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== May 2011 == Welcome to Wikipedia. Everyone is welcome to make constructive contributions to Wikipedia, but at least one of your recent edits, such as the one you made to Guru Gobind Singh, did not appear to be constructive and has been automatically reverted (undone) by ClueBot NG. Please use the sandbox for any test edits you would like to make, and take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to this encyclopedia. Note that human editors do monitor recent changes to Wikipedia articles, and administrators have the ability to block users from editing if they repeatedly engage in vandalism. ClueBot NG produces very few false positives, but it does happen. If you believe the change you made should not have been detected as unconstructive, please read about it, , remove this warning from your talk page, and then make the edit again. The following is the log entry regarding this warning: Guru Gobind Singh was changed by 81.147.118.25 (u) (t) ANN scored at 0.863782 on 2011-05-05T19:10:15+00:00 . Thank you. ClueBot NG (talk) Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did at Spalding High School (UK). Your edits appear to constitute vandalism and have been reverted or removed. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Thank you.  —SMALLJIM  Please stop your disruptive editing. If you continue to vandalize Wikipedia, as you did at Spalding High School (UK), you will be blocked from editing.Your edits have been automatically marked as vandalism and have been automatically reverted. The following is the log entry regarding this vandalism: Spalding High School (UK) was changed by 81.147.118.25 (u) (t) ANN scored at 0.867508 on 2011-05-06T16:16:52+00:00 . Thank you. ClueBot NG (talk)

81.147.118.25

__NOINDEX__ The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the miscellaneous page below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the page's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page. The result of the discussion was Delete.  ====Supuhstar/The Christian Sim==== These pages are listed here. The arguments for deleting secret pages are summarized in the essay Why secret pages should be deleted.UP#GAMES states that examples of unrelated content to writing an encyclopedia are "Games, roleplaying sessions, secret pages and other things pertaining to "entertainment" rather than "writing an encyclopedia". Such activities are generally frowned upon by the community. Facetious games of no educational value relevant to the project are routinely deleted at MfD." NOTMYSPACE states that "he focus of user pages should not be social networking or amusement, but rather providing a foundation for effective collaboration."To the creators: in a July/August 2010 policy discussion (at NOTMYSPACE apply to secret pages?), community consensus was that the policy What Wikipedia is not does prohibit secret pages. The deletion of this page is not a reflection on you; instead, it is a reflection of the changing community consensus that secret pages set an inappropriate ethos at Wikipedia. In that policy discussion, I wrote here about why all secret pages should be treated equally; whether a user social networks or does not social network on Wikipedia has no bearing on the fact that all secret pages should be deleted. Cunard (talk) Delete per consensus linked to above. Cunard, well phrased, and thank you for hunting down those Easter eggs. Drmies (talk) Delete - all such pages should be deleted per NOTMYSPACE, UP#GAMES. This goes double for 'established' editors, who should know better. → ROUX ₪  ''The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the page's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.

Miscellany for deletion/User:Supuhstar/The Christian Sim

Friday is a 2012 Malayalam drama thriller film directed by Lijin Jose and starring Manu, Fahadh Faasil,and Ann Augustine.Fahadh does the role of an auto rickshaw driver. The supporting cast includes Nedumudi Venu, Vijayaraghavan and Tini Tom. Produced by Sandra Thomas and Thomas Joseph Pattathanam under the banner of Innovative Film Concepts, the film is set and shot completely in Alappuzha. It released on 18 August 2012 to positive critical reviews. Carrying a tag of One Day-Many Stories; the film has a multi narrative aspect and is woven in the format of a . ==Plot== The film tells the life stories of many people who arrive into a town on Friday 11 November 2011 (11-11-11) to mess up their life into confusing proportions. Balu (Fahadh Faasil), an auto-rickshaw driver by profession, lives by taking it on daily rent. He is least happy with the way the day has started off. He has just learned that a jack fruit has fallen over the roof of his house. We see the poor condition he lives in as he does not have the money to repair the roof of his house. Out in the city, Aswathy (Nimisha Suresh) is busy shopping for her wedding. Accompanied by her grandfather (Nedumudi Venu), sister and mom, she is seen quite busy attending the phone calls of her beau Jayakrishnan (Tini Tom) who is incidentally in the city as well. Muneer (Manu) is the son of the auto-rickshaw owner that Balu runs. He is a typical young college student who refuses to do anything that his mother wishes him to do. Muneer and his girlfriend Jincy (Ann Augustine) decide to head over to the beach, as a holiday has been declared for the college. A fully pregnant beggar woman roams the city with hopes of finding a place where she could deliver her baby. Another mother (Seema G. Nair), whose daughter in law has just delivered a baby, has to head back home with the newborn, as the hospital decides to discharge her all on a sudden, due to want of beds. Arun (Prakash Bare) and Parvathy (Asha Sarath), a childless couple, also lands in Alapuzha on the same day, to adopt a child. They are quite in a hurry, and have to leave back to Bangalore by evening, and when the orphanage officials demand a certificate to complete the adoption procedures, they find themselves in a fix. ==Cast== Manu as Muneer Fahadh Faasil as Balu Nedumudi Venu as Purushothaman Nimisha Suresh as Aswathy Tini Tom as Jayakrishnan Asha Sarath as Parvathy Narayanankutty Ann Augustine as Jincy Vijayaraghavan as police officer Seema G. Nair Bindu Murali as Aswathy's mother Prakash Bare as Arun Gayathri as Muneer's mother Sudheer Karamana ==Production and release== The film has been scripted by Najeem Koya, who has scripted Apoorvaragam previously. The film was mostly shot in Alappuzha where the film is set. Shoot was almost over in May 2012 and the film was expected to be on theaters by June. Since the film has several story threads and thus a lot of actors, the editing and post production work took time, and the release was pushed to 18 August. ==Critical reception== Friday released on 18 August 2012, and received mixed reviews. Rating the film 2.5 out of 5, Veeyen of Nowrunning stated "'Friday', more than everything else, presents an enterprising director, who has an eye for fine cinema. With a little more compactness and finesse, it could have turned out even better; as such, it remains a fine watch." Oneindia.in gave 4 out of 5 rating and said that Friday "is a well-woven neatly scripted movie with minimal loopholes." The Times of India praised its direction and script. Metromatinee.com also wrote a positive review and gave a verdict "Don't Miss This". Paresh C. Palicha of Rediff.com wrote that the film is "passable as there seems to be an overdose of stories of similar kind." ==Soundtrack== "Composed by Roby Abraham, the music album comprises four tracks penned by Beeyar Prasad with the background music of Rex Vijayan. The music has been released worldwide by Universal Music India on CDs, mobile and digital platforms. ." ==References== ==External links== Indian films Malayalam-language films 2010s Malayalam-language films 2010s drama films 2010s thriller films 2012 films Indian anthology films Nonlinear narrative films

Friday (2012 film)

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== Welcome! == {| align="center" class="notice noprint" style="background: lightyellow; border: 1px solid #aaa; padding: 0.5em; margin: 0.5em auto;" |- | valign="top" style="padding: 0.1em" | | style="padding: 0.1em" | Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! Someone using this IP address, , has made unhelpful edits, which have been reverted. If you did this, in the future please try to contribute in a more constructive manner. If you did not do this, you may wish to consider to avoid confusion with other editors. You don't have to log in to read or edit articles on Wikipedia, but creating an account is quick, free, requires no personal information, and has many benefits. Without a username, your IP address is used to identify you. Some good links for newcomers are: Help contents – the main help page. Quick guide – a "cheatsheet" listing the main editing commands. The five pillars of Wikipedia Tutorial Please sign your name on talk pages using four (~~~~); this will automatically produce your name and timestamp. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on The Bushrangermy talk page, or place {{helpme}} on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! The Bushranger One ping only |}

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==October 2010== Welcome to Wikipedia, and thank you for your contributions. One of the core policies of Wikipedia is that articles should always be written from a neutral point of view. A contribution you made to Ocean City High School appears to carry a non-neutral point of view, and your edit may have been changed or reverted to correct the problem. Please remember to observe this important core policy. Thank you. Jrcla2 (talk)

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Platanos and Collard Greens new article content ... == References == == External links == Articles created via the Article Wizard Introduction Platanos and Collard Greens was produced in the Sonja Haynes Stone in midtown Manhattan, and directed by Summer Hill Seven. Its debut was on June 27th, 2003 mid town Manhattan. Along with performing in the theatre they also have a collegiate tour across the United States. The show has been running for seven seasons now. Background David Lamb was the creator of this play. He was born and raised in Queens and attended Hunter College, Princeton University, and New York University. He landed a job on Wall Street and began his career as an entrepreneur on the right track. He wanted to reach out to his community and spread a message that needed to be heard. The producer is Jamiliah Lamb which is David’s wife. She also took part of the creation of Platanos and Collard Greens. She was in charge of the production company. She worked hard along with her husband to promote community service. It is their true passion to create stories that their communities can relate to. Their main goal is to reach out to everyone in their community; they don’t have a specific age group. Not only do they have a colligate tour, but they perform in some high schools as well. Mr. Lamb believes that the earlier he spreads his message, it will make an impact on the young people. The main message of the play is that we as humans do not need to fit the stereotypes society throws at us. Everyone should be allowed to love anyone no matter what their race is. Platanos and Collard Greens is a modern comedic version of Romeo and Juliet. It derives from David Lamb's novel "Do platanos go wit' collard greens?”, published September 3,1994. It is about a love story between a young African American man named Freeman, and a young Dominican woman named Angelita. These two young adults suffer the hardships of being a biracial couple and their families not approving of it no matter what. This play goes into detail on issues that are occurring now a days in society, not having the opportunity to date outside of your race, and sticking to the norm even though that's not what they really wanted. Productions This play debuted on Broadway in the Sonja Haynes Stone Center in New York on June 27, 2003, it was written by David Lamb, was directed by Summer Hill Seven, and staged by Doni Comas. The collegiate tour began on October 8, 2003 and performed in colleges across the United States to 200 colleges from California to Texas. In 2010 it also premiered in the Florence Guild Theatre in Manhattan. It also made an appearance in the Mason Hall Theatre in Baruch College. Synopsis Freeman and Angelita are two students who attend Hunter College. They fall in love the minute they meet each other, they hit it off from there. They find it to be completely normal and acceptable to date someone outside of their race. However, for their parents it is the worst thing they could do. They decide to keep their relationship a secret for only a short period of time until Freemans father, Pops, and Angelitas mother find about it. It is such a shock when Angelitas mother finds out, that she has a heart attack. This causes Angelita to break up with Freeman because she cares about her mother’s health more than anything. However, she was still in love with Freeman, but in order for her mother not to have another heart attack, she was willing to end her relationship. After that incident Freeman and Angelita couldn’t stop thinking about each other, and with distance their hearts grew fonder as time went by Angelita's mom was very guilty because she had lied to her daughter and she feels very guilty. Turns out that Angeiltas mom faked a heart attack; she did that in order for Angelita to break up with her boyfriend. She knew that Angelita was happy and that’s all that mattered. When Angelita discovered that her mom was lying, she as devastated she couldn’t believe that her mother could do such a thing. This demonstrated that these stereotypes are unfair and should be put to an end. Throughout the play there are other characters that bring comedy and a sense of humor to the play. Angelita's friend loves listening to music, dancing, and having a good time. They are complete opposites, but they get along very well. Throughout the play they both hang out and shared secrets with each other. She was there the minute Angelita needed some love and comfort when dealing with her mother’s situation. Freeman also had a best friend named Neuman; throughout the play he brought comedy into certain acts. They both wanted to fall in love with a Spanish girl because they didn’t want to have the typical African American girl. When Neuman finds out about Freeman and Angelita’s relationship he supports it 100%. He was even inspired to have a Spanish girlfriend as well. Freeman was sad, upset and confused on why he and Angelita could not be together. He decided to talk to his father also known as Pops. He told pops how he much he loved Angelita, but it was hard to be together because nobody else wanted them to be together. Pops told Freeman a story on how he and his deceased mother met and how she was there for him at all times. Pops main message to Freeman was that it does not matter what other people think as long as the couple is happy, that’s all the matters. After Freeman had this conversation with his father he decided to tell Angelina how he felt, and that he will always love her. Angelita felt the same way and they decided to get back together again. References "About the show." platanos and collard greens. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Mar. 2011. .\ "Lamb shows his chops Playwright examines black-Latino romance - New York Daily News." Featured Articles From The New York Daily News. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Apr. 2011. . "Platanos & Collard Greens - Arts." The Hunter Envoy. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Mar. 2011.. "Press and Reviews | ." Press reviews. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Apr. 2011. .

Jelissa8/Platanos and Collard Greens

== June 2012 == Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Everyone is welcome to make constructive contributions to Wikipedia, but at least one of your recent edits, such as the one you made to Tong High School, did not appear to be constructive and has been automatically reverted (undone) by an automated computer program called ClueBot NG. Please use the sandbox for any test edits you would like to make, and take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to this encyclopedia. Note that human editors do monitor recent changes to Wikipedia articles, and administrators have the ability to block users from editing if they repeatedly engage in vandalism. ClueBot NG makes very few mistakes, but it does happen. If you believe the change you made should not have been considered as unconstructive, please read about it, , remove this warning from your talk page, and then make the edit again. If you need help, please see our help pages, and if you can't find what you are looking for there, please feel free to place "" on your talk page and someone will drop by to help. The following is the log entry regarding this warning: Tong High School was changed by 24.180.54.49 (u) (t) ANN scored at 0.850902 on 2012-06-13T05:45:27+00:00 . Thank you. ClueBot NG (talk)

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Women representing Portugal who are or have been Members of the European Parliament. Portugal European Parliament F

Women MEPs for Portugal

== June 2012 == Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Everyone is welcome to make constructive contributions to Wikipedia, but at least one of your recent edits, such as the one you made to Ranjan Ghosh, did not appear to be constructive and has been automatically reverted (undone) by an automated computer program called ClueBot NG. Please use the sandbox for any test edits you would like to make, and take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to this encyclopedia. Note that human editors do monitor recent changes to Wikipedia articles, and administrators have the ability to block users from editing if they repeatedly engage in vandalism. ClueBot NG makes very few mistakes, but it does happen. If you believe the change you made should not have been considered as unconstructive, please read about it, , remove this warning from your talk page, and then make the edit again. If you need help, please see our help pages, and if you can't find what you are looking for there, please feel free to place "" on your talk page and someone will drop by to help. The following is the log entry regarding this warning: Ranjan Ghosh was changed by 116.203.160.180 (u) (t) ANN scored at 0.965083 on 2012-06-13T05:46:10+00:00 . Thank you. ClueBot NG (talk)

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Zahid Hasan (জাহিদ হাসান, born October 4) is a Bangladesh actor who has performed in film, television and theatre. Zahid has been working as a famous actor in the showbiz arena of Bangladesh since 1990s. Zahid Hasan is such a brilliant actor who already has proved his intelligence as actor in the various dramas and cinemas. He is an excellent small screen actor as well as a successful TV commercial model. ==Early life== Zahid Hasan was born on October 4 to Ilias Uddin Talukdar and Hamida Begum at grandparent’s house in Sirajganj, Bangladesh. His father was a custom superintend and mother was a housewife. His mother, Hamida Begum died on November 27, 2014 at Samarita Hospital in capital. Zahid Hasan is the younger son of his parents among eight siblings; he has four brothers and three sisters. Zahid came to Dhaka from home district to build up career in any working sector, rather turned himself into a country famous actor. ==Career== A native of Sirajganj, Bangladesh, Hasan was part of a theatre group for several years before moving to television in 1990. He took the lead in the BTV adaptation of Rabindranath Tagore's Shomapti and the protagonist in Bichchhu. While he made his first film appearance in 1986, his most notable role was in 2000's Srabon Megher Din, for which he won a national award. In addition to acting, he has directed several serials and teleplays. ==Personal life== Hasan resides in Mohammadpur, Dhaka. He is married to Sadia Islam Mou, famous Bangladeshi model and dancer. Together they have two children - daughter Puspita and son Purno. Zahid Hasan has a production house named Pushpita Production Limited. ==Television appearances== Zahid Hasan is well-known for his comedian role in the dramas. His debut drama was Jibon Jemon was telecast in 1990. He showed his terrific performance in the drama serial Graduate, and got numerous admiration from all types of audience. Zahid Hasan has acted in more than 80 television dramas. Some of his notable dramas are ===As actor=== ===As director=== ==TV program== {|class="wikitable" |- ! Year !! Program !! Anchor !! Co-stars !! Aired on |- | 2013 || Ekanto Alapon || Tania Ahmed || - || Banglavision |- | rowspan="2"|2014 || Ittyadi || Hanif Sanket || Fahmida Nabi, Samina Chowdhury, Agun, Tarin, Mir Sabbir, Apurba || Bangladesh Television |- | Humayun Ahmed er Nil Podder Chhoya || Meher Afroz Shaon || Mahfuz Ahmed || Banglavision |} ==Filmography== {| border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center" ! Year !! Film !! Role !! Director !! Co-Artist !! Notes |- | rowspan="1" |1986 || Boloban || ||Abdul Latif Bacchu|| Nuton, Golam Mustafa ||Bangladesh, Pakistan and Sri Lanka co-production film and debut film for Zahid |- | 1996 || Jibon Songee || || || Shyama || |- | rowspan="1"|1999|| Srabon Megher Din || Moti || Humayun Ahmed || Mukti, Mahfuz Ahmed, Meher Afroz Shaon || Received National Film Award 1999 as the Best Actor |- | rowspan="2"|2007|| Mad_e In Bangladesh ||Khorshed|| Mostofa Sarwar Farooki || Shahiduzzaman Selim, Hasan Masood || Released on 1 January 2007 |- | Jhontu Montu Dui Bhai || Jhontu/Montu || Azmal Huda Mithu || Popy, Shimla || Dual role |- |2008 ||Amar Ache Jol ||Jamil ||Humayun Ahmed || Shaon, Mim ||Based on Humayun Ahmed's novel of the same title. |- | rowspan="1" |2011|| Projapoti || Tanveer ||Mohammad Mostafa Kamal Raj ||Moushumi, Mosharraf Karim || Released on 7 November 2011 |- |} ==Awards and nominations== {| border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center" !Year!! Awards!! Category!! Film/Drama !! Result |- |1998|| Meril Prothom Alo Awards || Public Choice Best TV Actor || || |- |rowspan="2"|1999|| National Film Awards || Best Actor || Srabon Megher Din || |- | Meril Prothom Alo Awards || Public Choice Best TV Actor || || |- |2000|| Meril Prothom Alo Awards|| Public Choice Best TV Actor || || |- |2001||Meril Prothom Alo Awards|| Public Choice Best TV Actor || || |- |2002|| Meril Prothom Alo Awards|| Public Choice Best TV Actor || || |- |2007|| Meril Prothom Alo Awards|| Public Choice Best TV Actor || || |- |2010|| Meril Prothom Alo Awards|| Public Choice Best TV Actor || Graduate || |- | rowspan="2"|2012|| Meril Prothom Alo Awards|| Public Choice Best TV Actor ||Arman Bhai Honeymoon e|| |- | Meril Prothom Alo Awards|| Critics' Choice Best TV Actor || Korta Kahini || |} ==See also== Mahfuz Ahmed Tauquir Ahmed ==References== ==External links== Zahid Hasan at the Bangla Movie Database Male actors in Bengali cinema Bengali_actors Living people 20th-century Bangladeshi male actors Bangladeshi male film actors Recipients of Bangladesh National Film Awards

Zahid Hasan

The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page. The result was redirect to Legend of the Red Dragon#Legend of the Green Dragon. ItsZippy (talk • contributions) ===Legend of the green dragon=== – (View AfDView log Stats) () Non-notable clone of Legend of the Red Dragon, no reputable sources. Electricbassguy (talk) Automated comment: This AfD was not correctly transcluded to the log (step 3). I have transcluded it to Articles for deletion/Log/2012 June 13. Snotbot  t • c »  Redirect to Legend of the Red Dragon: It appears in the editing, it started as a redirect to the Legend of the Red Dragon page, and I think that would work well for it again. Electricbassguy (talk) Note: This debate has been included in the list of video game-related deletion discussions. () • Gene93k (talk) Redirect to Legend of the Red Dragon. It used to be a redirect, and should stay that way. It shouldn't be a clone. In fact, I could boldly redirect it now if I could. Narutolovehinata5 tccsdnew ''The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.

Articles for deletion/Legend of the green dragon

Hong Kong Top Footballer navigational boxes

2007–08 Hong Kong Top Footballer

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Orquesta Broadway was a mid-1960s/early 1970s New York-based "salsa" band. Orquesta Broadway and Tipica 73 were two popular New York "salsa" bands that played in the charanga format. Some of the famous musicians initially involved were Monguito "El Único", a Cuban nasal-voiced singer ( he patterned his vocal style on the Cuban sonero Miguelito Cuní), joined in 1962, when he moved to New York from Mexico, Ronnie Baro, 1992, co-founder of Africando and Roger Dawson, conga drummer (bongos are not typically used in charanga bands). Their song El Barrio del Pilar is considered a type song for the marcha rhythm of the conga drums in "salsa". ==References== Salsa music groups Cuban charanga Musical groups established in 1962 Musical groups from New York City

Orquesta Broadway

Contains a list and information of the rolling stock used on the Bakersfield and Kern Electric Railway in Bakersfield, California. Cars were purchased between 1888 and 1929. ==List of rolling stock== ===New cars=== The following cars were built for the Bakersfield and Kern Electric Railway system. ===Used cars=== The following cars were built for other California systems. They were later acquired by the Bakersfield and Kern Electric Railway. ==Detailed information== ===Horse car=== Little information is known about the horse cars that were in operation prior to electrification. From pictures, it is known that they were open air and contained 6 benches. That would indicate a capacity of 18 to 20 people. It is unknown how many cars were purchased, or when they were disposed of. ===Cars 1-4=== Cars 1-4 were California Cars, constructed in 1900. They were constructed out of wood and rode on Brill 21 E truck (single truck). They also contained Eclipse fenders and Sterling fare registers. They also contained a single trolley pole, which would swivel to allow for forward and reverse operation. Information is conflicting as to the car manufacturer and capacity. Common references indicate they were constructed by the C. A. Hammond Car Company, and had a capacity of 24 people. However, the 1915 and 1922 California Railroad Commission evaluation shows the cars were made by W. L. Holman Car Company. It also shows a capacity of 26 people. The confusion most likely originated because both car companies were located in San Francisco. ===Cars 5-7=== Cars 5-7 were California Cars, constructed in 1902. They were constructed out of wood and rode on Brill 276 trucks (double truck). The cars was 35 feet long and had a capacity of 40 people. They were constructed by the C. A. Hammond Car Company (although two Railroad Commission evaluations shows W. L. Holman Car Company). They were equipped with Eclipse fenders, wood walkover seats, Sterling fare registers, and a rope brake system. ===Cars 8-9=== Cars 8-9 were California Cars, with a capacity of 42 people. The exact construction date is unknown, but was between 1902 and 1911 (the dates of the previous and next car orders). They were 39 feet 4 inches long. They were constructed out of wood and rode on diamond arch bar trucks. They were equipped with wooden seats, Sterling fare register, and a rope brake system. Records show that the cars were manufactured by Pacific Gas and Electric (PG&E). This may seem unusual to many people since the company was (and still is) primarily a power and gas distribution company. However, at the time, they also ran a streetcar line in Sacramento. They also had shops capable of buildings cars. The October 1956 edition of the Western Railroader indicates that PG&E made cars for the Bakersfield system, and other California railways. ===Cars 10-15=== Cars 10-15 were California Cars, constructed in 1911. They were 42 feet 8 inches long and had a capacity of 40 people. They were manufactured by the American Car Company. The cars were constructed out of wood and rode on Brill 27 G. E. 1 trucks. They were equipped with Eclipse fenders, Sterling fare box and air brakes. The interior section had upholstered seats, while the open section had wood walkover seats. They would be the largest and most luxurious cars to be operated in Bakersfield. It was also the largest single order of cars for the system. ===Cars 16-19=== Cars 16-19 were Birney Safety Cars, constructed by the American Car Company. They were originally built in 1922 for the Union Traction Company of Santa Cruz. The cars were acquired by Bakersfield in 1927. The cars were constructed out of steel and rode on Brill 79 E1 trucks (single truck). They were 28 feet long and could carry 30 people. They were equipped with wooden seats. They also contained a dead man's switch. Originally it was located in the handle, but was later moved to a floor switch. ===Cars 20-23=== Cars 20-23 were Briney Safety Cars, constructed by the American Car Company. They were originally built in 1924 for the Santa Barbara and Suburban Railway Company. They were acquired by Bakersfield in 1929. They were identical to cars 16-19, purchased two years earlier. ==Notes== ==References== Bakersfield and Kern Electric Railway

Bakersfield and Kern Electric Railway rolling stock

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==Summary== ==Licensing== General Presidents of the Sunday School (LDS Church) Members of the First Quorum of the Seventy (LDS Church) Presidents of the Seventy (LDS Church) Regional representatives of the Twelve Images of American Latter Day Saints

Hugh W. Pinnock.jpg

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Geography of Edgefield County, South Carolina Visitor attractions in Edgefield County, South Carolina Edgefield

Protected areas of Edgefield County, South Carolina

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Billy Joel – The Hits is a greatest hits album, by Billy Joel, originally released on 16 November 2010 in the United States only. It is the first single disc compilation released in the states, as well as the first anywhere to have the songs in chronological order. == Track listing == "Everybody Loves You Now" – 2:49 "Piano Man" – 5:39 "The Entertainer" – 3:40 "New York State of Mind" – 6:02 "Movin' Out (Anthony's Song)" – 3:29 "Only the Good Die Young" – 3:55 "My Life" – 4:42 "Big Shot" – 4:02 "You May Be Right" – 4:13 "It's Still Rock and Roll to Me" – 2:57 "Say Goodbye to Hollywood" – 4:25 "Allentown" – 3:50 "Pressure" – 4:40 "The Longest Time" – 3:39 "Tell Her About It" – 3:50 "A Matter of Trust" – 4:09 "We Didn't Start the Fire" – 4:51 "I Go to Extremes" – 4:23 "The River of Dreams" – 4:05 == References == 2010 greatest hits albums Billy Joel compilation albums English-language compilation albums

