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Melanie Reizes Klein (30 March 1882 – 22 September 1960) was an Austrian-born British psychoanalyst who devised novel therapeutic techniques for children that had an impact on child psychology and contemporary psychoanalysis. She was a leading innovator in theorizing object relations theory. ==Life== Born in Vienna of Jewish parentage, Klein first sought psychoanalysis for herself from Sándor Ferenczi when she was living in Budapest during World War I. There she became a psychoanalyst and began analyzing children in 1919. Allegedly two of the first children she analyzed were her son and daughter. In 1921 she moved to Berlin, where she studied with and was analyzed by Karl Abraham. Although Abraham supported her pioneering work with children, neither Klein nor her ideas received much support in Berlin. However, impressed by her innovative work, British psychoanalyst Ernest Jones invited Klein to come to London in 1926, where she worked until her death in 1960. Klein had a major influence on the theory and technique of psychoanalysis, particularly in Great Britain. As a divorced woman whose academic qualifications did not even include a bachelor's degree, Klein was a visible iconoclast within a profession dominated by male physicians. After the arrival of Sigmund Freud and his psychoanalyst daughter, Anna, in London in 1938, Klein’s ideas came into conflict with those of Continental analysts who were migrating to Britain. Following protracted debates between the followers of Klein and the followers of Anna Freud during the 1940s (the so-called 'controversial discussions'), the British Psychoanalytical Society split into three separate training divisions: (1) Kleinian, (2) Anna Freudian, and (3) independent. This division remains to the current time. Apart from her professional successes, Klein’s life was full of tragic events. Allegedly the product of an unwanted pregnancy, she had little affection from her parents. Her much loved elder sister died when Klein was four, and she was made to feel responsible for her brother’s death. Her academic studies were interrupted by marriage and children. Her marriage failed and her son died in a climbing accident, that may have been a suicide, while her daughter, whom Klein had analyzed as a child, the well-known psychoanalyst Melitta Schmideberg, fought her openly in the British Psychoanalytic Society. Her daughter's analyst at the time, Edward Glover, openly challenged Klein in the British Society meetings. Mother and daughter were not reconciled before Klein's death, and Schmideberg did not attend Klein's funeral. ==Thought== Although she questioned some of the fundamental assumptions of Sigmund Freud, Klein always considered herself a faithful adherent to Freud's ideas. Klein was the first person to use traditional psychoanalysis with young children. She was innovative in both her techniques (such as working with children using toys) and her theories in infant development. Strongly opinionated, and demanding loyalty from her followers, Klein established a highly influential training program in psychoanalysis. She is considered one of the co-founders of object relations theory. Klein's theoretical work incorporates Freud's belief in the existence of the "death instinct", reflecting the fact that all living organisms are inherently drawn toward an inorganic state, and therefore, in an unspecified sense, contain a drive towards death. In psychological terms Eros (properly, the life instinct), the postulated sustaining and uniting principle of life, is thereby presumed to have a companion force, Thanatos (death instinct), which allegedly seeks to terminate and disintegrate life. Both Freud and Klein regarded these biomental forces as the foundations of the psyche. These were human instincts ("Triebe") unrelated to the animal instincts of ethology. These primary unconscious forces, whose mental matrix is the "id," sparked the ego—the experiencing self—into activity. Id, ego, and superego—to be sure—were merely shorthand terms (like the "instincts") referring to highly complex, mostly uncharted, psycho-dynamic operations. Freud and Klein never abandoned the terms or the conceptualizations despite protests and controversies by many of their adherents. While Freud’s ideas concerning children mostly came from working with adult patients, Klein was innovative in working directly with children, often as young as two years old. Klein saw children’s play as their primary mode of emotional communication. After observing troubled children play with toys such as dolls, animals, plasticine, pencil and paper, Klein attempted to interpret the specific meaning of play. Following Freud she emphasized the significant role that parental figures played in the child’s fantasy life, and considered that the timing of Freud’s Oedipus complex was incorrect. Contradicting Freud, she concluded that the superego was present from birth. After exploring ultra-aggressive fantasies of hate, envy, and greed in very young, very ill children, Melanie Klein proposed a model of the human psyche that linked significant oscillations of state, with whether the postulated Eros or Thanatos instincts were in the fore. She named the state of the psyche, when the sustaining principle of life is in domination, the depressive position. This is considered by many to be her great contribution to psychoanalytic thought. She later developed her ideas about an earlier developmental psychological state corresponding to the disintegrating tendency of life, which she called the paranoid-schizoid position. Klein's insistence on regarding aggression as an important force in its own right when analyzing children brought her into conflict with Freud's own daughter, Anna Freud, who was one of the other prominent child psychotherapists in continental Europe but who moved to London in 1938 where Klein had been working for several years. Many controversies arose from this conflict, and these are often referred to as the Controversial discussions. Battles were played out between the two sides, each presenting scientific papers, working out their respective positions and where they differed, during war-time Britain. A compromise was eventually reached whereby three distinct training groups were formed within the British Psycho-Analytic Society, with Anna Freud's influence remaining largely predominant in the US. Today, Kleinian psychoanalysis is one of the major schools within psychoanalysis. Kleinian psychoanalysts are members of the International Psychoanalytical Association. Kleinian psychoanalysis remains a large and influential school of psychoanalysis within Britain, in much of Latin America, and to an extent in continental Europe. Within the United States of America, the Psychoanalytic Center of California is the only major training center that follows the work of Melanie Klein. Kleinian psychoanalysis with adults is characterized by the traditional method of using an analytic couch and meeting four to five times a week. Unlike Freudian psychoanalysis which focuses on the patient's ego, Kleinian analysis focuses on interpreting very "deep" and primitive emotions and fantasies from the very beginning of treatment. ==Literature== Melanie Klein's works are collected in four volumes: "The collected Writings of Melanie Klein" Other books on Melanie Klein: Robert Hinshelwood, Susan Robinson, Oscar Zarate, Introducing Melanie Klein, Icon Books UK 2003 Robert Hinshelwood, A Dictionary of Kleinian Thought, Free Association Books UK 1989 Robert Hinshelwood, Clinical Klein, Free Association Books UK 1993 Mary L Jacobus, "The Poetics of Psychoanalysis: In the Wake of Klein", Oxford University Press, 2006, ISBN 0-19-924636-X Julia Kristeva, Melanie Klein (European Perspectives: A Series in Social Thought and Cultural Criticism) tr. Ross Guberman, Columbia University Press, 2004 Donald Meltzer (Information in French) "The Kleinian Development (New edition)", Publisher: Karnac Books; Reprint edition 1998, ISBN 1-85575-194-1 Donald Meltzer : "Dream-Life: A Re-Examination of the Psycho-Analytical Theory and Technique" Publisher: Karnac Books, 1983, ISBN 0-902965-17-4 Meira Likierman, "Melanie Klein, Her Work in Context" Continuum International, Paperback, 2002 Hanna Segal (Information in French): John Steiner (Information in French) : "Psychic Retreats" (...) relative peace and protection from strain when meaningful contact with the analyst is experienced as(...), Publisher: Routledge; 1993, ISBN 0-415-09924-2 C. Fred Alford, Melanie Klein and Critical Social Theory: An Account of Politics, Art, and Reason Based on Her Psychoanalytic Theory, Yale UP 1990 Phyllis Grosskurth, Melanie Klein: Her World and Her Work, Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1986, ISBN 1-56821-445-6 Jacqueline Rose, Why War? Herbert Rosenfeld (Information in French): * "Impasse and Interpretation: Therapeutic and Anti-Therapeutic Factors in the Psycho-Analytic Treatment of Psychotic, Borderline, and Neurotic Patients", Publisher: Tavistock Publications, 1987, ISBN 0-422-61010-0 Julia Segal: (1992). Melanie Klein. London: Sage. ISBN 0-8039-8477-4 Ronald Britton: "Sex, Death, and the Superego: Experiences in Psychoanalysis", Publisher: Karnac Books; 2003, ISBN 1-85575-948-9 Ronald Britton: "Belief and Imagination", Publisher: Taylor & Francis LTD; 1998, ISBN 0-415-19438-5 Monique Lauret et Jean-Philippe Raynaud, "Melanie Klein, une pensée vivante", Presses Universitaires de France, 2008, ISBN 978-2-13-057039-4 ==In popular culture== Melanie Klein was the subject of a 1988 play by Nicholas Wright, entitled Mrs. Klein. Set in London in 1934, the play involves a conflict between Melanie Klein and her daughter Melitta Schmideberg, after the death of Melanie's son Hans Klein. The depiction of Melanie Klein is quite unfavorable: the play suggests that Hans' death was a suicide and also reveals that Klein had analyzed these two children. In the original production at the Cottesloe Theatre in London, Gillian Barge played Melanie Klein, with Zoë Wanamaker and Francesca Annis playing the supporting roles. In the 1995 New York revival of the play, Melanie Klein was played by Uta Hagen, who described Melanie Klein as a role that she was meant to play. The play was broadcasted on the British radio station BBC 4 in 2008 and revived at the Almeida Theatre in London in October 2009 with Clare Higgins as Melanie Klein. The indy band Volcano Suns dedicated their first record "The Bright Orange Years" to Klein for her work on childhood aggression. Scottish author, Alexander McCall Smith, makes extensive use of Melanie Klein and her theories in his 44 Scotland Street series. One of the characters, Irene, has an obsession with Kleinian theory, and uses it to "guide" her in the upbringing of her son, Bertie. The PS2 science fiction RPG series Xenosaga references several psychoanalysts, including Melanie Klein. In Also sprach Zarathustra the contact point between imaginary space and real space is named a 'Klein Point.' ==See also== == References == == External links == Biography, psychoanalytic techniques, theory Melanie Klein Trust 1882 births 1960 deaths Austrian psychologists Hungarian psychologists British psychologists Austrian psychoanalysts Hungarian psychoanalysts British psychoanalysts Jewish scientists Austrian Jews Jews from Galicia (Eastern Europe) Austrian expatriates in Hungary Hungarian Jews British people of Hungarian descent British Jews People from Vienna Freudians History of mental health in the United Kingdom History of psychiatry ميلاني كلاين Melanie Klein Мелани Клайн Melanie Klein Melanie Kleinová Melanie Klein Melanie Klein ملانی کلاین Melanie Klein Melanie Klein Melanie Klein Melanie Klein Melanie Klein Melanie Klein メラニー・クライン Melanie Klein Melanie Klein Melanie Klein Кляйн, Мелани Melanie Klein Melanie Klein Мелані Кляйн Melanie Klein 梅兰妮·克莱因

Melanie Klein

Clarksville, Idaho

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71.87.154.240

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Tom Campana (born January 18, 1950) is a former award winning and all-star slotback who played in the Canadian Football League from 1972 to 1977 with the Saskatchewan Roughriders. A native of Kent, Ohio and a graduate of his home state Ohio State University, Camapana was part of the Buckeye's 1970 National Championship team. Joining the Green Riders in 1972, he was a CFL Western All-Star and runner up for rookie of the year (to Chuck Ealey for the CFL's Most Outstanding Rookie Award.) He also played in the classic 64th Grey Cup when the Green Riders lost in the last minute. He finished his career in 1977 having caught 269 passes for 4040 yards, rushed for 554 yards, and scored 30 touchdowns. ==References== 1950 births Living people Canadian Football League Rookie of the Year Award winners Ohio State Buckeyes football players People from Kent, Ohio Saskatchewan Roughriders players

