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bcca2bdeada923e99bbb89e23cf6b843f13bb944 | University_of_Notre_Dame | Father Joseph Carrier, C.S.C. was Director of the Science Museum and the Library and Professor of Chemistry and Physics until 1874. Carrier taught that scientific research and its promise for progress were not antagonistic to the ideals of intellectual and moral culture endorsed by the Church. One of Carrier's students was Father John Augustine Zahm (1851–1921) who was made Professor and Co-Director of the Science Department at age 23 and by 1900 was a nationally prominent scientist and naturalist. Zahm was active in the Catholic Summer School movement, which introduced Catholic laity to contemporary intellectual issues. His book Evolution and Dogma (1896) defended certain aspects of evolutionary theory as true, and argued, moreover, that even the great Church teachers Thomas Aquinas and Augustine taught something like it. The intervention of Irish American Catholics in Rome prevented Zahm's censure by the Vatican. In 1913, Zahm and former President Theodore Roosevelt embarked on a major expedition through the Amazon. | To what church did Zahm belong? | {
"text": [
"Catholic"
],
"answer_start": [
527
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
} |
0075d7eee9b08ddfbe67ea443e55f84fe5de5a0b | University_of_Notre_Dame | Father Joseph Carrier, C.S.C. was Director of the Science Museum and the Library and Professor of Chemistry and Physics until 1874. Carrier taught that scientific research and its promise for progress were not antagonistic to the ideals of intellectual and moral culture endorsed by the Church. One of Carrier's students was Father John Augustine Zahm (1851–1921) who was made Professor and Co-Director of the Science Department at age 23 and by 1900 was a nationally prominent scientist and naturalist. Zahm was active in the Catholic Summer School movement, which introduced Catholic laity to contemporary intellectual issues. His book Evolution and Dogma (1896) defended certain aspects of evolutionary theory as true, and argued, moreover, that even the great Church teachers Thomas Aquinas and Augustine taught something like it. The intervention of Irish American Catholics in Rome prevented Zahm's censure by the Vatican. In 1913, Zahm and former President Theodore Roosevelt embarked on a major expedition through the Amazon. | Who disagreed with Zahm? | {
"text": [
"the Vatican"
],
"answer_start": [
916
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
} |
281696329545158c0cbacf223ab32b9cf95eabc8 | University_of_Notre_Dame | In 2014 the Notre Dame student body consisted of 12,179 students, with 8,448 undergraduates, 2,138 graduate and professional and 1,593 professional (Law, M.Div., Business, M.Ed.) students. Around 21–24% of students are children of alumni, and although 37% of students come from the Midwestern United States, the student body represents all 50 states and 100 countries. As of March 2007[update] The Princeton Review ranked the school as the fifth highest 'dream school' for parents to send their children. As of March 2015[update] The Princeton Review ranked Notre Dame as the ninth highest. The school has been previously criticized for its lack of diversity, and The Princeton Review ranks the university highly among schools at which "Alternative Lifestyles [are] Not an Alternative." It has also been commended by some diversity oriented publications; Hispanic Magazine in 2004 ranked the university ninth on its list of the top–25 colleges for Latinos, and The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education recognized the university in 2006 for raising enrollment of African-American students. With 6,000 participants, the university's intramural sports program was named in 2004 by Sports Illustrated as the best program in the country, while in 2007 The Princeton Review named it as the top school where "Everyone Plays Intramural Sports." The annual Bookstore Basketball tournament is the largest outdoor five-on-five tournament in the world with over 700 teams participating each year, while the Notre Dame Men's Boxing Club hosts the annual Bengal Bouts tournament that raises money for the Holy Cross Missions in Bangladesh. | Did Notre Dame have more undergraduates or graduate and professional students? | {
"text": [
"undergraduates"
],
"answer_start": [
77
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
} |
5fd286dfafd22c9d955ad0409bd38f5088ee7d8d | University_of_Notre_Dame | In 2014 the Notre Dame student body consisted of 12,179 students, with 8,448 undergraduates, 2,138 graduate and professional and 1,593 professional (Law, M.Div., Business, M.Ed.) students. Around 21–24% of students are children of alumni, and although 37% of students come from the Midwestern United States, the student body represents all 50 states and 100 countries. As of March 2007[update] The Princeton Review ranked the school as the fifth highest 'dream school' for parents to send their children. As of March 2015[update] The Princeton Review ranked Notre Dame as the ninth highest. The school has been previously criticized for its lack of diversity, and The Princeton Review ranks the university highly among schools at which "Alternative Lifestyles [are] Not an Alternative." It has also been commended by some diversity oriented publications; Hispanic Magazine in 2004 ranked the university ninth on its list of the top–25 colleges for Latinos, and The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education recognized the university in 2006 for raising enrollment of African-American students. With 6,000 participants, the university's intramural sports program was named in 2004 by Sports Illustrated as the best program in the country, while in 2007 The Princeton Review named it as the top school where "Everyone Plays Intramural Sports." The annual Bookstore Basketball tournament is the largest outdoor five-on-five tournament in the world with over 700 teams participating each year, while the Notre Dame Men's Boxing Club hosts the annual Bengal Bouts tournament that raises money for the Holy Cross Missions in Bangladesh. | Did Notre Dame have more graduate and professional students or professional (Law, M.Div., Business, M.Ed.) students? | {
"text": [
"graduate and professional"
],
"answer_start": [
99
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
} |
8edca1de1790efe88b55cb21d423248e954e94b9 | University_of_Notre_Dame | In 2014 the Notre Dame student body consisted of 12,179 students, with 8,448 undergraduates, 2,138 graduate and professional and 1,593 professional (Law, M.Div., Business, M.Ed.) students. Around 21–24% of students are children of alumni, and although 37% of students come from the Midwestern United States, the student body represents all 50 states and 100 countries. As of March 2007[update] The Princeton Review ranked the school as the fifth highest 'dream school' for parents to send their children. As of March 2015[update] The Princeton Review ranked Notre Dame as the ninth highest. The school has been previously criticized for its lack of diversity, and The Princeton Review ranks the university highly among schools at which "Alternative Lifestyles [are] Not an Alternative." It has also been commended by some diversity oriented publications; Hispanic Magazine in 2004 ranked the university ninth on its list of the top–25 colleges for Latinos, and The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education recognized the university in 2006 for raising enrollment of African-American students. With 6,000 participants, the university's intramural sports program was named in 2004 by Sports Illustrated as the best program in the country, while in 2007 The Princeton Review named it as the top school where "Everyone Plays Intramural Sports." The annual Bookstore Basketball tournament is the largest outdoor five-on-five tournament in the world with over 700 teams participating each year, while the Notre Dame Men's Boxing Club hosts the annual Bengal Bouts tournament that raises money for the Holy Cross Missions in Bangladesh. | Which was higher, the amount of undergraduates or professional (Law, M.Div., Business, M.Ed.) students? | {
"text": [
"undergraduates"
],
"answer_start": [
77
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
} |
c4bc2d44344f0432d379659e8b467f42f69612d8 | University_of_Notre_Dame | In 2014 the Notre Dame student body consisted of 12,179 students, with 8,448 undergraduates, 2,138 graduate and professional and 1,593 professional (Law, M.Div., Business, M.Ed.) students. Around 21–24% of students are children of alumni, and although 37% of students come from the Midwestern United States, the student body represents all 50 states and 100 countries. As of March 2007[update] The Princeton Review ranked the school as the fifth highest 'dream school' for parents to send their children. As of March 2015[update] The Princeton Review ranked Notre Dame as the ninth highest. The school has been previously criticized for its lack of diversity, and The Princeton Review ranks the university highly among schools at which "Alternative Lifestyles [are] Not an Alternative." It has also been commended by some diversity oriented publications; Hispanic Magazine in 2004 ranked the university ninth on its list of the top–25 colleges for Latinos, and The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education recognized the university in 2006 for raising enrollment of African-American students. With 6,000 participants, the university's intramural sports program was named in 2004 by Sports Illustrated as the best program in the country, while in 2007 The Princeton Review named it as the top school where "Everyone Plays Intramural Sports." The annual Bookstore Basketball tournament is the largest outdoor five-on-five tournament in the world with over 700 teams participating each year, while the Notre Dame Men's Boxing Club hosts the annual Bengal Bouts tournament that raises money for the Holy Cross Missions in Bangladesh. | Are more states or countries represented by the student body? | {
"text": [
"countries"
],
"answer_start": [
358
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
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bbf1ab44d23e678e53fbdc127a997823b0a3283e | University_of_Notre_Dame | Notre Dame's conference affiliations for all of its sports except football and fencing changed in July 2013 as a result of major conference realignment, and its fencing affiliation will change in July 2014. The Irish left the Big East for the ACC during a prolonged period of instability in the Big East; while they maintain their football independence, they have committed to play five games per season against ACC opponents. In ice hockey, the Irish were forced to find a new conference home after the Big Ten Conference's decision to add the sport in 2013–14 led to a cascade of conference moves that culminated in the dissolution of the school's former hockey home, the Central Collegiate Hockey Association, after the 2012–13 season. Notre Dame moved its hockey team to Hockey East. After Notre Dame joined the ACC, the conference announced it would add fencing as a sponsored sport beginning in the 2014–15 school year. There are many theories behind the adoption of the athletics moniker but it is known that the Fighting Irish name was used in the early 1920s with respect to the football team and was popularized by alumnus Francis Wallace in his New York Daily News columns. The official colors of Notre Dame are Navy Blue and Gold Rush which are worn in competition by its athletic teams. In addition, the color green is often worn because of the Fighting Irish nickname. The Notre Dame Leprechaun is the mascot of the athletic teams. Created by Theodore W. Drake in 1964, the leprechaun was first used on the football pocket schedule and later on the football program covers. The leprechaun was featured on the cover of Time in November 1964 and gained national exposure. | What choice of who made the hockey placement hard to navigate for Notre Dame? | {
"text": [
"the Irish were forced to find a new conference home after the Big Ten Conference's decision to add the sport in 2013–14 led to a cascade of conference moves that culminated in the dissolution of the school's former hockey home"
],
"answer_start": [
442
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} | {
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b113597df77fe2f857dca5c3dddac028e83bbf3f | University_of_Notre_Dame | Notre Dame's conference affiliations for all of its sports except football and fencing changed in July 2013 as a result of major conference realignment, and its fencing affiliation will change in July 2014. The Irish left the Big East for the ACC during a prolonged period of instability in the Big East; while they maintain their football independence, they have committed to play five games per season against ACC opponents. In ice hockey, the Irish were forced to find a new conference home after the Big Ten Conference's decision to add the sport in 2013–14 led to a cascade of conference moves that culminated in the dissolution of the school's former hockey home, the Central Collegiate Hockey Association, after the 2012–13 season. Notre Dame moved its hockey team to Hockey East. After Notre Dame joined the ACC, the conference announced it would add fencing as a sponsored sport beginning in the 2014–15 school year. There are many theories behind the adoption of the athletics moniker but it is known that the Fighting Irish name was used in the early 1920s with respect to the football team and was popularized by alumnus Francis Wallace in his New York Daily News columns. The official colors of Notre Dame are Navy Blue and Gold Rush which are worn in competition by its athletic teams. In addition, the color green is often worn because of the Fighting Irish nickname. The Notre Dame Leprechaun is the mascot of the athletic teams. Created by Theodore W. Drake in 1964, the leprechaun was first used on the football pocket schedule and later on the football program covers. The leprechaun was featured on the cover of Time in November 1964 and gained national exposure. | What suggests you might find gold at Notre Dame? | {
"text": [
"The Notre Dame Leprechaun is the mascot of the athletic teams"
],
"answer_start": [
1383
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
} |