The Hits (Billy Joel album)

Three Lake is a small alpine lake in Boise County, Idaho, United States, located in the Sawtooth Mountains in the Sawtooth National Recreation Area. There are no trails leading to the lake or the Goat Creek drainage. Three Lake is in the Sawtooth Wilderness, and a wilderness permit can be obtained at a registration box at trailheads or wilderness boundaries. Limber Lake is upstream of Three Lake while Oreamnus Lake is downstream. ==References== ==See also== List of lakes of the Sawtooth Mountains (Idaho) Sawtooth National Forest Sawtooth National Recreation Area Sawtooth Range (Idaho) Lakes of Idaho Lakes of Boise County, Idaho Glacial lakes of the United States Glacial lakes in the Sawtooth Wilderness

Three Lake (Idaho)

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==question== While i like the idea here, the problem is that there are literally thousands more cheesemakers than this template shows. most are not notable. thus, this template is of very limited use. Im not saying it should be deleted, im just pointing out that its subject is not well documented here.Mercurywoodrose (talk)

Cheesemakers

==Summary== ==Licensing==

Billy Joel - The Hits.jpg

Edgefield County, South Carolina Edgefield

Tourist attractions in Edgefield County, South Carolina

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Geography of McCormick County, South Carolina Visitor attractions in McCormick County, South Carolina McCormick

Protected areas of McCormick County, South Carolina

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The Khmer alphabet or Khmer script (អក្សរខ្មែរ; ) is an abugida (alphasyllabary) script used to write the Khmer language (the official language of Cambodia). It is also used to write Pali in the Buddhist liturgy of Cambodia and Thailand. It was adapted from the Pallava script, a variant of the Grantha alphabet descended from the Brahmi script, which was used in southern India and South East Asia during the 5th and 6th centuries AD. The oldest dated inscription in Khmer was found at Angkor Borei District in Takéo Province south of Phnom Penh and dates from 611. The modern Khmer script differs somewhat from precedent forms seen on the inscriptions of the ruins of Angkor. The Thai and Lao scripts are descended from an older form of the Khmer script. Khmer is written from left to right. Words within the same sentence or phrase are generally run together with no spaces between them. Consonant clusters within a word are "stacked", with the second (and occasionally third) consonant being written in reduced form under the main consonant. Originally there were 35 consonant characters, but modern Khmer uses only 33. Each such character in fact represents a consonant sound together with an inherent vowel – either â or ô. There are some independent vowel characters, but vowel sounds are more commonly represented as dependent vowels – additional marks accompanying a consonant character, and indicating what vowel sound is to be pronounced after that consonant (or consonant cluster). Most dependent vowels have two different pronunciations, depending in most cases on the inherent vowel of the consonant to which they are added. In some positions, a consonant written with no dependent vowel is taken to be followed by the sound of its inherent vowel. There are also a number of diacritics used to indicate further modifications in pronunciation. The script also includes its own numerals and punctuation marks. == Consonants == There are 35 Khmer consonant symbols, although modern Khmer only uses 33, two having become obsolete. Each consonant has an inherent vowel: â /ɑː/ or ô /ɔː/; equivalently, each consonant is said to belong to the a-series or o-series. A consonant's series determines the pronunciation of the dependent vowel symbols which may be attached to it, and in some positions the sound of the inherent vowel is itself pronounced. The two series originally represented voiceless and voiced consonants respectively (and are still referred to as such in Khmer); sound changes affected vowels following voiced consonants, and these changes were preserved even though the distinctive voicing was lost (see phonation in Khmer). Each consonant (with one exception) also has a subscript form. These may also be referred to as "sub-consonants"; the Khmer term is ជើងអក្សរ , meaning "foot of a letter". Most subscript consonants resemble the corresponding consonant symbol, but in a smaller and possibly simplified form, although in a few cases there is no obvious resemblance. Most subscript consonants are written directly below other consonants, although subscript appears to the left, while a few others have ascending elements which appear to the right. Subscripts are used in writing consonant clusters (consonants pronounced consecutively in a word with no vowel sound between them). Clusters in Khmer normally consist of two consonants, although occasionally in the middle of a word there will be three. The first consonant in a cluster is written using the main consonant symbol, with the second (and third, if present) attached to it in subscript form. Subscripts were previously also used to write final consonants; in modern Khmer this may be done, optionally, in some words ending -ng or -y, such as ឲ្យ ("give"). The consonants and their subscript forms are listed in the following table. Usual phonetic values are given using the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA); variations are described below the table. The sound system is described in detail at Khmer phonology. The spoken name of each consonant letter is its value together with its inherent vowel. Transliterations are given using the UNGEGN system; for other systems see Romanization of Khmer. The letter appears in somewhat modified form (e.g. បា) when combined with certain dependent vowels (see Ligatures). The letter ញ nhô is written without the lower curve when a subscript is added. When it is subscripted to itself, the subscript is a smaller form of the entire letter: ញ្ញ -nhnh-. Note that ដ and ត have the same subscript form. In initial clusters this subscript is always pronounced , but in medial positions it is in some words and in others. The series ដ , ឋ , ឌ , ឍ , ណ originally represented retroflex consonants in the Indic parent scripts. The second, third and fourth of these are rare, and occur only for etymological reasons in a few Pali and Sanskrit loanwords. Because the sound /n/ is common, and often grammatically productive, in Mon-Khmer languages, the fifth of this group, ណ, was adapted as an a-series counterpart of ន for convenience (all other nasal consonants are o-series). ===Variation in pronunciation=== The aspirated consonant letters (kh-, chh-, th-, ph-) are pronounced with aspiration only before a vowel. There is also slight aspiration with k, ch, t and p sounds before certain consonants, but this is regardless of whether they are spelt with a letter that indicates aspiration. A Khmer word cannot end with more than one consonant, so subscript consonants at the end of words (which appear for etymological reasons) are not pronounced, although they may come to be pronounced when the same word begins a compound. In some words, a single medial consonant symbol represents both the final consonant of one syllable and the initial consonant of the next. The letter ប bâ represents only before a vowel. When final or followed by a subscript consonant, it is pronounced (and in the case where it is followed by a subscript consonant, it is also romanized as p in the UN system). For modification to p by means of a diacritic, see Supplementary consonants. The letter, which represented /p/ in Indic scripts, also often maintains the sound in certain words borrowed from Sanskrit and Pali. The letters ដ dâ and ឌ dô are pronounced when final. The letter ត tâ is pronounced in initial position in a weak syllable ending with a nasal. In final position, letters representing a sound (k-, kh-) are pronounced as a glottal stop after the vowels , , , , , , , , . The letter រ is silent when final (in most dialects; see Northern Khmer). The letter ស when final is pronounced /h/ (which in this position approaches ). ===Supplementary consonants=== The Khmer writing system includes supplementary consonants, used in certain loanwords, particularly from French and Thai. These mostly represent sounds which do not occur in native words, or for which the native letters are restricted to one of the two vowel series. Most of them are digraphs, formed by stacking a subscript under the letter ហ hâ, with an additional treisâpt diacritic if required to change the inherent vowel to ô. The character for pâ, however, is formed by placing the ("mouse teeth") diacritic over the character ប bâ. ==Dependent vowels== Most Khmer vowel sounds are written using dependent, or diacritical, vowel symbols, known in Khmer as ស្រៈនិស្ស័យ or ស្រៈផ្សំ ("connecting vowel"). These can only be written in combination with a consonant (or consonant cluster). The vowel is pronounced after the consonant (or cluster), even though some of the symbols have graphical elements which appear above, below or to the left of the consonant character. Most of the vowel symbols have two possible pronunciations, depending on the inherent vowel of the consonant to which it is added. Their pronunciations may also be different in weak syllables, and when they are shortened (e.g. by means of a diacritic). Absence of a dependent vowel (or diacritic) often implies that a syllable-initial consonant is followed by the sound of its inherent vowel. In determining the inherent vowel of a consonant cluster (i.e. how a following dependent vowel will be pronounced), stops and fricatives are dominant over sonorants. For any consonant cluster including a combination of these sounds, a following dependent vowel is pronounced according to the dominant consonant, regardless of its position in the cluster. When both members of a cluster are dominant, the subscript consonant determines the pronunciation of a following dependent vowel. A non-dominant consonant (and in some words also ហ្ hâ) will also have its inherent vowel changed by a preceding dominant consonant in the same word, even when there is a vowel between them, although some words (especially among those with more than two syllables) do not obey this rule. The dependent vowels are listed below, in conventional form with an ellipse as a dummy consonant symbol, and in combination with the a-series letter អ ’â. The IPA values given are representative of dialects from the northwest and central plains regions, specifically from the Battambang area, upon which Standard Khmer is based. Vowel pronunciation varies widely in other dialects such as Northern Khmer, where diphthongs are leveled, and Western Khmer, in which breathy voice and modal voice phonations are still contrastive. The spoken name of each dependent vowel consists of the word ស្រៈ srăk ("vowel") followed by the vowel's a-series value preceded by a glottal stop (and also followed by a glottal stop in the case of short vowels). ===Modification by diacritics=== The addition of some of the Khmer diacritics can modify the length and value of inherent or dependent vowels. The following table shows combinations with the and diacritics, representing final and . They are shown with the a-series consonant អ ’â. The first four configurations listed here are treated as dependent vowels in their own right, and have names constructed in the same way as for the other dependent vowels (described in the previous section). Other rarer configurations with the are អើះ (or អឹះ), pronounced , and អែះ, pronounced . The word ចា៎ះ "yes" (used by women) is pronounced . The (a small vertical line written over the final consonant of a syllable) has the following effects: in a syllable with inherent â, the vowel is shortened to , UN transcription á in a syllable with inherent ô, the vowel is modified to before a final labial, otherwise usually to ; UN transcription ó in a syllable with the a dependent vowel symbol () in the a-series, the vowel is shortened to , UN transcription ă in a syllable with that vowel symbol in the o-series, the vowel is modified to , UN transcription oă, or to eă before k, ng, h The is equivalent to the a dependent vowel with the . However, its o-series pronunciation becomes before final y, and before final (silent) r. The yŭkôleăkpĭntŭ (pair of dots) represents (a-series) or (o-series), followed by a glottal stop. ===Consonants with no dependent vowel=== There are three environments where a consonant may appear without a dependent vowel. The rules governing the inherent vowel differ for all three environments. Consonants may be written with no dependent vowel as an initial consonant of a weak syllable, an initial consonant of a strong syllable or as the final letter of a written word. In careful speech, initial consonants without a dependent vowel in weak initial syllables are pronounced with their inherent vowel shortened as if modified by the bantak diacritic (see previous section). For example the first-series letter "ច" in "ចន្លុះ" ("torch") is pronounced with the short vowel /ɑ/. The second-series letter "ព" in "ពន្លឺ" ("light") is pronounced with the short diphthong /ŏə/. In casual speech, these are most often reduced to /ə/ for both series. Initial consonants in strong syllables without written vowels are pronounced with their inherent vowels. The word ចង ("to tie") is pronounced /cɑːŋ/, ជត ("weak", "to sink") is pronounced /cɔːt/. In some words, however, the inherent vowel is pronounced in its reduced form, as if modified by a bântăk diacritic, even though the diacritic is not written (e.g. សព "corpse"). Such reduction regularly takes place in words ending with a consonant with a silent subscript (such as សព្វ "every"), although in most such words it is the bântăk-reduced form of the vowel a that is heard, as in សព្ទ "noise". The word អ្នក "you, person" has the highly irregular pronunciation . Consonants written as the final letter of word usually represent a word-final sound and are pronounced without any following vowel and, in the case of stops, with no audible release as in the examples above. However, in some words adopted from Pali and Sanskrit, what would appear to be a final consonant under normal rules can actually be the initial consonant of a following syllable and pronounced with a short vowel as if followed by ាក់. For example, according to rules for native Khmer words, សុភ ("good", "clean", "beautiful") would appear to be a single syllable, but, being derived from Pali subha, it is pronounced /soʔ pʰĕəʔ/. ===Ligatures=== Most consonants, including a few of the subscripts, form ligatures with the vowel () and with all other dependent vowels that contain the same cane-like symbol. Most of these ligatures are easily recognizable; however, a few may not be, particularly those involving the letter ប . This combines with the a vowel in the form បា, created to differentiate it from the consonant symbol ហ and also from the ligature for ច with (ចា). Some more examples of ligatured symbols follow: bau /ɓaw/ Another example with ប , forming a similar ligature to that described above. Here the vowel is not a itself, but another vowel (au) which contains the cane-like stroke of that vowel as a graphical element. léa /liə/ An example of the vowel a forming a connection with the serif of a consonant. chba /cɓaː/ Subscript consonants with ascending strokes above the baseline also form ligatures with the vowel symbol. msau /msaw/ Another example of a subscript consonant forming a ligature, this time with the vowel . tra /traː/ The subscript for រ is written to the left of the main consonant, in this case ត tâ, which here forms a ligature with a. ==Independent vowels== Independent vowels are non-diacritical vowel characters that stand alone (i.e. without being attached to a consonant symbol). In Khmer they are called ស្រៈពេញតួ srăk pénhtuŏ, which means "complete vowels". They are used in some words to represent certain combinations of a vowel with an initial glottal stop or liquid. The independent vowels are used in a small number of words, mostly of Indic origin, and consequently there is some inconsistency in their use and pronunciations. However, a few words in which they occur are used quite frequently; these include: ឥឡូវ "now", ឪពុក "father", ឬ "or", ឮ "hear", ឲ្យ "give, let", ឯង "oneself, I, you", ឯណា "where". Independent vowel letters are named similarly to the dependent vowels, with the word ស្រៈ srăk ("vowel") followed by the principal sound of the letter (the pronunciation or first of the pronunciations listed above), followed by an additional glottal stop after a short vowel. However the letter ឥ is called . ==Diacritics== The Khmer writing system contains several diacritics, used to indicate further modifications in pronunciation. ==Dictionary order== For the purpose of dictionary ordering of words, main consonants, subscript consonants and dependent vowels are all significant; and when they appear in combination, they are considered in the order in which they would be spoken (main consonant, subscript, vowel). The order of the consonants and of the dependent vowels is the order in which they appear in the above tables. A syllable written without any dependent vowel is treated as if it contained a vowel character that precedes all the visible dependent vowels. As mentioned above, the four configurations with diacritics exemplified in the syllables អុំ អំ អាំ អះ are treated as dependent vowels in their own right, and come in that order at the end of the list of dependent vowels. Other configurations with the reăhmŭkh diacritic are ordered as if that diacritic were a final consonant coming after all other consonants. Words with the bântăk and sanhyoŭk sannha diacritics are ordered directly after identically spelled words without the diacritics. Vowels precede consonants in the ordering, so a combination of main and subscript consonants comes after any instance in which the same main consonant appears unsubscripted before a vowel. Words spelled with an independent vowel whose sound begins with a glottal stop follow after words spelled with the equivalent combination of អ ’â plus dependent vowel. Words spelled with an independent vowel whose sound begins or follow after all words beginning with the consonants រ rô and ល lô respectively. Words spelled with a consonant modified by a diacritic follow words spelled with the same consonant and dependent vowel symbol but without the diacritic. However, words spelled with ប៉ (a bâ converted to a p sound by a diacritic) follow all words with unmodified ប bâ (without diacritic and without subscript). Sometimes words in which ប is pronounced p are ordered as if the letter were written ប៉.. ==Numerals== The numerals of the Khmer script, similar to that used by other civilizations in Southeast Asia, are also derived from the southern Indian script. Western-style Arabic numerals are also used, but to a lesser extent. In large numbers, groups of three digits are delimited with Western-style periods. The decimal point is represented by a comma. The Cambodian currency, the riel, is abbreviated using the symbol ៛ or simply the letter រ rô. ==Spacing and punctuation== Spaces are not used between all words in written Khmer. Spaces are used within sentences in roughly the same places as commas might be in English, although they may also serve to set off certain items such as numbers and proper names. Western-style punctuation marks are quite commonly used in modern Khmer writing, including French-style guillemets for quotation marks. However, traditional Khmer punctuation marks are also used; some of these are described in the table below. A [(Khmer name សហសញ្ញា sâhâ sânhnha) is commonly used between components of personal names, and also as in English when a word is divided between lines of text. It can also be used, for example, between numbers to denote ranges or dates. Particular uses of Western-style periods include grouping of digits in large numbers (see

Khmer script

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Stefano Nardini (died 1484) (called the Cardinal of Milan) was an Italian Roman Catholic bishop and cardinal. ==Biography== Stefano Nardini was born in Forlì. He received a doctorate of both laws. As a young man, Nardini served in the military, before joining the ecclesiastical estate and traveling to Rome. He became a canon of Ferrara Cathedral, and later General Treasurer of the Marche. During the pontificate of Pope Callixtus III, he was governor of Romagna. Under Pope Pius II, he was a referendary, and later, a protonotary apostolic. He then served as Pius II's nuncio to Germany; the pope wrote to him on July 15, 1459 about the advance of the Ottoman Empire in the Kingdom of Bosnia. On November 13, 1461, he was elected Archbishop of Milan. He occupied that see until his death. He then served as a nuncio in the Kingdom of Aragon, in which capacity he successfully sought the derogation of a pragmatic sanction that endangered the freedom of the church. In July and August 1464, he accompanied the pope to Ancona. Following the death of Pope Pius II, he returned to Rome for the papal conclave of 1464 that elected Pope Paul II. During that conclave, the College of Cardinals had agreed that the number of cardinals should be fixed at 24; Archbishop Nardini and Teodoro Lelio, Bishop of Treviso, advised the new pope in September 1464 not to agree to this limitation. Paul II named Nardini nuncio extraordinary to the Kingdom of Naples. From April 1467 to June 1468, he resided in Paris as papal legate to the Kingdom of France. He was present in Rome when Paul II died in July 1471 and the College of Cardinals named him temporary governor of Rome. In the papal conclave of 1471, the College of Cardinals elected Pope Sixtus IV as the new pope. In the consistory of May 7, 1473, Sixtus IV made Nardini a cardinal priest; he received the red hat and the titulus of Sant'Adriano al Foro (a deaconry elevated pro illa vice to titulus). As cardinal, he built the Palazzo Nardini on the Via del Governo Vecchio, next to the Palazzo Taverna. On June 10, 1476, he accompanied the pope to Viterbo, and later to Foligno, because of an outbreak of bubonic plague in Rome. In 1476, he opted for the titulus of Santa Maria in Trastevere. He was Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals from January 8, 1481 until January 7, 1482. In 1483, he founded the Collegio Nardini. He participated in the papal conclave of 1484 that elected Pope Innocent VIII. The new pope named him legate to Avignon, but he died before he could perform his legation. He died in Rome on October 22, 1484. He is buried in St. Peter's Basilica. ==References== 1484 deaths Italian cardinals Year of birth unknown

Stefano Nardini

==May 2011== Welcome to Wikipedia. Although everyone is welcome to contribute to Wikipedia, at least one of your recent edits, such as the one you made to Diving, did not appear to be constructive and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any test edits you would like to make, and read the welcome page to learn more about contributing constructively to this encyclopedia. Thank you. - David Biddulph (talk)

77.31.31.191

The Gaon Music Chart tabulates the relative weekly popularity of songs or albums in South Korea. It is compiled by the Korea Music Content Industry Association and sponsored by South Korea's Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism, with an aim to create a national chart for South Korea similar to the Billboard charts of the United States and the Oricon charts of Japan. It started tracking sales since the beginning of 2010. It was officially launched in February 2010 with a launching ceremony held on 23 February 2010 at the Westin Chosun hotel in Seoul. The launch also included a small awarding ceremony, which awarded girl group Girls' Generation with top artist of January and boy band Super Junior with best album of 2009. Meanwhile, Hit single "We Fell In Love", performed by Jo Kwon of 2AM and Ga-in of Brown Eyed Girls, took the title of best weekly mobile ringtone. In February 2011, it published information on both online and offline album sales of 2010, including a detailed breakdown of online chart data and was the first time that off-line album sales was released since 2008 when the Music Industry Association of Korea stopped compiling data. ==Music charts== There are two primary charts: Gaon Album Chart and Gaon Digital Chart. The charts lists domestic artists' sales, international artists' sales and a combined overall sales in weekly, monthly and year-end format. The Gaon Album Chart ranks physical album sales, including mini and single albums. It is compiled from offline data provided by record labels and distributors such as LOEN Entertainment, CJ E&M Music, KT Music, Sony Music Korea, Pony Canyon Korea, Universal Music Korea, and Warner Music Korea. The Gaon Digital Chart ranks best-selling non-physical, digital music sales, and is an aggregate of downloads, streaming and background music. It excludes radio airplay, and different versions of a song are listed as separate entries. It is compiled from online data provided by web-based music providers such as Olleh Music, genie, Melon, Mnet, Soribada, Cyworld, Naver Music, Daum Music and Bugs. There is no digital album chart because each song is a separate digital download. All charts rank the top 100. Before mid-2014, the digital, streaming, download, and noraebang charts ranked the top 200. ==Social charts== The Gaon Social Chart is a weekly chart that ranks the top 100 songs according to their popularity on YouTube, Twitter and Weibo. From June 15, 2013–June 22, 2014, data was taken from YouTube, Twitter, Facebook and Me2day. After Me2day closed, data was taken from YouTube, Twitter and Facebook (June 23–July 5, 2014) until Facebook was replaced by Weibo on July 6. The Gaon Weibo Chart is a weekly chart that ranks the top 10 most popular K-pop groups and the top 30 most popular individual K-pop artists in China using data from Weibo. This chart started the week of June 29, 2014. ==Awards== Gaon Chart K-Pop Awards == References == == External links == Gaon chart official homepage KMCIA official homepage Music industry associations South Korean record charts

Circle Chart

Arthur Owen (c 1608 – 8 September 1678) was a Welsh politician who sat in the House of Commons at various times between 1645 and 1678. He fought in the Parliamentary army in the English Civil War. Owen was the son of John Owen of Orielton and his wife Dorothy Laugharne, and was brother of Sir Hugh Owen, 1st Baronet He matriculated at Hart Hall, Oxford on 18 February 1626 and was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1633. He was J.P. for Anglesea in 1642 and was made a Commissioner of Militia for Parliament in Pembrokeshire in 1642. He was a Major in the army of Col. Laugharne at the defeat of the Royalists in Pembrokeshire in 1643. He became a Colonel and was added to the Commissioners for Pembrokeshire, Cardiganshire and Carmarthenshire on 26 July 1644. In 1645, Owen was elected Member of Parliament for Pembrokeshire in the Long Parliament. He sat until 1648 when he was excluded under Pride's Purge. In 1654, he was elected MP for Pembrokeshire again in the First Protectorate Parliament. He was appointed one of the committee for examining the petition of the "well affected of Haverfordwest" on 27 Nov. 1655. He was elected MP for Pembroke in 1659 for the Third Protectorate Parliament in a double return which was never resolved. In 1660, Owen was elected MP for Pembrokeshire in the Convention Parliament. He was re-elected MP for Pembrokeshire in 1661 for the Cavalier Parliament and sat until his death in 1678. ==References== 1608 births 1678 deaths Members of the Parliament of England (pre-1707) for constituencies in Wales Roundheads Alumni of Hart Hall, Oxford People from Pembrokeshire Members of Lincoln's Inn English MPs 1640–48 (up to Pride's Purge) English MPs 1654–55 (Protectorate) English MPs 1659 (Protectorate) English MPs 1660 English MPs 1661–79

Arthur Owen (MP)