Tom Campana

Elamkulam Manakkal Sankaran Namboodiripad, (ഏലങ്കുളം മനക്കല്‍ ശങ്കരന്‍ നമ്പൂതിരിപ്പാട്, pronounced , 13 June 1909 – 19 March 1998), popularly known as E. M. S., was an Indian Communist leader, Socialist-Marxist theorist, revolutionary, author, historian, social commentator and the first Chief Minister of Kerala state. As the first non-Indian National Congress Chief Minister in Republic of India, he became the leader of the first democratically elected Communist government in India (San Marino being first in the world). Elamkulam Manakkal Sankaran Namboodiripad pioneered radical land and educational reforms in Kerala state that are today being duplicated by other states of India. It is largely due to his commitment and guidance that the Communist Party of India (Marxist), of which he was Politburo member and general secretary for 14 years, has become such a domineering political force, playing a vital role in India's new era of coalition politics. == Personal life == Elamkulam Manakkal Sankaran Namboodiripad was born on 13 June 1909, as the son of Parameswaran Namboodirippad, at Elamkulam, in Perintalmanna taluk of the present Malappuram district into an aristocratic upper-caste Brahmin family. In his early years, he was associated with V. T. Bhattatiripadu, M. R. Bhattatiripadu and many others in the fight against the casteism and conservatism that existed in the Namboothiri community. He became one of the office bearers of Valluvanadu Yogaskshema Sabha, an organization of progressive Namboothiri youth. During his college days, he was deeply associated with the Indian National Congress and Indian Independence Movement. He was a writer and author of several literary works and his book on the history of Kerala is notable. == Socialism == In 1934, he was one of the founder leaders of Congress Socialist Party, a socialist wing within the Indian National Congress and was elected as its All India Joint Secretary from 1934 to 1940. During this period he was also elected to the Madras Legislative Assembly (1939). He remained committed to socialist ideals and his compassion towards the downtrodden working class made him join the ranks of the Communist movement. He was considered to be one of the founders of the Communist Party of India (CPI) in Kerala, for which he had to go in hiding for some time. During the 1962 Sino-Indian war, he was among those leaders who aired China's view on the border issue. When the CPI split in 1964, EMS stood with the Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI(M)). He served as a member of the Central Committee and the Politburo of the CPI(M), before becoming its General Secretary in 1977, a designation he held until 1992. He was a member of the party Politburo until his death.An out standing marxist scholar whose credentials remain unchallenged even to day , much of the Kerala society,s current day advancement owes itself to the insight of this polymath and social genius whose name resonates throut kerala ,there is no passing day in kerala without quoting his name or the erstwhile communist ministry headed by him == Election to state Government == During his political career, EMS was defeated only once in the public elections, when he lost to K.P.Kuttikrishnan Nair (the founder leader of Trade Union Movement in India) of the Indian National Congress by a huge margin from the Kozhikode constituency. In 1957, EMS led the Communists to victory in the first election for the state government, making him the first communist leader anywhere to head a popularly elected government. Anyhow the first democratically elected communist government in the world came to power in San Marino San Marino. It was also the first time for a regional party anywhere in India to win state elections. On 5 April 1957 he was appointed as the first chief minister of Kerala. His government soon introduced the Land Reform Ordinance and Education Bill. His government was dismissed in 1959 by the Central Government, which invoked the controversial Article 356 of the Indian Constitution following what later became known as 'The Liberation Struggle'. He became the Chief Minister of Kerala for the second time in 1967 as the leader of a seven-party coalition including the Muslim League. He wooed the Muslim League by promising them a district of their own, which has been seen as a highly selfish move to make for a communist. This time his tenure lasted for two and a half years and he created a separate district called 'Malappuram' during this term as per prior agreement. EMS was the Leader of Opposition in the Kerala Legislative Assembly from 1960 to 1964 and again from 1970 to 1977. He influenced Kerala society by his vision on decentralization of power and resources (People's Plan), and the Kerala Literacy Movement. He authored several books in English & Malayalam. Chintha Publication, Kerala has published all his books under the title, 'E M S Sanchika'. He was well known as a journalist as well. == Sino-Indian war == During the 1962 Sino-Indian war, when left wing parties were under attack for their pro-China stance, he laid stress on the significance of solving the border dispute through talks. ==Association with Progressive Movement for Arts and Letters== EMS, Kesari Balakrishna Pillai, Joseph Mundassery, M. P. Paul and K. Damodaran were architects of "Jeevat Sahitya Prastanam", which later came to known as Purogamana Sahitya Prastanam. (Progressive Association for Arts and Letters). Though Kesari was considered to be one of the visionaries of the Progressive Movement of Arts and Letters of Kerala, serious difference of opinion emerged later between full-time Communist Party activists and other personalities, namely Kesari and Joseph Mundassery. In this context, EMS famously called Kesari a "Petit-Bourgeois intellectual", which he later corrected. EMS also acknowledged some of the earlier misconceptions of the Communist Party with respect to the Progressive Literature and Arts Movement. This debate is known as 'Rupa Bhadrata Vivadam', an important milestone in the growth of Modern Malayalam Literature. == Death == EMS died on 19 March 1998. He was married to Arya Antharjanam and had two sons and two daughters. == References == ==External links== E. M. S. Namboodiripad at Kerala Chief Minister Official Website |- 1909 births 1998 deaths Chief Ministers of Kerala Politics of Kerala Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians Indian politicians Malayali politicians Indian atheists St. Thomas College, Thrissur alumni E. M. Sankaran Namboodiripad ഇ.എം.എസ്‌. നമ്പൂതിരിപ്പാട്‌ E.M.S. Nambodiripad எலம்குளம் மனக்கல் சங்கரன் நம்பூதிரிப்பாட் ای ایم ایس نمبوتیری پاڈ

E. M. S. Namboodiripad

Clearwater, Idaho

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Kurogane III

Cliff Lake (Idaho)

Conkling Park, Idaho

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142.177.157.112

Dandy Lake

Diamond Lake (Idaho)

Edith Lake

Ontario Ethnic groups People from Ontario

Ethnic groups in Ontario

Edna Lake

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99.237.80.141

Elk Bend, Idaho

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68.63.77.1

__NOTOC__ Year 171 (CLXXI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Severus and Herennianus (or, less frequently, year 924 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 171 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. == Events == === By place === ==== Roman Empire ==== Emperor Marcus Aurelius forms a new military command, the praetentura Italiae et Alpium. Aquileia is relieved, and the Marcomanni are evicted from Roman territory. Marcus Aurelius signs a peace treaty with the Quadi and the Sarmatian Iazyges. The Germanic tribes of the Hasdingi (Vandals) and the Lacringi become Roman allies. Armenia and Mesopotamia becomes a protectorate of the Roman Empire. The Costoboci cross the Danube (Dacia) and ravage Thrace in the Balkan Peninsula. They reached Eleusis, near Athens, and destroyed the temple of the Eleusinian Mysteries. In May or June, the orator Aelius Aristides delivered a public speech in Smyrna, lamenting the damage recently inflicted to the sacred site of Eleusis. == Births == Sima Lang, elder brother of Sima Yi (d. 217) == Deaths == == References == 171 171 እ.ኤ.አ. 171 171 171 171 ১৭১ 171 171 171 १७१ 171 171 171 171 171 171 171 171 171 171 171 171 171 171 171 ۱۷۱ (میلادی) 171 171 171 171 171 171年 171년 171-æм аз 171 171 171 171 171 m. 171 171 171 171 सन् १७१ 171年 171 171 171 171 ୧୭୧ 171 ੧੭੧ १७१ 171 171 171 171 171 171 171 год 171 १७१ 171 171 171 171 171 171 171 171 171 171 พ.ศ. 714 171 171 171 171ء 171 171 171 171 171年 171 171年

171

== Princely vs ducal title == Although reliable sources in English have yet to be found by way of verification, it appears that this Russian branch of the German House of Oldenburg were known in their adopted country by the unique title of Prints (russification of the German word for a cadet prince, Prinz) rather than by their apparently legal German title of Herzog or "Duke". Until this can be properly sorted out using sources that can be cited in the article, the historical reality should nonetheless be noted here, lest it be forgot. FactStraight (talk)

Duke Constantine Petrovich of Oldenburg

Elk Lake (Sawtooth Wilderness)

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Ethnic groups in Ontario

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24.17.118.227

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72.92.153.11

==Welcome!== Hello 75.36.41.88, welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Our intro page contains a lot of helpful material for new users—please check it out! If you need help, visit Questions, ask me on my talk page, or place on this page, followed by your question, and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. You also might want to consider being "adopted" by an experienced user who would show you how wikipedia works through a program called adopt-a-user. — alf.laylah.wa.laylah (talk) == Rampart scandal reference == Hey! Thanks for putting that in there. You were having trouble, because the references section is set up to display things which are cited inline. It's OK to put books in that aren't cited inline, but we usually put them in a further reading section, like I did there with that book. You can read CITE for detailed information on how to make citations, if you're interested.— alf.laylah.wa.laylah (talk)

75.36.41.88

The Press of Atlantic City is the fourth largest daily newspaper in New Jersey. Based in Pleasantville, New Jersey, it is the primary newspaper for southeastern New Jersey and the Jersey Shore. The Newspaper Designated Market runs from Waretown in Southern Ocean county (exit 69 on the Garden State Parkway) down to Cape May (exit 0). It also reaches west to Cumberland County, New Jersey. The paper has a daily circulation of 70,000 and a Sunday circulation of 85,000. Coverage focuses on local, regional and state news, with selected national and international news included from wire stories. Founded in 1895 by Walter Edge as the Atlantic City Daily Press, it is now owned by Abarta, a privately owned Pittsburgh-based holding company. In 1930 the name of the paper was changed to the Atlantic City Press, and in 1971 the name was changed to The Press. In 1988, its name was changed again to The Press of Atlantic City, the name currently in use. The Press of Atlantic City also publishes various other products including At The Shore (a weekly entertainment magazine for southern New Jersey), Real Estate Monthly, Health, Indulge, Summer Fun and a host of other niche insert and freestanding titles. Two branded editions of the paper Unlike most newspapers, The Press of Atlantic City is printed using a flexographic process that seals the inks into the paper and reduces smudging, allowing readers to avoid getting their hands or clothing dirty. Although The Press has no daily newspaper competitors within its direct marketing area, other daily newspapers that have some local penetration are The Philadelphia Inquirer, the Asbury Park Press, Cherry Hill's Courier-Post and The Vineland Daily Journal. == Digital Editions == The primary web site is PressofAtlanticCity.com, which was the first newspaper digital edition in New Jersey to convert to a paid subscription model on October 3, 2011. It is also available in a replica e-edition that allows viewers to see the entire paper digitally as it appears each day in print, along with page turning technology and links. In addition to news and sports, both web editions have local auto, real estate and job pages within the respective sites. Additional non-news websites launched by The Press of Atlantic City Media Group include BlissBridalExpo.com, a site for local wedding inforation, and AtlanticCityInsiders.com, a travel guide site for . ==Personnel== === Business Office === Publisher: Keith Dawn Director of Finance: Charles Bryant Director of Circulation: John Celestino Human Resources Director: Kathleen Leonard Director of Advertising: Alisha Owens Director of Marketing: Rhona Bronson Digital Revenue Manager: Anthony Falduto Digital Sales Manager: Nicole Mallon === Editorial Content === Executive Editor/Content Director: Neill Borowski Lead Local Content Producer/Days: Peter M. Brophy Lead Local Content Producer/Nights: David Turner Deputy Content Director/Digital: Stephen Warren Editorial Page Editor: Jim Perskie === Subscription Rates === The Press of Atlantic City is available in several formats. It is published in print, online as a web edition, and is also available digitally as an e-edition. Prices vary by format. ==== Print Edition ==== $0.75 Daily, $1.75 Sunday. Prices are higher in Toms River and north. Special home delivery packages are available for assorted days such as Sunday only, Wednesday/Sunday delivery and Extended weekend delivery. ==== Digital Edition ==== As of October 2011, PressofAtlanticCity.com became a paid content web site. Readers may view up to 10 pages for free, after which they are asked to subscribe. Subcription Rates are: $6.95 Monthly, $69.95 Annual 7-day print subscribers receive digital access for free. ==== Replica Edition ==== Also known as the e-Paper, this edition is accessed at ePressofAtlanticCity.com and is an exact replica digital edition of the day's print edition. Ads and articles appear on each page as they do in the morning paper. The e-Paper allows viewers to turn pages, increase and decrease font size, and link to more info when available. Rates are: $ 5.95 a month 7-day print subscribers qualify for a deep discount of $15 a year, or just $1.25 a month. == References == ==External links== Press of Atlantic City Mobile version Abarta.com Press of Atlantic City, The Atlantic County, New Jersey Cape May County, New Jersey Cumberland County, New Jersey Press of Atlantic City

The Press of Atlantic City

==Summary== ==Licensing==

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== June 2012 == Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Although everyone is invited to contribute, at least one of your recent edits, such as the one you made to Beechcraft 1900, did not appear to be constructive and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any test edits you would like to make, and read the welcome page to learn more about contributing constructively to this encyclopedia. Logical Cowboy (talk) If this is a shared IP address, and you didn't make the edit, consider creating an account for yourself so you can avoid further irrelevant notices.