0afdbdb06dd17b4d8e8ef3650d3d29dc0f8bfcd0 | University_of_Notre_Dame | Notre Dame's conference affiliations for all of its sports except football and fencing changed in July 2013 as a result of major conference realignment, and its fencing affiliation will change in July 2014. The Irish left the Big East for the ACC during a prolonged period of instability in the Big East; while they maintain their football independence, they have committed to play five games per season against ACC opponents. In ice hockey, the Irish were forced to find a new conference home after the Big Ten Conference's decision to add the sport in 2013–14 led to a cascade of conference moves that culminated in the dissolution of the school's former hockey home, the Central Collegiate Hockey Association, after the 2012–13 season. Notre Dame moved its hockey team to Hockey East. After Notre Dame joined the ACC, the conference announced it would add fencing as a sponsored sport beginning in the 2014–15 school year. There are many theories behind the adoption of the athletics moniker but it is known that the Fighting Irish name was used in the early 1920s with respect to the football team and was popularized by alumnus Francis Wallace in his New York Daily News columns. The official colors of Notre Dame are Navy Blue and Gold Rush which are worn in competition by its athletic teams. In addition, the color green is often worn because of the Fighting Irish nickname. The Notre Dame Leprechaun is the mascot of the athletic teams. Created by Theodore W. Drake in 1964, the leprechaun was first used on the football pocket schedule and later on the football program covers. The leprechaun was featured on the cover of Time in November 1964 and gained national exposure. | What first step led to the mascot being a Lephrechaun? | {
"text": [
"Created by Theodore W. Drake in 1964"
],
"answer_start": [
1446
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
} |
4b47656881dd0439dcb2c5f26d0cce5620621093 | University_of_Notre_Dame | Notre Dame's conference affiliations for all of its sports except football and fencing changed in July 2013 as a result of major conference realignment, and its fencing affiliation will change in July 2014. The Irish left the Big East for the ACC during a prolonged period of instability in the Big East; while they maintain their football independence, they have committed to play five games per season against ACC opponents. In ice hockey, the Irish were forced to find a new conference home after the Big Ten Conference's decision to add the sport in 2013–14 led to a cascade of conference moves that culminated in the dissolution of the school's former hockey home, the Central Collegiate Hockey Association, after the 2012–13 season. Notre Dame moved its hockey team to Hockey East. After Notre Dame joined the ACC, the conference announced it would add fencing as a sponsored sport beginning in the 2014–15 school year. There are many theories behind the adoption of the athletics moniker but it is known that the Fighting Irish name was used in the early 1920s with respect to the football team and was popularized by alumnus Francis Wallace in his New York Daily News columns. The official colors of Notre Dame are Navy Blue and Gold Rush which are worn in competition by its athletic teams. In addition, the color green is often worn because of the Fighting Irish nickname. The Notre Dame Leprechaun is the mascot of the athletic teams. Created by Theodore W. Drake in 1964, the leprechaun was first used on the football pocket schedule and later on the football program covers. The leprechaun was featured on the cover of Time in November 1964 and gained national exposure. | What sport changed leagues back to back? | {
"text": [
"fencing changed in July 2013 as a result of major conference realignment, and its fencing affiliation will change in July 2014"
],
"answer_start": [
79
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
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f6cfff3b3274bd83a4e24222da0f3eaa08a170de | University_of_Notre_Dame | Notre Dame's conference affiliations for all of its sports except football and fencing changed in July 2013 as a result of major conference realignment, and its fencing affiliation will change in July 2014. The Irish left the Big East for the ACC during a prolonged period of instability in the Big East; while they maintain their football independence, they have committed to play five games per season against ACC opponents. In ice hockey, the Irish were forced to find a new conference home after the Big Ten Conference's decision to add the sport in 2013–14 led to a cascade of conference moves that culminated in the dissolution of the school's former hockey home, the Central Collegiate Hockey Association, after the 2012–13 season. Notre Dame moved its hockey team to Hockey East. After Notre Dame joined the ACC, the conference announced it would add fencing as a sponsored sport beginning in the 2014–15 school year. There are many theories behind the adoption of the athletics moniker but it is known that the Fighting Irish name was used in the early 1920s with respect to the football team and was popularized by alumnus Francis Wallace in his New York Daily News columns. The official colors of Notre Dame are Navy Blue and Gold Rush which are worn in competition by its athletic teams. In addition, the color green is often worn because of the Fighting Irish nickname. The Notre Dame Leprechaun is the mascot of the athletic teams. Created by Theodore W. Drake in 1964, the leprechaun was first used on the football pocket schedule and later on the football program covers. The leprechaun was featured on the cover of Time in November 1964 and gained national exposure. | The element with 79 as its atomic number is called? | {
"text": [
"Gold"
],
"answer_start": [
1237
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
} |
a1187988713292b04a3fc295b38fcbb0e3a22311 | University_of_Notre_Dame | Notre Dame's conference affiliations for all of its sports except football and fencing changed in July 2013 as a result of major conference realignment, and its fencing affiliation will change in July 2014. The Irish left the Big East for the ACC during a prolonged period of instability in the Big East; while they maintain their football independence, they have committed to play five games per season against ACC opponents. In ice hockey, the Irish were forced to find a new conference home after the Big Ten Conference's decision to add the sport in 2013–14 led to a cascade of conference moves that culminated in the dissolution of the school's former hockey home, the Central Collegiate Hockey Association, after the 2012–13 season. Notre Dame moved its hockey team to Hockey East. After Notre Dame joined the ACC, the conference announced it would add fencing as a sponsored sport beginning in the 2014–15 school year. There are many theories behind the adoption of the athletics moniker but it is known that the Fighting Irish name was used in the early 1920s with respect to the football team and was popularized by alumnus Francis Wallace in his New York Daily News columns. The official colors of Notre Dame are Navy Blue and Gold Rush which are worn in competition by its athletic teams. In addition, the color green is often worn because of the Fighting Irish nickname. The Notre Dame Leprechaun is the mascot of the athletic teams. Created by Theodore W. Drake in 1964, the leprechaun was first used on the football pocket schedule and later on the football program covers. The leprechaun was featured on the cover of Time in November 1964 and gained national exposure. | Yellow and red are two of the primary colors, what is the third primary color? | {
"text": [
"Blue"
],
"answer_start": [
1228
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
} |
1717da93b3293be446add8ff5fa6a9ae6c65579e | University_of_Notre_Dame | Notre Dame's conference affiliations for all of its sports except football and fencing changed in July 2013 as a result of major conference realignment, and its fencing affiliation will change in July 2014. The Irish left the Big East for the ACC during a prolonged period of instability in the Big East; while they maintain their football independence, they have committed to play five games per season against ACC opponents. In ice hockey, the Irish were forced to find a new conference home after the Big Ten Conference's decision to add the sport in 2013–14 led to a cascade of conference moves that culminated in the dissolution of the school's former hockey home, the Central Collegiate Hockey Association, after the 2012–13 season. Notre Dame moved its hockey team to Hockey East. After Notre Dame joined the ACC, the conference announced it would add fencing as a sponsored sport beginning in the 2014–15 school year. There are many theories behind the adoption of the athletics moniker but it is known that the Fighting Irish name was used in the early 1920s with respect to the football team and was popularized by alumnus Francis Wallace in his New York Daily News columns. The official colors of Notre Dame are Navy Blue and Gold Rush which are worn in competition by its athletic teams. In addition, the color green is often worn because of the Fighting Irish nickname. The Notre Dame Leprechaun is the mascot of the athletic teams. Created by Theodore W. Drake in 1964, the leprechaun was first used on the football pocket schedule and later on the football program covers. The leprechaun was featured on the cover of Time in November 1964 and gained national exposure. | What event occured in the 19th Century that was due to the discovery of a specific precious metal? | {
"text": [
"Gold Rush"
],
"answer_start": [
1237
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
} |
943b2b9ab184b6a58774f9790e7f9453032fc5d2 | University_of_Notre_Dame | Notre Dame's conference affiliations for all of its sports except football and fencing changed in July 2013 as a result of major conference realignment, and its fencing affiliation will change in July 2014. The Irish left the Big East for the ACC during a prolonged period of instability in the Big East; while they maintain their football independence, they have committed to play five games per season against ACC opponents. In ice hockey, the Irish were forced to find a new conference home after the Big Ten Conference's decision to add the sport in 2013–14 led to a cascade of conference moves that culminated in the dissolution of the school's former hockey home, the Central Collegiate Hockey Association, after the 2012–13 season. Notre Dame moved its hockey team to Hockey East. After Notre Dame joined the ACC, the conference announced it would add fencing as a sponsored sport beginning in the 2014–15 school year. There are many theories behind the adoption of the athletics moniker but it is known that the Fighting Irish name was used in the early 1920s with respect to the football team and was popularized by alumnus Francis Wallace in his New York Daily News columns. The official colors of Notre Dame are Navy Blue and Gold Rush which are worn in competition by its athletic teams. In addition, the color green is often worn because of the Fighting Irish nickname. The Notre Dame Leprechaun is the mascot of the athletic teams. Created by Theodore W. Drake in 1964, the leprechaun was first used on the football pocket schedule and later on the football program covers. The leprechaun was featured on the cover of Time in November 1964 and gained national exposure. | What sport differs in name in the US with the rest of the world? | {
"text": [
"football"
],
"answer_start": [
66
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
} |
dd9fe1b5abc71a3f01bbccd45b6f5d1c8d159994 | University_of_Notre_Dame | Notre Dame's conference affiliations for all of its sports except football and fencing changed in July 2013 as a result of major conference realignment, and its fencing affiliation will change in July 2014. The Irish left the Big East for the ACC during a prolonged period of instability in the Big East; while they maintain their football independence, they have committed to play five games per season against ACC opponents. In ice hockey, the Irish were forced to find a new conference home after the Big Ten Conference's decision to add the sport in 2013–14 led to a cascade of conference moves that culminated in the dissolution of the school's former hockey home, the Central Collegiate Hockey Association, after the 2012–13 season. Notre Dame moved its hockey team to Hockey East. After Notre Dame joined the ACC, the conference announced it would add fencing as a sponsored sport beginning in the 2014–15 school year. There are many theories behind the adoption of the athletics moniker but it is known that the Fighting Irish name was used in the early 1920s with respect to the football team and was popularized by alumnus Francis Wallace in his New York Daily News columns. The official colors of Notre Dame are Navy Blue and Gold Rush which are worn in competition by its athletic teams. In addition, the color green is often worn because of the Fighting Irish nickname. The Notre Dame Leprechaun is the mascot of the athletic teams. Created by Theodore W. Drake in 1964, the leprechaun was first used on the football pocket schedule and later on the football program covers. The leprechaun was featured on the cover of Time in November 1964 and gained national exposure. | What is the name for a male duck? | {
"text": [
"Drake"
],
"answer_start": [
1469
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
} |
b7f40d348cea93ab1e5ced888baaf68098eaf939 | University_of_Notre_Dame | The university owns several centers around the world used for international studies and research, conferences abroad, and alumni support. The university has had a presence in London, England, since 1968. Since 1998, its London center has been based in the former United University Club at 1 Suffolk Street in Trafalgar Square. The center enables the Colleges of Arts & Letters, Business Administration, Science, Engineering and the Law School to develop their own programs in London, as well as hosting conferences and symposia. Other Global Gateways are located in Beijing, Chicago, Dublin, Jerusalem and Rome. | In which city situated on an Island, other than London, does the university also have offices? | {
"text": [
"Dublin"
],
"answer_start": [
584
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
} |