== Licensing ==

Randidangazhi.jpg

Constitution of Republika Srpska

Murakami-Ego is the name of an exhibition by Japanese artist Takashi Murakami that took place in ALRIWAQ Doha exhibition space, Qatar, between 9 February and 24 June 2012. It is the first solo exhibition for the artist in both Qatar and the Middle East, as well as his biggest exhibition ever, showcasing over 60 works created since 1997, alongside new ones designed especially for the exhibition. Murakami-Ego is, additionally, the third and last chapter of a trilogy of exhibitions that started off in the Museum of Contemporary Art in Los Angeles, then moved to the Château de Versailles in Paris. The exhibition was curated by Massimiliano Gioni, one of the most important contemporary Italian art critics and curators. ==Background== In September 2010, Murakami launched his controversial exhibition at the Château de Versailles. Sheikha Al-Mayassa Al Thani, the chairperson of the Qatar Museums Authority (which sponsored in part the Château de Versailles exhibition), visited the exhibition and decided to invite Murakami to bring his works to Qatar. Initially, the exhibition was supposed to take place at the Doha Museum of Islamic Art, but the artist found the venue small for his works. The Qatar Museums Authority decided then to build a temporary exhibition hall for the exhibition, which would later become ALRIWAQ Doha exhibition space. The exhibition took a few months to be installed, with Murakami using a team of 200 people to make sure he met the deadline for the opening. Yet, the main piece at the exhibition, a 100-metre-long wall painting named (temporarily) Aarhat that was specially commissioned for the show, was not finished by the time the exhibition opened for the public on February 9, 2012. ==Main Themes== Murakami-Ego touches upon different themes, such as consumerism, interpretation, and exchange. It marries the joyful aspects of pop culture with the sadness and darkness of natural disasters (and mainly the Fukushima nuclear disaster). It provides a glimpse into the personality of the artist and his ego, while showcasing his attachment to his origins and his religion, which is Buddhism. Of all the objects in the exhibition, two particularly represent the themes of the exhibition: the Artist's giant inflatable self-portrait and the Aarhat wall painting. The 6-metre high self-portrait shows the artist as a giant meditating Buddha greeting his visitors at the entrance of the exhibition space, whereas the Aarhat wall painting depicts the suffering of the Japanese people following the Fukushima disaster, as well as how Buddhism helped many of them get the much needed spiritual relief and strength to face the loss of their relatives. It is important to note that, when asked about the main theme of his exhibition, Takashi Murakami insisted that it is about religion and how Buddhism can bridge the cultural gaps between nations. He said: "The theme is religion and how people experience religion in different ways. Religion is important here and in Japan. I wanted to bridge the gap through the importance of religion". ==Objects== The exhibition included objects from Murakami's previous works alongside new ones. Objects are mostly sculptures, paintings and inflatable portraits representing the artist. Welcome to Murakami Ego: It is the giant inflatable portrait of the artist, located at the entrance of the ALRIWAQ Doha exhibition space. It is the first artwork that greets visitors to the exhibition. The inflatable is six-meter tall, and it depicts the artist in a seated-Buddha pose, extending his right hand in a gesture of welcome. Aarhat: Aarhat is a 100-metre long, three-metre high wall painting created especially for the exhibition. The painting is composed of four parts and is still unfinished. One part depicts monks in a Buddhist prayer stature, another part shows monks in meditation and others flying around them. The painting was inspired by the work of a 19th-century Buddhist painter called Kano Kazunobu. A total of 200 Japanese university art students were involved in drawing the painting. == References == == External links == Qatar Museums Authority to Present Murakami – Ego A New Exhibition by Japanese Artist Takashi Murakami (Official Press Release) Murakami's Interview with Rooksana Hossenally in Dazed Digital Exhibitions Japanese portrait painters

Murakami-Ego

The Federação Mato-Grossense de Futebol (English: Football Association of Mato Grosso state) was founded on May 26, 1942, and it manages all the official football tournaments within the state of Mato Grosso, which are the Campeonato Mato-Grossense, the Campeonato Mato-Grossense lower levels and the Copa Governador de Mato Grosso, and represents the clubs at the Brazilian Football Confederation (CBF). ==References== Brazilian football state federations Football in Mato Grosso Organizations established in 1942

Federação Matogrossense de Futebol

The Cardinal of Milan may refer to: Stefano Nardini (d. 1484), Archbishop of Milan 1461-84, Cardinal 1473-84 Giovanni Arcimboldi (d. 1488), Archbishop of Milan 1484-88, Cardinal 1473-84 Italian cardinals

Cardinal of Milan

Welcome! Hello, Baakerkiller, and welcome to Wikipedia! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Unfortunately, one or more of the pages you created, such as Andew Midget Baker, may not conform to some of Wikipedia's guidelines, and may soon be deleted. There's a page about creating articles you may want to read called Your first article. If you are stuck, and looking for help, please come to the New contributors' help page, where experienced Wikipedians can answer any queries you have! Or, you can just type on this page, and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Here are a few other good links for newcomers: Starting an article Your first article Biographies of living persons How to write a great article The five pillars of Wikipedia Help pages Tutorial I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you have any questions, check out Questions or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! Monty845 ==Speedy deletion of "Andew Midget Baker"== A page you created, Andew Midget Baker, has been tagged for deletion, as it meets one or more of the criteria for speedy deletion; specifically, it serves only to attack some entity. Please do not continue to create attack pages, as you will be blocked from editing. You are welcome to contribute content which complies with our content policies and any applicable inclusion guidelines. However, please do not simply re-create the page with the same content. You may also wish to read our introduction to editing and guide to writing your first article. Thank you. Monty845

Baakerkiller

{| width = "100%" |- ! colspan="3" align="center" | Humanities desk |- ! width="20%" align="left" | < September 29 ! width="25%" align="center"|<< Aug | September | Oct >> ! width="20%" align="right" | > |} {| align=center width=95% style="background: #FFFFFF; border: 1px solid #003EBA;" cellpadding="8" cellspacing="0" |- ! style="background: #5D7CBA; text-align: center;" align="center" | Welcome to the Wikipedia Humanities Reference Desk Archives |- | The page you are currently viewing is . While you can leave answers for any questions shown below, please ask new questions on one of the current reference desk pages. |} __TOC__ = September 30 = == Polygamy in Jamaica == Is polygamy legal or illegal in Jamaica? Is polygamy a common thing in Jamaica? 99.245.73.51 (talk) According to Legal status of polygamy, the map at the top has Jamaica colored orange, which means that it is illegal there. ...which is, of course, a different matter than its frequency. If by "polygamy" you mean not only legal marriage but long-term partnerships, that is entirely another question, and much more difficult to get hard information about. BrainyBabe (talk) ==Acceptance of pedophilia== Oh boy...so I got into an argument with a friend the other day about the acceptance of pedophilia. Her argument was that pedophilia will be accepted in the future, much as couples of mixed races or of the same sex were once not tolerated in the west but now are; I think the two are extremely different and that human nature is more involved. What would my fellow wikipedians say about this? (And I'm not trying to start fights or be vulgar or anything) ?EVAUNIT神になった人間 It seems very unlikely for it to be "accepted" any time soon in the way your friend describes. You might want to consider some of the history of it, though. WikiDao ☯ (talk) One thing to consider is that, while the age of consent has changed at various times throughout history, it has always been accepted in nearly all cultures at nearly all times that there is some age at which children are too young to participate in sexual activity. Not to be gross, but while we can debate whether or not, depending on cultural context, 14 or 15 may be too young for sexual activity, what about a 3 year old? Seriously, confusing the difference between whether or not consenting adults can mutually agree to have a sexual relation with each other and whether an adult can introduce sexual activity to a child too young to know what the heck is going on? That is a problem. No, pedophillia is never going to be acceptable. Yes. Note that in your two examples (mixed-race and same-sex relationships between consenting adults), there is no psychological/developmental harm done to either party due to the nature of the relationship itself. and I wonder if this section should be "closed" before it gets too out-of-control...? WikiDao ☯ (talk) NOTCRYSTAL. This isn't a place to speculate aimlessly. But I will note that the links already given above make it clear that it is not "human nature" that stops the behavior; humans have at various points in history found it totally within their nature to find it socially acceptable. Current cultural/social/legal outlooks in the West frame it as an issue of consent. We don't really know how it will look at it in the future. It could change, it might not. Sexual mores are not static in the slightest. There certainly is a sizable (though hard to estimate) population of pedophiles which makes it hard to suggest that it will somehow just go away or is otherwise "unnatural." That doesn't mean that society will accept it in any large way, though. I'm not sure there's much beyond that than giving of opinions. You may want to check out Child Sexuality. There some taboos about child sexuality that society could probably survive just fine without (for better or worse), but (as that article makes clear) child sexuality is fundamentally different than adult sexuality. It's difficult to imagine that it will ever be acceptable to pretend it isn't. APL (talk) == Question on source == Hi. I am not sure where to ask this question, and I hope I asked in the right place. There was an addition to Columbia writing professor Janette Turner Hospital's wikipedia page because of an article on the Gawker website that listed her as "The World's Haughtiest Professor." I guess... it just doesn't sound very nice to do to someone. It was just ammended today, apparently, and the wikipedia article's sentence acts like it has happened in the past. Is Gawker really that credible of a resource to list an article like that? It just to me, seems very cruel. I think this professor's email did come from a place of wanting to better her former USC students and from the excitement of her new place. Several other people (on the Gawker comments page) have also wondered if the wikipedia reference is a little "scary." I apologize if I am asking this in the wrong place. If anyone can can explain to me how or if that edit was fair and why, I would be grateful. I can't quite put my finger on it, but something about the way it is written seems a "off". Thank you for your time. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.71.19.247 (talk) Hey, no problem. You are likely to get a better response if you post the question to the "talk page" of the article in question, just use the "discussion" tab when you are viewing the article to access the talk page. If you think this needs more attention, then perhaps the Reliable sources/Noticeboard is a better place to ask, since it was specifically set up to discuss issues of source reliability. Thank you Jayron. I will try to copy and paste this in the places that you said! :) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.71.19.247 (talk) == Geography/History Question == I am looking for the preserved building (heritage building) which was residence (at different times) of 1. Beloved leader 2. A well-known poet 3. College Professor I failed to get the info from wikipedia/Google searches I would appreciate any help —Preceding unsigned comment added by 196.12.38.92 (talk) What geographic region are we talking about here? I assume this is an important structure, but we'd need to know where this is about to narrow it down for you. I am not sure but the region is historically very significant (in World history) It's not exactly official policy, and this particular one is history now, but we are not here to help people with the WorldAtlas geography quiz. You are meant to find the answer on your own. Well, the Château de Chillon incarcerated a poet and a politician. I expect it's probably not the right answer, but I also think you might well be looking for a prison. Here are some more clues....(

Reference desk/Archives/Humanities/2010 September 30

Wildebeest is a water coaster at Holiday World & Splashin' Safari in Santa Claus, Indiana, USA. It was designed and built beginning in 2009 by ProSlide Technology; it opened on May 7, 2010. Wildebeest is named after the African mammal, keeping with the water park's safari theme. When it was completed in 2010, Wildebeest held the record for the world's longest water coaster at long. It held that record until May 11, 2012, when Mammoth, Holiday World's second water coaster, took over the title at long. In 2010, Wildebeest was voted the world's "Best New Waterpark Ride" at the Golden Ticket Awards, which are presented annually by Amusement Today magazine. Wildebeest was also awarded the Golden Ticket Award for "Best Waterpark Ride" in 2010 and 2011. ==History== ===Development=== On August 13, 2009, Holiday World & Splashin' Safari announced Wildebeest, a ProSlide HydroMagnetic Rocket that was to be built to the north of Bahari Wave Pool. Unique to Wildebeest was its use of a conveyor belt to transport riders uphill from ground level. This allowed riders unable to climb stairs to ride, unlike all other water coasters at the time. Another unique feature of Wildebeest was its length. When completed, the water coaster was long, making it the longest coaster in the world at the time (Holiday World's second water coaster, Mammoth, would later claim that title). During the construction of Wildebeest, producers from the National Geographic Channel's "World's Toughest Fixes" visited the park to document the progress. Wildebeest opened on May 7, 2010. When the HydroMagnetic water coaster opened, it operated with fourteen 4-passenger boats. The riders in each boat are seated toboggan-style, rather than facing each other as on most traditional water slides. ==Characteristics== ===Station=== Wildebeest features two stations: a station for loading and a station for unloading. To enter the station, guests walk through the ride entrance and up the ramp. Guests then navigate a multitude of queue switchbacks. After passing through the switchbacks, guests approach the loading station. The loading station is split in half by the conveyor belt that eventually takes the boats up the lift hill. On the side of the station closest to the queues there is a grouping area, where riders from the main line and single riders line merge to ensure every seat is filled. The side of the loading station opposite the queues is the location of the ride operator's controls. At the end of the ride, boats enter the unloading station, at which point riders unload. The empty boats then pass over a series of rollers arranged in a curve that carry the boat back to the loading station. ===Boats=== Wildebeest uses fourteen dark-green, 4-passenger boats. Riders are seated toboggan-style in each boat, with individual seat backs separating each rider. Each rider has two handles to hold on with, one on the left side of the boat and one on the right side of the boat. To allow the linear induction motors to interact with the boats and propel them uphill, a magnetic metal plate is attached to the underside of every boat. ===Track=== The track on Wildebeest is made out of numerous pieces of molded, red and yellow fiberglass supported by concrete pillars. The total length of the track is and includes seven drops, with the largest being , in addition to two underground tunnels. The track features a conveyor belt lift hill as well as eight linear induction motors that propel the boats back uphill. ===LIM Technology=== The technology on HydroMagnetic Rockets utilizes linear induction motors (LIMs) to propel boats uphill. An alternating magnetic field beneath the slide surface interacts with a steel plate mounted on the underside of each boat to push them uphill smoothly and quickly. Because the magnetic field under the slide surface needs power in order to be activated, boats will not be able to make it uphill in the case of a power outage. In that case, all of the boats throughout the course will rollback, causing each boat to valley at the bottom of a hill. LIM technology is commonly used on launched roller coasters. ==Experience== The total ride experience on Wildebeest lasts approximately two minutes and thirty seconds. ===Dispatch to First Tunnel=== The ride begins with riders facing away from Bahari Wave Pool. After dispatch, the boat travels up a slight incline where it waits until there is adequate spacing between it and the boat in front of it. When the ride's system has determined there is adequate spacing between the boats, the boat moves forward and onto the conveyor belt lift hill. While on the lift hill, riders will pass under one of the ride's inclines and over two of its drops. At the top of the lift hill, the boat moves from the conveyor belt onto the fiberglass. At this point the boat makes a left turn before entering the ride's initial drop at a 45° angle. During the descent, the boat passes under the lift hill before being rocketed back uphill by the first of eight linear induction motors. The boat crests the hill before making a small drop and being launched uphill for a second time. At the top of the hill the boat makes a right turn before traveling downhill and into the first of the two underground tunnels. ===First Tunnel to End=== At the bottom of the drop inside the tunnel, the boat passes under the ride's lift hill before it is immediately sent back uphill and out of the tunnel. At the crest of this hill the boat exits the tunnel and makes a small drop before traveling uphill thanks to the fourth LIM. The boat makes a right turn while slightly descending. At the conclusion of the turn, riders are sent back uphill again. At the top of the hill the boat makes a left turn before being sent uphill, where the boat passes over the lift hill. At the top of this hill the boat immediately drops back down and into the second underground tunnel. At the bottom of the drop, the boat is once again launched uphill and out of the tunnel. At the top of this hill the boat completes a left-turning helix before making a slight turn to the right to line up with the unloading station. Once the boat has made the turn to the right, it makes a small drop and is launched onto the end-of-the-ride conveyor belt with the help of a small LIM. The final conveyor belt brings the boat to the exit point, at which time riders unload. ==Operation== Wildebeest operates with water and in heavily-wooded areas. Due to these factors, Wildebeest closes when there is lightning or high wind in Holiday World's immediate area. In addition to weather conditions, some riders may be prohibited from boarding. Although there is no age limit, riders must be at least tall to ride Wildebeest when accompanied by an adult who is 18 years of age or older. To ride unaccompanied, riders must be at least tall. In addition, there is a weight limit of per boat. Due to this restriction, some riders may be required to split up. All riders must abide by Splashin' Safari's dress code, which includes wearing modest swimwear or clothing, in order to ride. In addition, riders must leave all loose items in the station; riders who refuse to leave their loose items in the station will not be permitted to ride. Each year, Holiday World & Splashin' Safari, in coordination with the Easter Seals Rehabilitation Center of Southwestern Indiana, publishes an accessibility guide for guests with disabilities. It is recommended, though not necessarily required, that all guests with the following conditions refrain from riding Wildebeest: Back, Neck, or Bone Injury Heart Trouble High Blood Pressure Pregnancy Recent Surgery or Illness ==Awards and records== In addition to other awards, Wildebeest was voted the world's "Best New Waterpark Ride" at the 2010 Golden Ticket Awards. ==References== ==External links== Official website for Wildebeest at Holiday World & Splashin' Safari Official YouTube video of Wildebeest posted by Holiday World & Splashin' Safari Holiday World & Splashin' Safari Amusement rides introduced in 2010 Water rides by name

Wildebeest (ride)

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Tourist attractions in McCormick County, South Carolina

Ballsacks is an American reality documentary television series that debuted on June 18, 2012, on Bravo in the United States. The series follows three single relationship experts – Emily Morse, Amy Laurent, and Julia Allison – as they provide dating advice but struggle to make their own love lives work. ==Episodes== ===Season 1 (2012)=== ==References== 2010s American television series 2012 American television series debuts 2012 American television series endings English-language television programming American reality television series Bravo (U.S.) television series

Miss Advised

==Summary== == Licensing == Doctor Who book covers

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2006–07 Hong Kong Top Footballer

