependent family
member, and 50% of the cost of rent. Additional forms of social protection instruments
are under consideration.
The ordinary regulatory instruments concerning social protection, and therefore also the
fight against poverty and hunger, currently
replaced by the minimum family income for
COVID-19, are the Social Credit Fund and the
Extraordinary Solidarity Fund.
The Social Credit Fund is the public intervention instrument aimed at reducing the pay gap
between the public and private sectors. The
Social Credit Fund, established by Law no. 135
of 18 December 2006 and regulated by Delegated Decree no. 125 of 20 December 2007,
was reaffirmed by Delegated Decree no. 178 of
28 December 2018.
The Extraordinary Solidarity Fund, established
by Article 10 of Law no. 146 of 19 September
2014, is a social protection instrument.
The minimum family income for COVID-19 is
the measure currently applied in San Marino
to support workers and families following the
COVID-19 pandemic. This instruments is currently replacing the other two.
The Wage Supplementation Fund is granted to
people temporarily leaving the labor market
due to corporate crises, while mobility and
unemployment benefits are available for the
unemployed.
In addition, in order to further help the latter
category of people, the Office for Active Labor
Policies is being reorganized to improve the
matching of supply and demand.
In order to encourage the employment of
young people and women, the support policies implemented by San Marino include
targeted incentives for young male entrepreneurs up to 40 years of age and for young female entrepreneurs up to 45 years of age.
As a further economic support to all workers
and pensioners, the daytime canteen service,
scattered throughout the territory, is available at a cost ranging from € 2 to € 2.8 for a
full meal.
As envisaged by the 2030 Agenda and by indicator 1.a.2, the Statistics Office, using the
State Accounting Office - Consolidated Financial Statement as a source, has launched a
survey related to the proportion of total government spending on essential services (education, health and social protection) in order
to monitor and strengthen services where
necessary. The indicator obtained is the ratio
between spending by the overall public sector
on education, health, social and welfare services and total government spending. In 2019
this ratio amounted to 64.4%.
EDUCATION
San Marino provides excellent education services. The intention is to create new professional skills demanded by the labor market.
All school levels and the Vocational Training
Centre are present in the Republic. The university courses offered in San Marino are undergoing major development, also in the context of collaboration projects involving the
country’s leading companies, in order to offer
students easier access to the labor market on
completion of their studies. In 2018 the level
of tertiary education stood at 20.24%.
The public education service is free of charge
in terms of enrolment and attendance, from
primary school to lower and upper secondary school. In kindergartens and elementary
schools, whether all-day or extended time,
approximately 50% of the cost of school canteens is borne by the families. Reduced rates
for the canteen service of the Social Services
Fund are applied to upper secondary school
students.
The number of class teachers in relation to
the number of students is one to eighteen and
support teachers are sufficient in number to
follow all students who need support. This allows a very high level of learning and enables
teachers to be alert to any changes in student
behaviors that may need more attention.
In order to facilitate women’s integration into
the labor market, public and private nursery
schools are available, with a fixed monthly fee
of € 210 for the public and slightly more for
the private ones, irrespective of attendance.
The daily attendance fee to be paid by users
for public nursery schools and private nursery
schools having concluded an agreement with
the State is € 5.80.
In order to guarantee the right to study, students and families may apply for:
• A study allowance of € 770 if the
annual per capita income is up to €
18,200; of € 1,540 if the per capita income is up to € 14,800; of € 2,310 if the
per capita income is up to € 11,400;
• Fiduciary loan for self-financing of
studies with a contribution of € 4,400
per year, to be repaid 3 years after the
qualification has been obtained;
SAN MARINO REPORT FOR THE 2021
VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW
GOAL 1 22 — 23
• Study allowance for most deserving
students equal to € 513.04, with an
average grade equal to or higher than
8.50 for high school students, and to
€ 996.12, with an average grade equal
to or higher than 28 for university students;
• Postgraduate scholarships:
€ 1,100 → income € 18,200,
€ 2,200 → income € 14,800,
€ 3,300 → income € 11,400;
• Contribution for books for high
school students: € 270 for the 1st and
3rd year, € 180 for the 2nd, 4th and 5th
year. € 320 for university students.
• Almost full reimbursement of transport costs (except for a fixed contribution of € 85 to be paid by the student)
for young people attending secondary
schools outside the territory.
• School transport for all school levels and textbooks for elementary and
lower secondary schools are free of
charge.
Monthly family allowances are provided to
support families with dependent children up
to the age of 16, in the following order: € 69.59
for the 1st child, € 90.50 for the 2nd child, €
112.50 for the 3rd child, € 133.50 for the 4th
child, € 160.50 for the 5th child. Such allowances continue to be granted if upper secondary school is regularly attended and up to the
third year of university.
In addition, a tax deduction of € 250 for each
dependent family member is applied.
SOCIAL AND HEALTH SYSTEM
Access to the social and health system is free
of charge and allows each patient to receive
basic and specialized care and to undergo
surgery without paying any fee. Drugs prescribed by doctors for the treatment of specific diseases and screening for diseases with
the highest mortality, such as breast, cervical
and intestinal cancer, are also free of charge.
Vaccines are administered free of charge, as
are a range of collateral preventive and health
enhancing services, such as physiotherapy,
speech therapy, psychology, etc. The high
level of public health was also confirmed in
2019 by a long life expectancy at birth of 83.22
years for men and 86.89 years for women.
The social and health system also provides free
assistance to all persons with disabilities in a
condition of reduced autonomy and/or fragility due to moderate or severe psycho-physical deficits. These services are differentiated
according to the specific needs: home nursing/medical assistance services, socio-educational and psychological activities on the
territory and in residential or semi-residential
facilities, protected transport services, etc.
The purpose of these services is also to offer
all-round assistance to persons with disabilities and their family members, also from the
point of view of social integration and inclusion, where possible also in the workplace, by
promoting cooperation at all levels with other
State services, cultural and voluntary associations, other services of the Social and Health
Department and with private companies.
A person with a 65% disability is paid a social allowance of € 557.24 per month. If the
disability is 100%, a carer’s allowance of €
11,773.60 per year is provided until the age
of 16. From the age of 16, this amount is increased to € 16,819.44 per year.
The current social security system also guarantees a good level of sustenance to pensioners, who receive a social pension of € 557.24
per month, which from 2021 will be paid at the
age of 66. The minimum pension is € 1,073.80,
which is paid at the age of 60 with 35 years of
contributions or at the age of 66 with 20 years
of contributions.
The percentage of households owning their
own home is high, namely 80.9%. If the person or household is in financial difficulty, they
can apply for social housing. Another instrument to support households in the purchase
of their own homes is the loan for subsidized
housing of up to € 130,000 for the purchase of
their first home.
In addition to this State aid, the country can
count on several non-profit associations (Caritas, Banco Alimentare, SUMS Solidarity Fund),
which carry out support activities within the
Republic in favor of people and families in difficult economic and life situations.
For example, since 2014 the Mutual Aid Society (SUMS), through its Solidarity Fund, has
provided aid to resident families in economic difficulty by directly paying their debts for
utilities (water, electricity, gas), rents, condominium fees and mortgages, school fees, car
expenses, medical care, or through shopping
vouchers, up to the amount of the contribution allocated to each applicant. | [
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8 THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF SOMALIA | VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW REPORT 2022
NO POVERTY
End poverty in all its forms everywhere
F
ollowing decades of civil war, 69 per cent
of the population live below the poverty line
comprising, nearly seven out of 10 Somalis
according to data from 2017. Poverty averages
at 69 per cent among nomadic pastoralists, agropastoralists and residents of IDP settlements23.
Poverty in urban areas is lower in comparison at 60
per cent. The group most impacted by poverty are
IDPs and as of 2019, 17 per cent of the population
were displaced though this fgure has likely grown
since the recent droughts. Further, three out of
23 Ninth National Development Plan 2020-2024
four IDPs live on less than $1.90 per day24. Poverty
in Somalia is driven by political fragility, confict,
insecurity and exacerbated by climate emergencies.
Poverty increased from 43 per cent in 2002 to 68
per cent in 2017. The increase can be attributed
to recurrent external shocks and natural disasters
which have created widespread displacement and
considerable demographical shifts. According to
data from the Somali High Frequency survey, 66 per
cent of Somali households reported experiencing
24 Somalia High Frequency Survey Wave 2 2017
GOAL 1
© AU/UN IST / Photo Ahmed Qeys
2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 9
at least one type of shock in the previous 12
months. Consequently, Somalia, previously a
predominately rural population, is projected to have
a population that is 50 per cent urbanised within
the next four years. Rapid urbanisation is likely to
increase inequality and cause serious constraints
on Somalia’s weak institutions arising mainly from
increased infrastructural needs.
Social protection and disaster risk
management
The number of people affected by disasters is 232
per 100,000 according to data from 201825. Somalia
has been hit with frequent and severe droughts
and foods which have adversely impacted the
country. This has led to a devastating repeated loss
of lives, livestock and crops. In the last few years,
the Somali Government has undertaken a number
of initiatives to mainstream disaster risk reduction
in the country. In March 2017, in a milestone
response to the severe drought at the time,
the Federal Government of Somalia established
a new Ministry, the Ministry of Humanitarian
Affairs and Disaster Management (MoHADM)
mandated to lead the Governments humanitarian
aid and emergency response coordination. Early
warning systems are critical for fostering livelihood
resilience and most notable of these efforts is
the Ministry of Humanitarian Affairs & Disaster
Management’s establishment of the Multi-Hazard
Early Warning Centre which coordinates disaster
risk management activities across Somalia.
Social Protection is an important part of the FGS
strategy to fght poverty and promote resilience.
The Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs is
the central institution mandated to establish
frameworks for job creation, promote social
inclusion and create and maintain stable social
security systems. In fulflling this mandate, in 2019
the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs launched
25 United Nations Offce for Disaster Risk Reduction 2021
the National Social Protection Policy helping the
Federal Government develop and implement a clear
and realistic vision for social protection to protect
the poor and vulnerable against shocks and manage
risks. Under this Policy, in a milestone achievement,
the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs launched
the Baxnaano programme, a safety net system
which supports the poorest and most vulnerable
households in Somalia through nutrition linked cash
transfers. Thus far, the programme has supported
188,677 households reaching over a million of the
poorest and most vulnerable people26.
26 Baxnaano Safety Net Programme 2022
50%
of Somalia’s population will be
urbanized within the next four years as
a result of climate related shocks | [
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33
END POVERTY IN ALL ITS FORMS EVERYWHERE
Youth perspective on SDG 1
Children and young people in Serbia face a higher risk of poverty than the adult population.
The at- risk-of-poverty rate for 2017 was 30.5% for children and 29.7% for young people, higher than
25.7% for the total population. During recent years (2014-2017) the risk of poverty decreased for young
people (18-24) but the risk for children (0-18) remains the same. Young women face significantly higher
risks of financial poverty than young men (32.3% vs. 27.3%). The at-risk-of-poverty and social exclusion
rate was also higher among children (38.5%) and youth (39.8%) than in the general population (36.7%)21
According to the National Organization of the Persons with Disabilities of Serbia (NOO- IS), two thirds of
families with children with disabilities report the lack of income to provide adequate care and support to
their children. In 24% of families, one of the parents had to leave the employment in order to provide care
for the child.22
Young people that participated in consultations are aware of the significance of addressing poverty and
social exclusion among children and young people. They recognize their peers from the Roma population
as the group of young people most vulnerable to poverty. Solutions they see as the most needed are
expanded coverage of young people under risk of poverty with social benefits, education and support to
employment. The same opinion is shared by young people included in the program for support to youth in
conflict with law. From their perspective, access to employment is the key leverage point to uplift youth
from poverty, and the support to young people to get better access to the labour market is seen as something
the government should prioritize.
21 Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia, Survey on Income and Living Conditions (SILC) data, SDG monitoring data bas
22 NOOIS (2017) Situation analysis: Position of children with disabilities in the Republic of Serbia, Belgrade.
Existing gaps and challenges / desirable solutions
“Roma communities are the most vulnerable in Serbia. Although our state provides them with some
social assistance, this is not enough. Single parents are also in a terrible situation. We need to provide
them with basic means of living, which they currently lack. But these are just temporary solutions that
will use them for a short period of time.”
“The poorest groups are people in villages and the Roma. What can be done on this issue is to
encourage work and education and to provide them with fnancial and other resources needed to
work on themselves – full support while on the way.”
Participants in the youth consultations.
34
Areas requiring advice and support (policy responses)
“The draft of the new National Strategy for Social Protection 2019-2025 is still in the
adoption process. The Strategy notes that social financial assistance for children (child
allowance) is low (between 20 and 30 EUR) and significantly lower than the EU average
(0.29% of GDP in 2016 compared to 1.1% of GDP in EU).
The Republic of Serbia has the National Strategy for Youth that recognizes the importance
of poverty reduction and social inclusion of young people. The Law on Youth considers
persons 15-29 years of age as young people. Therefore, children until the age of 14 are not
targeted by this policy and its measures. Serbia does not have an integrated anti-poverty and
social inclusion strategy that would address the issue of child and youth poverty and social
exclusion in a comprehensive manner.”23
Local self-government perspective on SDG 1
The SCTM supports the development of socially responsible and inclusive local self-government and
development and improvement of the strategic and legal framework through active participation of local selfgovernments in the processes of implementing new public policies and regulations in this area. The SCTM
find particularly important the goals that the Government of the Republic of Serbia has elaborated and
adopted in the “Employment and Social Reform Programme” (ESRP), which also contains activities related
to local self-government. The main social development challenges in Serbia are unemployment and social
exclusion, demographic devastation, mortality and disease rates from preventive diseases, and unfavourable
educational structure of the population. The main elements of social exclusion (poverty, unemployment and
lack of social contacts) exclude individuals and even entire communities from the developmental flowsof the
society, especially in rural areas of Serbia. Therefore, the SCTM supports local authorities in implementing
inter-sectoral public policies and works on strengthening their capacity to implement quality, accessible,
inclusive, and efficient measures in the areas of social and health care, education, employment, sports,
culture and youth.
In line the with the strategic direction of the Republic of Serbia, with the focus on the processes of
decentralization and deinstitutionalization of social protection, in the future, special attention will be
focused on the development of social protection services at the local level. Having in mind the existing
situation, the SCTM supports municipalities and cities in developing planning and other documents in the
field of social protection, standardizing the implementation of competences in child and social protection
programmes and improving the capacity of employees. The SCTM is committed to further developing
local inclusive policies for all individuals from vulnerable and marginalized groups. Accordingly, the local
administration is presented with the request of a holistic approach in the field of social protection, along
with the need for intensive capacities development in the local administration to respond to the needs of
citizens – beneficiaries and potential beneficiaries of local social welfare services.24
23 UNICEF, Sustainable development for and by children and youth – Contribution to Voluntary National Review on the Implementation of the
2030 Agenda.
24 Information submitted by the Standing Conference of Towns and Municipalities – National Association of Local Authorities in Serbia (SCTM) as
the contribution to writing the VNR. | [
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46
SDG 1
The eradication of poverty in STP is part of the agenda of its successive governments, through the implementation of programs
and actions to improve household access to income. The most recent data on poverty (INE, IOF 2017), with reference to US$ 1.90
day, which is the line used for international comparability purposes, proves that there have been improvements in this indicator,
compared to 2010 data. In this period, the poverty level in STP, measured by the proportion of the population whose equivalent
income is below the international poverty line (defined as US$1.90 per day), reduced from 35.6% to 25.9%, with no significant
differences by gender, despite a slight incidence in the female layer (WB Estimates and INE 2021).
However, despite this reduction, about a quarter of the country's population still lives on less than USD 1.90 per day, which shows
that the level of economic growth has not been sufficient to generate employment and well-being for the majority of the population.
Families with more children are the most affected by poverty. In 2017, about 30% of children, under the age of 15, lived in families
with less than USD 1.90 per person /day and almost half (46%) were in the poorest 40% of the population. In STP, poverty affects
more the population living in urban areas (26.8%) than those living in rural areas (24.4%).
In terms of the national dimensions for calculating poverty, that is, the cost of basic necessities, according to official data (INE,
IOF 2010), in 2010, two thirds of the country's population (66.2%) was poor (Graph 1.1), that is, they had an annual per capita
expenditure of 10,975,730 Dobras, which represented less than 30 Dobras per capita/day. In 2017, the incidence of poverty (66.7%)
practically did not change in relation to 2010, notwithstanding a registered increase in annual per capita expenditure (19,017,000
Dobras), of about 52.10 Dobras per capita/day. With regard to gender, the data show that in 2017 poverty affected men and women
in almost the same proportion, a situation very different from that registered in 2010, in which poverty had a greater incidence
among women (71% against 63% of men).
Graph 1.1: Poverty index (P0, P1, P2), by gender 2010 - 2017
Poverty affects mainly extended families, single parent households,
both nuclear and extended, consisting mostly of women, children and
the elderly. Poverty is also influenced by employment status, i.e., the
highest levels of poverty in the country are found in the categories of
discouraged unemployed (72.9%) and inactive (68.50%) (Table 1.1,
in annex). It is also noted that poverty also varies according to socioeconomic groups, with the poorest concentrated in the private
agricultural sector (69.8%). The poverty gap for 20% of the poorest
families worsened between 2010 and 2017, i.e., it almost doubled,
from 62% to 76.1% and from 40.2% to 50.3%, for the 40% poorest
families. Extreme poverty affects 47% of the country's population,
which raises concern on food security issues in the country.
As already mentioned, people experiencing poverty live mostly in large
families and are therefore associated with high
47
situations of dependency4 , which puts great pressure on the productive population. Poor families have, on average, 1.97 children
between the ages of 0 and 14 under their dependency, a much higher level than non-poor families (1.07 children) (Table 1.2, in the
annex).
In order to minimize the effects of poverty, which still affects a large section of the population, the Government adopted, as a
policy measure, the social protection system, and, through the Social Protection of Citizenship scheme, benefits 2,500 households
with poor elderly people, 5,000 poor households with members of working age, and a public works program. However, it is
recognized that this system has little coverage in terms of beneficiaries, given the needs of the country, despite the efforts that have
been made in terms of public resources, with expenditure for the social protection sector increasing from 0.65% of GDP in 2018
to 1.3% of GDP in 2020.
Social transfers or benefits are still low in the country. According to the MICS 2019 data, they were received by only 7% of
members living in households. On the other hand, in 2017, only 4,269 individuals benefited from social security, with the highest
levels of coverage found in Água Grande (25.6% %) and Mé-Zochi Districts (17.4%) and, at the opposite end, in Caué District,
with only 6.6% (DPSS).
There is some improvement at the level of the comfort goods of the Santomean population, especially with regard to access to
water. According to INE (MICS, 2019), about 89% of Santomean families used basic improved water services, being 39.8% on
site and 49.4% travelling up to 30 minutes to access this precious liquid (Table 1.3, in annex). However, almost half of the families
use fountains as the main source of water for consumption (48.9%) (Table 1.4, in annex). Hygiene is an important requirement for
health, especially for children, as it prevents many diseases, such as diarrhea.
This is an area in which the country needs improvement, as only about half of households (53.9%) had handwashing facilities with
the availability of water and soap, 57% in urban areas and 47% in rural areas (INE, MICS 2019).
In terms of sanitation, only half of the country's population used an improved sanitation facility5 , with 16.5% connected to an
improved ventilated latrine. The situation is slightly better in urban areas (52.6%). Regarding the regions, the best levels, in terms
of existence of improved sanitation facilities, were found in the district of Água Grande and the ARP, with 63% and 58.3%,
respectively. In opposite direction is found the Northwest and Southeast Regions with 38.5% and 40.8%.
Another important aspect in terms of sanitation, which the authorities have worked to eradicate, is the problem of open defecation.
Still, 45.5 per cent of the country's population still adopts this practice, which has greater incidence in rural areas (51.1 per cent).
The Northwest and Southeast regions are the most affected by this practice, which jeopardizes the quality of the environment and
public health (Table 1.5, in annex).
Other important dimensions also contribute to the level of comfort of families, such as electricity, fuel, and internet, among others.
Around one fifth of the families do not have electricity at home; the overwhelming majority of the households (95%) use polluting
fuels to prepare the food (other fuels). More than half of the households (55.5%) do not have access to the internet, (Table 1.6, in
annex).
As for the number of people killed, missing persons and those directly affected by disasters, there has been a positive evolution,
rising from 0.18 per 1,000 inhabitants in 2017 to 0.28 in 2019, according to data from the National Civil Protection and Fire Service
(SNPCB).
In order to increase the resilience of the poorest and most vulnerable and reduce their exposure and vulnerabilities to climaterelated extreme events and other economic, social, and environmental shocks and disasters (see SDG 13), STP has adopted and
implemented its disaster risk reduction strategy, aligned with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030. The
Government of the ARP has also drafted the Sustainable Development Plan - "Principe 2030", which includes actions aimed at
climate change resilience.
The Government of STP is very sensitive to the problem of poverty in the country, precisely because of this, it has paid attention
to poverty reduction programs, having allocated to them, in 2016, more than half of the external resources (53%) and about 16%
of the internal resources (GSB and SAFE). Internal resources have been increasing and reached their maximum value in 2019. The
trajectory of resources from external sources has been in the opposite direction, having reversed the trend in 2018, reaching the
maximum value (49%) in 2019, as illustrated in the following graph.
4 Ratio of those who are not in the labour force, i.e., children up to age 14 and aged 65 and older) to those who are usually in the labour force (15 and 64). 5 Facility that hygienically separates human excreta from human contact. Improved sanitation facilities include flushing or emptying water into a piped sewer
system, septic tanks or pit latrines; ventilated improved pit latrines, pit latrines with slabs and composting toilets.
48
Graph 1.2: Percentage of resources allocated by the Government through the GBS to anti-poverty programs,
2016 - 2019
As for the proportion of executed expenditure, allocated to essential services with impacts on poverty levels (education, health and
social protection), the GSB data show that most of the current expenditure has been on the education sector, absorbing about a
quarter (26%) in 2015, having decreased to a fifth in 2018. This is followed by the health sector with 14% in 2015, maintaining
practically the same level in 2018. In terms of current expenditure on social protection, it is not very significant, as illustrated in
the following table. The same trend is maintained with regard to capital expenditure, with health and education being the sectors
that received the largest amounts. The proportion of expenditure allocated to social protection was small, reaching 0,06% of current
expenditure and 1,56% of capital expenditure in 2018.
Table 1.7: Proportion (%) of executed expenditure, allocated to essential services (education, health and social
protection): Current Expenditure and Capital Expenditure, 2015 - 2020
Despite the still existing levels of poverty, the country has strategically invested in education and health, increasing the standard
of living of its population, which has contributed to remarkable human development. In 2010, STP was classified as a middleincome country, and according to the HDI it has increased from 0.452 in 1990 to 0.625 in 2019, with life expectancy increasing
by 12,2 years over this period. | [
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64
SDG 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere
Data show that 14.7% of youth7 in Slovenia lives below the at-risk-of-poverty threshold,8 while the share is higher
than among the population as a whole. MSS is involved in the public debates and preparation of legislation with
an aim to improve the living conditions for youth during the process of education and their entry to the labour
market. As a member of working groups, we proposed a reform of the scholarship policy, suggested instruments
to boost youth employability, and pointed out the problem of the system not ensuring decent wages for youth in
precarious employment.