eda4436d1877e0c6c4fd6c7924ed6b844f517d82 | University_of_Notre_Dame | The university owns several centers around the world used for international studies and research, conferences abroad, and alumni support. The university has had a presence in London, England, since 1968. Since 1998, its London center has been based in the former United University Club at 1 Suffolk Street in Trafalgar Square. The center enables the Colleges of Arts & Letters, Business Administration, Science, Engineering and the Law School to develop their own programs in London, as well as hosting conferences and symposia. Other Global Gateways are located in Beijing, Chicago, Dublin, Jerusalem and Rome. | What do students become once they graduate the university? | {
"text": [
"alumni"
],
"answer_start": [
122
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
} |
aafb5c0e20b2ec5fb3852914ef8d0bbd35a80499 | University_of_Notre_Dame | The university owns several centers around the world used for international studies and research, conferences abroad, and alumni support. The university has had a presence in London, England, since 1968. Since 1998, its London center has been based in the former United University Club at 1 Suffolk Street in Trafalgar Square. The center enables the Colleges of Arts & Letters, Business Administration, Science, Engineering and the Law School to develop their own programs in London, as well as hosting conferences and symposia. Other Global Gateways are located in Beijing, Chicago, Dublin, Jerusalem and Rome. | Which is the city in which the university has a gateway and in which Jesus was crucified? | {
"text": [
"Jerusalem"
],
"answer_start": [
592
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
} |
46783a1112f3a803204ab9f7d5c00a0e6d62fb91 | University_of_Notre_Dame | The university owns several centers around the world used for international studies and research, conferences abroad, and alumni support. The university has had a presence in London, England, since 1968. Since 1998, its London center has been based in the former United University Club at 1 Suffolk Street in Trafalgar Square. The center enables the Colleges of Arts & Letters, Business Administration, Science, Engineering and the Law School to develop their own programs in London, as well as hosting conferences and symposia. Other Global Gateways are located in Beijing, Chicago, Dublin, Jerusalem and Rome. | What is the European city mentioned here in which the official language is not English? | {
"text": [
"Rome"
],
"answer_start": [
606
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
} |
b725db6fb1acb3ed632d5052d6384d8204680ea8 | University_of_Notre_Dame | The university owns several centers around the world used for international studies and research, conferences abroad, and alumni support. The university has had a presence in London, England, since 1968. Since 1998, its London center has been based in the former United University Club at 1 Suffolk Street in Trafalgar Square. The center enables the Colleges of Arts & Letters, Business Administration, Science, Engineering and the Law School to develop their own programs in London, as well as hosting conferences and symposia. Other Global Gateways are located in Beijing, Chicago, Dublin, Jerusalem and Rome. | What is the Business Administration and the Engineering in the university? | {
"text": [
"Colleges"
],
"answer_start": [
350
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
} |
eabbc03eeeda01494fb84aa55148791fd07741d2 | University_of_Notre_Dame | As at most other universities, Notre Dame's students run a number of news media outlets. The nine student-run outlets include three newspapers, both a radio and television station, and several magazines and journals. Begun as a one-page journal in September 1876, the Scholastic magazine is issued twice monthly and claims to be the oldest continuous collegiate publication in the United States. The other magazine, The Juggler, is released twice a year and focuses on student literature and artwork. The Dome yearbook is published annually. The newspapers have varying publication interests, with The Observer published daily and mainly reporting university and other news, and staffed by students from both Notre Dame and Saint Mary's College. Unlike Scholastic and The Dome, The Observer is an independent publication and does not have a faculty advisor or any editorial oversight from the University. In 1987, when some students believed that The Observer began to show a conservative bias, a liberal newspaper, Common Sense was published. Likewise, in 2003, when other students believed that the paper showed a liberal bias, the conservative paper Irish Rover went into production. Neither paper is published as often as The Observer; however, all three are distributed to all students. Finally, in Spring 2008 an undergraduate journal for political science research, Beyond Politics, made its debut. | What is the last college mentioned in the text | {
"text": [
"Saint Mary's"
],
"answer_start": [
724
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
} |
8f9c2b5e297e47ec465cdd4944ae53666469cb83 | University_of_Notre_Dame | As at most other universities, Notre Dame's students run a number of news media outlets. The nine student-run outlets include three newspapers, both a radio and television station, and several magazines and journals. Begun as a one-page journal in September 1876, the Scholastic magazine is issued twice monthly and claims to be the oldest continuous collegiate publication in the United States. The other magazine, The Juggler, is released twice a year and focuses on student literature and artwork. The Dome yearbook is published annually. The newspapers have varying publication interests, with The Observer published daily and mainly reporting university and other news, and staffed by students from both Notre Dame and Saint Mary's College. Unlike Scholastic and The Dome, The Observer is an independent publication and does not have a faculty advisor or any editorial oversight from the University. In 1987, when some students believed that The Observer began to show a conservative bias, a liberal newspaper, Common Sense was published. Likewise, in 2003, when other students believed that the paper showed a liberal bias, the conservative paper Irish Rover went into production. Neither paper is published as often as The Observer; however, all three are distributed to all students. Finally, in Spring 2008 an undergraduate journal for political science research, Beyond Politics, made its debut. | What magazine was stated to have the first party bias | {
"text": [
"The Observer"
],
"answer_start": [
947
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
} |
6348530b7246d5c7c362f926d8b07badc9ba4799 | University_of_Notre_Dame | As at most other universities, Notre Dame's students run a number of news media outlets. The nine student-run outlets include three newspapers, both a radio and television station, and several magazines and journals. Begun as a one-page journal in September 1876, the Scholastic magazine is issued twice monthly and claims to be the oldest continuous collegiate publication in the United States. The other magazine, The Juggler, is released twice a year and focuses on student literature and artwork. The Dome yearbook is published annually. The newspapers have varying publication interests, with The Observer published daily and mainly reporting university and other news, and staffed by students from both Notre Dame and Saint Mary's College. Unlike Scholastic and The Dome, The Observer is an independent publication and does not have a faculty advisor or any editorial oversight from the University. In 1987, when some students believed that The Observer began to show a conservative bias, a liberal newspaper, Common Sense was published. Likewise, in 2003, when other students believed that the paper showed a liberal bias, the conservative paper Irish Rover went into production. Neither paper is published as often as The Observer; however, all three are distributed to all students. Finally, in Spring 2008 an undergraduate journal for political science research, Beyond Politics, made its debut. | What type of media did Norte Dame have for those who listened to news on ear buds but not visually | {
"text": [
"radio"
],
"answer_start": [
151
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
} |
0db9592e70e72f594a265c8b528aca06f62a6876 | University_of_Notre_Dame | The first degrees from the college were awarded in 1849. The university was expanded with new buildings to accommodate more students and faculty. With each new president, new academic programs were offered and new buildings built to accommodate them. The original Main Building built by Sorin just after he arrived was replaced by a larger "Main Building" in 1865, which housed the university's administration, classrooms, and dormitories. Beginning in 1873, a library collection was started by Father Lemonnier. By 1879 it had grown to ten thousand volumes that were housed in the Main Building. | The president is part of? | {
"text": [
"the university's administration"
],
"answer_start": [
378
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
} |
be0744a5f2abce7e4122a550a9bb4e2cb55077e6 | University_of_Notre_Dame | The first degrees from the college were awarded in 1849. The university was expanded with new buildings to accommodate more students and faculty. With each new president, new academic programs were offered and new buildings built to accommodate them. The original Main Building built by Sorin just after he arrived was replaced by a larger "Main Building" in 1865, which housed the university's administration, classrooms, and dormitories. Beginning in 1873, a library collection was started by Father Lemonnier. By 1879 it had grown to ten thousand volumes that were housed in the Main Building. | The university steadily did what? | {
"text": [
"expanded"
],
"answer_start": [
76
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
} |
37d0d1f6e9009eb355354129df7b98688dc8e078 | University_of_Notre_Dame | Notre Dame teams are known as the Fighting Irish. They compete as a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I, primarily competing in the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) for all sports since the 2013–14 school year. The Fighting Irish previously competed in the Horizon League from 1982-83 to 1985-86, and again from 1987-88 to 1994-95, and then in the Big East Conference through 2012–13. Men's sports include baseball, basketball, crew, cross country, fencing, football, golf, ice hockey, lacrosse, soccer, swimming & diving, tennis and track & field; while women's sports include basketball, cross country, fencing, golf, lacrosse, rowing, soccer, softball, swimming & diving, tennis, track & field and volleyball. The football team competes as an Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) Independent since its inception in 1887. Both fencing teams compete in the Midwest Fencing Conference, and the men's ice hockey team competes in Hockey East. | When did Notre Dame last leave the Horizon league | {
"text": [
"1994-95"
],
"answer_start": [
359
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
} |
5cffaa971e58c19ce0c02f1bd9af869f5516a771 | University_of_Notre_Dame | Notre Dame teams are known as the Fighting Irish. They compete as a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I, primarily competing in the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) for all sports since the 2013–14 school year. The Fighting Irish previously competed in the Horizon League from 1982-83 to 1985-86, and again from 1987-88 to 1994-95, and then in the Big East Conference through 2012–13. Men's sports include baseball, basketball, crew, cross country, fencing, football, golf, ice hockey, lacrosse, soccer, swimming & diving, tennis and track & field; while women's sports include basketball, cross country, fencing, golf, lacrosse, rowing, soccer, softball, swimming & diving, tennis, track & field and volleyball. The football team competes as an Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) Independent since its inception in 1887. Both fencing teams compete in the Midwest Fencing Conference, and the men's ice hockey team competes in Hockey East. | In which sports do notre dame compete in conferences set up exclusively for that sport? | {
"text": [
"Both fencing teams compete in the Midwest Fencing Conference, and the men's ice hockey team competes in Hockey East"
],
"answer_start": [
855
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
} |
029e39805efa65567980b6905e8ee8fb1c9e34a7 | University_of_Notre_Dame | Notre Dame rose to national prominence in the early 1900s for its Fighting Irish football team, especially under the guidance of the legendary coach Knute Rockne. The university's athletic teams are members of the NCAA Division I and are known collectively as the Fighting Irish. The football team, an Independent, has accumulated eleven consensus national championships, seven Heisman Trophy winners, 62 members in the College Football Hall of Fame and 13 members in the Pro Football Hall of Fame and is considered one of the most famed and successful college football teams in history. Other ND teams, chiefly in the Atlantic Coast Conference, have accumulated 16 national championships. The Notre Dame Victory March is often regarded as the most famous and recognizable collegiate fight song. | What number represents the players that have been honored regarding their careers after leaving Notre Dame? | {
"text": [
"13"
],
"answer_start": [
454
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
} |
e552e31ad6adeb5ec02008776bc0370b6c1fe5af | University_of_Notre_Dame | Notre Dame rose to national prominence in the early 1900s for its Fighting Irish football team, especially under the guidance of the legendary coach Knute Rockne. The university's athletic teams are members of the NCAA Division I and are known collectively as the Fighting Irish. The football team, an Independent, has accumulated eleven consensus national championships, seven Heisman Trophy winners, 62 members in the College Football Hall of Fame and 13 members in the Pro Football Hall of Fame and is considered one of the most famed and successful college football teams in history. Other ND teams, chiefly in the Atlantic Coast Conference, have accumulated 16 national championships. The Notre Dame Victory March is often regarded as the most famous and recognizable collegiate fight song. | Which award grantor represents the successes that athletes have achieved upon graduating from the university? | {
