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Tyler pushes the door shut on opponents Clay, Polk, Calhoun, and Jackson, as Uncle Sam demands that he let Clay in. In what the Miller Center of Public Affairs considers "a serious tactical error that ruined the scheme [of establishing political respectability for him]",[150] Tyler appointed former Vice President John C. Calhoun in early March 1844 as his Secretary of State. Tyler's good friend, Virginia Representative Henry A. Wise, wrote that following the Princeton disaster, Wise on his own volition extended Calhoun the position as a self-appointed emissary of the president and Calhoun accepted. When Wise went to tell Tyler what he had done, the president was angry but felt that the action had to stand. Calhoun was a leading advocate of slavery, and his attempts to get an annexation treaty passed were resisted by abolitionists as a result. When the text of the treaty was leaked to the public, it met political opposition from the Whigs, who opposed anything that might enhance Tyler's status, as well as from foes of slavery and those who feared a confrontation with Mexico, which had announced that it would view annexation as a hostile act by the United States.

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Both Clay and Van Buren, the respective frontrunners for the Whig and Democratic nominations, decided in a private meeting at Van Buren's home to come out against annexation.[151] Knowing this, Tyler was pessimistic when he sent the treaty to the Senate for ratification in April 1844.[152] Secretary of State Calhoun sent a controversial letter informing the British minister to the U.S. that the motivation for Texas annexation was to protect American slavery from British intrusion. The letter also claimed Southern slaves were better off than Northern free blacks and English white laborers.[153] Election of 1844 Main article: 1844 United States presidential election Further information: Tyler Party Following Tyler's break with the Whigs in 1841, he attempted a return to his old Democratic party, but its members, especially the followers of Van Buren, were not ready to accept him. As the election of 1844 approached, Van Buren appeared to have a lock on the Democratic nomination, while Clay was certain to be the Whig candidate. [154] With little chance of election, the only way to salvage his presidential legacy was to threaten to run for President and force public acceptance of Texas annexation.

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[154] Tyler used his vast presidential patronage power,[154] and formed a third party, the National Democratic, with the officeholders and political networks he had built over the previous year. Multiple supportive newspapers across the country issued editorials promoting his candidacy throughout the early months of 1844. Reports of meetings held throughout the country suggest that support for the president was not limited to officeholders, as is widely assumed. Just as the Democratic Party was holding its presidential nomination in Baltimore, Maryland, the Tyler supporters, in that very city, were holding signs reading "Tyler and Texas!", and with their own high visibility and energy, they gave Tyler their nomination. His new Democratic-Republican Party renominated Tyler for the presidency on May 27, 1844.[155] However, Tyler's party was loosely organized, failed to nominate a Vice President, and had no platform.[156] Regular Democrats were forced to call for annexation of Texas in their platform, but there was a bitter battle for the presidential nomination. Ballot after ballot, Van Buren failed to win the necessary super-majority of Democratic votes, and slowly fell in the rankings.

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It was not until the ninth ballot that the Democrats turned their sights to James K. Polk, a less prominent candidate who supported annexation. They found him to be perfectly suited for their platform, and he was nominated with two-thirds of the vote. Tyler considered his work vindicated, and implied in an acceptance letter that annexation was his true priority rather than election.[155] In the spring of 1844, Tyler ordered Secretary of State John C. Calhoun to begin negotiations with Texas president Sam Houston for the annexation of Texas. To bolster annexation and keep Mexico at bay, Tyler boldly ordered the U.S. Army to the Texas border on western Louisiana. He strongly supported Texas annexation.[157][158] Annexation achieved Tyler was unfazed when the Whig-controlled Senate rejected his treaty by a vote of 16–35 in June 1844; he felt that annexation was now within reach by joint resolution rather than by treaty, and made that request to congress. Former President Andrew Jackson, a staunch supporter of annexation, persuaded Polk to welcome Tyler back into the Democratic Party and ordered Democratic editors to cease their attacks on him.

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Satisfied by these developments, Tyler dropped out of the race in August and endorsed Polk for the presidency. Polk's narrow victory over Clay in the November election was seen by the Tyler administration as a mandate for completing the resolution. Tyler announced in his annual message to Congress that "a controlling majority of the people and a large majority of the states have declared in favor of immediate annexation".[159] On February 26, 1845, the joint resolution that Tyler, the lame-duck president, had strongly lobbied for, passed Congress.[160] The House approved a joint resolution offering annexation to Texas by a substantial margin, and the Senate approved it by a bare 27–25 majority. On his last day in office, March 3, 1845, Tyler signed the bill into law.[161][162] Immediately afterward, Mexico broke diplomatic relations with the U.S., mobilized for war, and would recognize Texas only if Texas remained independent.[162][160] But after some debate,[163] Texas accepted the terms and entered the union on December 29, 1845, as the 28th state.[164] Post-presidency (1845–1862) Tyler left Washington with the conviction that the newly inaugurated President Polk had the best interest of the nation.

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[165] Tyler retired to a Virginia plantation, originally named Walnut Grove (or "the Grove"), located on the James River in Charles City County. He renamed it Sherwood Forest, in a reference to the folk legend Robin Hood, to signify that he had been "outlawed" by the Whig Party.[166] He did not take farming lightly and worked hard to maintain large yields.[167] His neighbors, largely Whigs, appointed him to the minor office of overseer of roads in 1847 in an effort to mock him. To their displeasure, he treated the job seriously, frequently summoning his neighbors to provide their slaves for road work, and continuing to insist on carrying out his duties even after his neighbors asked him to stop.[168] The former president spent his time in a manner common to Virginia's First Families, with parties, visiting or being visited by other aristocrats, and spending summers at the family's seaside home, "Villa Margaret".[169] In 1852, Tyler happily rejoined the ranks of the Virginia Democratic Party and thereafter kept interested in political affairs.[165] However, Tyler rarely received visits from his former allies and was not sought out as an adviser.

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Occasionally requested to deliver a public speech, Tyler spoke during the unveiling of a monument to Henry Clay. He acknowledged their political battles but spoke highly of his former colleague, whom he had always admired for bringing about the Compromise Tariff of 1833.[170] Prelude to the American Civil War Tyler, c. 1861 After John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry ignited fears of an abolitionist attempt to free the slaves or an actual slave rebellion, several Virginia communities organized militia units or reenergized existing ones. Tyler's community organized a cavalry troop and a home guard company; Tyler was chosen to command the home guard troops with the rank of captain.[171] On the eve of the Civil War, Tyler re-entered public life as presiding officer of the Washington Peace Conference held in Washington, D.C., in February 1861 as an effort to prevent the conflict from escalating. The convention sought a compromise to avoid civil war even as the Confederate Constitution was being drawn up at the Montgomery Convention. Despite his leadership role in the Peace Conference, Tyler opposed its final resolutions.

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He felt that they were written by the free state delegates, did not protect the rights of slave owners in the territories, and would do little to bring back the lower South and restore the Union. He voted against the conference's seven resolutions, which the conference sent to Congress for approval late in February 1861 as a proposed Constitutional amendment. On the same day, the Peace Conference started, local voters elected Tyler to the Virginia Secession Convention. He presided over the opening session on February 13, 1861, while the Peace Conference was still underway. Tyler abandoned hope of compromise and saw secession as the only option, predicting that a clean split of all Southern states would not result in war.[172] In mid-March he spoke against the Peace Conference resolutions, and on April 4 he voted for secession even when the convention rejected it. On April 17, after the attack on Fort Sumter and Lincoln's call for troops, Tyler voted with the new majority for secession. He headed a committee that negotiated the terms for Virginia's entry into the Confederate States of America and helped set the pay rate for military officers.

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On June 14, Tyler signed the Ordinance of Secession, and one week later the convention unanimously elected him to the Provisional Confederate Congress. Tyler was seated in the Confederate Congress on August 1, 1861, and he served until just before his death in 1862.[173] In November 1861, he was elected to the Confederate House of Representatives but he died of a stroke in his room at the Ballard Hotel in Richmond before the first session could open in February 1862.[169][174] Death An obelisk marks Tyler's grave at Hollywood Cemetery. Throughout his life, Tyler suffered from poor health. As he aged, he suffered more frequently from colds during the winter. On January 12, 1862, after complaining of chills and dizziness, he vomited and collapsed. Despite treatment, his health failed to improve, and he made plans to return to Sherwood Forest by the 18th. As he lay in bed the night before, he began suffocating, and Julia summoned his doctor. Just after midnight, Tyler took a sip of brandy, and told his doctor, "Doctor, I am going", to which the doctor replied, "I hope not, Sir."[175] Tyler then said, "Perhaps it is best.

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"[175] Tyler died in Richmond shortly thereafter, most likely due to a stroke. He was 71.[176][165] Tyler's death was the only one in presidential history not to be officially recognized in Washington, because of his allegiance to the Confederate States of America. He had requested a simple burial, but Confederate President Jefferson Davis devised a grand, politically pointed funeral, painting Tyler as a hero to the new nation. Accordingly, at his funeral, the coffin of the tenth president of the United States was draped with a Confederate flag; he remains the only U.S. president ever laid to rest under a flag not of the United States.[177] Tyler had been more loyal to Virginia and his own principles than to the Union of which he had been president.[165] Tyler was buried in Hollywood Cemetery in Richmond, Virginia, near the gravesite of President James Monroe.[177] He has since been the namesake of several U.S. locations, including the city of Tyler, Texas, named for him because of his role in the annexation of Texas.[178] Historical reputation and legacy Main article: List of memorials to John Tyler Tyler's presidency has provoked highly divided responses among political commentators.

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It is generally held in low esteem by historians; Edward P. Crapol began his biography John Tyler, the Accidental President (2006) by noting: "Other biographers and historians have argued that John Tyler was a hapless and inept chief executive whose presidency was seriously flawed."[179] In The Republican Vision of John Tyler (2003), Dan Monroe observed that the Tyler presidency "is generally ranked as one of the least successful".[180] Seager wrote that Tyler "was neither a great president nor a great intellectual", adding that despite a few achievements, "his administration has been and must be counted an unsuccessful one by any modern measure of accomplishment".[1] A survey of historians conducted by C-SPAN in 2021 ranked Tyler as 39th of 44 men to hold the office.[181] In 2002, bucking the trend of historically poor evaluations of Tyler's presidency, historian Richard P. McCormick said "[contrary] to accepted opinion, John Tyler was a strong President. He established the precedent that the vice president, on succeeding to the presidential office, should be president. He had firm ideas on public policy, and he was disposed to use the full authority of his office."

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McCormick said that Tyler "conducted his administration with considerable dignity and effectiveness."[182] Tyler on a U.S. postage stamp, Issue of 1938 Tyler's assumption of complete presidential powers "set a hugely important precedent", according to a biographical sketch by the University of Virginia's Miller Center of Public Affairs.[1] Tyler's successful insistence that he was president, and not a caretaker or acting president, was a model for the succession of seven other vice presidents (Fillmore, Andrew Johnson, Arthur, Roosevelt, Coolidge, Truman, and Lyndon B. Johnson) to the presidency over the 19th and 20th centuries upon the death of the president. The propriety of Tyler's action in assuming both the title of the presidency and its full powers was legally affirmed in 1967, when it was codified in the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution.[183] Some scholars in recent years have praised Tyler's foreign policy. Monroe credits him with "achievements like the Webster–Ashburton treaty which heralded the prospect of improved relations with Great Britain, and the annexation of Texas, which added millions of acres to the national domain".

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Crapol argued that Tyler "was a stronger and more effective president than generally remembered", while Seager wrote, "I find him to be a courageous, principled man, a fair and honest fighter for his beliefs. He was a president without a party."[1] Author Ivan Eland, in an update of his 2008 book Recarving Rushmore, rated all 44 US presidents by the criteria of peace, prosperity, and liberty; with the finished ratings, John Tyler was ranked the best president of all time.[184] In a History Today article, Louis Kleber wrote that Tyler brought integrity to the White House at a time when many in politics lacked it, and refused to compromise his principles to avoid the anger of his opponents.[169] Crapol argues that Tyler's allegiance to the Confederacy overshadows much of the good he did as president: "Tyler's historical reputation has yet to fully recover from that tragic decision to betray his loyalty and commitment to what he had once defined as 'the first great American interest'—the preservation of the Union.

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"[185] In her book on Tyler's presidency, Norma Lois Peterson suggests that Tyler's general lack of success as president was due to external factors that would have affected whoever was in the White House. Chief among them was Henry Clay, who brooked no opposition to his grand economic vision for America. In the aftermath of Jackson's determined use of the powers of the executive branch, the Whigs wanted the president to be dominated by Congress, and Clay treated Tyler as a subordinate. Tyler resented this, leading to the conflict between the branches that dominated his presidency.[186] Pointing to Tyler's advances in foreign policy, she deemed Tyler's presidency "flawed ... but ... not a failure".[187] While academics have both praised and criticized Tyler, the general American public has little awareness of him. Several writers have portrayed Tyler as among the nation's most obscure presidents. As Seager remarked: "His countrymen generally remember him, if they have heard of him at all, as the rhyming end of a catchy campaign slogan."[1] Family, personal life, slavery An oil portrait of Tyler's first wife, Letitia Christian Tyler, by an unknown artist Tyler fathered more children than any other American president.

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[188] His first wife was Letitia Christian (November 12, 1790 – September 10, 1842), with whom he had eight children: Mary (1815–1847), Robert (1816–1877), John (1819–1896), Letitia (1821–1907), Elizabeth (1823–1850), Anne (1825–1825), Alice (1827–1854) and Tazewell (1830–1874).[189] An oil portrait of Tyler's second wife, Julia Gardiner Tyler, by Francesco Anelli Letitia died of a stroke in the White House in September 1842. On June 26, 1844, Tyler married Julia Gardiner (July 23, 1820 – July 10, 1889), with whom he had seven children: David (1846–1927), John Alexander (1848–1883), Julia (1849–1871), Lachlan (1851–1902), Lyon (1853–1935), Robert Fitzwalter (1856–1927) and Margaret Pearl (1860–1947).[190] Although Tyler's family was dear to him, during his political rise he was often away from home for extended periods. When he chose not to seek reelection to the House of Representatives in 1821 because of illness, he wrote that he would soon be called upon to educate his growing family. It was difficult to practice law while away in Washington for part of the year and his plantation was more profitable when Tyler was available to manage it himself.