MSS proposes: We need to embrace intergenerational dialogue and cooperation. Youth and elderly are the two
generations that are at the highest risk of poverty. Young people struggle to find decent work, work in precarious
jobs, and face trouble while trying to buy or rent their own housing. Elderly people often receive rather low
pensions but own oversized properties. Slovenia should establish a legislative framework that would enable
easier exchange of housing properties, low-tax transfer of real estate ownership and encourage youth and the
elderly to cooperate. | [
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17
Goal 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere
The material condition of the population in Slovenia
has been improving in parallel with the improvement
of the economic situation since 2014. Current
individual consumption per capita, which is an index
of living standard, however, is still below the EU
average. The risk levels for social exclusion and
poverty, which are even higher than at the beginning
of the crisis, though below EU average levels, have
also started to fall. In this regard, mainly the reduction
of the risk of poverty among the elderly, especially
women, presents a challenge. On an international
scale, income inequalities, which are reduced in
Slovenia more than in other countries by the taxation
of labour, have remained low. Inequalities with
regard to gender are also low. Since the beginning of
the crisis, the segmentation of the labour market,
which mainly affects young people, has increased
considerably. Due to the diversification of public
institutions and mainly public financing, the level
of access to public services is relatively good, but the
current financing system is unsustainable in the long
term. Slovenia strives to address key challenges in
securing quality life for all, and our activities will be
focused on:
Providing a suitable income level for a
decent life, with the goal of decreasing the
risk of poverty and social exclusion;
Maintaining a low level of income and
property inequality;
Forming sustainable social protection
systems;
Enhancing cooperation, solidarity, and
volunteerism, including through promoting
social innovations; and
Eliminating all forms of discrimination.
SDG Target Indicators3 Data for Slovenia
1.2 By 2030, reduce at least by
half the proportion of men, women,
and children of all ages living in
poverty in all its dimensions
according to national definitions
At-risk-of-poverty rate 14.3% (2015)
Social exclusion rate 19.2% (2015)
Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals
Selected Measures, Activities, and Examples of Good Practice
Slovenia @ home
► Social security programme
The Republic of Slovenia uses public tenders to cofinance preventive, curative, and so-called
maintenance social security programme for the most
vulnerable groups with higher risks of social
3 In accordance with paragraph 75 of the 2030 Agenda, the goals and targets are followed up and reviewed using a set of global
indicators, which are complemented by indicators at the regional (EU) and national (Slovenia) levels in addition to the outcomes
of work undertaken for the development of the baselines for those targets for which national and global baseline data does not
yet exist.
exclusion. This applies to children and adolescents,
the elderly, women who experience domestic
violence, people with mental health problems,
homeless people, at-risk users of illicit drugs, people
with various forms of functional disability, Roma, and
immigrants. These programmes complement the
social security services and measures carried out by
the public service. They are carried out by nongovernmental organisations present on the field and
18
who are often the first to detect the hardships and the
needs of the people.
By co-financing social security programmes over a
long period, the Republic of Slovenia promotes and
provides employment to more than 500 experts
(social workers, psychologists, educators, etc.) in a
range of 400 positions of full-time employment.
These programmes include approximately 8,400
volunteers, whose work and (in particular)
experience is a significant contribution to the greater
quality of the implementation of the programmes. As
a rule, the funds are used to cover the labour costs of
professional staff and the material costs necessary
for the implementation of the programmes.
► Transparent and accessible system of social
transfers
Slovenian legislation defines twelve different benefit
payments and subsidies (rights from public funds) to
assist people in easing their social distress as well as
to increase their quality of life.4 Since the aid applies
to various fields, the applications for assistance had
to be filed with different forms and at different
institutions prior to 2012, which made the system very
inconvenient for the users. With the adoption of the
new law that applies from 2012 onwards (Exercise of
Rights to Public Funds Act), the users can now file a
single application to exercise their rights at the local
competent social work centre.
► To actively tackle the challenges of long-term
poverty and social exclusion by following the
‘social investment approach’ (measure under
development)
Despite substantial improvement in recent years, the
percentage of persons exposed to long-term poverty
remains relatively high. The Republic of Slovenia is
aware of the need to address the challenges of
poverty and social exclusion more actively and
innovatively mostly by considering the ‘activation and
social investment approach’. In accordance with this
policy, the ministry of labour and social affairs
highlighted the reform of social work centres and the
activation of the recipients of transfers among the key
priorities in the coming period. The most vulnerable
individuals and groups will be included in the overall
social activation programmes, with the aim of:
setting up an integrated model of social
activation,
empowerment of target groups to move
closer to the labour market,
prevention of slipping into poverty or social
exclusion and reduction of inequalities in
health.
It is typical for social activation to combine the
measures from the field of social security with the
measures of active employment policy, including
other possible forms of aid and support of the state,
the private sector, and the non-governmental sector.
This will enable individual treatment on a case-bycase basis in specific local environments and
integrated solutions for each user. We will also
promote effective partnership with civil society and
the private sector to address the SDG Target of the
2030 Agenda 17.17. On the one hand, the measure
is intended for the timely detection and prevention of
increases in the at-risk-of-poverty rate, and on the
other, for tackling the problem of poverty and social
exclusion.
Slovenia as a Responsible Global Citizen
At the regional and global levels, Slovenia
contributes to poverty eradication and sustainable
development on the basis of the latest legal and
strategic documents on international development
cooperation. We address all forms of poverty in
different categories of development countries. We
contribute substantial funds to LDCs through
multilateral channels (for example, the European
Development Fund), and bilaterally through projects
in partner countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. For
example, Slovenia envisages the construction of a
school for 300 pupils in Kabingo, Burundi, a project
that will have long-term effects on target groups, who
will be provided access to education and knowledge,
respect for human rights and, consequently, offered
a better and safer future.
Slovenia pays special attention to middle-income
countries (MICs) in its neighbourhood and addresses
their development needs and potentials as well as
their challenges, such as growing inequality and
potential fragility. The main instruments of our
development cooperation in MICs in the Western
Balkans are various forms of technical assistance,
green infrastructure projects, and projects for the
empowerment of women.
4 The rights from public funds: child benefit, social
assistance benefit in cash, income support, state
scholarship, subsidised payment of kindergarten,
subsidised payment of school snack for primary- and
secondary-school pupils, subsidised payment of school
lunch for primary-school pupils, exemption from payment of
social services, contribution to payment of home care
assistant, rental subsidy, right to cover the difference in the
full value of health services, right to payment of compulsory
health insurance contributions. | [
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SDG 1: END POVERTY IN ALL ITS FORMS EVERYWHERE
In its Development Strategy 2030, Slovenia is committed to ensuring a decent life for all generations. High
economic growth over the past years has facilitated an increase in employment and income, with social
exclusion and income inequality indicators mostly returning to the relatively favourable levels from before
2008, when they deteriorated during the economic and fnancial crisis. Slovenia is a country with low income
inequality and a relatively low at-risk-of-poverty rate.
Slovenia’s social protection system provides social security to individuals and families who cannot provide for
themselves, and helps them with social integration. In addition to social transfers, there are over 170 social
protection programmes in place, covering specifc areas for individual target groups. These programmes
strive for the social inclusion of all vulnerable social groups by ensuring a dignifed life and the opportunity
to actively participate in various social roles. Employment policies with such an aim can contribute to social
inclusion and to reducing the at-risk-of-poverty rate. The Active Employment Policy programme covers a
set of labour market measures which are aimed at enhancing employment and reducing unemployment,
improving the employability of persons and increasing the competitiveness and fexibility of employers.
In light of the trend of low birth rates, on the one hand, and longevity, on the other, one of the main
challenges Slovenia has to tackle is the increasing number of people over 65 years of age. This calls for
amending the social protection and healthcare systems in Slovenia. The greatest challenge pertains to
establishing a single system for long-term care and the source of funding. Thus far, Slovenia has managed
to keep such expenditure below the EU average. However, long-term projections indicate that if Slovenia
keeps the established policies in place, its public fnances will not sustain the situation and the period of
employment will have to be prolonged.
Indicator
At-risk-of-poverty rate
At-risk-of-social
exclusion rate
Housing cost
overburden rate
Data for 2015
14,3%
19.2%
6.1%
Data for 2018
13.3%
16.2%
4.9%
The at-risk-of-poverty rate is 1.4% higher for women, with the number being even higher within the
population aged 65 and above (12.9% for men, 22.3% for women). Retired women, tenants and the
unemployed are at the highest risk of poverty. Slovenia is applying various policies and actions to reduce the
at-risk-of-poverty rate. Namely, in 2019, several austerity measures in the feld of family benefts were lifted,
and the threshold for obtaining a state scholarship was lowered (thus granting a scholarship to an additional
8,500 secondary school and university students). In 2020, the Government of the Republic of Slovenia raised
the minimum wage, giving it a new defnition by excluding all benefts.
People over 65 years of age are at the highest risk of poverty, with the risk being 10% higher for women
in this age group. Slovenia has applied diferent methods to lower the at-risk-of-social exclusion rate,
including the re-introduction of compensation in the amount of the total salary during maternity, parental
or paternity leave; higher fnancial assistance upon the birth of a child, a higher parental allowance and a
higher amount of the lowest payment of maternity, paternity and parental compensation. Greater inclusion
of the older population is also the result of a wide range of lifelong learning and training options. Slovenia
also endeavours to improve the inclusion of vulnerable groups.
Men are more exposed to a housing cost overburden than women. The trend is, however, diferent when it
comes to people over the age of 65 as women (3% more than men) are more exposed to such risks. This is
to a large extent the result of the high share of owner-occupied housing. In Slovenia over three quarters of
housing is owner-occupied which makes Slovenia one of the EU countries with the highest share of owneroccupied housing.
YOUTH INITIATIVES
The issue of housing available to youth
in Slovenia should be adequately addressed.
Young people in Slovenia face increasing market
rents, on the one hand, and increasingly limited
opportunities to obtain a loan, on the other. In
addressing the issue, both aspects should be taken
into account, namely the possibilities of renting
(regulation of the housing market) as well as
the possibilities to purchase (cooperation
with banks in acknowledging atypical
forms of employment).
SLOVENIA AS A RESPONSIBLE GLOBAL CITIZEN
In addition to giving donations and humanitarian aid for ending poverty, Slovenia also takes a systematic
approach to tackling poverty. Slovenia defnes poverty as a structural issue and supports projects that
indirectly strive to end poverty and thus acts in a comprehensive and integrated manner. In Rwanda, for
example, there is a project that aims to improve access to natural resources and increase the efciency of
their use, which also contributes to increasing the chances of survival and improving the quality of life of the
poorest population. With such projects, Slovenia demonstrates by its international cooperation activities that
is has a holistic understanding of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, as it strives to end poverty
in such a way that addresses several aspects of sustainable development in the long run.
In the framework of protection against natural and other disasters, in 2016 Slovenia adopted the National
Programme of Protection against Natural and Other Disasters for the Period 2016-2022. In addition to
national interests, the programme also takes into account Slovenia’s obligations arising from adopted
international and regional treaties, conventions and agreements and the concluded bilateral agreements in
the feld of disaster protection; Slovenia also follows the guidelines of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk
Reduction 2015-2030 and the principles of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. In terms of joint
EU education and training and providing international rescue assistance, Slovenia’s active role within the EU
mechanism in the feld of civil protection places Slovenia among the most active EU members in this feld.
In the period 2017-2020, Slovenia, together with neighbouring countries, provided international assistance
during major disasters in the Western Balkans (including foods in North Macedonia in 2016 and Albania in
2017, an earthquake in Albania in 2019, an earthquake in Croatia in 2020, and during the COVID-19 pandemic
in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia and North Macedonia). With its experts, Slovenia has also contributed to
the response to disasters in other parts of the world (during the foods in Nigeria in 2018 and the foods in
Mozambique in 2019). | [
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18
Goal 1
End poverty
in all its forms
everywhere
Sweden lives up to most of the targets, globally speaking. Sweden does well in
international comparison, with a high standard of living and a well-developed
welfare system.
The Instrument of Government stipulates, inter alia, that the public institutions
are to work for all citizens to be able to attain participation and equality in
society and counteract discrimination on grounds such as gender, ethnicity,
religion or other belief, functional disability, sexual orientation or age. This
means that Sweden has the structural functions required by the goal.
Absolute poverty9
does not exist in Sweden today. In that sense, poverty has
been eliminated, but there are great economic differences in society. Parts of
the population have scant financial resources in comparison with the average.
Sweden has no national definition of poverty. A frequently used EU measure is
the proportion of the population that has a disposable income lower than 60 per
cent of the national median income. In Sweden, 15 per cent of the population is
below this threshold. In recent years, disposable income has increased within
all groups of society, but to a lesser degree among those with lower incomes,
which means that income disparities have become greater. On average, women
have lower salaries than men. This pay gap is largely due to the fact that the
labour market is characterised by a gender segregation. Women are over-represented in professions with positions that offer lower wages. Poverty in the sense
of a low disposable income occurs to the highest degree among women over the
age of 65, single women with children, people with disabilities and persons
born outside Sweden.
For everyone living or working in Sweden, public social insurance protection
creates security and counteracts economic vulnerability. A fundamental
ambition is to create conditions for all children to grow up on equal terms, to
increase gender equality and to promote social cohesion and economic growth.
Poverty reduction is an overarching goal for Swedish international development
cooperation. Interventions in this area are based on a multidimensional concept of poverty. Since 1975, Sweden’s aid has met or exceeded the UN goal that
at least 0.7 per cent of annual GNI shall go to aid. Sweden’s own goal is to
allocate 1 per cent of GNI to development cooperation, and since 2006 Sweden’s
aid has amounted to about 1 per cent of GNI.
9 Persons who have an income below USD 1.25 per
day are deemed to live in absolute poverty.
19
Among the challenges are the reduction of income disparities in Sweden,
including the differences in income between women and men, and increasing
the disposable income of certain vulnerable groups, such as children and adults
in families with scant income, people with disabilities and of the many newly
arrived immigrants who have come to Sweden in recent years. Goal 10 about
reduced inequality is also relevant in Sweden. | [
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74 Government Ofces of Sweden
SDG 1 End poverty in all its
forms everywhere
Brief assessment of developments per target
1.1 The target of eradicating extreme poverty for all
people everywhere by 2030 is calculated globally and is not considered relevant in a Swedish
context.
1.2 Sweden has the lowest level of material poverty in the EU. At the same time, the trend is
moving in the wrong direction, with the proportion of people earning less than 60% of
median income having increased.
1.3 Sweden has basic social protection for all, which
means that the target is met.
1.4 Sweden contributes in various ways through
national and global efforts to help ensure that
all women and men, in particular the poor and
the vulnerable, have equal rights to economic
resources, access to basic services, etc.
1.5 Sweden’s work on the 2030 Agenda is based on
the three dimensions of sustainable development and emphasises coherence policy. Sweden
contributes to the target through its overall foreign policy, in particular development cooperation, emphasising the importance of the
interaction between humanitarian aid and peacekeeping efforts in order to reduce vulnerability to risks and build the resilience of people
living in poverty.
Overview
Sweden’s fulflment of the goal
Sweden has the lowest level of material poverty in
the EU. Real incomes have risen since the 1990s,
and the level of basic social protection is 100% in
most areas, according to Statistics Sweden’s report
from 2019. At the same time, Statistics Sweden’s
statistical review shows that the proportion of people with an income below 60% of median income has increased, meaning that economic gaps have
widened over the same period. Overall, younger,
and older people, single people and families with
children have a lower economic standard than people of working age, people cohabiting and households without children. Women living alone have a
lower economic standard than men living alone in
all age groups. There are also structural factors that
contribute to differences between groups, such as
differences in educational attainment between those
born in Sweden and abroad, and differences in the
pay status of traditionally male- and female-dominated occupations. The proportion of Swedes at risk
of poverty or social exclusion is lower than the EU
average and has remained relatively constant over
the last ten years. Statistics Sweden’s report from
2020 shows that, in 2019, Sweden had one of the
lowest rates of severe material poverty in the EU,
except in areas with socio-economic challenges,
where the rate was on a par with the EU average
of just under 7%.
Sweden’s challenges
One challenge is that economic inequalities
between different groups in society are not diminishing and that people with fewer resources are
more vulnerable than others. In response to the impact of the coronavirus pandemic, the Government has taken steps to reduce the spread of infection
and to counteract the economic impact on businesses and individuals. Many of the measures taken
have been aimed at strengthening the social security
system. In the short term, benefits are important to
prevent individuals and families from experiencing
a sharp drop in income and difficulties in making
ends meet. The number of households receiving financial assistance has decreased over the last five
Government Ofces of Sweden 75
The diagram shows how the
various indicators stand in
relation to each other and the
progression over time in the
proportion of people in each
indicator. For the indicator
“excessive debts”, information is
only available for one year, 2018.
Source: Statistics Sweden
years. In 2019, 202 000 households received assistance at some point during the year, which is equivalent to one in twenty households in Sweden. On
the other hand, the amount of assistance per household and the average period for which assistance was provided have increased. Four in ten adult
recipients of income support received it for at least
10 months in 2019. Of these, half were women and
two-thirds were born outside Sweden. There were
51 300 children in these households, an increase
of 1 300 since 2018.
Sweden’s successes
Sweden has basic social protection for people that
is almost comprehensive. The proportion of the population covered by basic social protection is 100%
in most areas. This protection includes social security benefits, financial assistance/income support and pensions. Economic standards have risen
in Sweden. Incomes have increased most for people
in the higher income brackets, but those on low incomes also had higher economic standards in 2018
than previously, with the result that the proportion
of people with a low standard of income has fallen.
Sweden’s responsibilities and contributions in a
global perspective
The objective of Swedish international development cooperation and humanitarian assistance is to
create preconditions for better living conditions for
people living in poverty and under oppression. The
Swedish Government’s priority is to continue to
allocate 1% of GNI to official development assistance. Development cooperation must be focused
on the least developed and most vulnerable countries. The Government has decided on a policy framework for Swedish development cooperation and
humanitarian assistance based on the 2030 Agenda, the Addis Ababa Action Agenda and the Paris
Agreement. The policy framework for development cooperation and humanitarian aid emphasises
the importance of gender equality and takes a multidimensional view of poverty, which is not only a
lack of material resources but also a lack of power
and influence over one’s own situation, choices, security and respect for human rights. In this way,
development cooperation is adapted to the needs
and circumstances of different groups, especially
women. Sweden’s work on feminist foreign policy
continues to inspire more people to raise the profile
of human rights work.
Impact on children and young people related
to SDG 1
The family’s economic status affects the living conditions of children and young people, according to
Statistics Sweden’s report from 2020. According to
the report, children, single mothers, foreign-born
people, and persons with disabilities are the most
economically vulnerable. Single women with children are economically vulnerable to a significantly
greater degree than single men with children. Children whose parents were born outside Sweden are 26
times more likely to be in receipt of long-term financial assistance than children whose parents were
born in Sweden.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 2013 2016 2018
Long-term financial assistance
Excessively indebted
Low economic standard
Percentage of the population
Indicators of financial vulnerability, 1995–2018
Low income standard
76 Government Ofces of Sweden
Key national policy initiatives in 2017–2020
Most of the legislative changes implemented since
2017 have contributed positively to fulfilment of
the goal. The legislative changes can be summarised as contributing to increased perceived and actual financial security and increased opportunities
to enter or regain employment. Insurance coverage has been strengthened in the pension and health
insurance systems, as well as for several benefits
targeted at families with children, through various adjustments aimed at increasing benefit levels
and thus raising financial standards, for example
for single parents with children. Legislative changes have also been implemented to make it easier for
people who are absent from work to regain their
ability to work, return to work or study and increase
the perceived security of sickness insurance.
The Government is working to modernise, develop
and adapt the pension system to changing circumstances through a broad review of large parts of the
pension system. The aim is to achieve long-term secure and increased pensions with sufficient financial security. The Government has also initiated a
number of further inquiries on social security. For
example, in 2018 the Government decided that an
inquiry chair should review the rules on housing allowance and maintenance support. The aim of the
review is to improve distributive accuracy and reduce indebtedness in housing benefit and maintenance support. It is therefore reasonable to assume, in light of the inquiries appointed, that further
legislative changes may be implemented in the long
term, which may have a positive impact on Target
1.3. Legislative changes have also been initiated in
social services, which may affect the prospects of
achieving several of the targets.
In 2017, the Government decided to review the Social Services Act and some of the tasks of social services. In 2020, a proposal for a new Social Services Act was submitted, in which gender-equal living
conditions are an explicit objective. An important
principle underlying the proposal for a new Social
Services Act is to strengthen preventive efforts and
facilitate early intervention. Furthermore, the Government has proposed an amendment to the current Social Services Act (2001:453) clarifying the
importance of language training, with the aim of
improving the opportunities of those foreign-born
to find work and become established in Sweden.
Another example in the field of social services is the
Government’s work on homelessness. In 2020, the
National Board of Health and Welfare was tasked
with analysing and proposing measures to prevent
and combat homelessness in the long term.
Future measures
• The existing basic level of security provided by
Swedish social security will continue to be
strengthened and enhanced.
• The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic needs
to be taken into account, including by ensuring
that it is possible for people to become self-sufficient by strengthening the individual’s ability to
enter the labour market, while at the same time
carrying out structural interventions.
• In a global perspective, Swedish development
cooperation is important to counteract the negative socio-economic effects of the COVID-19
pandemic in developing countries in the short
and long term. Sweden must continue to pursue existing efforts, e.g. on gender equality and
human rights, social welfare systems and improving health systems. To counteract the negative effects of the pandemic in the longer term,
Sweden also needs to continue to work towards
maintaining free trade, supporting business
sector development, promoting employment
and supporting education systems. | [
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} |
13
SDG 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere
1.0 Introduction
This goal entails ending poverty in all its forms everywhere. It corresponds to Goal
1 of Agenda 2063: A high standard of living, quality of life and well-being for all.
Poverty is one of the main development challenges affecting the Kingdom.
Development of the National Development Strategy in 1997 was aimed at ending
poverty in the country. The Poverty Reduction Strategy and Action Programme of
2005 was produced as an action plan for NDS implementation tailor made poverty
reduction by 2015 in the country. Its recommendations included establishment of
the Regional Development Fund (RDF), Poverty Reduction Fund, the youth
enterprise fund, the elderly grant.
The evolving development has resulted in emerging poverty issues including the
multi-dimensional nature of poverty. This has necessitated the need to interrogate
this phenomenon to better understand its depth and further identify solutions that
address the new nature. In this regard the country has benefited from India
support through the South-South Cooperation modality administered and
facilitated through UNDP office of the United Nations. Through this support the
country is conducted the Participatory Poverty Assessment (PPA) in an effort to
understand the multi-dimensional nature of poverty and come up with effective
remedial measures to deal with this plight and provide policy guidance. It is
participatory in nature as it benefits from participation of the affected populations
themselves.
14
1.1 Trends
a) Proportion of population living below the poverty line
The country has a population of just above a million at 1,093,238 and the
proportion of population living below the poverty line improved from 63% in 2010
to 58.9% in 2017. Poverty is most pronounced in rural areas at 70.2% than urban
area 19.6% (2017) and in males 67% than females 59.4% and is highest in the
Shiselweni and Lubombo regions at 71.5% and 67.3% respectively (2017) as shown
is figure 1.1.