99.233.181.23

Rutland is a county in England. Rutland may also refer to: ==Places== Rutland Island, an island in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Indian Ocean Canada Rutland Park, Calgary, a neighbourhood of Calgary, Alberta, Canada Rutland, Kelowna, a neighbourhood of Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada Ireland Rutland, Ireland, an island and electoral district in County Donegal United States Rutland, Illinois Rutland Township, Kane County, Illinois Rutland Township, LaSalle County, Illinois Rutland, Indiana Rutland, Iowa Rutland, Massachusetts Rutland Charter Township, Michigan Rutland Township, Minnesota Rutland, New York Rutland, North Dakota Rutland, Ohio Rutland Township, Meigs County, Ohio Rutland Township, Pennsylvania Rutland, South Dakota Rutland (city), Vermont Rutland County, Vermont Rutland (town), Vermont Rutland, Wisconsin ==Other uses== Rutland Weekend Television, which spawned The Rutles Rutland Railroad, which served the New England states of the United States Rutland State Airport, an airport in Rutland, Vermont Duke of Rutland, derived from the county in England ==People with the name== Mark Rutland (born 1947), American missionary Patti Rutland, American choreographer Rutland Barrington (1853-1922), British entertainer Rutland Boughton (1878-1960), British composer Rutland (disheñvelout) Rutland (desambiguació) Rutland (Begriffsklärung) Rutland (desambiguación) روتلند (ابهام‌زدایی) Rutland (disambigua) Rutlandas (reikšmės) Rutland ルートランド (曖昧さ回避) Rutland (andre betydninger) Rutland Rutland (desambiguação) Rutland Rutland (olika betydelser)

Rutland (disambiguation)

Farley Lake

== June 2012 == Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Everyone is welcome to make constructive contributions to Wikipedia, but at least one of your recent edits, such as the one you made to New South Wales rugby league team, did not appear to be constructive and has been automatically reverted (undone) by an automated computer program called ClueBot NG. Please use the sandbox for any test edits you would like to make, and take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to this encyclopedia. Note that human editors do monitor recent changes to Wikipedia articles, and administrators have the ability to block users from editing if they repeatedly engage in vandalism. ClueBot NG makes very few mistakes, but it does happen. If you believe the change you made should not have been considered as unconstructive, please read about it, , remove this warning from your talk page, and then make the edit again. If you need help, please see our help pages, and if you can't find what you are looking for there, please feel free to place "" on your talk page and someone will drop by to help. The following is the log entry regarding this warning: New South Wales rugby league team was changed by Qldforlife (u) (t) ANN scored at 0.965498 on 2012-06-13T04:19:34+00:00 . Thank you. ClueBot NG (talk)

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24.31.8.129

Welcome! Hello, Sabdaljit, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Unfortunately, one or more of the pages you created, such as Sabdaljit, may not conform to some of Wikipedia's guidelines, and may soon be deleted. There's a page about creating articles you may want to read called Your first article. If you are stuck, and looking for help, please come to the New contributors' help page, where experienced Wikipedians can answer any queries you have! Or, you can just type on this page, and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Here are a few other good links for newcomers: Starting an article Your first article Biographies of living persons How to write a great article The five pillars of Wikipedia Help pages Tutorial I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you have any questions, check out Questions or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! Simple Bob a.k.a. The Spaminator (Talk) ==Speedy deletion nomination of Sabdaljit== A tag has been placed on Sabdaljit, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section G11 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the page seems to be unambiguous advertising which only promotes a company, product, group, service or person and would need to be fundamentally rewritten in order to become an encyclopedia article. Please read the guidelines on spam and FAQ/Business for more information. If you think that this notice was placed here in error, contest the deletion by clicking on the button labelled "Click here to contest this speedy deletion," which appears inside of the speedy deletion () tag (if no such tag exists, the page is no longer a speedy delete candidate). Doing so will take you to the talk page where you will find a pre-formatted place for you to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. You can also visit the the page's talk page directly to give your reasons, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the page meets the criterion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the page that would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, you can contact one of these administrators to request that the administrator userfy the page or email a copy to you. Simple Bob a.k.a. The Spaminator (Talk) Your account has been blocked indefinitely from editing Wikipedia because it appears to be mainly intended or used for publicity and/or promotional purposes. Please read the following carefully. Why can't I edit Wikipedia? Your account's edits and/or username indicate that it is being used on behalf of a company, group, celebrity or other well-known individual, or organization for purposes of promotion and/or publicity. The edits may have violated one or more of our rules on spamming, which include: adding inappropriate external links, posting advertisements, and using Wikipedia for promotion. Wikipedia has many articles on companies, groups, and organizations, but such groups are generally discouraged from using Wikipedia to write about themselves. In addition, usernames like yours are disallowed under our username policy. Am I allowed to make these edits if I change my username? Probably not. See FAQ/Organizations for a helpful list of frequently asked questions by people in your position. Also, review the conflict of interest guidance to see the kinds of limitations you would have to obey if you did want to continue editing about your company, group, or organization. If this does not fit in with your goals, then you will not be allowed to edit again. Consider using one of the many websites that allow this instead. What can I do now? You are still welcome to write about something other than your company or organization. If you do intend to make useful contributions on some other topic, you must convince a Wikipedia administrator that you mean it. To that end, please do the following: Add the text on your user talk page. Replace the text "Your proposed new username" with a new username you are willing to use. See Listusers to search for available usernames. Your new username will need to meet our username policy. Replace the text "Your reason here" with your reason to be unblocked. In this reason, you must: Convince us that you understand the reason for your block and that you will not repeat the edits for which you were blocked. Describe in general terms the contributions that you intend to make if you are unblocked. If you believe this block was made in error, please see how to appeal a block. TNXMan

Sabdaljit

Glacier Lake (Elmore County, Idaho)

Goat Lake (Sawtooth Wilderness)

Greer, Idaho

Groveland, Idaho

North West Leicestershire Council elections in Leicestershire North West Leicestershire

North West Leicestershire District Council elections

Federal Geographic Data Committee

Mirage is the name of several fictional characters in the various Transformers universes. This page is for later characters named Mirage. For the initial character named Mirage see Mirage (Transformers). ==Beast Machines== The first truly new, different character to bear the name of Mirage appeared in the 1999 Beast Machines toyline, a portent of the frequent reuse the name would soon receive. A member of the evil Vehicons, with the requisite (albeit stylised and alien) racing car alternate mode, this Mirage did not appear in the accompanying animated series, but was characterised as an experiment by Megatron in bridging the intelligence gap between Vehicon drones and their generals. Mirage’s biography presents him as a trickster who enjoys playing cruel pranks on his comrades, making him unpopular with his fellow Vehicons. He is not particularly smart and would be entirely useless without Megatron's own supervision and orders. He possesses the power of teleportation, able to appear from nowhere to attack his foes, and is armed with a plasma blaster and dual missile launchers. Interestingly, with the exception of his weaponry, Mirage’s biography is a carbon copy of that of the G1 Decepticon, Skywarp. ===3H Enterprises=== The Mirage Vehicon drones, as well as the original, made a cameo in the BotCon "Wreckers" comic. The original Mirage appeared being sent by Megatron to investigate a transwarp anomaly - which in reality bore the forces of Primal Prime. Mirage was caught up in a battle with the Wreckers, and he and Apelinq were sucked into the anomaly. While Apelinq survived, Mirage's fate is unknown. The Mirage drones appeared under the command of Quake and Blastcharge. They battled the Wreckers, but were largely destroyed in the ensuing battle. ===Toys=== Beast Machines Basic Mirage (1999) Beast Machines Mirage features pressure-launching missiles, and was later repainted and released in as part of the Robots in Disguise line, as an Autobot named Mirage GT (see below). Plans existed to remold and redeco the toy into the Autobot bounty hunter, Devcon, to be released as an exclusive for a future BotCon. By extension, the toy would have been a Transformers: Universe figure, but plans were abandoned when 3H Enterprises lost the license to the hold the convention. Although the toy was not produced, the character did appear in the Transformers: Universe - Wreckers comic series. ==Transformers: Robots in Disguise== The parallel universe of the 2001 line, Robots in Disguise introduced another new Mirage, known as Counter Arrow in the original Japanese version, Car Robots. Mirage is the fastest of the Spy Changers, which makes him the best choice for spying on the enemy – he’ll be in and out before anyone is the wiser. As an excellent marksman, he is fittingly armed with a sniper rifle, and, like the other Spy Changers, possesses optical camouflage powers that can make him appear invisible and is able to drive over any surface, including water, and even upside-down === Animated series === Mirage made his debut with the rest of the Spy Changers rescuing a plutonium generator from the clutches of the Predacons. His most focal role, however, proved to be an unintentional homage to G1 Mirage's own biggest role, when the other Spy Changers inaccurately suspected Mirage of betraying the Autobots to the Predacons. After an incident where Mirage, fearing collateral damage, allowed the Predacons to get away, the others on the team accused him of failure. A furious Mirage walked out, realizing the Predacons had put a bug on him. His best friend Ironhide attempted to talk him out of it, but snapped and punched him when Mirage threatened to join the Predacons, much to the listening Predacons' delight. Slapper, Gas Skunk and Darkscream soon approached him, and he seemingly joined up with them. Mirage called the Spy Changers to Megatron's latest weapon, ostensibly to lure them into a trap. He managed to communicate his true intentions to the other Spy Changers, and they destroyed the laser. A guilty Ironhide demanded Mirage hit him to even things out between them - but Mirage simply prodded his friend, claiming they were now even before challenging him to a race back to base. ===Toys=== Car Robots Spy Changer Counter Arrow (2000) A redeco of the toy previously released as Generation 2 Mirage released as part of the Car Robots line in Japan by Takara. Instead of a standard Autobot logo on his chest it features a heat-sensitive rub-symbol of the logo. Car Robots Jusco Clear Counter Arrow (2000) A Jusco store exclusive of Counter Arrow redone in clear blue and green plastic. Spy Changer Mirage (2001) A slight redeco of Counter Arrow, particularly change to a painted Autobot logo to his chest. The toy, originally sold in a two-pack with Ironhide and packaged with a Tiny Tin. Kaybee Clear Mirage (2001) A Kaybee store exclusive with clear plastic replacing the white, representing Mirage as he turns invisible. Kaybee Clear Mirage Recolor (2001) A Kaybee store exclusive with green and blue (the opposite of the Jusco Counter Arrow) clear plastic replacing the white, representing Mirage as he turns invisible. This toy was later repackaged in the Transformers: Universe line as a new form og Generation 1 Mirage. Car Robots Super Counter Arrow (2003) A red recolor of Counter Arrow available only in blind packaged boxes in Japan which represent Counter Arrow powered up by Ultra Magnus. Addly, this and all following Takara versions of Counter Arrow would have the painted Autobot symbol added by Hasbro for Mirage. Car Robots Clear Super Counter Arrow (2003) A recolor of Super Counter Arrow available only in blind packaged boxes in Japan which represent Counter Arrow powered up by Ultra Magnus and going invisible. ==Transformers: Robots in Disguise (Mirage GT)== When Hasbro imported the Japanese Car Robots line into Robots in Disguise, they added many toys that did not appear in the animated series or toy line as filler. One of which was Mirage GT. ===Toys=== Robots in Disguise Mirage GT (2002) A yellow/black redeco of Beast Machines Mirage as an Autobot named Mirage GT, sold in a three-pack with Nightcruz and Scavenger (also repaints of Beast Machines vehicon toys). The toy was exclusive to the Robots in Disguise line, not having been a part of Car Robots and hence the character did not appear in the animated series; and without a profile, it is unclear whether or not Mirage GT is intended to be the same character as the existing Robots in Disguise Mirage or any other character by that name. ==Transformers: Armada== The alternate universe of Armada introduced another Mirage (known in Japan as Indy) in 2002, this time a member of the diminutive Mini-Con faction and one third of the Race Team, alongside Dirt Boss and Downshift. In the early days of the war, his skills in stealth and speed lead him to prefer running and hiding to fighting, but upon witnessing the atrocities of war, he viewed his cowardice as the worst crime of all, and stepped up to a command position in hopes of doing something about it. Although smart, observant and direct, Mirage still carries with him the guilt from the earlier part of his life, when he ignored his principles in favor of his own self-preservation. ===Animated series=== As a Mini-Con, Mirage possessed no given personality in the Armada animated series, communicating only in bleeps and spending most of his time onscreen in the merged form of the Skyboom Shield as the Autobots and Decepticons battled for ownership of it and the other Mini-Con weapons. Mirage appeared in episode #49, called "Alliance." He is among the Mini-Cons assisting the Autobots and Decepticons evacuating from Cybertron when it was attacked by Unicron. ===Dreamwave Productions=== Mirage remained without any characterisation until Dreamwave Productions produced the character profile above, which presented Mirage to be the leader of the Race Team. Like his G1 progenitor, Dreamwave presented Armada Mirage to possess a light-bending invisibility power, capable of rendering himself and other objects imperceptible, which he used in defence of the Mini-Con's moonbase in the Dreamwave comic book storyline. In Transformers: Armada #9-11 by Dreamwave Productions the Race Team were among the Mini-Cons survived crashing on Earth's moon. Under the leadership of Dualor they built a fortress there and defended it from an attack by Megatron, Starscream, Thrust and Cyclonus. Once Megatron overpowered the base the Mini-Cons escaped to Earth. Mirage appeared among the Mini-Cons in issue #18 of the Transformers: Armada comic book who aided Over-Run using the Mini-Con Matrix in the defeat of Unicron. Mirage was brought to the Speed Planet under the protection of Hot Shot, where he quickly overcome his sadness at his separation from Downshift and Dirt Boss when he discovered the planet's perfect raceways. Now he and Hot Shot are a nearly unbeatable racing team. ===Cybertron story=== Mirage ended up on the Speed Planet, where his damaged body was found by Override who recognized his potential and took him in. Repaired by her, Mirage became her willing parter, helping her win race after race. Upon discovering that Mirage's team-mate, Downshift, had been captured by Speed Planet native Dirt Boss (no relation to the Race Team member), the team have dedicated themselves to hunting down the villain and rescuing Downshift. ===Toys=== Armada Race Team Mirage (2002) Packaged with Dirt Boss and Downshift as the Race Team, Mirage's mold is based on an earlier figure, Swindle – the transformation of the toy is identical, aside from an additional waist swivel, but every piece is molded differently – and, naturally, transforms into a Formula One racing car. He can combine with the rest of the Mini-Con Race Team into the Skyboom Shield. Mirage was recolored in green and black to become the Japanese exclusive figure, Topgear, available only with the third DVD volume release of the series. His teammates were also released in such a manner, as "Midship" and "Tailside", and together, the "Speed Chaser Team," as they were dubbed, could combine into the "Magnawing," and featured in the Linkage manga included with the DVDs as servants of Unicron. The original version of Armada Mirage (and the rest of the Race Team) was repackaged individually with a collectible Tiny Tin. Armada Road Assault Mirage (2003) The Race Team was later redecoed in red and white as the Road Assault Team. In Japan, Mirage was later redecoed in blue and white. The Road Assault Mini-Con Team was repackaged with the Space Team as a discount six pack of Mini-Cons under the Energon label. These toys were identical to the Armada version. Cybertron Mirage (2005) A recolor of Armada Mini-Con Mirage in a Tiny-Tin was released as a promotional item inside the boxes for Hot Shot and Override as a Wal-Mart exclusive promotion. While this seemed like a novel way to keep Mini-Cons in the Unicron Trilogy toy and story lines, neither Cybertron’s Hot Shot, nor Override had Mini-Con powerlink points on them. ==Transformers: Energon== Despite occupying the same continuity as Transformers: Armada and its Mirage, Energon introduced its own Mirage (named Shockfleet in Japan) in 2004, an upgraded version of the lumbering Decepticon battleship, Tidal Wave. Unusually for a character bearing the name, he transforms into a high-speed gunboat. This Mirage has proved himself as much a threat on land as he is on water, turning destruction into an art form. ===Animated series=== When the unruly, treacherous Decepticon known as Shockblast joined Megatron’s forces, Tidal Wave warned against the idea, distrusting Shockblast as a result of some unspecified past conflict that had occurred between them. Ordered to aid Shockblast in battle, however, Tidal Wave was badly damaged when an Energon Tower collapsed on him, and Megatron used the power of Unicron to reformat him, recreating Tidal Wave as Mirage. Smaller and sleeker than in his original form, Mirage received an intelligence upgrade to go along with his new body, speaking more full sentences and losing his penchant for repeating his own name, though he still referred to himself in the third-person. By the climactic events of the series Mirage developed a , often making comments about his affection for him and, in one instance, contorting his body and generating a glowing pink heart while declaring Megatron's greatness. Tragically, Mirage’s sheer devotion to Megatron led him to follow his leader into oblivion when he flew into the Energon sun that had caused his leader’s demise, thus bringing an end to Mirage. However, Megatron and Starscream actually survived leaping into the sun as shown in Cybertron. ===Dreamwave Productions=== Energon Mirage also made a brief appearance in the Dreamwave Energon comic book series. Here, after failing in a mission on Cybertron, Tidal Wave was punished by Scorponok for his misdeed, and was damaged so badly that Alpha Q used Unicron’s power to rebuild his shattered body as Mirage. Mirage proceeded to battle the Omnicons and Kicker, but the bankruptcy and subsequently closure of Dreamwave Productions has left its storylines unfinished. Like the Mini-Con Mirage, this Mirage also had the ability to become invisible for short periods of time, in homage to the original G1 Mirage. ===Pack-in mini-comics=== Mirage debuted in the third installment of the mini-comics included with Transformers: Energon figures, patrolling an Autobot island facility while his fellow Decepticons worked to penetrate it. When the Decepticons are caught by Bulkhead and Towline, Mirage rushes to provide backup but is confronted and taken out by Omega Supreme. Tow Line wounds Slugslinger in combat. Omega Supreme takes out Mirage, Sharkticon and Shockblast. Later, in the fourth mini-comic, Mirage was among the Decepticons aiding Megatron in battle against Optimus Prime and Hot Shot, who were defeated when Prime powerlinked with Wing Saber. ===Toys=== Transformers: Armada - Tidal Wave (2002-2004) The original form of Mirage, the massive Decepticon battleship, Tidal Wave, was available in a variety of colors. As originally designed for the Transformers: Armada toyline, he was purple and grey, but large amounts of green were later added to the toy. The animators of the television series, however, did not learn of this change until they had rendered Tidal Wave in his original color scheme for the series, so while the American toy had the green components, the Japanese release of the figure chose to use the original design in the name of show accuracy. When re-released in the Transformers: Energon toyline, he was now rendered in whites and translucent greens, with lightning-bolt scars that the animated series blamed on exposure to raw Energon. Tidal Wave is formed of three separate ship components - a troop carrier, an aircraft carrier and a twin-bowed gunboat. These three vessels can link together to form one giant battleship, which can then transform into Tidal Wave, or they can individual merge with the Armada Megatron or Galvatron toy. Tidal Wave has two firing missiles in his gunboat section, and his Mini-Con partner, Ramjet, activates rotating gun turrets. Transformers: Energon - Mirage (2004) Mirage is one of the more complex toys of the line, and features spring-loaded hyper-power cannons with accompanying electronic sounds. The figure was later recolored into Dreadwing, his own clone, as part of the Energon line. ==Transformers== Mirage is among the characters which appeared in the Transformers 3D Battle Card Game by Wizards of the Coast. He is a blue and white Ford GT almost identical to his Alternator form, with exception to the movie-style exposed facial robotics and joints. ==Transformers: Timelines== An evil mirror-universe version of Mirage serves as one of Optimus Prime's Autobots in the Shattered Glass universe. Mirage is a former bank robber who was experimented on by Ratchet. He is now permanently partly transparent. ===Fun Publications=== Mirage gets interviewed by Andromeda in Around Cybertron #6. ===Toys=== While no toy of this Mirage was made, his appearance is based on the Japanese exclusive Henkei! Electron Disruptor Ligier toy. == References == ==External links== Mirage at Teletraan 1 Mirage galleries at Seibertron.com Mirage at the Transformers Wiki