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[191] By the time he entered the Senate in 1827, he had resigned himself to spending part of the year away from his family. Still, he sought to remain close to his children through letters.[192] Tyler was a slaveholder, at one point keeping 40 slaves at Greenway.[193] Although he regarded slavery as an evil, and did not attempt to justify it, he never freed any of his slaves. Tyler considered slavery a part of states' rights, and therefore the federal government lacked the authority to abolish it. The living conditions of his slaves are not well documented, but historians surmise that he cared for their well-being and abstained from physical violence against them.[193] In December 1841, Tyler was attacked by the abolitionist publisher Joshua Leavitt, with the unsubstantiated allegation that Tyler had fathered several sons with his slaves, and later sold them. A number of black families today maintain a belief in their descent from Tyler, but there is no evidence of such genealogy.[194] Tyler's wealth exceeded $50 million (2020 peak value), but he became indebted during the Civil War and died much poorer.

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[195] As of December 2021[update], Tyler has one living grandson through his son Lyon Gardiner Tyler, making him the earliest former president with a living grandchild. Harrison Ruffin Tyler was born in 1928 and maintains the family home, Sherwood Forest Plantation, in Charles City County, Virginia.[196][197][198] Notes .mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman} ^ Tyler was vice president under President William Henry Harrison and became president upon Harrison's death on April 4, 1841. This was before the adoption of the Twenty-fifth Amendment in 1967, and a vacancy in the office of vice president was not filled until the next election. ^ Formally, only the house was named Greenway. ^ Senators were elected by state legislatures until 1913, and some legislatures sought to instruct their senators on certain issues. Some senators treated these instructions as binding, others did not.[17] ^ Contemporaries generally called this the Republican Party, but modern political writers use Democratic-Republican to distinguish it from the modern-day Republican Party. ^ At the end of the speech, Tyler briefly lauded President John Adams of Massachusetts, who had died the same day.

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^ Tyler's name does not appear in the Senate voting records until late January of the following year, likely due to illness. ^ Tyler had vetoed a total of ten Congressional bills, six regular and two pocket vetos. By comparison, Andrew Jackson, whom the Whigs detested, vetoed a total of twelve Congressional bills, five regular and seven pocket vetos. Martin Van Buren only had one Congressional pocket veto of a bill.[106] ^ Frémont, in uniform, with his wife Jessie, had met Tyler at the New Year's Day 1842 White House reception.[125] ^ Frémont's two expeditions (1842 and 1843-1844), including a geographic map of the West, were first published in 1845 for use by the 28th Congress. Unofficial copies of the report (some abridged), were soon printed in American and German editions.[129] ^ McCaleb was assigned as the judge for both the Eastern and Western Districts of Louisiana, a common practice at the time. ^ On February 13, 1845, the two districts of Louisiana were combined into one; McCaleb was a judge of that court by operation of law; on March 3, 1849, the district was again split, and McCaleb was assigned to the Eastern District only.

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References ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Crapol, pp. 2–3: John Tyler is not one of the famous or better-known American presidents. ... Other biographers and historians have argued that John Tyler was a hapless and inept chief executive whose presidency was seriously flawed. Although acknowledging that Tyler was not a great president, I believe he was a stronger and more effective President than generally remembered. Miller Center, U. Va., "Impact and Legacy": "By claiming the right to a fully functioning and empowered presidency instead of relinquishing the office or accepting limits on his powers, Tyler set a hugely important precedent. ... Unfortunately, Tyler proved much better at taking over the presidency than at actually being President."Miller Center, U. Va., "Foreign affairs": "In sharp contrast to his domestic policies, John Tyler's foreign policy decision making went much more smoothly. ... Overall, Tyler could claim an ambitious, successful foreign policy presidency, due largely to the efforts of Secretary of State Webster, who served from 1841 to 1843."Monroe, p. 3: "The vicious political infighting that characterized his term probably accounts for the low regard with which the Tyler presidency has been held by historians.

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His presidency is generally ranked as one of the least successful, despite achievements like the Webster–Ashburton treaty which heralded the prospect of improved relations with Great Britain, and the annexation of Texas, which added millions of acres to the national domain."Seager, p. xiii: "Yet John Tyler has become one of America's most obscure Chief Executives. His countrymen generally remember him, if they have heard of him at all, as the rhyming end of a catchy campaign slogan."ibid, p. xvi: "Yet I find him to be a courageous, principled man, a fair and honest fighter for his beliefs. He was a President without a party.""True, he was neither a great President nor a great intellectual. ... Save for the success of his Texas policy and his Maine Boundary treaty with Great Britain, his administration has been and must be counted an unsuccessful one by any modern measure of accomplishment."^ Affairs of State: The Untold History of Presidential Love, Sex, and Scandal, 1789–1900 by Robert P. Watson, Lynn University, 2012. Pg.

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203 ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}The World Almanac & Book of Facts. Newspaper Enterprise Association. 1949. p. 110. ^ Chitwood, pp. 4–7, 12; Crapol, pp. 30–31. ^ Chitwood, pp. 10–11; Crapol, p. 30. ^ Leahy, pp. 325–26. ^ Seager, p. 48. ^ Chitwood, pp. 14–18; Crapol, pp. 31–34; Seager, p. 50. ^ Jump up to: a b Chitwood, pp. 20–21; Crapol, pp. 35–36. ^ 1810 U.S. Federal Census for Richmond (independent city), Virginia p. 70 of 71, though header missing, and p. 63 appears "Jno. Taylor" ^ 1810 U.S. Federal Census for Henrico County, Virginia, name on p. 23 of 44 appears nonresident on ancestry.com ^ 1810 U.S. Federal Census for Charles City County, Virginia, name does not appear on damaged p. 1 of 24 linked on ancestry.com ^ Virginia Historic Landmarks Commission Staff (April 1977). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Woodburn" (PDF). p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 12, 2013.

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Retrieved June 1, 2014. ^ "The Enslaved Households of President John Tyler". ^ 1820 U.S. Federal Census for Charles City County p. 5 of 13 at ancestry.com ^ Cynthia Miller Leonard, The Virginia General Assembly 1619-1978 (Richmond: Virginia State Library 1978), pp. 265, 269, 273, 277, 281 ^ Bybee, pp. 517–28. ^ Jump up to: a b Chitwood, pp. 26–30. ^ May, Gary (2008). The American Presidents Series: John Tyler, The 10th President, 1841–1845. New York, NY: Henry Holt and Company. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-8050-8238-8. ^ Chitwood, pp. 26–30; Crapol, p. 35. ^ Nelson, Lyle Emerson (2008). John Tyler: A Rare Career. New York, NY: Nova Science Publishers. p. 13. ISBN 978-1-60021-961-0. ^ Crapol, p. 61. ^ Seager, p. 60. ^ Jump up to: a b Chitwood, pp. 31–34. ^ Chitwood, pp. 35–40. ^ Jump up to: a b c Chitwood, pp. 47–50; Crapol, pp. 37–38. ^ Seager, p. 69. ^ Chitwood, pp. 58–59; Crapol, p. 39. ^ Leahy, pp. 339–40. ^ Chitwood, pp. 60–62. ^ Chitwood, p. 76. ^ Chitwood, pp. 64–67; Crapol, pp. 39–40. ^ Chitwood, pp. 67–69. ^ Chitwood, p. 72. ^ Deal, John; Dictionary of Virginia Biography (July 28, 2021). "Tyler, John (1790–1862)". Encyclopedia Virginia.

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Retrieved November 25, 2021. ^ Pulliam 1901, p. 67, 72. ^ Chitwood, pp. 73–81. ^ Chitwood, pp. 83–84; Crapol, p. 41. ^ Chitwood, pp. 86–88. ^ Kleber, p. 698. ^ Chitwood, pp. 86–87, 99–106. ^ Crapol, p. 41. ^ Chitwood, pp. 99–100; Crapol, p. 41. ^ Chitwood, pp. 105–06. ^ Chitwood, pp. 124–25. ^ Chitwood, pp. 112–20. ^ Chitwood, pp. 120–23. ^ Chitwood, pp. 125–28. ^ Chitwood, p. 132. ^ U.S. Senate. "President pro tempore". Retrieved April 27, 2014. ^ Chitwood, p. 138. ^ Chitwood, p. 134. ^ Jump up to: a b Chitwood, pp. 147–51. ^ Jump up to: a b Seager, pp. 119–21. ^ Hatch, p. 189. ^ Chitwood, pp. 88–98. ^ Chitwood, pp. 152–53. ^ Chitwood, pp. 157–63. ^ Jump up to: a b Seager, pp. 132–33. ^ Peterson, pp. 26–27. ^ Hatch, p. 192. ^ Seager, pp. 134–35. ^ Peterson, p. 27. ^ Leahy, p. 350. ^ Seager, pp. 137–39. ^ Seager, p. 140. ^ Varon ^ Gunderson, pp. 134–139. ^ Jump up to: a b Seager, p. 135. ^ Jump up to: a b Crapol, pp. 17–19. ^ Hatch, p. 193. ^ Seager, p. 141. ^ Peterson, pp. 29–30.

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^ Jump up to: a b Peterson, p. 34. ^ Seager, p. 143. ^ Jump up to: a b Seager, p. 144. ^ Chitwood, pp. 200–02; Seager, pp. 144–45. ^ Chitwood, pp. 201–02; Seager, pp. 142–47. ^ Jump up to: a b Crapol, p. 8. ^ Jump up to: a b Hopkins, John Tyler and the Presidential Succession ^ "U.S. Constitution: Article II". Cornell University Law School. Retrieved January 29, 2017. ^ Jump up to: a b Chitwood, pp. 202–03. ^ Dinnerstein, p. 447. ^ Jump up to: a b "John Tyler: Life in Brief". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on January 31, 2017. Retrieved January 29, 2017. ^ "John Tyler Home". National Park Service. Retrieved December 14, 2017. ^ Remini, Robert (1997). Daniel Webster: The Man and His Time. W.W. Norton & Co. pp. 520–521. ISBN 978-0-393-04552-9. ^ Chitwood, p. 270, Seager, p. 149. ^ Chitwood, pp. 203–07. ^ Jump up to: a b Seager, pp. 142, 151. ^ Jump up to: a b c Dinnerstein, pp. 451–53. ^ Rankin, Robert S. (February 1946). "Presidential Succession in the United States". The Journal of Politics. 8 (1): 44–56. doi:10.2307/2125607. JSTOR 2125607. S2CID 153441210.

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Making America: A History of the United States. Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-0-495-90979-8. ^ Crapol, pp. 41–43. ^ Chitwood, pp. 330–32; Seager, pp. 210–11. ^ Jump up to: a b "John Tyler: Foreign Affairs Archived December 7, 2008, at the Wayback Machine in Freehling, American President. Retrieved June 1, 2014. ^ Sexton, Jay (March 15, 2011). The Monroe Doctrine. ISBN 978-1-4299-2928-8. ^ Chitwood, pp. 332–34; Seager, p. 211. ^ Jump up to: a b McCormick 2002, p. 145. ^ Chitwood, pp. 305–16; Seager, p. 212. ^ McCormick 2002, pp. 145–146. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f McCormick 2002, p. 146. ^ Chitwood, pp. 335–36; Seager, p. 213. ^ Nevins 1931, pp. 20–21. ^ Richards 2007, pp. 46–47. ^ Chaffin 2014, pp. 95–97. ^ Nevins 1931, p. 20. ^ Jump up to: a b c Nevins 1931, p. 21. ^ Chaffin 2014, p. 249. ^ Report of the Exploring Expedition to the Rocky Mountains (1845) ^ "Key Events in the Presidency of John Tyler Archived August 11, 2011, at the Wayback Machine" in Miller Center, American President. Retrieved June 1, 2014. ^ Chitwood, pp. 326–30. ^ Chitwood, p. 330. ^ Holt 1974, pp. 63–64. ^ Miller Center.

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^ Jump up to: a b "Powers and Procedures: Nominations". Origins & Development of the United States Senate. United States Senate. Retrieved June 1, 2014. ^ Harris, Joseph Pratt (1953). The Advice and Consent of the Senate: A Study of the Confirmation of Appointments by the United States Senate. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. pp. 48, 66. OCLC 499448. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Supreme Court Nominations, present–1789". United States Senate Reference. United States Senate. Retrieved April 27, 2014. ^ Jump up to: a b "Biographical Directory of Federal Judges". History of the Federal Judiciary. Federal Judicial Center. Retrieved April 27, 2014. ^ McCormick 2002, p. 147. ^ Crapol, pp. 176–78. ^ Crapol, 2006, p. 5: "Tyler's solution was a further expansion of slavery and the admission of Missouri as a slave state. He saw territorial expansion as a way to thin out and diffuse the slave population."^ Freehling, 1991, p. 398: "Tyler and [Secretary of State] Upshur opted for annexation only after a public parliamentary exchange confirmed...that England had 'earnestly' pressed Mexico to pressure Texas towards abolition [of slavery]."^ Crapol, pp. 180–83, 186. ^ Crapol, pp. 183–85. ^ Crapol, pp. 185–94. ^ Crapol, pp.

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194–97. ^ Jump up to: a b Crapol, pp. 202–10. ^ Jump up to: a b Crapol, pp. 207–09; Seager, pp. 204–06. ^ Seager, p. 208. ^ "John Tyler: Domestic Affairs Archived November 27, 2010, at the Wayback Machine" in Miller Center, American President. Retrieved June 1, 2014. ^ Crapol, pp. 212–17. ^ Seager, p. 218. ^ White 2016, p. 53. ^ Jump up to: a b c McCormick 2002, p. 148. ^ Jump up to: a b Crapol, p. 218; Seager, pp. 228–29. ^ McCormick 2002, pp. 148–149. ^ Smith 2001, p. 35. ^ Brands 2012, p. 17. ^ Crapol, pp. 218–20; Seager, pp. 236–41, 246. ^ Jump up to: a b Chernow 2017, p. 39. ^ Crapol, p. 220; Seager, pp. 282–83. ^ Jump up to: a b Smith 2001, p. 38. ^ The Presidents: A Reference History, edited by Henry F. Graff, 2nd edition (1996), p. 160–61 (essay by David M. Pletcher). ^ "Joint Resolution of the Congress of the United States, December 29, 1845". Yale Law School. Retrieved May 14, 2014. ^ Jump up to: a b c d McCormick 2002, p. 150. ^ Chitwood, pp. 408–10, uses "the Grove" as the original name; Seager, pp.