"text": [
"Pro Football Hall of Fame"
],
"answer_start": [
472
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
} |
c9fbbf6e7c1ff9f3d655f0175faa45a2eb134c2b | University_of_Notre_Dame | Notre Dame rose to national prominence in the early 1900s for its Fighting Irish football team, especially under the guidance of the legendary coach Knute Rockne. The university's athletic teams are members of the NCAA Division I and are known collectively as the Fighting Irish. The football team, an Independent, has accumulated eleven consensus national championships, seven Heisman Trophy winners, 62 members in the College Football Hall of Fame and 13 members in the Pro Football Hall of Fame and is considered one of the most famed and successful college football teams in history. Other ND teams, chiefly in the Atlantic Coast Conference, have accumulated 16 national championships. The Notre Dame Victory March is often regarded as the most famous and recognizable collegiate fight song. | What descriptor is given to the teams? | {
"text": [
"Fighting Irish"
],
"answer_start": [
66
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
} |
0c7baf74a406740f11f9a73d2cafebb12012a015 | University_of_Notre_Dame | Notre Dame rose to national prominence in the early 1900s for its Fighting Irish football team, especially under the guidance of the legendary coach Knute Rockne. The university's athletic teams are members of the NCAA Division I and are known collectively as the Fighting Irish. The football team, an Independent, has accumulated eleven consensus national championships, seven Heisman Trophy winners, 62 members in the College Football Hall of Fame and 13 members in the Pro Football Hall of Fame and is considered one of the most famed and successful college football teams in history. Other ND teams, chiefly in the Atlantic Coast Conference, have accumulated 16 national championships. The Notre Dame Victory March is often regarded as the most famous and recognizable collegiate fight song. | What brought the university to the public attention ultimately making the fight song famous and recognizable? | {
"text": [
"Fighting Irish football team"
],
"answer_start": [
66
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
} |
2333c2bed5f80ddc2c2bdfd6ab63a969677bd956 | University_of_Notre_Dame | The library system also includes branch libraries for Architecture, Chemistry & Physics, Engineering, Law, and Mathematics as well as information centers in the Mendoza College of Business, the Kellogg Institute for International Studies, the Joan B. Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies, and a slide library in O'Shaughnessy Hall. A theology library was also opened in fall of 2015. Located on the first floor of Stanford Hall, it is the first branch of the library system to be housed in a dorm room. The library system holds over three million volumes, was the single largest university library in the world upon its completion, and remains one of the 100 largest libraries in the country. | What does the library feature books in? | {
"text": [
"Architecture, Chemistry & Physics, Engineering, Law, and Mathematics"
],
"answer_start": [
54
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
} |
0da45dc9229e40470e0060184c444f7401d48074 | University_of_Notre_Dame | Since the construction of its oldest buildings, the university's physical plant has grown substantially. Over the years 29 residence halls have been built to accommodate students and each has been constructed with its own chapel. Many academic building were added together with a system of libraries, the most prominent of which is the Theodore Hesburgh Library, built in 1963 and today containing almost 4 million books. Since 2004, several buildings have been added, including the DeBartolo Performing Arts Center, the Guglielmino Complex, and the Jordan Hall of Science. Additionally, a new residence for men, Duncan Hall, was begun on March 8, 2007, and began accepting residents for the Fall 2008 semester. Ryan Hall was completed and began housing undergraduate women in the fall of 2009. A new engineering building, Stinson-Remick Hall, a new combination Center for Social Concerns/Institute for Church Life building, Geddes Hall, and a law school addition have recently been completed as well. Additionally the new hockey arena opened in the fall of 2011. The Stayer Center for Executive Education, which houses the Mendoza College of Business Executive Education Department opened in March 2013 just South of the Mendoza College of Business building. Because of its long athletic tradition, the university features also many building dedicated to sport. The most famous is Notre Dame Stadium, home of the Fighting Irish football team; it has been renovated several times and today it can hold more than 80 thousand people. Prominent venues include also the Edmund P. Joyce Center, with indoor basketball and volleyball courts, and the Compton Family Ice Arena, a two-rink facility dedicated to hockey. Also, there are many outdoor fields, as the Frank Eck Stadium for baseball. | To what is the largest percentage of structures on campus devoted? | {
"text": [
"residence halls"
],
"answer_start": [
123
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
} |
55bf9ca4097d8cd52a44a9e7ab0a78d33956574d | University_of_Notre_Dame | Since the construction of its oldest buildings, the university's physical plant has grown substantially. Over the years 29 residence halls have been built to accommodate students and each has been constructed with its own chapel. Many academic building were added together with a system of libraries, the most prominent of which is the Theodore Hesburgh Library, built in 1963 and today containing almost 4 million books. Since 2004, several buildings have been added, including the DeBartolo Performing Arts Center, the Guglielmino Complex, and the Jordan Hall of Science. Additionally, a new residence for men, Duncan Hall, was begun on March 8, 2007, and began accepting residents for the Fall 2008 semester. Ryan Hall was completed and began housing undergraduate women in the fall of 2009. A new engineering building, Stinson-Remick Hall, a new combination Center for Social Concerns/Institute for Church Life building, Geddes Hall, and a law school addition have recently been completed as well. Additionally the new hockey arena opened in the fall of 2011. The Stayer Center for Executive Education, which houses the Mendoza College of Business Executive Education Department opened in March 2013 just South of the Mendoza College of Business building. Because of its long athletic tradition, the university features also many building dedicated to sport. The most famous is Notre Dame Stadium, home of the Fighting Irish football team; it has been renovated several times and today it can hold more than 80 thousand people. Prominent venues include also the Edmund P. Joyce Center, with indoor basketball and volleyball courts, and the Compton Family Ice Arena, a two-rink facility dedicated to hockey. Also, there are many outdoor fields, as the Frank Eck Stadium for baseball. | Which structure mentioned took just over one year for completion? | {
"text": [
"Duncan Hall"
],
"answer_start": [
613
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
} |
10ab4ad30e95704956ffd66688612cdea441c413 | University_of_Notre_Dame | Since the construction of its oldest buildings, the university's physical plant has grown substantially. Over the years 29 residence halls have been built to accommodate students and each has been constructed with its own chapel. Many academic building were added together with a system of libraries, the most prominent of which is the Theodore Hesburgh Library, built in 1963 and today containing almost 4 million books. Since 2004, several buildings have been added, including the DeBartolo Performing Arts Center, the Guglielmino Complex, and the Jordan Hall of Science. Additionally, a new residence for men, Duncan Hall, was begun on March 8, 2007, and began accepting residents for the Fall 2008 semester. Ryan Hall was completed and began housing undergraduate women in the fall of 2009. A new engineering building, Stinson-Remick Hall, a new combination Center for Social Concerns/Institute for Church Life building, Geddes Hall, and a law school addition have recently been completed as well. Additionally the new hockey arena opened in the fall of 2011. The Stayer Center for Executive Education, which houses the Mendoza College of Business Executive Education Department opened in March 2013 just South of the Mendoza College of Business building. Because of its long athletic tradition, the university features also many building dedicated to sport. The most famous is Notre Dame Stadium, home of the Fighting Irish football team; it has been renovated several times and today it can hold more than 80 thousand people. Prominent venues include also the Edmund P. Joyce Center, with indoor basketball and volleyball courts, and the Compton Family Ice Arena, a two-rink facility dedicated to hockey. Also, there are many outdoor fields, as the Frank Eck Stadium for baseball. | What is housed in a building that was completed in 2013? | {
"text": [
"Mendoza College of Business Executive Education Department"
],
"answer_start": [
1124
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
} |
70ffcbbbcd97d0a7d600b96301e53c8095a8c377 | Ottoman_Empire | With the extension of Turkish dominion into the Balkans, the strategic conquest of Constantinople became a crucial objective. The empire had managed to control nearly all former Byzantine lands surrounding the city, but in 1402 the Byzantines were temporarily relieved when the Turco-Mongol leader Timur, founder of the Timurid Empire, invaded Anatolia from the east. In the Battle of Ankara in 1402, Timur defeated the Ottoman forces and took Sultan Bayezid I as a prisoner, throwing the empire into disorder. The ensuing civil war lasted from 1402 to 1413 as Bayezid's sons fought over succession. It ended when Mehmed I emerged as the sultan and restored Ottoman power, bringing an end to the Interregnum, also known as the Fetret Devri. | Which happened first, the Battle of Ankara or Mehmed I emerged as the sultan? | {
"text": [
"the Battle of Ankara"
],
"answer_start": [
371
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
} |
8cdd468fa1030e8aebde721d987ac83a6ea3a2be | Ottoman_Empire | With the extension of Turkish dominion into the Balkans, the strategic conquest of Constantinople became a crucial objective. The empire had managed to control nearly all former Byzantine lands surrounding the city, but in 1402 the Byzantines were temporarily relieved when the Turco-Mongol leader Timur, founder of the Timurid Empire, invaded Anatolia from the east. In the Battle of Ankara in 1402, Timur defeated the Ottoman forces and took Sultan Bayezid I as a prisoner, throwing the empire into disorder. The ensuing civil war lasted from 1402 to 1413 as Bayezid's sons fought over succession. It ended when Mehmed I emerged as the sultan and restored Ottoman power, bringing an end to the Interregnum, also known as the Fetret Devri. | Which happened first, Timur, founder of the Timurid Empire, invaded Anatolia from the east or Mehmed I emerged as the sultan? | {
"text": [
"Timur, founder of the Timurid Empire, invaded Anatolia from the east"
],
"answer_start": [
298
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
} |
873afd51fe6a97120c971ddee9ff091840358ac5 | Ottoman_Empire | With the extension of Turkish dominion into the Balkans, the strategic conquest of Constantinople became a crucial objective. The empire had managed to control nearly all former Byzantine lands surrounding the city, but in 1402 the Byzantines were temporarily relieved when the Turco-Mongol leader Timur, founder of the Timurid Empire, invaded Anatolia from the east. In the Battle of Ankara in 1402, Timur defeated the Ottoman forces and took Sultan Bayezid I as a prisoner, throwing the empire into disorder. The ensuing civil war lasted from 1402 to 1413 as Bayezid's sons fought over succession. It ended when Mehmed I emerged as the sultan and restored Ottoman power, bringing an end to the Interregnum, also known as the Fetret Devri. | What happened before the civil war, the Battle of Ankara or Mehmed I emerging as the sultan? | {
"text": [
"the Battle of Ankara"
],
"answer_start": [
371
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
} |
ef87bdec92bb447f18f0fa82a57982478a65884e | Ottoman_Empire | The art of carpet weaving was particularly significant in the Ottoman Empire, carpets having an immense importance both as decorative furnishings, rich in religious and other symbolism, and as a practical consideration, as it was customary to remove one's shoes in living quarters. The weaving of such carpets originated in the nomadic cultures of central Asia (carpets being an easily transportable form of furnishing), and was eventually spread to the settled societies of Anatolia. Turks used carpets, rugs and kilims not just on the floors of a room, but also as a hanging on walls and doorways, where they provided additional insulation. They were also commonly donated to mosques, which often amassed large collections of them. | Where was the art of carpet weaving first significant? | {
"text": [
"central Asia"
],
"answer_start": [
348
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
} |
14ba66b9079d208dfe41b20ee38800516012b931 | Ottoman_Empire | The art of carpet weaving was particularly significant in the Ottoman Empire, carpets having an immense importance both as decorative furnishings, rich in religious and other symbolism, and as a practical consideration, as it was customary to remove one's shoes in living quarters. The weaving of such carpets originated in the nomadic cultures of central Asia (carpets being an easily transportable form of furnishing), and was eventually spread to the settled societies of Anatolia. Turks used carpets, rugs and kilims not just on the floors of a room, but also as a hanging on walls and doorways, where they provided additional insulation. They were also commonly donated to mosques, which often amassed large collections of them. | Why was the art of carpet weaving made? | {
"text": [
"an easily transportable form of furnishing"
],
"answer_start": [
376
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
} |