The Battle of Balaclava, fought on 25 October 1854 during the Crimean War, was part of Siege of Sevastopol (1854–1855) to capture the port and fortress of Sevastopol, Russia's principal naval base on the Black Sea. The engagement followed the earlier Allied victory in September at the Battle of the Alma, where the Russian General Menshikov had positioned his army in an attempt to stop the Allies progressing south towards their strategic goal. Alma was the first major encounter fought in the Crimea since the Allied landings at Kalamita Bay on 14 September, and was a clear battlefield success; but a tardy pursuit by the Allies failed to gain a decisive victory, allowing the Russians to regroup, recover and prepare their defence. The Allies decided against an immediate assault on Sevastopol and instead prepared for a protracted siege. The British, under the command of Lord Raglan, and the French, under Canrobert, positioned their troops to the south of the port on the Chersonese Peninsula: the French Army occupied Kamiesh on the west coast whilst the British moved to the southern port of Balaclava. However, this position committed the British to the defence of the right flank of the Allied siege operations, for which Raglan had insufficient troops. Taking advantage of this exposure, the Russian General Liprandi, with some 25,000 men, prepared to attack the defences in and around Balaclava, hoping to disrupt the supply chain between the British base and their siege lines. The battle began with a Russian artillery and infantry attack on the Ottoman redoubts that formed Balaclava's first line of defence. The Ottoman forces initially resisted the Russian assaults, but lacking support they were eventually forced to retreat. When the redoubts fell, the Russian cavalry moved to engage the second defensive line held by the Ottoman and the Scottish 93rd Highland Regiment in what came to be known as the 'Thin Red Line'. This line held and repulsed the attack; as did General James Scarlett's British Heavy Brigade who charged and defeated the greater proportion of the cavalry advance, forcing the Russians onto the defensive. However, a final Allied cavalry charge, stemming from a misinterpreted order from Raglan, led to one of the most famous and ill-fated events in British military history – the Charge of the Light Brigade. ==Prelude== ===On to Sevastopol=== The British and French fleets departed from the Bulgarian port of Varna on 5 September 1854, heading towards Kalamita Bay in the Crimea. By the 14th, the troops began to land; within four days the Allied force of 61,400 infantry, 1,200 cavalry and 137 guns, was ashore. Thirty-three miles (~53 km) to the south of the landing zone, beyond the Bulganak, Alma, Katcha and Belbek rivers, lay the Russian naval base and fortress of Sevastopol, the key Allied objective in the Crimea. General Menshikov, aware of the Allied presence, prepared his troops on the banks of the River Alma in an effort to halt the Franco-British advance, but on 20 September he was soundly defeated in what was the first major battle in the Crimea. News of Menshikov's defeat was met with disbelief by Tsar Nicholas I in St. Petersburg – it seemed it would only be a matter of time before Sevastopol fell. But Allied hesitation, first from the French commander-in-chief, Saint-Arnaud, then by Lord Raglan, allowed the dispirited Russians to escape the battlefield in relative order, allowing Menshikov and his army to reach Sevastopol, reorganise and rebuild their morale. "It is frightful to think what might have happened," wrote Vice-Admiral Kornilov, "had it not been for this cardinal error of the enemy's." The Allied march south finally recommenced on the morning of 23 September 1854, but there was as yet no definite plan of action; it was not until they had passed the River Katcha in sight of Sevastopol itself, that the Allied commanders discussed their options. The original plan had envisaged a move across the River Belbek before attacking the north side (the Severnaya) of Sevastopol harbour, defended by the Star Fort; but recent naval intelligence had revealed that the position was much stronger than had first been realised. John Burgoyne, the British Army's most experienced engineer, advocated an attack on Sevastopol from the south which, from all reports, was still an imperfectly entrenched position. This was a view shared by Saint-Arnaud who, having received his own intelligence of Russian reinforcements, had refused to agree to an attack from the north. Burgoyne's proposed 'flank march' required the Allies to go round the city to the east in order to attack the harbour from the south where the defences were weakest. Raglan was inclined to agree, arguing that he had always been disposed to such an operation; he knew, too, that the problem of re-supply would be eased with the seizing of the southern ports on the Chersonese Peninsula. On 24 September, Menshikov began to move his army out of Sevastopol towards Bakchi Serai and Simferopol, leaving Admirals Kornilov and Nakhimov to organise the 18,000-strong garrison (mainly sailors and marines) and prepare the port's defences. By venturing into the interior of the Crimea, Menshikov would not only keep open his communications with Russia, but would also be in touch with reinforcements from Odessa or Kertch; moreover, he would be free to operate in the field and threaten the Allied flank. Whilst Menshikov moved east, the Anglo-French-Turkish army, with the British in the vanguard, continued its march towards the southern coast of the peninsula. The heat was oppressive, the water sparse, and cholera rife, taking a heavy toll on the men including Saint-Arnaud who was already ill with cancer. The march had been a real trial and was not without incident. At one point, on 25 September near MacKenzie's Farm, Raglan and his staff in front of the British column stumbled across the rear of the retreating Russians; with the rest of his army strung out behind in hopeless disorder, Menshikov missed a chance to inflict a major reverse on the British. By the 26th, however, Raglan had reached the village of Kadikoi, and was able to look down on the narrow inlet of Balaclava. That same day Saint-Arnaud, now critically ill, surrendered his command to General Canrobert. ===Allied deployment=== The harbour at Balaclava was too small for both Allied armies to use. By rights the French, who had claimed the honour of holding the right of the line, should have occupied Balaclava whilst the British should have moved west to the ports of Kazatch and Kamiesh. Canrobert offered the British the choice, but badly advised by Admiral Lyons, Raglan chose Balaclava for his base, not realising that the two western bays offered far better facilities as supply ports. Moreover, Raglan committed the British Army to the defence of the right flank of the Allied operation, and would have to ensure the security of both Anglo-French armies against the threat posed by Menshikov's forces to the east. The decision by Raglan was a bad mistake, and one for which the British Army was to pay a terrible price. For many, the only justification for the 'flank march' was an immediate assault upon Sevastopol. George Cathcart, commander of the British 4th Division, pleaded with Raglan for instant action. "I am sure I could walk into it, with scarcely the loss of a man," wrote Cathcart to Raglan on 28 September from the heights above the eastern approach to the city. "We could leave our packs, and run into it even in open day … We see people walking about the streets in great consternation ..." But caution prevailed, and plans by Burgoyne for a formal siege, backed by Canrobert, were prepared. When Raglan told Cathcart that nothing would happen until the Allied siege trains had been landed, Cathcart could not hide his irritation, "Land the siege trains! But my dear Lord Raglan, what the devil is there to knock down?" Having decided upon which port they would occupy the Allies set about deploying their forces on the Chersonese Peninsula. The peninsula is bounded to the north by Sevastopol Harbour, at the head of which the River Chernaya flows from the south-east. The eastern boundary is formed by a long escarpment, the Sapouné Heights, averaging 600 feet high, and pierced by two passes only: the metalled Woronstov road, and, at the southern end of the heights, the Col, through which ran a steeper and more difficult road leading from the west end of Sevastopol to Balaclava. Sevastopol itself was divided in two by the Dockyard Creek. Two of Canrobert's four divisions, supervised by General Forey, were allotted the western siege operations around the city, from the Black Sea to the Dockyard Creek; the other two divisions, under General Bosquet, would act as a covering force along the Sapouné Heights. To Bosquet's north lay the camp of the British 1st Division, and beyond this De Lacy Evans' 2nd Division guarding the extreme right of the Allied line with the Inkerman Heights to its front and the Chernaya Valley to its right. The port of Balaclava lay outside the main Allied perimeter and had to be provided with a defensive system of its own. The Woronstov Road ran down from the Sapouné Heights along a ridge, running east–west, known as the Causeway Heights, dividing the plain into two sections – the North Valley and the South Valley. Redoubts upon the Causeway Heights offered Balaclava its first line of defence: five were built upon the heights – approximately 500 yards (~450 m) apart – and one upon what came to be known as Canrobert's Hill, slightly to the south and covering the extreme right of the British defences (see map below). The redoubts housed a total of nine naval guns, all 12-pounders from HMS Diamond: three in No.1 redoubt on Canrobert's Hill; two each in redoubts 2, 3 and 4. Redoubts 5 and 6 (the two at the western end of the Causeway Heights), were still unfinished and without any guns. These defences were hastily constructed, but they were not small works: No.1 redoubt held a garrison of 600 Turks, whilst redoubts 2,3, and 4 each held 300; all were accompanied by one British artillery NCO. The inner line of defence of the British base was supplied by the 93rd Highlanders and a Royal Artillery field battery stationed at the village of Kadikoi to the north of Balaclava. These were supported by Royal Marines and artillery positioned along the heights above the port, as well as additional Ottoman troops. In addition to these defences Raglan could call upon the 1,500 men of Lord Lucan's Cavalry Division camped on the western end of the South Valley, along with a troop of Royal Horse Artillery. The total force available for the immediate defence of the British base at Balaclava numbered around 4,500 men, supported by 26 guns. ===Russian plan=== As the Allied siege guns bombarded Sevastopol the Russian reserves were moving to the Crimea. The Russians sought to relieve Sevastopol from bombardment by marching newly arrived reinforcements from the Danubian front. This force of Russian reinforcements would strike at the allies' main port of supply—Balaclava. At the forefront of these reinforcements was the 12 Infantry Division – part of the Russian 4th Corps – under General Pavel Liprandi. This division, consisting of the Azovsky, Dnieper, Ukraine and Odessa regiments, along with four batteries of artillery, had arrived from Bessarabia; by the time the division had reached the Crimea, Menshikov had decided on the plan to use them to attack the Allied rear from Chorgun, and march on Balaclava. The vulnerability of Balaclava was well known to both sides. Undertaking the siege operations around Sevastopol whilst securing the Allies' eastern flank was stretching the recourses of Raglan's dwindling forces – British casualties at the Alma had been high, and many were still suffering from the cholera epidemic; others simply fell sick from exhaustion. With the arrival of further Russian reinforcements, Menshikov's total force in theatre (including 12 Division) numbered around 65,000. The remainder of 4th Corps – 10 and 11 Divisions – were also heading towards the Crimea, but Menshikov, under pressure from Nicholas I to strike back at the Allies, decided not to wait for these troops before beginning the attack. The first move by the Russians came on the early morning of 18 October 1854, when Lieutenant Colonel Rakovitch moved against the village of Chorgun with three infantry battalions, 200 Cossacks and four guns. From here, Liprandi, Rakovitch and Major General Semyakin were able to reconnoitre the Allied redoubts along the Causeway Heights. To the Russian commanders, and, belatedly, to the Royal Engineers, the redoubts were recognised to be too far forward of the inner defensive line of Balaclava to be adequately defended and supported by the British. Russian reconnaissance reports had also indicated that these outer defences were occupied by a mixture of Tunisians, raw recruits and militia, and not of the same calibre of men that had defeated them on the Danube at the beginning of the war. To Liprandi and his generals it seemed a swift strike against the redoubts was certain of success. By 23 October Liprandi had gathered 16,000 men, known as the 'Detachment of Chorgun', comprising 17 battalions, 30 squadrons and 64 guns. The left column, commanded by Major General Gribbe, was to advance across the Chernaya River and towards the village of Kamara. The centre column, under Major General Semyakin, was divided into two wings: Semyakin himself, commanding the left wing, was to lead his troops south from Chorgun before moving against Canrobert's Hill and No.1 redoubt; Major General Levutsky, commanding the right wing of the centre column, was tasked to assault No.2 redoubt farther to the west. Meanwhile, the right column, under Colonel Skyuderi, was to advance across the Chernaya via the Tractir Bridge before moving south through the Fedyukhin Heights and across the North Valley to attack No.3 redoubt. The attacks were to be supported by Lieutenant General Ryzhov's cavalry. A further force, numbering 4,500 men and 14 guns under Major General Zhabokritsky, protected Liprandi's right from Allied interference. Once the redoubts had been captured, Zhabokritsky was to occupy the Fedioukine Heights. In total (including Zhabokritsky's force and a reserve held back at the Tractir Bridge) Liprandi had at his disposal around 25,000 men and 78 guns – not enough to threaten the siege lines, but more than enough to compromise the defences at Balaclava whose loss to the Allies would be tremendous. (See map below). ==Battle== Recent intelligence received by the British had indicated a major Russian attack was imminent. After a considerable number of false alarms the previous week, however, Raglan failed to act, believing that they were needlessly exhausting his men who were turned out on every report. But this latest intelligence proved accurate, and early on 25 October, just before 05:00, Liprandi’s troops of the 'Chorgun Detachment' left their camp and marched off in silence towards the Balaclava valleys. The village of Kamara was the most easterly picket for Allied soldiers, providing a useful observation point for Lucan's vedettes. In the dark dawn, a squadron of Russian Cossacks, followed by a host of uhlans, rode slowly towards the village. These troops were the leading elements of Gribbe's force. First to discover that the Russians had moved up under cover of dark was the duty field officer of the day, Captain Alexander Low of the 4th Light Dragoons. The picket in Kamara had not seen the advancing Cossacks (there is some suggestion that they were sleeping), and it was only through Low's timely arrival and his shouts that they managed to escape and make their way to the nearest redoubt on the Causeway Heights. Behind the Cossacks and uhlans came the Dnieper Regiment along with the artillery. Immediately, Gribbe positioned his ten guns on the slopes to the west of Kamara, leaving his gunners with a clear view of No.1 redoubt on Canrobert's Hill. In accordance with his usual practice Lucan had gone forward at daybreak to inspect the redoubts and outposts, accompanied by his staff: Lord George Paget, Lord William Paulet, and Major Thomas McMahon. As they approached Canrobert's Hill, two signal flags were observed, signifying the approach of the Russians. Paget, commanding officer of the 4th Light Dragoons (and commanding officer of the Light Brigade in Cardigan's absence), later recalled the moment when they realized something was wrong: "Hello," said Lord William, "there are two flags flying; what does it mean?" "Why, that surely is the signal that the enemy is approaching," said Major McMahon. "Are you quite sure?" we replied. Hardly were the words out of McMahon's mouth, when bang went a cannon from the redoubt in question, fired on the advancing masses of the enemy. ===Redoubts=== The Ottoman guns from No.1 redoubt on Canrobert's hill fired on the Russians at around 06:00 – the Battle of Balaclava had begun. Lucan despatched Captain Charteris to inform Raglan that the redoubts were under attack. Charteris arrived at around 07:00, but those at the British headquarters had already heard the sound of the guns. Lucan himself rode quickly back towards Kadikoi to confer with Sir Colin Campbell, commander of the Balaclava defences. The two men agreed that this was not another Russian feint, but an attack in force with the intention of taking the British base. Campbell prepared his 93rd Highlanders to meet the enemy, whilst Lucan returned to the cavalry. Leaving the Light Brigade where it stood, Lucan led the Heavy Brigade towards the redoubts, hoping his presence might discourage any further Russian advance on Balaclava. Realizing his show of strength had little impact, however, Lucan led the Heavies back to their original position alongside the Light Brigade. The Ottoman forces were left to face the full force of the Russian assault almost alone. While Gribbe's artillery continued to shell No.1 redoubt, the Russian columns under Levutsky, Semyakin, and Skyuderi began to move into the North Valley. Although the Heavy Brigade had pulled back, the British did send forward their available artillery to assist the Ottoman forces on the Causeway Heights. Captain George Maude's troop of horse artillery, I Troop, unlimbered its four 6-pounder and two 12-pounder guns between redoubts 2 and 3, whilst Captain Barker's battery, W Battery, of the Royal Artillery, moved out of Balaclava and took its position on Maude's left. However, the artillery duel was a very one sided affair. The heavier Russian guns (some 18-pounders), particularly No.4 battery under Lieutenant Postikov, together with the riflemen of the Ukraine regiment, took their toll on both men and ordnance. Running short of ammunition and taking hits, Maude's troop was forced to retire (Maude himself was severely wounded). Their place taken by two guns from Barker's battery. As the British artillery fire slackened, Semyakin prepared to storm No. 1 redoubt, personally leading the assault together with three battalions of the Azovsky Regiment under Colonel Krudener. "I waved my hat on both sides," recalled Semyakin. "Everybody rushed after me and I was protected by the stern Azovs." The Ottoman forces on Canrobert's Hill resisted stubbornly. Although the attack had begun at 06:00, it was not until 07:30 when No.1 redoubt fell. During that time the 600 Ottoman defenders had suffered from the heavy artillery bombardment; in the ensuing fight in the redoubt and subsequent pursuit by the Cossacks, an estimated 170 Ottomans were killed. In his first report of the action for The Times, William Russell wrote that the Turks 'received a few shots and then bolted', but afterwards admitted that he had not been a witness to the start of the battle, confessing, 'Our treatment of the Turks was unfair … ignorant as we were that the Turkish in No.1 redoubt lost more than a fourth of their number ere they abandoned it to the enemy'. Later Lucan and Campbell too acknowledged the firmness with which the assault on No 1 redoubt, which was not visible from their vantage point, had been resisted; it was not until this had been overwhelmed did the defenders abandon redoubts 2, 3 and 4. Of the estimated 2,500 Russians who took part in the assault the Azovsky Regiment lost two officers and 149 men killed. The remaining redoubts were now in danger of falling into the hands of the oncoming Russians. The battalions of the Ukraine Regiment under Colonel Dudnitsky-Lishin, attacked redoubts Nos.2 and 3, while the Odessa Regiment under Skyuderi advanced on redoubt No.4. The Ottoman forces in these positions, having already watched their compatriots flee the first redoubt and realizing that the British were not coming to their aid, retreated towards Balaclava, pursued by the Cossacks who had little trouble dispatching any stray or isolated men. The few British NCOs could do nothing but spike the guns, rendering them unusable. The Ottoman forces had gained some time for the Allies, but in the end the Turks were forced to abandon the redoubts. By 08:00 the Russians had occupied redoubts 1, 2 and 3, and, considering it too close to the enemy, had razed redoubt No.4. ===South Valley=== Canrobert had been informed of the Russian attack at about 07:30, and had immediately ridden off to join Raglan. Bosquet, having been aroused by the sound of the cannon, had ordered the 2nd Brigade of the French 1st Division (under General Vinoy) to march towards Balaclava in support of the British. Additionally, the 1st Brigade under General Espinasse began to move, along with the divisional artillery and the Chasseurs d'Afrique. The French 3rd Division was put on alert, and the horse artillery of the reserve harnessed. Raglan had at first thought the Russian advance a feint, possibly designed to occupy him whilst the enemy stormed out of Sevastopol to attack his army overlooking the heights above the city; but now he saw that he had been wrong. With the first four redoubts on the Causeway Heights either captured or out of action, all that protected Balaclava were Lucan's Cavalry Division, together with the 550 men of the 93 Highlanders, Barker's W Battery, 100 invalids under Colonel Daveney, and some Ottomans, reinforced by their countrymen from the redoubts who had rallied and formed up alongside them. It was only now that Raglan ordered the British 1st Division under the Duke of Cambridge, and Cathcart's 4th Division, to move into the plain. The 1st Division got away promptly, but when Raglan's staff officer informed Cathcart that the Russians were marching on Balaclava, he at first refused to comply, complaining that his men had only just finished their shift in the trenches before Sevastopol. In the end he did move, but the delay brought his division down 40 minutes after the Duke's. It would take a least two hours to march an infantry division down from the heights overlooking Sevastopol into the plain of Balaclava. The Russians appeared to have the intentions and the means to capture the British base in a much shorter time. At approximately 07:45, the commander of the Light Brigade, Lord Cardigan, reached his cavalry, having arrived from his yacht moored in Balaclava harbour. Raglan, meanwhile, had taken up his position on the Sapouné Heights, 650 feet (~200 m) above the plain. Unwilling at this point to risk his cavalry without infantry support (as he had done throughout the whole campaign), Raglan issued his first order to the Cavalry Division at 08:00 – "Cavalry to take ground to the left of the second line of redoubts occupied by the Turks". The order was ambiguous and misleading (there was no 'second line of redoubts' and the word 'left' is dependent on the perspective of the viewer), but on this occasion Lucan had interpreted the order correctly, and moved his cavalry to the west, placing them between No. 6 redoubt and the foot of the Sapouné Heights where they could not be seen by, or engage with, the Russians. The new position placed the Light Brigade near, but to one side, of the mouth of the North Valley; the Heavy Brigade sat on their right. However, 30 minutes after issuing his first order, Raglan now changed his mind and issued his second order at 08:30 – "Eight squadrons of heavy Dragoons to be detached towards Balaclava to support the Turks who are wavering". There was no evidence that the Turks formed up alongside the Highlanders were wavering, but Raglan thought they were, or might soon do so. As each regiment comprised two squadrons, Lucan, with growing frustration, was required to move four of his five Heavy Brigade regiments back onto the open plain and the defensive line of Kadikoi. Although this order meant he had to divide his cavalry – thus reducing the effectiveness of each part – Lucan complied, and ordered General Scarlett to lead four regiments back to where they had just come from. ====Ryzhov's advance==== Liprandi now brought forward Ryzhov's cavalry to press home his advantage. Ryzhov's force consisted of eight squadrons of the 11th Kiev Hussars, six of the 12th Ingermanland Hussars, three of the 53rd Don Cossack Regiment, and the 1st Ural Cossacks, totalling between 2,000 and 3,000 men (sources vary), and 16 guns. The Russian cavalry crossed in a south-westerly direction across the Chernaya river and, at about 09:00, streamed into the North Valley. When level with the empty No.4 redoubt, Ryzhov wheeled to the left, crested the Causeway Heights, and came to a halt; before him, he could see the Heavy Brigade moving east across his front, while away to the south he could discern the Highlanders and Turks immediately to the north of Kadikoi. Ryzhov detached 400 men of the Ingermanland Hussars to turn and head straight for the Allied infantry position. Sir Colin Campbell, commander of the Highland Brigade and thus the 93rd Highlanders, brought his men forward from behind the hillock that had sheltered them from the Russian artillery. With only Balaclava and the Black Sea to their backs, he rode quickly along the line expressing his determination to resist – "Men, remember there is no retreat from here. You must die where you stand." Campbell's aide, John Scott, replied "Aye Sir Colin. Needs be we'll do that." Campbell had such a poor opinion of the Russian cavalry that he did not bother telling his men to form square; instead, he lined them up two ranks deep. Raglan on the Sapouné Heights had a grandstand view, as did William Russell, who wrote furiously in his notebook: The Russians dash at the Highlanders. The ground flies beneath their horses' feet; gathering speed at every stride, they dash on towards that thin red streak topped with a line of steel. The British delivered their first volley at long range and failed to fell a single Russian. A second volley thundered, supported by fire from guns of Barker's battery and those of the Marines. This caused the Russians to swerve to their left, which Campbell took as an attempt to turn his right. He sternly checked an inclination to charge with the bayonet, and instead threw forward the 93rd's right grenadier company under Captain Ross. This delivered a third volley which decided the issue. Barely five minutes after it had begun the Ingermanland Hussars were in retreat, and heading towards the Causeway Heights: the Russian commander of the brigade had reasoned that such a small, unsquared line of British infantry could not hope to hold out a cavalry charge, therefore there must be a larger force behind them. It was not until later accounts that Russell's 'thin red streak', became the famous 'Thin Red Line'. Meanwhile, the main part of Ryzhov's cavalry remained static on the southern slopes of the Causeway Heights, some 800 yards (~730 m) from Scarlett's Heavy Brigade still moving south-east in the South Valley. The eight squadrons of the Heavy Brigade consisted of two each from the Scots Greys, the 6th Dragoons, 4th Dragoon Guards, and the 5th Dragoon Guards; the brigade's remaining two squadrons from the 1st Royal Dragoons were left in their original position to the west of No.6 redoubt. Although outnumbering the British by two or three to one and having the advantage of the high ground, the Russians seemed shaken by the unexpected presence of Scarlett's cavalry. Scarlett, notoriously short-sighted, remained unaware that the Russians were there. However, once he had negotiated a vineyard and the sprawling tented camp of the Light Brigade, he was notified by his ADC, Lieutenant Elliot, of the proximity of the Russian cavalry on their left flank. Scarlett gave the order 'Left wheel into line' which turned the two advanced regiments into line to face the enemy; these were shortly followed by the other two regiments forming a second line. Had the Russians charged at this moment they would have caught Scarlett's men completely disorganised, yet Ryzhov let the chance slip. Lucan, who had also seen the Russians, rode across with his staff from the Light Brigade to join the Heavies. So impatient was he to attack that he ordered his duty trumpeter, Trumpet Major Joy, to sound the charge – but nothing happened. An attempt to attack before his men were in perfect alignment was contrary to every precept that the officers had learnt back in England, and it was only when the dressing had been completed to his satisfaction did Scarlett order his trumpeter, Trumpet Major Monks, to sound the charge. The Heavy Brigade began to move against the Russian cavalrymen. ====Charge of the Heavy Brigade==== The charge of the Heavy Brigade was anything but a charge – the brigade had launched uphill from a standing start, and the short distance between the two combatants had hardly allowed their horses to reach the trot. Moreover, the Russians were at last moving to meet them. Scarlett was first into Ryzhov's cavalry, closely followed by his staff, and, initially, just three squadrons – two of the Scots Greys on the left, and one of the 6th (Inniskilling) Dragoons on the right, totalling 300 men. The first to feel the force of the British attack were the Ingermanland Hussars, under the command of Major General Khaletsky. Staff-captain Arbuzov later described how they " … had to fight with the regiment of Queen Victoria's Dragoon Guards in their red coats … Neither we nor the English wanted to yield." A British Dragoon later described the action from his own perspective – "They were so superior in numbers, they outflanked us, and we were in the middle of them … I hope God will forgive me, for I felt more like a devil than a man." Shortly, the second squadron of the Inniskillings attacked the left flank of the Russians, followed by the 5th Dragoon Guards who crashed into the Russians as they folded around the rear of the Scots Greys. Beyond them the 4th Dragoons, in one unbroken line and to cries of Faugh A Ballagh, attacked the right rear of the Russian cavalry; the force of their impact was such that they were able to hack their way from one flank to the other with the loss of only one man. Finally came the Royal Dragoons who, ignoring their orders to remain behind, attacked on their own initiative, striking the right front of the Russians. Ryzhov had been caught flat-footed, allowing Scarlett's cavalry to push ahead, heaving and hacking at their opponents from all sides before gaining the ascendancy. "At length they turned and well they might," wrote Lieutenant Godman. "We pursued about 300 yards, and then called off with much difficulty, the gunners opened on them, and gave them a fine peppering." These guns were from C Troop, Royal Horse Artillery under Captain Brandling, whose 24-pounders dissuaded Ryzhov's cavalry from reforming and charging again. The Russians retreated in the direction of the Causeway Heights before halting at the east end of the North Valley. The Charge of the Heavy Brigade had lasted no more than 10 minutes. Ryzhov's cavalry suffered 40–50 killed and over 200 wounded; the British lost 10 killed and 98 wounded. Scarlett's attack had been a remarkable success, yet it could have been a greater victory. When the Heavies attacked, the Earl of Cardigan's Light Brigade was less than 500 yards (~450 m) from Ryzhov's cavalry. The spectators on the Sapouné Heights, and the officers and men in the Light Brigade watching the Russians retreat in disorder, expected Cardigan to lead a pursuit and finish them off. Captain William Morris of the 17th Lancers urged his commander on, but Cardigan claimed he could not advance given the orders he had received from Lucan to remain in his position 'and to defend it against any attack'. Lucan later gave a different version from Cardigan's. He confirmed he had ordered Cardigan to defend his position, but maintained that his parting orders made it quite clear that he had permission to take advantage of so obvious an opportunity. Whatever the differences the Light Brigade had done nothing but look on. When Morris rode back to his regiment after confronting Cardigan, he could not hide his frustration – "My God, my God, what a chance we are losing." ===North Valley=== It was approaching 09:30, and the first part of the battle was over. So far Liprandi had enjoyed mixed fortunes: although his cavalry had been repulsed by Campbell's 'Thin Red Line' and Scarlett's Heavies, his troops under Gribbe, Semyakin, Levutsky, and Skyuderi were still in possession of redoubts Nos.1–3, and had destroyed redoubt No.4. In all, the Russians had 11 infantry battalions and 32 guns on the Causeway Heights, while to the north, on the Fedioukine Heights, Zhabokritsky had positioned eight battalions, four squadrons, and 14 guns (some sources state 10 guns). In front of Ryzhov's cavalry — drawn up across the eastern end of the North Valley – Liprandi placed the eight guns of the 3rd Don Cossack Battery, commanded by Prince Obolensky. These guns, 6- and 9-pounders, served by 200 men, stared straight down the North Valley. Liprandi now also had at his disposal six squadrons of Lancers divided into two bodies: three squadrons on the Fedioukine Heights; three others in a ravine on the side of the Causeway Heights. Raglan was anxious to exploit Scarlett's success and drive the Russians off the Causeway Heights, but Cathcart's and Cambridge's infantry divisions had still not arrived; every minute that passed gave the Russians more time to prepare their defences for the expected British counter-attack. The British commander believed that the enemy had retreated in such disorder that a show of force by his cavalry — in advance of the infantry's arrival – would be enough to persuade the Russians to abandon the Causeway Heights. At 10:00, therefore, he gave his third order of the day to the Cavalry Division: Cavalry to advance and take advantage of any opportunity to recover the Heights. They will be supported by infantry which have been ordered. Advance on two fronts. Raglan wished his cavalry to advance immediately, but the ambiguity of the order had again resulted in a misunderstanding. Lucan had assumed he was first to wait for the infantry before moving forward. Accordingly, he ordered the Light Brigade into the North Valley, while the Heavy Brigade held the entrance of the South Valley, perhaps in response to the order 'Advance on two fronts'. Lucan believed he had complied with the order as far as he could until the infantry arrived, but Raglan looked on with growing impatience at his immobile cavalry. It was at this moment when a staff officer (identity unknown) shouted out that the Russians in the redoubts on the Causeway Heights were dragging away the captured British guns. The British infantry divisions were now only minutes away, but only the cavalry could move fast enough and prevent the loss of the guns. With growing impatience Raglan dictated to General Richard Airey the fourth and final order to Lord Lucan. This order was to be understood in conjunction with the third as an instruction to do immediately what had been previously ordered: 10:45. Lord Raglan wishes the cavalry to advance rapidly to the front — follow the enemy and try to prevent the enemy carrying away the guns — Troop Horse Artillery may accompany – French cavalry is on your left. R Airey. Immediate. Having read the order scribbled down by Airey, Raglan summoned Captain Louis Nolan of the 15th The King's Hussars, Airey's hot-tempered aide-de-camp, to deliver it to Lucan. As he turned his horse to head directly down the escarpment, Raglan called after him, "Tell Lord Lucan the cavalry is to attack immediately." These words sealed the fate of the Light Brigade. ====The Charge of the Light Brigade==== Lucan was puzzled by Raglan's imprecise order. There was no mention of heights — it referred instead to the front — and gone were all references to infantry. He was to try to 'prevent the enemy carrying away the guns' but from his position he could not see any guns being carried away. When Lucan questioned the order an excited Nolan told him he was to attack immediately. "Attack, sir!" "Attack what? What guns, sir?" "There, my Lord, is your enemy!" said Nolan indignantly, vaguely waving his arm eastwards. "There are your guns!" Nolan’s gesture was imprecise, and pointed not to the redoubts and the captured British guns but, it seemed — at least to Lucan and his staff officers present — to the Russian battery guarding Ryzhov's cavalry at the end of the valley. Seeing Lucan's confusion, Nolan could have explained what Raglan intended, perhaps making the link – if he himself knew of the connection — between the third and fourth order; however, taken aback by Nolan's insolence, Lucan refused further discussion, and rode over to Cardigan standing in front of his brigade. Both cavalry commanders knew the dangers of attacking down the valley. When Cardigan learned what was expected of his brigade, he questioned the sanity of the order as conveyed to him by Lucan: "… allow me to point out to you that there is a battery in front, battery on each flank, and the ground is covered with Russian riflemen." "I know it," said Lucan. "But Lord Raglan will have it. We have no choice but to obey." The Light Brigade had formed up in two lines. The 13th Light Dragoons, the 17th Lancers, and the 11th Hussars, formed the first line (the latter regiment was soon moved behind the Lancers to reduce the width of the front). Paget commanded the second line formed by the 4th Light Dragoons and the 8th Hussars. Once the brigade had moved off, Lucan would follow with the Heavy Brigade in support. At 11:10 the Light Brigade began their advance towards the Russians guns over a mile (~ 2 km) away. When the first line was clear of the second, the order was given to 'Trot'. Initially there was nothing to indicate that Cardigan was not going to conform to Raglan's intentions, and it was only after he had travelled some 200 yards (~180 m) that the enormity of the misconstrued order became apparent to the spectators on the Sapouné Heights. Instead of inclining to the right towards the redoubts on the Causeway Heights and the captured British guns, the Light Brigade continued towards Obolensky's battery at the end of the valley. But it was too late to do anything. Nolan was the first to be killed when he dashed forward ahead of Cardigan, either in an effort to force the pace, or, suddenly realising the terrible mistake that was being made (and his part in it), in an attempt to change the direction of the brigade towards Raglan's intended objective. Whatever the reason, Nolan was hit by a splinter from a shell fired from one of the guns positioned on the Fedioukine Heights. When the proper interval between themselves and the Lights had developed, Lucan led the Heavy Brigade forward. The Heavies were also hit—Lucan himself was slightly wounded, and his horse hit twice – but these men would have suffered more casualties had it not been for the charge of the 150 men of the Chasseurs d'Afrique. The French cavalry had formed up to the left of the British position. When they had seen the Light Brigade cut up, Major Abdelal led an attack up the Fedioukine Heights to charge the flank of the Russian battery, forcing them to drag away their guns. Yet it was now that Lucan – concluding that the Light Brigade would be wiped out before they reached the Russians at the end of the valley — ordered the Heavy Brigade to halt their advance and retire, leaving Cardigan's men without support. Turning to Lord Paulet, he justified his action and his desire to preserve at least half of his cavalry division, "They have sacrificed the Light Brigade; they shall not have the Heavy, if I can help it." At 11:15, the eight Russian guns on the Causeway Heights opened up on the Light Brigade, whose front line was now more than halfway down the valley; for the next 400 yards (~365 m) the men also came under fire from the guns to their front. At a distance of 250 yards (~ 230 m) from Obolensky's battery, Cardigan ordered his bugler to sound the 'Gallop'. "And so we went through this scene of carnage," reported Paget, "wondering each moment which would be our last … It required a deal of closing in, by this time, to fill up the vacant gaps." Cardigan now ordered the 'Charge'. Some amongst the gun crews now doubted they could stop the advance – they could now see the lowered poles of the 17th Lancers. Having fired their last shot of canister some of the Russians turned to run; others, knowing the consequences of turning their backs on cavalry, drew their sabres. ====Mêlée and retreat==== At 11:17, half of the original 250 men of the 17th and 13th reached Obolensky's battery. Some of the survivors fought with the Russians and tried to capture their guns; others reformed into small groups and prepared to charge the Russian cavalry standing 100 yards (~90 m) to the rear. Ryzhov had expected to mop up any Light Brigade survivors but his hussars and Cossacks, unnerved by the British horsemen, panicked and wheeled to escape. "Some of the men fired on their own comrades to clear a passage for themselves," wrote Lieutenant Kubitovich. "Our hussars were pressed as far as the Chernaya river where there was only one bridge by which they could escape." The 11th Hussars now joined the mêlée. Colonel Douglass, with 80 survivors, charged and pushed other Russian cavalry back to the Chernaya. Paget's 4th Light Dragoons were next to reach the line of cannon, engaging in some 'fierce hand-to-hand encounters' with the surviving gunners, before he too led his regiment after the fleeing Russians. Last to reach the objective were Colonel Shewell and the 8th Hussars. The regiment missed the battery altogether, except for few on the extreme left who went amongst the remaining artillerymen stubbornly resisting; but the bulk of the regiment halted behind the guns and formed up in line. All the survivors of the Light Brigade were now behind the Russian guns in the valley, yet the turning point of the action was the realisation that Lucan and the Heavy Brigade was not following in support. Russian officers, noticing how vastly superior their numbers were, managed to halt their retreat near the Chernaya, and edge forward their men. The Russian lancer regiments waiting on heights were now ordered down into the valley to form a line behind the British (the 13th, 17th, and 8th on the right of the valley, the 11th and 4th on the left) and block their route of escape. Those watching with Raglan thought the Light Brigade completely lost, but unexpectedly the two groups of survivors managed to break through the Russian trap. Still far from the British line, however, they once again came under fire from the guns and marksmen on the Causeway Heights. "The truth must be told," recorded Lieutenant Koribut Kubitovich, "that this fire hit us just as it did the enemy," but admitted that, "The English fought with astounding bravery, and when we approached their dismounted and wounded men, even these refused to surrender and continued to fight till the ground was soaked with their blood." Most of the survivors were back at the British lines by 12:00; the whole affair had lasted no more than 20 minutes. For those that returned there was a mixture of elation and anger, and questions as to what had happened to the Heavy Brigade. "And who I ask is answerable for all this?" wrote Troop Sergeant Major George Smith of the 11th Hussars. "… it was not unlike leaving the forlorn hope, after storming a town, to fight their own way out again instead of pushing on the supports. We cut their army completely in two, taking their principal battery, driving their cavalry far to the rear. What more could 670 men do?" But as they thought over what had occurred, the recriminations between Raglan, Lucan, and Cardigan had already begun. ==Aftermath== The loss of the Light Brigade had been such a traumatic event that the allies were incapable of further action that day. Of the 666 men known to have ridden in the charge (sources vary slightly), 271 became casualties: 110 killed (less than 17%), 129 wounded, plus another 32 wounded and taken prisoner. Additionally, 375 horses were killed. Raglan could not now risk using his infantry divisions in any attempt to move Liprandi's forces from the Causeway Heights. Even if the redoubts were retaken, they would have to be defended by men whose priority was the siege of Sevastopol, and he dared not expose his supply base at Balaclava to further Russian attacks. The British 1st and 4th Infantry Divisions, therefore, returned to the plateau, the former without its Highland regiments who were ordered to remain in the valley under Campbell’s command. To the Russians the Battle of Balaclava was a victory and proved a welcome boost in morale—they had captured the British redoubts (from which seven guns were removed and taken to Sevastopol as trophies), and had gained control of the Worontsov Road. The loss of the outer ring of defences severely restricted Allied movements and confined them to a narrow area between Balaclava and Sevastopol. Nearly all officers received awards. General Semyakin received the Order of St. George of the 3rd degree. Gribbe and Levutsky became the cavaliers of the Order of St Stanislav of the 1st degree, and Colonel Krudener was promoted to Major General. General Liprandi was awarded a golden sabre encrusted with diamonds, and inscribed 'For Bravery'. Semyakin wrote home with news of the action at Balaclava, and what he considered a great success – "Many Turks and English were killed by our Russian bayonets, and many English were pierced with lances of our Uhlans and Cossacks, and by sabres of our Hussars … God grant that the heart of the Tsar rejoices." All three armies would soon be reinforced: the British Secretary of State for War and the Colonies, The Duke of Newcastle, promised Raglan that the 3rd, 62nd, and 90th Regiments, would be despatched to the Crimea with a third battery train; Canrobert, meanwhile, was promised an additional three divisions of infantry from France. The Russians were also receiving reinforcements with the arrival of 10 and 11 Divisions which finally arrived at the beginning of November. These troops brought the strength of Menshikov's field army to some 107,000 men, but the Russian commander was under severe pressure from St Petersburg to attack the Allied lines and break the siege of Sevastopol. The failure of the British and French to beat the Russians at Balaclava immediately set the stage for a much bloodier battle. For weeks it had been known that the Russians would soon begin a full-scale attack on the besiegers. As a preliminary Menshikov launched a reconnaissance in force on the extreme right of the Allied line (against the British 2nd Division) on the Inkerman Heights overlooking the Chernaya river. The attack on 26 October (the battle became known as ‘Little Inkerman’) proved a successful action for the British, but the Russians had gleaned all they needed to know about the position. Using this intelligence, Menshikov launched his main attack on the same position one week later on 5 November in what came to be known as the Battle of Inkerman. ==Cultural references== Rudyard Kipling's poem The Last of the Light Brigade Alfred Tennyson's poems The Charge of the Light Brigade and The Charge of the Heavy Brigade The Charge of the Light Brigade 1936 film The Charge of the Light Brigade 1968 film George MacDonald Fraser's 1973 novel, Flashman at the Charge The heavy metal band Iron Maiden’s song, The Trooper The song "Thin Red Line" from Canadian pop group Glass Tiger's album of the same name. ==See also== Balaclava order of battle List of Crimean War Victoria Cross recipients ==Notes== ==References== ===Primary=== Bazancourt, the Baron de (1856). The Crimean Expedition, to the Capture of Sebastopol 2 vols. London. Kinglake, A. W (1863–87). The Invasion of the Crimea, 8 vols. Edinburgh ===Secondary=== Blake, R.L.V ffrench (1973). The Crimean War. Sphere Books. Brighton, Terry (2005). Hell Riders: The Truth about the Charge of the Light Brigade. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-101831-7 Figes, Orlando (2010). The Crimean War: A History. Picador Publishing. Fletcher, Ian & Ishchenko, Natalia (2004). The Crimean War: A Clash of Empires. Spellmount Limited. ISBN 1-86227-238-7 Hibbert, Christopher (1963). The Destruction of Lord Raglan: A tragedy of the Crimean War 1854–55. Pelican Books Pemberton, W. Baring (1962). Battles of the Crimean War. Pan Books Ltd. ISBN 0-330-02181-8 Royle, Trevor (2007). Crimea: The Great Crimean War 1854–1856. Abacus. ISBN 978-0-349-11284-8 Warner, Philip (2001). The Crimean War: A Reappraisal. Wordsworth Editions. ISBN 1-84022-247-6 Battles of the Crimean War Battles involving the United Kingdom Battles involving France Conflicts in 1854 1854 in Russia