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179–80, uses "Walnut Grove". ^ Chitwood, pp. 414–15. ^ Chitwood, p. 413; Seager, pp. 390–91. ^ Jump up to: a b c Kleber, p. 703. ^ Chitwood, pp. 423–25. ^ DeRose, Chris (2014). The Presidents' War: Six American Presidents and the Civil War That Divided Them. Guilford, CT: Lyons Press. pp. 98–99. ISBN 978-1-4930-1086-8. ^ Chitwood, pp. 435–47; Seager, pp. 449–61. ^ Journal of the Congress of the Confederate States of America, 1861–1865 Volume 1. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1904. pp. 303, 658. ^ Chitwood, pp. 460–64; Seager, p. 469. ^ Jump up to: a b Seager, pp. 469–71. ^ Jones, Jeffrey M.; Jones, Joni L. "Presidential Stroke: United States Presidents and Cerebrovascular Disease (John Tyler)". Journal CMEs. CNS Spectrums (The International Journal of Neuropsychiatric Medicine). Retrieved July 20, 2011. ^ Jump up to: a b Seager, p. 472. ^ "Tyler Texas – History". City of Tyler, Texas. Archived from the original on April 27, 2014. Retrieved April 27, 2014. ^ Crapol, pp. 2–3. ^ Monroe, p. 3. ^ Presidential Historians Survey 2021: Total Scores/Overall Rankings, C-SPAN. ^ McCormick 2002, p. 149. ^ Crapol, p. 13. ^ Eland, Ivan (2009). Recarving Rushmore. Oakland, CA: The Independent Institute. pp. 14, 77–82.

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ISBN 978-1-59813-022-5. ^ Crapol, p. 283. ^ Peterson, pp. 263–64. ^ Peterson, p. 265. ^ Crapol, p. 4. ^ Chitwood, p. 478. ^ Chitwood, p. 479. ^ Leahy, pp. 323–24. ^ Leahy, p. 340. ^ Jump up to: a b May, pp. 22–24; Seager, pp. 300–01; Chitwood, p. 143. ^ Crapol, pp. 62–67. ^ The Net Worth of the American Presidents: Washington to Trump ^ "Genealogy of John Tyler at Sherwood Forest Plantation". Home of President John Tyler. January 27, 2009. Retrieved May 9, 2019. ^ "A living history: Grandson of 10th US President John Tyler speaks to DAR". Dyersburg State Gazette. November 9, 2013. Retrieved June 17, 2014. ^ Amira, Dan. "President John Tyler's Grandson, Harrison Tyler, on Still Being Alive". New York Magazine. Bibliography .mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column} Books Brands, H. W. (2012). The Man Who Saved the Union: Ulysses S. Grant in War and Peace. New York: Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-53241-9. Bunting III, Josiah (2004). Ulysses S. Grant. New York City: Times Books. ISBN 978-0-8050-6949-5. Chaffin, John (2014). Pathfinder John Charles Frémont and the Course of American Empire (ebook). Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-4607-2.

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Chernow, Ron (2017). Grant. New York: Penguin Press. ISBN 978-1-59420-487-6. Chitwood, Oliver Perry (1964) [Orig. 1939, Appleton-Century]. John Tyler, Champion of the Old South. Russell & Russell. OCLC 424864. Crapol, Edward P. (2006). John Tyler, the Accidental President. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-3041-3. Freehling, William W. (1991). The Road to Disunion: Volume I: Secessionists at Bay. 1776–1854. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-507259-4. Gunderson, Robert Gray (1957). The Log Cabin Campaign. Lexington, Kentucky: University of Kentucky Press. OCLC 964644. Hatch, Louis C. (1970) [Orig. 1934, The New York Historical Society]. A History of the Vice-Presidency of the United States. Greenwood Press Publishers. ISBN 978-0-8371-4234-0. Holt, Michael F. (1974). Woodward C. Vann (ed.). Responses of the Presidents to Charges of Misconduct. New York: Delacorte Press. pp. 61–71. ISBN 978-0-440-05923-3. Leahy, Christopher J. "President without a Party: The Life of John Tyler" (LSU, 2020), a major scholarly biography; excerpt also online review May, Gary (2008). John Tyler: The American Presidents Series: The 10th President, 1841-1845. Times Books (Henry Holt and Company). ISBN 978-0-8050-8238-8. McCormick, Richard P. (2002). Henry F. Graff (ed.). The Presidents A Reference History William Henry Harrison and John Tyler (3 ed.). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 139–151.

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ISBN 0-684-31226-3. Monroe, Dan (2003). The Republican Vision of John Tyler. Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 978-1-58544-216-4. Morgan, Robert J. A Whig embattled; the Presidency under John Tyler (U of Nebraska Press, 1954) online Nevins, Allan (1931). Allen Johnson; Dumas Malone (eds.). Dictionary of American Biography Frémont, John Charles. Vol. 7. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 19–23. Peterson, Norma Lois (1989). The Presidencies of William Henry Harrison and John Tyler. University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-0400-5. online Pulliam, David Loyd (1901). The Constitutional Conventions of Virginia from the foundation of the Commonwealth to the present time. John T. West, Richmond. ISBN 978-1-2879-2059-5. Richards, Leonard L. (2007). The California Gold Rush and the Coming of the Civil War. New York: Vintage Books Random House Inc. ISBN 978-0-307-27757-2. Roseboom, Eugene H. (1970). A History of Presidential Elections. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN 978-0-02-604890-3. Seager, Robert, II (1963). And Tyler Too: A Biography of John and Julia Gardiner Tyler. New York: McGraw-Hill. OCLC 424866. Smith, Jean Edward (2001). Grant. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-684-84927-0. White, Ronald C. (2016). American Ulysses: A Life of Ulysses S. Grant. Random House Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-58836-992-5. Articles Bybee, Jay S. (Winter 1997).

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"Ulysses at the Mast: Democracy, Federalism, and the Sirens' Song of the Seventeenth Amendment". Northwestern University Law Review. 91 (2): 500–72. Retrieved June 1, 2014. Cash, Jordan T. "The isolated presidency: John Tyler and unilateral presidential power."American Political Thought 7.1 (2018): 26-56. online Crapol, Edward P. "President John Tyler, Henry Clay, and the Whig Party."in A Companion to the Antebellum Presidents 1837–1861 (2014): 173-194. Crapol, Edward P. (1997). "John Tyler and the Pursuit of National Destiny". Journal of the Early Republic. 17 (3): 467–91. doi:10.2307/3123944. ISSN 0275-1275. JSTOR 3123944. Dinnerstein, Leonard (October 1962). "The Accession of John Tyler to the Presidency". The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography. 70 (4): 447–58. JSTOR 4246893. Freehling, William W. (ed.). "American President: John Tyler". Miller Center of Public Affairs (University of Virginia). Retrieved November 16, 2008. Holt, Michael F. "Attempts to Impeach John Tyler". americanheritage.com. American Heritage (February/March 2021). 66 (2). Retrieved October 3, 2022. Hopkins, Callie. "John Tyler and the Presidential Succession". whitehousehistory.org. Retrieved August 16, 2022.

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Kesilman, Sylvan H. "John Tyler as President: An Old School Republican in Search of Vindication", in The Moment of Decision: Biographical Essays on American Character and Regional Identity, R. M. Miller and J. R. McGivigan, eds. Westport. CT: Greenwood Press, 1994. ISSN 0084-9219 Kleber, Louis C. (October 1975). "John Tyler". History Today. 25 (10): 697–703. Leahy, Christopher (2006). "Torn Between Family and Politics: John Tyler's Struggle for Balance". The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography. 114 (3): 323–55. McCormick, Richard P. "William Henry Harrison and John Tyler" in Henry Graff, The Presidents: A Reference History 2d ed. (1996) pp 143–54. "Presidents of the United States from Virginia". encyclopediavirginia.org. Encyclopedia Virginia. Retrieved October 5, 2022. Sauter, Michael B.; Suneson, Grant (March 20, 2020). "The Net Worth of the American Presidents: Washington to Trump". 247wallst.com. 24/7 Wall St. Retrieved November 11, 2022. Tyler, Lyon G. "President John Tyler and the Ashburton Treaty."William and Mary Quarterly 25.1 (1916): 1-8. online Varon, Elizabeth R. (September 1995). "Tippecanoe and the Ladies, Too: White Women and Party Politics in Antebellum Virginia". The Journal of American History. 82 (2): 494–521. doi:10.2307/2082184. JSTOR 2082184. Primary sources Frémont, John C.; Torrey, John (1966).

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Report of the Exploring Expedition to the Rocky Mountains. Ann Arbor University of Microfilms. ISBN 9780598189813. Lyon Gardiner Tyler, ed. The Letters and Times of the Tylers (3 vols. 1884–1896). online The personal papers of the Tyler family, including John Tyler, can be found at the Special Collections Research Center at the College of William and Mary.[1] The executive papers of John Tyler while he was Governor of Virginia can be found at the Library of Virginia.[2] "Vetoes, 1789 to Present". senate.gov. United States Senate. Retrieved November 10, 2022. External links .mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle} John Tyler at Wikipedia's sister projects Definitions from WiktionaryMedia from CommonsQuotations from WikiquoteTexts from WikisourceTextbooks from WikibooksData from Wikidata John Tyler at Miller Center, U Virginia United States Congress. "John Tyler (id: T000450)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.

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John Tyler: A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress U.S. Senate Historian's Office: Vice Presidents of the United States—John Tyler John Tyler in Union or Secession: Virginians Decide at the Library of Virginia Biography at Encyclopedia Virginia/Library of Virginia Works by John Tyler at Project Gutenberg Works by John Tyler at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) Works by or about John Tyler at Internet Archive Finding aid of the Tyler Family Papers, Group A A Guide to the Governor John Tyler Executive Papers, 1825–1827 at The Library of Virginia "Life Portrait of John Tyler", from C-SPAN's American Presidents: Life Portraits, May 17, 1999 "John Tyler: The Accidental President", presentation by Edward Crapol at the Kansas City Public Library, April 11, 2012 "Map of an exploring expedition to the Rocky Mountains in the year 1842 and to Oregon & north California in the years 1843-44". loc.gov. Library of Congress. 1845. Retrieved October 22, 2022. Chip, Reid (March 6, 2018). "How two of President John Tyler's grandsons are still alive, 174 years later". cbsnew.com (video). CBS NEWS. Retrieved November 1, 2022.

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Senator from Virginia (1827–1836) 23rd Governor of Virginia (1825–1827) U.S. Representative for VA–23 (1816–1821) Life Greenway Plantation Woodburn Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1829–1830 Whig Party 1836 United States presidential election 1840 United States presidential election 1839 Whig National Convention William Henry Harrison 1840 presidential campaign Tippecanoe and Tyler Too Sherwood Forest Plantation Peace Conference of 1861 Virginia Secession Convention of 1861 Provisional Congress of the Confederate States Hollywood Cemetery Presidency Inauguration of John Tyler Webster–Ashburton Treaty Tariff of 1842 Treaty of Wanghia List of federal judges appointed by John Tyler Texas annexation USS Princeton Public image List of memorials to John Tyler Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution Recarving Rushmore Family Letitia Christian Tyler (first wife) Julia Gardiner Tyler (second wife) Robert Tyler (son) Letitia Semple (daughter) David Gardiner Tyler (son) John Alexander Tyler (son) Lyon Gardiner Tyler (son) Harrison Ruffin Tyler (grandson) John Tyler Sr. (father) Related The General (horse) ← William Henry Harrison James K. Polk → ← Richard Mentor Johnson George M. Dallas → Category showOffices and distinctions U.S. House of Representatives Preceded byJohn Clopton Member of the U.S. House of Representativesfrom Virginia's 23rd congressional district 1816–1821 Succeeded byAndrew Stevenson Honorary titles Preceded byRichard Wilde Baby of the House 1816–1817 Succeeded byGeorge Robertson Political offices Preceded byJames Pleasants Governor of Virginia 1825–1827 Succeeded byWilliam Branch Giles Preceded byGeorge Poindexter President pro tempore of the U.S. Senate 1835 Succeeded byWilliam R. King Preceded byRichard Mentor Johnson Vice President of the United States 1841 Succeeded byGeorge M. Dallas Preceded byWilliam Henry Harrison President of the United States 1841–1845 Succeeded byJames K. Polk U.S. Senate Preceded byJohn Randolph U.S.

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Senator (Class 1) from Virginia 1827–1836 Served alongside: Littleton Tazewell, William Cabell Rives, Benjamin W. Leigh Succeeded byWilliam Cabell Rives Party political offices New political party Whig nominee for Vice President of the United States 1836,¹ 1840 Succeeded byTheodore Frelinghuysen Preceded byHenry Lee Nullifier nominee for Vice President of the United StatesEndorsed 1836 Party dissolved Academic offices Preceded byGeorge Washington (1799) Chancellor of the College of William & Mary 1859–1862 Succeeded byHugh Blair Grigsby (1871) Notes and references 1. The Whig Party ran regional candidates in 1836. Tyler ran in the Southern states, and Francis Granger ran in the Northern states.