Figure 1.1 Proportion of population living below the poverty line
A tabular presentation of the proportion of people living below the poverty line is
as shown in the table below:
SDG Indicator Baseline Current
Proportion of population below the international poverty line, by sex, age, employment status and
geographical location (urban/rural)
Population below poverty line 63% 58.9%
- By Sex: Male 59% 67%
- Female 67% 59.4%
- Geographic location: Rural 73% 70.17%
Urban 31% 19.55%
- Regions: Hhohho: 61% 54.08%
Manzini: 58% 51.47%
Shiselweni 68%: 67.26%:
Lubombo: 69% 71.53%
National Poverty line per adult equivalent per month SZL 463 SZL 975.30
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Nationa
l
Rural Urban Male Female Hhohho Manzini Lubomb
o
Shiselw
eni
Year 2010 63 73 31 59 67 61 58 68 69
Year 2017 58.9 70.2 19.6 67 59.4 54.1 51.5 67.3 71.5 Percentages
15
b) Social protection floors
Marginalised or vulnerable groups in the country have been identified to include
the Orphaned and Vulnerable Children (OVCs), the elderly (60 and above years of
age), and the persons living with disabilities. Grants have been established to
cater for their basic necessities namely OVC, Elderly and disability grants. This
support assist these groups to be able to meet their basic needs without which the
situation would be unbearable as people would die. There is a decline in the
number of beneficiaries between the year 2016/17 and 2017/18, however the
elderly grant has the highest number of beneficiaries while the disability grant
has the least as shown in figure 1.2.
Figure 1.2: Population covered by social protection programme
Source: DPM REPORT2016/2017 Financial Year
Beneficiaries of the elderly grant declined by 44% between 2016/17 and 2017/18,
from 94, 851 to 65, 773
1.2 Successes
a) The government has implemented a program that teaches school children
especially OVCs to make savings
b) Youth fund was introduced to help in funding the youth’s business ideas
and willingness
c) Implementation of the young heroes program working hand in hand with
world vision, OVCs are given livestock to take care of for their own benefits
d) Regional Development Fund are provided at regional level, it targets to
fund people who want to be in business and with viable business plans
e) Improvement in the communication infrastructure (Swazi Mobile)
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
90,000
100,000
OVC ELDERLY DISABILITY
Year 2016/17 52,632 94,851 4,779
Year 2017/18 55,572 65,773 4,641 Number of People
16
f) Programs and schemes targeting the improvement of water and electricity
accessibility
g) The country conducted a Child Poverty Assessment and Participatory
Poverty Assessment
1.3 Challenges
a) Increasing cases of theft due to poverty, especially livestock.
b) Limited dissemination of information on development programmes e.g.
youth fund
c) Fiscal challenges limit budget allocation to poverty reduction initiatives
d) Increasing health burden negatively affect the poverty rate
e) Limited monitoring and evaluation on the utilisation of government
resources.
f) Sustainability and targeting for social protection floors
1.5 Emerging issues
a) Increasing number of OVC due to burden of diseases.
b) Poverty has forced people to opt for illicit practices to sustain livelihoods.
1.6 Lessons learned
a) Need to strengthen monitoring and evaluation of poverty alleviating
programmes
b) Community participation in identification of priority poverty alleviation
initiatives is important.
1.7Describe what actions have been taken to address existing gaps and
challenges
Initiatives have been put in place to address the plight of poverty in the country
and they include social protection programme for the vulnerable groups, in terms
of grants and development funds e.g. elderly grant, youth enterprise fund and
skills development programmes.
1.8 Areas for support
a) Mapping out or locating the poorest households should be and then the
government should help them
1.8Key messages
a) Stakeholder involvement in development programmes
b) Strengthen prioritisation for effective service delivery | [
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] | [
1
] | {
"country": "swz",
"file_id": "sdg-01/vnr-report-swz-2019-en-1.pdf",
"language": "en",
"locality": null,
"size": "m",
"type": "vnr",
"year": 2019
} |
Target 1.1
Source: EHIES 2010 and 2017
Figure 3: Proportion of Population Living Below Extreme Poverty
4.2.1. Goal 1: End Poverty in All Its Forms Everywhere
SDG 1 is about ending poverty in all its manifestations by 2030. It is in-line with SDG 1 of Agenda 2063 on A high
standard of living, quality of life and well-being for all citizens. The aim of this goal is to ensure social protection for
the poor and vulnerable, increase access to basic services and support people harmed by climate-related
extreme events and other economic, social and environmental shocks and disasters. Prior to the adoption of the
SDGs, Eswatini had already acknowledge poverty as a serious challenge and was already implementing measures to reduce poverty. Despite the efforts, reducing poverty and possibly eradicating it by 2030 in all its forms
remains one of the greatest challenges the country is faced with today.
By 2030, eradicate extreme poverty for all people everywhere,
currently measured as people living on less than $1.25 a day
28.8
20.1
36.1
25.1
5.8
2.5
28.4
18.9
25.2
13.3
26.9
21.1
37.3
33.6
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Baseline 2016 First VNR 2019
Percentages
National Extreme Poverty Rural Urban Hhohho Manzini Shiselweni Lubombo
17
CHAPTER FOUR
Source: EHIES 2010 and 2017
Latest available data from the EHIES (2017) shows
that 20.1 percent of the country’s population is
considered extremely poor (living on less than E463
per person per month) which is about 8 percent points
lower than in 2010 where 28.8 percent of the population were considered to be extremely poor (living on
less than E215.00 per person per month). The reduction in extreme poverty rate between 2010 and 2017
was a rural story. The rural headcount poverty rate fell
by 11.0 percentage points from 36.1 to 25.1 percent
while the corresponding change in urban areas was
from 5.8 to 2.5 percent (3.3 percentage points).
Target 1.2
By 2030, reduce at least by half the proportion of men, women and
children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions according to
national definitions
The proportion of people living below the national
poverty line (living on less than US$1.9 a day or E975
per person per month) is 58.9 percent which is an
improvement from 63 percent in 2009 and 69 percent
in 2000. Recent data from the EHIES (2017) shows
63
59 58.9
67 67
59.4
73 70.17
31
19.55
61
54.08
58
51.47
68 67.26 69 71.53
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Baseline 2016 First VNR 2019
Percentages
Years
Poor Population Male Female Rural Ubarn Hhohho Manzini Shiselweni Lubombo
Figure 4: Proportion of Population Living below the International Poverty Line
that the prevalence of poverty is higher for males (67
percent) than females (59.4 percent) which is a
reverse of the situation in 2010 where females (67
percent) were the most affected than males (59
percent).
There are also variations in the levels of extreme
poverty between regions. Between 2010 and 2017,
poverty rates declined in all four regions. Hhohho and
Manzini experienced the largest drops, with regional
headcount ratio falling from 28.4 percent and 25.2
percent to 18.9 and 13.3 percent respectively.
Lubombo which is the poorest region had the highest
level of extreme poverty showing a slight decline from
37.3 percent to 33.6 percent during 2010 and 2017
respectively. This shows that the gap between the
poorest and the richest region remains wide.
18
VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW REPORT 2022
Source: Human Development Report 2016 and 2019
This is because development interventions were
targeted at women to empower them. It also shows
that poverty is disproportionately concentrated in rural
areas with 70.1 percent of rural residents living below
the national poverty line compared to 73 percent
during 2010. Urban poverty rate on the other hand fell
from 31.1 percent in 2010 to 19.6 percent in 2017.
Available data from the 2010 and 2017 household
Income and Expenditure survey also shows that there
are regional disparities in terms of the level, depth,
and severity of poverty amongst the four regions of
the country.
In both 2010 and 2017, Lubombo and Shiselweni
region had the highest poverty rate, poverty depth,
and severity. The poverty rate for Lubombo and
Shiselweni regions stood at 71.5 percent and 67.3
percent respectively. Poverty level in Eswatini have
been historically high and progress has been slow in
reducing it to the national target of 31.5 percent by
2030.
The COVID-19 pandemic, climate change and the
recent unprecedented civil unrest presents a recent
threat to the gains made in reducing extreme poverty
by 8 8 percentage points and poverty by about 4
percent points between 2010 and 2017. The
pandemic has worsened the problems of high unemployment, poverty, inequality and economic growth. It
is anticipated that the proportion of population living
below the national poverty line will increase within the
range of 2.3 percent to 5.6 percent as a result of the
emerging challenges2
. This implies that about 27,435
MPI
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
HDI
IHDI GDI
0.853
0.541
0.566
0.113
0.541
GII MPI
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
HDI
IHDI GDI
0.996
0.611
0.56
0.081
0.432
GII
Figure 5: Human Development Indices 2016 and 2019
to 65,844 additional people may fall below the poverty
line. The emerging challenges are threatening to
reverse progress achieved under this goal hence
need to be addressed.
Considering poverty in all its dimensions, the Eswatini’s HDI value and rank for 2019 stood at 0.611—
which put the country in the medium human development category, positioning it at 138 out of 189 countries and territories. Three indicators used to measure
the HDI show that mean years of schooling and
expected years of schooling have been increasing
while life expectancy at birth remained low mainly due
to HIV/AIDS. Eswatini’s 2019 HDI of 0.611 is below
the average of 0.631 for countries in the medium
human development group and above the average of
0.547 for countries in Sub-Saharan Africa.
On the other hand, Eswatini’s Multidimensional
Poverty Index (MPI) estimation refer to 2014 with 19.2
percent of the population (218 thousand people)
being multidimensionally poor. An additional 20.9
percent are classified as vulnerable to multidimensional poverty (237 thousand people). The breadth of
deprivation (intensity) in Eswatini, which is the average
deprivation score experienced by people in multidimensional poverty, is 42.3 percent. The MPI, which is
the share of the population that is multidimensionally
poor, adjusted by the intensity of the deprivations, is
0.081. This means that about 19.2 percent of the
population are deprived in 3 or more dimensions.
There is a need to channel support to this group of
people.
19
CHAPTER FOUR
2
COVID-19 Recovery Needs Assessment 2021
Target 1.3
Implement nationally appropriate social protection systems and
measures for all, including floors, and by 2030 achieve substantial
coverage of the poor and the vulnerable
About 1,172,349 people were beneficiaries of at least
one social protection program according to the
Social Security Inquiry (SSI) report (2021). Of these
beneficiaries, 554,077 (47 percent) were male while
618,264 (53 percent) were female. Considering the
population size of the country, this data shows that
some beneficiaries could have received support from
two or more schemes. The SSI report also states
that a majority (83 percent) of the beneficiaries
received support for social assistance while 7.1
percent received in-kind support and only 3.4
percent of beneficiaries received employment related
support.
In terms of contribution to social security, only 118,
019 citizens contribute to the pension system of
which 33 100 are males and 84, 838 are females.
This translates to 31.6 percent of the working aged
population. This results in having only 26 percent of
older persons aged 60 and above receiving a contributory pension, and a majority are the senior citizens
only eligible to benefit under the government elderly
grants programme.
Non-contributory social protection is provided
through various programmes. The Government,
through the Ministry of Health, runs a medical Fund
called the Phalala Medical Fund, which is wholly
financed by Government and whose main focus is
access to specialist medical services. The Deputy
Prime Minister’s Office administers social welfare
services and the Ministry of Labour and Social
Services administers Education Grants. Other
programmes include the World War Veterans Military
pension (including widows), universal school feeding,
a grant to support school attendance in Public
Schools for Orphans and Vulnerable Children (OVC),
Universal Old Age Grants and income grants/Public
Assistance to persons with disabilities.
The number of OVC beneficiaries has increased from
58,499 in 2019/20 to 58 193 in 2020/21 and 60,373
during 2021/22. This is because more and more
eligible citizens are now aware of the grant and are
able to meet the requirements to access the grant.
There has been programme by the Ministry of Home
Affairs to support children to get birth certificates so
that they meet the requirements to access the grant.
The increase in the number of OVC is associated with
the burden of diseases (HIV, TB and Non- communicable diseases) which is faced by the country. The
number of OVC benefitting from the grant is expected
to increase in the upcoming years due to the impact
of COVID-19. Beneficiaries of the elderly grant
increased between 2019/20, 2020/21 and 2021/22
from 71 797 to 74 955 and 75 481 beneficiaries
respectively. The increase in the number of elderly
people benefiting from the grant is due to improvements in life expectancy from 58.3 in 2019 to 62.96
in 2021. With regards to social protection for the
Persons with disabilities, it was observed that the
number of beneficiaries under the disability grant
stood at 5 144 during 2019/20 and 5 019 in 2020/21.
During 2021/22 there was a sharp increase in the
number of beneficiaries for persons with disabilities to
9 654. The increase was a result of government
expanding support to eligible citizens who were previously not covered. The table below presents the
population covered by social protection programmes
and corresponding budget allocated under each
grant between 2016/17 and 2020/21. Social protection as share of national budget increased from 7.8
percent in 2019/20 to 9.7 percent in 2020/21 whilst
as a share of GDP it increased from 2.4 percent to
3.3 percent in the same period. Generally, government expenditure on the above mention social
protection programmes, has been increasing to
match the increase in the number of beneficiaries.
20
VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW REPORT 2022
Table 3: Proportion of Population Covered by Social Protection Floors
Source: DPMO Annual Report. GoE Estimate books (2019/20 and 2020/2021)
Indicator 2019/2020 2020/21 2021/22
Number beneficiaries under the OVC grant 58 499 58 193 60 373
Number of beneficiaries under the elderly grant 71 797 74 955 75 481
Number of beneficiaries under the disability
grant
5 144 5 019 9 654
Government budget allocation for social protection programmes
Govt. budget allocation –OVC grant (E) 190,000,000 180,000,000 170,000,000
Govt. budget allocation –elderly grant (E) 416,833,454 466,833,454 466,833,454
Govt. budget allocation – disability grant (E) 8,708,000 18,708,000 28,708,0003
The SSI report (2021) reveals that only 15 percent of
children were covered by social protection
programmes. However, a higher (81 percent)
percentage of children receive free lunch at school
and in communities. In addition to this, it also states
that Only 5 percent of the estimated number of
Target 1.4
By 2030, ensure that all men and women, in particular the poor and the
vulnerable, have equal rights to economic resources, as well as access
to basic services, ownership and control over land and other forms of
property, inheritance, natural resources, appropriate new technology
and financial services, including microfinance
In relation to basic health services, the EHIES (2017)
reveals that the average distance to the health care
facility is about 11 kilometres. The rural population on
average covers more distance to the health care
provider than the urban population at about 12
kilometres and 10 kilometres respectively. The
Lubombo region has the highest average distance of
about 13 kilometres and the rest of the regions have
an average distance of about 11 kilometres. This is
due to increase improved investment in infrastructure
(roads and clinics).
persons with disabilities received a social grant.
Furthermore, findings from the SSI report shows that
out of the estimated 359,685 people who were food
insecure in 2019, only 21 percent received social
assistance through cash based transfers.
Recent studies in the education sector also shows
that access to education has improved in the last 10
years. The Education analysis report (2021), states
that access and retention have improved but many
children still drop out before completing school, and
those are children who are typically from the poorest
families. Although there is near universal access to
primary education, and access to secondary education has increased for children from all income
groups. However, many are still not accessing or
completing secondary education.
21
CHAPTER FOUR
3
Source: DPMO annual report, GoE estimate books (2019/20 and 2020/2021)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Primary Net Enrolment
Rate
Water Sanitation Electricity
Percentages
Baseline 2016 First VNR 2019 Second VNR 2022
Source: EHIES 2010 and 2017
Figure 6: Proportion of Population in Households with access to basic services
With regards to access to clean and safe water,
the EHIES (2017) shows that the share of the population with access to improved water increased from
66.4 percent to 72.0 percent between 2010 and
2017. The report also shows that the gap between
the proportion of people with access to improved
water sources in rural and urban areas narrowed
from 32.2 to 26.9 percentage points between 2010
and 2017. Despite the improvement, rural areas still
have lower access rates compared to urban areas.
Apart from the rural/ urban disparities, access to
improved water sources also differs by region. In
2017, Manzini had the highest (73.8 percent) proportion of people with access to improved water sources
while Shiselweni had the least (67.3 percent) followed
closely by Lubombo at 67. 7 percent.
Nationally, access to electricity increased from 69
percent in 2014 to 82 percent in 2020. For rural poor
households, access to electricity has increased
significantly from 55 percent in 2014 to 69 percent in
2020. The improvement was large due to the Rural
Electrification Program (REP). The Shiselweni region
has the lowest percentage of households connected
to a functional ECCE grid at 52 percent (EHIES,
2017).
Land is a key economic resource inextricably linked
to access to, use of and control over other economic
and productive resources. The Eswatini Constitution
guarantees that all citizens have equal access to land,
regardless of gender nonetheless there are still limitations in the implementation of the constitution.
Section 211 (2) of the Constitution provides that “a
citizen of Swaziland, without regard to gender, shall
have equal access to land for normal domestic
purposes.” There are two major categories of land
tenure in Swaziland: Swazi nation land and title deed
land or freehold tenure of land.
An estimated 22,000 among those aged 15-19
years, equivalent to 17 percent of this age group, are
out- of school and many of them have not even completed basic education. The most disadvantaged
group of all are children from the poorest 20 percent
of households in rural areas who are significantly less
likely to complete each level and to access secondary
education than the most advantaged group of
children from the richest 20 percent of households in
urban areas. Access to education and retention is
lower for children living in Lubombo and Shiselweni
regions than in Hhohho and Manzini regions, but
there are no significant differences in access or retention by gender.
22
VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW REPORT 2022
97.7
66.4
52.2
69
94
72
46
82
92.7
72
46
82
The Deeds registry shows that during 2016, 79.6
percent of the tenure rights registered were for men
and the remaining 20.4 percent were for women.
Latest available information from the Deed Office
show that during 2021 there were 5 536 more tenure
rights registered of which 2346 were for woman and
3190 for men. Reports from the Deeds Office also
indicate a slight decline in the registration of land
rights in the last two years (2020 and 2021) which is
associated with the impact of the COVID-19
pandemic. What has been observed is an increase in
the mortgaging of land as opposed to acquiring of
land.
Target 1.5
By 2030, build the resilience of the poor and those in vulnerable
situations and reduce their exposure and vulnerability to
climate-related extreme events and other economic, social
and environmental shocks and disasters
Since the 2019 VNR report, the country experienced
economic, social and environmental shocks which
resulted in some segments of the population being
pushed into poverty. These include the COVID-19
pandemic, Cyclone Eloise and the civil unrests. By
December 2020, one-third of Eswatini’s population
(366,260 people) were in urgent need of food assistance because of unusually high food prices emanating from the COVID -19 restrictions.
In an effort to respond and build resilient, the country
developed and implemented sector contingency
plans including the Post COVID- 19 Economic
Recovery Strategy. In line with these plans and strategy, the Government of Eswatini provided relief
assistance to those most affected by COVID-19
disruptions. This included a food assistance program
at a total cost of E270 million for 301,762 people (23
percent of the population) in 63,000 households
whose livelihoods were disrupted by the lockdown.
These households received E700 per month in cash
instead of food assistance for them to choose what
they purchase, to prevent them crowding and violating physical distancing guidelines at food distribution
points, and to eliminate costs of delivering food. In
addition to food assistance, the government created
a Relief Fund for formal sector workers who were
unpaid or retrenched during the COVID-19
lockdown, suspended the Eswatini National Provident Fund contributions to support employers and
protect employees against retrenchment, and
deferred planned increases in electricity and water
tariffs for urban residents. In response to the unprecedented unrest, government established the re-construction fund to assist businesses that were affected
during the riots mainly in terms of infrastructure
investment. With regards to government’s response
to Cyclone Eloise, the affected citizens were provided with food parcels and damaged structures rehabilitated and in some selected cases constructed.
It is difficult to monitor access to Swazi National Land
for both men and women due to absence of institution that collects and report of this data. Another
challenge regarding access to Swazi Nation Land is
the inability to finalize and adopt the National Land
Policy which has remained a draft since 2009, weaknesses in adherence of the constitution with regards
to access to land especially women resulting in
issues of transparency and accountability and
discrimination. This hinders development on land
generally for the whole country specifically where
issues of access to land, land use and security of
tenure are concerned.
23
CHAPTER FOUR
Source: External Assistance Report 2019/20 and 2020/21
Target 1.a
Ensure significant mobilization of resources from a variety of sources,
including through enhanced development cooperation, in order to
provide adequate and predictable means for developing countries, in
particular least developed countries, to implement programmes and
policies to end poverty in all its dimensions
Development assistance in Eswatini has contributed
significantly towards poverty eradication since the
last VNR in 2019. The bulk of resources allocated by
partners goes towards the social sectors which
include health, education agriculture and social
protection. During 2019, about 60 percent of external assistance was allocated to the health sector
Education
Health
Agriculture
Water and Sanitation
Other
22%
41%
8%
9%
20%
Infrastructure
Health
Agricultre
Water and Sanitation
Other
5%
60%
7%
18%
10%
Figure 7: External Assistance
Key Achievements
• Decline in the proportion of people living below
the poverty line (living on less than US$1.9 a day
or E975 per person per month) from 63 percent
in 2009 to 58.9 percent in 2017.
• Developed the National Social Security Policy
(2020).
• Successfully conducted a Social Security
Enquiry which provides a comprehensive analysis of the coverage and financing gaps of Social
Protection system as a basis for building or
improving the social protection floor in the
country.
• Successfully conducted an assessment of
Public Employment Services and Active Labour
Market Policies in the context of the proposed
Unemployment Benefit Scheme in Eswatini.
• In terms of sustainability to livelihood there has
been an increase in the number of households
particularly in rural areas that have access to
clean and reliable energy.
• Increase in the number of persons with disabilities covered by social protection floors.
followed by the water and sanitation sector which
accounted to 18 percent of external assistance. Even
though the health sector continued to receive the
largest share of external assistance during 2020/21,
it’s share had been reduced to 41 percent. In both
financial years, agriculture received a small share of
the external assistance.
24
VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW REPORT 2022
Key Challenges
• Progress in reducing poverty is slow and inadequate to meet target by 2030.
• The Social Assistance programmes provided by
government including the OVC, elderly, disability grants, school feeding and the funds (i.e.
RDF, Youth Fund etc.) have a small /marginal
effect in reducing the proportion of the population living below the poverty line.
• Even though OVC is targeting secondary school
going children, there is little impact on access to
secondary education due to poor screening
and targeting and discrepancies in fees
charged by schools at this level. OVC grant
amounts is not enough to meet the financial
needs of those already benefiting. Grant does
not cover top-up fees charged by schools;
costs for transport to and from school or
uniforms; or any costs of living.
• The lack of a land policy hinders access to land
tenure rights and development.
• Some basic services are still inaccessible particularly in rural communities due to long distances.
• Livelihood of population living in rural areas is
compromised by high cost of some basic
services i.e. electricity, internet. This limits the
standard of living for the affected population.
Recommendations
• Ensure that the approved national development
plans and budget are pro-poor prioritizing social
protection investment.
• Invest in Human Capital Development to ensure
that the future workforce has the right skill mix
needed for future jobs and for self -sustenance.