Battle of Balaclava

==October 2010== Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia. Your edits appear to constitute vandalism and have been reverted or removed. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Thank you. Thank you for your contribution to Peter Mandelson, but we are trying to write an encyclopedia here, so please keep your edits factual and neutral. Our readers are looking for serious articles and will not find joke edits amusing. Remember that Wikipedia is a widely-used reference tool, so we have to take what we do here seriously. If you'd like to experiment with editing, use the sandbox to get started. Thank you.--M4gnum0n (talk)

82.45.21.136

A flechette is a pointed steel projectile, with a vaned tail for stable flight. The name comes from French fléchette, "little arrow" or "dart", and sometimes retains the acute accent in English: fléchette. ==Air-dropped flechette== In WWI, darts, also known as flechettes were dropped from aircraft to attack infantry. ==Small-arms ammunition== Small-arms makers are attracted by the exterior ballistic performance and armor-piercing potential of flechettes. A number of attempts have been made to field flechette-firing small arms. Work at Johns Hopkins University in the 1950s led to the development of the Direct Injection Antipersonnel Chemical Biological Agent (DIACBA), where flechettes were grooved, hollow pointed, or otherwise milled to retain a quantity of chemical biological warfare agent to deliver through a ballistic wound. The initial work was with VX, which had to be thickened to deliver a reliable dose. Eventually this was replaced by a particulate carbamate. The US Biological Program also had a microflechette to deliver either botulinum toxin A or saxitoxin, the M1 Biodart, which resembled a 7.62 mm rifle cartridge. Several underwater firearms were experimented with using flechettes. During the Vietnam War the United States employed 12 gauge combat shotguns that were used with flechette loads that consisted of around 20 flechettes per shell. The USSR/Russian federation had/has the AO-27 rifle as well as APS amphibious rifle, and other countries have their own flechette rounds. A number of prototype flechette-firing weapons were developed as part of the long-running Special Purpose Individual Weapon (SPIW) project. Some of these showed up as entries in the Advanced Combat Rifle project as well. A variation of the flechette addressing its difficulties is the SCMITR, developed as part of the Close Assault Weapon System, or CAWS, project. Selective-fire shotguns were used to fire flechettes designed to retain the exterior ballistics and penetration of the standard flechette, but increase wounding capacity through a wider wound path. ==Bulk and artillery use== Smaller flechettes were used in special artillery shells called "beehive" rounds (so named for the very distinctive whistling buzz made by thousands of flechettes flying downrange at supersonic speeds) and intended for use against troops in the open – a ballistic shell packed with flechettes was fired and set off by a mechanical time fuse, scattering flechettes in an expanding cone. They were used in the Vietnam War by 105 mm howitzer batteries and tanks (90 mm guns) to defend themselves against massed infantry attacks. There was also a flechette round for the M40 recoilless rifle, which was sometimes employed by American infantry. Heavier artillery, including 155 mm howitzers, 8-inch howitzers, and 175 mm guns, did not have a flechette round. The 70 mm Hydra 70 rocket currently in service with the US Armed forces can be fitted with an anti-personnel (APERS) warhead containing 96 flechettes. They are carried by attack helicopters such as the AH-64 Apache and the AH-1 Cobra. The Israel Defense Forces have been accused of using 105 and 120 mm flechette shells during the occupation of southern Lebanon and later in the 2009 and 2014 incursions into the Gaza Strip. The Israel Defense Forces had drawn criticism for their use of tank-fired flechettes in urban areas. In 2008, a flechette round from an Israeli tank fired at Reuters cameraman Fadel Shana'a killed him along with two adjacent civilians. During the invasion in the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict, numerous human rights groups documented the IDF'S use of flechette munitions and declared this use to be against international humanitarian law, due to the imprecise nature of flechettes. According to the Palestinian Centre for Human Rights, IDF tanks fired six anti-personnel munitions at the town of Khuz'a on July 17, resulting in the injury of one Palestinian woman. ==See also== Kinetic energy penetrator Lazy Dog (bomb) ==References== ==External links== How flechettes work The Guardian newspaper. Pictures of air dropped flechette, from WWI through the 1970s. Projectiles Ammunition Shotgun shells

Flechette

==Summary== ==Licensing==

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== huh? == RE: "Casa de Dios was founded on September 11, 1994 by Pastor Carlos "Cash" Luna and his wife Sonia Luna, right after furnishing Tikal Futura and writing the New Testament." ¿¡¿Huh?!? Looks like vandalism...or poor wording. --Lacarids (talk)

Casa de Dios

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173.57.188.243

Lake Conine is a natural freshwater lake on the north side of Winter Haven, Florida. The lake is not within the city limits, but is almost entirely surrounded by the city of Winter Haven. Lake Conine is almost as often called Lake Connie as it is called Lake Conine. In fact, the Fishing Works website site has two listings calling this lake the former name and one calling it the latter. Lake Conine is bounded on the north and southwest by residential areas. On the west and southeast are woods. On the east the lake is bordered by SR 544 (Lucerne Park Road). Lake Conine has a surface area and it is shaped somewhat like a teardrop. For many years Lake Conine received wastewater effluent. A study commissioned by Polk County in 1994 found the high level of effluent resulted in nutrient recycling from lake bottom sediments. The county paid the company that performed the lake research to apply liquid aluminum sulfate to the lake's surface to inactivate the nutrient recycling process, thus repairing the damage the wastewater effluent had caused. The whole project was completed in 1996. Lake Conine has no public swimming areas or public boat ramps. However, boaters may reach the lake from public ramps in other area lakes. This lake is connected into the Chain of Lakes. canal system, which links numerous area lakes. Lake Conine may be reached by canals from Lake Smart, Lake Rochelle and Lake Hartridge. Fishing is allowed and can be done by boat or shore. There is a large public right of way along SR 544. The Hook and Bullet website says the lake contains black drum, bigmouth buffalo and atlantic salmon. ==References== Lakes of Polk County, Florida Winter Haven, Florida

Lake Conine

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DEISNI

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14.140.110.194

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173.2.16.236

== November 2011 == Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Everyone is welcome to make constructive contributions to Wikipedia, but at least one of your recent edits, such as the one you made to David Dixon (American football), did not appear to be constructive and has been automatically reverted (undone) by ClueBot NG. Please use the sandbox for any test edits you would like to make, and take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to this encyclopedia. Note that human editors do monitor recent changes to Wikipedia articles, and administrators have the ability to block users from editing if they repeatedly engage in vandalism. ClueBot NG produces very few false positives, but it does happen. If you believe the change you made should not have been detected as unconstructive, please read about it, , remove this warning from your talk page, and then make the edit again. The following is the log entry regarding this warning: David Dixon (American football) was changed by 71.210.152.241 (u) (t) ANN scored at 0.96092 on 2011-11-20T03:08:56+00:00 . Thank you. ClueBot NG (talk)

71.210.152.241

Geography of Union County, South Carolina Visitor attractions in Union County, South Carolina Union

Protected areas of Union County, South Carolina

Not to be confused with Dorotheus of Gaza. Theodorus Gaza or Theodore Gazis (Θεόδωρος Γαζῆς, Theodoros Gazis; Teodoro Gaza; Theodorus Gazes), also called by the epithet Thessalonicensis (in Latin) and Thessalonikeus (in Greek) (c. 1398 – c. 1475), was a Greek humanist and translator of Aristotle, one of the Greek scholars who were the leaders of the revival of learning in the 15th century (the Palaeologan Renaissance). ==Life== Theodorus Gaza was born a Greek in an illustrious family in Thessaloniki, Macedonia in about c. 1400 when the city was under its first period of Turkish rule (it was restored to Byzantine rule in 1403). On the final capture of his native city by the Turks in 1430 he escaped to Italy. In December 1440 he was in Pavia, where he become acquainted with Iacopo da San Cassiano, who introduced him to his master Vittorino da Feltre. During a three years' residence in Mantua where Vittorino held the celebrated humanistic school "La Giocosa", he rapidly acquired a competent knowledge of Latin under his teaching, supporting himself meanwhile by giving lessons in Greek, and by copying manuscripts of the ancient classics. In 1447 he became professor of Greek in the newly founded University of Ferrara, to which students in great numbers from all parts of Italy were soon attracted by his fame as a teacher. His students there included Rodolphus Agricola. He had taken some part in the councils which were held in Siena (1423), Ferrara (1438), and Florence (1439), with the object of bringing about a reconciliation between the Greek and Latin Churches; and in 1450, at the invitation of Pope Nicholas V, he went to Rome, where he was for some years employed by his patron in making Latin translations from Aristotle and other Greek authors. In Rome, he continued his teaching activities: it was reported that on one occasion Pope Sixtus IV commissioned Gaza to translate Aristotle’s works into Latin, with the pay of a number of gold pieces; however on receiving the pay Gaza was insulted at the amount paid, and furiously cast the money into the Tiber river. Amongst his students were Demetrius Chalcondyles, a leading scholar of the Renaissance period and Andronicus Callistus, a cousin of Theodore Gaza's. After the death of Nicholas (1455), being unable to make a living at Rome, Gaza removed to Naples, where he enjoyed the patronage of Alphonso the Magnanimous for two years (1456–1458). Shortly afterwards he was appointed by Cardinal Bessarion to a benefice in Calabria, where the later years of his life were spent, and where he died about 1475 and was buried in the Basilian monastery of San Giovanni a Piro. After Gaza’s death he was remembered by renaissance writers and praised for his skills; a letter written to Pope Sixtus IV by Ermolao Barbaro in 1480 includes a detailed appraisal of Gaza’s translating abilities: In the campaign waged by Plethon against Aristotelianism he contributed his share to the defence. His influence on humanists was considerable, in the success with which he taught Greek language and literature. At Ferrara he founded an academy to offset the influence of the Platonic academy founded by Plethon at Florence. ==Works== His translations were superior, both in accuracy and style, to the versions in use before his time. He devoted particular attention to the translation and exposition of Aristotle's works on natural science. Gaza stood high in the opinion of most of his learned contemporaries, but still higher in that of the scholars of the succeeding generation. His Greek grammar (in four books), written in Greek, first printed at Venice in 1495, and afterwards partially translated by Erasmus in 1521, although in many respects defective, especially in its syntax, was for a long time the leading textbook. His translations into Latin were very numerous, including: Problemata, De partibus animalium and De generatione animalium of Aristotle the Historia Plantarum of Theophrastus the Problemata of Alexander of Aphrodisias the De instruendis aciebus of Aelian the De compositione verborum of Dionysius of Halicarnassus some of the Homilies of John Chrysostom. He also turned into Greek Cicero's De senectute and Somnium Scipioni with much success, in the opinion of Erasmus; with more elegance than exactitude, according to the colder judgment of modern scholars. He was the author also of two small treatises entitled De mensibus and De origine Turcarum. The flowering plant Gazania, of southern Africa, is named after him. ==See also== Byzantine scholars in Renaissance List of Macedonians (Greek) ==Notes== ==References== For a complete list of Gaza's works, see Fabricius, Bibliotheca Graeca (ed. Harles), x. Nancy Bisaha, Creating East and West: Renaissance humanists and the Ottoman Turks, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006. ISBN 0-8122-1976-7 Deno J. Geanakoplos, `Theodore Gaza, a Byzantine scholar of the Palaeologan "renaissance" in the Italian Renaissance', Medievalia et Humanistica 12 (1984), 61-81 and in *Deno J. Geanakoplos, 'Theodore Gaza: a Byzantine Scholar of the Palaeologan "Renaissance" in the early Italian Renaissance, c. 1400-1475', in Geanakoplos, Constantinople and the West, University of Wisconsin Press, 1989, pp. 68–90. ISBN 0-299-11884-3 Jonathan Harris, 'Byzantines in Renaissance Italy', in Online Reference Book for Medieval Studies – http://the-orb.net/encyclop/late/laterbyz/harris-ren.html Jonathan Harris, Greek Émigrés in the West, 1400-1520, Porphyrogenitus, Camberley UK, 1995. ISBN 1-871328-11-X Fotis Vassileiou & Barbara Saribalidou, Short Biographical Lexicon of Byzantine Academics Immigrants in Western Europe, 2007. N.G. Wilson, From Byzantium to Italy. Greek Studies in the Italian Renaissance (London, 1992). ISBN 0-7156-2418-0 Attribution ==External Links== Di natura animalium libri novem; De partibus animalium libri quattour; De generatione animalium libri quinq'' (1492) - digital facsimile of Theodoros's translation of Aristotle, available from Linda Hall Library 1400 births 1475 deaths Byzantine grammarians Greek educators Greek translators Greek–Latin translators Latin–Greek translators Greek Renaissance humanists Thessalonian Renaissance humanists 15th-century Byzantine people 15th-century writers 15th-century Greek people