c721d8574a355cc6a263bb3bdfacc9d9cb3f121e | Ottoman_Empire | The art of carpet weaving was particularly significant in the Ottoman Empire, carpets having an immense importance both as decorative furnishings, rich in religious and other symbolism, and as a practical consideration, as it was customary to remove one's shoes in living quarters. The weaving of such carpets originated in the nomadic cultures of central Asia (carpets being an easily transportable form of furnishing), and was eventually spread to the settled societies of Anatolia. Turks used carpets, rugs and kilims not just on the floors of a room, but also as a hanging on walls and doorways, where they provided additional insulation. They were also commonly donated to mosques, which often amassed large collections of them. | Where was the group that was behind making the first carpets for furnishing? | {
"text": [
"Asia"
],
"answer_start": [
356
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
} |
bb9eb217871c7dde65d0e631fdfc80b24d67be49 | Ottoman_Empire | The son of Murad II, Mehmed the Conqueror, reorganized the state and the military, and conquered Constantinople on 29 May 1453. Mehmed allowed the Orthodox Church to maintain its autonomy and land in exchange for accepting Ottoman authority. Because of bad relations between the states of western Europe and the later Byzantine Empire, the majority of the Orthodox population accepted Ottoman rule as preferable to Venetian rule. Albanian resistance was a major obstacle to Ottoman expansion on the Italian peninsula. | What did Mehmed get from the Orthodox church? | {
"text": [
"accepting Ottoman authority"
],
"answer_start": [
213
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
} |
c37a2ecdf8e4df22f5d3c1ef74d41d8394e67f95 | Ottoman_Empire | The son of Murad II, Mehmed the Conqueror, reorganized the state and the military, and conquered Constantinople on 29 May 1453. Mehmed allowed the Orthodox Church to maintain its autonomy and land in exchange for accepting Ottoman authority. Because of bad relations between the states of western Europe and the later Byzantine Empire, the majority of the Orthodox population accepted Ottoman rule as preferable to Venetian rule. Albanian resistance was a major obstacle to Ottoman expansion on the Italian peninsula. | Who was in charge before Mehmed? | {
"text": [
"Murad II"
],
"answer_start": [
11
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
} |
016a06656bb5876a0ce092b92732b27eaf8a8306 | Ottoman_Empire | The son of Murad II, Mehmed the Conqueror, reorganized the state and the military, and conquered Constantinople on 29 May 1453. Mehmed allowed the Orthodox Church to maintain its autonomy and land in exchange for accepting Ottoman authority. Because of bad relations between the states of western Europe and the later Byzantine Empire, the majority of the Orthodox population accepted Ottoman rule as preferable to Venetian rule. Albanian resistance was a major obstacle to Ottoman expansion on the Italian peninsula. | Who argued and prompted the Orthodox people make a decision? | {
"text": [
"the states of western Europe and the later Byzantine Empire"
],
"answer_start": [
275
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
} |
b2b838842a3419b8798ff47d12aa64ead24d1635 | Ottoman_Empire | The son of Murad II, Mehmed the Conqueror, reorganized the state and the military, and conquered Constantinople on 29 May 1453. Mehmed allowed the Orthodox Church to maintain its autonomy and land in exchange for accepting Ottoman authority. Because of bad relations between the states of western Europe and the later Byzantine Empire, the majority of the Orthodox population accepted Ottoman rule as preferable to Venetian rule. Albanian resistance was a major obstacle to Ottoman expansion on the Italian peninsula. | Whose citizens accepted Ottoman authority? | {
"text": [
"Constantinople"
],
"answer_start": [
97
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
} |
81b1ec48f98a0bdd8f58f2bd67be7ea3080d194d | Ottoman_Empire | The son of Murad II, Mehmed the Conqueror, reorganized the state and the military, and conquered Constantinople on 29 May 1453. Mehmed allowed the Orthodox Church to maintain its autonomy and land in exchange for accepting Ottoman authority. Because of bad relations between the states of western Europe and the later Byzantine Empire, the majority of the Orthodox population accepted Ottoman rule as preferable to Venetian rule. Albanian resistance was a major obstacle to Ottoman expansion on the Italian peninsula. | Who was not afraid of Mehmed? | {
"text": [
"Albanian resistance"
],
"answer_start": [
430
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
} |
5a64d88f520dff9a6f61ec900668bf0628026dbd | Ottoman_Empire | The Ottoman economic mind was closely related to the basic concepts of state and society in the Middle East in which the ultimate goal of a state was consolidation and extension of the ruler's power, and the way to reach it was to get rich resources of revenues by making the productive classes prosperous. The ultimate aim was to increase the state revenues without damaging the prosperity of subjects to prevent the emergence of social disorder and to keep the traditional organization of the society intact. | What was the main goal of the Ottomans? | {
"text": [
"get rich"
],
"answer_start": [
231
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
} |
ee7b9971eca416adde8f161cc0e9a39b0f402fcb | Ottoman_Empire | The Ottoman economic mind was closely related to the basic concepts of state and society in the Middle East in which the ultimate goal of a state was consolidation and extension of the ruler's power, and the way to reach it was to get rich resources of revenues by making the productive classes prosperous. The ultimate aim was to increase the state revenues without damaging the prosperity of subjects to prevent the emergence of social disorder and to keep the traditional organization of the society intact. | What did the Ottomans seek to accomplish? | {
"text": [
"consolidation and extension of the ruler's power"
],
"answer_start": [
150
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
} |
d5dae6eb0060e3ffeb9dc5def02d3a6ad821049e | Ottoman_Empire | The Ottoman economic mind was closely related to the basic concepts of state and society in the Middle East in which the ultimate goal of a state was consolidation and extension of the ruler's power, and the way to reach it was to get rich resources of revenues by making the productive classes prosperous. The ultimate aim was to increase the state revenues without damaging the prosperity of subjects to prevent the emergence of social disorder and to keep the traditional organization of the society intact. | What would help the Ottomans reach their ultimate goal? | {
"text": [
"get rich resources of revenues"
],
"answer_start": [
231
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
} |
0a0ca38082d79e782b9bcfb6c2aafb6713dad814 | Ottoman_Empire | Over the course of Ottoman history, the Ottomans managed to build a large collection of libraries complete with translations of books from other cultures, as well as original manuscripts. A great part of this desire for local and foreign manuscripts arose in the 15th Century. Sultan Mehmet II ordered Georgios Amiroutzes, a Greek scholar from Trabzon, to translate and make available to Ottoman educational institutions the geography book of Ptolemy. Another example is Ali Qushji -an astronomer, mathematician and physicist originally from Samarkand- who became a professor in two madrasas, and influenced Ottoman circles as a result of his writings and the activities of his students, even though he only spent two or three years before his death in Istanbul. | Where could you learn about places other than where you are? | {
"text": [
"libraries"
],
"answer_start": [
88
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
} |
fc475135a52ffbf819c4b8e12097dd62c12eccca | Ottoman_Empire | Over the course of Ottoman history, the Ottomans managed to build a large collection of libraries complete with translations of books from other cultures, as well as original manuscripts. A great part of this desire for local and foreign manuscripts arose in the 15th Century. Sultan Mehmet II ordered Georgios Amiroutzes, a Greek scholar from Trabzon, to translate and make available to Ottoman educational institutions the geography book of Ptolemy. Another example is Ali Qushji -an astronomer, mathematician and physicist originally from Samarkand- who became a professor in two madrasas, and influenced Ottoman circles as a result of his writings and the activities of his students, even though he only spent two or three years before his death in Istanbul. | How could you tell Ottomans valued education? | {
"text": [
"the Ottomans managed to build a large collection of libraries"
],
"answer_start": [
36
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
} |
2a8594824a0a661b148fca775f1c41a4aba6ac2f | Ottoman_Empire | Over the course of Ottoman history, the Ottomans managed to build a large collection of libraries complete with translations of books from other cultures, as well as original manuscripts. A great part of this desire for local and foreign manuscripts arose in the 15th Century. Sultan Mehmet II ordered Georgios Amiroutzes, a Greek scholar from Trabzon, to translate and make available to Ottoman educational institutions the geography book of Ptolemy. Another example is Ali Qushji -an astronomer, mathematician and physicist originally from Samarkand- who became a professor in two madrasas, and influenced Ottoman circles as a result of his writings and the activities of his students, even though he only spent two or three years before his death in Istanbul. | Where could you find someone who had 4 professions? | {
"text": [
"Samarkand"
],
"answer_start": [
542
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
} |
807c45e5531091cdd8c0ff54af09c9b81868f260 | Ottoman_Empire | Over the course of Ottoman history, the Ottomans managed to build a large collection of libraries complete with translations of books from other cultures, as well as original manuscripts. A great part of this desire for local and foreign manuscripts arose in the 15th Century. Sultan Mehmet II ordered Georgios Amiroutzes, a Greek scholar from Trabzon, to translate and make available to Ottoman educational institutions the geography book of Ptolemy. Another example is Ali Qushji -an astronomer, mathematician and physicist originally from Samarkand- who became a professor in two madrasas, and influenced Ottoman circles as a result of his writings and the activities of his students, even though he only spent two or three years before his death in Istanbul. | How did Ottoman culture change over time? | {
"text": [
"the Ottomans managed to build a large collection of libraries"
],
"answer_start": [
36
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
} |
c70d71ed90d6f2a3db42bbefb90e2185a2b9ddad | Ottoman_Empire | Over the course of Ottoman history, the Ottomans managed to build a large collection of libraries complete with translations of books from other cultures, as well as original manuscripts. A great part of this desire for local and foreign manuscripts arose in the 15th Century. Sultan Mehmet II ordered Georgios Amiroutzes, a Greek scholar from Trabzon, to translate and make available to Ottoman educational institutions the geography book of Ptolemy. Another example is Ali Qushji -an astronomer, mathematician and physicist originally from Samarkand- who became a professor in two madrasas, and influenced Ottoman circles as a result of his writings and the activities of his students, even though he only spent two or three years before his death in Istanbul. | What was done to translate these texts? | {
"text": [
"A great part of this desire for local and foreign manuscripts arose in the 15th Century"
],
"answer_start": [
188
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
} |
54267e213ed5ed887505556259a84baec3260e25 | Ottoman_Empire | Over the course of Ottoman history, the Ottomans managed to build a large collection of libraries complete with translations of books from other cultures, as well as original manuscripts. A great part of this desire for local and foreign manuscripts arose in the 15th Century. Sultan Mehmet II ordered Georgios Amiroutzes, a Greek scholar from Trabzon, to translate and make available to Ottoman educational institutions the geography book of Ptolemy. Another example is Ali Qushji -an astronomer, mathematician and physicist originally from Samarkand- who became a professor in two madrasas, and influenced Ottoman circles as a result of his writings and the activities of his students, even though he only spent two or three years before his death in Istanbul. | How did this impact Ottoman life? | {
"text": [
"Sultan Mehmet II ordered Georgios Amiroutzes, a Greek scholar from Trabzon, to translate and make available to Ottoman educational institutions the geography book of Ptolemy"
],
"answer_start": [
277
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
} |
3d21d85f8a3f1ddd2ae6c1bda70d3d4f25ae3e9c | Ottoman_Empire | Over the course of Ottoman history, the Ottomans managed to build a large collection of libraries complete with translations of books from other cultures, as well as original manuscripts. A great part of this desire for local and foreign manuscripts arose in the 15th Century. Sultan Mehmet II ordered Georgios Amiroutzes, a Greek scholar from Trabzon, to translate and make available to Ottoman educational institutions the geography book of Ptolemy. Another example is Ali Qushji -an astronomer, mathematician and physicist originally from Samarkand- who became a professor in two madrasas, and influenced Ottoman circles as a result of his writings and the activities of his students, even though he only spent two or three years before his death in Istanbul. | Who was particularly known for this practice? | {
"text": [
"Sultan Mehmet II"
],
"answer_start": [
277
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
} |
fef353eb4ead410f5c0ba79c90b32e845a0642ea | Ottoman_Empire | Over the course of Ottoman history, the Ottomans managed to build a large collection of libraries complete with translations of books from other cultures, as well as original manuscripts. A great part of this desire for local and foreign manuscripts arose in the 15th Century. Sultan Mehmet II ordered Georgios Amiroutzes, a Greek scholar from Trabzon, to translate and make available to Ottoman educational institutions the geography book of Ptolemy. Another example is Ali Qushji -an astronomer, mathematician and physicist originally from Samarkand- who became a professor in two madrasas, and influenced Ottoman circles as a result of his writings and the activities of his students, even though he only spent two or three years before his death in Istanbul. | What scholar was known for this? | {