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showArticles related to John Tyler .mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}showvtePresidents of the United StatesPresidents andpresidencies George Washington (1789–1797) John Adams (1797–1801) Thomas Jefferson (1801–1809) James Madison (1809–1817) James Monroe (1817–1825) John Quincy Adams (1825–1829) Andrew Jackson (1829–1837) Martin Van Buren (1837–1841) William Henry Harrison (1841) John Tyler (1841–1845) James K. Polk (1845–1849) Zachary Taylor (1849–1850) Millard Fillmore (1850–1853) Franklin Pierce (1853–1857) James Buchanan (1857–1861) Abraham Lincoln (1861–1865) Andrew Johnson (1865–1869) Ulysses S. Grant (1869–1877) Rutherford B. Hayes (1877–1881) James A. Garfield (1881) Chester A. Arthur (1881–1885) Grover Cleveland (1885–1889) Benjamin Harrison (1889–1893) Grover Cleveland (1893–1897) William McKinley (1897–1901) Theodore Roosevelt (1901–1909) William Howard Taft (1909–1913) Woodrow Wilson (1913–1921) Warren G. Harding (1921–1923) Calvin Coolidge (1923–1929) Herbert Hoover (1929–1933) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933–1945) Harry S. Truman (1945–1953) Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953–1961) John F. Kennedy (1961–1963) Lyndon B. Johnson (1963–1969) Richard Nixon (1969–1974) Gerald Ford (1974–1977) Jimmy Carter (1977–1981) Ronald Reagan (1981–1989) George H. W. Bush (1989–1993) Bill Clinton (1993–2001) George W. Bush (2001–2009) Barack Obama (2009–2017) Donald Trump (2017–2021) Joe Biden (2021–present) Presidencytimelines Washington McKinley T. Roosevelt Taft Wilson Harding Coolidge Hoover F. D. Roosevelt Truman Eisenhower Kennedy L. B. Johnson Nixon Ford Carter Reagan G. H. W. Bush Clinton G. W. Bush Obama Trump Biden Category Commons List showvteVice presidents of the United States John Adams (1789–1797) Thomas Jefferson (1797–1801) Aaron Burr (1801–1805) George Clinton (1805–1812) Elbridge Gerry (1813–1814) Daniel D. Tompkins (1817–1825) John C. Calhoun (1825–1832) Martin Van Buren (1833–1837) Richard M. Johnson (1837–1841) John Tyler (1841) George M. Dallas (1845–1849) Millard Fillmore (1849–1850) William R. King (1853) John C. Breckinridge (1857–1861) Hannibal Hamlin (1861–1865) Andrew Johnson (1865) Schuyler Colfax (1869–1873) Henry Wilson (1873–1875) William A. Wheeler (1877–1881) Chester A. Arthur (1881) Thomas A. Hendricks (1885) Levi P. Morton (1889–1893) Adlai Stevenson (1893–1897) Garret Hobart (1897–1899) Theodore Roosevelt (1901) Charles W. Fairbanks (1905–1909) James S. Sherman (1909–1912) Thomas R. Marshall (1913–1921) Calvin Coolidge (1921–1923) Charles G. Dawes (1925–1929) Charles Curtis (1929–1933) John N. Garner (1933–1941) Henry A. Wallace (1941–1945) Harry S. Truman (1945) Alben W. Barkley (1949–1953) Richard Nixon (1953–1961) Lyndon B. Johnson (1961–1963) Hubert Humphrey (1965–1969) Spiro Agnew (1969–1973) Gerald Ford (1973–1974) Nelson Rockefeller (1974–1977) Walter Mondale (1977–1981) George H. W. Bush (1981–1989) Dan Quayle (1989–1993) Al Gore (1993–2001) Dick Cheney (2001–2009) Joe Biden (2009–2017) Mike Pence (2017–2021) Kamala Harris (2021–present) Category Commons List showvteUnited States senators from VirginiaClass 1 Grayson Walker Monroe S. Mason Taylor Venable Giles Moore Brent J. Barbour Randolph Tyler Rives Pennybacker J. Mason Willey Bowden Lewis Withers Mahone Daniel Swanson Byrd Sr. Byrd Jr. Trible Robb Allen Webb Kaine Class 2 Lee Taylor H. Tazewell Nicholas Moore Giles A. Mason Eppes Pleasants Taylor L. Tazewell Rives Leigh Parker Roane Archer Hunter Carlile Johnston Riddleberger J. S. Barbour Hunton Martin Glass Burch Robertson Spong Scott J. Warner M. Warner showvteGovernors of VirginiaColony of Virginia Wingfield Ratcliffe Scrivener Smith Percy Gates De La Warr Dale Yeardley Argall Wyatt West Pott Harvey West Reade (acting) Berkeley Jeffreys (acting) Kemp (acting) Bennett Digges Mathews Colepeper Chicheley (acting) Howard of Effingham Andros Nicholson Nott Jenings Hunter Orkney (absentee) Spotswood Drysdale "King" Carter Gooch Albemarle (absentee) Gooch Lee Burwell (acting) Dinwiddie Loudoun Fauquier Amherst (absentee) Fauquier Botetourt W. Nelson Dunmore Commonwealth of Virginia Henry Jefferson Fleming T. Nelson B. Harrison Henry E. Randolph B. Randolph H. Lee Brooke Wood Monroe Page Cabell Tyler Sr. G. Smith Monroe G. Smith P. Randolph Barbour Nicholas Preston T. Randolph Pleasants Tyler Jr. Giles J. Floyd Tazewell Robertson Campbell Gilmer Patton Rutherfoord Gregory McDowell W. "EB" Smith J.

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B. Floyd Johnson Wise Letcher W. "EB" Smith Pierpont Wells Walker Kemper Holliday Cameron F. Lee McKinney O'Ferrall J. H. Tyler Montague Swanson Mann Stuart Davis Trinkle Byrd Pollard Peery Price Darden Tuck Battle Stanley Almond A. Harrison Godwin Holton Godwin Dalton Robb Baliles Wilder Allen Gilmore Warner Kaine McDonnell McAuliffe Northam Youngkin showvteUnsuccessful major party candidates for Vice President of the United States George Clinton (1792) Thomas Pinckney (1796) Aaron Burr (1796) Charles C. Pinckney (1800) Rufus King (1804, 1808) Jared Ingersoll (1812) John E. Howard (1816) Nathan Sanford (1824) Nathaniel Macon (1824) Richard Rush (1828) John Sergeant (1832) Francis Granger (1836) John Tyler (1836) Richard M. Johnson (1840) Theodore Frelinghuysen (1844) William O. Butler (1848) William A. Graham (1852) William L. Dayton (1856) Herschel V. Johnson (1860) George H. Pendleton (1864) Francis P. Blair Jr. (1868) Benjamin G. Brown (1872) Thomas A. Hendricks (1876) William H. English (1880) John A. Logan (1884) Allen G. Thurman (1888) Whitelaw Reid (1892) Arthur Sewall (1896) Adlai Stevenson I (1900) Henry G. Davis (1904) John W. Kern (1908) James S. Sherman (1912) Charles W. Fairbanks (1916) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1920) Charles W. Bryan (1924) Joseph T. Robinson (1928) Charles Curtis (1932) Frank Knox (1936) Charles L. McNary (1940) John W. Bricker (1944) Earl Warren (1948) John Sparkman (1952) Estes Kefauver (1956) Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. (1960) William E. Miller (1964) Edmund Muskie (1968) Sargent Shriver (1972) Bob Dole (1976) Walter Mondale (1980) Geraldine Ferraro (1984) Lloyd Bentsen (1988) Dan Quayle (1992) Jack Kemp (1996) Joe Lieberman (2000) John Edwards (2004) Sarah Palin (2008) Paul Ryan (2012) Tim Kaine (2016) Mike Pence (2020) All vice presidential candidates Vice presidents showvteNational Republican and Whig Parties American System American Party 1856 American National Convention Anti-Masonic Party Constitutional Union/Unionist Party 1860 Constitutional Union Convention Opposition Party Second Party System Presidency of John Quincy Adams Presidency of William Henry Harrison Presidency of John Tyler Presidency of Zachary Taylor Presidency of Millard Fillmore Presidentialtickets 1828 (None): Adams/Rush 1831 (Baltimore): Clay/Sergeant 1836 (None): Harrison/Granger White/Tyler Webster/Granger Mangum/Tyler 1839 (Harrisburg): Harrison/Tyler 1844 (Baltimore): Clay/Frelinghuysen 1848 (Philadelphia): Z. Taylor/Fillmore 1852 (Baltimore): Scott/Graham 1856 (Baltimore): Fillmore/Donelson U.S. HouseSpeakers J. Taylor (1825–1827) Hunter (1839–1841) White (1841–1843) Winthrop (1847–1849) Banks (1856–1857) U.S. CabinetState Henry Clay (1825–1829) Daniel Webster (1841–1843) Abel P. Upshur (1843–1844) John M. Clayton (1849–1850) Daniel Webster (1850–1852) Edward Everett (1852–1853) Treasury Richard Rush (1825–1829) Thomas Ewing (1841) Walter Forward (1841–1843) John C. Spencer (1843–1844) George M. Bibb (1844–1845) William M. Meredith (1849–1850) Thomas Corwin (1850–1853) War James Barbour (1825–1828) Peter B. Porter (1828–1829) John Bell (1841) John C. Spencer (1841–1843) James M. Porter (1843–1844) George W. Crawford (1849–1850) Charles M. Conrad (1850–1853) Attorney General William Wirt (1825–1829) John J. Crittenden (1841) John Nelson (1843–1845) Reverdy Johnson (1849–1850) John J. Crittenden (1850–1853) Navy Samuel L. Southard (1825–1829) George E. Badger (1841) Abel P. Upshur (1841–1843) William B. Preston (1849–1850) William A. Graham (1850–1852) John P. Kennedy (1852–1853) Interior Thomas Ewing (1849–1850) Thomas M. T. McKennan (1850) Alexander H. H. Stuart (1850–1853) showvtePresidents pro tempore of the United States Senate ▌ Langdon (1789) ▌ Lee (1792) ▌ Langdon (1792–1793) ▌ Izard (1794) ▌ H. Tazewell (1795) ▌ Livermore (1796) ▌ Bingham (1797) ▌ Bradford (1979) ▌ Read (1797) ▌ Sedgwick (1798) ▌ Laurance (1798) ▌ Ross (1799) ▌ Livermore (1799) ▌ Tracy (1800) ▌ Howard (1800) ▌ Hillhouse (1801) ▌ Baldwin (1801–1802) ▌ Bradley (1802–1803) ▌ Brown (1803–1804) ▌ Franklin (1804) ▌ Anderson (1805) ▌ Smith (1805–1808) ▌ Bradley (1808–1809) ▌ Milledge (1809) ▌ Gregg (1809) ▌ Gaillard (1810) ▌ Pope (1811) ▌ Crawford (1812–1813) ▌ Varnum (1813–1814) ▌ Gaillard (1814–1819) ▌ Barbour (1819) ▌ Gaillard (1820–1825) ▌ Macon (1826–1827) ▌ Smith (1828–1831) ▌ L. Tazewell (1832) ▌ White (1832–1833) ▌ Poindexter (1834) ▌ Tyler (1835) ▌ W. R. King (1836–1841) ▌ Southard (1841–1842) ▌ Mangum (1842–1845) ▌ Sevier (1845) ▌ Atchison (1846–1849) ▌ W. R. King (1850–1852) ▌ Atchison (1852–1854) ▌ Cass (1854) ▌ Bright (1854–1856) ▌ Stuart (1856) ▌ Bright (1856–1857) ▌ Mason (1857) ▌ Rusk (1857) ▌ Fitzpatrick (1857–1860) ▌ Bright (1860) ▌ Fitzpatrick (1860) ▌ Foot (1861–1864) ▌ Clark (1864–1865) ▌ Foster (1865–1867) ▌ Wade (1867–1869) ▌ Anthony (1869–1873) ▌ Carpenter (1873–1875) ▌ Anthony (1875) ▌ Ferry (1875–1879) ▌ Thurman (1879–1880) ▌ Bayard (1881) ▌ Davis (1881–1883) ▌ Edmunds (1883–1885) ▌ Sherman (1885–1887) ▌ Ingalls (1887–1891) ▌ Manderson (1891–1893) ▌ Harris (1893–1895) ▌ Ransom (1895) ▌ Harris (1895) ▌ Frye (1896–1911) ▌ Bacon/ ▌ Curtis/ ▌ Gallinger/ ▌ Brandegee/ ▌ Lodge (1911–1913) ▌ Clarke (1913–1916) ▌ Saulsbury (1916–1919) ▌ Cummins (1919–1925) ▌ Moses (1925–1933) ▌ Pittman (1933–1940) ▌ W. H. King (1940–1941) ▌ Harrison (1941) ▌ Glass (1941–1945) ▌ McKellar (1945–1947) ▌ Vandenberg (1947–1949) ▌ McKellar (1949–1953) ▌ Bridges (1953–1955) ▌ George (1955–1957) ▌ Hayden (1957–1969) ▌ Russell (1969–1971) ▌ Ellender (1971–1972) ▌ Eastland (1972–1978) ▌ Magnuson (1979–1980) ▌ Young (1980) ▌ Magnuson (1980–1981) ▌ Thurmond (1981–1987) ▌ Stennis (1987–1989) ▌ Byrd (1989–1995) ▌ Thurmond (1995–2001) ▌ Byrd (2001) ▌ Thurmond (2001) ▌ Byrd (2001–2003) ▌ Stevens (2003–2007) ▌ Byrd (2007–2010) ▌ Inouye (2010–2012) ▌ Leahy (2012–2015) ▌ Hatch (2015–2019) ▌ Grassley (2019–2021) ▌ Leahy (2021–2023) ▌ Murray (2023–present) ▌ Pro-Administration ▌ Anti-Administration ▌ Federalist ▌ Democratic-Republican ▌ Jacksonian ▌ National Republican ▌ Whig ▌ Democratic ▌ Republican ▌ Independent Category Commons List showvteCabinet of President John Tyler (1841–1845)Secretary of State Daniel Webster (1841–1843) Abel P. Upshur (1843–1844) John C. Calhoun (1844–1845) Secretary of the Treasury Thomas Ewing (1841) Walter Forward (1841–1843) John Canfield Spencer (1843–1844) George M. Bibb (1844–1845) Secretary of War John Bell (1841) John Canfield Spencer (1841–1843) James Madison Porter (1843–1844) William Wilkins (1844–1845) Attorney General John J. Crittenden (1841) Hugh S. Legaré (1841–1843) John Nelson (1843–1845) Postmaster General Francis Granger (1841) Charles A. Wickliffe (1841–1845) Secretary of the Navy George Edmund Badger (1841) Abel P. Upshur (1841–1843) David Henshaw (1843–1844) Thomas Walker Gilmer (1844) John Y. Mason (1844–1845) showvteChancellors of the College of William & Mary Henry Compton (1693–1700) Thomas Tenison (1700–1707) Henry Compton (1707–1713) John Robinson (1714–1721) William Wake (1721–1729) Edmund Gibson (1729–1736) William Wake (1736–1737) Edmund Gibson (1737–1748) Thomas Sherlock (1749–1761) Thomas Hayter (1762) Charles Wyndham (1762–1763) Philip Yorke (1764) Richard Terrick (1764–1776) George Washington (1788–1799) Vacant (1800–1858) John Tyler (1859–1862) Vacant (1863–1870) Hugh Blair Grigsby (1871–1881) Vacant (1882–1941) John Stewart Bryan (1942–1944) Vacant (1945) Colgate Darden (1946–1947) Vacant (1948–1961) Alvin Duke Chandler (1962–1974) Vacant (1975–1985) Warren E. Burger (1986–1993) Margaret Thatcher (1993–2000) Henry Kissinger (2000–2005) Sandra Day O'Connor (2005–2012) Robert Gates (2012–) showvte(← 1832) 1836 United States presidential election (1840 →)Democratic Party(Convention)Nominee Martin Van Buren VP nominee Richard M. Johnson Whig PartyNominees William H. Harrison Hugh L. White Daniel Webster Willie P. Mangum VP nominees Francis Granger John Tyler Other 1836 elections: House Senate showvte(← 1836) 1840 United States presidential election (1844 →)Whig Party(Convention)Nominees President: William Henry Harrison campaign Vice President: John Tyler Other candidates Henry Clay Winfield Scott Democratic Party(Convention)Nominees President: Martin Van Buren (incumbent) Vice President: none Other 1840 elections: House Senate showvteHistory of slavery in Virginia Slavery in the colonial history of the United States History of Virginia Enslaved people Henry Box Brown (c. 1815–1897) John Casor (living 1655) Olaudah Equiano (c. 1745–1797) Isabella Gibbons (c. 1836–1890) William D. Gibbons (1825–1886) John Graweere (living 1641) Elizabeth Key Grinstead (Greenstead) (1630–1665) Left, husband of Jane Webb (fl.