Mathewignash/Mirage (other incarnations)

Jacob Whetton

Headquarters, Idaho

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2.89.237.81

== November 2011 == Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Everyone is welcome to make constructive contributions to Wikipedia, but at least one of your recent edits, such as the one you made to Camp Micah, did not appear to be constructive and has been automatically reverted (undone) by ClueBot NG. Please use the sandbox for any test edits you would like to make, and take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to this encyclopedia. Note that human editors do monitor recent changes to Wikipedia articles, and administrators have the ability to block users from editing if they repeatedly engage in vandalism. ClueBot NG produces very few false positives, but it does happen. If you believe the change you made should not have been detected as unconstructive, please read about it, , remove this warning from your talk page, and then make the edit again. The following is the log entry regarding this warning: Camp Micah was changed by 72.93.251.225 (u) (t) ANN scored at 1 on 2011-11-20T01:45:23+00:00 . Thank you. ClueBot NG (talk) == November 2012 == Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. This is a message letting you know that one of your recent edits has been undone by an automated computer program called ClueBot NG. ClueBot NG makes very few mistakes, but it does happen. If you believe the change you made was constructive, please read about it, , remove this message from your talk page, and then make the edit again. For help, take a look at the introduction. The following is the log entry regarding this message: Wellesley, Massachusetts was changed by 72.93.251.225 (u) (t) ANN scored at 0.966297 on 2012-11-07T02:14:58+00:00 . Thank you. ClueBot NG (talk)

72.93.251.225

Welcome! Hello, Alfianamy, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are some pages that you might find helpful: The five pillars of Wikipedia Tutorial How to edit a page and How to develop articles How to create your first article (using the Article Wizard if you wish) Manual of Style I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your messages on discussion pages using four tildes (~~~~); this will automatically insert your username and the date. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on my talk page, or ask your question on this page and then place before the question. Again, welcome! mgiganteus1 (talk) ==File source and copyright licensing problem with File:Dbkl logo.gif== Thanks for uploading Dbkl logo.gif. However, it currently is missing information on its copyright status and its source. Wikipedia takes copyright very seriously. If you did not create this work entirely yourself, you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, please add a link to the page from which it was taken, together with a brief restatement of the website's terms of use of its content. If the original copyright holder is a party unaffiliated with the website, that author should also be credited. You will also need to state under what licensing terms it was released. Please refer to the image use policy to learn what files you can or cannot upload on Wikipedia. The page on copyright tags may help you to find the correct tag to use for your file. Please add this information by editing the image description page. If the necessary information is not added within the next days, the image will be deleted. If the file is already gone, you can still make a request for undeletion and ask for a chance to fix the problem. Please also check any other files you may have uploaded to make sure they are correctly tagged. Here is . If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Eeekster (talk) == Replaceable fair use File:Main prayer hall of Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Shah Mosque.jpg == Thanks for uploading Main prayer hall of Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Shah Mosque.jpg. I noticed the description page specifies that the media is being used under a claim of fair use, but its use in Wikipedia articles fails the first non-free content criterion in that it illustrates a subject for which a freely licensed media could be found or created that provides substantially the same information or which could be adequately covered with text alone. If you believe this media is not replaceable, please: Go to the media description page and edit it to add , without deleting the original replaceable fair use template. On the image discussion page, write the reason why this image is not replaceable at all. Alternatively, you can also choose to replace this non-free media by finding freely licensed media of the same subject, requesting that the copyright holder release this (or similar) media under a free license, or by taking a picture of it yourself. If you have uploaded other non-free media, consider checking that you have specified how these images fully satisfy our non-free content criteria. You can find a list of description pages you have edited by clicking on . Note that even if you follow steps 1 and 2 above, non-free media which could be replaced by freely licensed alternatives will be deleted 2 days after this notification (7 days if uploaded before 13 July 2006), per the non-free content policy. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Fut.Perf. ☼

Alfianamy

{| |} SM U-39 was a German Type U 31 U-boat which operated in the Mediterranean Sea during World War I. It ended up being the second most successful U-boat participating in the war, sinking 157 ships for a total of 404,478 tons. Its longest-serving captain was Walther Forstmann, who was awarded the Pour le Mérite during command on U-39. From January to mid-1917, Martin Niemöller served as U-39's coxswain. He is known as the author of the poem "First they came" which is inscribed at the New England Holocaust Museum. As an enemy of the Reich he was imprisoned from 1938-1945 in Sachenhausen and Dachau. In 1917 and 1918 Karl Dönitz served as watch officer on this boat. He later became Grand Admiral and Commander in Chief of the German Navy, and, for three weeks, the 4th President of Germany. ==Fate== On 27 April 1918, U-39 sailed from Pola under command of Kapitänleutnant Heinrich Metzger, for operations in the Western Mediterranean. On 17 May, together with UB-50, U-39 operated against a convoy North of Oran, from which it sank the British steamer SCULPTOR (4,874 tons) in a submerged attack. At 13:50 hrs on 18 May, when in a position 36.36N 00.02W, U-39 was attacked by two French seaplanes. It crash-dived, but when reaching a depth of 12 meters two bombs exploded very close; the after torpedo room flooded, the diving planes were destroyed, and the boat began sinking by the stern. KL Metzger ordered the tanks blown and U-39 surfaced, but the heavy damage suffered prevented diving again. Metzger was forced to lay a course for the nearest Spanish harbour, Cartagena. At about 17:00 U-39 was attacked again by two seaplanes; it fought back with gun and machine-guns, and the enemy bombs caused no damage, but during the action two crewmen (sailor Schulz and stoker Hausottl) fell overboard and were lost. In the evening U-39 reached Cartagena and was interned for the remainder of the war. It was surrendered to France on 22 March 1919 and was broken up at Toulon in 1923. ==References== ==External links== uboat.net webpage for U-39 Type U 31 U-boats U-boats commissioned in 1915 World War I submarines of Germany 1914 ships Ships built in Kiel SM U 39 SM U-39

SM U-39

Welcome! Hello, Daksh prajapat tiles works, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Unfortunately, one or more of the pages you created, such as Daksh prajapat tiles works, may not conform to some of Wikipedia's guidelines, and may soon be deleted. There's a page about creating articles you may want to read called Your first article. If you are stuck, and looking for help, please come to the New contributors' help page, where experienced Wikipedians can answer any queries you have! Or, you can just type on this page, and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Here are a few other good links for newcomers: Starting an article Your first article Biographies of living persons How to write a great article The five pillars of Wikipedia Help pages Tutorial I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you have any questions, check out Questions or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! Simple Bob a.k.a. The Spaminator (Talk) ==Speedy deletion nomination of Daksh prajapat tiles works== A tag has been placed on Daksh prajapat tiles works, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section G11 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the page seems to be unambiguous advertising which only promotes a company, product, group, service or person and would need to be fundamentally rewritten in order to become an encyclopedia article. Please read the guidelines on spam and FAQ/Business for more information. If you think that this notice was placed here in error, contest the deletion by clicking on the button labelled "Click here to contest this speedy deletion," which appears inside of the speedy deletion () tag (if no such tag exists, the page is no longer a speedy delete candidate). Doing so will take you to the talk page where you will find a pre-formatted place for you to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. You can also visit the the page's talk page directly to give your reasons, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the page meets the criterion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the page that would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, you can contact one of these administrators to request that the administrator userfy the page or email a copy to you. Simple Bob a.k.a. The Spaminator (Talk) == Blocked == Your account has been blocked indefinitely from editing Wikipedia because it appears to be mainly intended or used for publicity and/or promotional purposes. Please read the following carefully. Why can't I edit Wikipedia? Your account's edits and/or username indicate that it is being used on behalf of a company, group, celebrity or other well-known individual, or organization for purposes of promotion and/or publicity. The edits may have violated one or more of our rules on spamming, which include: adding inappropriate external links, posting advertisements, and using Wikipedia for promotion. Wikipedia has many articles on companies, groups, and organizations, but such groups are generally discouraged from using Wikipedia to write about themselves. In addition, usernames like yours are disallowed under our username policy. Am I allowed to make these edits if I change my username? Probably not. See FAQ/Organizations for a helpful list of frequently asked questions by people in your position. Also, review the conflict of interest guidance to see the kinds of limitations you would have to obey if you did want to continue editing about your company, group, or organization. If this does not fit in with your goals, then you will not be allowed to edit again. Consider using one of the many websites that allow this instead. What can I do now? You are still welcome to write about something other than your company or organization. If you do intend to make useful contributions on some other topic, you must convince a Wikipedia administrator that you mean it. To that end, please do the following: Add the text on your user talk page. Replace the text "Your proposed new username" with a new username you are willing to use. See Listusers to search for available usernames. Your new username will need to meet our username policy. Replace the text "Your reason here" with your reason to be unblocked. In this reason, you must: Convince us that you understand the reason for your block and that you will not repeat the edits for which you were blocked. Describe in general terms the contributions that you intend to make if you are unblocked. If you believe this block was made in error, please see how to appeal a block. Atama頭