• Adopt a social assistance system that offer a
mix of social assistance programme applying
the life cycle approach, to respond and build
resilience to shocks.
• Improve the effectiveness of social assistance
programmes by improving the targeting and
size of the grant as well addressing non- financial barriers that perpetuate poverty and
inequality.
• Conduct periodic assessment on poverty situation and economic growth.
• Develop and implement a poverty reduction
strategy with special focus on the poorest
regions Lubombo and Shiselweni regions
• Implement fiscal policies to distribute the benefits of growth fairly
• Improve governance and strengthen institutions
• Government needs to bring closer the services
to the people
• Government needs to finalize and implement
the land policy which will guarantee the rights of
all Emaswati to access land based on their
needs.
• Establish the Poverty reduction forum
• Establish a poverty reduction fund with effective
regulations and close monitoring and evaluation.
25
CHAPTER FOUR | [
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24
Goal 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere
Poverty in Seychelles is traditionally measured by a monetary indicator, using data from Household
Budget Surveys (HBS). For many years now, absolute poverty has not been a substantial concern
in Seychelles, with the international poverty rate of US$1.90 per day not being applicable.
However, a national HBS conducted by the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) in 2013 with
the results published in 2015, revealed that 39.3 per cent of the Seychelles population were
living below the established national poverty line of SCR 3,945 per adult equivalent per month.
This poverty line translates to a gross income per adult per day of US$10.76, or US$15.22 with
2013 purchasing power parity (PPP). This prompted the Government to take bold measures to
identify, curb and alleviate poverty.
A Poverty Alleviation Department was established to coordinate and manage poverty reduction eforts. In addition, a
comprehensive poverty profling exercise has since been carried out with the assistance of the NBS to identify and
further investigate the causes and distribution of poverty at national level. The survey took into consideration other
factors that contribute to poverty, including income and expenditure. The Poverty Alleviation Department launched
numerous initiatives, including Rapid Response Teams that immediately assist individuals or families in need, and a
Mentorship Programme through which individuals or families beneft from the direct assistance of a mentor in their
areas of need. To further improve the response, a Poverty Consensus Forum, chaired by the President, was launched
in 2017 at which stakeholders with diferent perspectives can discuss the various solutions to poverty in the country.
Subsequent interventions have had a particular focus on housing and employment as contributors to poverty in
Seychelles. One specifc intervention was the Unemployment Relief Scheme (URS), that was revived following the
release of the results of the Regional Poverty Profling Surveys.
Multidimensional Poverty
A broader approach towards poverty measurement and alleviation has since been adopted through the Multidimensional
Poverty Index (MPI), launched in 2019. This approach is largely based on the MPI concept developed by the
Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI). This multidimensional poverty measure provides a more
comprehensive picture of poverty. It complements the traditional economic monetary approach, by identifying the
various dimensions of poverty in a particular setting. It identifes those who are deprived in several dimensions at the
same time. It reveals who is poor and how they are poor, and the average number of deprivations each poor person
experiences. As well as providing a headline measure of poverty, the MPI can be broken down to reveal the poverty
level in diferent areas of a country, and among diferent sub-groups of people.
In the third quarter of 2019, the proportion of the population found to be poor according to the MPI (denoted as
“H” below) was 11.88 per cent, and the average intensity (average proportion of dimensions in which poor people
were deprived, denoted as “A”) was 33.26 per cent. The MPI, which is the product of H and A (H*A) was 0.040.1
This means that multidimensionally poor people in Seychelles experience 4 per cent of all the deprivations that
Source: National Bureau of Statistics
Figure 2: Housing status and availability of basics in the home, HBS 2006/07 - 2013
1 MPI Report 2019, National Bureau of Statistics
Republic of Seychelles
25
would be experienced if all people were deprived in all indicators. The four dimensions of the 2019 Seychelles MPI
(Living Standards, Health, Education, and Employment) are quantifed by a set of 14 indicators. Of these, the largest
contributors to multidimensional poverty in the country are deprivations in the highest level of education attained,
meaning that at least one household member has not completed secondary level of education (24.91 per cent); followed
by deprivation in ‘Youth Not in Education, Employment, or Training (NEET)’ (12.81 per cent), and informal employment
(12.40 per cent). It should be noted that the NEET rate for the fnal quarter of 2019 was 22 per cent, indicating the
extent of untapped potential among the youth population, who could contribute to national development and poverty
reduction through work. This was a 9.1 per cent increase from the previous quarter of 2019. Furthermore, the 2019
NEET rate was slightly higher for females (22.9 per cent), than for males (21 per cent). The 2019 NEET rate was 2.4 per
cent higher than that for 2018 (19.8 per cent) With regard to labour force status, the results show that as expected,
multidimensional poverty is more prevalent among the unemployed (with a headcount ratio of 57.35 per cent), than
among those who are employed and those who are outside the labour force. Below shows the percentage contribution
of each indicator and thus the composition of multidimensional poverty in Seychelles.
In addition, those living in the largest households (with 7 or more occupants), appear to be more likely to experience
multidimensional poverty (with a headcount ratio of 31.15 per cent), than those living in the smallest households (with
a headcount ratio of 4.89 per cent). In fact, the relationship between household size and multidimensional poverty is
quite clear: the poverty rate increases as household size increases.
Social Protection
Target 1.3 calls for the implementation of nationally appropriate social protection systems and measures for all,
including foors, and achievement by 2030 of substantial coverage of the poor and the vulnerable. Seychelles has an
extensive social protection system in place, which makes provision in the forms of both cash transfers and in-kind
assistance. These forms of assistance include:
i. bursaries for school students;
ii. a universal retirement pension for citizens aged 63 years and above; and
iii. the domiciliary homecare programme under which homecare assistants work in the homes of the benefciaries,
acting as general helpers, assisting with tasks around the home, bathing, cooking, giving medication and other
care-related duties.
Figure 3: Contribution of each indicator to national MPI, Q3 2019 and percentage
Source: MPI Report Q3 2019, NBS
Voluntary National Review 2020
26
These social protection programmes are administered by a network of ministries, departments and agencies (MDAs)
across government. Social protection has a wide reach, with 49 per cent2 of the population covered, directly or
indirectly. The current social protection system reduces poverty, but could do more to counter growing pressures
on equity and social cohesion. The composition of social protection spending is skewed to the elderly and away
from youth and the poor, which raises equity and efciency concerns. In 2015, 79 per cent of total social protection
spending was on the elderly. It is projected that approximately 21 per cent of the population will be aged 65 years and
above by the year 2050. The population is therefore said to be “ageing”. In 2018, the Agency for Social Protection
(ASP) spent in excess of SCR 650 million on the Universal Retirement Beneft, as a single line item. Furthermore, in the
same year, the expenditure (from ASP) on the Home-Care scheme exceeded SCR 240 million.
In the context of an ageing population, these costs will increase drastically as the proportion of elderly persons grows.
This escalating expenditure on elderly care (as seen in Figure 4 above) is being addressed by a review of the homecare
scheme with the aim of improving targeting and reaping the resultant fscal and efciency gains. The proposed new
practice for allocating and administering homecare would be on a needs basis and centred on diferent levels of care.
Housing
The Government of Seychelles (GOS) makes subsidized mortgage loan facilities available for families seeking to
purchase or build their frst home through the state-owned Housing Finance Company (HFC). Between 2015 and 2019,
approximately 5,500 loans were made available by HFC.
In addition, Seychellois families have been able to acquire their own homes at a subsidized rate through a longstanding social housing scheme. In one fagship project, situated at “Ile Perseverance”, over 2,000 houses were
constructed; this was one of the Government’s largest eforts to provide afordable housing. The 2019 National Budget
was accompanied by a government commitment to deliver 143 plots of land and 406 houses in 2019, and 72 plots
of land and 32 houses in 2020. The Government has been looking at diferent options for ensuring that more houses
are built in the next six years. As part of the process, the Government has engaged with bilateral partners to fnance
the construction of 3,000 houses. The total indicative project cost for the 3,000 houses is SR3,026 million. Bilateral
fnancing will involve a mixture of loan and grants, with a grace period of fve years for repayment of the loan, It is
expected that 558 and 506 houses will be available from this facility in 2020 and 2021 respectively.
Source: MOFTIEP
Progress on Goals
Figure 4: ASP Expenditure, 2013-2018, Seychelles rupees
2 MPI Report 2019, National Bureau of Statistics
Republic of Seychelles
27
Way Forward
To measure poverty, Seychelles will endeavour to produce an MPI every two years. The two-year interval will hopefully
provide enough time for evidence-based interventions. The next MPI will be conducted in the third quarter of 2021.
Seychelles will keep measuring the monetary measures of poverty, but will now consider the MPI in parallel. It is hoped
that in going forward, the MPI will now be a tool to address poverty in all its forms.
Going forward, poverty in all its forms must be alleviated and ultimately eradicated. For Seychelles, this translates into
ensuring opportunities for all, enabling all members of society to take part in the country’s development. The results of
the MPI indicate a need to bolster education provision so as to improve outcomes. Poverty reduction will require the
right policies and frameworks to be in place to allow the poor a clear and viable pathway out of poverty. This can be
achieved through the existing frameworks and schemes of the Government, private sector and civil society, with added
coordination. For instance, the specifc needs of households that are identifed as deprived in certain categories/
dimensions may be addressed with on a case-by-case basis. For example, in households which are deprived in terms
of educational attainment, the corrective action could possibly involve skill acquisition interventions, coupled with
other forms of capacity strengthening and mentoring.
Moreover, appropriate social protection mechanisms – as highlighted in the National Development Strategy (NDS)
2019-2023 – will be of strategic importance for ensuring the efciency and efcacy of the various forms of social
assistance. Improved targeting will eliminate waste and, in turn free up additional resources for development and
poverty reduction. | [
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République du Tchad Examen National Volontaire 2021
14
De nos jours, l’éradication de la pauvreté reste l'un des plus grands défs pour le monde en général et le Tchad en particulier,
d'où la focalisation de l'Agenda 2030 et de l'Agenda 2063 sur cet objectif. A cet égard, l’atteinte des cibles de cet ODD
est une priorité du Gouvernement tchadien traduite dans la «Vision 2030 le Tchad que nous voulons » déclinée en Plans
Nationaux de Développement dont le PND 2017-2021 et le PND 2022 – 2026 en cours d’élaboration.
SITUATION ET TENDANCES
Cible 1.1 : D’ici à 2030, éliminer complètement l’extrême pauvreté dans le monde entier (s’entend actuellement
du fait de vivre avec moins de 1,25 dollar des États-Unis par jour)
Indicateur 1.1.1 : Proportion de la population vivant au-dessous du seuil de pauvreté fxé au niveau international, par sexe, âge,
situation dans l’emploi et lieu de résidence (zone urbaine/zone rurale)
L’analyse multidimensionnelle de la pauvreté révèle que 85,7% de la population tchadienne vit en situation de pauvreté multidimensionnelle
et 9,9 % est considérée comme vulnérable à la pauvreté multidimensionnelle. L’ampleur des privations mesurée par le score moyen de
privation dont souffrent les personnes en situation de pauvreté multidimensionnelle, s’élève à 62,3%.
Cible 1.2. D’ici à 2030, réduire de moitié au moins la proportion d’hommes, de femmes et d’enfants de tous
les âges souffrant d’une forme ou l’autre de pauvreté telle que défni par chaque pays.
1.2.2. Proportion d’hommes, de femmes et d’enfants de tous âges vivant dans une situation de pauvreté sous toutes ses formes, telles
que défnies par chaque pays
Selon la quatrième Enquête sur les Conditions de vie des ménages et la pauvreté au Tchad (ECOSIT4 de 2019), la proportion de
la population vivant en dessous du seuil national de pauvreté est passée de 46,7% en 2011 à 42,3% en 2019, soit une baisse de 4,4
points de pourcentage. Malgré ce recul de la pauvreté, le niveau actuellement observé demeure élevé et varie selon les caractéristiques
sociodémographiques et le secteur d’activités du chef de ménage. Cette pauvreté est vécue différemment selon le genre, les groupes
d’âges et le milieu de résidence. Le nombre de personnes pauvres a augmenté, passant de 4,7 millions en 2011 à environ 6,5 millions en
2019 .
Graphique 1: Evolution de l'incidence de pauvreté au Tchad entre 2011 et 2019
Source : ECOSIT3-20011 et ECOSIT4-2019
ELIMINER LA PAUVRETE SOUS TOUTES SES
FORMESPARTOUT DANS LE MONDE
République du Tchad Examen National Volontaire 2021
15
Selon le sexe, les progrès en matière de réduction de pauvreté ont été plus importants chez les ménages dirigés par les hommes, avec
une diminution de l’incidence de 5 points de pourcentage, que chez les femmes pour lesquelles la baisse relevée n’est que de 0,5 point de
pourcentage entre 2011 et 2019.
Au niveau des groupes d’âge de chef de ménage, la pauvreté prévaut beaucoup plus chez les tranches d’âges intermédiaires 25-43 ans et
44-64 ans, avec des incidences de pauvreté respectives de 43,5% en 2019 contre 43,8% en 2011 et 43,4% en 2019 contre 50,4% en 2011.
En revanche, l’incidence de la pauvreté est relativement faible chez les individus issus des ménages dirigés par les personnes de moins de 25
ans, avec 27,6% en 2019 contre 37% en 2011. Cela pourrait s’expliquer par le fait que dans la plupart de cas, ces ménages sont unipersonnels
ou de petite taille.
Les progrès ont été plus importants en ce qui concerne la profondeur et la sévérité de la pauvreté qui sont passées respectivement de 26,3%
à 12,6% et de 15,6% à 5,2% entre 2011 et 2019.
Par ailleurs, on note une disparité de la pauvreté au niveau national. En 2019 comme en 2011, l’ampleur de la pauvreté est très forte dans
les Provinces de Mayo-Kebbi Ouest (47,4% en 2011 et 63,1% en 2019), Guéra (66,5% en 2011 et 60,1% en 2019) et Mandoul (70,9% en
2011 et 57,8% en 2019). Aussi, la variabilité de l’incidence de la pauvreté, hormis la ville de N’Djamena, a légèrement augmenté entre les
deux périodes, passant de 36,1 points de pourcentage en 2011 (écart entre Mandoul avec 70,9% et Ouaddaï et Kanem avec 34,8% chacune)
à 41,4 points de pourcentage en 2019 (écart entre le Mayo-Kebbi Ouest avec 63,1% et le Chari-Baguirmi avec 21,7%), ce qui traduit une
augmentation des disparités provinciales.
Cible 1.5 : D’ici à 2030, renforcer la résilience des pauvres et des personnes en situation vulnérable et réduire
leur exposition aux phénomènes climatiques extrêmes et à d’autres chocs et catastrophes d’ordre économique,
social ou environnemental et leur vulnérabilité
Indicateur1.5.3 Nombre de pays ayant adopté et mis en place des stratégies nationales de réduction des risques de catastrophe,
conformément au Cadre de Sendai pour la réduction des risques de catastrophe (2015-2030)
Au cours des trente dernières années, le pays a subi plus de 44 catastrophes naturelles, essentiellement des inondations et des sècheresses,
qui ont affecté plus de 5 millions de personnes .
Conformément aux recommandations de la Conférence de Sendai sur la Réduction des Risques de Catastrophes, le Tchad a élaboré le
Plan d’Action National de Renforcement des Capacités pour la Réduction des Risques de Catastrophes, la Préparation et la Réponse aux
Urgences pour la période 2015-2020. Par ailleurs, dans ses efforts dans la réduction des risques et catastrophes au niveau national, le Tchad
fait partie des pays focus de l’initiative « Political Champion Group for Disaster Résilience », créée en 2012 et composé de représentants
de haut rang des grandes institutions nationales et internationales (UN, BM, UE, DFID, USAID, etc.). Le projet de la stratégie nationale a été
élaboré en février 2021.
Le PND 2017-2021 a prévu au titre de l’axe 4 relatif à l’amélioration de la qualité de vie des tchadiens, de rendre effectif un mécanisme de
prévention et de gestion des risques et catastrophes naturelles.
En outre, le Tchad poursuit la mise en place d’un cadre institutionnel et juridique pour faire face aux risques de catastrophes dans divers
départements ministériels, notamment le Comité d’Action pour la Sécurité Alimentaire et la Gestion des Crises (CASAGC), l’Agence
Nationale de Lutte Antiacridienne (ANLA), ainsi que le Système d’Information sur la Sécurité Alimentaire et d’Alerte Précoce (SISAAP). A
cet effet, une stratégie nationale de Réduction des Risques de Catastrophes (RRC) a été validée au niveau technique en décembre 2020.
Cible 1.a : Garantir une mobilisation importante de ressources provenant de sources multiples, y compris par le renforcement de la
coopération pour le développement, afn de doter les pays en développement, en particulier les pays les moins avancés, de moyens adéquats
et prévisibles de mettre en œuvre des programmes et politiques visant à mettre fn à la pauvreté sous toutes ses formes
Indicateur 1.a.2 : Proportion des dépenses publiques totales affectée aux services essentiels (éducation, santé et protection sociale)
La proportion des dépenses publiques totales affectée aux services sociaux de base évolue en dents de scie (graphique 4).
Graphique 4: Evolution de la proportion des dépenses publiques totales affectée aux services essentiels (éducation, santé et protection
sociale) | [
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High-Level Political Forum on Sustainable Development 17
4.1- SDG1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere
Improvement on the living conditions of the
poor and of the vulnerable groups in particular,
is at the heart of poverty alleviation and social
protection strategies focused on the extension
of contributory and non-contributory schemes
in national solidarity for the beneft of the most
disadvantaged.
According to QUIBB survey, incidence of
poverty has moved from 58.7% in 2011 to
55.1% in 2015, representing a reduction of 3.6
percentage points translating into an increment in
taxable revenues for economic development with
an annual growth rate of 5% in average between
2011 and 2015. Extreme poverty reached 28.7%
in 2015, a slight decrease on the 30.4% recorded
in 2011. It is however, worth noting that poverty
remains high in rural areas (68.9%) and that
extreme poverty has increased in Lomé; moving
from 4.6% in 2011 to 13.7% in 2015.
Concerning contributory social protection
scheme which is one of the essentials in human
capital development, the Government has
established a health insurance scheme, managed
by the National Health Insurance Institute,
Institut National d’Assurance Maladie, (INAM).
The institute offers health insurance services
to public sector workers including the central
government administration, local authorities,
state institutions with autonomous budgets, and
public sector pensioners.
Five percent (5%) of the adult population
benefts from contributory social insurance
scheme and 5% of families with children
receives family allowance. Concerning social
security for pensioners, 13% of those above
60 receives retirement pay from the Pension
Fund of Togo or from the National Social
Security Fund. For health insurance, about
6% of the population is covered of which 4%
is under the INAM. The social protection noncontributory aspect is essentially composed of
social security programmes, targeting the poor
and vulnerable groups. the programme covers:
(i) monetary transfers, (ii) school feeding
programmes, nutritional supplement and food
aid, (iii) creation of temporary labour intensive
jobs through the Department of Public Works,
and (iv) service charge exemptions such as
subsidies in health and education service.
In this perspective, the Government of Togo
has put in place several initiatives including the
Community and Social Development Programme
(PDC Plus), Grassroots Development
Support Programmes (PRADEB), National
Multifunctional Platforms Development
Programmes (PN-PTFM), Interest Groups
18 High-Level Political Forum on Sustainable Development
Economic Activities Support Programmes
(PSAEG) and the National Fund for Inclusive
Financing (FNFI). All these programmes are
aimed at improving the living conditions of
the vulnerable groups (women and children)
in a sustainable manner by promoting
productive opportunity potentials through
income generating activities (AGR) and
the enhancement of access to fnancing by
grassroots communities.
In terms of promoting the productive capacities
and revenues for women for instance, the
National Fund for Inclusive Financing (FNFI)
hasreached outto a total of 715,712 benefciaries
from 2014 to 2016. The Monetary Transfer
initiative recorded 28,846 benefciaries over
the same period, in 217 most deprived villages
in the Kara and the Savannah regions. The
monetary transfer targeted children from 0 to 24
months and from 25 to 59 months with severe
malnutrition as well as pregnant women from 3
months onwards. A project impact assessment
of the monetary transfer pilot project shows
that there has been a signifcant increase in the
number of live birth and postnatal follow-up
indicators among the benefciaries.
With respect to access to water services,
the Government has deployed considerable
resources for the construction of water treatment
facilities. In rural areas, the rate of access to
potable water has increased from 55.3% in
2015 to 64.4% in 2016, representing a gain of
9.1 percentage points. For semi urban areas, this
rate moved from 49.3% to 46.4% over the same
period. Urban areas recorded 52% access rate in
2016 as compared to 50% in 2015. Investment
in water infrastructure in these three areas has
enhanced access to potable water moving from
50% in 2015 to 53% in 2016.
Since 2015, the water sub sector in urban
areas has experienced an institutional reform
leading to the signing of concession and lease
agreements between the Société de patrimoine
Eau (SP-EAU) and the Société togolaise des eaux
(TdE). As part of this reform, the Government
conducted a study on water tariffs in urban
centres. The fndings of this study would inform
effective investment strategies in the sector with
the participation of the private sector.
Sanitation was not left unattended to. The
number of households using improved latrines
nationwide has increased. However, fgures to
this effect have decreased in rural and semiurban areas moving from 35.1% in 2011 to
29.9% in 2015. Nevertheless, the percentage
of households responding to nature’s call in the
open has decreased from 2011 to 2015 moving
from 46.9% to 42.7%, according to QUIBB
survey. Concerning rainwater harvesting and
treatment, only the national capital and the 5
regional capitals have in place a plan thereof. It
is worth noting that over the last ten years, the
country has signifcantly invested in rainwater
harvesting and drainage projects leading to a
considerable reduction in food incidents in
Lomé and other cities across the country.
High-Level Political Forum on Sustainable Development 19
In order to increase climate change resilience
among vulnerable groups, the Government has
put in place several initiatives leading to the
establishment of public policies and concrete
measure that enable the people to anticipate and
manage climate chocks, and protect lives.
Specifc interventionsfor the vulnerable groups,
through the National Solidarity Agencies (ASN)
were mainly: emergency supply of necessities
and non-necessities, and medical care to 11,488
disaster victims in the capital, the Maritime,
Plateau and Savannah Regions; the supply
of school kit to 5,730 most vulnerable pupils
out of 6000 identifed throughout the country
(130 benefciaries on average per district)
In the quest for improving and coordinating
response activities during natural disasters,
which were previously done by several
stakeholders, a national disaster management
and relieve agency known as the National
Civil Protection Agency (Agence nationale de
protection civile) (ANPC ) was established in
February 2017 to see to national civil protection
policies.
Furthermore, the Government has sustained the
implementation of the Community Development
Emergency Programme (PUDC) launched in
2016 in order to signifcantly bridge the poverty
gap and inequalities through the improvement
in the living conditions of the people by
enhancing access to basic infrastructure and
socio-economic services. (Scope 4)
Despite the considerable efforts, there are still
challenges.
For social protection, universal health coverage
remains one of the major challenges. The
contributory social protection scheme is facing
serious fnancing challenges.