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1704–1727) Mary and Anthony Johnson (1600–1670) Dangerfield Newby (c. 1820–1859) John Punch (fl. 1630s, living 1640) Gabriel Prosser (1776–1800) William Tucker (born 1624) Booker T. Washington (1856–1915) Slave owners Presidents of the United States Washington Jefferson Madison Monroe Tyler John Armfield (1797–1871) Landon Carter (1710–1778) Robert "King" Carter (1663–1732) Robert Carter III (1728–1804), freed 450 slaves Thomas Roderick Dew (1802–1846) Andrew Hunter (1804–1888) Robert M. T. Hunter (1809–1887) Eppa Hunton Richard Bland Lee (1761–1827) William Mahone (1826–1895) George Mason (1725–1792) James M. Mason (1798–1871) John Page (1628–1692) Thomas Prosser Randolph family of Virginia William Barton Rogers (1804–1882) George Henry Thomas William Tucker (died 1642) John Wayles (1715–1773) Henry A.

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Wise (1806–1876) Plantations Beall-Air Berry Hill Brookfield Kenmore Monticello Montpelier Mount Airy Mount Vernon (enslaved people) Oatlands Poplar Forest Shirley Stratford Hall Tuckahoe Westover Woodlawn List of plantations in Virginia Laws Virginia laws An act concerning Servants and Slaves, 1705 Federal laws Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves, 1808 Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 Slave pens Franklin and Armfield Office Lumpkin's Jail Related articles The 1619 Project African American Burial Ground Atlantic Creole Burning of Winchester Medical College Coastwise slave trade First Africans in Virginia Indentured servitude in Virginia District of Columbia retrocession Gabriel's Rebellion Great Dismal Swamp maroons Human trafficking in Virginia John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry Liberation and Freedom Day Memorial to Enslaved Laborers Nat Turner's slave rebellion Virginia in the American Civil War Virginia v. John Brown White House of the Confederacy .mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}Portals: Biography United States Politics Law Virginia showAuthority control General ISNI VIAF WorldCat National libraries Norway Spain France (data) Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Netherlands Poland Biographical dictionaries Germany Other FAST NARA SNAC 2 IdRef Trove US Congress ^ "Tyler Family Papers, Group A".

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Special Collections Research Center, Earl Gregg Swem Library, College of William and Mary. Archived from the original on July 28, 2011. Retrieved January 22, 2011. ^ "A Guide to the Governor John Tyler Executive Papers, 1825–1827". Virginia Heritage. Retrieved May 8, 2014.

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<img src="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" title="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;" /> Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Tyler&oldid=1140992191" Categories: John Tyler1790 births1862 deaths1836 United States vice-presidential candidates1840 United States vice-presidential candidates18th-century American Episcopalians19th-century American Episcopalians19th-century presidents of the United States19th-century vice presidents of the United StatesAmerican militia officersAmerican militiamen in the War of 1812American people of English descentAmerican slave ownersBurials at Hollywood Cemetery (Richmond, Virginia)Candidates in the 1844 United States presidential electionChancellors of the College of William & MaryCollege of William & Mary alumniDemocratic Party United States senators from VirginiaDemocratic-Republican Party United States senatorsDemocratic-Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from VirginiaDemocratic-Republican Party state governors of the United StatesDeputies and delegates to the Provisional Congress of the Confederate StatesExplosion survivorsGovernors of VirginiaJohn Tyler familyMembers of the Confederate House of Representatives from VirginiaMembers of the Virginia House of DelegatesPage family of VirginiaPeople from Charles City County, VirginiaPeople from Virginia in the War of 1812Politicians affected by a party expulsion processPresidents of the United StatesPresidents pro tempore of the United States SenateVice presidents of the United StatesVirginia National RepublicansVirginia Secession Delegates of 1861Virginia WhigsVirginia lawyersWhig Party (United States) vice presidential nomineesWhig Party presidents of the United StatesWhig Party vice presidents of the United StatesWilliam Henry Harrison administration cabinet membersUnited States senators who owned slavesHidden categories: Webarchive template wayback linksArticles with short descriptionShort description matches WikidataWikipedia indefinitely move-protected pagesFeatured articlesUse mdy dates from November 2020Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2021All articles containing potentially dated statementsPages using Sister project links with default searchPages using Sister project links with hidden wikidataArticles with Project Gutenberg linksArticles with LibriVox linksArticles with Internet Archive linksArticles with ISNI identifiersArticles with VIAF identifiersArticles with WorldCat identifiersArticles with BIBSYS identifiersArticles with BNE identifiersArticles with BNF identifiersArticles with GND identifiersArticles with J9U identifiersArticles with LCCN identifiersArticles with NKC identifiersArticles with NTA identifiersArticles with PLWABN identifiersArticles with DTBIO identifiersArticles with FAST identifiersArticles with NARA identifiersArticles with SNAC-ID identifiersArticles with SUDOC identifiersArticles with Trove identifiersArticles with USCongress identifiers This page was last edited on 22 February 2023, at 20:26 (UTC).

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Jump to content Toggle sidebar Search Create accountLog in Personal tools Create account Log in Pages for logged out editors learn more ContributionsTalk Navigation Main pageContentsCurrent eventsRandom articleAbout WikipediaContact usDonate Contribute HelpLearn to editCommunity portalRecent changesUpload file Tools What links hereRelated changesUpload fileSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationCite this pageWikidata itemEdit interlanguage links Print/export Download as PDFPrintable version In other projects Wikimedia CommonsWikinewsWikiquoteWikisource Languages On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Go to top. Toggle the table of contents Toggle the table of contents Contents move to sidebar hide (Top) 1Early life and career Toggle Early life and career subsection 1.1Education 1.1.1College and research jobs 1.1.2Community organizer and Harvard Law School 1.1.3University of Chicago Law School 1.2Family and personal life 1.2.1Last name 1.3Religious views 2Legal career Toggle Legal career subsection 2.1Civil Rights attorney 3Legislative career Toggle Legislative career subsection 3.1Illinois Senate (1997–2004) 3.22004 U.S. Senate campaign 3.3U.S.

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Senate (2005–2008) 4Presidential campaigns Toggle Presidential campaigns subsection 4.12008 4.22012 5Presidency (2009–2017) Toggle Presidency (2009–2017) subsection 5.1First 100 days 5.2Domestic policy 5.2.1Racial issues 5.2.2LGBT rights and same-sex marriage 5.2.3Economic policy 5.2.4Environmental policy 5.2.5Health care reform 5.3Foreign policy 5.3.1War in Iraq 5.3.2Afghanistan and Pakistan 5.3.2.1Death of Osama bin Laden 5.3.3Relations with Cuba 5.3.4Israel 5.3.5Libya 5.3.6Syrian civil war 5.3.7Iran nuclear talks 5.3.8Russia 6Cultural and political image 7Post-presidency (2017–present) 8Legacy Toggle Legacy subsection 8.1Presidential library 9Bibliography Toggle Bibliography subsection 9.1Books 9.2Audiobooks 9.3Articles 10See also Toggle See also subsection 10.1Politics 10.2Other 10.3Lists 11References Toggle References subsection 11.1Bibliography 12Further reading 13External links Toggle External links subsection 13.1Official 13.2Other Barack Obama 240 languages AcèhAfrikaansAlemannischአማርኛAnarâškielâÆngliscАԥсшәаالعربيةAragonésܐܪܡܝܐԱրեւմտահայերէնArpetanঅসমীয়াAsturianuAvañe'ẽАварAymar aruAzərbaycancaتۆرکجهBasa BaliBamanankanবাংলাBanjarBân-lâm-gúBasa BanyumasanБашҡортсаБеларускаяБеларуская (тарашкевіца)भोजपुरीBikol CentralBislamaБългарскиBoarischབོད་ཡིགBosanskiBrezhonegБуряадCatalàЧӑвашлаCebuanoČeštinaChavacano de ZamboangaChi-ChewaCorsuCymraegDagbanliDanskالدارجةDavvisámegiellaDeitschDeutschދިވެހިބަސްDiné bizaadDolnoserbskiडोटेलीEestiΕλληνικάEmiliàn e rumagnòlЭрзяньEspañolEsperantoEstremeñuEuskaraفارسیFiji HindiFøroysktFrançaisFryskFulfuldeFurlanGaeilgeGaelgGàidhligGalego贛語Gĩkũyũગુજરાતી𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi KonknniGungbe客家語/Hak-kâ-ngî한국어HausaHawaiʻiՀայերենहिन्दीHornjoserbsceHrvatskiIdoIgboIlokanoBahasa IndonesiaInterlinguaInterlingueᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitutИронIsiZuluÍslenskaItalianoעבריתJawaKabɩyɛKalaallisutಕನ್ನಡKapampanganქართულიकॉशुर / کٲشُرҚазақшаKernowekIkinyarwandaKiswahiliKreyòl ayisyenKurdîКыргызчаLadinoລາວLatgaļuLatinaLatviešuLëtzebuergeschLietuviųLigureLimburgsLingálaLingua Franca NovaLa .lojban.LombardMagyarमैथिलीМакедонскиMalagasyമലയാളംMaltiMāoriमराठीმარგალურიمصرىمازِرونیBahasa Melayu閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄Монголမြန်မာဘာသာNāhuatlDorerin NaoeroNederlandsNedersaksiesनेपालीनेपाल भाषा日本語NapulitanoߒߞߏНохчийнNordfriiskNorfuk / PitkernNorsk bokmålNorsk nynorskNouormandOccitanОлык марийଓଡ଼ିଆOʻzbekcha / ўзбекчаਪੰਜਾਬੀPangasinanPangcahپنجابیPapiamentuپښتوភាសាខ្មែរPiemontèisTok PisinPlattdüütschPolskiPortuguêsQaraqalpaqshaQırımtatarcaReo tahitiRipoarischRomânăRomani čhibRumantschRuna SimiРусиньскыйРусскийСаха тылаसंस्कृतम्ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤSarduScotsSeelterskSesotho sa LeboaShqipSicilianuසිංහලSimple EnglishسنڌيSlovenčinaSlovenščinaСловѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟŚlůnskiSoomaaligaکوردیSranantongoСрпски / srpskiSrpskohrvatski / српскохрватскиSundaSuomiSvenskaTagalogதமிழ்TaclḥitTaqbaylitTarandíneТатарча / tatarçaతెలుగుTetunไทยThuɔŋjäŋТоҷикӣᏣᎳᎩTsetsêhestâheseTürkçeTürkmençeУкраїнськаاردوئۇيغۇرچە / UyghurcheVènetoVepsän kel’Tiếng ViệtVolapükWalonWest-VlamsWinaray吴语ייִדישYorùbá粵語ZazakiZeêuwsŽemaitėška中文231 more ArticleTalk English ReadView sourceView history More ReadView sourceView history From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia President of the United States from 2009 to 2017 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}For other uses, see Barack Obama (disambiguation).

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"Barack" and "Obama" redirect here. For other uses, see Barack (disambiguation) and Obama (disambiguation).

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.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}Barack ObamaOfficial portrait, 201244th President of the United StatesIn officeJanuary 20, 2009 – January 20, 2017Vice PresidentJoe BidenPreceded byGeorge W. BushSucceeded byDonald TrumpUnited States Senatorfrom IllinoisIn officeJanuary 3, 2005 – November 16, 2008Preceded byPeter FitzgeraldSucceeded byRoland BurrisMember of the Illinois Senatefrom the 13th districtIn officeJanuary 8, 1997 – November 4, 2004Preceded byAlice PalmerSucceeded byKwame Raoul Personal detailsBornBarack Hussein Obama II (1961-08-04) August 4, 1961 (age 61)Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.Political partyDemocraticSpouseMichelle Robinson ​(m. .mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}1992)​Children.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} Malia Sasha Parents.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Barack Obama Sr. Ann Dunham RelativesFamily of Barack ObamaResidenceKalorama (Washington, D.C.)EducationOccidental CollegeColumbia University (BA)Harvard University (JD)OccupationPoliticianlawyerauthorAwardsList of awards and honorsSignatureWebsiteOfficial websiteObama FoundationWhite House Archives.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}} Barack Obama's voice 9:28 President Obama on the death of Osama bin LadenRecorded May 2, 2011 Barack Hussein Obama II (/bəˈrɑːk huːˈseɪn oʊˈbɑːmə/ (listen) bə-RAHK hoo-SAYN oh-BAH-mə;[1] born August 4, 1961) is an American retired politician who served as the 44th president of the United States from 2009 to 2017.

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A member of the Democratic Party, he was the first African-American president of the United States.[2] Obama previously served as a U.S. senator from Illinois from 2005 to 2008 and as an Illinois state senator from 1997 to 2004, and previously worked as a civil rights lawyer before entering politics. Obama was born in Honolulu, Hawaii. After graduating from Columbia University in 1983, he worked as a community organizer in Chicago. In 1988, he enrolled in Harvard Law School, where he was the first black president of the Harvard Law Review. After graduating, he became a civil rights attorney and an academic, teaching constitutional law at the University of Chicago Law School from 1992 to 2004. Turning to elective politics, he represented the 13th district in the Illinois Senate from 1997 until 2004, when he ran for the U.S. Senate. Obama received national attention in 2004 with his March Senate primary win, his well-received keynote address at the July Democratic National Convention, and his landslide November election to the Senate. In 2008, after a close primary campaign against Hillary Clinton, he was nominated by the Democratic Party for president and chose Joe Biden as his running mate.