"text": [
"Ali Qushji"
],
"answer_start": [
471
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
} |
ce92d3dc16d2c6fa7e9e530ed61cc29cf714cd05 | Ottoman_Empire | Muslim sects regarded as heretical, such as the Druze, Ismailis, Alevis, and Alawites, ranked below Jews and Christians. In 1514, Sultan Selim I, nicknamed "the Grim" because of his cruelty, ordered the massacre of 40,000 Anatolian Alevis (Qizilbash), whom he considered heretics, reportedly proclaiming that "the killing of one Alevi had as much otherworldly reward as killing 70 Christians."[page needed] Selim was also responsible for an unprecedented and rapid expansion of the Ottoman Empire into the Middle East, especially through his conquest of the entire Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt, which included much of the region. With these conquests, Selim further solidified the Ottoman claim for being an Islamic caliphate, although Ottoman sultans had been claiming the title of caliph since the 14th century starting with Murad I (reigned 1362 to 1389). The caliphate would remain held by Ottoman sultans for the rest of the office's duration, which ended with its abolition on 3 March 1924 by the Grand National Assembly of Turkey and the exile of the last caliph, Abdülmecid II, to France. | What action against Alevi had as much otherworldly reward as doing the same to 70 Christians? | {
"text": [
"killing"
],
"answer_start": [
370
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
} |
b13cd09e16f2c098189fa03aa1d5d98bfc063f77 | Ottoman_Empire | Muslim sects regarded as heretical, such as the Druze, Ismailis, Alevis, and Alawites, ranked below Jews and Christians. In 1514, Sultan Selim I, nicknamed "the Grim" because of his cruelty, ordered the massacre of 40,000 Anatolian Alevis (Qizilbash), whom he considered heretics, reportedly proclaiming that "the killing of one Alevi had as much otherworldly reward as killing 70 Christians."[page needed] Selim was also responsible for an unprecedented and rapid expansion of the Ottoman Empire into the Middle East, especially through his conquest of the entire Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt, which included much of the region. With these conquests, Selim further solidified the Ottoman claim for being an Islamic caliphate, although Ottoman sultans had been claiming the title of caliph since the 14th century starting with Murad I (reigned 1362 to 1389). The caliphate would remain held by Ottoman sultans for the rest of the office's duration, which ended with its abolition on 3 March 1924 by the Grand National Assembly of Turkey and the exile of the last caliph, Abdülmecid II, to France. | What did Selim accomplish against the Mamluk Sultanate? | {
"text": [
"conquest"
],
"answer_start": [
542
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
} |
3c3941bece3208967957f7a637eb37f2f2bc659c | Ottoman_Empire | Muslim sects regarded as heretical, such as the Druze, Ismailis, Alevis, and Alawites, ranked below Jews and Christians. In 1514, Sultan Selim I, nicknamed "the Grim" because of his cruelty, ordered the massacre of 40,000 Anatolian Alevis (Qizilbash), whom he considered heretics, reportedly proclaiming that "the killing of one Alevi had as much otherworldly reward as killing 70 Christians."[page needed] Selim was also responsible for an unprecedented and rapid expansion of the Ottoman Empire into the Middle East, especially through his conquest of the entire Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt, which included much of the region. With these conquests, Selim further solidified the Ottoman claim for being an Islamic caliphate, although Ottoman sultans had been claiming the title of caliph since the 14th century starting with Murad I (reigned 1362 to 1389). The caliphate would remain held by Ottoman sultans for the rest of the office's duration, which ended with its abolition on 3 March 1924 by the Grand National Assembly of Turkey and the exile of the last caliph, Abdülmecid II, to France. | Which Muslim sect beginning with "Ale" were regarded even worse than Jews and Christians? | {
"text": [
"Alevis"
],
"answer_start": [
232
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
} |
2d0ad164f6448bf92c563d6727124d7246718f0b | Ottoman_Empire | Muslim sects regarded as heretical, such as the Druze, Ismailis, Alevis, and Alawites, ranked below Jews and Christians. In 1514, Sultan Selim I, nicknamed "the Grim" because of his cruelty, ordered the massacre of 40,000 Anatolian Alevis (Qizilbash), whom he considered heretics, reportedly proclaiming that "the killing of one Alevi had as much otherworldly reward as killing 70 Christians."[page needed] Selim was also responsible for an unprecedented and rapid expansion of the Ottoman Empire into the Middle East, especially through his conquest of the entire Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt, which included much of the region. With these conquests, Selim further solidified the Ottoman claim for being an Islamic caliphate, although Ottoman sultans had been claiming the title of caliph since the 14th century starting with Murad I (reigned 1362 to 1389). The caliphate would remain held by Ottoman sultans for the rest of the office's duration, which ended with its abolition on 3 March 1924 by the Grand National Assembly of Turkey and the exile of the last caliph, Abdülmecid II, to France. | What group exiled the last caliph? | {
"text": [
"Grand National Assembly of Turkey"
],
"answer_start": [
1000
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
} |
95ddc3d244fecf62bddef94f83010ea7656669ea | Ottoman_Empire | Muslim sects regarded as heretical, such as the Druze, Ismailis, Alevis, and Alawites, ranked below Jews and Christians. In 1514, Sultan Selim I, nicknamed "the Grim" because of his cruelty, ordered the massacre of 40,000 Anatolian Alevis (Qizilbash), whom he considered heretics, reportedly proclaiming that "the killing of one Alevi had as much otherworldly reward as killing 70 Christians."[page needed] Selim was also responsible for an unprecedented and rapid expansion of the Ottoman Empire into the Middle East, especially through his conquest of the entire Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt, which included much of the region. With these conquests, Selim further solidified the Ottoman claim for being an Islamic caliphate, although Ottoman sultans had been claiming the title of caliph since the 14th century starting with Murad I (reigned 1362 to 1389). The caliphate would remain held by Ottoman sultans for the rest of the office's duration, which ended with its abolition on 3 March 1924 by the Grand National Assembly of Turkey and the exile of the last caliph, Abdülmecid II, to France. | What kind of group of Muslims such as the Druze and Alawites were claimed as heretical? | {
"text": [
"sects"
],
"answer_start": [
7
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
} |
05b60cc152bba58fb7f709717d23da3b96658b00 | Ottoman_Empire | The highest position in Islam, caliphate, was claimed by the sultans starting since Murad I, which was established as Ottoman Caliphate. The Ottoman sultan, pâdişâh or "lord of kings", served as the Empire's sole regent and was considered to be the embodiment of its government, though he did not always exercise complete control. The Imperial Harem was one of the most important powers of the Ottoman court. It was ruled by the Valide Sultan. On occasion, the Valide Sultan would become involved in state politics. For a time, the women of the Harem effectively controlled the state in what was termed the "Sultanate of Women". New sultans were always chosen from the sons of the previous sultan. The strong educational system of the palace school was geared towards eliminating the unfit potential heirs, and establishing support among the ruling elite for a successor. The palace schools, which would also educate the future administrators of the state, were not a single track. First, the Madrasa (Ottoman Turkish: Medrese) was designated for the Muslims, and educated scholars and state officials according to Islamic tradition. The financial burden of the Medrese was supported by vakifs, allowing children of poor families to move to higher social levels and income. The second track was a free boarding school for the Christians, the Enderûn, which recruited 3,000 students annually from Christian boys between eight and twenty years old from one in forty families among the communities settled in Rumelia or the Balkans, a process known as Devshirme (Devşirme). | What was key to the administration of the caliphate? | {
"text": [
"The Ottoman sultan, pâdişâh or \"lord of kings\", served as the Empire's sole regent and was considered to be the embodiment of its government, though he did not always exercise complete control"
],
"answer_start": [
137
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
} |
4323b37f366dc531609df1960ad42f9d5dbaa9e5 | Ottoman_Empire | The highest position in Islam, caliphate, was claimed by the sultans starting since Murad I, which was established as Ottoman Caliphate. The Ottoman sultan, pâdişâh or "lord of kings", served as the Empire's sole regent and was considered to be the embodiment of its government, though he did not always exercise complete control. The Imperial Harem was one of the most important powers of the Ottoman court. It was ruled by the Valide Sultan. On occasion, the Valide Sultan would become involved in state politics. For a time, the women of the Harem effectively controlled the state in what was termed the "Sultanate of Women". New sultans were always chosen from the sons of the previous sultan. The strong educational system of the palace school was geared towards eliminating the unfit potential heirs, and establishing support among the ruling elite for a successor. The palace schools, which would also educate the future administrators of the state, were not a single track. First, the Madrasa (Ottoman Turkish: Medrese) was designated for the Muslims, and educated scholars and state officials according to Islamic tradition. The financial burden of the Medrese was supported by vakifs, allowing children of poor families to move to higher social levels and income. The second track was a free boarding school for the Christians, the Enderûn, which recruited 3,000 students annually from Christian boys between eight and twenty years old from one in forty families among the communities settled in Rumelia or the Balkans, a process known as Devshirme (Devşirme). | What was a revered institution in the caliphate? | {
"text": [
"The Imperial Harem was one of the most important powers of the Ottoman court"
],
"answer_start": [
331
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
} |
d0cd3020abe0bc4d7a71e36c186e55a6956b8745 | Ottoman_Empire | The highest position in Islam, caliphate, was claimed by the sultans starting since Murad I, which was established as Ottoman Caliphate. The Ottoman sultan, pâdişâh or "lord of kings", served as the Empire's sole regent and was considered to be the embodiment of its government, though he did not always exercise complete control. The Imperial Harem was one of the most important powers of the Ottoman court. It was ruled by the Valide Sultan. On occasion, the Valide Sultan would become involved in state politics. For a time, the women of the Harem effectively controlled the state in what was termed the "Sultanate of Women". New sultans were always chosen from the sons of the previous sultan. The strong educational system of the palace school was geared towards eliminating the unfit potential heirs, and establishing support among the ruling elite for a successor. The palace schools, which would also educate the future administrators of the state, were not a single track. First, the Madrasa (Ottoman Turkish: Medrese) was designated for the Muslims, and educated scholars and state officials according to Islamic tradition. The financial burden of the Medrese was supported by vakifs, allowing children of poor families to move to higher social levels and income. The second track was a free boarding school for the Christians, the Enderûn, which recruited 3,000 students annually from Christian boys between eight and twenty years old from one in forty families among the communities settled in Rumelia or the Balkans, a process known as Devshirme (Devşirme). | How did the Valide Sultan rule? | {
"text": [
"For a time, the women of the Harem effectively controlled the state in what was termed the \"Sultanate of Women\""
],
"answer_start": [
516
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
} |
7da26b2e06b429d44426ce7355d21cc7047219ca | Ottoman_Empire | The highest position in Islam, caliphate, was claimed by the sultans starting since Murad I, which was established as Ottoman Caliphate. The Ottoman sultan, pâdişâh or "lord of kings", served as the Empire's sole regent and was considered to be the embodiment of its government, though he did not always exercise complete control. The Imperial Harem was one of the most important powers of the Ottoman court. It was ruled by the Valide Sultan. On occasion, the Valide Sultan would become involved in state politics. For a time, the women of the Harem effectively controlled the state in what was termed the "Sultanate of Women". New sultans were always chosen from the sons of the previous sultan. The strong educational system of the palace school was geared towards eliminating the unfit potential heirs, and establishing support among the ruling elite for a successor. The palace schools, which would also educate the future administrators of the state, were not a single track. First, the Madrasa (Ottoman Turkish: Medrese) was designated for the Muslims, and educated scholars and state officials according to Islamic tradition. The financial burden of the Medrese was supported by vakifs, allowing children of poor families to move to higher social levels and income. The second track was a free boarding school for the Christians, the Enderûn, which recruited 3,000 students annually from Christian boys between eight and twenty years old from one in forty families among the communities settled in Rumelia or the Balkans, a process known as Devshirme (Devşirme). | How did education impact the country? | {