Theodorus Gaza

Union County, South Carolina Union

Tourist attractions in Union County, South Carolina

{| width = "100%" |- ! colspan="3" align="center" | Humanities desk |- ! width="20%" align="left" | < September 30 ! width="25%" align="center"|<< Sep | October | Nov >> ! width="20%" align="right" | > |} {| align=center width=95% style="background: #FFFFFF; border: 1px solid #003EBA;" cellpadding="8" cellspacing="0" |- ! style="background: #5D7CBA; text-align: center;" align="center" | Welcome to the Wikipedia Humanities Reference Desk Archives |- | The page you are currently viewing is . While you can leave answers for any questions shown below, please ask new questions on one of the current reference desk pages. |} __TOC__ = October 1 = == Reminiscing the dictatorships == I met many Romanians who think Ceauşescu time was nicer then today. In Russia Stalin is again celebrated, even, to some extent, by state officials. I recently spoke with some older Germans who lived in Nazi Germany and they were talking about those days with great pride. Also if you talk to other eastern Europe countries older residents, many will tell you that they lived better in those days. In Italy even Berlusconi once talked about his great early childhood under Mussolini... Is it that people really lived better lives under dictatorships, or are they simply reminiscing their youth and they simply miss it? Is there any other explanation for this truly remarkable phenomenom? We all like to imagine that living under a dictatorship is an ugly, grueling experience. However, most people do not notice much of a difference - their lives go on pretty much as usual. In fact, sometimes their lives improve (dictatorships can be quite efficient about certain kinds of political and economic changes). The problem with dictatorships is the utterly brutal way in which they deal with those suspected as being 'state enemies', the irrationality of many of their foreign and domestic policies, and the the fact that the populace has no control over the government (meaning that many policies of the regime are against the populace itself). put in concrete terms, if you are a baker you can live a nice, quiet, comfortable life regardless of what regime you live under; everyone wants bread, so you'll always be able to make a living, and it's not something that's likely to bring you any unpleasant notice. If you decide to hold a book-reading club in your shop after hours however, nothing much will happen to you in a society with constitutional rights, but in a dictatorship that could land you in some 'very serious' hot water if the government became suspicious about the activity (and by 'hot water' I mean long-term imprisonment, loss of property, torture, or death). Most Germans under the Nazi regime, for instance, had no idea about the Nazis excesses, and were actually quite proud of the German war success and the increased standard of living that the Nazis brought to the nation. Most Russians lived comfortable, productive lives from the time of the revolution to the fall of the Soviet Union. In short, politics is nowhere near as significant in most people's daily lives as it might seem in hindsight. In the 1930's the US government interviewed elderly African-Americans who had been slaves, and they often said very positive things about how good their life was as slaves. They were young then rather than elderly, and they remembered a time of relative prosperity rather than the Great Depression. (A third factor, of course might be that they were afraid to say how horrible it all was.) As for Stalin or Ceauşescu, the first two factors might apply. People who were being imprisoned and tortured might not have such fond recollections of the two dictators. People who were slackers enjoying the "to each according to his needs" might recall fondly a time when socialism handed out low priced subsidized food to those of limited ability who did not work hard. Edison (talk) Just to add to "afraid to say how horrible it was": an elderly relative who fought in the First World War never mentioned it to anyone I know of while he was alive, except to make lighthearted jokes, but after his death we found a letter written not long after his medical discharge, detailing some of the worst. A not so elderly relative suddenly, out of the blue, reacted to a comedy sketch about the Blitz with "It wasn't like that! Don't believe them, we didn't just carry on like nothing happened. People were dying, and we were terrified. It wasn't like that." At the time, being a teenager, I was puzzled because it was clearly a comedy sketch. Now, I understand that she had lived with this for decades, never talking about how bad it was, surrounded by propaganda. Still, the propaganda of the Blitz lives on, because parents hid the truth from their children rather than talk about how bad it was, and those children tell their own children. Don't believe them. It wasn't like that. 109.155.37.180 (talk) This is a question of psychology, not history. Old people always recall their youth with exaggerated fondness, and the present with exaggerated dismay, even if objective improvements have occurred. This is not to say they're senile fools, merely that they're conflating (or at least strongly associating) the inherent qualities of youth with the incidental circumstances that marked theirs. It feels better to be young than to be old, therefore the world feels better to young people, therefore old people remember a world that felt better than it does today. Quite a few old people are perfectly capable of rising above this reflex and acknowledging, intellectually, that yes, society has manifestly advanced, we've become less sexist and racist, wonderful new technologies have appeared, etc. etc. Others are unwilling or unable to make this leap. LANTZYTALK A couple of the cognitive biases involved would seem to be, then, Rosy retrospection and the Reminiscence bump. WikiDao ☯ (talk) For concrete examples, see Ostalgie and Jugonostalgija. Both of these articles are pretty short, but it's a start, I suppose. TomorrowTime (talk) "Jugonostalgija" has some pretty solid factual basis, but the last ten years of Ceauşescu's reign were a very dark period with many major problems in Romania (especially if you lived in Bucharest), so I'm not sure what there is to be really nostalgic about... AnonMoos (talk) Yeah, I know what you mean - considering the violence that accompanied Ceausescu's overthrow, you'd figure a return to those times would be the last thing people might want. On the other hand, while not all was peachy in Yugoslavia, it still managed to maintain a semblance of the "socialism with a human face" ideal, and your average Janez, Ante or Mujo were pretty well off. Of course, if you'd listen to some politicians from the ex-Yugoslav area, you'd think the country was even worse off and more grimly oppressive than Romania, so it's all in the eye of the beholder, I suppose. TomorrowTime (talk) "you'd figure a return to those times would be the last thing people might want" - and yet... Rimush (talk) I've known plenty of people from Eastern Europe, and none of them speak highly of the Communist days. We're talking about a time when the consumer products (e.g., women's sanitary products, clothing) where terrible, you couldn't even get bananas at the grocery store, few people had cars, TV and radio were lousy Those who are nostalgic will point out that in exchange there was virtually no unemployment, less crime, and a clear sense of law and order and that "things were not so bad if you simply avoided political issues". Don't forget that "back in the good old days" there was no war, a very important factor when you read about the First Chechen War, Yugoslav Wars, 2010 South Kyrgyzstan riots, Nagorno-Karabakh War, 2008 South Ossetia war, etc. Flamarande (talk) On the other hand, you had the Soviet war in Afghanistan. And with the Cold War over, most former Soviet Bloc countries have been able to reduce or eliminate conscription. == Proof of identity in antiquity == If a Roman slave were to have somehow escaped his master, what could have prevented him from going off to some other place and living as a free peasant/sailor/thief/whatever? Assuming the slave was fluent in the language, and not visibly of a non-Roman race, how would anyone have been able to tell? How would anyone be able to prove that so-and-so was or wasn't a slave? To frame the question more broadly, what means existed in that time to prove one's identity to a stranger? A letter could easily be forged or stolen. Unless I'm overlooking something obvious, I imagine that impostors must have been incredibly common in that time. LANTZYTALK I expect the Romans had slave catchers as skilled as those in the antebellum US South. Physical characteristics or accents could be a clue. The locations of friends or relatives could be a clue. Finks or "spotters" could be useful. Edison (talk) Communities prior to modern times were much closer knit than today; even in urban areas, neighborhoods tended to all know each other. If a slave escapes from Rome, and three days later a stranger shows up in a village three days walk from Rome, well, it doesn't take a genius to at least detain the stranger until someone who could identify whether or not he was the escaped slave showed up. According to Slavery in ancient Rome, harboring an escaped slave was a crime, and professional slave catchers were used to find the escaped slaves. And as to the OP's "thief" suggestion, I suppose that a life of crime, be it thievery, banditry, prostitution or piracy, would indeed have been the most viable option, in most cases. There are exceptional individuals and exceptional situations, but they are exceptions. How much, I wonder, do we really know about the Roman underworld? Human branding But what can you do when you have arrived to where you wanted to escape to? You are very conspicuous: a stanger with no land, no money, no shop, basically no income or no friend: wherever you turn up, people will have suspicions that you are running away from something. If you tried to be employed in a city, maybe you stand a little chance. But then you need skills, which, if you were born a slave, would be pretty hard to acquire. In Roman times, elementary-school teachers were often slaves... AnonMoos (talk) Slaves who worked as teachers were exceptions and conspicuous. They were almost always ethnic Greeks, who would have stood out in most parts of ancient Italy. Also, their learning and refinement would have set them apart, and they probably lacked the strength and/or skill needed for the manual labor that might have been available for vagrants. As for the bulk of slaves, who were agricultural laborers, options would have been limited. Purchasing a piece of land to farm as a free peasant somewhere would not have been an option, as 1) it would have involved dealing with a magistrate who would inquire into one's origins if one were not known in the area, and 2) it would have required more money than a rural slave was likely to accumulate. Farm labor on an estate was not an option in most places unless a person was already a slave on that estate. Slaveowners presumably had enough solidarity not to "poach" one another's slaves. Even if a farmworking slave were within a day's walk of Rome or another big city (and there weren't many big cities), he would probably not have skills that were in demand in the urban economy. Much of the menial labor was already done by urban slaves. Travel through the countryside would not have been an option for most escaped slaves because of the expense of paying for food and accommodation, or the risk of being caught stealing food to eat or sleeping rough. Again, even if they did try to travel, where would they find a livelihood? Urban, artisanal slaves might be able to hide some of their earnings from their masters and build up enough money to move and set up shop in another city, but their trade would make them easy to find, and slave hunters would probably have little trouble tracking them down. For all of these reasons, probably most slaves did not bother to try to escape. Those who might have been successful might fall into two categories: 1) Urban slaves who worked on the side and were somehow able to save enough money to pay for passage to their foreign homeland, where they could adopt a disguised public identity and survive with the help of family members and neighbors. The expense to an Italian slaveowner of pursuing a slave outside Italy would probably not have been worthwhile. 2) As Rallette says, a life of crime might have been an option for escaped slaves, particularly prostitution for female slaves. Marco polo (talk) I don't know how often this would have happened in reality, but in Roman law there were extensive provisions for becoming a freedman, and the kind of rights and duties a freedman would have. Slaveowners apparently often freed their slaves in their wills. It wasn't as good as being born free, of course (but you could be born free even if one of your parents was a slave). Adam Bishop (talk) They did have some identity documents in Roman times. For example, see Roman military diploma and Libellus. Excellent answers, everybody. But as for , I doubt that it was ever widely employed in Rome, except perhaps for gladiators and certain classes of criminals. Edward Gibbon writes that the Romans were careful not to acquaint the slaves with their own numbers, so consciously avoided dressing them distinctively or otherwise making their status conspicuous to the eye. It was this fact that inspired my original question, since, if slaves were unable to recognize one another, how could anyone hope to recognize them? But y'all's answers have more than penetrated that mystery. LANTZYTALK Proof of identity came from the census. For an actual example of a Roman citizen who had to prove his identity in a court of law, see Pro Archia Poeta. To count as a Roman Citizen, you needed to be entered on the rolls. Many slaves did escape their masters and raised armies to fight them. Spartacus is the most famous of these slaves. There were three Roman Servile Wars during the Republic. Each lasted several years demonstrating the number of slaves who not only escaped but openly fought their former masters. Gx872op (talk) == Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union and the United Kingdom == This section on the British Protocol is a little unclear to me. Does the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU not apply in the UK? == RUNNING HORSES WITH RAINBOW IN THE SKY == I have posted on my flickr account a painting that's been in my family's possession for years, but it has no name nor I.D. of the artist. It's an art print, which means it was copied off of already established painting, but I don't know how to look it up or to go to find any answer to it's identity. Here is the link: www.flickr.com/photos/53676559@N07/?saved=1 If anyone knows more about it, I'd really appreciate some info. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.70.73.208 (talk) Maybe if you took another photo square on to the painting, you could see if Tineye comes up with anything. Strangely, this seems to be a popular subject matter for paintings/prints. There was a similar question a few months ago and my search for asn answer to that question revealed something odd going on with Google, which prompted me to ask this other ref desk question. Astronaut (talk) == Ethics in Law == May a lawyer write threatening letters to an organization and then single out one member of the organization? This is the example: A lawyer where I live was being asked to comply with the CCRs of our HOA and he wrote a letter very short " Leave us alone, I'm a lawyer and I will sue you." One person on the HOA has asked for further investigation and the lawyer sends that person the same type of letter to his personal email but used the word "backoff" or I'll sue you. It seems against some sort of ethics to write letters like that with no explanation of what sort of violation the organization or person has caused. I called the ABA and the person flippantly said he has a right to free speech and then asked I should ask a lawyer. But how can a lawyer just write a letter telling someone they will sue them any time that lawyer doesn't get his way? Thank you. —Preceding unsigned comment added by MeowMix16 (talk • contribs) No idea what HOA or CCR means, or what country or indeed what continent you live in - but in general the best person to talk to would be a lawyer or your local bar association/council or law society - basically whoever is in charge of regulating that brand of lawyers in your jurisdiction. I would assume that ABA stands for American Bar Association? Googlemeister (talk) HOA = Home Owners Association, CCR = covenants, conditions & restrictions. Anyone can write a letter saying they will sue - whether it is a serious possibility is another question. Sounds like this has reached the stage where you need to get some professional advice on how to enforce your CC&Rs. Collecting random opinions from strangers on the internet is not going to help you. Gandalf61 (talk) And some terms of HOA are unconstitutional and would not be upheld in a court, so the threat of a lawsuit may not be baseless. In any case, professional advise might be worth consideration. Googlemeister (talk) That's a strange use of unconstitutional. I assume you refer to the US Constitution, which mainly affects the actions of the federal government. An HOA may try to have restrictions that don't match national law, state law or local by-laws and that would not be upheld in court, but that does not make them unconstitutional. The HOA isn't the federal government, and isn't acting on its behalf. It's merely a private organization trying to enforce restrictions it doesn't have the right to./Coffeeshivers (talk) While I agree the usage is strange, it may be possible that some terms are in fact unconstitutional. Actually I was specifically reminded of this guy Kiwi Camara and the controversy he got himself into surrounding his description of this Shelley v. Kraemer case. In that case in 1948, it was decided that racially-based restrictive covenants aren't in fact unconstitutional (but they can't be enforced in court since that would be unconsititutional), however it was a specific issue before the court which suggests the people trying it didn't think it completely impossible that the it could be unconstitutional. And I also wonder if the same case nowadays would come to the same conclusion. (Definitely I suspect there are some countries outside the US where HOA terms could be unconstitutional even if it isn't possible in the US.) Of course even if these cases of unconstitutional HOA terms do exist they would only be a small minority of problems with HOA terms. Nil Einne (talk) Seeing the words 'ethics' and 'law' in the same sentence jarred with me a bit. Now that I have recovered a little... There is a blog of legal eagles that are dedicated to fair play (in the law world) called Groklaw. They don't sort problems out for anyone, but they are quick to comment on injustices. Post your questions there. You are more likely to get better opinions than here. == Who started WWI? == Serbia assassinated the heir to the Austrian throne, but Austria-Hungary acted like a complete jerk in response by invading Serbia instead of trying to resolve the conflict through peaceful means. We have an article Causes of World War I which goes into this in great detail. You really can't meaingfully say "Serbia did" anything, because "Serbia" wasn't a country; much of the sadness of the 20th Century arises from whole populations being held responsible for the misdeeds of an unrepresentative few of their number. From what I have read, much of the blame can be placed on those people, mostly Austrian, who persuaded their Emperor to start the war with Serbia, as well as with those few people in Serbia who acted in a provocative way. Personally I blame the politicians. The Austrians had been hoping to invade Serbia for some time, though, they wanted more land, for some reason, and Serbia was one of the last little countries left near them. Technically though, a country, as an area of land, cannot start a war by itself, and very rarely does the entire population of one country decide to do the same thing at the same time. 148.197.121.205 (talk) This article may shed some light on the matter: May Overthrow. There was a strong Pro- Slavic movement in the Habsburg Empire, which by 1914 was a cauldron of various nationalist movements within, all seeking independence. My impression is that the consensus among historians is that Germany ultimately started it, by giving an ultimatum to Russia that Russia could not possibly accept. When Russia refused, Germany militarized, and from that point on every party had to act at maximum speed in order to avoid being put at a strategic disadvantage. Everything that happened before Germany militarized was containable, but after that, nobody was capable of turning back. Looie496 (talk) Just to correct a few statements that were made, there is no evidence that the Serbian government as an entity directed the assassination of the heir to the Austrian throne. The heir was assassinated outside the territory of Serbia by Gavrilo Princip, who was not a citizen of Serbia. There is evidence that Princip was linked to certain Serbian military officers, who might have had a hand in plotting the assassination, but it is not correct that the government of Serbia directed the assassination. It is also not correct to say that Serbia was not a country at the time. It was in fact an independent kingdom. Marco polo (talk) The Black Hand was behind the assassination. :Just to back-up Marco Polo; the Kingdom of Serbia was a fully autonomous country - the Principality of Serbia became independant of the Ottoman Empire in 1867, was given international recognition by the Treaty of Berlin (1878) and became a kingdom in 1882. 16.1% of its population were killed in the war, the highest rate of any participant nation. Alansplodge (talk) A significant share of the blame for escalating an Austro-Hungarian/Serbian diplomatic crisis into a general European war must be placed squarely on the shoulders of Kaiser Wilhelm II. In the fifteen preceding years he had strongly alienated Britain and driven it solidly into the French camp by building up the German surface navy (see Fleet Act, High Seas Fleet, Tirpitz Plan etc.) — even though for Germany and Wilhelm the surface navy was mainly a shiny militaristic toy without great practical (as opposed to prestige) value, while for Britain (which was not self-sufficient in food, and would starve without regular imports), having the biggest surface navy was an essential matter of basic grim survival, and the British were determined to spend whatever it took to match and exceed the German ship-building efforts, regardless of cost. The result of all this was that when the war came, the German surface navy didn't seriously challenge the British navy outside the North Sea, and didn't have any overwhelming superiority within the North Sea. If by not building up its surface navy, Germany could have kept Britain from taking the side of France, then Germany would have been a lot better off without Wilhelm's navy. Also, he must bear some responsibility for the rigid German mobilization plans, which called for aggressive pre-emptive attacks in response to military mobilizations by other powers, without allowing for flexibility or diplomatic finesse. And the man had some definite personal issues (such as hating his mother because she was English) which didn't improve his decision-making skills. AnonMoos (talk) No single individual or group of individuals started World War I. Gavrilo Princip fired the shot that killed the Austrian heir, but this need not have started a world war. The war was the result of the decisions of several leaders in a number of European countries motivated by the lust for power and grandiose ideas of personal and national glory. I agree with AnonMoos that Kaiser Wilhelm II was high on the list of individuals who share the blame, though recent research shows that he was encouraged to take the position that he did by the German officer corps. The German military elite perceived that Germany had overtaken Britain as an industrial power and were eager to defeat Britain, France, and Russia to prove once and for all Germany's mastery of Europe. If the German military elite had not taken this attitude, which led Germany to offer unconditional backing to Austria in its dispute with Serbia (and Russia), Austria probably would not have dared risk war with Russia by delivering an impossible ultimatum to Serbia. Marco polo (talk) "Probably" as in OR? Flamarande (talk) Notice that the Austrian Empire was then the major ally of the German Empire and not to support it would leave Germany all but isolated in Europe (a very bad position). Fact is that the Russian Empire, British Empire were simply afraid from the strengthening German Empire and France was very interested in avenging itself from the Franco-Prussian War and regaining Alsace-Lorraine. So these three allied themselves in the Triple Entente against the German Empire and the Austrian Empire. All these alliances were made years before the war began. The German Empire on the other hand believed that it could win a quick short war against France and the Russian Empire at the same time. Everything was ready, all sides were armed to the teeth, really itching for a "short and glorious" fight, and just looking for a pretext to start the slaughter. Blaming mainly the Germans is unfair: all of them were responsible. Flamarande (talk) Flamarande, you are just as "guilty" as I am of offering your interpretation and reasoning (yes, OR), so spare me the dismissive accusation. Of course Germany and Austria were allies. That does not mean that Germany had to offer Austria a blank check. As I said, leaders from several countries were to blame. I do not blame Germany exclusively. Austria was partly to blame for its oppressive policy in the Balkans, which sparked the initial incident and which colored Austria's attitude toward Serbia. However, it is hard to imagine Austria taking such an inflammatory approach to Russian-backed Serbia if the Austrian leadership did not know that the Germans would back them no matter the consequences. It was Germany's carte blanche to Austria that drew Russia into the conflict, triggering the whole mechanism of opposing alliances. No, Germany was not solely to blame. Austria certainly shared in the blame, as did France, eager for revenge as it leapt to Russia's defense. However, without Germany's adventurism, Austria would have had little choice but to find a diplomatic solution with Serbia and perhaps to admit the failure of its Balkan policy. Marco polo (talk) The German-Austrian alliance didn't mean that Germany had to offer Austria a blank check, agreed. However you're forgetting that someone had just murdered Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the heir-apparent to the Austrian throne on broad daylight. A diplomatic solution after that was all but impossible. War was the inevitable consequence, the only question was how many countries were going to get involved. Notice that the German Carte Blanche to Austria didn't somehow force Russia to stand behind Serbia. All sides stood by their alliances because everybody believed that their side could win. Flamarande (talk) It is entirely unsurprising that German and Austria would be so close. Prior to the German Empire, the two were integral parts of the (admitedly weakly organized) German Confederation. The German question over whether or not a German nation would include, or not include, Austria dominated central European politics for most of the years leading up to World War I. I believe that the German question was more or less resolved by 1871 (way before 1914). It seems to have re-appeared only after WWI (read:German Austria). Flamarande (talk) One other issue that is a bit ancillary, but not often brought up, was the role of the Scramble for Africa, of which Germany was a late comer. While both France and England were trying to establish contiguous empires in Africa, Germany kept inserting itself smack-dab in the middle of their regions of expansion, carving territories right in the way of French and English expansion. After all, German East Africa is the main reason the Cape to Cairo Railway was never completed. This was not the only issue at hand, but inevitible tension over Africa was certainly a contributing factor towards the tension between Germany and the other Great Powers. See Agadir Crisis for a place where tensions in Africa flared up between Germany and France/England prior to WWI. The article Causes of World War I seems to summarise the background quite nicely. Flamarande (talk) You might also be interested in reading Barbara Tuchman's books The Proud Tower and The Guns of August. WikiDao ☯ (talk) Yes, and may I also suggest C.L. Sulzberger's Fall of Eagles which offers proof of direct Black Hand involvement in the Sarajevo assassination, as the author personally interviewed members of the organisation. Massie's Nicholas and Alexandra discusses how the Russians were dragged into the conflict and paid the highest price of all for their participation in the war, not only by the incalculable number of deaths in combat, but as it also led to the complete overthrow of the government and wholsesale murder of the Romanovs (not to mention the countless others) by the Bolsheviks. People often seem to forget, though, that kaiser Wilhelm II put a lot of personal time and effort into trying to prevent the war, in the preceding months, though he had given into the demands of his own politicians and military commanders over the preceding years. A popular theory seems to be that he was trying to postpone the war slightly, as Germany was not quite ready, but it is rather unfair to blame him for all of the conflict that resulted. His alienation of Britain, as well, was a diplomatic failure, he had wanted to simultanously ally with the British and build up an equally large navy to maintain his country's status as an important nation. This failed partly as the British at the time were very proud of their vast navy, so much bigger than any other and saw Germany as a potential threat. As always, though, there were a few people within each country involved that pursued their own agendas without regard for others, and perhaps for the consequences of their actions. That has always been the case, and is still now. 148.197.121.205 (talk) == Switzerland == Why is Switzerland always neutral? The simple answer is because its neutrality was established in perpetuity by the Congress of Vienna. Ghmyrtle (talk) The idea (and practice) do go back a bit further, though. There was the Defensionale of Wil in 1647, toward the end of the Thirty Years War, where the confederate states declared "permanent armed neutrality". Or that in 1477 the Swiss discovered that the best offense is a strong defense. PЄTЄRS J VЄСRUМВА ►TALK Didn't I read somewhere that it was declared neutral partly to stop them sending their mercenaries to fight in everyone else's wars? Switzerland has been involved in a few wars recently, they were, though not through choice, on the french side through most of the napoleonic wars, and have played host to a short civil war more recently. 148.197.121.205 (talk) See, e.g., the article Neutralität . To summarize the salient points: Neutrality has been a maxim of Swiss foreign policy for so long that it has become part of the country's identity. Political science identifies five purposes of Swiss neutrality: (1) contributing to the integration of the Swiss cantons, (2) preserving Swiss independence, (3) maintaining free trade even in wartime, crucial for import-dependent Switzerland, (4) serving the geostrategic interests of the European powers by maintaining the power balance in the center of Europe, and (5) providing diplomatic and economic services to other countries in wartime. These purposes have shifted in importance throughout history: Neutrality came about gradually after the Swiss defeat in the Battle of Marignano 1515 ended Swiss expansionism; the first official declaration of neutrality by the Swiss Diet dates to 1674. In the context of an Old Swiss Confederacy uncomfortably divided - like the rest of Europe - into Protestants and Catholics, the policy of neutrality had the dual aim of keeping Switzerland out of Europe's religious and dynastic wars, and preventing them from splitting up the Confederacy itself; it therefore served both an external, defensive and an internal, unifying purpose. The French invasion of 1798 ended Swiss neutrality as the Helvetic Republic, now a French puppet state, became an ally of Napoleonic France and a theater of the Napoleonic Wars. Neutrality was restored after Napoleon's defeat, when the European powers recognized Switzerland's "perpetual neutrality and territorial inviolability" at the 1815 Congress of Vienna. They probably did so with the purpose of maintaining balance and peace in Europe: as long as neutral Switzerland controlled the strategic Alpine passes, no Great Power could gain this key advantage. The internal cohesion brought about by the continued policy of neutrality played an important part of the efforts to fully unify Switzerland in the 19th century, as the multicultural confederation had to resist the dividing pull of the nationalist movements in France, Germany and Italy. Neutrality was consequently enshrined in the 1847 federal constitution (although not as a goal in itself, but rather as a means towards preserving Swiss independence) and successfully maintained up until the present. Even during the World Wars it was not violated (except Swiss airspace in WWII), probably because the warring powers appreciated the benefits (trade, diplomacy, technology transfer etc.) of a neutral Switzerland; in addition to deterrence (of disputed value) by a Swiss Army committed to try to repel any invader. During the Cold War, a very strict interpretation of neutrality became government doctrine, keeping Switzerland out of the UN, NATO and the precursors of the EU, even though the Eastern Bloc generally considered Switzerland to be on the side of the West. Swiss neutrality policy was loosened somewhat after the end of the Cold War, allowing for tacit participation in some international organizations, which however remains a very disputed subject in Swiss politics.  Sandstein  Why not be neutral?"You know what the fellow said — in Italy, for thirty years under the Borgias, they had warfare, terror, murder and bloodshed, but they produced Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci and the Renaissance. In Switzerland, they had brotherly love, they had five hundred years of democracy and peace — and what did that produce? The cuckoo clock." Fron the 3rd man. Need I say more? Wasn't Einstein Swiss (among many other things)? I mean he lived in Zurich in 1905 when he came up with special relativity. Googlemeister (talk) If every country did the same and enshrined perpetual neutrality in their laws/constitutions, we could do away with war tomorrow. Of course, then we'd have a massive unemployment problem on our hands, but that might still be better. This message has been brought to you from Pie-in-the-Sky Land. Pie-in-the-sky land hasn't met non-state actors apparently. Rmhermen (talk) If all countries always avoided conflict, someone would surely come along soon to exploit that. WikiDao ☯ (talk) Jack Handey said something about that... AnonMoos (talk) lol, that's worth quoting here: "I can picture in my mind a world without war, a world without hate. And I can picture us attacking that world because they'd never expect it." :D WikiDao ☯ (talk) This may be an impossibility, but surely that wouldn't work if all countries do indeed always avoid conflict as in the original premise. There is no need for appeasement if you know the other side isn't going to get into conflict with you. In other words, for someone to take advantage of the situation in the way you specify, that means the notion of everyone avoiding conflict has already failed. Nil Einne (talk) Yes. My comments are further to the notion that such a situation would be "pie in the sky". WikiDao ☯ (talk) Fantastic summary. Could you clarify what you mean by the "except Swiss airspace in WWII"? My understanding was that they shot down Allied and Axis aircraft equally. My understanding was that that didn't violate neutrality because 1) the hostile aircraft were "invading" Swiss airspace, and 2) there wasn't bias to one side or the other. I think Sandstein was mainly referring to the Federal Council and Henri Guisan's reaction to pressure from the Third Reich after Switzerland had shot down a number of German aircraft in air combat during the Battle of France. On 20 June 1940, Switzerland issued a ban on air combat, apologized to Germany, and even released and returned all German prisoners and confiscated aircraft to Germany, without asking for any compensation. This is seen as a breach of neutrality according to the Hague Convention of 1907 (Section V, Chapter II, Art. 11 which states that "A neutral Power which receives on its territory troops belonging to the belligerent armies shall intern them, as far as possible, at a distance from the theatre of war." Some of this is covered in our article on the

Reference desk/Archives/Humanities/2010 October 1

Cony Lake is a small alpine lake in Boise County, Idaho, United States, located in the Sawtooth Mountains in the Sawtooth National Recreation Area. There are no trails leading to the lake or the Goat Creek drainage. Cony Lake is in the Sawtooth Wilderness, and a wilderness permit can be obtained at a registration box at trailheads or wilderness boundaries. ==References== ==See also== List of lakes of the Sawtooth Mountains (Idaho) Sawtooth National Forest Sawtooth National Recreation Area Sawtooth Range (Idaho) Lakes of Idaho Lakes of Boise County, Idaho Glacial lakes of the United States Glacial lakes in the Sawtooth Wilderness

Cony Lake

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64.229.155.138

Geography of Chester County, South Carolina Visitor attractions in Chester County, South Carolina Chester

Protected areas of Chester County, South Carolina

Chester County, South Carolina Chester

Tourist attractions in Chester County, South Carolina

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68.51.9.201

== November 2011 == Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Everyone is welcome to make constructive contributions to Wikipedia, but at least one of your recent edits, such as the one you made to Verbena, did not appear to be constructive and has been automatically reverted (undone) by ClueBot NG. Please use the sandbox for any test edits you would like to make, and take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to this encyclopedia. Note that human editors do monitor recent changes to Wikipedia articles, and administrators have the ability to block users from editing if they repeatedly engage in vandalism. ClueBot NG produces very few false positives, but it does happen. If you believe the change you made should not have been detected as unconstructive, please read about it, , remove this warning from your talk page, and then make the edit again. The following is the log entry regarding this warning: Verbena was changed by 98.221.21.178 (u) (t) ANN scored at 0.953174 on 2011-11-20T03:11:26+00:00 . Thank you. ClueBot NG (talk)

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In English slang, a Croydon facelift (sometimes council house facelift, or in Northern Ireland a Millie Facelift) is a particular [worn by some

Croydon facelift

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Geography of Laurens County, South Carolina Visitor attractions in Laurens County, South Carolina Laurens