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Obama was elected over Republican nominee John McCain in the presidential election and was inaugurated on January 20, 2009. Nine months later, he was named the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize laureate, a decision that drew a mixture of praise and criticism. Obama's first-term actions addressed the global financial crisis and included a major stimulus package, a partial extension of George W. Bush's tax cuts, legislation to reform health care, a major financial regulation reform bill, and the end of a major US military presence in Iraq. Obama also appointed Supreme Court justices Sonia Sotomayor and Elena Kagan, the former being the first Hispanic American on the Supreme Court. He ordered the counterterrorism raid which killed Osama bin Laden and downplayed Bush's counterinsurgency model, expanding air strikes and making extensive use of special forces while encouraging greater reliance on host-government militaries. After winning re-election by defeating Republican opponent Mitt Romney, Obama was sworn in for a second term on January 20, 2013. In his second term, Obama took steps to combat climate change, signing a major international climate agreement and an executive order to limit carbon emissions.

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Obama also presided over the implementation of the Affordable Care Act and other legislation passed in his first term, and he negotiated a nuclear agreement with Iran and normalized relations with Cuba. The number of American soldiers in Afghanistan fell dramatically during Obama's second term, though U.S. soldiers remained in Afghanistan throughout Obama's presidency. During Obama's terms as president, the United States' reputation abroad and the American economy improved significantly, although the country experienced high levels of partisan divide. Obama left office on January 20, 2017, and continues to reside in Washington, D.C. His presidential library in Chicago began construction in 2021. Since leaving office, Obama has remained active in Democratic politics, including campaigning for candidates in various American elections. Outside of politics, Obama has published three bestselling books: Dreams from My Father (1995), The Audacity of Hope (2006) and A Promised Land (2020). Rankings by scholars and historians, in which he has been featured since 2010, place him in the middle to upper tier of American presidents.

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[3][4][5] Early life and career Main article: Early life and career of Barack Obama Stanley Armour Dunham, Ann Dunham, Maya Soetoro and Barack Obama, (L to R) mid-1970s in Honolulu Obama was born on August 4, 1961,[6] at Kapiolani Medical Center for Women and Children in Honolulu, Hawaii.[7][8][9] He is the only president born outside the contiguous 48 states.[10] He was born to an American mother and a Kenyan father. His mother, Ann Dunham (1942–1995), was born in Wichita, Kansas and was of English, Welsh, German, Swiss, and Irish descent. In 2007 it was discovered her great-great-grandfather Falmouth Kearney emigrated from the village of Moneygall, Ireland to the US in 1850.[11] In July 2012, Ancestry.com found a strong likelihood that Dunham was descended from John Punch, an enslaved African man who lived in the Colony of Virginia during the seventeenth century.[12][13] Obama's father, Barack Obama Sr. (1934–1982),[14][15] was a married[16][17][18] Luo Kenyan from Nyang'oma Kogelo.[16][19] Obama's parents met in 1960 in a Russian language class at the University of Hawaii at Manoa, where his father was a foreign student on a scholarship.

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[20][21] The couple married in Wailuku, Hawaii, on February 2, 1961, six months before Obama was born.[22][23] In late August 1961, a few weeks after he was born, Barack and his mother moved to the University of Washington in Seattle, where they lived for a year. During that time, Barack's father completed his undergraduate degree in economics in Hawaii, graduating in June 1962. He left to attend graduate school on a scholarship at Harvard University, where he earned an M.A. in economics. Obama's parents divorced in March 1964.[24] Obama Sr. returned to Kenya in 1964, where he married for a third time and worked for the Kenyan government as the Senior Economic Analyst in the Ministry of Finance.[25] He visited his son in Hawaii only once, at Christmas 1971,[26] before he was killed in an automobile accident in 1982, when Obama was 21 years old.[27] Recalling his early childhood, Obama said: "That my father looked nothing like the people around me—that he was black as pitch, my mother white as milk—barely registered in my mind."[21] He described his struggles as a young adult to reconcile social perceptions of his multiracial heritage.

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[28] In 1963, Dunham met Lolo Soetoro at the University of Hawaii; he was an Indonesian East–West Center graduate student in geography. The couple married on Molokai on March 15, 1965.[29] After two one-year extensions of his J-1 visa, Lolo returned to Indonesia in 1966. His wife and stepson followed sixteen months later in 1967. The family initially lived in the Menteng Dalam neighborhood in the Tebet district of South Jakarta. From 1970, they lived in a wealthier neighborhood in the Menteng district of Central Jakarta.[30] Education Obama's school record in St. Francis of Assisi Catholic Elementary School. Obama was enrolled as "Barry Soetoro" (no. 1), and was wrongly recorded as an Indonesian citizen (no. 3) and a Muslim (no. 4).[31] At the age of six, Obama and his mother had moved to Indonesia to join his stepfather. From age six to ten, he attended local Indonesian-language schools: Sekolah Dasar Katolik Santo Fransiskus Asisi (St. Francis of Assisi Catholic Elementary School) for two years and Sekolah Dasar Negeri Menteng 01 (State Elementary School Menteng 01) for one and a half years, supplemented by English-language Calvert School homeschooling by his mother.

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[32][33] As a result of his four years in Jakarta, he was able to speak Indonesian fluently as a child.[34] During his time in Indonesia, Obama's stepfather taught him to be resilient and gave him "a pretty hardheaded assessment of how the world works."[35] In 1971, Obama returned to Honolulu to live with his maternal grandparents, Madelyn and Stanley Dunham. He attended Punahou School—a private college preparatory school—with the aid of a scholarship from fifth grade until he graduated from high school in 1979.[36] In his youth, Obama went by the nickname "Barry."[37] Obama lived with his mother and half-sister, Maya Soetoro, in Hawaii for three years from 1972 to 1975 while his mother was a graduate student in anthropology at the University of Hawaii.[38] Obama chose to stay in Hawaii when his mother and half-sister returned to Indonesia in 1975, so his mother could begin anthropology field work.[39] His mother spent most of the next two decades in Indonesia, divorcing Lolo in 1980 and earning a PhD degree in 1992, before dying in 1995 in Hawaii following unsuccessful treatment for ovarian and uterine cancer.

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[40] Of his years in Honolulu, Obama wrote: "The opportunity that Hawaii offered — to experience a variety of cultures in a climate of mutual respect — became an integral part of my world view, and a basis for the values that I hold most dear."[41] Obama has also written and talked about using alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine during his teenage years to "push questions of who I was out of my mind."[42] Obama was also a member of the "choom gang", a self-named group of friends who spent time together and occasionally smoked marijuana.[43][44] College and research jobs After graduating from high school in 1979, Obama moved to Los Angeles to attend Occidental College on a full scholarship. In February 1981, Obama made his first public speech, calling for Occidental to participate in the disinvestment from South Africa in response to that nation's policy of apartheid.[45] In mid-1981, Obama traveled to Indonesia to visit his mother and half-sister Maya, and visited the families of college friends in Pakistan for three weeks.

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[45] Later in 1981, he transferred to Columbia University in New York City as a junior, where he majored in political science with a specialty in international relations[46] and in English literature[47] and lived off-campus on West 109th Street.[48] He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1983 and a 3.7 GPA. After graduating, Obama worked for about a year at the Business International Corporation, where he was a financial researcher and writer,[49][50] then as a project coordinator for the New York Public Interest Research Group on the City College of New York campus for three months in 1985.[51][52][53] Community organizer and Harvard Law School Two years after graduating from Columbia, Obama moved from New York to Chicago when he was hired as director of the Developing Communities Project, a church-based community organization originally comprising eight Catholic parishes in Roseland, West Pullman, and Riverdale on Chicago's South Side. He worked there as a community organizer from June 1985 to May 1988.[52][54] He helped set up a job training program, a college preparatory tutoring program, and a tenants' rights organization in Altgeld Gardens.

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[55] Obama also worked as a consultant and instructor for the Gamaliel Foundation, a community organizing institute.[56] In mid-1988, he traveled for the first time in Europe for three weeks and then for five weeks in Kenya, where he met many of his paternal relatives for the first time.[57][58] External video Derrick Bell threatens to leave Harvard, April 24, 1990, 11:34, Boston TV Digital Archive[59] Student Barack Obama introduces Professor Derrick Bell starting at 6:25. Despite being offered a full scholarship to Northwestern University School of Law, Obama enrolled at Harvard Law School in the fall of 1988, living in nearby Somerville, Massachusetts.[60] He was selected as an editor of the Harvard Law Review at the end of his first year,[61] president of the journal in his second year,[55][62] and research assistant to the constitutional scholar Laurence Tribe while at Harvard.[63] During his summers, he returned to Chicago, where he worked as a summer associate at the law firms of Sidley Austin in 1989 and Hopkins & Sutter in 1990.

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[64] Obama's election as the first black president of the Harvard Law Review gained national media attention[55][62] and led to a publishing contract and advance for a book about race relations,[65] which evolved into a personal memoir. The manuscript was published in mid-1995 as Dreams from My Father.[65] Obama graduated from Harvard Law in 1991 with a Juris Doctor magna cum laude.[66][61] University of Chicago Law School In 1991, Obama accepted a two-year position as Visiting Law and Government Fellow at the University of Chicago Law School to work on his first book.[65][67] He then taught constitutional law at the University of Chicago Law School for twelve years, first as a lecturer from 1992 to 1996, and then as a senior lecturer from 1996 to 2004.[68] From April to October 1992, Obama directed Illinois's Project Vote, a voter registration campaign with ten staffers and seven hundred volunteer registrars; it achieved its goal of registering 150,000 of 400,000 unregistered African Americans in the state, leading Crain's Chicago Business to name Obama to its 1993 list of "40 under Forty" powers to be.

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[69] Family and personal life Main article: Family of Barack Obama In a 2006 interview, Obama highlighted the diversity of his extended family: "It's like a little mini-United Nations," he said. "I've got relatives who look like Bernie Mac, and I've got relatives who look like Margaret Thatcher."[70] Obama has a half-sister with whom he was raised (Maya Soetoro-Ng) and seven other half-siblings from his Kenyan father's family—six of them living.[71] Obama's mother was survived by her Kansas-born mother, Madelyn Dunham,[72] until her death on November 2, 2008,[73] two days before his election to the presidency. Obama also has roots in Ireland; he met with his Irish cousins in Moneygall in May 2011.[74] In Dreams from My Father, Obama ties his mother's family history to possible Native American ancestors and distant relatives of Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War. He also shares distant ancestors in common with George W. Bush and Dick Cheney, among others.[75][76][77] Obama lived with anthropologist Sheila Miyoshi Jager while he was a community organizer in Chicago in the 1980s.[78] He proposed to her twice, but both Jager and her parents turned him down.

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[78][79] The relationship was not made public until May 2017, several months after his presidency had ended.[79] Obama poses in the Green Room of the White House with wife Michelle and daughters Sasha and Malia, 2009. In June 1989, Obama met Michelle Robinson when he was employed as a summer associate at the Chicago law firm of Sidley Austin.[80] Robinson was assigned for three months as Obama's adviser at the firm, and she joined him at several group social functions but declined his initial requests to date.[81] They began dating later that summer, became engaged in 1991, and were married on October 3, 1992.[82] After suffering a miscarriage, Michelle underwent in vitro fertilization to conceive their children.[83] The couple's first daughter, Malia Ann, was born in 1998,[84] followed by a second daughter, Natasha ("Sasha"), in 2001.[85] The Obama daughters attended the University of Chicago Laboratory Schools. When they moved to Washington, D.C., in January 2009, the girls started at the Sidwell Friends School.[86] The Obamas had two Portuguese Water Dogs; the first, a male named Bo, was a gift from Senator Ted Kennedy.[87] In 2013, Bo was joined by Sunny, a female.

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[88] Bo died of cancer on May 8, 2021.[89] Obama is a supporter of the Chicago White Sox, and he threw out the first pitch at the 2005 ALCS when he was still a senator.[90] In 2009, he threw out the ceremonial first pitch at the All-Star Game while wearing a White Sox jacket.[91] He is also primarily a Chicago Bears football fan in the NFL, but in his childhood and adolescence was a fan of the Pittsburgh Steelers, and rooted for them ahead of their victory in Super Bowl XLIII 12 days after he took office as president.[92] In 2011, Obama invited the 1985 Chicago Bears to the White House; the team had not visited the White House after their Super Bowl win in 1986 due to the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster.[93] He plays basketball, a sport he participated in as a member of his high school's varsity team,[94] and he is left-handed.[95] In 2005, the Obama family applied the proceeds of a book deal and moved from a Hyde Park, Chicago condominium to a $1.6 million house (equivalent to $2.2 million in 2021) in neighboring Kenwood, Chicago.

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[96] The purchase of an adjacent lot—and sale of part of it to Obama by the wife of developer, campaign donor and friend Tony Rezko—attracted media attention because of Rezko's subsequent indictment and conviction on political corruption charges that were unrelated to Obama.[97] In December 2007, Money Magazine estimated Obama's net worth at $1.3 million (equivalent to $1.7 million in 2021).[98] Their 2009 tax return showed a household income of $5.5 million—up from about $4.2 million in 2007 and $1.6 million in 2005—mostly from sales of his books.[99][100] On his 2010 income of $1.7 million, he gave 14 percent to non-profit organizations, including $131,000 to Fisher House Foundation, a charity assisting wounded veterans' families, allowing them to reside near where the veteran is receiving medical treatments.[101][102] Per his 2012 financial disclosure, Obama may be worth as much as $10 million.[103] Last name Obama's last name originates from Luo people. In Luo language, it means "bent over" or "limping".[104] Religious views Obama is a Protestant Christian whose religious views developed in his adult life.[105] He wrote in The Audacity of Hope that he "was not raised in a religious household."

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He described his mother, raised by non-religious parents, as being detached from religion, yet "in many ways the most spiritually awakened person ... I have ever known", and "a lonely witness for secular humanism."He described his father as a "confirmed atheist" by the time his parents met, and his stepfather as "a man who saw religion as not particularly useful."Obama explained how, through working with black churches as a community organizer while in his twenties, he came to understand "the power of the African-American religious tradition to spur social change."[106] The Obamas worship at African Methodist Episcopal Church in Washington, D.C., January 2013 In January 2008, Obama told Christianity Today: "I am a Christian, and I am a devout Christian. I believe in the redemptive death and resurrection of Jesus Christ. I believe that faith gives me a path to be cleansed of sin and have eternal life."[107] On September 27, 2010, Obama released a statement commenting on his religious views, saying: .mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}I'm a Christian by choice. My family didn't—frankly, they weren't folks who went to church every week.