Although access to potable water has improved
during the last two years, the water sector still
has some challenges and weaknesses. Notable
among them are : (i) the potability level of
water, (ii) sustainability of water services and
the insuffciency of applied tariffs which do
not cover all the investment and operational
charges ; (iii) discrepancies in access to potable
water in the various areas, regions and districts
and (iv) poor management of facilities in urban
and semi-urban areas.
In addition, it is necessary to invest in the
promotion of good practices in hygiene in the
area of sanitation.
In order to change this situation, the Government
intends to : (i) expand social services to cover
other socio professional services ; (ii) invest
more into enhancing the production capacities,
improving maintenance, and the management
of facilities ; (iii) further strengthen the legal
framework by enforcing regulatory instruments
in the water sector and carry out reforms in
urban water supply systems and (iv) create an
enabling environment in order to encourage the
private investments into the sector, within the
next fve years. | [
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1
] | {
"country": "tgo",
"file_id": "sdg-01/vnr-report-tgo-2017-en-1.pdf",
"language": "en",
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"size": "m",
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} |
Forum Politique de Haut Niveau sur le Développement Durable 17
V - FOCUS SUR LA MISE EN ŒUVRE DES OBJECTIFS DE
DEVELOPPEMENT DURABLE 1, 2, 3, 5, 9, 14 ET 17.
4.1- ODD1 : Éliminer la pauvreté sous toutes ses formes et partout dans le monde
L’amélioration des conditions de vie des
populations pauvres en général et des personnes
les plus vulnérables en particulier, s’inscrit dans
le renforcement de la lutte contre la pauvreté
et la promotion de mécanismes de protection
sociale focalisée sur l’extension de son volet
contributif et la redynamisation de son volet
non contributif au regard des exigences de
solidarité nationale en faveur des populations
les plus démunies.
Selon les données de l’enquête QUIBB,
l’incidence de la pauvreté est passée de 58,7%
en 2011 à 55,1% en 2015 soit une baisse de
3,6 points de pourcentage, traduisant une
amélioration des revenus imputables à la
croissance économique dont le taux moyen
annuel a atteint 5% entre 2011 et 2015.
L’extrême pauvreté a atteint 28,7% en 2015,
marquant ainsi un léger repli de son niveau de
30,4% observé en 2011. Notons néanmoins que
l’incidence de la pauvreté demeure élevée en
milieu rural (68,9%) et que l’extrême pauvreté
a augmenté à Lomé la capitale passant de 4,6%
en 2011 à 13,7% en 2015.
S’agissant de la protection sociale contributive
qui constitue l’une des bases du développement
du capital humain, le gouvernement a pris
des dispositions pour instituer un système
de couverture en assurance maladie gérée
par l’Institut National d’Assurance Maladie
(INAM). Cet institut offre des prestations
aux agents du secteur public comprenant
l’administration centrale, les collectivités
locales, les organismes d’Etat à budgets
autonomes et les retraités du secteur public.
En matière de couverture, 5% de la population
adulte bénéfcient des régimes contributifs
d’assurance sociale et 5% des familles ayant
des enfants reçoivent des allocations familiales.
En ce qui concerne la sécurité sociale des
retraités, 13% de la population de plus de 60
ans perçoivent une pension via la Caisse des
retraites du Togo (CRT) ou la caisse nationale
de sécurité sociale (CNSS). Pour l’assurance
maladie, environ 6% de la population est
couverte, dont 4% par l’INAM. Le volet non
contributif de la protection sociale comprend
essentiellement des programmes de flets
18 Forum Politique de Haut Niveau sur le Développement Durable
sociaux de sécurité qui ciblent les pauvres et
les personnes vulnérables aux chocs, à savoir :
(i) les transferts monétaires ; (ii) les transferts
en nature tels que les cantines scolaires, les
suppléments nutritionnels, l’aide alimentaire ;
(iii) la création d’emplois temporaires par
le biais de travaux publics à haute intensité
de main-d’œuvre ; et (iv) les exonérations de
frais de services, telles que les subventions des
services de santé ou d’éducation.
Dans cette perspective, le gouvernement a
mis en œuvre plusieurs initiatives à l’instar du
Programme de développement communautaire
et des flets sociaux (PDC Plus), du Programme
d’appui au développement à la base (PRADEB),
du Programme national de développement
de plateformes multifonctionnelles (PNPTFM), du Programme de soutien aux
activités économiques des groupements
(PSAEG) et du Fonds national de la fnance
inclusive (FNFI). Toutes ces initiatives ont
pour vocation de contribuer à l’amélioration
durable des conditions de vie des populations
les plus vulnérables (femmes et jeunes) par
la valorisation des potentialités productives
locales à travers la promotion des activités
génératrices de revenus (AGR) et l’amélioration
de l’accès des communautés à la base aux
services fnanciers.
En matière d’accroissement de la capacité
productive et des revenus des femmes par
exemple, l’initiation du FNFI a permis de
toucher au total 715 712 bénéfciaires sur la
période allant d’avril 2014 à décembre 2016.
En ce qui concerne les transferts monétaires, 28
846 bénéfciaires ont été touchés sur la même
période dans 217 villages les plus pauvres des
régions de la Kara et des savanes. Les transferts
monétaires ont ciblé les enfants de 0 à 24 mois
et ceux de 25 à 59 mois malnutris sévères, ainsi
que les femmes enceintes à partir de 3 mois.
Une évaluation d’impact du projet pilote des
transferts monétaires a été réalisée et fait état
d’une certaine amélioration des indicateurs
d’enregistrement des enfants à la naissance et
de suivi de la croissance de l’enfant chez les
bénéfciaires du transfert.
En matière d’accès aux services d’eau, le
gouvernement a consenti des efforts dans la
réalisation d’ouvrages hydrauliques. En milieu
rural, le taux de desserte a augmenté de 55,3%
en 2015 à 64,4 % en 2016 traduisant un progrès
de 9,1 points. Sur la même période, en milieu
semi urbain, le taux de desserte passe de 49,3%
en 2015 à 46,4% en fn 2016. En milieu urbain,
ce taux est passé de 50% en 2015 à 52% en
2016. Les investissements dans ces trois
milieux ont permis une augmentation du taux
de desserte nationale en eau potable de 50% en
2015 à 53,9% en 2016.
Le sous-secteur de l’AEP en milieu urbain a connu
depuis 2015, un début d’opérationnalisation de
la réforme institutionnelle entamée durant les
années antérieures conduisant à la signature
des contrats de concession de la Société de
patrimoine Eau (SP-EAU) et d’affermage de la
Société togolaise des eaux (TdE). Dans le cadre
de cette réforme, le gouvernement a commandé
une étude tarifaire sur l’eau en milieu urbain,
dont les résultats doivent éclairer la mise en
œuvre effective de la stratégie d’investissement
impliquant la mobilisation du secteur privé.
S’agissant de l’assainissement de base, au plan
national, le pourcentage des ménages utilisant
une latrine améliorée a progressé ; par contre
ce taux a régressé en milieux rural et semiurbain passant de 35,1% en 2011 à 29,9% en
2015. Cependant la proportion des ménages qui
utilisent la nature comme type d’aisance a baissé
entre 2011 et 2015 passant de 46,9% à 42,7%,
selon les données de l’enquête QUIBB. En
matière d’assainissement d’eau pluviale, seuls
la capitale et les cinq chefs-lieux de régions
disposent d’un plan directeur d’assainissement.
Notons toutefois que durant les dix dernières
Forum Politique de Haut Niveau sur le Développement Durable 19
années, le pays a réalisé d’importants travaux
d’infrastructures d’évacuation des eaux
pluviales qui ont permis d’atténuer le problème
récurrent des inondations dans la ville de Lomé
et dans les autres villes de l’intérieur.
En vue d’accroître la résilience des populations
vulnérables face aux changements climatiques,
plusieurs initiatives ont aidé à mettre en
place des politiques publiques et des mesures
concrètes qui ont permis d’anticiper et de gérer
les chocs, d’aider les populations à s’en remettre
et de protéger les vies humaines en maintenant
les moyens d’existence à un niveau viable.
Les interventions spécifques en faveur des
groupes vulnérables, à travers l’Agence de
solidarité nationale (ASN), se sont traduites
principalement par une assistance d’urgence en
vivres, non vivres et soins médicaux à 11488
victimes de catastrophes dans les régions Lomécommune, maritime, plateaux et savanes et des
distributions de kits scolaires à 5730 enfants
les plus vulnérables sur 6000 enfants identifés
dans les cinq régions du pays à raison de 130
bénéfciaires par préfecture.
Dans les perspectives d’amélioration de la
coordination des interventions en cas de
catastrophe qui auparavant étaient partagées
entre plusieurs acteurs, une Agence nationale de
protection civile (ANPC) est mise en place en
février 2017 pour mettre en œuvre la politique
nationale de la protection civile.
Par ailleurs, le gouvernement a poursuivi la
mise en œuvre du programme d’urgence de
développement communautaire (PUDC) lancé
en 2016 en vue d’œuvrer de manière résolue à
la réduction plus signifcative de la pauvreté et
des inégalités, par l’amélioration des conditions
de vie des populations à travers l’accès aux
infrastructures et services socio-économiques de
base (encadré 4).
En dépit des efforts consentis, plusieurs défs
restent à relever.
Concernant la protection sociale, la couverture
sanitaire universelle demeure une des
problématiques majeures. La composante
contributive du système togolais de protection
sociale fait face à un épineux problème de
fnancement.
Pour ce qui est du secteur de l’eau, même si
le niveau d’accès à l’eau potable s’est accru
au cours de ces deux dernières années, ces
progrès cachent d’autres faiblesses notamment
(i) la potabilité de l’eau, (ii) la continuité des
services d’eau et l’insuffsance des tarifs
appliquées qui ne couvrent pas intégralement
les couts d’investissement et d’exploitation ;
(iii) les disparités de taux de desserte observées
entre les différents milieux, les régions et les
préfectures et (iv) la mauvaise gestion des
ouvrages en milieux urbain et semi-urbain.
Par ailleurs, dans le domaine de l’assainissement,
il faut s’investir dans la promotion de bonnes
pratiques en matière d’hygiène.
Pour améliorer cette situation, le gouvernement
compte, au cours du prochain quinquennat,
(i) étendre les prestations sociales à d’autres
catégories socio professionnelles ; (ii)
poursuivre des efforts d’investissement
pour accroître les capacités de production
des infrastructures, améliorer le niveau de
maintenance, d’entretien et de gestion des
ouvrages ; (iii) consolider davantage le cadre
juridique en mettant en application les textes
législatifs réglementaires du secteur de l’eau et
poursuivre les réformes engagées dans le milieu
urbain et (iv) créer un environnement incitatif
afn d’impliquer le secteur privé dans les
investissements et la gestion des infrastructures
d’eau et d’assainissement. | [
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"country": "tgo",
"file_id": "sdg-01/vnr-report-tgo-2017-fr-1.pdf",
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} |
-8-
Goal 1 End poverty in all its forms everywhere
Thailand successfully achieved the MDG in halving the number of people
living in poverty. The percentage of people living in poverty was reduced from
42.3 per cent (25.3 million persons) in 2000 to 7.2 per cent (4.8 million persons) in
2015. Among the 4.8 million persons living in poverty in 2015, up to 38 per cent are
female adults, 38 per cent male adults and 24 per cent children.
Poverty encompasses multiple and diverse dimensions of deprivation, not
just the economic dimension focusing on material needs. Poverty can be defined not
just as lack of income, but also as lack of educational opportunities, access to
healthcare, public services and infrastructure. The lack of means to cope with
damaging loss such as insurance and social protection often renders impoverished
people vulnerable to disasters and other external shocks, which descend them further
in poverty.
The Government has therefore put forward the policies under the 20–Year
National Strategy Framework and the 12th National Economic and Social
Development Plan (2016 – 2020) to end poverty in all its dimensions by using a
development approach based on SEP, which has been the guiding principle of the
National Economic and Social Development Plans since 2002 (the 9th Plan).
In line with SEP’s people-centered development approach, the Government
encourages and supports poor families in using SEP as a guide to make a living,
manage households and increase self-reliance. There are 878 SEP model villages
which seek to increase income, reduce expenditure and promote community welfare
for those in the rural areas. Furthermore, the Government has implemented the
project “Pracharath Rak Samakee” under the Public-Private-People Partnership
(PPPP) called Pracharath Policy, to promote social enterprises and enable the private
sector to work with the Government to help communities and societies. The
Pracharath social enterprises have been set up in 76 provinces nationwide to increase
income in rural communities via three strategic pillars: agriculture, product
processing by small and medium-sized enterprises, and community tourism.
Social security measures have also contributed to poverty reduction. In
2016 fiscal year, the Government provided up to 3,000 Baht (approximately 85.71
USD) financial subsidy to 325,609 low income families, amounting to 593,101,978
Baht (approximately 16.95 million USD) in total. The Government has also
implemented various projects, such as Pracharath Housing Project and Improvement
-9-
of the Homeless’ Quality of Life Project, under the 10-Year Housing Development
Plan (2016-2025) to provide housing for the poor. Furthermore, Social Assistance
Center 1300 has been established to allow people facing social problems to access
immediate support through call center and online channels.
Reducing expenditures is as important as increasing income in fighting
poverty. The Universal Health Coverage scheme has significantly reduced healthcare
expenditures for the households. Other social welfare measures include providing
free bus and train services and 15 years free basic education from kindergarten to
high school levels.
The Government has also introduced various measures to help the poor and
the vulnerable. The provision of 6,000 Baht (approximately 171.43 USD) per
month childcare subsidy for poor families with child aged 0-3, free 15-year basic
education, as well as monthly allowances for senior citizens and persons with
disabilities (800 Baht or approximately 22.86 USD) / person / month for person with
disabilities and progressive rate for senior citizen ) are some of the examples. In
2016 fiscal year, up to 73 billion Baht (approximately 2.09 billion USD) of
allowances was provided to 7.34 million senior citizens and 1.67 million persons
with disabilities. Also, the Government promotes employment and provides funding
sources for occupations for persons with disabilities. Community-based centers for
promoting quality of life and occupations and schools for the elderly, as well as
house refurbishment project for the elderly have been established. The elderly are
also given access to loans through Older Fund.
Furthermore, the Government has started the Registration for State Social
Welfare Scheme to provide support to the poor, where the eligibility criterion is
person with an annual income lower than 100,000 Baht (approximately 2,857 USD).
In 2016, 17,469 million Baht (approximately 499 million USD) was provided to 7.5
million qualified registered low income-earners through our national e-payment
system to further support their livelihood.
The Government encourages decent employment for all Thai persons. It has
set up job centers nationwide to provide career consulting and training services for
all. Measures to protect and manage labors’ rights according to the international
human rights standards have been implemented. The Government also promotes
decent employment in the informal sector which include the disabled, the elderly and
the vulnerable.
Thailand attaches great importance to ensuring vulnerable groups’ access
to basic public services and infrastructure and economic resources. In 2013, up
to 99.87 per cent of Thais had access to healthcare services through the National
Health Act. In 2016, all persons in the urban areas had access to electricity and 99.3
per cent had access to clean water. In the rural areas, 99.7 per cent of people had
access to electricity and 81.5 per cent had access to clean water. The Government
aims to expand accessibility to clean water and electricity to all areas in Thailand.
Furthermore, the Government’s policy to promote ‘Digital Economy’ and ‘Smart
City’ led to the establishment of Community Digital Centers in 2015 which increase
people’s access to telecommunication and on-line services. In 2015, up to 79.3 per
-10-
cent of Thais aged over 6 years old are users of mobile phone, and in 2016, 59.8 per
cent of households have internet connection.
Land use and management is important for Thailand where the majority of
the population is in the agricultural sector. The Committee on National Land Policy
has introduced land management policy that aims to address the issue of land
encroachment and to reallocate land for the poor in a fair manner in order to enhance
their livelihoods and, in turn, stimulate the economy.
The Government is aware of the profound impact of disasters on the poor.
The 2nd National Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Plan, which aims to promote
resilience and mitigate disaster impacts especially on the poor and the vulnerable, is
currently being drafted. At present, up to 25,915 persons in disaster-prone villages
nationwide have been trained in early warning and disaster management. They are
called ‘Miss/Mister Early Warning’. Local volunteers have also been trained on
crisis and disaster management in the efforts to build community resilience to
disasters.
Despite Thailand’s notable achievements in meeting the MDG targets to
halve the number of people in extreme poverty, eradicating poverty remains one of
the most important priorities for Thailand. Up to 15.5 per cent of the Thai citizens
are near poor or live in poverty; most of them live in the rural areas and are in the
agricultural sector. The Government thus remains fully committed to reducing
poverty and uplifting the standards of living of its people by improving access to
public services and spreading SEP-based development in all areas.
Case Study: Community Welfare Fund of the Umong Municipality,
Lamphun Province
Target 1.3: Implement nationally appropriate social protection systems and
measures for all, including floors, and by 2030 achieve substantial coverage
of the poor and the vulnerable.
Many communities in Thailand have taken the lead to initiate communitybased social protection mechanisms, which complement state-sponsored ones (such
as the Universal Health Coverage and monthly allowances for senior citizen). The
Umong Municipality in Lamphun province is known nationwide for its successful
use of SEP approach to make local residents more financially secured through the
establishment of a Community Welfare Fund. The Fund not only encourages
savings for people in the community, but also provides a modest amount of financial
assistance for community members who have a savings account for the following
purposes: childbirth, education, ordination, marriage, healthcare and pension for the
elderly. Community members, especially those who are vulnerable to poverty or
work in the informal sector, are incentivized to save money and have an access to
social welfare, which in turn help reduce poverty as well as promote dignity,
resilience to external shocks and a sense of belonging in their community. | [
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1
] | {
"country": "tha",
"file_id": "sdg-01/vnr-report-tha-2017-en-1.pdf",
"language": "en",
"locality": null,
"size": "m",
"type": "vnr",
"year": 2017
} |
Goal 1: Thailand has achieved the MDGs target on poverty and hunger,
reducing the number of people living in poverty and hunger by half. However,
poverty remains in many manifestations and inequalities persist. Around 7.2 per cent
of population lives under the national poverty line, the number could reach 15.5 per
cent if we include those who are slightly above the line. Measures such as SEP
villages seek to increase income and reduce expenditure for those in the rural area.
The government has started a registration scheme to provide support to the poor. In
2016, 17,469 million baht (approximately 485 million US Dollar) was provided to
7.5 million registered low income-earners through the national e-payment system to
further support their livelihood. It is expected that the scheme will benefit around 12
million qualified registrants in 2017. | [
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- 10 -
Goal 1
End poverty in all its forms everywhere
Overview
Thailand has achieved extensive and significant progress on poverty reduction, both
with regards to the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and the 2030 Agenda for
Sustainable Development. Particular progress has been made in addressing extreme poverty, as
illustrated by the absence of persons living with an income lower than 1.90 USD per day, the
international extreme poverty line, since 2016. Building on this success, Thailand has sought to
elevate its commitment to reducing extreme poverty beyond the level of international
indicators. The country has designated an extreme poverty line that goes beyond the
international extreme poverty line. In this regard, further implementation has been successful.
The number of people living below the poverty line within Thailand has decreased
continuously: in 2019, this number stood at 6.25 per cent of the total population (equivalent to
4.3 million people), reduced from 9.85 per cent (6.7 million people) in 2018 as a result of the
expansion of the Thai economy as well as government measures to support low income groups.
In terms of income, Thais now earn an average income of 9,847 Thai Baht per person per year,
which represents an increase from 9,614 Thai Baht per person per year in 2017.
Thailand’s measures to advance poverty eradication not only take into account the
income dimension, but also seek to address other dimensions, such as social protection, access
to essential services, and varying risk factors. Thailand has introduced a National MultiDimension Poverty Index (MPI), which covers four dimensions of poverty: education;
healthy lifestyles; quality of life; and financial security. This has been developed in order to
comprehensively and accurately reflect the current situation in the country. The Government’s
measures have also led to an improvement in the country’s score on this index. Thailand’s MPI
score stood at 0.051 in 2019, with the proportion of the population living in multi-dimensional
poverty at 13.4 per cent (or equivalent to 9.1 million people). The Intensity of Poverty score
stood at 38 per cent. This highlights the country’s improvement from 2017, when the MPI
score stood at 0.068, with 17.6 per cent of the population living in poverty and an Intensity of
Poverty score of 38.7 per cent.
At the international level, Thailand has consistently contributed to international efforts
to eradicate poverty through overseas assistance. This is underlined by the growth in the
country’s international cooperation budget, which increased from 308 million Thai Baht in
2005 to 892 million Thai Baht in 2019.
However, the COVID-19 crisis has inevitably impacted the implementation of poverty
eradication measures in Thailand. The economic impacts of the pandemic have led to reduced
incomes for 54 per cent of Thais, with an increase in debt within and out of the loan system.
COVID-19 has also disproportionately affected poorer households, particularly the urban poor
who have high costs of living. Other groups at risk of moving below the poverty line include
those that rely on sources of income from outside the household, those with employment in
industries at risk of reducing workforces during the pandemic, and farmers who own little or no
land. These groups comprise over 1.14 million households.
Policies and Implementation
The Thai Government has implemented several measures and projects aimed at poverty
eradication prior to, during, and after the COVID-19 outbreak. Such measures reflect the
- 11 -
commitment of the country in comprehensively addressing multi-dimensional poverty. Key
policies and projects include:
(1) The Government has advanced poverty eradication efforts through targeted
measures for key groups, these measures aim to create and expand opportunities for
vulnerable groups, in order to assist them to gain comprehensive and equal access to state
welfare and services. These measures are in line with the Government’s pro-poor policies and
take into account a gender-sensitive perspective. Measures have been continuously
implemented to find and identify target groups who require assistance in different dimensions
of poverty. This has included projects to provide financial assistance for newborn children in
impoverished households, state welfare registration, and financial assistance for students from
poorer households. Existing projects have also been expanded. Assistance for children in poor
households from the age of 0-3 years has been expanded to children aged 0-6 years. The range
of criteria for those eligible to receive state welfare has also been widened. This has been
expanded to those earning less than 36,000 Thai Baht per year to 100,000 Thai Baht per year.
The Government has also designated context-specific poverty indicators to better assist various
vulnerable groups. As an example, child poverty analysis in Thailand has been transformed to
also incorporate dimensions such as child welfare, quality of life, and good health and
wellbeing, in order to reflect the specific problems associated with child poverty.
(2) To address the vulnerability of workers in the informal sector, Thailand amended
relevant legislation to provide increased benefits and rights to assistance for social protection in
accordance with Section 40 of the Social Security Act B.E 2533 (1990). This now covers
workers in the informal sector, self-employed persons, agricultural producers, informal sellers,
and freelance workers. These groups have been assisted in increasing their access to the social
protection system. Furthermore, the Government has initiated projects to raise the capacities of
low-income workers and has created mobile service delivery units to provide social welfare
services. These units have provided mobile assistance 15,324 times since their introduction in
2020, with assistance given to a total of 1,006,492 people.