Daksh prajapat tiles works

== Summary == == Licensing ==

TeitokunoKetsudanJPBoxShotGenesis.jpg

BWA or Bwa may refer to: Baptist World Alliance Billiards World Cup Association, a former carom-governing body Botswana, ISO 3-letter country code Broadband Wireless Access, technology that provides high-speed wireless Internet access or computer networking access over a wide area Burrows-Wheeler Aligner, a bioinformatic tool (algorithm) to map short nucleotide sequences to a reference genome Bwa people of Burkina Faso and Mali Bwa languages, a branch of the Gur languages spoken by the Bwa people of Burkina Faso and Mali Bwa language, a Bantu language spoken in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Baboa people of the Democratic Republic of the Congo BWIA West Indies Airways, ICAO code and predecessor of Caribbean Airlines Caribbean Airlines, ICAO code Red Bull Big Wave Africa, a surfing competition BWA BWA BWA BWA BWA BWA

BWA

== June 2012 == Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Although everyone is invited to contribute, at least one of your recent edits, such as the one you made to Discovery Kids (Latin America), did not appear to be constructive and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any test edits you would like to make, and read the welcome page to learn more about contributing constructively to this encyclopedia. Logical Cowboy (talk) Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did at Discovery Kids (Latin America). Your edits appear to constitute vandalism and have been automatically reverted. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Note that human editors do monitor recent changes to Wikipedia articles, and administrators have the ability to block users from editing if they repeatedly engage in vandalism. ClueBot NG makes very few mistakes, but it does happen. 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One of your recent contributions to List of programs broadcast by Nickelodeon has been reverted or removed, because it contains speculative or unconfirmed information about a future event. Wikipedia has a policy called "Wikipedia is not a crystal ball", which discourages such edits. Please only add material about future events if it is verifiable, based on a reference to a reliable source. Thank you. Elizium23 (talk) You have been blocked indefinitely from editing because your account is being used only for vandalism. If you think there are good reasons why you should be unblocked, you may appeal this block by adding below this notice the text , but you should read the guide to appealing blocks first. JamesBWatson (talk)

KillerAMERICANo

== June 2012 == Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Although everyone is invited to contribute, at least one of your recent edits, such as the one you made to MTV Splitsvilla, did not appear to be constructive and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any test edits you would like to make, and read the welcome page to learn more about contributing constructively to this encyclopedia. Logical Cowboy (talk) If this is a shared IP address, and you didn't make the edit, consider creating an account for yourself so you can avoid further irrelevant notices.

167.211.190.12

Ustad Ali Quli was a commander of the Mughal Empire. Under the reign of Babur, he commanded artillery for his army. At the Battle of Khanwa against the Hindu Rajputs, he commanded his cannon batteries. ==See also== Mughal Empire Babur Mughal Empire people

Ustad Ali Quli

Willem van Est (25 March 1923 – 1 May 2003) was a Dutch racing cyclist. He is best known for being the first Dutch cyclist to wear the yellow jersey in the Tour de France of 1951, and for falling into a ravine while wearing it. ==Biography== Van Est was born in the town of Fijnaart, in North Brabant. Prior to his cycling career, he used to smuggle tobacco by bike, but was eventually caught and served several months in prison. He started his cycling career (as an amateur) in 1946, after a professional runner had seen him race in a local competition as part of a wager. His first major victory came in 1950, when he won the 600-km Bordeaux–Paris race. In 1951, Van Est was part of the Dutch team for the Tour de France. In the 12th stage, from Agen to Dax, he escaped with a small group. He won the stage and gained 19 minutes on the leader, enough to move up to first place overall. As the first Dutchman to wear the accompanying yellow jersey he was praised by the public and media at home. The next day, in defence of his position, Van Est was chasing the leaders in the descent of the Col d'Aubisque. Due to a flat tyre (according to Van Est himself), he slipped away and fell into a 70 m deep ravine. Miraculously, he survived the fall and had no serious injuries. Using a chain of tyres, and helped by spectators and his manager, he managed to get back to the road. Van Est wanted to continue, but was persuaded to go to the hospital. At home, Van Est's fame grew even more when Pontiac, which had supplied watches to the Dutch team in the Tour de France, started an advertising campaign "Seventy meters deep I dropped, my heart stood still but my Pontiac never stopped". Later in his career, Van Est twice won the Ronde van Nederland, wore the yellow jersey again in 1955 and 1958, placed 8th in 1957 and won two more stages. Also, he won Bordeaux–Paris two more times, two national road titles, four national titles in the individual pursuit on the track, as well as three medals in the pursuit at the World Championships. Nevertheless, he remained most famous for the two days in the 1951 Tour de France. To remember this event, a monument was placed on the mountain 50 years after the event, on 17 July 2001. Wim van Est died in his hometown Sint Willebrord. == Palmarès == 1947 1st Saarland Rundfahrt 1949 1st Dutch Individual Pursuit Champion 1st Stage 5 Ronde van Nederland 3th World Individual Pursuit Championships 1950 1st Bordeaux–Paris 2nd World Individual Pursuit Championships 1951 1st Stage 12 Tour de France 2nd Bordeaux–Paris 1952 1st Dutch Individual Pursuit Champion 1st Overall Ronde van Nederland 1st Stage 4a 1st Stage 7 1st Nokere-Koerse 1st Bordeaux–Paris 1953 1st Dutch Individual Pursuit Champion 1st Ronde van Vlaanderen 1st Stage 1 Giro d'Italia 1st Stage 16 Tour de France 1st Stage 2b Dwars door Vlaanderen 2nd Gent-Wevelgem 2nd Bordeaux–Paris 1954 1st Overall Ronde van Nederland 1st Stage 3 1st Stage 4 1st Stage 7 1st Stage 4b Tour de France 1st Overall Driedaagse van Antwerpen 2nd Bordeaux–Paris 1955 1st Duth Individual Pursuit Champion 1st Stage 1b (TTT) Tour de France 2nd Overall Ronde van Nederland 1st Stage 2 1st Stage 7 3th World Individual Pursuit Championships 1956 1st Dutch Road Race Championship 1st Duth Motor-paced Champion 2nd Overall Ronde van Nederland 1st Stage 8a 3th Overall Driedaagse van Antwerpen 1st Stage 2b (TTT) 1st Stage 3a 1st GP Stad Vilvoorde 2nd Kuurne-Brussels-Kuurne 1957 1st Dutch Road Race Championship 2nd Overall Ronde van Nederland 1st Stage 4 1st Stage 6 1958 1st Duth Motor-paced Champion 1960 1st Stage 7 Ronde van Nederland 1961 1st Bordeaux–Paris ==References== == External links == Official Tour de France results for Wim van Est More extensive story of Van Ests fall in 1951 Contemporary newsreel footage of the crash (in French) == See also== List of Dutch cyclists who have led the Tour de France general classification 1923 births 2003 deaths Dutch cyclists Dutch Tour de France stage winners People from Moerdijk Dutch Giro d'Italia stage winners Wim van Est Wim van Est Wim van Est Wim van Est Wim van Est Wim van Est Wim van Est

Wim van Est

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69.136.17.213

Hell Roaring Lake

Hidden Springs, Idaho

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Drnaidu2k

Idahome, Idaho

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199.15.198.191

Imogene Lake

Island Lake (Idaho)

Johnson Lake

Lower Hanson Lake

McDonald Lake (Idaho)

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SJF0711

Middle Hanson Lake

== November 2011 == Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Everyone is welcome to make constructive contributions to Wikipedia, but at least one of your recent edits, such as the one you made to A Town, a Team, and a Dream, did not appear to be constructive and has been automatically reverted (undone) by ClueBot NG. Please use the sandbox for any test edits you would like to make, and take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to this encyclopedia. Note that human editors do monitor recent changes to Wikipedia articles, and administrators have the ability to block users from editing if they repeatedly engage in vandalism. ClueBot NG produces very few false positives, but it does happen. If you believe the change you made should not have been detected as unconstructive, please read about it, , remove this warning from your talk page, and then make the edit again. The following is the log entry regarding this warning: A Town, a Team, and a Dream was changed by 69.119.197.81 (u) (t) ANN scored at 0.957659 on 2011-11-20T01:46:33+00:00 . Thank you. ClueBot NG (talk)