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And my mother was one of the most spiritual people I knew, but she didn't raise me in the church. So I came to my Christian faith later in life, and it was because the precepts of Jesus Christ spoke to me in terms of the kind of life that I would want to lead—being my brothers' and sisters' keeper, treating others as they would treat me.[108][109] Obama met Trinity United Church of Christ pastor Jeremiah Wright in October 1987 and became a member of Trinity in 1992.[110] During Obama's first presidential campaign in May 2008, he resigned from Trinity after some of Wright's statements were criticized.[111] Since moving to Washington, D.C., in 2009, the Obama family has attended several Protestant churches, including Shiloh Baptist Church and St. John's Episcopal Church, as well as Evergreen Chapel at Camp David, but the members of the family do not attend church on a regular basis.[112][113][114] In 2016, he said that he gets inspiration from a few items that remind him "of all the different people I've met along the way", adding: "I carry these around all the time.

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I'm not that superstitious, so it's not like I think I necessarily have to have them on me at all times."The items, "a whole bowl full", include rosary beads given to him by Pope Francis, a figurine of the Hindu deity Hanuman, a Coptic cross from Ethiopia, a small Buddha statue given by a monk, and a metal poker chip that used to be the lucky charm of a motorcyclist in Iowa.[115][116] Legal career Civil Rights attorney He joined Davis, Miner, Barnhill & Galland, a 13-attorney law firm specializing in civil rights litigation and neighborhood economic development, where he was an associate for three years from 1993 to 1996, then of counsel from 1996 to 2004. In 1994, he was listed as one of the lawyers in Buycks-Roberson v. Citibank Fed. Sav. Bank, 94 C 4094 (N.D. Ill.). This class action lawsuit was filed in 1994 with Selma Buycks-Roberson as lead plaintiff and alleged that Citibank Federal Savings Bank had engaged in practices forbidden under the Equal Credit Opportunity Act and the Fair Housing Act. The case was settled out of court.

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Final judgment was issued on May 13, 1998, with Citibank Federal Savings Bank agreeing to pay attorney fees.[citation needed] From 1994 to 2002, Obama served on the boards of directors of the Woods Fund of Chicago—which in 1985 had been the first foundation to fund the Developing Communities Project—and of the Joyce Foundation.[52] He served on the board of directors of the Chicago Annenberg Challenge from 1995 to 2002, as founding president and chairman of the board of directors from 1995 to 1999.[52] Obama's law license became inactive in 2007.[117][118] Legislative career Illinois Senate (1997–2004) Main article: Illinois Senate career of Barack Obama State Senator Obama and others celebrate the naming of a street in Chicago after ShoreBank co-founder Milton Davis in 1998. Obama was elected to the Illinois Senate in 1996, succeeding Democratic State Senator Alice Palmer from Illinois's 13th District, which, at that time, spanned Chicago South Side neighborhoods from Hyde Park–Kenwood south to South Shore and west to Chicago Lawn.[119] Once elected, Obama gained bipartisan support for legislation that reformed ethics and health care laws.

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[120][121] He sponsored a law that increased tax credits for low-income workers, negotiated welfare reform, and promoted increased subsidies for childcare.[122] In 2001, as co-chairman of the bipartisan Joint Committee on Administrative Rules, Obama supported Republican Governor Ryan's payday loan regulations and predatory mortgage lending regulations aimed at averting home foreclosures.[123][124] He was reelected to the Illinois Senate in 1998, defeating Republican Yesse Yehudah in the general election, and was re-elected again in 2002.[125][126] In 2000, he lost a Democratic primary race for Illinois's 1st congressional district in the United States House of Representatives to four-term incumbent Bobby Rush by a margin of two to one.[127] In January 2003, Obama became chairman of the Illinois Senate's Health and Human Services Committee when Democrats, after a decade in the minority, regained a majority.[128] He sponsored and led unanimous, bipartisan passage of legislation to monitor racial profiling by requiring police to record the race of drivers they detained, and legislation making Illinois the first state to mandate videotaping of homicide interrogations.

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[122][129][130][131] During his 2004 general election campaign for the U.S. Senate, police representatives credited Obama for his active engagement with police organizations in enacting death penalty reforms.[132] Obama resigned from the Illinois Senate in November 2004 following his election to the U.S. Senate.[133] 2004 U.S. Senate campaign Main article: 2004 United States Senate election in Illinois In May 2002, Obama commissioned a poll to assess his prospects in a 2004 U.S. Senate race. He created a campaign committee, began raising funds, and lined up political media consultant David Axelrod by August 2002. Obama formally announced his candidacy in January 2003.[134] Obama was an early opponent of the George W. Bush administration's 2003 invasion of Iraq.[135] On October 2, 2002, the day President Bush and Congress agreed on the joint resolution authorizing the Iraq War,[136] Obama addressed the first high-profile Chicago anti-Iraq War rally,[137] and spoke out against the war.[138] He addressed another anti-war rally in March 2003 and told the crowd "it's not too late" to stop the war.

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[139] Decisions by Republican incumbent Peter Fitzgerald and his Democratic predecessor Carol Moseley Braun to not participate in the election resulted in wide-open Democratic and Republican primary contests involving 15 candidates.[140] In the March 2004 primary election, Obama won in an unexpected landslide—which overnight made him a rising star within the national Democratic Party, started speculation about a presidential future, and led to the reissue of his memoir, Dreams from My Father.[141] In July 2004, Obama delivered the keynote address at the 2004 Democratic National Convention,[142] seen by nine million viewers. His speech was well received and elevated his status within the Democratic Party.[143] Obama's expected opponent in the general election, Republican primary winner Jack Ryan, withdrew from the race in June 2004.[144] Six weeks later, Alan Keyes accepted the Republican nomination to replace Ryan.[145] In the November 2004 general election, Obama won with 70 percent of the vote, the largest margin of victory for a Senate candidate in Illinois history.[146] He took 92 of the state's 102 counties, including several where Democrats traditionally do not do well.

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U.S. Senate (2005–2008) See also: United States Senate career of Barack Obama and List of bills sponsored by Barack Obama in the United States Senate Official portrait of Obama as a member of the United States Senate Obama was sworn in as a senator on January 3, 2005,[147] becoming the only Senate member of the Congressional Black Caucus.[148] He introduced two initiatives that bore his name: Lugar–Obama, which expanded the Nunn–Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction concept to conventional weapons;[149] and the Federal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act of 2006, which authorized the establishment of USAspending.gov, a web search engine on federal spending.[150] On June 3, 2008, Senator Obama—along with Senators Tom Carper, Tom Coburn, and John McCain—introduced follow-up legislation: Strengthening Transparency and Accountability in Federal Spending Act of 2008.[151] He also cosponsored the Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act.[152] In December 2006, President Bush signed into law the Democratic Republic of the Congo Relief, Security, and Democracy Promotion Act, marking the first federal legislation to be enacted with Obama as its primary sponsor.

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[153][154] In January 2007, Obama and Senator Feingold introduced a corporate jet provision to the Honest Leadership and Open Government Act, which was signed into law in September 2007.[155][156] Later in 2007, Obama sponsored an amendment to the Defense Authorization Act to add safeguards for personality-disorder military discharges.[157] This amendment passed the full Senate in the spring of 2008.[158] He sponsored the Iran Sanctions Enabling Act supporting divestment of state pension funds from Iran's oil and gas industry, which was never enacted but later incorporated in the Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act of 2010;[159] and co-sponsored legislation to reduce risks of nuclear terrorism.[160] Obama also sponsored a Senate amendment to the State Children's Health Insurance Program, providing one year of job protection for family members caring for soldiers with combat-related injuries.[161] Obama held assignments on the Senate Committees for Foreign Relations, Environment and Public Works and Veterans' Affairs through December 2006.[162] In January 2007, he left the Environment and Public Works committee and took additional assignments with Health, Education, Labor and Pensions and Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs.[163] He also became Chairman of the Senate's subcommittee on European Affairs.

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[164] As a member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Obama made official trips to Eastern Europe, the Middle East, Central Asia and Africa. He met with Mahmoud Abbas before Abbas became President of the Palestinian National Authority, and gave a speech at the University of Nairobi in which he condemned corruption within the Kenyan government.[165] Obama resigned his Senate seat on November 16, 2008, to focus on his transition period for the presidency.[166] Presidential campaigns 2008 Main articles: 2008 United States presidential election, Barack Obama 2008 presidential primary campaign, and Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign 2008 electoral vote results. Obama won 365–173. On February 10, 2007, Obama announced his candidacy for President of the United States in front of the Old State Capitol building in Springfield, Illinois.[167][168] The choice of the announcement site was viewed as symbolic, as it was also where Abraham Lincoln delivered his "House Divided" speech in 1858.[167][169] Obama emphasized issues of rapidly ending the Iraq War, increasing energy independence, and reforming the health care system.[170] Numerous candidates entered the Democratic Party presidential primaries.

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The field narrowed to Obama and Senator Hillary Clinton after early contests, with the race remaining close throughout the primary process, but with Obama gaining a steady lead in pledged delegates due to better long-range planning, superior fundraising, dominant organizing in caucus states, and better exploitation of delegate allocation rules.[171] On June 2, 2008, Obama had received enough votes to clinch his election. After an initial hesitation to concede, on June 7, Clinton ended her campaign and endorsed Obama.[172] On August 23, 2008, Obama announced his selection of Delaware Senator Joe Biden as his vice presidential running mate.[173] Obama selected Biden from a field speculated to include former Indiana Governor and Senator Evan Bayh and Virginia Governor Tim Kaine.[173] At the Democratic National Convention in Denver, Colorado, Hillary Clinton called for her supporters to endorse Obama, and she and Bill Clinton gave convention speeches in his support.[174][175] Obama delivered his acceptance speech at Invesco Field at Mile High stadium to a crowd of about eighty-four thousand; the speech was viewed by over three million people worldwide.

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[176][177][178] During both the primary process and the general election, Obama's campaign set numerous fundraising records, particularly in the quantity of small donations.[179] On June 19, 2008, Obama became the first major-party presidential candidate to turn down public financing in the general election since the system was created in 1976.[180] John McCain was nominated as the Republican candidate, and he selected Sarah Palin as his running mate. Obama and McCain engaged in three presidential debates in September and October 2008.[181] On November 4, Obama won the presidency with 365 electoral votes to 173 received by McCain.[182] Obama won 52.9 percent of the popular vote to McCain's 45.7 percent.[183] He became the first African-American to be elected president.[2] Obama delivered his victory speech before hundreds of thousands of supporters in Chicago's Grant Park.[184] He is one of the three United States senators moved directly from the U.S. Senate to the White House, the others are Warren G. Harding and John F. Kennedy.[185] 2012 Main articles: 2012 United States presidential election and Barack Obama 2012 presidential campaign 2012 electoral vote results. Obama won 332–206.

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On April 4, 2011, Obama filed election papers with the Federal Election Commission and then announced his reelection campaign for 2012 in a video titled "It Begins with Us" that he posted on his website.[186][187][188] As the incumbent president, he ran virtually unopposed in the Democratic Party presidential primaries,[189] and on April 3, 2012, Obama secured the 2778 convention delegates needed to win the Democratic nomination.[190] At the Democratic National Convention in Charlotte, North Carolina, Obama and Joe Biden were formally nominated by former President Bill Clinton as the Democratic Party candidates for president and vice president in the general election. Their main opponents were Republicans Mitt Romney, the former governor of Massachusetts, and Representative Paul Ryan of Wisconsin.[191] On November 6, 2012, Obama won 332 electoral votes, exceeding the 270 required for him to be reelected as president.[192][193][194] With 51.1 percent of the popular vote,[195] Obama became the first Democratic president since Franklin D. Roosevelt to win the majority of the popular vote twice.[196][197] Obama addressed supporters and volunteers at Chicago's McCormick Place after his reelection and said: "Tonight you voted for action, not politics as usual.

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You elected us to focus on your jobs, not ours. And in the coming weeks and months, I am looking forward to reaching out and working with leaders of both parties."[198][199] Presidency (2009–2017) Main article: Presidency of Barack Obama For a chronological guide, see Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency. First 100 days Main article: First 100 days of Barack Obama's presidency Obama takes the oath of office administered by Chief Justice John G. Roberts Jr. at the Capitol, January 20, 2009. The inauguration of Barack Obama as the 44th president took place on January 20, 2009. In his first few days in office, Obama issued executive orders and presidential memoranda directing the U.S. military to develop plans to withdraw troops from Iraq.[200] He ordered the closing of the Guantanamo Bay detention camp,[201] but Congress prevented the closure by refusing to appropriate the required funds[202][203] and preventing moving any Guantanamo detainee.[204] Obama reduced the secrecy given to presidential records.[205] He also revoked President George W. Bush's restoration of President Ronald Reagan's Mexico City policy which prohibited federal aid to international family planning organizations that perform or provide counseling about abortion.

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[206] Domestic policy See also: Social policy of the Barack Obama administration The first bill signed into law by Obama was the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009, relaxing the statute of limitations for equal-pay lawsuits.[207] Five days later, he signed the reauthorization of the State Children's Health Insurance Program to cover an additional four million uninsured children.[208] In March 2009, Obama reversed a Bush-era policy that had limited funding of embryonic stem cell research and pledged to develop "strict guidelines" on the research.[209] Obama delivers a speech at joint session of Congress with Vice President Joe Biden and House Speaker Nancy Pelosi on February 24, 2009. Obama appointed two women to serve on the Supreme Court in the first two years of his presidency. He nominated Sonia Sotomayor on May 26, 2009, to replace retiring Associate Justice David Souter; she was confirmed on August 6, 2009,[210] becoming the first Supreme Court Justice of Hispanic descent.[211] Obama nominated Elena Kagan on May 10, 2010, to replace retiring Associate Justice John Paul Stevens.

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She was confirmed on August 5, 2010, bringing the number of women sitting simultaneously on the Court to three for the first time in American history.[212] On March 11, 2009, Obama created the White House Council on Women and Girls, which formed part of the Office of Intergovernmental Affairs, having been established by Executive Order 13506 with a broad mandate to advise him on issues relating to the welfare of American women and girls. The council was chaired by Senior Advisor to the President Valerie Jarrett. Obama also established the White House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assault through a government memorandum on January 22, 2014, with a broad mandate to advise him on issues relating to sexual assault on college and university campuses throughout the United States. The co-chairs of the Task Force were Vice President Joe Biden and Jarrett. The Task Force was a development out of the White House Council on Women and Girls and Office of the Vice President of the United States, and prior to that the 1994 Violence Against Women Act first drafted by Biden.