(3) Grassroots economies have been developed to raise the capacities of local
communities. Key projects advancing this vision include a project development model areas
which aim to raise the quality of life through the application of New Theory Agriculture and
advance the “Khok Nong Na” Model. This model constitutes one application of the
Sufficiency Economy Philosophy, and promotes new farming methods by dividing farm land
into four parts: 30 per cent of the plot is used for rice cultivation; 30 per cent for other
agricultural crops; 30 per cent as a water source for irrigation; and the remaining 10 per cent
serves as land for houses and livestock. This concept utilises villages as the model to promote
grassroots development and to build resilience to external shocks for all households. Trainings
have been organised and model areas created at the local and household levels to improve the
capacities of the people in the area on food security. This includes knowledge in areas such as
vegetable cultivation, basic water management, and the effective use of existing resources.
Such activities have also served to instill the values of environmental conservation, therefore
promoting community learning and participation. This vision advances a people-centred
approach and the strengthening of household resilience, while developing the people to be
knowledgeable and adaptable to new ways of life in order to promote happiness, employment,
and stable incomes in a rapidly-changing world. At present, the model has been implemented in
73 provinces, incorporating 571 municipalities, 3,246 tambons, and 25,179 households. A
budget of 4.788 billion Thai Baht has been allocated to support 7 key activities across the
country, comprising:
- 12 -
1. Training to develop skills in the short-term to promote sustainable agriculture according
to the Khok Nong Na model.
2. Creation of areas along the community lab model to improve quality of life at the
tambon level, and development of areas along the household lab model to improve
household quality of life.
3. Implementation of measures to provide employment and income for agricultural
producers, labourers, new graduates, and workers who have recently relocated back to
their local areas and communities.
4. Development projects to boost household and private sector consumption and support
model household areas for the development of quality of life.
5. Integration of all development efforts at the tambon-level.
6. Creation of product production processes and product standards in line with the Thai
Organic Way of Life standard.
7. Application of digital systems to develop programmes and a database aimed at
advancing the local economy.
In addition, the Government has implemented the “Thai Niyom Yung Yuen”, or
“Sustainable Thai-ness” project to increase local participation in providing solutions to
development challenges and in distributing income throughout local communities. This
community-based tourism project builds on the One Tambon, One Product (OTOP) project
by developing local communities as tourism destinations, leveraging local products and
customs as attractions. The projects help communities to adapt to new tourism trends which
value variety and local experiences in communities. This will lead to spending on activities,
products, and services in communities, therefore allowing for the distribution of income
throughout such communities. At present, 7,663 expert groups have been formed to provide
advice on income distribution in 81,151 communities. In addition, a project has been initiated
to provide practical training for community entrepreneurs to strengthen their grassroots
economies, as well as a project to provide training for new supplementary jobs in local
communities. The Smart Farmer Project provides information technology skills and knowledge
on business and financial planning for farmers. A project to disseminate knowledge on debt
management has also been implemented, including on the management of household debt and
access to correct forms of financing. Other measures promoted include the provision of small
loans for emergency use, the development of the “1 Loan, 1 Tambon, 1 SME” project to
promote the application of New Theory Agriculture, the increase of village and community
funds, and the establishment of community financing systems for model communities to
promote the application of the SEP.
(4) Expanding ownership of property and development of comprehensive infrastructure, the
Land Policy Committee is in the process of distributing land to promote good livelihoods for
low income earners through the provision of collective lots of land. Once fully implemented,
76,000 people will have received land to build their livelihoods. Measures have also been
implemented to develop housing for the vulnerable groups and low-income earners, such as the
Baan Thanarak Pracharat project, the Baan Khon Thai Pracharat project, and the 1 Million
Homes Project. This also complements the development of capacities in the application of
modern technology to increase incomes and promote connectivity to the wider economy for
different groups. This includes the Net Pracharat project, which has expanded high-speed
broadband internet to 24,700 villages across the country. Other key examples include the
Fringe Areas Internet project, which covers 3,920 villages, and the Far Off Internet project,
which covers 15,732 villages.
- 13 -
(5) The Government has developed the Thai People Map and Analytics Platform
(TPMAP) as the central database used to search for and identify poor and vulnerable groups in
an inclusive, correct, and accurate manner. This builds on the previous Thai Poverty Map and
Analytics Platform, and helps to identify key poverty-related issues at the individual,
household, community, provincial, and national levels. The TPMAP will provide an effective
boost to efforts to solve poverty problems according to the needs of various target groups, and
will allow for context, area, and group-specific policy making.
(6) Thailand has also recently implemented several measures to assist those affected by the
COVID-19 pandemic. These measures give priority to providing financial remedy of 5,000
Thai Baht per month for a period of 3 months for workers in the informal sector and
agricultural producers. Remedy of 1,000 Thai Baht per person per month has also been
provided for other vulnerable groups. The Government has also initiated the “50:50 CoPayment Scheme” to assist people with the cost of living in tandem with the reduction of
prices for essential goods. To revive the economy and alleviate the socio-economic effects on
vulnerable groups, Thailand has passed an emergency decree allowing the Ministry of Finance
to take out a loan of 1 trillion Thai Baht to resolve various problems, provide financial remedy
for those affected, and boost socio-economic recovery from the COVID-19 crisis. A strategy
has also been developed to support increased employment, boost income generation, and
develop training to assist workers who have recently returned to hometowns and communities
as a result of the pandemic to improve their livelihoods. Thailand is committed to creating a
learning system to “upskill” workers according to the needs of the labour market in the postCOVID era, which will help workers adapt to the New Normal.
Challenges and Way Forward
Thailand still faces challenges with regards to poverty eradication, despite significant
success in achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). These challenges are mainly
in terms of the existing infrastructure, different dimensions to poverty that do not include
income, and the impacts of COVID-19. These issues will affect poverty eradication in all
dimensions in Thailand.
(1) The Thai social infrastructure highlights several inequalities. As such, many Thais
have been designated as vulnerable groups. As of 2019, 5.4 million Thai people are considered
part of vulnerable groups, equivalent to 7.79 per cent of the total population. The effects of
COVID-19 will only serve to exacerbate this.
(2) State assistance is yet to comprehensively reach poor and vulnerable groups, and the
total amount of poor people in the country is yet to be accurately ascertained. The Government
still faces particular challenges in the coordination and integration of work between all relevant
agencies, and in designating comprehensive criteria to identify key groups when implementing
poverty eradication measures. The use of the TPMAP will serve to develop capacities in this
area.
(3) Domestic economic growth is still not inclusive and creates inequalities, resulting in
wealth concentration in urban areas. Poverty eradication measures are still aimed at specific
issues, rather than targeting infrastructure changes in order to respond to the problems, such as
increasing industrial areas and providing economic opportunities for far off areas.
- 14 -
(4) Not enough low-income earners in Thailand have ownership of property or land, and
many lack the necessary knowledge to escape poverty, such as information on household debt
management, access to finance, and technology skills to build incomes.
Multi-Stakeholder Case Studies
(1) Khon Kaen COVID Fight Project
The Friends of the Homeless is a private sector organisation which has worked with
vulnerable groups, including homeless persons, in Khon Kaen in order to contribute towards
reduced inequalities and strengthened community resilience. The group has also worked with youth
volunteers in developing youth networks in Khon Kaen, focusing on implementation in the Khon
Kaen municipality, Sila tambon, Khon Kaen Old City tambon, and Mueang tambon (totaling 3
municipalities and 1 amphoe).
During the COVID-19 pandemic, the Friends of the Homeless worked in the field to
ascertain the full impacts of the pandemic on the community, and gathered information on key
problems such as: (1) a lack of information on COVID-19 prevention measures for homeless and
vulnerable groups, such as the use of masks, correct hand-washing techniques, and social distancing
measures; (2) a lack of income for homeless persons and vulnerable groups stemming from
lockdown measures put into place by the Government; and (3) the risk of homeless persons and
vulnerable groups in being left behind in State assistance and remediation efforts, due to a lack of
literacy and access to technology.
As such, the group implemented the “Khon Kaen COVID Fight” project between 1 June- 31
July 2020 in two phases:
In the short-term, the project has supported youth and community volunteers to organise
COVID-19 protection events, in which assistance was offered to homeless persons and vulnerable
groups with regards to access to welfare, food, and employment, in order to reduce the impacts of
the pandemic on such groups in Khon Kaen.
In the long-term, the project set up food banks both at the household and group levels, in
order to reduce food scarcity during the pandemic and has also organised designated employment
areas, where homeless persons and vulnerable groups can be matched with potential employers and
entrepreneurs who wish to hire them. Such actions have helped to reduce the economic impacts of
the pandemic and the long-term loss of income.
Concrete outcomes from the project include the following:
1) 30 meals each were provided for over 100 homeless persons and vulnerable groups,
helping to improve access to food welfare and food banks.
2) 42 homeless persons and vulnerable groups were assisted with regards to ensuring their
access to COVID-19 remedies from relevant state agencies.
3) Foodbanks were organised for 9 vulnerable communities, totaling over 100 households.
4) 48 homeless persons and vulnerable groups were supported with regards to employment
during the pandemic.
5) Capacity-building support was provided 31 homeless persons and vulnerable groups to
prepare them for future employment opportunities.
In total, 221 persons received support from the project, including 91 women, 128 men, and
1 LGBTI person. This also included 3 men with disabilities. The project leveraged the support of 89
volunteers, including 57 women, 31 men, and one LGBTI person.
(2) Pracharath Rak Samakkee Social Enterprise (Thailand) Co., Ltd.
The Pracharath Rak Samakkee Social Enterprise company was born in 2016 from the idea
that social enterprises can be a creative driving force for local economic development. This initiatve
- 15 -
has set up various social enterprises in every province under the “Pracharath Rak Samakkee”
banner, with the Pracharath Rak Samakkee company as the central body to coordinate between all
sectors. The initiative helps to promote knowledge and improve resources, and helps boost
communities’ income from agricultural businesses, processing, and local tourism - strengthening
Thailand’s grassroots economy and driving sustainable development in the communities. The
development and capacity building process for local enterprises can be broken down into the
following five aspects:
1. Supporting community access to means of production both in terms of resources and
capital, such as by helping draft an effective business plan, helping source quality seeds, and
matching communities with suitable financial institutions.
2. Generating income from community knowledge by developing storytelling for products
and local tourism spots to make them stand out, supporting local research, and encouraging
product certifications, including patent registrations.
3. Holistic marketing efforts starting from market analysis, to product and packaging
development, and new sales channels.
4. Creating sustainable awareness through support in brand building and public relations
campaigns via local and national media affiliates.
5. Establishing a basic management system for capital, accounting, and risks. | [
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Voluntary National Review of Turkmenistan
GOAL 1.
END POVERTY
IN ALL ITS FORMS
EVERYWHERE
4. PROGRESS TOWARDS ACHIEVING
THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS
44
Voluntary National Review of Turkmenistan
The average monthly salary at large
and medium-sized enterprises increased 1.9 times for the period
2015–2022, including by 34.6% for
2019–2022.
One of the main goals of the social reform carried out in Turkmenistan is the
comprehensive development of the
social protection system of the population and the creation of a cost-effective pension system. The concept of
“population in need of state support”
is used in the social protection system.
The following types of state benefits
are established in the country:
– temporary disability;
– for pregnancy and childbirth;
– at the birth of a child;
– to take care of a child (independently working or not working) until they
reach the age of three;
– disability (in case of partial or complete disability);
Social protection of the
population in Turkmenistan
In order to increase the material well–
being of the population in Turkmenistan, traditional institutional measures are being implemented, such
as an annual increase of 10% in the
minimum wage, monthly wages of
employees financed from the budget
of institutions (namely, healthcare, education, culture, social security, etc.),
self-supporting enterprises and public associations, pensions and state
benefits, scholarships for students
and trainees; and specific social support measures depending on the categories of the population: benefits for
large families, children who have lost
their parents, veterans, persons with
disabilities, etc.
This contributes to the annual growth
of income of the population. Thus, for
the period 2015–2022, monetary income per household increased about
2 times, for 2019–2022 by 32.7%.
45
Voluntary National Review of Turkmenistan
01 JANUARY
2023
543.7
thousand people
pensioners
998.6
thousand people
the number of
pensioners and
recipients of benefits
for all types of state
social benefits
amounted to
the average monthly
amount of real
pensions and state
benefits increased
In 2015–2022,
2.2times
454.9
thousand people
recipients of
state benefits
– state allowance assigned to the
spouse of a participant in the Great
Patriotic War;
– state social benefit.
As of 1 January 2023, the number of
pensioners and recipients of benefits for all types of state social benefits amounted to 998.6 thousand
people, including pensioners – 543.7
thousand people, recipients of state
benefits – 454.9 thousand people.
In 2015–2022, the average monthly
amount of pensions and state benefits increased 2.2 times.
2
One of the most vulnerable groups in
the structure of socially unprotected
segments of the population is persons
with disabilities. Social assistance is
provided to them in the form of state
benefits and the provision of benefits
stipulated by the Code of Turkmenistan on Social Protection of the Population. The number of recipients of
2 State Committee of Statistics of Turkmenistan
46
Voluntary National Review of Turkmenistan
amounted to 2011 people, of which
1,582 people (or 78.7%) were women.
According to the results of MICS-6 in
2019, 98% of children under 3 years of
age were covered by social benefits
(Figure 7).
Since 2019, the Government of Turkmenistan and the UN have been implementing a Joint Programme to improve the social protection system.
The Joint Programme contributed to
the adoption of the new Law of Turkmenistan “On Social Services” (2021),
which defines the legal, organizational
and economic basis for the provision
of social services to certain categories of people. As part of the implementation of the new Law, the Ministry of Labour and Social Protection of
the Population has created an operational space to launch a new model
of inclusive social services provided
to vulnerable segments of the population, including children.
state disability benefits as of 1 January 2023 amounted to 135.9 thousand
people.
The results of a survey of persons with
disabilities conducted in 2020 showed
that, as a rule, the challenges faced by
adults with disabilities are similar to
those of children with disabilities. At
the same time, 8% of adult respondents
noted the problem of getting an education, while 26% of children with disabilities indicated this problem as one of the
main problems. Isolation from society
and its attitude towards persons with
disabilities is rarely mentioned as one
of the problems among both adults and
children (6% vs. 8%, respectively).
Special attention is paid to social services for persons who have partially
or completely lost the ability to serve
themselves. As of 1 January 2023, the
number of seniour citizens and persons with disabilities served by Social
Service institutions for lonely senior
citizens and persons with disabilities
Figure 7. Coverage by social benefts and payments, %
Source: MICS-6, 2019
Children under
3 years old
in all HHs
98
Children in
all HHs
68
All HHs
members
67
HHs in two
lowest quintiles
62
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
47
Voluntary National Review of Turkmenistan
viding services, such as guardianship,
the Commission on Juvenile Affairs
and Medico-Pedagogical Commissions. Based on the findings of the
study, recommendations were developed on the following issues:
- revision of outdated regulatory legal
acts of guardianship authorities and
the Commission on Juvenile Affairs;
- investing in the occupation of “social
work specialist”;
- creating an effective interagency
coordination mechanism to provide
comprehensive social services and
child protection services.
The introduction of social services enabled to include 45 social work specialists in the structure of the Ministry
of Labour and Social Protection of the
Population. Since 2022, the state budget has provided funds for financing
specialists in social work.
In 2021, within the framework of the
“Socio-Economic Response Plan to
counteract the pandemic of acute
infectious disease”, adopted in July
2020, IOM, within the framework of a
joint programme of the United Nations
and the Government of Turkmenistan,
trained more than 40 volunteers in
Lebap and Dashoguz velayats (regions) from among young people who,
as part of information campaigns
conducted jointly with public organizations of Turkmenistan, have raised
awareness of more than 200 people
about legal migration and the prevention of illegal human trafficking.
The share of financing of the social
sphere (education, healthcare, social
The Joint Programme on “Improving
the social protection system through
the introduction of inclusive quality
social services at the community level” is aimed at introducing the practice
of social work in the feld of support
for the most vulnerable segments of
the population.
Within the framework of the Joint Programme, a new model of social services was piloted at the community
level. This model is based on human
rights and an inclusive approach to
the provision of social services and
is focused on the individual needs of
vulnerable population. 45 social work
specialists conducted a needs assessment and developed plans to support vulnerable population to gain access to targeted social services in 20
etraps (districts) of the country. Within the framework of the Programme,
about 1,350 people (children, families) in need of social services were
evaluated by social work specialists,
770 of them were assisted in meeting
their personal needs to fully participate in society.
The results of the analyses served as
the basis for the creation of specialized social services to support individual groups of people in difcult life
situations.
In 2021, the Ministry of Labour and
Social Protection of the Population
assessed the current system of child
protection in Turkmenistan. It included a functional analysis of bodies pro-
48
Voluntary National Review of Turkmenistan
ducted on the situation of children and
adults with disabilities covered by the
social protection system according to
the SDG principle on “leaving no one
behind”. Rapid measures during the
pandemic period were also backed up
with financial resources.
Thus, in 2015–2022, the share of financing of education, healthcare, and
social protection services in the total
volume of the state budget increased
from 49.0% to 67.7% (Figure 8).
protection, etc.) at the expense of the
state budget is systematically increasing. Since the outbreak of the global
pandemic, active steps and measures
have been taken to ensure social protection of citizens and reduce the negative impact of the pandemic on the
country’s economy.
The country has implemented a Rapid Socio-Economic Response Plan
to counteract the pandemic of acute
infectious disease. A survey was conFigure 8. Share of social expenditures in the total amount of public expenditures, %
* tentative data
Indicator *
Total
Education
Healthcare
Social protection
(including contributions
to the Pension Fund)
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
49.0 58.7 51.2 57.3 61.9 61.4 64.8 67.7
23.1 23.4 21.1 25.2 25.0 28.0 28.8 28.7
6.9 7.8 8.9 9.5 9.6 10.1 11.6 10.2
19.0 27.5 21.2 22.6 27.3 23.4 24.4 28.8
49
Voluntary National Review of Turkmenistan
Progress
in 2019–2022:
• In order to ensure equal opportunities
and accessibility of social services for
all categories of the population, the
Law of Turkmenistan “On Social Services” was adopted in 2021.
• In 2021, the National Human Rights
Action Plan of Turkmenistan for 2021–
2025 was approved. In this document,
a separate section is devoted to the
issue of ensuring the rights of persons with disabilities in accordance
with the Convention on the Rights of
Persons with Disabilities.
• In 2021, a Survey on the impact of
the global pandemic on the socio-economic situation of households was
conducted in all regions of Turkmenistan in accordance with the recommendations of the ILO, as well as a
Survey on the situation of children and
adults with disabilities covered by the
social protection system in order to
implement the SDG principle on “leaving no one behind” and determine the
next steps.
• 12 specialized social services have
been introduced for children, youth at
risk, women facing domestic violence,
people with disabilities and senior citizens in need of support.
• In November 2021, amendments
were made to the Code of Turkmenistan on Social Protection of the Population, according to which, from January 1, 2022, state benefits for the birth
Emergency support
One of the priority directions of Turkmenistan’s social policy is to increase
the resilience of people in vulnerable
situations due to climate change and
natural disasters. In March 2019, the
“State Programme for the Implementation of the Main Directions of State
Policy on Civil Defense, 2019–2030”
was approved as the national strategy
for disaster risk reduction.
This programme is based on the main
provisions of the Sendai Framework
for Disaster Risk Reduction, 2015-
2030, which was adopted at the Third
UN World Conference on Disaster Risk
Reduction, held on 14-18 March 2015
in Sendai (Miyagi Prefecture, Japan).
Along with this, the State Commission of Turkmenistan for Emergency
Situations operates in the country,
which annually develops an Annual
work plan. On its basis, annual work
plans of regions (local authorities)
are developed, which include specific
measures (local strategies) to reduce
disaster risk, develop national emergency management mechanisms, reduce the number of human casualties
and reduce damage resulting from
emergencies.
In 2022, a complex of facilities was
built to protect the city of Ashgabat
from flooding during the descent of
mudflows from the northern slopes of
Kopetdag in the southern part of the
city.
50
Voluntary National Review of Turkmenistan
• The share of expenditures on education, health and social protection
services in the total amount of public
expenditures increased from 61.9% in
2019 to 67.7% in 2022.
Follow-up steps for SDG 1
implementation
In order to widely implement international standards in the field of social
protection of the population, significant efforts will be directed at creating various types of social services,
along with improving the work of institutions providing social services
The objectives arising from the Law of
Turkmenistan “On Social Services” will
be implemented and regulatory legal
acts governing additional social services will be developed. At the same
time, in order to consolidate these
achievements and make them sustainable, as well as scale-up the model of
inclusive social services throughout
the country, a National Programme for
improving the system of social services in Turkmenistan, 2023–2030 is
being developed.
In order to increase the effectiveness
of the social protection measures taken, it is planned to further improve the
methodology for measuring poverty,
strengthen coordination, and scaleup social services at the level of local
communities.
of a child, child care and bereavement
benefits for families with four or more
orphans were increased; mothers who
received the title “Ene Myakhri/Motherly tenderness”, an additional amount
of 30% is paid to the pension or state
benefits.
• The State Programme for the Implementation of the main directions of
State Policy on Civil Defense, 2019-
2030 has been adopted, in accordance with the Sendai Framework for
Disaster Risk Reduction, 2015–2030. | [
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29
SDG 1: Poverty alleviation
The kingdom has recognized the importance of alleviating poverty and reducing hardship faced by
some disadvantaged sections of the Tongan community. Based on the international poverty measure
for extreme poverty of USD$1.90 per person per day, it is estimated that 3% of the Tongan population
fall in this category. Between 2009 and 2016, the percentage of population in this category has
increased from 1% to 3%, which is of policy concern.
Accordingly, the Ministry of Internal Affairs is finalizing a Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) Scheme.
This is a poverty policy benefit scheme targeting those who are extremely monetary poor.
Recently Tonga has developed a robust multidimensional poverty measure which is scientifically valid,
reliable, additive and contextually appropriate. It has been adopted as the national poverty measure,
and is the first of its kind in the Pacific. This is important because recent research has suggested that
income poverty measures can underestimate the true extent of poverty. Therefore, effective poverty
reduction policies require measures that go beyond income and appropriately reflect the hardship and
life experiences of the poor and disadvantaged groups.
30
In the spirit of the 2030 Development Agenda, this measure identifies the ‘proportion of men, women
and children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions according to national definition’. While
the impact on an adult falling into poverty temporarily may be felt immediately, for children the effects
can last a lifetime as children need access to education and healthcare to gain the best start in life.
Child poverty costs society in terms of missed opportunities and wasted potential. This measurement
is a new development for Tonga as child poverty is no longer lumped together with general poverty
assessments which often focus solely on income levels, and do not consider basic necessities. The
measure allows Tonga to fully understand child poverty.
BOX 3: National Poverty Measure
– leaving no one behind
Using this poverty measure Tonga can
report multiple dimensions:
• the poor - those that experience both
low income and are also materially and
socially deprived;
• those vulnerable because of deprivation
- socially perceived necessities (items
and activities) that the Tongan majority
consider that no-one should go without;
and
• those vulnerable because of income -
measured at the household level and
takes into account both monetary (e.g.
wages) and non-monetary sources (e.g.
self-production).
Using this measure, it is estimated that 27%
of the population are poor. Furthermore, 14%
of the population is estimated to be vulnerable
as a result of deprivation, and 22% vulnerable
in terms of income measures. Child and adult
poverty rates indicate that one in five adults are
poor compared to one in three children.