69.119.197.81

==Significant non members (United Kingdom)== Looking through the significant 'non members' of the Francaphonie, I am surprised to see the absence of the United Kingdom. French is the most popular foreign language in the UK and 23% of British residents claim they can speak French. This I believe is more significant than some of the official observers such as Slovakia who can simply say that 2% can speak French. I believe this is a case to put the UK forward as a significant non member. This is also not to mention the huge number of French expats living in major British cities and studying in French 'lycées' on British Land. This presents the French culture in many British neighbourhoods and it's still evident that people taking French in the UK is on the rise. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.155.252.31 (talk) Well, add it then! Aaker (talk) :Francophonie, like the British Council, is a post-colonial entity exercising a neo-colonial agenda of promoting language and national interests. Hence they're essentially rival international players. Britain would not join Francophonie, just as France would not join the British Council. A greater proportion of French people speak English than English people speak French.Gymnophoria (talk) ==Name== Article might be misnamed. See french wkipedia article on "Francophonie", I quote: "En outre, on confond parfois la francophonie en tant que concept avec l'Organisation internationale de la Francophonie (OIF), organisation beaucoup plus politique et économique que culturelle, qui regroupe un certain nombre de pays qui ne sont pas pour autant ceux où le français est fréquemment utilisé ou reconnu officiellement." This article is only discussing the political organisation, which at least in French is not to my knowledge often referred to as "la Francophonie". Is this really what people call it in English? Even if this is the case the article could benefit from distinction between francophonie and the OIF; numerous members of latter are not normally thought of as being in former. == Human rights== I am tempted to delete the paragraph related to the observancy of human rights and I will do it unless someone timmmy is my best firends me that it is essential to keep it. It is irrelevant to the spirit and contents of this page. Otherwise we should include it in practically any single page of the wikipedia. Pedron "Several of the member states have a poor record when it comes to the protection of human rights and the practice of democracy. A proposed measure to sanction such countries was debated at least twice, but was not approved." temptation was too strong for me, of course this paragraph was totally irrelevant and absolutely non neutral. Why do not add a paragraph about the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki or the one of Dresden by the British? The nations the most prompts of giving democracy lessons are not necessarily the legitimate ones if you know what i mean. We also could add a paragraph or two about The Great Upheaval of the French spokers Acadians by the Americans, wich is described by some as an ethnical cleansing. Another paragraph could note the Cajun prosecution in Louisiana when the Americans have prohibited the use of French wich was their native language! We could also add a reference to the British treatment of the forbidden children born of British and natives in Australia! How they were separated from their family to be "humanized" and get proper education, those who were assassinated. Yes there are many irrelevant things to reveal about those who consider themselves as teachers of the Human Rights. Synchronicity I The paragraph is relevant because other similar organisations do make a point of promoting democracy and human rights. Is it appropriate for prominent democracies such as France to associate with less salubrious regimes without making an overt effort to promote good governance? EdC In fact, the promotion of human rights and democracy are stated as official goals of the oganisation. Check the website. 12:07, 5 September 2006 Taciturnus AFAIK (from what i red in the fr vers and watched on french TV about the creation/promo of a new sat channel) this OIF organisation is NOT political, but only economical and cultural. British editors tends to compare it with Commonwealth wich is totally different. This is actually a way for the french to promote and to sell overseas their own artists, writers, publishers, French speaking satellite TV channels and TV shows and series!! this is it! The french uses the fear of uniformisation of cultures (understand the americanization of cultures), wich is associated to anglophony, as an excuse. The true purpose is mercantilism of the french culture. Francophonie is an international economical network linking sellers (French publishers etc) and buyers (former colonies) with each others to create a french culture market. Since there is no more colonial expeditions, now they use "francophonie" as a new vehicle for an economical/cultural imperialism. Oh, OK. I think that has helped me understand the situation. Still, the comparison with the Commonwealth has been and will be made, and deserves at least to be touched on. EdC Francophonie's geostrategical importance is minor, even though people consuming french products and french culture will more easily support france's international political views. The Commonwealth, geostrategic? Actually, I suppose it is in a way. EdC I don't think france is that much a democracy, as many foreign political observers (and even some french university teachers) describes it more as a monarchy in disguise with a few priviliged people inc. the president, of course, who had amnestied his friends (see the polemical, recent, "Guy Drut" case) and even himself! This is not a direct democracy like Switzerland (mainly because the latter is a small scaled state). there's not that much referendums in france (its said to be too expensive!!), but how could it be true democracy when nobody asks the people before acting?! Well, direct democracy has its own problems, as do referenda. Not that it couldn't work elsewhere, but Switzerland is a pretty special case. Have you read Why Switzerland? (ISBN 0521484537) - I very much recommend it. Also, while certainly the énarques run everything in France, it still retains a certain democratic cachet - liberté and all that. EdC "Is it appropriate for prominent democracies such as France to associate with less salubrious regimes without making an overt effort to promote good governance?" i'm sorry to tell, but what you're saying now is just the colonialist's traditional speech. france (and nobody, being the british, or the americans) is legitimate to promote any kind of "good governance" in a country. What is a "good" governance? how can you define "good"? is it on a religious aspect? wich religion? yours? them? what is "good" and what is not is defined by each culture. no country is legitimate to promote a specific governance into a foreign civilization. what about the right to self-determination for each people that was granted by WWII winners wich included the 2 major colonialists Britain & France ?? the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights is NOT universal since its intrinsic "universality" was self-proclaimed by UN members of that time who claimed that THEY were the humanity and that THEY were universal, but this is bullshit since there is no universality in this declaration wich was proclaimed by a bunch of christians countries who were the WWII winners. Nobody asked the Chinese nor the Indians whose populations covers half of the whole humanity, nobody asked the muslims while its the second world religion. This is a well known and ancient tendencie named Ethnocentrism, since the beginning, the colonial expeditions led by the British and the French were Europeocentrists, they considered themselves both as the center of the world and as the standard of humanity just like the Romans, or the Athenians before them, calling all non-Athenians as barbarian wich is pejorative for non-greek (ie "non-human") spoken languages. But no country is legitimate to promote a political regime over another one to a civilization that is older and who didn't asked such advice. Each People has the right to self-determination THIS is a legitimate universal right. Synchronicity I Well, to me the rights of the individual trump a people's right to self-determination. (A viewpoint shared not only by crazy anarcho-liberals like myself - of which there are a fair number on Wikipedia - but also pretty much anyone who finds themselves on the receiving end of their people's "right to self-determination". Oh, and "there is no such thing as society".) "Good governance" - is a fairly technical term in the context of international development, actually. The Wikipedia article of that name does a pretty fair job of exploring its facets. It's a fairly empirical concept, the idea - borne out to a degree by historical evidence - being that countries which work towards good governance will do better (on metrics such as HDI) than countries which do not. I don't think mention of alleged WWII war crimes is relevant to the article. Mention of previous French-speaking populations in the now United States could well be appropriate, if written in an appropriate historical context. I don't think the experience of Australian native populations is relevant, unless of course they were French-speaking. (Were they?) EdC :it wasn't relevant, it was just cynicism, a reminder, a demonstration the british nor the americans are legitimate to promote human rights in foreign countries, nor to judge or condamn local political views abroad, they are not even legitimate to do this in an "encylopedia". considering their own History, these human rights teachers are absolutely not legitimate to get a such arrogant attitude toward foreign countries. Synchronicity I :: Well, that's one opinion. Another is that now recognising past mistakes, the richer countries are bound to help the nationals of poorer and less free countries towards the rights and privileges their own citizens enjoy. By the way, "legitimate" can't be used as a part of speech in the way you have done above. (No, I have no idea why.) I would suggest "have the right to"; I don't think there's a direct Latinate equivalent. (Perhaps "are entitled to", but that's subtly different in tone.) EdC Not very relevant.... Several former English colonies have a poor record when it comes to the protection of human rights and the practice of democracy. Ericd And why is that relevant? Aaker And Commonwealth of Nations mentions that organisation's policy on human rights: "... placing moral pressure on members who violate international laws, such as human rights laws, and abandon democratically-elected government ...". Human rights policy is a fit subject for this article, however it reflects on the organisation. EdC Francophonie is simply not that ambitious. it's not the French Commonwealth. Synchronicity I === NPOV stuff === Does anyone else think this is really necessary. I believe it makes the page very NPOV. 'Several of the member states have a poor record when it comes to the protection of human rights and the practice of democracy. A proposed measure to impose sanctions on such countries was debated at least twice but was not approved. This is not surprising as the purpose of the organisation is not to promote international cooperation or human rights.' I don't really get why that paragraph breaks the NPOV rule. No specific country is even named. It is only normal to discuss a little bit of what is going on within the organization. This is a good example of something that is a subject of debate between these countries. This has nothing to do with the organization, this is only an irrelevant free talk while many important things are missing when comparing this article with the French one, starting with the colors used on the Francophonie map to separate the different uses of French language as native, language, cultural, minority! Bleu foncé : langue maternelle Bleu : langue administrative Bleu clair : langue de culture Vert : minorités francophones. This is what happen when editors mistaken francophobia to francophonie and start editing with no knowledge at all. I'm sorry if the truth hurts. By the way i noticed that even the French article used "Francophonie" w/o the article... Synchronicity I Absolutely. If you can improve the article by importing information from the French-language article, then please do so! I'll start by importing the map. EdC i'll be happy to do it, i was just afraid that some people here would revert my edits if i dare. i just need some time and i'll translate stuff from the FR to the EN, so the localization/neutralization would be able. Synchronicity I :Great! EdC I decided against it; that's a map of French language distribution, thus not appropriate for this article per se. Also, we already have a map of members of the organisation. I added it to Francophone instead. (It's already at French langauge, in the infobox.) EdC The assertions made in the quoted segment ('Several of the member states... cooperation or human rights.') however true they may be (or may not be) are worded as if they were the mere opinion of the person who wrote that segment. That passage should be edited to be more factual. 'Amnesty International has repeatedly faulted X, Y, Z for human right violations..., etc.' or 'At the 200X annual meeting of la Francophonie, sanctions against X, Y, Z were proposed but not approved...' It is not that the topic covered is inappropriate, just the wording. :Is the NPOV problem settled? Cause whatever it was is apparently removed from the article, can we remove the NPOV tag yet? Xlegiofalco == Italy, Francophonie as cultural vehicle == Francophonie claims also the Val d'Aoste region of Italy. Good original article, the comment above on Francophonie as the vehicle of an alternative culture to Anglo-Saxon/consumer society/etc. is bang on (I would be interested to know if anyone has ever read anything comparing or about the influence of Francophonie on the EU). But should this not be pointed out in the article, as it is the raison d'être of the enterprise? Jeremynicholas == Question about member states (ExpandSection, Wikify) == Off-topic, out of curiosity: I've just seen the list of member states, associate members and additional states of La Francophonie. The membership of many of these countries is obvious, like France, Belgium and Switzerland. But could anyone explain to me what the link of Bulgaria, Moldova, Romania, Egypt, Albania, Greece, Republic of Macedonia, Armenia, Austria, Croatia, Georgia, Hungary, Lithuania, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia and Slovenia with the French language is? Is Armenia's membership possibly related to the fact that France has a large Armenian majority? Aecis Appleknocker Flophouse I've started on this and added Expandsection so hopefully someone will complete it (if that's overkill, feel free to detag it). However, it doesn't look like Mediawiki likes nested dictionary lists, so I've added a wikify to hopefully get some guru attention (if there's a better way to ask for that, feel free to implement it). My reasons were handraulically generated from parsing country articles, so this should also be checked over by an expert. (Or at least someone who speaks French! :O Vagary I've changed the opening section, as it's a whopping lie to call the Francophonie a collection of French-speaking polities and governments. As an English speaker who CAN speak French, I would not say that I am a French-speaker. Greece and so on speak Greek etc., then English, then French. Just because it's taught in schools doesn't make them Francophone. Also, there is a difference in understanding in English between 'Francophone' and 'French-speaking'. There are only a few properly French-speaking regions: France, just under half of Belgium, Monaco, a quarter of Switzerland, Haiti, etc. Francophone countries may use French as a lingua Franca (no pun intended), that is as an official means of communication between different languages in the countries (like Berber and Arabic, for example). By this standard, India, Nigeria, Burma and even to some extent most of the world would be 'English-speaking'. This is clearly nonsense. They are Francophone. However, greece, Albania, Bulgaria and Armenia are involved just to seek ties with France and for educational purposes - there are benefits if they want French as an option in schools. This is De Gaulle's dream; a perfect opportunity to claim mentorship over most of the world. They are in the Francophonie for the same reason that Mozambiquei is in the Commonwealth despite its lack of any historical ties to Britain whatsoever. It doesn't ask much to join but there are some benefits. It doesn't mean much. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 41.241.91.225 (talk) == Comparison with the Commonwealth of Nations == The article states: "Unlike some similar organisations such as the Commonwealth of Nations, La Francophonie does not have in its stated aims the promotion of democracy and human rights. This has led to some criticism as several of the member states have a poor record when it comes to the protection of human rights and the practice of democracy; a proposed measure to impose sanctions on such countries was debated at least twice but was not approved." That is not true. 1) The stated missions of Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, include "Paix, démocratie et droits de l'Homme" (Peace, Democracy, and Rights of Man). Read the Novembre 3rd 2000 Déclaration de Bamako on this subject. There is actually a section on the initiatives, financing and agenda of the organisation in regards to one of its stated mission of "Paix, démocratie et droits de l'Homme" here: http://www.francophonie.org/actions/democratie/index.cfm 2) Since 1) is not true, "it" (the alledged absense of aims to promote democracy and human rights) cannot have lead to the criticism. The criticism actually came from within the organisation itself. The media relayed information on internal criticism around 1997 when Premier of Quebec Lucien Bouchard, former Ambassador of Canada to France, promoted the idea of a Charter in order for the organisation to sanction member countries that are known to violate Human Rights. The idea was rejected by France. Read this Le Droit article by journalist Paul Gaboury dated November 18 1997 : http://www.vigile.net/francophonie/gabouryvoix.html == Membership == I have no particular interest in la Francophonie but rather a Ghanaian interest. While reading my daily dose of African news this morning (30 Sep 2006) I learned that Ghana is now a full member of the organization. http://news.africast.com/africastv/article.php?newsID=60007 Your article states that there are 53 member nations. I linked over to the la Francophonie website from your article and, if I am reading the French correctly, that site states that there are 55 member nations. Also, as of this morning Ghana is still listed as an associate member on that site. I am writing this only to give you guys a heads up. CaliOjosAzules == "Republic of Macedonia" or "Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM)"? == I bevieve that it's best to use the name "Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM)" and not just "Republic of Macedonia" on the list of the EU members, since the official name that this country entered the organisation is "Ex-République yougoslave de Macédoine" http://www.francophonie.org/oif/membres.cfm xvvx It should be listed under the name FYROM. Also, why is FYROM a member of the Francophonie? What's the rationale? == Mauritius == AFAIK french is co-official in Mauritius http://www.geonames.de/coumu.html Ybgursey == Serbia - a member or only an observer? == The Francophonie website does not list Serbia as its member, but rather as an observer. An anon IP listed it here two weeks ago under the observer heading. However, it was "elevated" to a member status by a registered contributor a couple of days later. The remark about Serbia's "historical traditional friendly relations" with France also looks like POV. I will wait for the time being before making changes to see if anyone has anything to share on the subject .