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In a major space policy speech in April 2010, Obama announced a planned change in direction at NASA, the U.S. space agency. He ended plans for a return of human spaceflight to the moon and development of the Ares I rocket, Ares V rocket and Constellation program, in favor of funding Earth science projects, a new rocket type, research and development for an eventual crewed mission to Mars, and ongoing missions to the International Space Station.[213] Obama visits an Aurora shooting victim at University of Colorado Hospital, 2012. On January 16, 2013, one month after the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting, Obama signed 23 executive orders and outlined a series of sweeping proposals regarding gun control.[214] He urged Congress to reintroduce an expired ban on military-style assault weapons, such as those used in several recent mass shootings, impose limits on ammunition magazines to 10 rounds, introduce background checks on all gun sales, pass a ban on possession and sale of armor-piercing bullets, introduce harsher penalties for gun-traffickers, especially unlicensed dealers who buy arms for criminals and approving the appointment of the head of the federal Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives for the first time since 2006.

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[215] On January 5, 2016, Obama announced new executive actions extending background check requirements to more gun sellers.[216] In a 2016 editorial in The New York Times, Obama compared the struggle for what he termed "common-sense gun reform" to women's suffrage and other civil rights movements in American history. On January 5, 2016, Obama announced new executive actions extending background check requirements to more gun sellers.[216] In 2011, Obama signed a four-year renewal of the Patriot Act.[217] Following the 2013 global surveillance disclosures by whistleblower Edward Snowden, Obama condemned the leak as unpatriotic,[218] but called for increased restrictions on the National Security Agency (NSA) to address violations of privacy.[219][220] Obama continued and expanded surveillance programs set up by George W. Bush, while implementing some reforms.[221] He supported legislation that would have limited the NSA's ability to collect phone records in bulk under a single program and supported bringing more transparency to the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court (FISC).

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[221] Racial issues See also: Race and ethnicity in the United States In his speeches as president, Obama did not make more overt references to race relations than his predecessors,[222][223] but according to one study, he implemented stronger policy action on behalf of African-Americans than any president since the Nixon era.[224] Following Obama's election, many pondered the existence of a "postracial America."[225][226] However, lingering racial tensions quickly became apparent,[225][227] and many African-Americans expressed outrage over what they saw as an intense racial animosity directed at Obama.[228] The acquittal of George Zimmerman following the killing of Trayvon Martin sparked national outrage, leading to Obama giving a speech in which he noted that "Trayvon Martin could have been me 35 years ago."[229] The shooting of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri sparked a wave of protests.[230] These and other events led to the birth of the Black Lives Matter movement, which campaigns against violence and systemic racism toward black people.[230] Though Obama entered office reluctant to talk about race, by 2014 he began openly discussing the disadvantages faced by many members of minority groups.

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[231] Several incidents during Obama's presidency generated disapproval from the African-American community and/or with law enforcement, and Obama sought to build trust between law enforcement officials and civil rights activists, with mixed results. Some in law enforcement criticized Obama's condemnation of racial bias after incidents in which police action led to the death of African-American men, while some racial justice activists criticized Obama's expressions of empathy for the police.[232] In a March 2016 Gallup poll, nearly one third of Americans said they worried "a great deal" about race relations, a higher figure than in any previous Gallup poll since 2001.[233] LGBT rights and same-sex marriage On October 8, 2009, Obama signed the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act, a measure that expanded the 1969 United States federal hate-crime law to include crimes motivated by a victim's actual or perceived gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability.[234] On October 30, 2009, Obama lifted the ban on travel to the United States by those infected with HIV. The lifting of the ban was celebrated by Immigration Equality.

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[235] On December 22, 2010, Obama signed the Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010, which fulfilled a promise made in the 2008 presidential campaign[236][237] to end the don't ask, don't tell policy of 1993 that had prevented gay and lesbian people from serving openly in the United States Armed Forces. In 2016, the Pentagon ended the policy that barred transgender people from serving openly in the military.[238] As a candidate for the Illinois state senate in 1996, Obama stated he favored legalizing same-sex marriage.[239] During his Senate run in 2004, he said he supported civil unions and domestic partnerships for same-sex partners but opposed same-sex marriages.[240] In 2008, he reaffirmed this position by stating "I believe marriage is between a man and a woman. I am not in favor of gay marriage."[241] On May 9, 2012, shortly after the official launch of his campaign for re-election as president, Obama said his views had evolved, and he publicly affirmed his personal support for the legalization of same-sex marriage, becoming the first sitting U.S. president to do so.

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[242][243] During his second inaugural address on January 21, 2013,[199] Obama became the first U.S. president in office to call for full equality for gay Americans, and the first to mention gay rights or the word "gay" in an inaugural address.[244][245] In 2013, the Obama administration filed briefs that urged the Supreme Court to rule in favor of same-sex couples in the cases of Hollingsworth v. Perry (regarding same-sex marriage)[246] and United States v. Windsor (regarding the Defense of Marriage Act).[247] Economic policy Main article: Economic policy of the Barack Obama administration On February 17, 2009, Obama signed the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, a $787 billion (equivalent to $994 billion in 2021) economic stimulus package aimed at helping the economy recover from the deepening worldwide recession.[248] The act includes increased federal spending for health care, infrastructure, education, various tax breaks and incentives, and direct assistance to individuals.[249] In March 2009, Obama's Treasury Secretary, Timothy Geithner, took further steps to manage the financial crisis, including introducing the Public–Private Investment Program for Legacy Assets, which contains provisions for buying up to $2 trillion in depreciated real estate assets.

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[250] Deficit and debt increases, 2001–2016 Obama intervened in the troubled automotive industry[251] in March 2009, renewing loans for General Motors (GM) and Chrysler to continue operations while reorganizing. Over the following months the White House set terms for both firms' bankruptcies, including the sale of Chrysler to Italian automaker Fiat[252] and a reorganization of GM giving the U.S. government a temporary 60 percent equity stake in the company.[253] In June 2009, dissatisfied with the pace of economic stimulus, Obama called on his cabinet to accelerate the investment.[254] He signed into law the Car Allowance Rebate System, known colloquially as "Cash for Clunkers", which temporarily boosted the economy.[255][256][257] The Bush and Obama administrations authorized spending and loan guarantees from the Federal Reserve and the Department of the Treasury. These guarantees totaled about $11.5 trillion, but only $3 trillion had been spent by the end of November 2009.[258] On August 2, 2011, after a lengthy congressional debate over whether to raise the nation's debt limit, Obama signed the bipartisan Budget Control Act of 2011.

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The legislation enforced limits on discretionary spending until 2021, established a procedure to increase the debt limit, created a Congressional Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction to propose further deficit reduction with a stated goal of achieving at least $1.5 trillion in budgetary savings over 10 years, and established automatic procedures for reducing spending by as much as $1.2 trillion if legislation originating with the new joint select committee did not achieve such savings.[259] By passing the legislation, Congress was able to prevent a U.S. government default on its obligations.[260] The unemployment rate rose in 2009, reaching a peak in October at 10.0 percent and averaging 10.0 percent in the fourth quarter. Following a decrease to 9.7 percent in the first quarter of 2010, the unemployment rate fell to 9.6 percent in the second quarter, where it remained for the rest of the year.[261] Between February and December 2010, employment rose by 0.8 percent, which was less than the average of 1.9 percent experienced during comparable periods in the past four employment recoveries.[262] By November 2012, the unemployment rate fell to 7.7 percent,[263] decreasing to 6.7 percent in the last month of 2013.

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[264] During 2014, the unemployment rate continued to decline, falling to 6.3 percent in the first quarter.[265] GDP growth returned in the third quarter of 2009, expanding at a rate of 1.6 percent, followed by a 5.0 percent increase in the fourth quarter.[266] Growth continued in 2010, posting an increase of 3.7 percent in the first quarter, with lesser gains throughout the rest of the year.[266] In July 2010, the Federal Reserve noted that economic activity continued to increase, but its pace had slowed, and chairman Ben Bernanke said the economic outlook was "unusually uncertain."[267] Overall, the economy expanded at a rate of 2.9 percent in 2010.[268] .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}U.S. unemployment rate and monthly changes in net employment during Obama's tenure as president.

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[269][270]Job growth during the presidency of Obama compared to other presidents, as measured as a cumulative percentage change from month after inauguration to end of his term The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) and a broad range of economists credit Obama's stimulus plan for economic growth.[271][272] The CBO released a report stating that the stimulus bill increased employment by 1–2.1 million,[272][273][274] while conceding that "it is impossible to determine how many of the reported jobs would have existed in the absence of the stimulus package."[271] Although an April 2010, survey of members of the National Association for Business Economics showed an increase in job creation (over a similar January survey) for the first time in two years, 73 percent of 68 respondents believed the stimulus bill has had no impact on employment.[275] The economy of the United States has grown faster than the other original NATO members by a wider margin under President Obama than it has anytime since the end of World War II.[276] The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development credits the much faster growth in the United States to the stimulus plan of the U.S. and the austerity measures in the European Union.

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[277] Within a month of the 2010 midterm elections, Obama announced a compromise deal with the Congressional Republican leadership that included a temporary, two-year extension of the 2001 and 2003 income tax rates, a one-year payroll tax reduction, continuation of unemployment benefits, and a new rate and exemption amount for estate taxes.[278] The compromise overcame opposition from some in both parties, and the resulting $858 billion (equivalent to $1.1 trillion in 2021) Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010 passed with bipartisan majorities in both houses of Congress before Obama signed it on December 17, 2010.[279] In December 2013, Obama declared that growing income inequality is a "defining challenge of our time" and called on Congress to bolster the safety net and raise wages. This came on the heels of the nationwide strikes of fast-food workers and Pope Francis' criticism of inequality and trickle-down economics.[280] Obama urged Congress to ratify a 12-nation free trade pact called the Trans-Pacific Partnership.

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[281] Environmental policy See also: Climate change policy of the United States and Energy policy of the Barack Obama administration Obama at a 2010 briefing on the BP oil spill at the Coast Guard Station Venice in Venice, Louisiana. On April 20, 2010, an explosion destroyed an offshore drilling rig at the Macondo Prospect in the Gulf of Mexico, causing a major sustained oil leak. Obama visited the Gulf, announced a federal investigation, and formed a bipartisan commission to recommend new safety standards, after a review by Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar and concurrent Congressional hearings. He then announced a six-month moratorium on new deepwater drilling permits and leases, pending regulatory review.[282] As multiple efforts by BP failed, some in the media and public expressed confusion and criticism over various aspects of the incident, and stated a desire for more involvement by Obama and the federal government.

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[283] Prior to the oil spill, on March 31, 2010, Obama ended a ban on oil and gas drilling along the majority of the East Coast of the United States and along the coast of northern Alaska in an effort to win support for an energy and climate bill and to reduce foreign imports of oil and gas.[284] In July 2013, Obama expressed reservations and said he "would reject the Keystone XL pipeline if it increased carbon pollution [or] greenhouse emissions."[285][286] On February 24, 2015, Obama vetoed a bill that would have authorized the pipeline.[287] It was the third veto of Obama's presidency and his first major veto.[288] In December 2016, Obama permanently banned new offshore oil and gas drilling in most United States-owned waters in the Atlantic and Arctic Oceans using the 1953 Outer Continental Shelf Act.[289][290][291] Obama emphasized the conservation of federal lands during his term in office. He used his power under the Antiquities Act to create 25 new national monuments during his presidency and expand four others, protecting a total of 553,000,000 acres (224,000,000 ha) of federal lands and waters, more than any other U.S. president.

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[292][293][294] Health care reform Main article: Healthcare reform in the United States Obama called for Congress to pass legislation reforming health care in the United States, a key campaign promise and a top legislative goal.[295] He proposed an expansion of health insurance coverage to cover the uninsured, cap premium increases, and allow people to retain their coverage when they leave or change jobs. His proposal was to spend $900 billion over ten years and include a government insurance plan, also known as the public option, to compete with the corporate insurance sector as a main component to lowering costs and improving quality of health care. It would also make it illegal for insurers to drop sick people or deny them coverage for pre-existing conditions, and require every American to carry health coverage. The plan also includes medical spending cuts and taxes on insurance companies that offer expensive plans.

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[296][297] Maximum Out-of-Pocket Premium as Percentage of Family Income and federal poverty level, under Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, starting in 2014 (Source: CRS)[298] On July 14, 2009, House Democratic leaders introduced a 1,017-page plan for overhauling the U.S. health care system, which Obama wanted Congress to approve by the end of 2009.[295] After public debate during the Congressional summer recess of 2009, Obama delivered a speech to a joint session of Congress on September 9 where he addressed concerns over the proposals.[299] In March 2009, Obama lifted a ban on using federal funds for stem cell research.[300] On November 7, 2009, a health care bill featuring the public option was passed in the House.[301][302] On December 24, 2009, the Senate passed its own bill—without a public option—on a party-line vote of 60–39.[303] On March 21, 2010, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) passed by the Senate in December was passed in the House by a vote of 219 to 212. Obama signed the bill into law on March 23, 2010.

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[304] The ACA includes health-related provisions, most of which took effect in 2014, including expanding Medicaid eligibility for people making up to 133 percent of the federal poverty level (FPL) starting in 2014,[305] subsidizing insurance premiums for people making up to 400 percent of the FPL ($88,000 for family of four in 2010) so their maximum "out-of-pocket" payment for annual premiums will be from 2 percent to 9.5 percent of income,[306] providing incentives for businesses to provide health care benefits, prohibiting denial of coverage and denial of claims based on pre-existing conditions, establishing health insurance exchanges, prohibiting annual coverage caps, and support for medical research. According to White House and CBO figures, the maximum share of income that enrollees would have to pay would vary depending on their income relative to the federal poverty level.

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[307] Percentage of Individuals in the United States without Health Insurance, 1963–2015 (Source: JAMA)[308] The costs of these provisions are offset by taxes, fees, and cost-saving measures, such as new Medicare taxes for those in high-income brackets, taxes on indoor tanning, cuts to the Medicare Advantage program in favor of traditional Medicare, and fees on medical devices and pharmaceutical companies;[309] there is also a tax penalty for those who do not obtain health insurance, unless they are exempt due to low income or other reasons.[310] In March 2010, the CBO estimated that the net effect of both laws will be a reduction in the federal deficit by $143 billion over the first decade.[311] The law faced several legal challenges, primarily based on the argument that an individual mandate requiring Americans to buy health insurance was unconstitutional. On June 28, 2012, the Supreme Court ruled by a 5–4 vote in National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius that the mandate was constitutional under the U.S. Congress's taxing authority.

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