"text": [
"the Madrasa (Ottoman Turkish: Medrese) was designated for the Muslims, and educated scholars and state officials according to Islamic tradition"
],
"answer_start": [
989
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
} |
ed8daf35225cc5676e4bc19fa0545757fdf5e6f0 | Ottoman_Empire | The highest position in Islam, caliphate, was claimed by the sultans starting since Murad I, which was established as Ottoman Caliphate. The Ottoman sultan, pâdişâh or "lord of kings", served as the Empire's sole regent and was considered to be the embodiment of its government, though he did not always exercise complete control. The Imperial Harem was one of the most important powers of the Ottoman court. It was ruled by the Valide Sultan. On occasion, the Valide Sultan would become involved in state politics. For a time, the women of the Harem effectively controlled the state in what was termed the "Sultanate of Women". New sultans were always chosen from the sons of the previous sultan. The strong educational system of the palace school was geared towards eliminating the unfit potential heirs, and establishing support among the ruling elite for a successor. The palace schools, which would also educate the future administrators of the state, were not a single track. First, the Madrasa (Ottoman Turkish: Medrese) was designated for the Muslims, and educated scholars and state officials according to Islamic tradition. The financial burden of the Medrese was supported by vakifs, allowing children of poor families to move to higher social levels and income. The second track was a free boarding school for the Christians, the Enderûn, which recruited 3,000 students annually from Christian boys between eight and twenty years old from one in forty families among the communities settled in Rumelia or the Balkans, a process known as Devshirme (Devşirme). | How were successors chosen? | {
"text": [
"The strong educational system of the palace school was geared towards eliminating the unfit potential heirs, and establishing support among the ruling elite for a successor"
],
"answer_start": [
698
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
} |
88896455647adc14630039afcfdc905a0574821e | Ottoman_Empire | Educational and technological reforms came about, including the establishment of higher education institutions such as the Istanbul Technical University. In 1734 an artillery school was established to impart Western-style artillery methods, but the Islamic clergy successfully objected under the grounds of theodicy. In 1754 the artillery school was reopened on a semi-secret basis. In 1726, Ibrahim Muteferrika convinced the Grand Vizier Nevşehirli Damat İbrahim Pasha, the Grand Mufti, and the clergy on the efficiency of the printing press, and Muteferrika was later granted by Sultan Ahmed III permission to publish non-religious books (despite opposition from some calligraphers and religious leaders). Muteferrika's press published its first book in 1729 and, by 1743, issued 17 works in 23 volumes, each having between 500 and 1,000 copies. | Why did the artillery school have to go underground? | {
"text": [
"Islamic clergy"
],
"answer_start": [
249
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
} |
96f541bee49312ee2fccbb08a96e1d119a3c7eb0 | Ottoman_Empire | After the Austro-Turkish War of 1716–1718 the Treaty of Passarowitz confirmed the loss of the Banat, Serbia and "Little Walachia" (Oltenia) to Austria. The Treaty also revealed that the Ottoman Empire was on the defensive and unlikely to present any further aggression in Europe. The Austro-Russian–Turkish War, which was ended by the Treaty of Belgrade in 1739, resulted in the recovery of Serbia and Oltenia, but the Empire lost the port of Azov, north of the Crimean Peninsula, to the Russians. After this treaty the Ottoman Empire was able to enjoy a generation of peace, as Austria and Russia were forced to deal with the rise of Prussia. | When did the Ottoman Empire get Little Walachia back? | {
"text": [
"1739"
],
"answer_start": [
357
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
} |
33cc2a0e53f3103f2566d556dab54b8e4bffe2f6 | Ottoman_Empire | After the Austro-Turkish War of 1716–1718 the Treaty of Passarowitz confirmed the loss of the Banat, Serbia and "Little Walachia" (Oltenia) to Austria. The Treaty also revealed that the Ottoman Empire was on the defensive and unlikely to present any further aggression in Europe. The Austro-Russian–Turkish War, which was ended by the Treaty of Belgrade in 1739, resulted in the recovery of Serbia and Oltenia, but the Empire lost the port of Azov, north of the Crimean Peninsula, to the Russians. After this treaty the Ottoman Empire was able to enjoy a generation of peace, as Austria and Russia were forced to deal with the rise of Prussia. | Who was the new country involved in the treaty in 1739 from 1718? | {
"text": [
"Russia"
],
"answer_start": [
591
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
} |
ee692f4da08b070cf30902b77313ed4e4a7e4eb6 | Ottoman_Empire | After the Austro-Turkish War of 1716–1718 the Treaty of Passarowitz confirmed the loss of the Banat, Serbia and "Little Walachia" (Oltenia) to Austria. The Treaty also revealed that the Ottoman Empire was on the defensive and unlikely to present any further aggression in Europe. The Austro-Russian–Turkish War, which was ended by the Treaty of Belgrade in 1739, resulted in the recovery of Serbia and Oltenia, but the Empire lost the port of Azov, north of the Crimean Peninsula, to the Russians. After this treaty the Ottoman Empire was able to enjoy a generation of peace, as Austria and Russia were forced to deal with the rise of Prussia. | Who lost Little Walachia in 1718? | {
"text": [
"Ottoman Empire"
],
"answer_start": [
520
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
} |
0fa4a86589a21125492d4f92f76699395f813ba5 | List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan | 31st Street begins on the West Side at the West Side Yard, while 32nd Street, which includes a segment officially known as Korea Way between Fifth Avenue and Broadway in Manhattan's Koreatown, begins at the entrance to Penn Station and Madison Square Garden. On the East Side, both streets end at Second Avenue at Kips Bay Towers and NYU Medical Center which occupy the area between 30th and 34th Streets. The Catholic church of St. Francis of Assisi is situated at 135–139 West 31st Street. At 210 West is the Capuchin Monastery of St. John the Baptist, part of St. John the Baptist Church on 30th Street. At the corner of Broadway and West 31st Street is the Grand Hotel. The former Hotel Pierrepont was located at 43 West 32nd Street, The Continental NYC tower is at the corner of Sixth Avenue and 32nd Street. 29 East 32nd Street was the location of the first building owned by the Grolier Club between 1890 and 1917. | What cross street can you find in Koreatown? | {
"text": [
"Fifth Avenue and Broadway"
],
"answer_start": [
141
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
} |
715c4bf269c254781d9a57e705a61b95657be095 | List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan | 31st Street begins on the West Side at the West Side Yard, while 32nd Street, which includes a segment officially known as Korea Way between Fifth Avenue and Broadway in Manhattan's Koreatown, begins at the entrance to Penn Station and Madison Square Garden. On the East Side, both streets end at Second Avenue at Kips Bay Towers and NYU Medical Center which occupy the area between 30th and 34th Streets. The Catholic church of St. Francis of Assisi is situated at 135–139 West 31st Street. At 210 West is the Capuchin Monastery of St. John the Baptist, part of St. John the Baptist Church on 30th Street. At the corner of Broadway and West 31st Street is the Grand Hotel. The former Hotel Pierrepont was located at 43 West 32nd Street, The Continental NYC tower is at the corner of Sixth Avenue and 32nd Street. 29 East 32nd Street was the location of the first building owned by the Grolier Club between 1890 and 1917. | What streets would you need to get to Korea Way? | {
"text": [
"Fifth Avenue and Broadway"
],
"answer_start": [
141
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
} |
1286f9883586db3fe31305753683339228b27c44 | List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan | 31st Street begins on the West Side at the West Side Yard, while 32nd Street, which includes a segment officially known as Korea Way between Fifth Avenue and Broadway in Manhattan's Koreatown, begins at the entrance to Penn Station and Madison Square Garden. On the East Side, both streets end at Second Avenue at Kips Bay Towers and NYU Medical Center which occupy the area between 30th and 34th Streets. The Catholic church of St. Francis of Assisi is situated at 135–139 West 31st Street. At 210 West is the Capuchin Monastery of St. John the Baptist, part of St. John the Baptist Church on 30th Street. At the corner of Broadway and West 31st Street is the Grand Hotel. The former Hotel Pierrepont was located at 43 West 32nd Street, The Continental NYC tower is at the corner of Sixth Avenue and 32nd Street. 29 East 32nd Street was the location of the first building owned by the Grolier Club between 1890 and 1917. | What is the area that contains Korea Way? | {
"text": [
"Manhattan"
],
"answer_start": [
170
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
} |
b579244f6b989c838492e93e66849ec8a166c3b5 | List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan | 114th Street marks the southern boundary of Columbia University’s Morningside Heights Campus and is the location of Butler Library, which is the University’s largest. | The Library is where? | {
"text": [
"114th Street marks the southern boundary of Columbia University’s Morningside Heights Campus"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
} |
9fd9b09253d5083024dca2fbee3fe392c643b625 | List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan | 114th Street marks the southern boundary of Columbia University’s Morningside Heights Campus and is the location of Butler Library, which is the University’s largest. | The Library has a place where? | {
"text": [
"Columbia University’s Morningside Heights Campus"
],
"answer_start": [
44
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
} |
d42d3ba5f4049da8eb6b8502caea2c835f805814 | List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan | 114th Street marks the southern boundary of Columbia University’s Morningside Heights Campus and is the location of Butler Library, which is the University’s largest. | The largest of what is the Library? | {
"text": [
"University"
],
"answer_start": [
145
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
} |
807a2f9ec0caaa565b33e6da3b3bd2cf381f7cff | List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan | 114th Street marks the southern boundary of Columbia University’s Morningside Heights Campus and is the location of Butler Library, which is the University’s largest. | A student can go study in what area? | {
"text": [
"Butler Library"
],
"answer_start": [
116
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
} |
75b18a4f17b6b53d2878b89579c17a900c183781 | List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan | 114th Street marks the southern boundary of Columbia University’s Morningside Heights Campus and is the location of Butler Library, which is the University’s largest. | What is the Univerity's library considered other than size? | {
"text": [
"the southern boundary of Columbia University’s Morningside Heights Campus"
],
"answer_start": [
19
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
} |
82d56762ee1613acbacac899e0f878543139e28b | List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan | 114th Street marks the southern boundary of Columbia University’s Morningside Heights Campus and is the location of Butler Library, which is the University’s largest. | Where does one find Butler Library other than street name? | {
"text": [
"Columbia University’s Morningside Heights Campus"
],
"answer_start": [
44
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
} |
a3b57b38c1665808202ee5c223b9c06521d0ae2e | List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan | W 122nd Street Seminary Row runs three blocks (1,500 feet (460 m)) west from the intersection of Amsterdam Avenue (Tenth Avenue) and terminates at the intersection of Riverside Drive. East of Amsterdam, Seminary Row bends south along Morningside Park and is resigned as Morningside Drive (Ninth Avenue). Seminary row runs in Morningside Heights, the district surrounding Columbia University, and crosses portions of Broadway and Claremont Avenue. | A country in South America with Bogota as its capital is called? | {
"text": [
"Columbia"
],
"answer_start": [
371
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
} |
66ec44d64a6555fd43cd2ef51dfaafff5142faf4 | List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan | W 122nd Street Seminary Row runs three blocks (1,500 feet (460 m)) west from the intersection of Amsterdam Avenue (Tenth Avenue) and terminates at the intersection of Riverside Drive. East of Amsterdam, Seminary Row bends south along Morningside Park and is resigned as Morningside Drive (Ninth Avenue). Seminary row runs in Morningside Heights, the district surrounding Columbia University, and crosses portions of Broadway and Claremont Avenue. | Yosemite and Yellowstone are both national areas classified as a what? | {
"text": [
"Park"
],
"answer_start": [
246
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
} |
308a4522ba729c98cf2234d7b33c0c1152228077 | List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan | W 122nd Street Seminary Row runs three blocks (1,500 feet (460 m)) west from the intersection of Amsterdam Avenue (Tenth Avenue) and terminates at the intersection of Riverside Drive. East of Amsterdam, Seminary Row bends south along Morningside Park and is resigned as Morningside Drive (Ninth Avenue). Seminary row runs in Morningside Heights, the district surrounding Columbia University, and crosses portions of Broadway and Claremont Avenue. | Crucification utilizes what contraption to crucify? | {
"text": [
"crosses"
],
"answer_start": [
396
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
} |