Protected areas of Laurens County, South Carolina

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==Uneducated== Bill Bryson dismisses Robert Lowth as uneducated. I just wondered, what was his basis for this crass accusation? I am not a fan of Bryson, because he gets so much wrong. Is he wrong here? I have not read Bryson nor seen this particular charge that Robert Lowth was “uneducated”, but surely it has to be wrong on a technical point. That fact that Lowth was Prælector of Poetry at Oxford University and delivered his inaugural lecture (21st May 1741) in Latin, displaying a familiarity with English thinkers such as Bacon, and with the many poets and philosophers of antiquity, shows he was very well educated, or trained. That is, if “to educate” is to have as one of its meanings, “to train in a (intellectual) discipline.” Bryson, of course, may have meant that Lowth was badly brought up, or bad mannered. However, this I doubt, as “to educate” is rarely used in this context by English speakers. I've not read the Bryson in question; did he say "uneducated", or did he say "an idiot"? Because while the former accusation would be unfair, the second could easily be justified. Which raises the question: why is there virtually no mention in this article of the modern view of Bish Lowth? Reading this would give the impression that he contributed something useful to mankind, instead of a bunch of ridiculous rules (which could kindly be described as "arbitrary"), which have had absolutely no effect on standard English in two hundred and fifty years. 129.2.211.72 After posting the previous comment, I found the Prescription and description article (which was not clearly linked to from this one, for whatever reason), and borrowed a hefty chunk about Lowth. While I freely admit my own POV, I think the addition was necessary to help neutralize an overly Lowth-friendly article. Now it contains accurate information about his life, academic career, and legacy. 129.2.211.72 == Lowth was not an "idiot" == I really don’t think your addition has helped “neutralize” the issue: you’ve merely removed one bias and replaced it with your own, which is even more biased. To describe Lowth as an “idiot” is wrong. I agree that Lowth made a mistake in trying to make the language conform to Latin rules, but he was by no means alone in doing this (both during his own and earlier periods). Many poets, possibly imitating Milton, used Latinate sentence structures (were they all idiots?). Bear in mind that not many years before Lowth’s grammar the lingua franca was Latin (Milton was Latin Secretary to Cromwell). Also, to enter the universities (Cambridge and Oxford), at matriculation, one was still expected to sit an exam in Latin. There were no such subjects as English literature, studies, or language: the study of poetry meant the study of antiquity. It was inevitable that in such an environment the former Professor of Poetry (in the Greek and Latin tongues) at Oxford should produce a text on grammar heavily influenced by Latin. To call him an “idiot” might show at best a weak understanding of the period, if not our language and its etymology (heavily influenced by French and Latin). An idiot is “a person with extremely low intelligence.” If intelligence is to mean the “faculty of understanding”, then I don’t see how either you or Bryson (if he did) can refer to Lowth as an idiot. The possible genesis of intelligence is the Latin intellego, a compound of lego (“I choose, gather”, and by extension “read”) and inter (“between”). Lowth read widely, but made some choices in his grammar which might now seem redundant and pedantic. However, I wouldn’t call Fowler an idiot because he made a distinction between “shall” and “will”. Few people make this distinction now, and even fewer know what the distinction is. This does not reflect badly on them (language evolves) but it doesn’t make Fowler an idiot (incidentally, Lowth had noted a similar distinction between “shall” and “will” in his Grammar). I object to calling Lowth an idiot because to do so makes a mockery of previous learning, which must be seen in its context. We should take issue with it, but to dismiss it is unhelpful. Lastly, you might add to your list of idiots: Aristotle, Plato, Bacon, Hume, Nietzsche, etc, all of whom expressed ideas which now seem less than convincing. We further our own knowledge by learning (warts and all) from those who have gone before us. I agree that the neutrality of this article is questionable. Its accuracy is unquestionably bad, and its wording misleading. Lowth's judgments of grammaticality generally come from his own sense of what he would say, just like those of modern linguists: he supplements this with a (perhaps overzealous) application of analogy. But the article suggests that Lowth blindly applied Latin rules to English: this is in fact against not only his stated purpose but also his practise. He may draw parallels with Latin, but he is always aware that a parallel can only go so far: see in particular his passage on the absolute construction, where he criticizes another grammarian for insisting that the absolute case must be the objective on the grounds that in Latin it is in the ablative: No, Lowth insists, it may be "illo" in the Latin, but in English we say "he", and it is no more reasonable to argue from the Latin than to say that we should use the genitive in the absolute construction because they do so in Greek (his example). The article is inaccurate not only in its characterization of his general practise, but also in its description of specific instances. For example, in Lowth's discussion of whether we should say "who" or "whom", he does NOT cite latin grammar, but rather cites the analogy of the English forms where the pronoun follows the verb, and is clearly in the objective case. Also, Lowth does not really say that prepositions at end are "inappropriate" so it would be wrong to credit him with the creation of this "shibboleth" (which in any case goes back at least to Dryden before him): he merely says that he finds them chatty rather than majestic The article as currently written is seriously biased and false. ==Latin== On the basis of the above, I find myself wondering if it is true that Lowth based judgements on Latin at all, or if in fact this is just another example of making fun of prescription. There is a BIG difference between saying "Latin does this, so English should too" and saying "the kind of English I recommend does this, as does Latin". We have had discussions on this at Linguistic prescription and split infinitive, and have so far failed to come up with a single example of a serious authority ever having used arguments like the former (though some second-rate school teachers may have done, but that is of little interest). Now, given Lowth's stated principles, I would suspect that any use of Latin in his argumentation will be of the second kind - which is still regarded as perfectly valid today. Unless someone can find a clear example, I think that section needs to be rewritten. I shall add a "fact" tag meanwhile. ==Tidying up== I've reverted some of the recent changes where they affect Lowth on the Psalms. This may be a bit obscure to those whose main interest in Lowth is as an English grammarian, but he is important for two different fields of intellectual history, with little overlap. For any reader is looking to read what Lowth himself actually wrote on the Psalms, copies are available in many physical and cyber libraries, but it makes a big difference how readable one finds the text depending on whether one has the good fortune to have hit an edition which puts the scriptural quotations in English rather than Latin. == Life heading == I've just added life as a sub-heading so that the contents box displays at the top of the page. Surely an improvement? Jarry1250 (talk)

Robert Lowth

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Albert Einstein, magnetism, and romance = October 27 = Reference_desk/Archives/Humanities/2010 October 27 Retirement ages and Feminism - logic vs cultural norm Linguistic maps of Latin America Miliband's memo about PMQs Mark Twain's Short story Universal language books about a guide dog on 9/11 Dates and location of a festival in Ghana Sarah Palin Most Stupid thing you've ever heard anyone say = October 28 = Reference_desk/Archives/Humanities/2010 October 28 separation of church and state Western Union memo French military The authors of the bible Marriage in the three Abrahamic religions Other notions of good and evil Statue of George III in Weymouth = October 29 = Reference_desk/Archives/Humanities/2010 October 29 Death certificate of an executed criminal Who does Rambo fear? Why does psychological trauma exist? Wand of Horus/Pharaoh's cylinder Bottom of the copyright page in Philip Pullman's Once Upon a Time in the North Queen's Regulations Gambling addiction and depression: similar or opposite? = October 30 = Reference_desk/Archives/Humanities/2010 October 30 Piano music The dying words of Caius Gracchus, Roman Tribune, and his imitation of a Greek heroine: to whom does C. Gracchus allude? Longest gap between serving as governor in the U.S.? US state secession Which buildings are the Singapore Airlines headquarters? About a sweater bearing motto "Nine out of ten" & a rose Aerial Bombardment The history of patents Flesch–Kincaid readability test Charlemagne's tablecloth = October 31 = Reference_desk/Archives/Humanities/2010 October 31 Erskine May's Treatise on the Law, Privileges, Proceedings and Usage of Parliament Halloween Scholarship essay on college application Broadcasting receivers in Italy

Reference desk/Archives/Humanities/October 2010

Laurens County, South Carolina Laurens

Tourist attractions in Laurens County, South Carolina

Regnans in Excelsis ("reigning on high") was a papal bull issued on 27 April 1570 by Pope Pius V declaring "Elizabeth, the pretended Queen of England and the servant of crime", to be a [and

Regnans in Excelsis

Geography of Newberry County, South Carolina Visitor attractions in Newberry County, South Carolina Newberry

Protected areas of Newberry County, South Carolina

McWillards Lake is a small alpine lake in Boise County, Idaho, United States, located in the Sawtooth Mountains in the Sawtooth National Recreation Area. There are no trails leading to the lake or the Goat Creek drainage. McWillards Lake is in the Sawtooth Wilderness, and a wilderness permit can be obtained at a registration box at trailheads or wilderness boundaries. ==References== ==See also== List of lakes of the Sawtooth Mountains (Idaho) Sawtooth National Forest Sawtooth National Recreation Area Sawtooth Range (Idaho) Lakes of Idaho Lakes of Boise County, Idaho Glacial lakes of the United States Glacial lakes in the Sawtooth Wilderness

McWillards Lake

Not that any potential unblocking admin would need help...but you weren't helping to update a cited page. You were removing an AfD tag from a page repeatedly...and with the help of multiple friends or multiple newly created accounts that you were in control of yourself. Slow down and read the things people have left on multiple talk pages by this point. Deleting the tag wasn't acceptable, and that was clearly pointed out. The history of your talk page remains intact despite your blanking. Contribute to the discussion and provide reliable sources (Hint: Yahoo answers isn't one) that prove notability for the subject. 72.229.1.242 (talk) Yo, i cited Yahoo's home page with her web blog documenting her work for Yahoo! please see below: http://shine.yahoo.com/blog/GQKV6FTQY4BLOSCC565U7KKJLM/;_ylt=ArPJVcbAqihA4b4eNKFEoC5hbqU5 or Capital New York's writers page: http://www.capitalnewyork.com/writers There is a reference list on the page. Give us one good reason why you should ever be allowed to edit here again. You were abusing multiple accounts, removed AFD tags from the article after being repeatedly told not to (yes blanking the talk page won't get rid of the warnings - just removes them from view; we can still view them, so don't say you didn't know), and blanking the deletion discussion page not once, but twice. You don't get to disrupt first and then argue your case later; it doesn't work like that around here. –MuZemike 72.229.1.242 (talk) sorry "guardian of the internet" i thought i would check this site out and try to add to it. Do you mean to say you can't provide such a reason? You've apparently done a good bit more than "add to" the site. - Vianello (Talk)

72.229.1.242

Newberry County, South Carolina Newberry

Tourist attractions in Newberry County, South Carolina

== October 2010 == Welcome to Wikipedia. The recent edit that you made to the page White bread has been reverted, as it appears to be unconstructive. Please use the sandbox for testing any edits; if you believe the edit was constructive, please ensure that you provide an informative edit summary. You may also wish to read the introduction to editing for further information. Thank you. iGeMiNix/What's up?/My Stuff Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did with this edit to the page Pumpernickel. Such edits constitute vandalism and are reverted. Please do not continue to make unconstructive edits to pages; use the sandbox for testing. Thank you. Wayne Olajuwon chat Please do not vandalize pages, as you did with this edit to Pumpernickel. If you continue to do so, you will be blocked from editing. Wayne Olajuwon chat

69.126.23.69

== November 2011 == Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Everyone is welcome to make constructive contributions to Wikipedia, but at least one of your recent edits, such as the one you made to Gold mining, did not appear to be constructive and has been automatically reverted (undone) by ClueBot NG. Please use the sandbox for any test edits you would like to make, and take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to this encyclopedia. Note that human editors do monitor recent changes to Wikipedia articles, and administrators have the ability to block users from editing if they repeatedly engage in vandalism. ClueBot NG produces very few false positives, but it does happen. If you believe the change you made should not have been detected as unconstructive, please read about it, , remove this warning from your talk page, and then make the edit again. The following is the log entry regarding this warning: Gold mining was changed by 123.211.219.233 (u) (t) ANN scored at 0.960178 on 2011-11-20T03:13:40+00:00 . Thank you. ClueBot NG (talk)

123.211.219.233

{| width = "100%" |- ! colspan="3" align="center" | Language desk |- ! width="20%" align="left" | < September 28 ! width="25%" align="center"|<< Aug | September | Oct >> ! width="20%" align="right" | > |} {| align=center width=95% style="background: #FFFFFF; border: 1px solid #003EBA;" cellpadding="8" cellspacing="0" |- ! style="background: #5D7CBA; text-align: center;" align="center" | Welcome to the Wikipedia Language Reference Desk Archives |- | The page you are currently viewing is . While you can leave answers for any questions shown below, please ask new questions on one of the current reference desk pages. |} __TOC__ = September 29 = == Surely this was two errors in one sentence? == ... "A fine idea," said Shadow. "Thanks." He walked across the melting snow, from the Culvers parking lot to the gas station. - American Gods, pg. 124, by Neil Gaiman It seems to me that Gaiman had meant: He walked through melting snow, across the Culvers parking lot to the gas station. Imagine Reason (talk) Neither 'error' jumped out at me as wrong, and rereading the sentence they still don't seem wrong. Lexicografía (talk) Me neither. When was say someone walked "across" the snow, we're not meaning it in the same sense as Jesus walked on the water. There is obviously some degree of sinking into the snow, and footprints will be left. It's only when the snow is very soft and deep, and a significant part of the body is obscured, that we talk about walking "through" the snow. Poetic license. WikiDao ☯ (talk) Texts can often have deliberately multiple/ambiguous meanings. Given that Shadow is arguably a supernatural being, Gaiman may be subtly suggesting that he was actually walking on the snow without leaving footprints. (87.81 posting from . . .)87.82.229.195 (talk) And why have you assumed that the entire route to the gas station is in the Culvers parking lot, rather than that Gaiman has a command of simple prepositions? 109.155.33.219 (talk) Exactly. There is a parking lot, there is a gas station, there is a strip of grass or something between them. This grass is covered with snow, which is melting. He walked across it. Nothing even slightly peculiar about it. == French politesse == What is a polite way to say, to a girl's close family or friend (for example, a father or brother or sister, etc), in French, that you do not find the girl attractive? "Elle est laide" would be wildly inappropriate (laid being a synonym for hideous!) but neither would the more muted "elle est moche", in my opinion. Thanks. PS: if there is a way that I can avoid saying she is plain, i.e., say she is attractive, while still saying I'm not attracted to her (and avoid making the other party think I really am attracted to her, of course, because I'm not), I would prefer it. 24.92.78.167 (talk) I think the politest thing in any language is not to say anything negative about the girl at all. If pressed, you could talk about your own experience, and say that while she's a lovely girl, you did not feel particularly attracted to her. If pressed on why that was, they are now the ones being impolite, but you could say that some like vichysoisse, but you prefer coq au vin, and leave it at that. OK thnx, but 1. I am more interested in how I would respond if directly asked, and 2. I would like the actual wording in French or a general frame, because while my French is passable my knowledge of French culture is lacking. Thnx again. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.92.78.167 (talk) If you find "she's not my type" acceptable in English, then "elle n'est pas mon genre de fille" might work. It's colloquial and, though not necessarily within the bounds of decorum, as explained by 202, it does ascribe half of the argument to one's personal and subjective taste, without referring to her unattractiveness in any general way. French media translated Justin Bieber's "not my type" as "pas mon genre de fille" ---

Reference desk/Archives/Language/2010 September 29

HSL may refer to: Companies Heeling Sports Limited, which owns the Heelys and Soap Shoes brands Hindustan Shipyard Limited in Visakhapatnam, India. Science, technology and computing HSL color space (hue, saturation, lightness) High Speed Link in telephony Homoserine lactone, a bacterial quorum sensing molecule Hormone-sensitive lipase, a protein found in the cytosol of adipocytes important in the hydrolysis of triacylglycerols. Harwell Subroutine Library, a library of FORTRAN Numerical Analysis Subroutines. Health and Safety Laboratory, an agency of the Health and Safety Executive in the UK. Transport Hogesnelheidslijn, high-speed railway lines in the Netherlands: HSL-Zuid, HSL-Oost High Speed Line, high-speed railway lines in Belgium: HSL 1, HSL 2, HSL 3, HSL 4 Haslemere railway station in Haslemere, Surrey, England, UK Helsingin Seudun Liikenne, a public transport administration in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area, Finland Other Hawaii State Library Helicopter Anti-Submarine Squadron (Light), in the United States Navy Hero of Socialist Labour, an honorary title and the highest degree of distinction for exceptional achievements in economy and culture in the Soviet Union. Hamburg School of Logistics, now Kühne School of Logistics and Management, a German business school Helsingin Shakkiliitto, a Finnish chess organisation

HSL

== October 2010 == Welcome to Wikipedia. Your test on the page Ethnic stereotype worked, and has been removed. If you would like to experiment further, please use the sandbox. You may also wish to read the introduction to editing and its related help page for more information. Thank you. iGeMiNix/What's up?/My Stuff

130.70.13.49

== October 2010 == Welcome to Wikipedia. Your test on the page Cognate worked, and has been removed. If you would like to experiment further, please use the sandbox. You may also wish to read the introduction to editing and its related help page for more information. Thank you. iGeMiNix/What's up?/My Stuff

68.209.16.55

Anna Gerarda Maria "Claudia" van den Heiligenberg (born 25 March 1985) is a Dutch footballer, currently playing for USV Jena in the Bundesliga (women). She has won four league titles with Ter Leede and AZ. She is a member of the Dutch national team, and played the 2009 European Championship. Her mother Mary van de Meer was also an international footballer. In December 2009, then national coach Vera Pauw dropped Van den Heiligenberg and Dyanne Bito from the squad ahead of a match against Belarus. The decision proved controversial and it was reported that the duo were kicked out because they were in a relationship. Pauw angrily dismissed the claims, saying it was an insult to suggest they were excluded because of their relationship. Van den Heiligenberg and Bito remained together and both were restored to the national team by incoming national coach Roger Reijners in 2010. A 2–0 win over Ireland in August 2010 was Van den Heiligenberg's 50th international cap. She was selected in the Netherlands squad for UEFA Women's Euro 2013 in Sweden. ==References== ==External links== Profile at Onsoranje.nl (in Dutch) Profile at vrouwenvoetbalnederland.nl (in Dutch) Profile at uefa.com 1985 births Living people Dutch women's footballers People from Kaag en Braassem Netherlands women's international footballers LGBT sportspeople from the Netherlands Lesbian sportswomen LGBT association football players Eredivisie (women) players AFC Ajax (women) players FF USV Jena players Telstar (women's football club) players Association football fullbacks Association football wingers

Claudia van den Heiligenberg

===Commodore 64=== Voting period ends on 29 Nov 2011 at 03:14:32 (UTC) Reason:This is my first time nominating my own work and so I figured that I'd give it a shot. I think that this photo could fit the featured photo criteria as the Commodore 64 is an iconic piece of computer history. Articles in which this image appears:png version: Commodore 64 jpg version: History of video games, History of personal computers, Microcomputer FP category for this image: Eletronics Creator:Evan-Amos Support as nominator Support quality, EV Comment The jpg version would be a better candidate. Brandmeister t Why? JBarta (talk) Png is generally reserved for drawings and illustrations, like coats of arms, but that isn't a big problem. Brandmeister t Support either jpg or png. JJ Harrison (talk) Oppose - it's a photograph, should be in JPEG format. Comment - I changed it to the JPG version. The photos that I take for infoboxes are transparent background PNGs, since that was the requested format for video game consoles photos after a while. I've made it habit to have both a JPG and PNG available, since the JPGs look better at different sizes than the PNG files. Evan-Amos (talk) Support large and clear photo. Pinetalk Support. A perfect FP. I encourage you to upload and nominate more images! Aaadddaaammm (talk) Support: Excellently sharp throughout, good lighting, great resolution, EV is obvious. Julia\talk Featured picture nominations Featured picture nominations/November 2011

Featured picture candidates/Commodore64

The South African Railways Class 34-200 of 1971 is a diesel-electric locomotive. Between October 1971 and March 1972 the South African Railways placed fifty Class 34-200 General Motors Electro-Motive Division type GT26MC diesel-electric locomotives in service. ==Manufacturer== The Class 34-200 type GT26MC diesel-electric locomotive was designed and built for the South African Railways (SAR) by General Motors Electro-Motive Division (GM-EMD) and imported. Fifty locomotives were delivered between October 1971 and March 1972, numbered in the range from 34-201 to . ==Class 34 series== ===GE and GM-EMD designs=== The Class 34 locomotive family consists of seven series, the General Electric (GE) Classes 34-000, 34-400, 34-500 (also known as "34-400 ex Iscor") and , and the GM-EMD Classes 34-200, 34-600 and 34-800. Both these manufacturers also produced locomotives for the South African Classes 33, 35 and 36. ===Distinguishing features=== On the GM-EMD Class 34 series locomotives, Class 34-200 and 34-600 locomotives are visually indistinguishable from one another, but they can be distinguished from the Class 34-800 by the thicker fishbelly-shaped sills on their left sides, compared to the straight sill on the left side of the Class . ==Service== ===South Africa=== In South Africa the Class 34-200s work on most mainlines and some unelectrified branchlines in the central, eastern, northern and northeastern parts of South Africa. ===NLPI Ltd.=== NLPI Limited (abbreviated from New Limpopo Projects Investments), a Mauritius-registered company, specialises in private sector investments using the build-operate-transfer (BOT) concept. It had three connected railway operations in Zimbabwe and Zambia that formed a rail link between South Africa and the Democratic Republic of Congo. The Beitbridge Bulawayo Railway (BBR), commissioned on 1 September 1999, operates the Beit Bridge to Bulawayo line in Zimbabwe. Since February 2004 NLPI Logistics (NLL or LOG) operates between Bulawayo and Victoria Falls on the Zimbabwe-Zambia border. Since February 2003 the Railway Systems of Zambia (RSZ) operated on the former Zambian Railways (ZR) from Victoria Falls to Sakania in the Congo. In Zambia the RSZ locomotive fleet included former ZR locomotives, but the rest of the locomotive fleet of all three operations consisted of South African GM-EMD Class 34-200, 34-600 and 34-800 and GE Class 35-000 and 35-400 locomotives. These locomotives were sometimes marked or branded as either BBR or LOG or both, but their status, whether leased or loaned, was unclear since they were still on the TFR roster and still often worked in South Africa as well. Zambia Railways, the state-owned holding company, resumed control of the Zambian national rail network on 11 September 2012. This followed the government’s decision to revoke the operating concession awarded to RSZ after Finance Minister Alexander Chikwanda claimed that RSZ had "blatantly disregarded the provisions of the agreement" and had been "acting in a manner prejudicial to the interests of Zambians”. ===Sheltam=== One of the Class 34-200 locomotives, no. 34-221, was sold to Sheltam where it became their number 4, having since been renumbered to 2601. Sheltam is a locomotive hire and repair company that undertakes complete operating contracts and maintenance contracts, based at the Douglas Colliery near Witbank in Mpumalanga. By the turn of the millennium Sheltam locomotives were operating at Randfontein Estates Gold Mine in Gauteng, and in Mpumalanga at Douglas and Vandyksdrift Collieries and at SAPPI, Ngodwana. They also operated on Spoornet’s Newcastle-Utrecht branch in KwaZulu-Natal and for a while on Kei Rail in the Eastern Cape. Outside South Africa they operate on the BBR, NLL and RSZ lines through Zimbabwe and Zambia and in the Congo. ==Works numbers== The Class 34-200 builder's works numbers and deployment are listed in the table. ==Illustration== The main picture shows the right side of no. 34-227 in the Spoornet orange livery. The left side and the NLPI LOG livery as applied to Class 34-200 locomotives are illustrated below. ==References== Diesel-electric locomotives of South Africa Electro-Motive Division locomotives Co+Co locomotives Cape gauge railway locomotives Railway locomotives introduced in 1971 1971 in South Africa

South African Class 34-200

IBES may refer to: Institute for a Broadband-Enabled Society, a research institute in Melbourne, Australia Institutional Brokers' Estimate System, a service founded by the New York brokerage firm Lynch, Jones & Ryan

IBES

REDIRECT United States House of Representatives elections, 2004#Ohio 2004 Ohio Ohio elections, 2004