Organisation internationale de la Francophonie

Ron Stander (born 17 October 1944 in Columbia, South Carolina) is a boxing referee and former professional boxer from Council Bluffs, Iowa, who was once a challenger for the heavyweight championship of the world. Stander built up a 23-1-1 record, including a knockout win over future world title challenger, the hard-punching Earnie Shavers, and decisions over fringe contenders Jack O'Halloran, Manuel Ramos, and Thad Spencer. Stander was ranked in the top 15 among the world's Heavyweights when he was given a shot at world champion Joe Frazier, prompting his wife Darlene to say the now famous words, "You don't take a Volkswagen into the Indianapolis 500 unless you know a short-cut." The fight took place at the Civic Auditorium in Omaha, Nebraska on 25 May 1972. Stander was not knocked out by Frazier, but he lost by a technical knockout after the fourth round, due to heavy cuts, requiring 32 stitches after the fight. This was Frazier's last successful title defense; he would lose to George Foreman in his next bout. Stander continued boxing until 1982; among his most notable opponents were future world title holders Ken Norton and Gerrie Coetzee, losing to both by TKO. He retired with a record of 37 wins, 21 losses and 3 draws, 28 of those wins coming by knockout. Stander's success earned him a unique title: The Council Bluffs Butcher. In 2004, an award-winning documentary entitled "The Bluffs Butcher" and produced by journalism student Andrew Batt, was released. The documentary told the story of Iowa's arguably best shot at a World Heavyweight Boxing Title and chronicled Stander's journey from virtual unknown to boxing's largest stage. ==Professional boxing record== |- |align="center" colspan=8|38 Wins (29 knockouts, 9 decisions), 21 Losses (9 knockouts, 12 decisions), 3 Draws |- | align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Result | align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Record | align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Opponent | align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Type | align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Round | align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Date | align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Location | align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Notes |-align=center |Loss | |align=left| Otis Bates |PTS |10 |06/07/1982 |align=left| Little Rock, Arkansas, United States |align=left| |- |Loss | |align=left| Les Myers |TKO |6 |24/10/1981 |align=left| Dodge City, Kansas, United States |align=left| |- |Loss | |align=left| Jeff May |UD |4 |25/06/1981 |align=left| Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States |align=left| |- |Draw | |align=left| Otis Bates |PTS |10 |27/07/1980 |align=left| Omaha, Nebraska, United States |align=left| |- |Loss | |align=left| Jeff Shelburg |PTS |10 |24/05/1980 |align=left| Salt Lake City, Utah, United States |align=left| |- |Loss | |align=left| James "The Fighting Cowboy" Tillis |TKO |7 |03/03/1980 |align=left| Chicago, Illinois, United States |align=left| |- |Loss | |align=left| Scott Frank |TKO |1 |08/01/1980 |align=left| Totowa, New Jersey, United States |align=left| |- |Loss | |align=left| Tom "Roughhouse" Fischer |PTS |10 |24/08/1979 |align=left| Cincinnati, Ohio, United States |align=left| |- |Win | |align=left| Jim Pearish |TKO |5 |16/08/1979 |align=left| North Platte, Nebraska, United States |align=left| |- |Loss | |align=left| James Dixon |UD |12 |25/06/1979 |align=left| Omaha, Nebraska, United States |align=left| |- |Loss | |align=left| James Dixon |UD |10 |28/04/1979 |align=left| Omaha, Nebraska, United States |align=left| |- |Win | |align=left| Rick Howe |TKO |5 |03/04/1979 |align=left| Marshalltown, Iowa, United States |align=left| |- |Win | |align=left| Charles Atlas |KO |1 |29/11/1978 |align=left| Council Bluffs, Iowa, United States |align=left| |- |Win | |align=left| Charley Polite |UD |10 |25/10/1978 |align=left| Omaha, Nebraska, United States |align=left| |- |Win | |align=left| Bill Jackson |KO |1 |26/07/1978 |align=left| Omaha, Nebraska, United States |align=left| |- |Win | |align=left| Jesus Montes |KO |3 |20/06/1978 |align=left| Little Rock, Arkansas, United States |align=left| |- |Win | |align=left| Clyde Mudgett |TKO |4 |23/03/1978 |align=left| Omaha, Nebraska, United States |align=left| |- |Loss | |align=left| Horace "Big City" Robinson |KO |5 |30/11/1977 |align=left| White Plains, New York, United States |align=left| |- |Win | |align=left| Raul Hernandez |KO |4 |15/11/1977 |align=left| Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States |align=left| |- |Loss | |align=left| Boone "Boom Boom" Kirkman |TKO |7 |19/07/1977 |align=left| Seattle, Washington, United States |align=left| |- |Loss | |align=left| Gerrie "The Bionic Hand" Coetzee |KO |8 |17/07/1976 |align=left| Kensington, Johannesburg, South Africa |align=left| |- |Win | |align=left| Beau Williford |KO |3 |01/06/1976 |align=left| Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States |align=left| |- |Loss | |align=left| Ken Norton |TKO |5 |30/04/1976 |align=left| Landover, Maryland, United States |align=left| |- |Win | |align=left| Jesus Montes |KO |3 |26/01/1976 |align=left| Little Rock, Arkansas, United States |align=left| |- |Win | |align=left| Willie Jackson |KO |1 |06/01/1976 |align=left| Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States |align=left| |- |Loss | |align=left| Scott "The Fighting Frenchman" LeDoux |UD |10 |10/12/1975 |align=left| Bloomington, Minnesota, United States |align=left| |- |Win | |align=left| Terry Daniels |TKO |1 |20/11/1975 |align=left| Omaha, Nebraska, United States |align=left| |- |Win | |align=left| Morris Jackson |TKO |2 |04/09/1975 |align=left| Omaha, Nebraska, United States |align=left| |- |Win | |align=left| Bruce Scott |TKO |2 |05/08/1975 |align=left| Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States |align=left| |- |Loss | |align=left| Fred Askew |UD |10 |07/05/1975 |align=left| Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States |align=left| |- |Loss | |align=left| Rodney "The Bowlus Bear" Bobick |UD |10 |31/07/1974 |align=left| Bloomington, Minnesota, United States |align=left| |- |Draw | |align=left| Morris Jackson |PTS |10 |22/03/1974 |align=left| Omaha, Nebraska, United States |align=left| |- |Loss | |align=left| Charlie James |PTS |10 |19/02/1974 |align=left| Honolulu, Hawaii, United States |align=left| |- |Loss | |align=left| Jeff "Candy Slim" Merritt |TKO |3 |28/11/1973 |align=left| Cleveland, Ohio, United States |align=left| |- |Win | |align=left| Walker Smith |TKO |3 |10/09/1973 |align=left| Providence, Rhode Island, United States |align=left| |- |Loss | |align=left| John "Speedy" Jordan |UD |10 |29/03/1973 |align=left| Portland, Maine, United States |align=left| |- |Loss | |align=left| "Smokin" Joe Frazier |TKO |5 |25/05/1972 |align=left| Omaha, Nebraska, United States |align=left| |- |Win | |align=left| Johnny Mac |UD |10 |20/03/1972 |align=left| Council Bluffs, Iowa, United States |align=left| |- |Win | |align=left| Mike Boswell |UD |10 |14/02/1972 |align=left| Omaha, Nebraska, United States |align=left| |- |Loss | |align=left| Rico Brooks |SD |10 |22/01/1972 |align=left| Denver, Colorado, United States |align=left| |- |Win | |align=left| Clyde Brown |TKO |3 |20/12/1971 |align=left| Elgin, Illinois, United States |align=left| |- |Win | |align=left| Jesse Crown |KO |3 |26/10/1971 |align=left| Omaha, Nebraska, United States |align=left| |- |Win | |align=left| Manuel "Pulgarcito" Ramos |UD |10 |26/08/1971 |align=left| Omaha, Nebraska, United States |align=left| |- |Win | |align=left| Jack "The Giant" O'Halloran |UD |10 |29/07/1971 |align=left| Omaha, Nebraska, United States |align=left| |- |Win | |align=left| Lee Carr |KO |6 |24/05/1971 |align=left| Omaha, Nebraska, United States |align=left| |- |Win | |align=left| Thad "Babe" Spencer |UD |10 |23/04/1971 |align=left| Omaha, Nebraska, United States |align=left| |- |Win | |align=left| Frank Bullard |KO |6 |30/03/1971 |align=left| Omaha, Nebraska, United States |align=left| |- |Win | |align=left| Joe Murphy "Mustang" Goodwin |KO |1 |03/11/1970 |align=left| Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States |align=left| |- |Draw | |align=left| Manuel "Pulgarcito" Ramos |PTS |10 |17/09/1970 |align=left| Omaha, Nebraska, United States |align=left| |- |Win | |align=left| "Wild" Bill Hardney |KO |1 |28/08/1970 |align=left| Omaha, Nebraska, United States |align=left| |- |Win | |align=left| Ray "Junior" Ellis |TKO |3 |17/07/1970 |align=left| Omaha, Nebraska, United States |align=left| |- |Win | |align=left| Eddie Dembry |UD |8 |08/06/1970 |align=left| Omaha, Nebraska, United States |align=left| |- |Win | |align=left| Earnie "Black Destroyer" Shavers |KO |5 |11/05/1970 |align=left| Omaha, Nebraska, United States |align=left| |- |Win | |align=left| Woody Parks |TKO |1 |09/04/1970 |align=left| Omaha, Nebraska, United States |align=left| |- |Win | |align=left| Joe "Tiger" Harris |KO |4 |23/03/1970 |align=left| Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States |align=left| |- |Win | |align=left| Lee Powell |KO |1 |02/03/1970 |align=left| Omaha, Nebraska, United States |align=left| |- |Win | |align=left| Roy Rodriguez |UD |6 |29/01/1970 |align=left| Waterloo, Iowa, United States |align=left| |- |Win | |align=left| Joe "Nice Guy" Byrd |PTS |6 |19/12/1969 |align=left| Omaha, Nebraska, United States |align=left| |- |Win | |align=left| Wilbert "Buddy" Elbert |KO |1 |17/11/1969 |align=left| Omaha, Nebraska, United States |align=left| |- |Win | |align=left| Lee "Duke" Estes |TKO |2 |29/09/1969 |align=left| Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States |align=left| |- |Win | |align=left| Red Ferris |KO |1 |15/08/1969 |align=left| Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States |align=left| |- |Win | |align=left| Bobby "Two Ton" Street |KO |1 |07/08/1969 |align=left| Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States |align=left| |} ==External links== 1944 births Living people American boxers

Ron Stander

Mink Creek, Idaho

Moreland, Idaho

Neeley, Idaho

Eidos Montreal is a Canadian video game development studio owned by Eidos Interactive, a subsidiary of Square Enix. The studio was founded by Eidos in 2007 with Stéphane D'Astous appointed studio manager. According to D'Astous, unlike other video game development studios Eidos Montreal's development cycle is characterized by smaller teams (totaling 350 people) working over a longer period. The same year as its founding, the studio announced its first project: the third installment of the Deus Ex series, Human Revolution, which was released in 2011. In 2009 the studio announced its second project, the fourth installment of the Thief series. == Games developed == == References == Companies established in 2007 Software companies of Canada Video game development companies Video game companies of Canada