Notably, the most common forms of deprivation
among children have to do with household level
items, i.e. items that are shared by all household
members, such as electrical goods and making
regular savings for emergencies. As such,
interventions to reduce poverty among children
must consider household conditions, as well as,
the situation of children themselves. The same
pattern is apparent for adults, with household
level items showing the highest deprivation rates.
Currently, the survey does not collect information on housing conditions, e.g. state of repair or roofs
and walls. Further information on housing conditions would be useful to inform policy interventions.
Risk factors have been identified for child and adult poverty. Households with a large number of
children, as well as those with one or two adults are at higher risk of poverty. Policies addressed at
reducing child poverty are likely to improve the conditions of those households.
The evidence presented in this report indicates that education is effective in protecting households
from poverty. Households where the head has university qualifications or higher are the least likely to
be poor, followed by those with secondary school qualifications. The highest poverty rates correspond
to households where the head has primary school or no qualifications. | [
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75
PAS DE PAUVRETE
PRINCIPAUX AXES DE L’ODD 1
I. Lutter contre la pauvreté sous toutes ses formes et contre la précarisation des enfants de tous les âges.
II. Mettre en place des systèmes et mesures de protection sociale pour tous, y compris un socle de protection sociale.
III. Assurer l’accès des personnes vulnérables aux services de base.
IV. Réduire l’exposition des pauvres et des personnes en situation vulnérable aux phénomènes climatiques extrêmes
et à d’autres chocs et catastrophes
REALISATIONS ET ENJEUX
Dès l’indépendance, la Tunisie a misé sur le développement du capital humain en mettant en place une politique sociale multisectorielle pour élever le niveau d’éducation, améliorer les indicateurs de santé et les conditions vie des
populations. Toutefois, les progrès réalisés en matière de protection sociale ne peuvent pas cacher plusieurs faiblesses
qui demeurent jusqu’à aujourd’hui. Elle concernent notamment l’élimination de la pauvreté extrême, la réduction de la
proportion d’hommes, de femmes et d’enfants qui souffrent d’une forme ou une autre de la pauvreté, la mise en place
d’un système de protection sociale pour tous, la garantie d’accès des personnes pauvres et vulnérables aux services
de base.
I. Lutter contre la pauvreté sous toutes ses formes et contre la précarisation des enfants de tous les âges.
L’objectif de la politique sociale multisectorielle est de lutter contre la pauvreté dans toutes ses formes.
Schématiquement cette politique repose sur les axes stratégiques suivants.
Figure 6 : Politique Sociale Multisectorielle
01
76
Pour concrétiser ces objectifs, la Tunisie a consacré une part importante du PIB au titre des dépenses et transferts
sociaux qui a avoisiné, en 2018, 23% du PIB en 2018 (Budget Economique - 2019 – MDICI). Dans ce cadre le système de
protection sociale tunisien qui repose sur un ensemble de programmes d’assistance sociale et des régimes de sécurité sociale a été mis en place d’une manière progressive. L’encadré suivant résume les principales réalisations de ces
programmes
Encadré 12 : Programmes d’assistance sociale en Tunisie
77
Cette politique sociale multisectorielle a considérablement contribué à la réduction de la pauvreté en Tunisie. Ainsi, le
taux de pauvreté est passé de 25.4% en 2000 à 15.2% en 2015. Celui de la pauvreté extrême est passé de 7.5% à 2.9% sur
la même période.
II. Mettre en place des systèmes et mesures de protection sociale pour tous, y compris un socle de
protection sociale.
Le Contrat Social signé en 2013, dans le cadre d’une approche tripartite, entre le gouvernement, l’organisation des
travailleurs (UGTT) et l’organisation des employeurs (UTICA) a défini les grands axes d’une réforme globale du système
national de protection sociale, qui devrait se traduire à terme par la mise en place d’un Socle National de Protection
Sociale (SNPS) à même de garantir les droits sociaux fondamentaux et la justice sociale énoncés dans la Constitution
de 2014. Ce choix a été inscrit comme l’un des principaux axes des réformes structurelles dans le cadre du Plan Quinquennal de Développement 2016-2020.
Ce socle, qui s’inspire de la Recommandation n°202 de l’OIT en 2012 sur les Socles de Protection Sociale, comporte un
palier de base concernant les catégories pauvres et les personnes vulnérables qui n’ont pas la capacité d’intégrer le
système contributif.
Figure 7: Garanties fondamentales du SNPS en Tunisie
Certes, à la lumière des études de faisabilité des quatre garanties du socle qui viennent d’être achevées, le Ministère
des Affaires Sociales envisage d’élaborer un plan d’action des différentes réformes et de préparer la loi d’orientation
sur le socle national de protection sociale annoncée par le chef du gouvernement le 19 Mars 2019 à l’occasion de la
journée de l’action sociale. Toutefois, il y a lieu de souligner que les fondements d’un tel socle ont été déjà mis en
place.
Une Conférence nationale intitulée « Pour la mise en place d’un Socle de Protection Sociale en Tunisie » a été
organisée en Mai 2019 par le ministère des Affaires Sociales pour présenter sa vision du socle national de protection
sociale.
78
Encadré 13 : Principales mesures prises en vue de consolider la protection sociale en Tunisie depuis 2016
1- La fixation d’un seuil minima garanti des pensions de retraite qui équivaudrait le montant de l’aide mensuelle
attribuée aux familles pauvres (180 dinars par mois) destiné aux bénéficiaires d’une pension de retraite des
caisses de sécurité sociale dont le montant est inférieur aux aides accordées aux familles pauvres dans le cadre
du PNAFN (cette mesure va concerner environ 117400 pensionnés) ;
2- L’extension des soins aux chômeurs dépourvus de couverture sanitaire, et ce, jusqu’à l’obtention d’un emploi ;
3- L’octroi aux travailleurs de chantiers qui ont dépassé l’âge de 60 ans et qui ont été recrutés après 2010 d’une
aide équivalente à celle accordée dans le cadre du PNAFN et des soins gratuits (3530 cas jusqu’à Août 2018) ;
4- L’élargissement de la couverture sociale aux femmes en mileu rural qui n’en bénéficient pas et qui devrait cibler
500 mille femmes du mileu rural exerçant dans le secteur agricole ;
5- L’institution dans le cadre de la loi de finance de 2019 d’une contribution forfaitaire unique pour inciter les tra
vailleurs du secteur informel qui n’ont pas un revenu permanent à intégrer le système fiscal et le système de
sécurité sociale
III. Assurer l’accès des personnes vulnérables aux services de base.
- L’accès aux services de base.
La Tunisie a mis en place des programmes visant à améliorer l’accès des groupes vulnérables aux services de base:
transport gratuit des handicapés, transport à coût réduit pour les élèves et les étudiants, logements sociaux, etc.
La loi d’orientation n°2005-83 du 15 Août 2005 relative à la promotion et la protection des personnes handicapées
consacre le chapitre IV (art.10-art.13) à la question de l’accessibilité des personnes handicapées aux services et
prestations en termes d’aménagement des bâtiments publics, de gratuité du transport dans les transports communs
publics ou transport à tarif réduit, de places réservées dans les moyens de transport en commun publics et privés,
d’emploi, etc. outre la gratuité de l’accès aux stades et espaces sportifs.
Encadré 14 : Accès aux services de base
1- Les élèves et les étudiants tunisiens bénéficient du transport à tarif réduit. A partir de la rentrée scolaire 2019-
2020 les enfants issus des familles pauvres et à revenus limités qui poursuivent leurs études bénéficieront de la
gratuité du transport.
2- L’Union Tunisienne de Solidarité Sociale (UTSS) assure le transport de près de 1000 élèves issus des familles
pauvres des gouvernorats de Jendouba, Béja, Siliana, Sidi-Bouzid, Tozeur, Médenine et Kairouan et fournit l’hé
bergement, la cantine scolaire et le transport à certains élèves issus des familles nécessiteuses du gouvernorat
de Sidi-Bouzid.
3- Pour l’année universitaire 2017-2018, le nombre d’étudiants boursiers de l’Etat s’est élevé à environ 89 mille sur
un total de 241 mille étudiants dans l’enseignement public. 56 mille étudiants ont résidé dans des foyers uni
versitaires et 73 mille repas ont été servis par les restaurants universitaires quotidiennement et 1668 prêts ont
été octroyés aux étudiants tunisiens.
4- En mars 2019 des mesures en faveur des catégories à besoins spécifiques ont été prises pour faciliter leur accès
aux structures éducatives et de formation dont on peut citer notamment :
- L’augmentation de l’indemnité mensuelle accordée au titre des enfants handicapés dans le cadre des pro-
grammes de Stages d’Insertion dans la Vie Professionnelle SIVP et service civil volontaire pour atteindre les
50 DT/mois.
- L’octroi d’une bourse de 60 DT par mois au profit des enfants détenus issus de familles à faible revenu libé-
rés des centres éducatifs qui désirent poursuivre leur études (éducative et/ou formation professionnelle),
comme aide à leur réinsertion et réhabilitation et allant jusqu’à 80 DT pour l’apprentissage professionnel.
- La loi n°1 du 16 mai 2012, relative à la loi de finance complémentaire de 2012, a institué un programme spé-
cifique pour le logement social au profit des familles à revenu limité et notamment les non-salariés qui ne
peuvent accéder au système de financement conventionnel. Le décret d’application comprend deux com
posantes : (i) l’éradication des logements rudimentaires et leur remplacement par des logements nouveaux
et ; (ii) la réalisation de logements sociaux.
79
- L’accès à des ressources économiques.
En Tunisie, l’accès aux ressources économiques notamment des personnes et des familles vulnérables a eu lieu grâce
à un programme de création des activités génératrices de revenus (AGR).
Figure 8: Activités Génératrices de Revenus
80
L’inclusion financière des pauvres.
Figure 9 :L’inclusion financière des pauvres
IV. Réduire l’exposition des pauvres et des personnes en situation vulnérable aux
phénomènes climatiques extrêmes et à d’autres chocs et catastrophes.
Gestion des catastrophes naturelles.
En septembre 2018, environ 3,3 mille familles, touchées directement par les inondations, ont bénéficié des interventions du fonds 18-18.
L’UTSS, membre du Comité National et des Comités régionaux de prévention des catastrophes naturelles, a pour attributions de fournir l’assistance nécessaires aux familles et groupes touchés par
les catastrophes (nourriture, habillement, tentes, etc.) et l’organisation et l’encadrement de l’assistance fournie par la société civile et les citoyens. Pour les actions préventives, l’UTSS met en place
des dépôts dans les zones les plus menacées et veille au renouvellement du stock stratégique.
Dans ce sillage et afin de confirmer davantage ces choix fondamentaux qui s’inscrivent dans le
cadre d’une politique sociale ayant pour objectif l’atténuation des inégalités et toutes formes d’exclusion, la Tunisie a engagé des réformes complémentaires telles que les réformes des régimes de
retraite des secteurs public et privé en raison des déséquilibres financiers importants des caisses
de sécurité sociale.
81
Figure 10 : Réformes des régimes de retraite en Tunisie
Le programme «Amen Social» offre les prestations suivantes : (i) les transferts monétaires directs et le
soutien financier ; (ii) les prestations de soins dans les structures publiques de santé ; (iii) la priorité pour
bénéficier des programmes d’intégration et d’autonomisation économique. La gestion de ce programme sera
confiée à un établissement public à caractère non administratif, intitulé “Agence Nationale d’Intégration et
de Développement Social“, (iv) l’élaboration de la stratégie nationale d’inclusion sociale et de lutte contre la
pauvreté et (iv) la Stratégie Nationale d’inclusion Sociale et de lutte contre la pauvreté.
DEFIS
Malgré les efforts déployés par l’Etat Tunisien pour améliorer les conditions de vie des populations et
étendre la sécurité sociale et en dépit de la multiplicité des programmes et stratégies mis en œuvre et de
l’importance des budgets alloués, la portée du système de la protection sociale tunisien est restée limitée.
Ces limites se concrétisent notamment au niveau de la faiblesse enregistrée quant aux synergies et cohérence entre les différents programmes et projets à caractère social et au niveau de la coordination entre
les différents intervenants auxquels s’ajoutent des difficultés financières des caisses de sécurité sociale. En
effet, on relève : (i) la persistance de niveaux de pauvreté élevés, estimés d’après les dernières données de
l’INS de 2015 à 15,2% de la population avec des écarts régionaux importants : 30,8% dans le Centre-Ouest,
28,4% dans le Nord-Ouest contre 11,5% dans le Centre-Est et 5,3% dans le Grand-Tunis et (ii) un taux de pauvreté infantile de 21,1% avec des grandes disparités régionales. Le taux de pauvreté s’élevant à 40% dans
les régions du Centre-Ouest et du Nord-Ouest avoisine 5 fois le taux enregistré dans le Grand Tunis. L’étude
sur les privations infantiles N-MODA réalisée par le MDICI en 2014 indique que le taux de pauvreté infantile
multidimensionnelle est de 24.9 % et près de 52,4% de l’ensemble des enfants sont privés d’au moins d’un
des droits fondamentaux tels que définis dans la Convention Internationale des Droits de l’Enfant.
82
SYNERGIES ET LIENS AVEC LES AUTRES ODD
BONNES PRATIQUES
Un groupe de travail a été mis en place piloté par
le Ministère des Affaires Sociales composé des représentants des structures et ministères suivants :
ministère de la femme, famille, enfance et séniors,
ministère de l’éducation, INS, MDICI, MAS, CRES
(relevant du MAS), UTSS, STEG avec le partenariat de
l’UNICEF et le PNUD | [
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1
] | {
"country": "tun",
"file_id": "sdg-01/vnr-report-tun-2019-fr-1.pdf",
"language": "fr",
"locality": null,
"size": "l",
"type": "vnr",
"year": 2019
} |
21
• ODD 1. Depuis l’indépendance, la Tunisie a mis en place plusieurs programmes visant l’éradicaton de
la pauvreté. Au niveau natonal, le taux de pauvreté a sensiblement baissé passant de 25,4% en 2010
à 15,2%. Toutefois, les régions du Nord-ouest et du Centre-ouest demeurent très vulnérables avec des
taux de 28,4% et 30,8%. La pandémie du COVID-19 risque de renverser la tendance de réducton de la
pauvreté. La perte de revenus des ménages les plus vulnérables, notamment ceux qui travaillant dans
le secteur informel et dans les secteurs confnés, peut réduire sérieusement leur capacité à investr
dans l’éducaton et la santé de leurs enfants. Par ailleurs, les bases de données disponibles ne sont pas
22
toujours actualisées ce qui peut entraver les recoupements et l’identfcaton les personnes éligibles
au programme de lute contre la pauvreté. Les contraintes budgétaires entravent le renforcement du
système de la protecton sociale notamment pour faire face aux chocs et crise et promouvoir davantage
les projets de créaton de revenu comme voie de sorte de la pauvreté et intégrer efectvement des
personnes handicapées malgré un arsenal juridique développé.
• | [
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91
8.1 ODD1
ÉLIMINER LA PAUVRETE SOUS TOUTES SES FORMES ET PARTOUT DANS LE MONDE
Depuis l’indépendance,
la Tunisie a mis en place
plusieurs programmes
visant l’éradicaton de
la pauvreté. Toutefois,
la situaton demeure
préoccupante.
TUNISIE : RAPPORT NATIONAL VOLONTAIRE 2021 SUR LE SUIVI ET LA MISE EN ŒUVRE DES
OBJECTIFS DE DEVELOPPEMENT DURABLE 2030
92
Les données de l’INS disponibles en 201593 indiquent :
3%
Taux de pauvreté extrême.
15%
Taux de pauvreté
31%
Taux de pauvreté dans les régions du Centre Ouest
21,2%
Taux de pauvreté
des enfants94
8.1.1 Luter contre la pauvreté sous toutes ses formes et contre la précarisaton des enfants
de tous les âges.
La Tunisie a enregistré une baisse relatve de la pauvreté extrême dans toutes les régions comme l’indique
le tableau ci-contre. Au niveau natonal, le taux est passé de 6 à 2,9% entre 2010 et 2015. Toutefois cete
baisse est inégale : le Nord-Ouest et le Centre-Ouest enregistrent les taux les plus élevés.
Source : INS
Au niveau natonal, le taux de pauvreté a
sensiblement baissé passant de 25,4% en
2010 à 15,2% en 215. Toutefois, les régions
du Nord-Ouest et du Centre-Ouest demeurent
très vulnérables avec des taux de 28,4% et
30,8%. Globalement, il existe des diférences
signifcatves des taux de pauvreté entre :
Les zones rurales (26%),
Les pettes villes (15,2%)
Et les grandes villes (6,3%).
Source : INS
93 Les données sur la pauvreté sont produites par l’INS suite à l’enquête ménage (EBCNVM) réalisée tous les cinq ans. L’enquête
2020 est lancée en 2021. Les résultats ne sont pas encore disponibles.
94 htps://www.unicef.org/tunisia/media/2986/fle/SITAN-11-2020.pdf
Environ 321 mille
personnes vivent encore en
2015 avec moins de 1,25 $ par
jour. Le taux est 26% dans le
milieu rural, contre 10,1% dans
le milieu urbain
93
8.1.2 Les politques publiques pour réduire la pauvreté : le programme Amen social
16 AMEN SOCIAL, UNE NOUVELLE LOI GARANTISSANT LES DROITS DES PAUVRES
PRÈS DE 0,6% DU PIB
TEXTES JURIDIQUES
Près de 470 mille ménages à revenu
limité (près de 16% de la population)
1. Des cartes de soins à tarifs réduits qui leur donnent un accès à
des soins de santé dans les structures sanitaires publiques,
2. Un appui financier pour soutenir les dépenses supplémentaires
dues à la rentrée scolaire afin de prévenir le décrochage scolaire
et universitaire de leurs enfants.
263 mille ménages
pauvres (près de 8 % de
la population),
1. Un transfert monétaire permanent de 180 DT (60
USD),
2. Une allocation mensuelle aux enfants âgés de 0 à 18
ans de 10 DT (4 USD) par enfant (20DT si l’enfant est
handicapé),
3. Une carte de soins qui ouvre l’accès à des soins de
santé gratuits,
4. Un appui financier pour soutenir les dépenses
occasionnelles dues à la rentrée scolaire et
universitaire et aux fêtes religieuses.
3. Arrêté conjoint du ministre des affaires sociales et du
ministre des finances du 19 mai 2020, fixant le mode
de calcul et le montant des transferts monétaires
directs au profit des catégories pauvres bénéficiant du
programme « AMEN SOCIAL».
1. LOI ORGANIQUE N° 2019- 10
DU 30 JANVIER 2019 PORTANT
CREATION DU PROGRAMME «
AMEN SOCIAL »,
2. Décret gouvernemental n°
2020-317 du 19 mai 2020,
fixant les conditions et les
procédures de bénéfice, de
retrait et d’opposition au
programme « amen social ».
BENEFICIAIRES
17 LES INTERVENTIONS AU PROFIT DES ENFANTS PAUVRES ET VULNÉRABLES.
1. UTSS: Promotion de l’enfance
en âge préscolaire qui touche les
enfants issus de familles
nécessiteuses dont l’âge est
compris entre 3 et 6 ans
Près de 300 centres socio-éducatifs
(jardins d’enfants) répartis à travers le
pays
4. Ministère de l’Éducation :
Programme des repas scolaires pour
près de 250.000 enfants de 2500 écoles
en fonction de la localisation
géographique (en priorisant les zones
rurales) et de certaines caractéristiques
individuelles (distance de l’école,
pauvreté, statut familial, etc.).
2. Ministère de la Femme, Famille,
Enfance et Séniors (MFFES)
Projet d'inclusion de près de 10 mille
enfants des familles nécessiteuses et des
enfants sans soutien familial dans les
jardins d’enfants
3. Ministère de la
Femme, Famille, Enfance
et Séniors (MFFES)
Programme de soutien pour la
réinsertion des enfants en
situation de menace : Octroi
de 150 dinars par mois tant
que le risque de menace sur
l’enfant persiste.
TUNISIE : RAPPORT NATIONAL VOLONTAIRE 2021 SUR LE SUIVI ET LA MISE EN ŒUVRE DES
OBJECTIFS DE DEVELOPPEMENT DURABLE 2030
94
8.1.3 La pandémie du COVID-19 risque de renverser la tendance de réducton de la pauvreté
Toutes les études convergent
sur les résultats de l’impact de
la pandémie du COVID 19 : la
pauvreté risque de s’aggraver
par le biais de quatre grands
canaux :
Selon l’INS95, 37% des ménages les plus pauvres ont réduit la quantté et la qualité de la nourriture
consommée durant le confnement.
Selon la Banque mondiale96 : Les plus pauvres et les
plus vulnérables sont les plus durement touchés par la
COVID-19. L’étude associe les chocs sur le travail et les
prix pour simuler l’impact de la COVID-19 sur le bienêtre des ménages selon deux scénarios : (i) une baisse
du taux de croissance réel de 8,8% (Optmiste) et (ii) un
taux de croissance de -11,9% (Pessimiste)97. En 2020, le
taux de croissance en Tunisie a baissé de 8,8%.
Par ailleurs, l’on s’atend à ce que :
• Davantage de personnes perdent leurs revenus et deviennent ainsi vulnérables à la pauvreté.
• Les ménages dont la consommaton par habitant se situe dans les 20 % les plus pauvres de la populaton
- qui sont principalement concentrés dans les régions du centre-ouest et du sud-est de la Tunisie -
seraient les plus touchés.
• Quant aux personnes les plus vulnérables, il s’agira probablement de femmes, vivant dans des ménages
nombreux, sans accès aux soins de santé et d’employées sans contrat98.
Selon une étude réalisée en collaboraton avec l’UNICEF, les impacts de la COVID-19 sur le bien-être
des enfants tunisiens seront énormes, avec des conséquences négatves incontestables sur le plan de la
cohésion sociale et sur la réalisaton des droits de enfants notamment ceux issus de familles pauvres en
matère de santé, de scolarité, de protecton, etc.
95 Impact du COVID-19 sur les ménages : résultats de la première de la 1ère vague du 29 avril au 8 mai 2020.
96 htps://www.worldbank.org/en/country/gcc/publicaton/impacts-of-covid-19-on-household-welfare-in-tunisia
97 L’hypothèse retenue est que l’économie réalise la même croissance que celle du premier semestre 2020.
98 Alors que 42% des personnes actuellement employées en Tunisie n’ont pas de contrat, 53% des personnes qui sont tombées
dans la pauvreté à la suite de la pandémie et 47% du groupe le plus vulnérable sont susceptbles d’être employées sans contrat.
La pauvreté devrait augmenter
de 7,3 points de pourcentage,
soit une augmentaton de plus
de 50 % de la pauvreté
95
Selon l’UNICEF99, la pauvreté des
enfants devrait passer de 19% à
25% ou même jusqu’à 29% en 2020
touchant jusqu’à 1 million d’enfants
dans le pays
Risque d’un retour en arrière de 15 ans
dans la lute contre la pauvreté,
Les taux de pauvreté pourraient être
équivalents à ceux qui prévalaient en
2005.
La perte de revenus des ménages les plus vulnérables, notamment ceux qui travaillent dans le secteur
informel et dans les secteurs confnés, peut réduire sérieusement leur capacité à investr dans l’éducaton
et la santé de leurs enfants.