2004 United States House of Representatives elections in Ohio

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70.75.190.58

{| width = "100%" |- ! colspan="3" align="center" | Language desk |- ! width="20%" align="left" | < September 29 ! width="25%" align="center"|<< Aug | September | Oct >> ! width="20%" align="right" | > |} {| align=center width=95% style="background: #FFFFFF; border: 1px solid #003EBA;" cellpadding="8" cellspacing="0" |- ! style="background: #5D7CBA; text-align: center;" align="center" | Welcome to the Wikipedia Language Reference Desk Archives |- | The page you are currently viewing is . While you can leave answers for any questions shown below, please ask new questions on one of the current reference desk pages. |} __TOC__ = September 30 = == When one thing is many == I first encountered this problem when trying to express an idea in Spanish, but have realized that it can be just as confusing in English. Specifically for English, unless you also know about Spanish, how should a verb be conjugated when it refers to both singular and multiple objects? (e.g. "My favourite part of the exhibit was/were the paintings") I hope I'm not just crazy and making up an issue out of nowhere, but this has been recently catching me up in Spanish, probably because I can't even think of the correct English usage. Any response would be appreciated. Helixer (talk) I don't know about Spanish, but in English the sentence "My favourite part of the exhibit was the paintings" is normally construed with the singular was, which agrees with the singular subject part. In English, verbs agree with their subjects, not the complements that follow linking verbs. Deor (talk) So you would say "My favourite part of the exhibit was the paintings", but "The paintings were my favourite part of the exhibit"? Interesting. I am always unsure too, just like the OP. Exactly correct. It's no different from "My wife and my children are my family" (are is 3rd person plural, to agree with the plural subject "my wife and my children"), vs. "My family consists of my wife and my children" (consists is 3rd person singular, to agree with the singular subject "my family"). Not sure if your second example is completely appropriate: "consist" is not a copular verb, while "to be" is one. With "to be", it is not immediately obvious which part is the subject and which is the predicate, at least not in all languages (especially those with free word order). However, since the subject of this thread is English, where SVO is rather strict word order, I take it that the only grammatically correct (if not particularly stylish) version is:"My family is my wife and my children"rather than*"My family are my wife and my children", right? No such user (talk) Interesting question. Since Spanish and English grammar are so similar, Spanish speakers are also unsure about this when it comes up. The "Diccionario panhispánico de dudas" answers the question for Spanish here: http://buscon.rae.es/dpdI/SrvltGUIBusDPD?lema=ser#211 (2.1.1 c) in that page). According to it, Spanish doesn't follow the "element on the left (since speakers aren't sure which one is the subject, I'll call it that way) dictates whether it is singular or plural" rule, but simply uses the plural in these cases: Cuando el sujeto y el atributo son dos sustantivos que difieren en número, lo normal es establecer la concordancia con el elemento plural: «Mi infancia son recuerdos de un patio de Sevilla» So does that mean it should be "El parte más favorito de la exibición fueron las pinturas" or "El parte más favorito de la exibición fue las pinturas"? I'll have to ask my boyfriend. Steewi (talk) "Mi parte favorita de la exhibición fueron los cuadros" vs "My favourite part of the exhibit was the paintings" - get the genders right, I know that there isn't any rule for them, but it sounds awful to native speakers if you get them wrong, it sounds like calling a girl "he". Thanks for the answers! I guess I'll go with what the Diccionario panhispánico says. And yeah, Steewi, make sure your genders are right :] ... if somebody could put the resolved symbol on here that'd be great... I don't know how.... Helixer (hábleme) == Broke/broken/break down == This seems to have various meanings: temporarily ceased to function properly (as in a car breaking down, or a person having a nervous breakdown) decrepitude (as in an old and broken down dwelling, or person) wept (as in a defendant breaking down when he hears the verdict/punishment). I'm sure there are others. I'm most interested in the third meaning. How did bursting/breaking into tears come to be characterised as "breaking down"? The person hasn't ceased to function, nor have they had a nervous breakdown. Whenever I hear this, I have an image of the person collapsing dramatically in the dock and needing immediate (para-)medical assistance and possibly transportation to some healthcare facility. But that's almost never what it means in such cases. If they actually do collapse, the report would spell that out. A metaphor for the defendant's defences breaking down under assult by the cross-examining counsel? Why is bursting into laughter called "Cracking up"? AnonMoos (talk) Indeed. That one can be used transitively - "That cracked me up". But we don't say "The news broke him down" - rather "The news brought him to tears". == What does "No Wangers" mean? == On a recent trip to Morro Bay, California, I saw a sign on the window of a surf and skate board shop saying "no wangers". The usual slang meanings of the word wanger, referring to male or female body parts, did not seem to fit. Does anyone know what it means in this context?173.146.224.225 (talk) Urban Dictionary: wanger. I think they are trying to say something like "Don't be a dick" (see image) WikiDao ☯ (talk) But one of those Urban Dictionary definitions is a half erect penis. I wonder if that's what the shop is referring to in this case. Since it's a surf and skate shop people are likely to be coming in with swimwear and shorts on, and maybe the owners of the shop don't want to be confronted with such sights. Exactly. Their motto is, "If you want to shop in our store, you have to be fully erect." —Angr (talk) Or it may have been an establishment catering exclusively to surfer chicks...? WikiDao ☯ (talk) == Can one say "He is broad" (i.e. fat, or has broad shoulders, and likewise)? == HOOTmag (talk) Well, I'm pretty sure your question isn't quite so much "can one say" as "can one say and be understood". I'd say yes, in theory, but based on other senses of broad you might not want to. Lexicografía (talk) While Lexi is right in that one may say this, a native speaker of English almost certainly wouldn't. Rojomoke (talk) Broad as an adjective is not normally used to describe people. It is used to describe objects and sometimes body parts, but not entire bodies. If you say "He is broad", I don't think that you can expect native English speakers to understand you. They might wonder if you mean "broad-minded". In American English, the common way to say what you want is "He is big". You can say "He is fat", but that amounts to an insult. A nicer way to say that is "He is heavy." Marco polo (talk) Your answer is thorough and exhaustive. "he is broad minded" is acceptable. "his shoulders are broad" is acceptable too, but "he is broad" (in the sense of "he is fat") is unacceptable. Eliko (talk) If someone was being described to me, and I was told "He is broad", I'd expect him to have broad shoulders. It's possible that they'd mean he was a bit overweight, but it's not the euphemism that I'd expect to hear. My first instinct would be shoulders. (This is in the context of Australian English). Steewi (talk) Yes, but even in Australia, I think you wouldn't be sure quite what was meant. Marco polo (talk) I have heard something like "he's broad in the beam," meaning "wide in the rear end." --- OtherDave (talk)

Reference desk/Archives/Language/2010 September 30

== 2010 == Are there any reliable sources that say that this is going to take place in 2010 rather than in 2011 or later? I have not seen anything personally that gave any time scale. Davewild (talk) == Ballot boxes == According to the article: "...so that the instructions to the voter displayed in ballot boxes would be changed...". How can you display instructions in ballot boxes? Should this say "on ballot papers" or "in polling booths"? 86.163.210.187 (talk) == History == Perhaps in the "history pre-election" section, we can add something about how AV was first debated by Parliament more than 100 years ago and was almost introduced on a couple of occasions (notably 1929/1930). 86.163.210.187 (talk) I agree. There's a 'see also' link to Electoral reform#United Kingdom, which covers the history of AV and STV proposals in the first half of the twentieth century. I'm in favour of bringing some of that material in here, or some sort of clearer link to it. I'll see what I can do... Bondegezou (talk) Thank you! It's looking good. 195.72.173.52 (talk) == Political parties == I've done some work on what the different political parties' positions to the referendum will be: this section now covers Conservative, Labour, LibDem, Green, UKIP, DUP, UUP, SDLP, Sinn Fein and Alliance. However, it does not yet have anything on the other parties represented in Parliament (SNP, Plaid Cymru), European Parliament (BNP) or national assemblies (Progressive Unionist Party or the other national Green parties, Green Party in Northern Ireland and Scottish Green Party). Can anyone help here? Bondegezou (talk) NI Green Party has voted to vote No in the referendum http://brianwilsonmla.blogspot.com/2010/10/green-party-votes-to-oppose-alternative.html 87.112.86.110 (talk) == Alternative Vote vs alternative vote == AFAICS, AV is currently considered a proper noun on Wikipedia, so this article should be uppercasing AV (in the title, too). If this is not the consensus, then we should be consistently lowercasing AV, not just on this page. —Nightstallion == AV2011.co.uk == I've been trying to list AV2011.co.uk within the References and Other Organizations sections. AV2011 is a group of principled electoral reformers who set up because all other electoral reform groups are endorsing AV. AV2011 believes this is a huge mistake - see the site for more info. The edits keep on getting rejected because the site on grounds that AV2011.co.uk has no web or media presence. The site and group will be REGISTERED with the ELECTORAL COMMISSION and as for web presence - enter "AV referendum" in Yahoo search and this WIKI entry is #2 and AV2011.co.uk is #3. It is crucial that WIKI is not seen as politically biased on an issue like this - we should reflect that not all electoral reformers will support AV. Apart from the Greens in NI (the leader of whom, BTW, has signed up to AV2011's "PLAN A") this is not adequately reflected in this article. How do we resolve? Thanks Wikiedit9876 (talk) Please read EL. Gabbe (talk) EL is Wikipedia's policy on what external links to include. In terms of mentioning the group in the article text, there needs to be reliable source coverage of them in, for example, a newspaper report. Bondegezou (talk) OK - but I would point out that AV2011.co.uk IS listed at the end of the Wiki article on Instant Run-Off Voting - surely, this counts as reliable coverage? And - no - I did NOT add the link at the end of that article - I was surprised to see someone referred to our site from WIKI and followed the referring link. So we meet criteria to get listed when analyzing AV for Parliamentary elections (under a theoretical article) but not about the referendum in the UK, for which we were set-up to oppose. Surely, this is inconsistent. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Wikiedit9876 (talk • contribs) You are right, that is an inconsistency, but the inclusion in another Wikipedia article does not count as a reliable source, no. In this case, unless you can present an argument to the contrary, it seems to me that the link on the Instant Run-Off Voting article is what should be removed. Bondegezou (talk) == No to AV and Yes to AV cross-party campaigns - sections needed == We really ought to start sections on the No to AV and Yes to AV cross-party campaigns. Eg: "Ex-ministers John Prescott, David Blunkett, John Reid and Lord Falconer will lead a campaign for a "no" vote in next year's referendum on changing to an alternative vote system. Former foreign secretary Margaret Beckett will be president of the "NO to AV" campaign. Campaigning alongside them will be Foreign Secretary William Hague and Justice Secretary Ken Clarke." Agreed. And also this with its references to Jonathan Bartley etc. Bondegezou (talk) And now a list of Labour supporters of AV including Alan Johnson: see here. Bondegezou (talk) == New poll == A new poll with a different method and very different results: see Political Betting article. We need to incorporate this. Bondegezou (talk) == Proposed AV System == There was an error in this section. With optional preference voting, a candidate may win WITHOUT polling 50% of total votes cast. There was an interesting article by Thresher on this in The Times. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Wikiedit9876 (talk • contribs) But that just means the second choice vote (in the example you give) is an abstention - ie it is not a valid vote and so doesn't contribute to the "total votes cast". The same applies to first choice votes if a voter doesn't turn up at all but you wouldn't claim that his vote should count to total votes cast then. Bagunceiro (talk) NO, this is wrong. A VALID vote is one that is counted. If someone votes '1' the vote is counted and it is therefore part of the total votes cast. If the vote is for a candidate that is then eliminated the vote is not transferred but it has still played a part (for it could have been for a candidate that otherwise would have been eliminated EARLIER had it not been for this vote, which may have affected the whole outcome of the election because AV is sensitive to the order of elimination). And it is certainly different to someone who doesn't bother to vote at all. Let's look at this another way. If EVERYONE "plumps" (i.e. just casts a '1' vote, which is logically possible with optional preference voting) then you are saying that there are NO valid votes. This is nonsense. Can someone edit this who knows what they are talking about please? Wikiedit9876 (talk) I didn't say that at all. Of course the first choice vote is a valid first choice vote. However, someone not providing a second choice is abstaining from making a second choice, and to count that as a valid second choice vote is absurd. Bagunceiro (talk) No, Bagunceiro. We're talking about TOTAL votes cast. If it is a valid vote then it contributes to the total votes cast. Clearly this point is missed by you (and probably the other editors at Wiki) and therefore will you please stop putting out misinformation. OPV AV (the kind stipualted by the Voting Bill) cannot guarantee that every winning candidate gets more than 50% of votes cast. Why on earth do you think Australia uses compulsory preference voting? It is to ensure that every MP gets 50%+ of the vote. Please amend this section or I will. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Wikiedit9876 (talk • contribs) It has NOT been cast, so it is not part of the total - that's the point. And that is the very reason that Australia has compulsory preference voting. Anyway, what's this section that you want me to edit? I haven't made any changes to this article and do not intend to. Bagunceiro (talk) Geewhiz, if a vote has been counted in the first round this logically implies that it has been correctly cast! It's therefore part of the total votes cast. How can anyone misunderstand this? You seem to be conflating % of total votes cast with % of those who expressed a total set of preferences. Compulsory preference voting means that if you have not ranked N (or N-1) candidates your entire ballot including your first preference is NOT counted. With OPV your first vote COUNTS but will exhaust if no other preference is made. Do you see the difference? Wikiedit9876 (talk) It looks like you are confusing the total number of voters with total number of votes. Under AV this is not the same thing, indeed "total number of votes" is not a meaningful concept under AV since you can't add apples to pears. The passage as it stands is not correct; it is certainly not the case that the aim is to achieve 50% of the votes, the aim is to eliminate split voting. The mechanism to do this is that the winner is one who achieves 50% of the total votes of a particular round and that will always occur (well, except in the extraordinarily rare occurence of a dead heat). You cannot define that in terms of total number of votes cast. It would be possible (though not very fruitful) to define it in terms of voters, and after re-reading your contributions I suspect this is what you are saying. But this is neither the aim of AV nor does it have anything to do with total number of votes. It is never possible to guarantee that more than 50% of an electorate will support a single individual. That is human nature and has nothing at all to do with the voting system. It applies just as much to compulsory alternative voting. Bagunceiro (talk) Hi bagunceiro. You agree that AV cannot guarantee that a candidate is elected with a majority of voters. However, AV is a system of a SINGLE transferrable vote. The TOTAL number of votes must equal the total number of voters, otherwise some people would have more/less than one vote and this would be illegal. Here's just one line from one well-respected electoral science book (Voting in Democracy by Lakeman) talking about AV (p56): "To ensure that each individual MP is elected with a clear majority of VOTES in his constituency..." Note the objective and also that it is defined in terms of 'votes'. Wikiedit9876 (talk) Take a step back and consider what AV actually is - a means of running a series of run-off polls without the expense and logistical difficulty of actually running each one individually. Now consider the typical case in those terms. During the primary round nobody actually wins a majority so there is a second round. The votes from the primary are not counted in this run-off, it is a new and separate poll with a reduced set of canidates. And anyone who does not wish to vote for any of those remaining candidates, ie is choosing not to express a second preference, is abstaining - not casting a vote. Total number of votes throughout all rounds is meaningless, it is only the votes during a particular round that are relevant. And with AV this will always produce a clear majority. That is not the same as greater than 50% support; that is not possible if, as is quite likely, there is not 50% support for any one candidate. In AV as in run-off systems everyone has one vote per round. With optional AV (and with run-off) they can choose to exercise that right or to abstain as they wish. The only difference is that those who voted for candidates in the one round will be automatically assumed to vote for them again in subsequent rounds. Bagunceiro (talk) Hi Bagunceiro. Here's a quote from an academic report into OPV in Queensland (Dr John Wanna, University of Brisbane): "Under compulsory preferential voting, elected representatives could genuinely claim to represent the electorate, as they knew they had won the support of the absolute majority of formal voters in their seats.... ... For example, owing to the high exhaustion rate, Labor claimed the seat with a final count of 41.68 per cent of the formal vote compared to the National’s 33.93 per cent, with almost 25 per cent of voters choosing to exhaust." So where has the 41.68% figure come from? It comes from INCLUDING the exhausted votes: 41.68 + 33.93 + 24.39 = 100% (i.e. using the total votes from the PRIMARY count). According to you this is meaningless? I'm saying that OPV AV cannot ensure the winning candidate gets 50% of the total vote or 50% of ballots cast or 50% support of all voters, and we should not imply otherwise. With compulsory preferences it is different: necessarily the winner will achieve 50%+ of votes cast in the final round AND of all voters, ballots etc. Wikiedit9876 (talk) Might I suggest that this lengthy discussion is over a somewhat minor part in this article? It's an interesting discussion for the Alternative Vote article, but these details of AV seem unnecessary here. Bondegezou (talk) I think you've put you finger on what the main problem is. Because it is in a small paragraph giving a brief overview of the system, the statement in here is given undue weight. Leaving aside its correctness or otherwise I want to suggest that it is removed from this article and, if necessary, placed into the main AV article where it can be discussed (in both senses) properly. The paragraph reads perfectly fine with the sentence removed altogether, it doesn't need to be replaced with anything else. Bagunceiro (talk) == Party positions == I've updated various party positions based on this BBC News article. Some party positions remain somewhat unclear, however. That article has the SNP as not having yet made up their mind, but this article has the SNP as backing a yes result, albeit while focusing their efforts on the Scottish Parliamentary result. The DUP position is also unclear. The Wikipedia article currently says the DUP are opposed, but the BBC News article does not support that. It doesn't have the DUP either for or against, while noting the DUP's opposition to reducing the number of MPs and other aspects of the bill. Bondegezou (talk) == New section: The campaign == I've made some major additions to the article today, mainly in a new section entitled "The campaign" that seeks to describe the campaign and the arguments being made. This kind of thing is difficult to do in a NPOV manner: I've done my best, but second, third and fourth opinions very much welcomed. Bondegezou (talk) Bondegezou, I think the campaign section overall is good and clearly aims to be objective. Several points: (A) "The Yes campaign have said AV ensures that every MP is supported by at least 50% of the voters. This has been described as "maybe a defensible simplification": while often true...." NO - the claim that EVERY MP is supported by at least 50% of the voters is totally unwarranted and almost certainly false because of optional preferences. However, I am delighted to see that you have drawn attention to this claim; although I note when I raised the objection it was rejected. Compare with the situation when I also raised the same issue with the BBC; they changed the wording on its AV webpages so not to imply that (optional) AV will always produce a voter majority. (B) I also have an issue with the last line of this: 'Two further points of contention have been around further electoral reform and tactical voting. Some opponents of AV see it as a stepping stone towards, for them unwanted, proportional representation, while some supporters of proportional representation contradictorily see the referendum as a lost opportunity that will delay a move to proportional representation. Both positions have been described as "entirely speculative". ' I've read the IPSOS report and itself is ENTIRELY SPECULATIVE on this point. It fails to consider any evidence or rational argument on this point whatsoever. And there is evidence. There is evidence from other countries (and all have a cultural tradition of FPTP) to suggest that if AV is unpopular the next step is likely to back to FPTP; while no country has gone from AV to PR, although FIJI might. I suggest you take out the last sentence as it is unargued and unnecessary to your point. Further, you have singularly failed to point out in this section that few supporters of AV actually want it as the final destination in itself; that the NO campaign argument that "AV is the system that few want" is, in one sense, entirely true. AV in itself is not popular; most AV supporters just dislike FPTP more. (C) "Supporters of a No vote claimed that AV will lead to more coalition governments, but models of recent UK elections suggest that this is not the case". You cite the IPSOS report as a reference but this clearly states "Using AV will probably increase the likelihood of hung Parliaments" (p7). You also fail to mention that the models of recent elections actually show increased majorities for Labour (1997-2005) and greater disproportionality. In fact, the greater disproportionality of 1997 under AV was a key reason the Jenkins Commission rejected AV. We at AV2011.co.uk have repeatedly pointed this out. (D) "The Yes campaign argued that AV would be fairer, and that it would reduce the number of 'safe seats', making MPs work harder." Well, we've consistently argued this is not the case. Again, you could add "Even these points are contested by some NO supporters." AND MOST IMPORTANTLY (E) We've had an independent commission on electoral reform lead by Lord Jenkins that rejected the use of AV on its own - yet I cannot see anywhere where you refer to this two volume report but are quite happy to mention the views of Mebyon Kernow or if a celebrity has tweeted support (or not). Don't you think Lord Jenkins and the commission deserves at least one line, perhaps in the historical context? I would write it but then we just get into an edit war as my input on this article has been repeatedly erased or ignored. Of course, you are free to ignore our comments, but *IF* AV2011.co.uk officially hooks-up with the NO campaign in some shape or form, you will be longer able to deny that our position is irrelevant in the media or to the debate. Despite our criticisms and misgivings about some bias towards Yes, overall this WIKI article is good and a worthy document. AV2011.co.uk Wikiedit9876 (talk) Thank you for your comments, Wikiedit9876. Might I suggest that they slightly misunderstand how Wikipedia works. To quote V: "The threshold for inclusion in Wikipedia is verifiability, not truth; that is, whether readers can check that material in Wikipedia has already been published by a reliable source, not whether editors think it is true." I suggest you take a look at V further. Your comments above, particularly (A) and (B), may or may not be correct, but you have not demonstrated that they are verifiable. I draw on the Ipsos MORI report as it constitutes what is considered a reliable source to use in a Wikipedia article. You need to demonstrate reliable sources pertinent to this section, not just your personal opinions, or indeed the opinions of the AV2011.co.uk organisation. You do point out the Jenkins report, which indeed had many things to say about AV and is a reliable source. I haven't cited the Jenkins report in this section as I feel this section should describe how the campaign now has unfolded, and the Jenkins report clearly pre-dates the campaign around this referendum by many years. Also, the referendum offers a choice between FPTP and AV, whereas the Jenkins report compares multiple different systems. As such, it is difficult to interpret how the Jenkins report applies here. As far as I know, of the Commission authors, Jenkins himself and Baroness Gould support AV in this referendum, and Lord Alexander has passed away. I'm unaware of what position John Chilcot or David Lipsey take now. I thank you for your praise! I'll have a look through the specific sentences you've pointed out above and see if they can be improved. I personally favour AV over FPTP and it is a challenge to contribute an article like this while retaining a neutral position. Bondegezou (talk) Bondegezou - clearly if the editors think a position is true they just find a report that supports their view and ignore counter evidence. With (A), it appears that the "while often true" phrase is your own wording and whether it is a summary of the report or not, it is obviously wrong. Logically, for the proposition "Every MP to be elected with 50%+ of the vote" to be false requires only one - just one - counter-example. The proposition is either true or false - so what does "WHILE OFTEN true" mean? One does not need verifiability as a criterion just basic logic and the evidence given by two electoral reform experts: http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/2010/10/25/suppose-uk-voters-accept-the-alternative-vote-in-the-may-referendum%E2%80%A6-but-then-don%E2%80%99t-use-av-to-signal-multiple-party-preferences/ The YES campaign message is terribly misleading: so, please update. As for Jenkins, I think you slight bias for YES is showing (I do appreciate your honesty, by the way). Had Jenkins recommended AV 13 years I think we both know you WOULD mention it. Although you find it difficult to interpret (so verifiability isn't the only criterion) and suggest this factual line in the historical section: "The Labour government promised a referendum on electoral reform in its 1997 election manifesto. The Jenkins Commission (1998) was set up to look into the issue. One of its criteria was to recommend a more proportional voting system. It was critical of first-past-the-post and advocated a top-up system based on AV. However, AV on its own was rejected because under some circumstances it could substantially add to the disproportionality of first-past-the-post. The referendum never occurred." Despite your interesting claim, Lord Jenkins doesn't have a preference. He died 8 years ago. AV2011.co.uk Wikiedit9876 (talk) One further point, you add: "Technically, AV meets the independence of clones criterion while FPTP does not". Technically, only compulsory preference AV meets this criterion; optional AV does not. AV (optional preferences) reduces to FPTP when everyone plumps and is similar to FPTP when plumping levels are high; AV (compulsory preferences) never reduces to FPTP. To meet a criterion a system must adhere to it in every possible case. Articles on AV, Bondegezou, almost always assume compulsory preferences, which as you know we are NOT introducing. Therefore, you ought to re-word this, remove the technical point, or need to cite external evidence - verifiability, being your great love at Wiki - that this criterion applies to optional preference AV. AV2011.co.uk Wikiedit9876 (talk) Thank you for additional comments. Foolish of me to forget Jenkins' passing. I've been largely away from Wikipedia for a few days, but I'll work through your suggestions next week, or anyone else can before then, of course. Bondegezou (talk) I think I was confusing Lord Plant with Lord Jenkins! Anyway, as suggested, I've expanded the history section to cover the Plant and Jenkins Commissions. Bondegezou (talk) Jenkins was tasked to find a more proportional system (AV+ is best described as a semi-proportional system); hence I added "more proportional" instead of "proportional" in this line. With the addition of Plant and Jenkins this document has far greater gravitas and perspective, in my view. Wikiedit9876 (talk) Glad you like the additions. I was surprised that the Plant Commission doesn't have an article of its own already. I think you're right that that line needed changing, but I've gone back to the original source and have now quoted the Commission's terms of reference directly. Bondegezou (talk) == Why is this such a big deal? == it's a small change that is really needed if the parliament will represent anyone properly. In a place with three major parties, you need it (as in Australia). If your electorate voted 44% libdem, 36% conservative, 20% labour, in fptp lib-dem wins, while in av if three quaters of the labour voters give their second preference to conservative, giving them 51% and libdem 49%, so conservative wins. now substitute any party name to each ones part and same applies. It is just plain more representative of the voters' choice of candidate. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Phil Ian Manning (talk • contribs) This talk page is for discussing sourced improvements to the article. It is not a debate forum on the general topic of voting systems, see NOTAFORUM and TALK. Do you have any suggestions to improve the article that you would like to discuss? Gabbe (talk) == More graphics == Thanks to everyone for their input above on the results format. The current article is rather text heavy, so I'm wondering what people think about some tables summarising who's in support and who's against. For example, a table, with a colour-coded header, of political parties supporting a Yes vote in the first column, those neutral on the vote in the middle, and those supporting a No vote in the final column. A good idea? Anyone like to have a go at making one as I'm bad at tables! Bondegezou (talk) == Newspaper endorsements == Have any other mainstream newspapers come out with an endorsement yet? Surely the Times and Daily Mail will back a NO vote. Pexise (talk) I'm pretty sure The Times are officially NO. David (talk) == Userbox == User UK-AV ―JuPitEer (talk) Sorry to spoil the fun but I don't think we are allowed to use non-free logos in things like that. The logos are copyright and we can only claim fair use on the articles they refer to. == Change before Vote color from pink (similar to Red, one of the vote colors) for File:UK Regions.PNG == Change before Vote color from pink (similar to Red, one of the vote colors) for File:UK Regions.PNG Suggestion: white. 99.112.214.0 (talk) I don't really see why any colour is necessary, indeed. Happy‑melon I'd suggest United Kingdom NUTS location map.svg (A map of the UK not showing Ireland looks "wrong" too). == Past non-use == Although the multi-member university seats (Combined English, Combined Scottish, Cambridge & Oxford) used STV, it's my recollection that the single member seats (London, Wales, Queen's) and by-elections in the others used FPTP and so there's never actually been an AV election for the parliament - which is not currently clear from the context section. Unfortunately I haven't got the reference books to hand to source this to amend it. Timrollpickering (talk) I thought they used AV for by-elections. Unfortunately, I don't have a cite to hand either! Let's find one! Bondegezou (talk) Well, I take that back. Combined English Universities by-election, 1946 and Combined Scottish Universities by-election, 1938 suggest Tim is right, although it's not entirely clear still. Bondegezou (talk) == More complex table on parties' views on best electoral system == Cloudo did a much more complicated table summarising the different party's views on the referendum and their ideal electoral system (see I've reverted this for three reasons: (1) in a referendum campaign, there are two choices and I feel the article needs the parties' views on that choice to be made clear, with the text then going into details; (2) there were errors in the new table (e.g. Green Party of Northern Ireland); (3) cites were lacking for many of the parties (we know their position on the referendum, but their views on their ideal electoral system are not sufficiently supported in existing citations). However, I don't wish to take away from the good work Cloudo did. If Cloudo's table can be corrected and cited, it would be valuable to include it somewhere.

2011 United Kingdom Alternative Vote referendum/Archive 1

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