Eidos-Montréal

I Don't Want to Be Born (U.S. The Devil Within Her) is a 1975 British horror film, directed by Peter Sasdy and starring Joan Collins, Ralph Bates, Eileen Atkins and Donald Pleasence, which tapped into the 1970s fad for devil-child horror films. The film was originally marketed as a straight-faced and serious product, and as such was comprehensively mauled by critics of the time. However it later gained a reputation as a cult film favourite due to its perceived shortcomings, absurdities and unintentional camp comedy appeal. ==Plot== Lucy (Collins) is working as a dancer in a sleazy strip joint. Her stage act includes a routine with a dwarf named Hercules (George Claydon). One night after the show, she invites Hercules into her dressing-room for a drink. He declines the drink but starts to rub Lucy's neck and shoulders. Lucy feels uncomfortable but tries to pretend nothing is happening, until Hercules makes a sudden lunge for her breasts, causing her to scream out in shock. This alerts the stage manager Tommy (John Steiner), who rushes into the dressing-room and sends Hercules unceremoniously on his way, then proceeds to make love to Lucy. Later as Lucy leaves the club she is confronted by the spurned and humiliated Hercules, who curses her with the words "You will have a baby...a monster! An evil monster conceived inside your womb! As big as I am small and possessed by the devil himself!" Months pass and Lucy has left her stripping days behind, having moved up in the world via marriage to the wealthy Italian Gino Carlesi (Bates) and now comfortably settled in a grand Kensington townhouse. Lucy goes into hospital to give birth to the baby she is expecting. It proves to be a protracted, dangerous and painful delivery as the baby is a hefty 12-pounder. The newborn infant is handed to Lucy, and seconds later she is sporting a slashed and bleeding cheek. "He scratched me! With his sharp nails!" she exclaims in horror to her obstetrician Dr. Finch (Pleasence), who calmly explains that the baby must have been alarmed at being held too tightly. Lucy and Gino bring the baby home and are welcomed by their efficient, no-nonsense housekeeper Mrs. Hyde (Hilary Mason). Things get off to a bad start when Mrs. Hyde goes to chuck the baby's chin, only to regret it. "The little devil bit me!" she says as she displays her crushed finger. She takes an instant dislike to the child, and is later rewarded with a dead mouse in her cup of tea. Lucy's attempts at maternal bonding are fraught with problems. She is visited by her friend Mandy (Caroline Munro) and is voicing her concerns when they are interrupted by a series of crashings from upstairs. To their horror, they find the baby in his cot but the nursery practically demolished. Gino's sister Albana (Atkins), a nun, arrives from her convent in Italy to visit her new nephew. Immediately aware that all is not well, she invites Gino to pray with her for the baby, which results in agonising screams from the nursery. Dr. Finch is consulted, and agrees to carry out a series of tests. Lucy meanwhile finds the burdens of motherhood too much to bear alone, and employs a nurse (Janet Key) to look after the baby. After a near-miss when the nurse's head is pulled underwater while bathing the baby, matters take a deadly turn when she takes him for a walk in the park. Reaching out from his pram, he pushes her with such force that she falls, cracks her head on a lakeside rock, falls unconscious into the water and is drowned. Lucy pays a visit Tommy at the strip club. She intimates that, given the timing of the birth, there is a chance the baby could be his. "Just ’cause you’ve got some freaky offspring you wanna pin it on me?" he asks. However his curiosity is aroused and he asks to see the "spooky kid". Once at the house he leans over to peer into the baby's cot, only to reel back with a smashed and bloody nose for his trouble. This temporarily pushes the baby up in Lucy's estimation and she gazes lovingly at him, until the face in the cot turns into that of Hercules. One evening Gino plans a romantic night-in to take Lucy's mind off her woes. At the end of a successful evening, he goes to check on the baby, only to find the nursery empty, the window open and odd noises coming from the garden. Going out to investigate, he looks up into a tree, whereupon a noose is thrust around his neck and he is hauled into the air and hanged. His body is stuffed down a drain. The following day Lucy criss-crosses London in a frenzy trying to find her missing husband. Dr. Finch is summoned and pays an evening call to check on the baby and the distraught Lucy. After administering a powerful sedative to Lucy, he too hears strange noises. He unwisely steps out into the garden, and is decapitated with a spade(while still standing up). The trail of death continues as Lucy stumbles through the house in a groggy haze, pleading for her life to no avail as she is stabbed through the heart with a pair of scissors. Finally galvanised into action, Albana decides that she must perform an exorcism on the baby. Brandishing a crucifix at him and incanting in Latin, she bravely persists as the room shakes and the baby tears at her vestments. Meanwhile at the strip club Hercules is on stage, and begins to stagger around in pain. Albana finally touches the crucifix to the baby's head, and his demons are cast out at the same time as Hercules falls over dead in front of a stunned audience. ==Reputation== I Don't Want to Be Born was initially a target of critical scorn. A damning review by Andrew Nickolds of Time Out described the film as "derivative and disastrous in every respect: a poor idea...an abominable screenplay by Stanley Price ("I keep getting these awful premonitions"), ludicrous acting...and worst of all, Sasdy's direction. Almost every foot of film not concerned with the baby is travelogue at its most banal – extraneous shots of Westminster and Oxford Street, plugs for Fortnum & Mason and Holiday Inns. Completing this sorry tale of rip-off is borrowing from The Exorcist...and any number of details from Amicus, Hammer and Swinging London horrors. Give it a wide berth." An American reviewer found the film "sensational and vulgar" and "an unholy cross" between The Exorcist and Rosemary's Baby, adding "why decent actors like Eileen Atkins and Donald Pleasence allowed themselves to be corralled into a mess like this is enigmatic." From the 1980s, the film became a regular feature on late-night TV in the UK and U.S., attracting ironic appreciation from connoisseurs of the "so-bad-it's-good" school of films. The factors which were originally ridiculed now became selling points to this audience, including the incoherent, implausible and ill-explained plot; wild overacting and a general air of absurd hysteria; laughably overwrought, clumsy and stilted dialogue, the bizarre accents adopted by Bates and Atkins; the inclusion of a lengthy, completely gratuitous and archetypally-1970s sex scene between Collins and Bates, and the spectacle of several well-respected actors of the time making fools of themselves. The tongue-in-cheek British Horror Films website sums up the film's appeal as: "There are some films that just defy description. I Don't Want to Be Born ranks very highly among them. The film is...an out-and-out classic. And it was apparently made completely straight-faced. Quite how unbelievable that statement is can only be appreciated when the film is watched." ==Cast== Joan Collins as Lucy Carlesi Ralph Bates as Gino Carlesi Eileen Atkins as Sister Albana Donald Pleasence as Dr. Finch Hilary Mason as Mrs. Hyde Caroline Munro as Mandy Gregory John Steiner as Tommy Morris George Claydon as Hercules Janet Key as Jill Fletcher Derek Benfield as Police Inspector Stanley Lebor as Police Sergeant Judy Buxton as Sheila Andrew Secombe as Delivery Boy Floella Benjamin as Nurse ==References== == External links == I Don't Want to Be Born at British Horror Films The Devil Within Her at Cool Cinema Trash British films 1975 films 1975 horror films British horror films English-language films Films set in London Pinewood Studios films Sharon's Baby

I Don't Want to Be Born

Pancho Lake

Pats Lake

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The Santorum Amendment was a failed proposed amendment to the 2001 education funding bill (which became known as the No Child Left Behind Act), proposed by Republican Rick Santorum (who was at that time the United States Senator for Pennsylvania), which promoted the teaching of intelligent design while questioning the academic standing of evolution in U.S. public schools. In response, a coalition of 96 scientific and educational organizations wrote a letter to the conference committee, urging that the amendment be stricken from the final bill, arguing that evolution is, in the scientific fields, regarded as fact and that the amendment creates the mis-perception that evolution is not fully accepted in the scientific community, and thus weakens science curricula. The words of the amendment survive in modified form in the Bill's Conference Report and do not carry the weight of law. As one of the Discovery Institute intelligent design campaigns it became a cornerstone in the intelligent design movement's "Teach the Controversy" campaign. ==History== The origin of the amendment can be traced back to 2000, when leading intelligent design (ID) proponents through the Discovery Institute, a conservative Christian think tank that is the hub of the intelligent design movement, held a congressional briefing in Washington, D.C., to promote their agenda to lawmakers. Sen. Rick Santorum was one of intelligent design's most vocal supporters on Capitol Hill. One result of this briefing was that in 2001 Senator Santorum proposed incorporating pro-intelligent design language, crafted in part by the Discovery Institute's Center for Science and Culture, into the No Child Left Behind bill. It portrayed evolution as generating "much continuing controversy" and not widely accepted, using the Discovery Institute's Teach The Controversy method. In proposing the amendment, Santorum addressed the Congress: Santorum then went on to quote David DeWolf, a Senior Fellow of the Discovery Institute's Center for Science and Culture, as how the Institute's agenda was justified and would benefit students. Phillip E. Johnson, retired UC Berkeley law professor, leading proponent of intelligent design, founding advisor of the Discovery Institute's Center for Science and Culture, and "father" of the intelligent design movement, assisted Santorum in phrasing the amendment. Johnson says that he is the author of the original amendment. On June 14, 2001, the amendment was passed as part of the education funding bill by the Senate on a vote of 91-8. This was hailed as a major victory by proponents of intelligent design and other creationists; for instance an email newsletter by the Discovery Institute contained the sentence "Undoubtedly this will change the face of the debate over the theories of evolution and intelligent design in America...It also seems that the Darwinian monopoly on public science education, and perhaps the biological sciences in general, is ending." Senator Sam Brownback of Kansas cited the amendment as vindicating the 1999 Kansas school board decision (since overturned) to eliminate evolution questions from state tests. The House version of the bill H.R. 1 did not contain the amendment, which meant that a conference committee had to decide its ultimate fate. Scientists and educators feared that by singling out biological evolution as very controversial, the amendment could create the impression that a substantial scientific controversy about evolution exists, leading to a lessening of academic rigor in science curricula. A coalition of 96 scientific and educational organizations signed a letter to this effect to the conference committee, urging that the amendment be stricken from the final bill, which it was, but intelligent design supporters on the conference committee preserved it in the bill's legislative history. While the amendment did not become law, a version of it appears in the Conference Report as an explanatory text about the legislative history and purposes of the bill. However, it has no legal force per se. The final text of the Santorum Amendment as included in the Conference Report reads: Despite the amendment lacking the weight of law, the conference report is constantly cited by the Discovery Institute and other ID supporters as providing federal sanction for intelligent design. In response to criticisms of the Institute stating that the amendment was a federal education policy requiring inclusion of alternatives to evolution be taught, which it was not, in 2003 intelligent design's three most prominent legislators, John Boehner, Judd Gregg and Santorum provided a letter to the Discovery Institute giving it the go ahead to invoke the amendment as evidence of "Congress's rejection of the idea that students only need to learn about the dominant scientific view of controversial topics". This letter was also sent to executives on the Ohio Board of Education and the Texas Board of Education, both of which were subject to Discovery Institute intelligent design campaigns at the time. ==Scientific community's response== The position of scientists and science educators has been that although evolution has generated a great deal of political and philosophical debate it is, in the scientific fields, regarded as fact. They said that the amendment creates the mis-perception that evolution is not fully accepted in the scientific community, and thus weakens science curricula. As a response, a coalition of 96 scientific and educational organizations wrote a letter to the conference committee, urging that the amendment be stricken from the final bill. In addition, opponents of the amendment cite the stated agenda of the Discovery Institute's Phillip Johnson use of the "Wedge strategy" to "affirm the reality of God by challenging the domination of materialism and naturalism in the world of the mind" and thereby return Christian creationism in the guise of intelligent design to public school classrooms. Along with the Academic Bill of Rights, the Santorum Amendment and its "Teach the Controversy" approach is viewed by some academics as a threat to academic freedom. ==See also== Teach the Controversy Wedge strategy Discovery Institute Intelligent design in politics Natural science ==References== ==External links== Link to Conference Report with text Commentary, history and links from the Discovery Institute web site Professor Ken Miller's claim that the Discovery Institute wrongly stated the Santorum Amendment was part of the Education Bill. Discovery Institute's Response to Ken Miller's accusations Washington Post article noting Santorum's drawing upon Discovery Institute material for the amendment Intelligent design controversies Discovery Institute campaigns Rick Santorum

Santorum Amendment

Pauline, Idaho

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Eosaph

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Cj11002

== Summary == Poster for the 1975 British film, I Don't Want to Be Born. ==Rationale of fair use for I Don't Want to Be Born== This image is used to represent the film and illustrate how it was promoted during its original theatrical release. It is of much lower resolution than the original (copies made from it will be of very inferior quality). It does not limit the copyright owner's rights to market or sell the work in any way. This image is used on various websites, so its use on Wikipedia does not make it significantly more accessible or visible than it already is. The image is being used in an informative way and should not detract from the original work. No free or public domain images have been located for this item. == Licensing == Film poster images

IDWTBB.jpg

Perkins Lake

Pettit Lake

Pillar Falls

Pleasantview, Idaho

The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page. The result was redirect to List of county routes in Suffolk County, New York. stuff's in history for the merge Fritzpoll (talk) ===County Route 31 (Suffolk County, New York)=== () – (View AfD)(View log) There is no evidence of notability for this road. This road fails USRD/NT as a county route of a local county route system. In addition to this, the road is only four miles long. Rschen7754 (T C) Cut down to a few sentences and merge into the notes column of List of county routes in Suffolk County, New York. This doesn't look like a major road (Old Riverhead Road north from Westhampton Beach). that's it? I'm curious? Do we need this one? - I'm with NE2 on this one Merge  — master sonT - C Merge per NE2. – TMF Weak keep I know of far less important roads in Suffolk County. This is no CR 15 in Smithtown. It serves Westhampton Beach, and the nearby airport, not to mention having a huge cloverleaf interchange with NY 27, like County Route 104 (Suffolk County, New York). It's obvious that Suffolk County DPW and NYSDOT had greater ambitions for the road, back when they were willing to make true road improvements. Merge per USRD/NT to a list the list suggested by NE2. No clue on best target, but that's what the guideline suggests. Hobit (talk) Merge per NE2 above. Merge - I feel that many county roads, such as this one, are short routes that generally serve local interests and are better suited to a list. There are many unnumbered roads that probably have more notability than this road. This is the reason why I am reluctant to do a mass creation of articles for 600-series county routes in New Jersey. Dough4872 (talk) ''The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.

Articles for deletion/County Route 31 (Suffolk County, New York)

Plummer Lake (Idaho)

Coleophora platyphyllae is a moth of the Coleophoridae family. It is found in Japan. The wingspan is about 13 mm. The larvae feed on Betula platyphylla. They create a blackish, rather slender pistol-case, with some whitish fluffs along the lateral line and around the anal flap. It is about 8 mm in length. The larva feeds on the upper surface of the host leaf without making mine. ==References== Coleophora

Coleophora platyphyllae

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65.185.62.230

The Knox Old Boys Rugby Union Football Club is a rugby union club which plays in Division One of the New South Wales Suburban Rugby Union and is based in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. The club has won the Kentwell Cup, among other trophies. ==History== The Club was founded by and is associated with the ex-students association of Knox Grammar School, a Uniting Church day and boarding school for boys, located in Wahroonga, an upper North Shore suburb of Sydney, Australia. The club won the New South Wales Suburban Rugby Union's Kentwell Cup in 2005 and 2009. ==See also== Rugby union in New South Wales List of Old Knox Grammarians ==External links== Homepage ==References== Rugby union teams in Sydney

Knox Rugby Club

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74.106.90.188

Bosnia and Herzegovina political leader navigational boxes

== October 2010 == Welcome to Wikipedia. Although everyone is welcome to contribute to Wikipedia, at least one of your recent edits, such as the one you made to Michigan, did not appear to be constructive and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any test edits you would like to make, and read the welcome page to learn more about contributing constructively to this encyclopedia. Thank you. AlexiusHoratius

75.198.36.88