Les régions du Nord-Ouest et Centre-Ouest, avec des taux de pauvreté infantle supérieurs à 40%100 (scénario
modéré), sont deux zones géographiques où les enfants vont partculièrement payer un lourd tribut des
conséquences de la crise. Le nombre d’enfants vivant dans la pauvreté pourrait quasiment doubler dans le
Grand Tunis alors qu’au niveau natonal on estme que 363.000 enfants pourraient tomber dans la pauvreté,
dépassant ainsi le chifre de 1.048.000 d’enfants pauvres. Les mesures prises par les autorités publiques en
faveur des ménages bénéfciant des programmes AMG1 et AMG2 ont contribué à aténuer relatvement
les efets de la crise sans pour autant compenser la totalité des dommages subis. Des interventons mieux
ciblées, visant les régions les plus pauvres, et mieux adaptées à la taille des familles nombreuses auraient
été beaucoup plus efcaces que les programmes de transferts monétaires forfaitaires.
Pour aténuer les impacts et amortr le choc de cete pandémie, un projet «Investr dans le capital humain
des enfants grâce à un système de protecton sociale durable et inclusif» soutenu par l’UNICEF et fnancé
par KFW (13 Millions de US$) a été lancé en 2020 pour compléter et améliorer les régimes de protecton
sociale existants par la mise en place d’une allocaton monétaire de 30 TND par enfant par mois, montant
équivalent à 1TDN/jour/enfant recommandé pour l’établissement d’une allocaton universelle en Tunisie
dans le cadre de la réforme du socle de protecton sociale. Elle ciblera des groupes spécifques d’enfants
(enfants de 0-5 ans et enfants de 6-18 ans) vivant dans des familles à faible revenu et risquant de tomber
dans la pauvreté en raison des répercussions socio-économiques de la COVID-19.
Cela implique que près de 955 mille tunisiens se
retrouveront au-dessous du seuil de pauvreté estmé
en 2020 à 1878 dinars par personne et par an. Ces
nouveaux pauvres s’ajouteront aux 1.6 million de
pauvres recensés en 2020. Le taux de pauvreté extrême
(les part des individus vivant avec moins de 1050 dinars
par an) connaîtra une augmentaton considérable de 5
points de pourcentage et peut passer de 3 à 8%101.
99 Tunisie : Impact des mesures de confnement associées à la pandémie COVID-19 sur la pauvreté des enfants.
100 htps://www.unicef.org/tunisia/media/2631/fle/Impact-des-mesures-de-confnement-associées-à-la-pandémie-COVID-19-
sur-la-pauvreté-des-enfants-juillet-2020.pdf
101 Impact de la Covid-19 sur le secteur Hôtelier en Tunisie
Selon la Fédératon tunisienne
de l’hôtellerie La pauvreté
devrait augmenter de 8 points
de pourcentage
TUNISIE : RAPPORT NATIONAL VOLONTAIRE 2021 SUR LE SUIVI ET LA MISE EN ŒUVRE DES
OBJECTIFS DE DEVELOPPEMENT DURABLE 2030
96
8.1.4 L’impact des mesures gouvernementales sur la pauvreté102.
260 mille
familles
nécessiteuses
370 mille
familles à
revenus limités
779 mille
familles
s’occupant d’une
personne sans
souten familial
301 mille
personnes
exerçant dans les
méters à revenu
variables
140 mille
personnes à
retraite peu
élevée
8.1.5 Faire en sorte que tous les hommes et les femmes, en partculier les pauvres et les
personnes vulnérables, aient les mêmes droits aux ressources économiques et qu’ils
aient accès aux services de base.
8.1.5.1 L’Inclusion économique.
Démarrage du programme créaton de sources de revenus pour les familles pauvres capables de travailler
dans le cadre de l’autonomisaton économique et sociale103 et ce, en consacrant un montant de 2 millions
de dinars en 2020 dans le budget du ministère des afaires sociales et en publiant un arrêté du ministre
des afaires sociales relatf aux critères de bénéfce des petts projets au proft des catégories pauvres
bénéfciant du programme amen social et capables de travailler.
L’Union Tunisienne de Solidarité Sociale, partenaire du gouvernement tunisien en matère de lute contre
la pauvreté intervient pour la créaton de sources de revenu au proft des familles nécessiteuses et
économiquement faibles. Cete interventon a pour objectf de soutenir et de renforcer l’auto développement
des communautés et des familles menacées d’exclusion et de marginalisaton à travers la promoton de
l’esprit entrepreneurial, le rapprochement des services de base et l’appui de la vie communautaire et
l’esprit de solidarité.
8.1.5.2 L’accès aux services.
Les élèves et les étudiants tunisiens bénéfcient du transport à tarif réduit et plus spécifquement et à partr
de la rentrée scolaire 2020-2021 les enfants issus des familles pauvres et à revenus limités, qui poursuivent
leurs études, bénéfcient de la gratuité du transport. Ainsi près de 55 mille élèves et étudiants issus de
familles pauvres ont pu bénéfcier de cete mesure pour un montant global de 5.5 millions de dinars.
8.1.5.3 L’accès aux services fnanciers.
Une enquête natonale sur l’inclusion fnancière en Tunisie a été lancée début 2018 dont et ses résultats ont
été annoncés lors d’une rencontre organisée mardi 18 décembre 2018. Cete enquête a dévoilé que 33%
des Tunisiens sondés possèdent un compte bancaire, 32% un compte postal et 5% des clients d’insttutons
de microfnances (IMF).
102 Annoncées par le gouvernement, le 21 mars 2020, dans le but d’aténuer l’impact de la pandémie, Le gouvernement a
progressivement mis en œuvre un plan d’urgence couvrant, ciblant près de 1,1 million de personnes les plus pauvres et les plus
vulnérables.
103 La Loi Amen social.
97
• Pour améliorer l’accès aux services fnanciers et faciliter l’expansion de la microfnance, de nombreuses
insttutons fnancières développent actuellement leurs produits de technologie fnancière.
• Une carte de soins numérique « Amen » alignée à la carte à puce de la CNAM (Labes) sera servie à
partr du 2ème semestre de 2021 aux ttulaires de cartes de soins gratuits et de cartes de soins à tarifs
réduits. Des plateformes numériques ont été mises en place dans le souci d’appliquer urgemment et
efcacement les diférentes dispositons prévues par les textes juridiques promulgués afn d’apporter
le souten et l’accompagnement nécessaires aux travailleurs indépendants, aux entreprises et ses
salariés lésés par la COVID19 dans les meilleurs délais d’une part, et de respecter le mieux les mesures
de confnement sanitaire d’autre part104.
8.1.6 Renforcer la résilience des pauvres et des personnes en situaton vulnérable et réduire
leurexpositon aux phénomènes climatques extrêmes et àd’autres chocs et catastrophes.
Le ministère des afaires sociales (MAS) est en train de metre en place, dans le cadre du nouveau
programme Amen social, une banque de données sur les catégories pauvres et les catégories à revenu
limité, permetant de réaliser une cartographie de la pauvreté multdimensionnelle en Tunisie. Cete
base de données peut être utlisée, également, comme mécanisme fexible et rapide pour la mise en
œuvre des transferts monétaires temporaires et pour la mise en place des réformes telles que celle de
la compensaton, en cas de chocs, de catastrophes naturelles et phénomènes climatques extrêmes pour
identfer les ménages dans le besoin (la crise de la COVID 19, inondatons, etc.).
8.1.6.1 Insufsances
En Tunisie les données sur la pauvreté sont produites par l’INS tous les cinq ans suite à une enquête sur
les dépenses des ménages. Les bases de données disponibles ne sont pas toujours actualisées ce qui peut
entraver les recoupements et l’identfcaton des personnes éligibles au programme de lute contre la
pauvreté. Par ailleurs, les contraintes budgétaires entravent le renforcement du système de la protecton
sociale notamment pour faire face aux chocs et crise et promouvoir davantage les projets de créaton de
revenu comme voie de sorte de la pauvreté et intégrer efectvement des personnes handicapées malgré
un arsenal juridique développé.
8.1.6.2 Défs et perspectves
La lute contre la pauvreté dans ses diverses formes demeure l’un des épineux défs auxquels fait face la
Tunisie. Malgré les eforts considérables qui ont permis au pays de réduire signifcatvement la pauvreté
de 25% au début du millénaire à 15,2% en 2015, il reste encore près de 1,7 millions d’individus vivant audessous du seuil de pauvreté selon les standards natonaux.
Par ailleurs, d’autres formes de pauvreté existent, basées sur les privatons de services de base qui
conditonnent fortement les conditons de vie des ménages tel que l’accès à la santé, l’éducaton, les
services au logement, et l’accès égal aux opportunités économiques et sociales. Les statstques ofcielles
ne fournissent pas des mesures de ces privatons multdimensionnelles. Hormis, le rapport N-MODA de
2012 qui mesure la pauvreté multdimensionnelle des enfants en Tunisie, il n’existe aucune autre mesure
de la pauvreté multdimensionnelle qui permetrait d’évaluer et suivre les dimensions non monétaires du
bien-être de la populaton.
104 helpentreprise.social.tn, Batnda.gov.tn ; tunisie.solidaire.gov.tn pour permetre à la populaton concernée de s’inscrire et
de faire part de ses plaintes…). Des numéros verts, des calls services et des adresses électroniques ont été mis à la dispositon du
public pour informatons et renseignements lors de la crise sanitaire.
TUNISIE : RAPPORT NATIONAL VOLONTAIRE 2021 SUR LE SUIVI ET LA MISE EN ŒUVRE DES
OBJECTIFS DE DEVELOPPEMENT DURABLE 2030
98
Pour remédier à cete insufsance, l’INS a lancé un projet de coopératon avec le PNUD afn de mesurer
et suivre la pauvreté multdimensionnelle à travers l’indice IPM mesuré selon l’approche OPHI. Cet indice
sera appliqué sur les données du RGPH de 2014 et la nouvelle enquête de consommaton et conditons
de vie de ménages de 2021 dont le questonnaire a été révisé pour permetre l’estmaton de l’Indice de la
Pauvreté Multdimensionnelle (IPM).
La crise sanitaire de la COVID19 a montré que les pays qui disposent de systèmes de santé et de protecton
sociale efcaces, sont mieux à même de protéger leurs populatons des menaces que fait peser la COVID-19
sur leurs moyens d’existence. En revanche, les pays qui n’ont pas de système de santé et de protecton
sociale solide doivent élaborer des politques ad hoc et réaliser des interventons ponctuelles qui risquent
de déboucher sur une réponse limitée et tardive. Accélérer la digitalisaton, vu sa capacité à amortr les
chocs liés à des situatons de crise, devient une priorité. De même, l’importance des bases de données
natonales actualisées et l’interopérabilité entre les systèmes d’informaton contribuent à la prise des
décisions fondées sur des informatons fables et complètes pour l’identfcaton des personnes éligibles à
une prestaton sociale. La queston du fnancement des diférentes stratégies et des diférentes garantes
du SNPS, dans un contexte de défcit budgétaire, et de redressement des fnances publiques (assurer la
pérennité fnancière des programmes) est préoccupante. La précarisaton de la classe moyenne qui ne
représente plus que 50% de la populaton en 2018 contre 70% en 2010 suite à la persistance de la crise
économique dans le pays et l’augmentaton des vulnérabilités aggravée par la crise sanitaire consttuent
des défs pour le pays. | [
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5.1. SDG 1. END POVERTY IN ALL ITS FORMS EVERYWHERE
Substantial progress was achieved in the last 20 years concerning the goal of eradicating poverty. Turkey
is among the countries that made most progress in eradicating poverty. Both economic growth and
improvement in the social protection system contributed to this outcome.
POLICIES
In addition to NDPs and strategic plans of relevant public institutions, key policy documents on SDG 1 include the National
Employment Strategy, National Youth Employment Strategy, Productivity Strategy and Action Plan, Climate Change Strategy, and
International Development Cooperation Programme.
The key components of the policy framework in line with SDG 1 are as follows:
• Improving the quality and quantity of protective and preventive services to avoid the risk of poverty,
• Alleviating destructive efects of poverty, improving social assistance and social service system,
• Increasing the participation of disadvantaged groups, notably women and young people, to economic activities and
implementing employment policies targeting these groups,
• Facilitating the access to opportunities for groups at risk of poverty and social exclusion,
• Increasing the participation of civil society and enhancing the role of local administrations in combating poverty,
• Ensuring the coordination between the information systems of social assistance and social service,
• Conducting social adaptation analyses,
• Increasing the impact of taxes and social transfers that reduce income inequality and poverty.
LEGISLATION
A series of legal and institutional regulations that helped to reduce poverty were issued between 2000 and 2018 in Turkey. Some
of the significant developments include the restructuring of the social protection system, introduction of the Social Assistance
and Solidarity Incentive Fund for this purpose and bringing together other units concerning vulnerable groups under the Ministry
51
of Family, Labour and Social Services (MoFLSS). In addition to
the restructuring of the social protection system, important
legal regulations were issued such as consolidation of social
security institutions and provision of health insurance to the
whole population by means of the implementation of Universal
Health Insurance.
Significant progress was achieved in the legal infrastructure
concerning the extension of social assistance and services
targeting poor and disadvantaged groups by means of the
Regulation on Social Service Centres and the Regulation on
Social and Economic Support Services. These regulations
aim at reducing and even eradicating poverty with the help of
services and assistance ofered to citizens in need. In addition,
the international conventions and social security conventions
to which our country is a signatory support the eforts for
eradicating everywhere for all.
IMPORTANT DEVELOPMENTS AND IMPROVEMENT AREAS
SDG 1 is assessed on two focus areas: i. Poverty Reduction
and ii. Empowerment of vulnerable groups.
With respect to poverty reduction; a significant improvement
was achieved in reducing the rate of national population
living in absolute poverty with the help of achieving of
macroeconomic stability, economic growth, and the increase
in social transfer. According to the data by Turkish Statistical
Institute (TURKSTAT), the rate of individuals living on less than
$1.25 per day is 0.06 (6 in ten thousand) as of 2015, which is
negligible. Therefore, Target 1.1 “to eradicate extreme poverty
for all people everywhere”20, has been achieved in Turkey
(for $1.25).20 Another limit specified for absolute poverty is
living on less than $4.3 per day, and the rate of such poor
population was 2.6% in total with 0.6% in cities and 5.1%21 in
rural areas in 2013. As of 2017, the rate of population living on
less than $4.3 per day receded to 1.58%.
Regarding the rate of those living on less than 60% of the
median income (relative poverty), progress was made in the
last decade. The rate of relative poverty dropped from 23.4% in
2007 to 20.1% in 2017. Thus, the policies that target vulnerable
groups, being formulated according to the diferences between
rural vs. urban, child vs. adult, and women vs. men, are
20 Since the indicator which is used in measuring extreme poverty and represents the segment of population who live on less than $1.25 a day dropped under 0.01%,
TURKSTAT has not measured since 2005.
21 TURKSTAT has not produced any absolute poverty data concerning urban vs rural diference since 2013.
continued to be developed with the perspective of the Agenda
2030.
Figure 3. Poverty Gap
Diversifying and increasing the amount of social aids and
the steps taken to improve the social assistance system
have contributed to poverty eradication. In addition, propoor policies followed in sectors such as employment, social
security, education, healthcare, and housing have significantly
contributed to this achievement. The total public assistance
expenses was 0.83% of 2006 GDP, and 1.15% of 2018 GDP
respectively.
Projects aiming to improve employment, facilitate the access
to education for girls and persons with disabilities, create
new job opportunities in rural areas, and encourage social
beneficiaries to join the labour force are implemented to
reduce absolute and relative poverty. An example for local
practices could be Multipurpose Community Centres (CATOMs)
that are located in poor neighbourhoods inhabited by ruralurban migrants and in provinces in the GAP region. Activities
are undertaken in these centres to improve social and financial
status of women and children.
Social assistance and support provided by various institutions
and organisations were brought together under the Ministry
of Family, Labour and Social Services as the focal body that
executes relevant programmes. The poor segments are
provided aid for food, fuel, education, childbirth, and family
expenses to raise their living standards. The number and
variety of social assistance and support have been gradually
Poverty Gap by Equivalised Household Disposeable Income
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
33.6%
28.4% 27.9%
29.6%
28.7% 29.2% 29.2%
26.7% 27.2% 26.8% 26.5% 25.8%
Poverty Gap (60%), %
52
TURKEY’s 2nd VNR 2019
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS
“Strong Ground towards Common Goals”
increasing since 2003. The increase in aid for education and
food aimed to prevent the intergenerational transmission
of poverty particularly during this process is remarkable.
In addition, assistance programmes started to help various
groups in society such as military families in need, individuals
with chronic illnesses, and orphans.
Evaluation and monitoring processes of social assistance are
operated through an online system, namely, the Integrated
Social Assistance Information System. The system facilitates
the application processes and improves to reach people really
in need.
Irregular migration and internal migration increase the
risk of poverty particularly in urban areas where poverty
concentrates. Social assistance and support programmes are
implemented to eliminate the risk in question and meet the
needs of poor foreign nationals, particularly Syrians, which are
under temporary protection and living outside the camps, in
collaboration with national and international organisations.22
In the context of empowerment of vulnerable groups, their
integration into the labour force is considered important to
combat poverty. As enhancing the labour force participation of
women needs special focus, an amendment to the Labour Law
in 2016 that allowed working women/men to work part-time
following the end of statutory leave until the start of month
following the start of mandatory primary education age was
made. In addition, part-time work was allowed for 60 to 360
days following the birth; and it was decided to make payments
of part-time work from the Unemployment Insurance Fund
for the non-work time during the part-time work to those
who meet the criteria for premium. Many projects targeting
disadvantaged groups are implemented in Turkey. In this
respect, policies to improve social protection systems and
measures have been further developed.
22 See Chapter 4.4.
EMERGENCY SOCIAL SAFETY NET (ESSN) PROGRAMME
SDG Targets
1.1; 1.2; 1.3; 1.4; 1.5; 1.a; 1.b; 2.1; 2.2;
17.1; 17.3; 17.6; 17.9; 17.13; 17.14; 17.15;
17.16; 17.17; 17.18; 17.19
Executing Entity Turkish Red Crescent, World Food
Programme (WFP)
Start & End Dates 2016-Ongoing
ESSN Programme aims to present an off-camp solution to the
refugee influx and enable refugees to access public services.
Under ESSN, monthly aid is paid through “Kizilay Card” from the
national social assistance system to the most vulnerable refugees
in Turkey to meet their basic needs. The card is loaded 120 TL (22
USD) every month per registered person in the family who may use
it to meet their own needs such as rent, food, medicine or withdraw
cash. Additional monthly assistance of 600 TL (109 USD) is provided
to approximately 6,000 beneficiaries with severe disabilities.
As of January 2019, with a total budget of approximately 1 billion
EUR and 1.53 million beneficiaries, it is the largest humanitarian
cash aid programme. It is funded by the European Civil Protection
and Humanitarian Operations (ECHO).
53
TURKEY’s 2nd VNR 2019
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS
“Strong Ground towards Common Goals”
Environmental disasters related risks that may negatively
afect vulnerable groups are addressed in the Climate
Change Strategy covering 2010-2023. In this framework,
the vulnerability of groups living below the poverty line to
environmental disasters will be minimised by combating
agricultural drought, developing risk maps and implementation
plans related to the impact of climate change on infrastructure,
health, and urbanisation.
The elderly and persons with disabilities are among the groups
of special focus in terms of the policies for vulnerable groups
of the society. Various policies are implemented to integrate
persons with disabilities into the labour force as well as
remove the elderly from poverty or ease the burden on their
families by means of social security and assistance services.
Aimed at increasing the number of home healthcare services
to the elderly without having to leave their environment and
improving institutional healthcare services, YADES provides
local administrations with financial support funded by the
state.
The number of persons with disabilities were employed in
public institutions was 5,777 in 2002 and increased to 53,017
as of 2018.
A quota system is in place in our country for the employment
of persons with disabilities. There is an incentive scheme of
insurance premiums for employers who employ persons with
disabilities.
Care services for persons with disabilities are delivered in
various forms such as home care or care provided by public
institutions as well as private healthcare institutions. In this
context, 6.7 billion TL (1.39 billion USD) was spent for 500,000
people through home care services as of 2018.
Care and rehabilitation services are provided at residential
care institutions to persons with disabilities who have no
families or cannot be cared at family home. As of March 2019,
7,017 persons with disabilities are provided with care services
at 99 Barrier-Free Life Centres.
For the institutional care services for persons with disabilities,
transition started through the so called “home of hope” model
where persons with disabilities would live in small groups at
homes within the society. As of March 2019, 149 homes of hope
and 99 care and rehabilitation centres were institutionalized.
The number of special care centres is 249. In addition, daytime
care services are provided to persons with disabilities in 48
institutions including 8 independent ones.
NEXT STEPS:
The following policies will be implemented in the upcoming
years to achieve SDG 1:
• Analysing various types of social assistance and making the
social assistance more efective,
• Conducting programmes that will improve the capacities of
social policy developers and implementers,
• Preparing more data disaggregation concerning the poorest
groups and designing policy tools based on the data in
question to enable to reach out to these groups,
• Developing new types of social security services and
encourage adoption of flexible work to reduce shadow
economy and integrate social beneficiaries into the labour
force,
• Creating an efective system to monitor social assistance
policies and practices of local administrations and make
these compatible with those of the central government.
54
TURKEY’s 2nd VNR 2019
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS
“Strong Ground towards Common Goals” | [
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"country": "tur",
"file_id": "sdg-01/vnr-report-tur-2019-en-1.pdf",
"language": "en",
"locality": null,
"size": "l",
"type": "vnr",
"year": 2019
} |
1 1
SDG 1: No Poverty
Poverty in Tuvalu has been increasing. According to estimations from SPC, the total population
living under the national poverty line has increased from 17% in 2005, 26% in 2010 to 35% in
2020. The income gap has also widened, with the Gini coeffcient increasing from 39.1% in 2010
to 43% in 2015.
There are still people living in absolute poverty, a situation seldom seen in the Pacifc. 3.3% of
the population lived under the international absolute poverty line of $1.90 Per day (2011 PPP) in
2010. Having incomes to meet basic needs is still a challenge for a number of Tuvaluan
communities. The Tuvalu Integrated Vulnerability Assessment conducted in 2020 had found that
in all the Funafuti communities surveyed, household incomes were insuffcient to meet basic
needs and services. Furthermore, 8 communities had ranked this issue among their top fve
challenges15.
Tuvalu has a very limited formal social protection system. The Tuvalu National Pension Fund
(TNPF) provides superannuation to its more than 7,000 registered members, accounting for
nearly 60% of the population. The TNPF provides a number of benefts to members and their
Figure 14: National poverty line fgures by year
42 43
1 1
dependents, including retirement pensions, medical and educational benefts, housing benefts,
and others. The TNPF also plays a key role for members to access credit as member balances are
the only form of collateral in Tuvalu.
On the other hand, expenditure of the Government on education, health and social services
combined has stagnated. There are currently no social assistance programs targeting children or
families who are living in poverty or who are vulnerable to poverty. There is no record of any
programs targeting other vulnerable population groups, such as people living with disabilities16.
44 45
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