d60a64d06069aa3d9239a85f5cd86d51ed2268e4 | List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan | W 122nd Street Seminary Row runs three blocks (1,500 feet (460 m)) west from the intersection of Amsterdam Avenue (Tenth Avenue) and terminates at the intersection of Riverside Drive. East of Amsterdam, Seminary Row bends south along Morningside Park and is resigned as Morningside Drive (Ninth Avenue). Seminary row runs in Morningside Heights, the district surrounding Columbia University, and crosses portions of Broadway and Claremont Avenue. | The structures of the human body that allow people to stand upright, walk, and run are called? | {
"text": [
"feet"
],
"answer_start": [
53
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
} |
66b485513c7e3e7371a9c02eb0a80969f2d16d51 | List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan | W 122nd Street Seminary Row runs three blocks (1,500 feet (460 m)) west from the intersection of Amsterdam Avenue (Tenth Avenue) and terminates at the intersection of Riverside Drive. East of Amsterdam, Seminary Row bends south along Morningside Park and is resigned as Morningside Drive (Ninth Avenue). Seminary row runs in Morningside Heights, the district surrounding Columbia University, and crosses portions of Broadway and Claremont Avenue. | Large solid pieces of hard material, such as rock with flat surfaces on each side are called? | {
"text": [
"blocks"
],
"answer_start": [
39
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
} |
18c51a582c0ac9bedad1244085359db6a604715d | List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan | A section of East 58th Street 40°45′40.3″N 73°57′56.9″W / 40.761194°N 73.965806°W / 40.761194; -73.965806 between Lexington and Second Avenues is known as Designers' Way and features a number of high end interior design and decoration establishments, including | What comes after 57? | {
"text": [
"58th"
],
"answer_start": [
18
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
} |
eaaa04960ffa86da7109c5b43fddfb4ae51113a3 | List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan | A section of East 58th Street 40°45′40.3″N 73°57′56.9″W / 40.761194°N 73.965806°W / 40.761194; -73.965806 between Lexington and Second Avenues is known as Designers' Way and features a number of high end interior design and decoration establishments, including | What comes after first? | {
"text": [
"Second"
],
"answer_start": [
131
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
} |
cb3953ab9364a0ac3aa786121777c940a3d95019 | List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan | A section of East 58th Street 40°45′40.3″N 73°57′56.9″W / 40.761194°N 73.965806°W / 40.761194; -73.965806 between Lexington and Second Avenues is known as Designers' Way and features a number of high end interior design and decoration establishments, including | What comes after 55? | {
"text": [
"56"
],
"answer_start": [
49
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
} |
040276520d67e954be7443ac7257e4dde80b95f2 | List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan | A section of East 58th Street 40°45′40.3″N 73°57′56.9″W / 40.761194°N 73.965806°W / 40.761194; -73.965806 between Lexington and Second Avenues is known as Designers' Way and features a number of high end interior design and decoration establishments, including | What comes before 41? | {
"text": [
"40"
],
"answer_start": [
60
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
} |
1f3233ae8263f2b170f7e212e1a72e017683f35e | List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan | A section of East 58th Street 40°45′40.3″N 73°57′56.9″W / 40.761194°N 73.965806°W / 40.761194; -73.965806 between Lexington and Second Avenues is known as Designers' Way and features a number of high end interior design and decoration establishments, including | What profession decorates homes and offices? | {
"text": [
"interior design"
],
"answer_start": [
207
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
} |
77e94a180a4ea285acd2bddee6616b0063c46081 | List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan | 18th Street has a local subway station at the crossing with Seventh Avenue, served by the 1 2 trains on the IRT Broadway – Seventh Avenue Line. There used to be an 18th Street station on the IRT Lexington Avenue Line at the crossing with Park Avenue South. | What is the cross section of the transportation mode? | {
"text": [
"crossing with Seventh Avenue"
],
"answer_start": [
46
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
} |
65767d1b4f95327a7cefbf959234970046036f0b | List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan | 18th Street has a local subway station at the crossing with Seventh Avenue, served by the 1 2 trains on the IRT Broadway – Seventh Avenue Line. There used to be an 18th Street station on the IRT Lexington Avenue Line at the crossing with Park Avenue South. | What street does not allow for boarding the 1 2 trains? | {
"text": [
"Lexington Avenue"
],
"answer_start": [
195
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
} |
712ae8c0f0b07a851264cf52a432af2ba6b6d7aa | List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan | 18th Street has a local subway station at the crossing with Seventh Avenue, served by the 1 2 trains on the IRT Broadway – Seventh Avenue Line. There used to be an 18th Street station on the IRT Lexington Avenue Line at the crossing with Park Avenue South. | Why can't you take the subway to another state? | {
"text": [
"local subway"
],
"answer_start": [
18
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
} |
a3f21773ab55e302769a08f037fcf59d29f5a6ce | Bird | Birds sometimes use plumage to assess and assert social dominance, to display breeding condition in sexually selected species, or to make threatening displays, as in the sunbittern's mimicry of a large predator to ward off hawks and protect young chicks. Variation in plumage also allows for the identification of birds, particularly between species. Visual communication among birds may also involve ritualised displays, which have developed from non-signalling actions such as preening, the adjustments of feather position, pecking, or other behaviour. These displays may signal aggression or submission or may contribute to the formation of pair-bonds. The most elaborate displays occur during courtship, where "dances" are often formed from complex combinations of many possible component movements; males' breeding success may depend on the quality of such displays. | How might plumage help a bird defend themselves? | {
"text": [
"make threatening displays"
],
"answer_start": [
133
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
} |
d0f83607c027502dd50e97cf28a74691db53162a | Bird | Birds sometimes use plumage to assess and assert social dominance, to display breeding condition in sexually selected species, or to make threatening displays, as in the sunbittern's mimicry of a large predator to ward off hawks and protect young chicks. Variation in plumage also allows for the identification of birds, particularly between species. Visual communication among birds may also involve ritualised displays, which have developed from non-signalling actions such as preening, the adjustments of feather position, pecking, or other behaviour. These displays may signal aggression or submission or may contribute to the formation of pair-bonds. The most elaborate displays occur during courtship, where "dances" are often formed from complex combinations of many possible component movements; males' breeding success may depend on the quality of such displays. | Why might a bird preen in front of another one? | {
"text": [
"Visual communication among birds"
],
"answer_start": [
351
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
} |
736be58cdc00a7632f2f6f25371378ab6fba7c37 | Bird | Birds sometimes use plumage to assess and assert social dominance, to display breeding condition in sexually selected species, or to make threatening displays, as in the sunbittern's mimicry of a large predator to ward off hawks and protect young chicks. Variation in plumage also allows for the identification of birds, particularly between species. Visual communication among birds may also involve ritualised displays, which have developed from non-signalling actions such as preening, the adjustments of feather position, pecking, or other behaviour. These displays may signal aggression or submission or may contribute to the formation of pair-bonds. The most elaborate displays occur during courtship, where "dances" are often formed from complex combinations of many possible component movements; males' breeding success may depend on the quality of such displays. | What increases teh odds of a male bird obtaining a mate? | {
"text": [
"ritualised displays"
],
"answer_start": [
401
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
} |
809c7b3f0cd662854f8d1134b1413f09e12ee0a6 | Bird | Ninety-five percent of bird species are socially monogamous. These species pair for at least the length of the breeding season or—in some cases—for several years or until the death of one mate. Monogamy allows for both paternal care and biparental care, which is especially important for species in which females require males' assistance for successful brood-rearing. Among many socially monogamous species, extra-pair copulation (infidelity) is common. Such behaviour typically occurs between dominant males and females paired with subordinate males, but may also be the result of forced copulation in ducks and other anatids. Female birds have sperm storage mechanisms that allow sperm from males to remain viable long after copulation, a hundred days in some species. Sperm from multiple males may compete through this mechanism. For females, possible benefits of extra-pair copulation include getting better genes for her offspring and insuring against the possibility of infertility in her mate. Males of species that engage in extra-pair copulations will closely guard their mates to ensure the parentage of the offspring that they raise. | What is significant about birds?? | {
"text": [
"Ninety-five percent of bird species are socially monogamous"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
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30569153d43642a24d752c6ac28c172cfaab849a | Bird | Ninety-five percent of bird species are socially monogamous. These species pair for at least the length of the breeding season or—in some cases—for several years or until the death of one mate. Monogamy allows for both paternal care and biparental care, which is especially important for species in which females require males' assistance for successful brood-rearing. Among many socially monogamous species, extra-pair copulation (infidelity) is common. Such behaviour typically occurs between dominant males and females paired with subordinate males, but may also be the result of forced copulation in ducks and other anatids. Female birds have sperm storage mechanisms that allow sperm from males to remain viable long after copulation, a hundred days in some species. Sperm from multiple males may compete through this mechanism. For females, possible benefits of extra-pair copulation include getting better genes for her offspring and insuring against the possibility of infertility in her mate. Males of species that engage in extra-pair copulations will closely guard their mates to ensure the parentage of the offspring that they raise. | How are humans similar to birds? | {
"text": [
"These species pair for at least the length of the breeding season or—in some cases—for several years or until the death of one mate"
],
"answer_start": [
61
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
} |
9a83d9dd13cc1f781d381bee39eebbd3fcf8be56 | Bird | Ninety-five percent of bird species are socially monogamous. These species pair for at least the length of the breeding season or—in some cases—for several years or until the death of one mate. Monogamy allows for both paternal care and biparental care, which is especially important for species in which females require males' assistance for successful brood-rearing. Among many socially monogamous species, extra-pair copulation (infidelity) is common. Such behaviour typically occurs between dominant males and females paired with subordinate males, but may also be the result of forced copulation in ducks and other anatids. Female birds have sperm storage mechanisms that allow sperm from males to remain viable long after copulation, a hundred days in some species. Sperm from multiple males may compete through this mechanism. For females, possible benefits of extra-pair copulation include getting better genes for her offspring and insuring against the possibility of infertility in her mate. Males of species that engage in extra-pair copulations will closely guard their mates to ensure the parentage of the offspring that they raise. | What is an advantage of this social development? | {
"text": [
"Monogamy allows for both paternal care and biparental care, which is especially important for species in which females require males' assistance for successful brood-rearing"
],
"answer_start": [
194
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
} |
66a14e15208381b6ebece0a490c63baa25a58625 | Bird | Ninety-five percent of bird species are socially monogamous. These species pair for at least the length of the breeding season or—in some cases—for several years or until the death of one mate. Monogamy allows for both paternal care and biparental care, which is especially important for species in which females require males' assistance for successful brood-rearing. Among many socially monogamous species, extra-pair copulation (infidelity) is common. Such behaviour typically occurs between dominant males and females paired with subordinate males, but may also be the result of forced copulation in ducks and other anatids. Female birds have sperm storage mechanisms that allow sperm from males to remain viable long after copulation, a hundred days in some species. Sperm from multiple males may compete through this mechanism. For females, possible benefits of extra-pair copulation include getting better genes for her offspring and insuring against the possibility of infertility in her mate. Males of species that engage in extra-pair copulations will closely guard their mates to ensure the parentage of the offspring that they raise. | Why is this theory not 100% true? | {
"text": [
"Among many socially monogamous species, extra-pair copulation (infidelity) is common"
],
"answer_start": [
369
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "RoBERTa-Large"
} |